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{"source_document": "", "creation_year": 1793, "culture": " Chinese\n", "content": "Produced by Wan Jei Chen\n\u7b2c\u4e00\u5377      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{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0211", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 2 January 1793\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\nmy dearest Friend\nQuincy Janry 2. 1793\nour son brought me your favour of the 19 december on sunday last, by which I find that the same Ideas have past through both our minds on a late Election amidst all that has been written upon the occasion, no one has ventured to state the comparative merrits, and services of the Candidates, but have contented themselves with saying that they would not bear a comparison, that clintons were lighter than a feather when weighd against yours. the Peice I mentiond to you in my last Letter, did you more justice than any which I have before read. the Characters who have been most active against you, are many of them such as a Man would rather chuse to be in opposition to than upon terms of civilitity with. the misfortune is that they have their weight and influence in society. possessing some talants and no principals they are fit agents for mischiefs of the blackest kind. by the candidate they have opposed to you, they have come forward and openly declared themselves opposed to the Government. mark their measures, watch their movements and we shall see them strugling whenever they dare shew themselves, for the assendency. the late success of the Arms of France against their Enemies, seems to give much satisfaction to the half thinking politicians, as tho the Retreat of the King of prussia was to give Peace to France and heal all her internal wounds, establish a quiet Government and build up a Republick in a Nation shaken to its center, and Rent to Peices by Faction. when I read citizen President, & citizens Equality, I cannot help feeling a mixture of Pitty and contempt for the Hypocrisy I know they are practising and for the Tyranny they are Executing. I was visiting at mr Apthorp the other day. he mentiond to me the surprize he was in when he read Pains Letter and the account he gave of the treatment he received from the custom house officers who Searchd his papers, to find that the P\u2014\u2014t had any correspondence with a man whom he considerd as an incenderary and a Character unfit for to be trusted. he could not but consider it as degrading his Character and doubted the Authenticity of the Letter. tho it struck me in the same manner when I read the account, I was determind not to say so to him. I only observd to him that the passage publishd could not do any injury to any Character, tho no doubt mr Pain took pains to have it known Publickly that he had the honour of a Letter from the President in order to give himself weight & importance\u2014\nInclosed are a few lines which pleasd me from a symplicity of stile as well as for the truth they contain. the Author I know not they are taken from the Centinal.\nYou inquired of me in a late Letter whether I had any prospect of hireing a Man by the year. a Young Man of a good countanance has offerd himself this week. he lived the last year with a mr Williams at Roxburry. he is from the state of N Hampshire and has lived four years at Roxburry in different places a year at a time. he talkd of 30 pounds by the year. I told him that would not do, I did not hear that more than 24 was given by any body the last year, and that it must be a very extrodinary hand to earn such wages\u2014 I told him we did not want a hand till the first of march he said he wishd to let him self immediatly\u2014but we fi[nally] came to these terms if upon inquiry his character would answer and you approved I would hire him from the 1 of Feb\u2019ry & he came down to 26 pounds, which you will think too high perhaps\u2014but I am not bound to take him if you do not chuse\u2014 I mentiond the first of Feb\u2019ry that I might have time to write to you, and in the mean time I shall inquire his Character.\npresent my Love to mrs otis, and Regards to all inquiring Friends from your ever / affectionate\nA Adams\nP S the Timbers for the corn House is all cut & drawn to gether in the woods waiting for snow to get it home we have very cold weather but little snow about 2 inches depth", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0212", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 2 January 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dearest Friend\nPhiladelphia January 2. 1793\nOur Antif\u0153deral Scribblers are so fond of Rotations that they Seem disposed to remove their Abuses from me to the President. Baches Paper which is nearly as bad as Freneaux\u2019s begins to join in concert with it, to maul the President for his Drawing Rooms, Levees, declining to accept of Invitations to Dinners and Tea Parties, his Birth day Odes, Visits, Compliments &c\u2014 I may be expected to be an Advocate for a Rotation of Objects of Abuse, and for Equality in this particular. I have held the office, of Libellee General long enough: The Burthen of it ought to be participated and Equallized, according to modern republican Principles.\nThe News from France, so glorious for the French Army, is celebrated in loud Peals of Festivity and elevates the Spirits of the Ennemies of Government among Us more than it ought: for it will not answer their Ends. We shall now see the Form of the French Republick. Their Conventions will have many Tryals to make before they will come at any thing permanent. The Calamities of France are not over.\nI shall claim the Merit of Some little Accuracy of foresight when I see General Lincoln, who you remember was inclined to think the Duke of Brunswicks march to Paris certain, while I was very apprehensive that the numerous fortified Towns in his Way would waste his army and consume the Campain.\nWe Shall Soon See the Operation in France of Elections to first Magistracies. My Attention is fixed to this Object. I have no doubt of its Effects: but it is a curious Question how long they can last. We have lately Seen how they have Suceeded in New York and what Effect that Election has had upon the Votes for President. Cabal, Intrigue, Man\u0153uvre, as bad as any Species of Corruption We have already seen in our Elections. and when and where will they Stop?\ntenderly.\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0213", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 2 January 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy dear son\nPhiladelphia January 2. 1793\nI am again entertained by your kind Letter of the 22. Ult. The Intrigues of Mr Clinton Mr Burke Mr Dallas Mr Pierpoint Edwards, &c with Several Members of Congress from Virginia N. C. Georgia and Kentucky aided by Governor Hancock, have given a very odd cast to the Election: but they have Seperated the sheep from the Goats\u2014 There must be however more Employment for the Press in favour of Govt. than there has been, or the Sour, angry, peevish, fretful, lying Paragraphs which assail it on every Side will make an Impression on many weak and ignorant People.\nIt is better that the People of Boston should be employed in disputing about a Theatre, than in reading the gloomy falshoods which have disgraced their public Prints for some time in disparagement of the general Government.\nIn Answer to General Lincoln\u2019s Inquiry, I can only Say at present that when an Appropriation Law shall have past, I will draw the Money and pay it where he points out. but if no Appropriation should be made I will borrow the Money of a Friend and repay him in Boston\u2014but I shall know more in a few days.\nI am astonished both at the Judgments and Consciences of those who appraised the Marsh at twelve Pounds an acre.\u2014 Go on with the Action and levy the Execution\u2014at whatever Price, Appraisers under Oath shall affix, I must take the Land finally and shall acquiesce but I will not be so imposed on, as to take it voluntarily at such an exorbitant Valuation. Mr Savil may sell the Meadow and pay me if he will\u2014 if he getts 12\u00a3 or 20\u00a3 I shall be easy, for I am by no means attached to the Land. His whole Conduct shows that he means to injure me as much as he can. and I am now determined to be injured by him as little as I can. I bought 4 Acres of Marsh as good as that for 24\u00a3 a few days before I came away.\nThe French Arms have been Successful beyond their own Expectations and if their national Convention Should be as wise as their Army has been brave their affairs may be happily settled. A Republick must have Laws and those Laws must be executed. Mankind Seems to be bent upon trying over again, the Experiments with which all Governments began of elective first Magistrates. Elective Legislatures or at least an Elective Branch of a Legislature may do very well in France: but I have long thought and still think that Elective Executives will do only in America. We shall Soon see how they operate in Europe. An hereditary Executive cannot be admitted in a free Government without an hereditary senate to contrast it. on the other hand an hereditary senate without an hereditary Executive would be equally dangerous & destructive. My Opinion has always been that in France a free Government can never be introduced and endure without both an hereditary Executive and Senate. But the Voice of all the World seems to be against me. A few Years will shew whether the French Republic will last longer than the English one did in the last Century.\nI think however there will be a general Revolution in Religion and Government all over Europe. how many Centuries will be employed in civil distractions and what new form of Things will rise up I pretend not to foresee or conjecture. If the Influence of their Confusions does not produce Anarchy among Us, We may be happy\nyours\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0215", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 7 January 1793\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\nmy dearest Friend\nQuincy Janry 7th 1793\u2014\nI received your Letter by mr Roberdeau who with our son and young mr Quincy came out and dinned with me to day. I was pleased to see a son of your old Friend and acquaintance for whom you have so often expresd a Regard; as well as the agreeable Husband of miss Blair that was; we had much conversation about my acquaintances in Philadelphia, many of whom he could give me a particular account of. we past a very pleasent day. I once or twice last summer exprest an anxiety at not hearing from Thomas so often as I wishd: I recollect you askd me, if I was equally anxious about you when absent my days of anxiety have indeed been many & painfull in years past; when I had many terrors that encompassed me around I have happily Surmounted them, but I do not find that I am less solicitious to hear constantly from you than in times of more danger, and I look for every saturday as a day on which I am to receive a Boon. I have received a Letter every week since you left me, and by this days post two\u2014one of the 28 & one of the 29th decbr\u2014for which receive my thanks, particularly that part in which you say you are not less anxious to see me than when seperated 20 years ago\u2014 Years subdue the ardour of passion but in lieu thereof a Friendship and affection deep Rooted subsists which defies the Ravages of Time, and will survive whilst the vital Flame exists. our attachment to Character Reputation & Fame increase I believe with our Years. I received the papers National Gazzet and all I see the dissapointed Electors wish to excuse their vote by Representations respecting you, that prove them to have been duped and deceived, while the Antis fly of assureing the publick that the Monarchy Men, & the Aristocracy have become quite harmless. if so it is to be hoped that their hue & cry will subside\u2014 present me kindly to all the good Ladies who favour me by their inquiries after my Health. it is better than the last winter tho very few days pass in which I can say that I feel really well.\nI have not heard any thing of the Chaise since you wrote me that it was left at Harford I believe it will not reach Home till spring. the Narrow Ro[ad] to the water have been so blockd up with snow that shaw has not been able to get up any sea weed lately: he attempted it but could not succeed, & the ground has been bare in the Road The Timber for the corn House is all cut & part of it got home, one day more will compleat it. Faxon was going this last week to the Ceadar Swamp it being now a fine time but very unfortunatly a Man on the Road near it, broke out with the small Pox & refused to be moved so that he cannot go. we have not had any sleding in the Road this winter yet the Ground has been pretty much coverd with a thin snow & Ice, the weather in General very cold. Hay is fallen I am told to 4 & 6 pence pr hundred. Grain still holds its price, superfine flower 7 dollors pr Barrel oats 3 shillings pr Bushel. I have not had occasion yet to purchase. my Horses are so little used that they are high Spirited enough with 8 quarts a day. James takes very good care of them. I do not regreet your parting with the others. one pr are sufficient here, and a good able Farm Horse will do us more service & be much more prudent for us. I hope you live prudent enough now for the most Rebublican spirit of them all. from the debates there appears a jealous carping ill naturd spirit subsisting and a great desire to crush the Secretary of the Treasury & the minister of War\nyou was right, the chief Majestrate denies his having given permission to the Mobility to pull down the Theater. His Prime minister under the signature of a Friend to Peace, has undertaken to defend his whole conduct, whilst a writer under the signature of Menander defends his fellow citizens, to say no more like an able counsel these Peices you will find in the Centinal of december 19 22 & 26th those of the 19 & 22th are written in a masterly stile.\nYour Friends here are all well excepting Brother Cranch who has had a very ill Turn. I fear he will not tarry long with us.\nI am my dear Husband with the tenderest Regard and attachment your affectionate\nA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0217", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 9 January 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dearest Friend\nPhiladelphia January 9. 1793\nIn your Letter of Decr 23d you Say \u201cFaxon wants Money to buy, three Cows and four young Cattle.\u201d\u2014 I know not the Price of Stock: but if you can purchase him what he wants at a reasonable rate and can finds means to pay for them I shall be content. but I would employ Some one to purchase them in Bridgwater or Abington. Faxon himself is not So judicious as he ought to be, in Some Things.\nI have the same aversion to the multiplication of Banks and the Same Apprehension of their pernicious tendency as you express: but so many People live upon them, that they will have their Course. We shall soon be perplexed and distressed, in consequence of them. I consider myself already as taxed one half of my Salary and one half of all the Interest of my Money to support Bankers and Bankrupts. In Short Debtors and Men of no Property will find means, in our State of society, to compel others who have something not only to pay their debts for them but to support them. It falls hardest on Widows orphans, Salary Men, and those who have Money at Interest, we except such of those last as are at Liberty to Speculate. They are able to make what Money they please.\nI received yesterday the Votes from Kentucky. They are said to be all for Mr Jefferson. Let Us, my Dear prepare our minds and as well as We can our Circumstances to get out of this miserable Scramble.\nIt gives me pleasure to read that you are making Preparations of Timber for a Corn house, and I hope shaw will be as attentive as he can through the whole Winter to all my Manufactures of manure, that We may make a good Corn field in the Summer.\nI had Yesterday a charming Letter from Charles; according to him, had the Electors of that State been chosen by the People, their Votes would have been very different. The Representation of the People in their present Legislature is very unequal and partial in favour of the Anti\u2019s, and Clinton; as he has explained very intelligibly and intelligently.\nMr Taylor the new Senator from Virginia, has made a Motion for opening our Doors and building a Gallery: but he will not be assisted in his Argument by the late Example of Virginia, where the Electors at Richmond opened their Doors, and held debates and made Phillippicks before \u201cThe Marseillois,\u201d by which means Six Votes are said to have been converted, either by reasoning or by fear. This Example will not convince the Majority of the Senators of the Necessity, Expediency or propriety of opening their Doors.\nI have a warm Chamber with a Southern Exposure and have a fire in it day and night. I am warm enough a nights but cannot Sleep as I ought. I have Scarcely had a compleat nights Sleep since I left you, which keeps me apprehensive of the Fever and Ague in the Spring. I hope however to escape it. I shall not be able to leave this Place till the fifth or sixth of March. The Roads will be bad and the Journey by the Stage fatiguing, but I who was born to be a slave must fullfill the End of my Creation.\nTenderly\nJ. A.\nBlanchard to day is to sett all the World upon the broad Stare at his Balloon. I wish H. could make it an Interlude and send him back to Europe.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0220", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 24 January 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dearest Friend\nPhiladelphia Jan. 24. 1793\nOur good Friend General Lincoln gave me this morning your favour of the 7th which compensated in Part of my Disappointment by Mondays Post. I sett my heart on one Letter a Week and as many more as you please.\nI cannot say that my desire of Fame increases. It has been Strong in some Parts of my Life but never so strong as my Love of honesty. I never in my Life that I know of sacrificed my Principles or Duty to Popularity, or Reputation. I hope I am now too old ever to do it. But one knows not how tryals may be borne, till they are made.\nThe Hellhounds are now in full cry in the Newspapers against the President, whom they treat as ill\u2014as ever they did me.\nThe Same insolent and impudent Irishman who is said to have written so much against me, is now suspected to be writing against him.\nBoth Houses of Congress are making strict Inquisition into the Treasury: with upright and patriotic Views no doubt. Hamilton will find no more mercy than is due from a generous nation to a faithful servant. But I presume his Character will Shine the brighter. However it is still but an Experiment, whether the Ministers of state under an elective Executive will not be overborne, by an elective Legislature. I believe it to be certain that two elective houses of Legislature, or even one, have it in their Power whenever they shall have it in their Will to render any Minister of state or even any elective Executive unpopular, though he may be possessed of the best Talents and most perfect Integrity. I presume that neither of our Houses will be disposed to such Injustice. but the time may come.\nI am so well satisfied with my present simplicity, that I am determined never to depart from it again so far as I have. My Expences in future forever shall at all Events be within my Income nay within my Salary. I will no longer be the miserable Dupe of Vanity. My Style of Life is quite popular. What say you to living with me in Lodgings next Winter? This shall be my Plan if I cannot hire a house for Six months only. Your Friends who are very numerous enquire tenderly after your health. Benson says he is for making Mrs Adams Autocratrix of the United States. This however must be Secret because it is a sort of Treason.\ntenderly yours\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0221", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 27 January 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dearest Friend\nPhiladelphia January 27. 1793\nI was not a little Surprized, a few days ago at receiving a Letter from Dr Hutchinson as Secretary to the Philosophical society in this City certifying my Election as a Member of that Body. This Gentleman you know has been celebrated for his opposition to my Election as V.P. one of the Society since told me, that when I was nominated they all rose up and cryed out that I had been a Member these twenty Years.\nThe Truth it seems is that I was elected as long ago as 1779 but the Records for some years preceeding and following that time are not now to be found. The Secretary of that day has run Melancholly and Fanatic, and knows nothing of the Records if he kept any.\nThe Sickness of my worthy Brother Cranch, which you mention in your last has given me many a melancholly hour Since I recd it.\u2014 Although the immense Load of Care that has oppressed me for so many Years has rendered me incapable of enjoying his Conversation, as I used to in my Youth, I have ever loved him, and shall never cease to love him. I hope he will recover his health and be preserved to his Friends for many years. My Love to sister. Duty to my Mother, Love to my Brother and all Friends. Louisa I hope has conquered all her disposition to the Ague and all its crawls & Chills. My Love to her.\nI am very well accommodated here for my self: but not for Company.\nI Shall not get away from hence before the fifth of March, and then there will be a long unpleasant Journey before me.\nBut I will make up for all by Enjoyment on the Farm, during the summer. provided always that I dont get the Ague. That is not quite annihilated in its seeds. I am bilious and otherwise reminded to beware of the first hot day.\nI am, with all the Ardour of / Youth yours\nJ. A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0222", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 27 January 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy dear John\nPhiladelphia January 27 1793\nAlthough your modesty would not inform Us, of your commencement as a Faneuil Hall Orator, it is impossible to conceal from the Public so important an Event, when there are 500 talkative noisy Witnesses of it, and accordingly it has come to me from an Eye and Ear Witness, as I suppose, your young Friend Breck.\nI rejoice that you have taken the Unpopular Side of the Questions concerning Incorporation of the Town, and Dramatic Entertainments; not because I love Unpopularity or wish you to be unpopular; but because I believe the unpopular Side in these Instances to be right; and because it will Serve to keep you back in the political Career for some time and give you Leisure for study and Practice, in your Profession.\nMenander I think was free enough for a Statesman, but Eccho has been full free for a Witt and a Droll.\nEre o\u2019er the World had flown my mob-rais\u2019d Fame\nAnd George and Britain trembled at my name;\nThis State, then Province, pass\u2019t with wise intent\nAn Act Stage Plays and such Things to prevent:\nYou\u2019ll find it, Sirs, among the Laws Sky-blue\nMade near that time, on brooms when Witches flew\nThat blessed Time, when Law kept wide awake\nProscrib\u2019d the faithless, and made Quakers quake. &c\nYet in an Act, have Congress Said of late\nThat the Supreme Executive of State\nShall\u2014What a Word to Governors to Use\nBy Men unworthy to unloose their shoes\nShall! I repeat the abusive term once more\nThat dreadful offspring of Usurping Power. &c\nWhen Where, Ah! Where my son will these Things end? If ever Mortal had provocation to become a Party Man, and revenge his Wrongs upon his Ennemies, in their own Way, it is I.\u2014 but for the World, I would not.\u2014 You will never see me involving Massachusetts in the Perplexities that New York is in.\u2014 The Persecution against me, set on foot in Boston by the little Passions of little Minds, is the most unprovoked, the most destitute not only of Grounds but of even Pretexts that ever happened in this World. Yet Jealousy Envy and Terror haunt their frivolous souls like Spectres. so be it\u2014 This is Punishment enough to gratify all my Resentments\u2014 I would not feel the smart of the Sting of Envy as they do for all their Popularity and for as absolute a despotism over those with whom they are popular as they possess.\nBoston Seems however to be breaking out with a Distemper worse than the small Pox. Anarchical Dinners and Anarchical Elections, will be worse than the Plague.\nThere are some alarming symptoms even in Congress: but I hope the French when they begin to build will assist us. hitherto they have only pulled down.\nyous affectionately\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0223", "content": "Title: Charles Adams to John Adams, 31 January 1793\nFrom: Adams, Charles\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear Sir\nNew York Jany 31st 1793\nI received your favor of the 29th yesterday I had sold the horses the day before for \u00a370:.\nThe Baron returned on teusday his visit has been of service to him He said to me upon sitting down to supper that evening \u201cI thank God my dear Charles that I am not a Great man and that I am once more permitted to set down at my little round table with Mulligan and yourself enjoy more real satisfaction than the pomp of this world can afford.\u201d He thinks that parties are too high to remain long in a quiet situation. That Antifederal [spiri]t which wishes to imitate the geniuses of France is boiling with much force among the members of Congress. I hear that They charge the Secretary of the Treasury with having embezzled two millions of the public money. Surely if accusations like this without foundation are suffered to pass by without censure we have arrived at a republican liberty of Speech. Is it ignorance or malice which forges these charges? The Baron told me You were well, prudent and respected, but that The other great officers of the Goverment were very uneasy How often when reflecting upon the trials you have undergone and the rewards you have generally met with have I repeated to myself those beautiful lines of Horace\n\u201cJustum et tenacem viri propositum\nNon Civium ardor non prava jubentium\nNon vultus Instantis Tyrranni\nMente quatit Solida.[\u201d]\nThe President too has at last become the subject of open invective? I beleive him very illy calculated to bear it. He is in a measure unaccustomed to being abused by libels and whether he will have fortitude enough to despise them I am very doubtful\nWe received letters from our friends in England on Sunday last They write pleasingly of their health and prosperity We hear also that Prusia has acknowledge the Republic of France and that an alliance between them is shortly to take place The French army under Dumourier have captured Mons Bruxells and Gent and made 15000 prisoners Where will all this end? We are quite peaceable in this City for the present The assembly are about to impeach Judge Cooper for malpractice during the last election for Gover[nor. He] will be taking up the hatchet upon the oth[er side?] probably they will still tyrannize as they have before Their majority is so decided in both houses that Cooper will stand but a poor chance however innocent he may be. That we may be speedily releived from oppression is the sincere prayer of your / affectionate son\nCharles Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0224", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 31 January 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dearest Friend\nPhiladelphia January 31. 1793\nI have, this minute recd your favour of the 22d. The Report of the Presidents Resignation is probably designed to prevent the Rise of the Stocks: but the Insolence which appears every day in Baches and Freneaus Papers, proceeding from the Same Persons who are tired of abusing me, may be carried to a point that he will not bear. He has not been used to such threshing and his skin is thinner than mine.\nCit. H. and Cit. A. I presume will grace the Civic Feast. Cit and Citess is to come instead of Gaffer and Gammer Goody and Gooden, Mr and Mrs, I suppose.\nCongress I presume will not sitt after the Second of March. I shall not be able to sett off till the 5th. but I will not wait if I travel but ten miles a day.\nWe Shall See, in a few months, the new French Constitution, which may last Twelve months, but probably not more than Six. Robertspierre and Marat with their Jacobin Supporters I suspect will overthrow the Fabric which Condercet Paine and Brissot will erect. Then We shall see what they in their turn will produce.\nMrs Washington requests me to present you her very particular regards. Many other Ladies do the same.\nCitizen Brisler and Citizen V. P, are very happy together\u2014 Since they are equal and on a Level it is proper that sometimes one should be named first and sometimes the other.\nOur Countrymen are about to abandon the good old grave solid manners of Englishmen their Ancestors and adopt all the Apery Levity and frivolity of the French.\nCa ira. / tenderly yours\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0226", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 3 February 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dearest Friend\nPhiladelphia Feb. 3. 1793\nGeneral Lincoln setts out Tomorrow, and I should not dare to let him go without a Love Letter to you.\nAfter a November December and January the fairest softest and finest that ever were known in this Place, The Month of February has been ushered in by a considerable Snow: but the Weather is again so fine that the sun will soon restore Us the naked ground: I should like it better in its White Robe of Innocence till the 20th of March.\nI dined Yesterday at Mr Daltons. Mrs Dalton enquires affectionately and sends her regards &c\nFryday night I Spent with the Philosophical society. The Meeting was thin: but I was not able to perceive any great superiority to our Accademy, except in the President. There are able Men however, and I was agreably entertained. Mr Jefferson was polite enough to accompany me: so you see We are still upon Terms. I wish somebody would pay his Debt of seven Thousand Pounds to Britain and the Debts of all his Country men and then I believe his Passions would subside his Reason return, and the whole Man and his whole State become good Friends of the Union and its Govt. Silence however on this head, or at least great Caution.\nI hope the Boston Rejoicings were at the success of the Arms of France, and not intended as Approbation of all the Jacobinical Councils. I am enough in the Spirit of the Times to be glad the Prussians and Austrians have not Succeeded, but not to exult in the Prison or Tryal of that King to whom though I am personally under no Obligation, my Country is under the greatest. It is Providentially ordered that I who am the only man American who was ever Accredited, to him and retired from his Court without his Picture, and under his displeasure Should be the only one to bewail his Misfortune. The accursed Politicks of his knavish Favourite have cost him his Crown if not his head. The Duke de la Rochefaucault too, is cutt to Pieces for his Idolatry. If I had not washed my own hands of all this Blood, by warning them against it, I should feel some of it upon my soul.\nMacchiavels Advice to cutt off a numerous Nobility had more weight than mine to preserve them and Franklins Plagiary Project from Marchement Nedham had more Weight with Fools than all my Proofs strong as holy Writ. The Vengeance of Heaven for their Folly, has been revealed in more shivering Terms than in any of my numerous Examples\nyours kindly\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0227", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 9 February 1793\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\nmy dearest Friend\nQuincy Febry 9th 1792 [1793]\nI received your kind favour of the 24th of Jan\u2019ry together with the News papers. the writings of the American Mirabeau, if he is an American & those under the Signature of Cincinnatus are insolent indeed, and are in unison with a Number of papers Published in the Boston Chronical calld the crisis, Supposed to be written in Philadelphia and sent here for publication as I was told in Boston that there was a Club, who were in constant correspondence with the s\u2014\u2014y of state those papers are leveld at the Government & particularly against Hamilton, who will however I hope stand his ground. a very viruelent peice has appeard in the same paper signd stephen Colona Threatning the Government with the vengence of a hundred thousand Men, if certain Characters formerly stiled Antifeaderal were not more notised & appointed to office this writer says that the constitution was addopted by means of Artifice cagoiling deception & he believes corruption I read the peice at the time it was publishd, but had no Idea that the Author could be our former P\u2014\u2014h Friend. a very good answer followd it written; by mr davis, signd Publius with a Quotation as the introduction from the Play calld the Ladies of castile\u2014\nI received a Letter to day from our daughter dated Novbr the col children &c were all well. she writes that our minister complains loudly of expences that he had no Idea of them. mrs P\u2014\u2014 complains of the impudence of trades people in that Country. they must be strangly alterd\u2014for I never saw more civility in any country. Nay I have often been surprized at their confidence in strangers, but perhaps these people have been accustomed to slaves, and expect the same servility. mr M\u2014\u2014 renders himself very obnoxtiuous in France by an active and officious Zeal in favour of the Aristocracy he has lately been obliged to keep close\u2014for the Jacobines declare that if he was not an American with a commiss[ion] from Washington they would have had his Head upon a Pike long ago. they are astonishd that such a character should be sent them. short tis said is very voilent in Holland. Humphries is really going to marry a Lady of Ample fortune. his countrymen who have been in Lisbon speak highly of his polite attention to them, but complain that they are not noticed by others mrs smith had visited mrs Beach who was well and vastly pleasd with England\u2014 if there is any vessel going from Philadelphia pray write to mrs smith for she complains very much that she does not hear from her Friends. tis uncertain whether she returns in the Spring\nI had a Letter to day from Charles he writes me that he had been sick with a fever which prevaild very much in NYork, but was quite recoverd. we have had a fortnight of Sad weather here one day very cold the next a warm rain and thaw. this has convinced me that I am still to suffer from my former complaint. I have been attackd with the old intermitting and am still strugling with it.\nwe have accomplishd drawing home the remainder of the Timber, & shaw has been employd with Faxon & two other hands whom I have hired in getting stuff from the ceadar swamp, in which they have found four or five pine Trees\u2014old & fit for Boards these I have had cut & drawn to the saw mill we hope to get 2 thousand of Boards from them. we still have to cut and draw from the woods Trees for Jistes, but our snow comes & lies only a day or two, by which means we do not accomplish all we wish.\nMy affectionate Regards to all inquiring Friends tell Benson I do not know what he means by abusing me so, I was always for Equality as my Husband can witness. Love to Thomas, from your affectionate\nAbigail Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0228", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams Smith to Abigail Adams, 9 February 1793\nFrom: Smith, Abigail Adams\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n   It is with very great pleasure that I address you, my dear mamma, from this place again. You will be as agreeably surprised as our friends here were, the evening before the last, to see us, and find us safe at New-York; for our arrival was wholly unexpected to them. We avoided informing our friends of our intentions, knowing that their anxious solicitude for our safety would render them unhappy. We left England the 23d of December, in the Portland packet, at a season when our friends there thought we were almost out of our senses. But we have been highly favoured, having had a very pleasant passage\u2014not knowing what cold weather was until a day or two before we landed; we neither saw nor experienced the want of a fire during our passage; and for three weeks had such warm weather that we were obliged to sleep with our windows open in the cabin. Our course was to the southward as far as the latitude of 30 degrees, and we were greatly favoured in coming upon our own coast. I can scarcely realize that it was mid-winter. We have all been very well upon our passage; the children look finely, and Col. Smith is very well; for myself, I was never so well at sea before. We had an excellent ship and a good captain; our accommodations were convenient; we had four poor expatriated French priests, on their route to Canada, as fellow-passengers, but they did not incommode us, we having two cabins. We had a passage of 45 days, and feel ourselves quite at home again. You would have been amused to have seen the meeting in Dey-street; surprise and joy were the most prominent sensations.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0*\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0*\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0*\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0*\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0*\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0*\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0*\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0*\nThey could scarce believe their eyes; it was between eight and nine o\u2019clock when we landed. But it is time to tell you the cause of our leaving England, which was the prospect of a war on the ocean in the spring, and we did not like the idea of crossing it with bullets whizzing round our heads. Some business, also was an inducement.\nEngland informs France that if they attempt to open the navigation of the Scheldt, that they shall join the Dutch; this is the ostensible cause for arming, which they are doing with great vigour. But they dread internal commotions, and are fortifying the Tower, directing the guns upon the city, preparing to build barracks in the Royal Exchange\u2014placed a double guard at the Bank; breaking up all societies for reforms of Parliament, and forbidding, by proclamations, the meeting of all societies who call themselves republicans; burning Tom Paine in almost every capital town in England in effigy, with the rights of man in one hand, and a pair of old stays in the other. In short, doing just what he wishes, I presume, making him of more consequence than his own writings could possibly effect. He is falling off pretty much in France.\nCol. Smith sets off on Tuesday for Philadelphia. I shall remain here. I shall have a strong inclination to make you a visit, for I must be a visiter until May, as we have no house. We think to take one in the country for the summer. If you were in Philadelphia, I should soon be with you. I hear my father has quite renewed his youth, and that he is growing very popular; that the abuse is directed to another quarter.\nRemember me to my brother, and all other friends, and believe me, / Your affectionate daughter,\nA. Smith.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0232", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 17 February 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dearest Friend\nPhiladelphia Feb. 17. 1793\nWe have had Such falls of Snow and rain that I Suppose the Mail has been retarded and I have no Letters; and you may be in the same Case. I have written however as regularly as usual. I have no Letters nor Message from our dear Family at N. York Since their arrival excepting a Line from Charles the next morning announcing it. another fort night and I shall sett out on my return home I shall make a short stay at N. Y. for fear of worse roads as well as from a zeal to get home. Indeed I have so little affection for that southern State as it has lately become, that the sooner I get thro it the better.\nI have a great Mind to send home our furniture. My Salary has become ridiculous, sunk more than half in its Value and about to be reduced still lower by another Million of Paper to be emitted by a new Bank of Pensilvania. Before I was aware I got abominably involved in debt and I shall not easily get out.\u2014 by I will be no longer a Dupe. The hospitality of Philadelphia would have kept me, the whole Winter at Dinner with one Family and at Tea and Cards with another: but I have made it a rule to decline all Invitations excepting Such as came from Families where I had never dind before, and excepting once with the senators who have families here, once with our Ministers of State and once with foreign Ministers. It has been Employment enough to write apologies in Answer to Invitations. I should have been down with the Ague long before now if I had accepted Invitations to Evening Parties. I never dine out without loosing the next nights Sleep, which shews that there is still a disposition to a fever.\nI live in terror least the State of Europe should force the President to Call Congress together in summer. I am not without hopes however that the national Convention of France will give England Satisfaction about Holland, the Austrian Netherlands and the Scheld, that We may still be blessed with Peace: but if there should be war We shall be intrigued into it, if possible.\nThe Personal hatreds and Party Animosities which prevail here, have left me more in tranquility than any other Person. The Altercations between the humble Friends of the two or three Ministers have done no service to the Reputation of either. The S. of the Treasury has suffered as much as the Secretary of State. Ambition is imputed to both, and the Moral Character of both has Suffered in the Scrutiny. They have been sifted by Satan like Wheat and all the Spots that have been discoverd have been circulated far and wide. I am afraid that Hamiltons Schemes will become unpopular, because the State Legislatures are undermining them and Congress will be obliged either to let them fall in the Publick opinion, or to support them by measures which will be unpopular. Hamilton has been intemperately puffed and this has excited green Eyed Jealousy and haggard Envy. Jays Friends have let Escape feelings of Jealousy as well as Jeffersons. And it is very natural. Poor me who have no Friends to be jealous, I am left out of the Question and pray I ever may.\nYours tenderly\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0233", "content": "Title: John Adams to Charles Adams, 17 February 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Charles\nDear Charles\nPhiladelphia Feb. 17. 1793\nI have not answered your favour of 31. of Jan. nor that which announced the Arrival of your Brother and Sister.\nJustum et tenacem Propositi Virum\nNon Civium Ardor prava jubentium\nNon Vultus instantis Tyranni\nMente quatit Solida,\nwas repeated by Cornelius De Wit on The Rack and in torture; as you may See in Cerisiers Tableau. I know not whether the Rack is to be borne or not; but I know, the most disgusting, Sickening, disheartening grieving, provoking, irritating Feeling of the soul, is excited, by the Meanness, the Baseness of political Lies and popular Injustice. There is no Country upon Earth where the People will hear and read this contemptible Ribaldry with so little Resentment, or so much malignant Pleasure against their best Men. The hornets, the Wasps the Fleas, the Lice and the Ticks are now Stinging the President and if the People bear it, they deserve to be eaten by Fleas, as you was in Spain.\nWe Shall See next fall, how Parties will Stand; if Congress Should not be called together Sooner. The War in Europe may compel an earlier Session.\nWeigh well your part, and do your best\nLeave to your maker all the rest,\nI read last night in the Almanack and cannot give you a better precept.\u2014 Another very good rule from the Same respectable Authorty is\nHe who contracts his swelling Sail\nEludes the Fury of the Gale.\nanother still is worth transcribing\nRegard the World with cautious Eye\nNor raise your Expectation high.\nLife is a Sea, where Storms must rise\n\u2019Tis folly talks of cloudless Skies.\nI had, from your Letter, entertained hopes of seeing Mr Smith here before now: but the Roads must be so bad that I now despair of it. My Love to him, your sister, and my dear little Boys. I must make but a Short Stay at New York, on my return. My affairs at Quincy require my Attention, and Presence.\nI envy no Man but the Baron and General Gates. If I had a Steuben, I would remove with all my Family and live upon it.\u2014 I could yet cutt down Trees and clear Land, which I am convinced is the happiest Employment of human Life. If you ever was present at Stubbing Bushes and burning them you must have felt it. hunting deers is not so transporting to a Savage, as clearing Land to a Farmer. Feeding Cattle, which is very pleasant is not equal, to the Work of Creation in the Woods which converts a Forrest into a fruitful field. War, Negotiation, Legislation, Administration hide your diminished heads, in Comparison with Husbandry for a happy Life. a Proportion of Solitude is essential to happiness. Man was not made nor borne to be alone it is true: nor was he born to be always in Company. Alternate Retirement and Society is the only System of Wisdom. so thinks and so will Act your affectionate Father\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0234", "content": "Title: Charles Adams to John Adams, 19\u201320 February 1793\nFrom: Adams, Charles\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear Sir\nNew York Feby 19th 1793\nI have this moment received your kind favor of the 17th. I am not ignorant that dayly abuse is poured upon not only the officers of Government, but even upon the President himself who heretofore has been exempted from public attacks of this nature. I console myself by reflecting that the authors of these libels are a few hirelings of Antifederalism in the City of Philadelphia. The Philadelphia Gazetts it is true circulate through the Union, but our Printers in this City have sense enough not to reprint their scandal and I should never have heard of it but from you and several friends who have remarked it at the Seat of Government This City has shown itself in the late election for Representative to be disgusted at the men and measures of the Antifederal party The majority of votes for Mr Watts are beyond the calculation of any one a majority of eleven hundred cannot fail to do honor to the politicks of this City. Peculiarly unfortunate is this City in being destitute of men who are able and willing to serve them in public Mr Watts is not the man who should represent us in Congress and this is the opinion of a great many of the people He is a well meaning man but not a shining character. what can be said! We had the choice between a vilain and an honest man.\nThe principal subject of conversation is respecting the minister who is on his voyage from the French Republic to the United States. Various opinions are advanced with regard to his reception. Some say that we cannot but receive him out of a principle of gratitude to France who was so early in acknowledging our Independence! but should we carry this so far as to draw all the Nations of Europe into a war with us? Can we receive a minister who comes from we know not who? England and Holland must join against the French in the Spring if they insist upon opening the Scheld And can they resist so many formidable [.\u00a0.\u00a0.]? Where are the treasures which can keep up [.\u00a0.\u00a0.] when according to statement the last event [.\u00a0.\u00a0.] and the troops who were but three months in the field cost France nineteen million Sterling it is impossible! the mines of Peru would not suffice. Is there no delay which can be employed to put this reception off? I know very well that Our Government will be urged I hope not forced to commit themselves by such a measure.\nFeby 20\nBy the Bristol which arrived last evening we have accounts from Europe to the 25th of Decr It appears that great exertions are making by the Emperor Russia and the rest of the combined powers The Emperor alone sends three hundred and fifty thousand men into the field. That Genl Miranda was at Antwerp and the French flag was flying in that port That the Dutch were in consternation fearing an invasion every moment. We have also received a number of resolutions of the National convention which are somewhat extraordinary. They swear never to lay down their arms till all the Nations of Europe shall have tasted the sweets of liberty. This is one among a number equally extraordinary They have decreed that the whole family of the Bourbons shall be exiled except those who are in confinement in the Temple, and even the monkey trick of Monsr Egalit\u00e9 has been of no service to him he is indicded with the rest. The National Convention by their proceedings appear little less unreasonable than the Assembly. This I think is very certain that while their present ideas remain they can never hope for tranquillity though they should be the Conquerors of Europe.\nWill the new Congress be called together on the fifth of March? I think we should look round us While so universal a war pervades Europe we ought not to be asleep?\nI am my dear father with every sentiment / of respect your affectionate son\nCharles Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0235", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 19 February 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy son\nPhiladelphia Feb. 19. 1793\nI have great Satisfaction in your Letter of the 10th. The Breaking of the Bubble of Banks would be a Blessing if it could teach our People to beware of all other Bubbles. But I fear We shall have a Succession of them. I hope however at least they will teach you caution.\n\u201cThe Rivalries of our most conspicuous Characters\u201d are such as human Nature produces under the Cultivation of such a Constitution as ours, and they never will be less. If they should have the Effect to convince this nation of one of the most obvious, Simple, certain and important Truths vizt [\u201c]The Necessity of Subordination\u2014in Society\u201d it will be well. if otherwise We must have Anarchy.\nYour Sentiments will not always be unpopular; if they are you will have nothing to loose, if you have nothing to gain, for no Man will be able to call his Life Liberty Reputation or Property his own. I Should not advise you to indulge any uncommon Ardour or distinguished Zeal about the Town Police or Theatrical Questions. in you it must be hypocricy to pretend to any other sentiments than those you have manfully expressed.\nYour refusal to appear at the delirious Dinner, I cannot but approve. It will do you no harm in the End.\nI am afraid your Mother caught her Ague at Boston: but so it must be.\nI shall see you in 3 or 4 Weeks at farthest I hope.\nCol Smith is here but not in good health: your sister and Nephews are well. so is your Brother Thomas and / your affectionate father\nJ A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0236", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 22 February 1793\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\nmy dearest Friend\nQuincy Feb\u2019ry 22 1793\u2014\nmy Last Letter was written to you in Bed I write this from my chair, my fever is leaving me and I am mending So that I can set up the chief of the day. the dr says it was the unexpected News of mrs smiths return that had so happy an effect upon me as to Break my fever. I am languid & weak but hope to be well by the Time you return. I shall forward my next Letter to you, to be left at N york as it might not reach you in Philadelphia if you set out as soon in March as you propose. I would mention to you your Coupons for the year least it should slip your mind. I believe I mentiond in my last all that I could think of respecting domestick concerns. our Weather is so changeable that it retards the kind of Buisness which I should be glad to have compleated. this week we have had floods of rain, which has carried of the chief of the heavy snow which fell the week before. o I forgot to mention to mr Brisler to cut me some of the weeping willows, & put on Board any of the vessels comeing this way, some of mr Morriss peach tree Grafts. we have some young plumb trees which will answer for stocks. your Brother told me on monday Evening that the senate had made choice of mr Strong; I presume the House will concur tis an ill wind which blows no good to any one. the late failures in Boston have thrown Some buisness into the hands of our son he is well and grows very fat.\npresent me affectionatly to all my Friends particularly to mrs Washington whom I both Love and respect. Remember me to mrs otis and tell her that her sister Betsy complains that she does not write to her. a kiss to miss Harriot, tell her she must find out how I sent it. your Mother desires to be rememberd to you. one day last week whilst I was the most sick, the severest N East snow storm came that we have had through the winter. we could not pass with a carriage, and I desired my People not to let her know how ill I was as she could not get to See me, but no sooner was there a foot tract than she put on stockings over her shoes, and I was astonishd to hear her voice below stairs. she has had better health than for some years past\nAdieu all Friends send their Regards / ever yours\nA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0237", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 27 February 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dearest Friend\nFeb. 27. 1793 Philadelphia\nI am so anxious for your health, Since you inform\u2019d me of the return of your Intermittent, that I shall take the Stage on Monday for N. York, but whether I shall go by the Packet to Providence, or continue in the Stage to Boston, I know not. This will depend upon the Wind and other Circumstances to be learn\u2019d at N. York.\nC. Smith is here in good health. He is returned from France and England, almost a Revolutionist, if not quite. The Fermentation in Europe distresses me, least it should take a turn which may involve Us in many difficulties. Our Neutrality will be a very delicate Thing to maintain: and I am not without Apprehensions that Congress or at least the Senate may be called together in the summer if not earlier. however We must be prepared as well as We can for Events.\nThe Attorney General, in opening the Information to the Jury, at the Tryal of Mr Paine, was pleased to quote large Passages from Publicola, with Some handsome Compliments: so that Publicola is become a Law Authority. Mr Erskine in his Answer cryed, Well, let others do like Publicola answer the Book not prosecute the author.\nI am weary of reading Newspapers. The Times are so full of Events, the whole Drama of the World is such a Tragedy that I am weary of the Spectacle. Oh my Sweet little farm, what would I not give to enjoy thee without Interruption? But I see no end to my Servitude, however the nations of Europe and even of Africa may recover their Liberty.\nHamilton has been Sufficiently fatigued with demands for Statements and Information. I hope his health will hold out, and his Character be Supported: but We have broad hints of what may be expected by, Executive Officers, who depend upon an Elective head, from Elective Legislatures. Ambitious Members of a Legislature will too easily run down the Popularity of Ministers of State, or I am egregiously mistaken. But Ca ira.\nFrance will Soon Shew Us Examples enough of Ministers falling before ambitious Legislatures, if she has not exhibited enough already. Calonne Neckar, Montmorin and 20 others, where are they?\nI am, my dear, most tenderly your\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0238", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to Abigail Adams Smith, 28 February 1793\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Smith, Abigail Adams\nMy dear Mrs Smith.\nQuincy February 28. 1793.\nI wrote to you by your brother making a proposal to you which you might not consider me in earnest about\u2014 Since then I have two additional motives to request the Cols consideration and your\u2019s of the subject. If setting aside family connexions it is with respect to business a matter of indifference which city you reside in I certainly could wish it might be Philadelphia for four years to come. The late vote respecting salary will certainly prevent our becoming Housekeepers there in public life. We have suffered too much already by being involved in debt at the close of the four years and obliged to give up our house, dispose of one pair of horses and in other respects retrench our expenses. The five thousand dollars at this period is not in the purchase of any article of life more than half equal to what it was at the time it was first granted\u2014 Knowing as I do what the expense of living there as well as here is I cannot think of seeing your father again subjected to the like inconvenience\u2014yet to live half the year separated of the few years which I have reason to think are remaining to me is a sacrifice that I do not consider at this day my duty\u2014 I shall not make any observation upon past services or my own estimation of things\u2014 I will conform to what is and should be glad to enjoy the Society of my family as much as I can. My furniture is stored in Philadelphia. If the Colonel and you think it inconsistent with your arrangements and prejudicial to his affairs to reside in Philadelphia I shall think it best after consulting your Father to order the furniture home, though I know not what to do with the greater part of it. I should be tempted to sell what I have not room for if I did not know that it must be at a great loss. If you think proper to go there I will endeavor to have it stored till such time as you might incline to take a house there\u2014 If we take lodgings with you, \u2019tis probable that our family will not exceed five persons, and we could I presume make such arrangements as would render each of us happy\u2014 I will not again take charge of a family and sacrifice my health in that city as I have done\u2014 Though a small family we are and always have been a scattered flock, my infirm state of health leads me to wish for those pleasures which domestic life affords. I love society, but \u2019tis the rational not the dissipated which can give true delight.\nI fear the roads will be so bad as to prevent your coming to see me so soon as I wish but in April the passage by way of Rhode Island will be both pleasant and safe and as you are an old and experienced sailor you will find that way much pleasanter than by land and much less fatiguing.\nLet me, my dear daughter, hear from you as often as possible remember me affectionately to all friends\nYour\u2019s most tenderly\nA. Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0239", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 2 March 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dear\nPhiladelphia March 2. 1793\nYour Letter from your Sick Chamber if not from your Sick bed, has made me so uneasy that I must get away as soon as possible.\u2014 Monday Morning at Six, I am to Sett off in the Stage, but how many days it will take to get home will depend on the Roads, and or the Winds. I dont believe Nabby will go with me. Her Adventurer of an Husband is so proud of his Wealth that he would not let her go I suppose without a Coach and four, and such Monarchical Trumpery I will in future have nothing to do with. I will never travel but by the Stage nor live at the seat of Government but at Lodgings, while they give me so despicable an Allowance.\u2014 shiver my Jibb and start my Planks if I do.\nI will Stay but one night at New York. Smith says that my Books are upon the Table of every Member of the Committee for framing a Constitution of Government for France except Tom Paine, and he is so conceited as to disdain to have any Thing to do with Books.\nAlthough I abused Smith, a little above he is very clever and agreable: but I have been obliged to caution him against his disposition to boasting. Tell not of your Prosperity because it will make two Men mad to one glad; nor of your Adversity for it will make two Men glad to one Sad.\u2014 He boasts too much of having made his fortune, and placed himself at his ease; above all favours of Government. This is a weakness, and betrays too little knowledge of the World: too little Penetration; too little discretion. I wish however that my Boys had a little more of his Activity\u2014 I must soon treat them as The Pidgeons treat their Squabs\u2014push them off the Limb and make them put out their Wings or fall. Young Pidgeons will never fly till this is done.\nSmith has acquired the Confidence of the French Ministry and the better sort of the Members of the national Convention: but the Executive is too changeable in that Country to be depended on, without the Utmost caution.\nAdieu, Adieu, tendrement\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0240", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to Abigail Adams, 2 March 1793\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dear Mother\nPhiladelphia 2d: March 1793\nI am grieved to hear of the fresh return of your old persecuter the Ague; I had flattered myself that the Air & Climate of New England would chase away all Billious complaints. I am suspicious that the Bark of which so free use is made in this disorder will not effectually remove it, at least I have found it the case with myself. There is a weed known here by the name of Cardis, which is much used in this disorder, and I think it has proved serviceable to me; I can\u2019t recollect ever to have heared of it in Massachusetts, but wish you could get some of it for trial. My own health has been better this, than the last winter, but I have periodical returns of what I think the seeds of an Ague. However I don\u2019t live in continual dread of it\u2014if it comes I must stand the charge, & endeavor to conquer it.\nThe arrival of Col: & Mrs: Smith was unexpected, but not the less agreeable. The Col, has been, & still is, in this City; I rejoice to hear of his success, which (he says and I have no reason to suspect the truth of it) has placed him & his Family in eligible circumstances. You will have the satisfaction to see them & learn more fully the circumstances\u2014\nI wrote you some time since concerning our furniture, & wish you to think what arrangements will be most proper, so that I may know in season what measures to take\u2014 Nothing is determined concerning them, and (as usual) you must be applied to in the last resort.\nThe old business of hunting down the secy of the Treasury has employed a considerable share of the present session, of which this is the last day\u2014 He has risen superior to all the unmanly insinuations that have been promulged against him; and it must be the ardent prayer of every honest patriot that he may still maintain his superiority. My Father will inform you the tenor of Giles\u2019s Resolutions which have been canvassed the three last days; It will suffice for me to say that so far as I hear they are universally condemned; and the large majority against them, speaks the truth of my information.\nYour good friend Mrs: Powell, directs me to give her love: to you, and to say, that I am a very sad young man, for not visiting her Family; this is what Mr. Hill calls a homely compliment to me; and I might say with great truth, (as I did last night to him in his own house) had it come from him, that with him it was certainly homely. I must relate this little anecdote for your amusement, otherwise you won\u2019t understand what I meant above. A party, of whom I had the honor to make one, were invited to sup with Mr: Hill on the 1st: of March. It consisted of Col & Mrs: Hamilton; Genl & Mrs: Knox, Mr & Mrs: Wolcott, Mr: Breck & Family, Mr. & Mrs: Peters Mr: Dalton and Family & Col. Smith; the younger class, were Mr: & Mrs. G Harrison, Miss Knox Miss Patty Meredith Miss Peggy Clymer, and one or two others, beside four or six young Gentlemen; after dancing a little and making merry we were called to a splendid supper which was not a little enlivened by the presence of Judge Peters who sung one or two fine songs\u2014the greater part of the company retired at half past eleven, and at twelve all were gone except Miss Meredith & Miss Clymer, whose carriage had not arrived; I perceived these young Ladies had come without a gallant and therefore requested permission to see them safe home. The ladies grew impatient; we were some what fatigued by dancing, and I belive, (at least I speak for myself) had rather more inclination for the pillow of repose, than for the company of the Graces, (including Mr. Hill) during this suspence, endeavoring to keep each other awake, we indulged in what Mr. Hill termed homely compliments, and when he made the remark he happened to address Miss Meredith. Without adverting to the particular appropocity of the pun, of which Mr Hill is remarkably fond, I observed that those compliments coming from him were most assuredly homely, meaning only, that as he was in his own house, they implied hospitality, of which nature they were, for I think he offered the ladies his embroydered bed\u2014however as ill luck would have it, a young gentleman present took the pun in a different and less favorable sense, and sett up a titter which communicated like wild fire till it was universally understood I preserved my muscles as smooth as the nature of the case would admit, and by a few subsequent observations, strongly emphacised, turned it off tollerably well; & without giving offence. Soon after the carriage for the ladies came, and I had the pleasure to land them safely home at a little past one o Clock.\nThus I have given you a history of one Party of this season, the only one I have attended that afforded even one incident worth relating; in fact I apologise for this, which, if other matter had been so readily at hand, should have supplied its place.\nI am your dutifull son\nThomas B Adams\nPS I must request you not to mention this Annecdote of Mr H\u2014\u2014 to any one coming to Philada for I should forfeit all his good offices were he to know how I understood the above\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0241", "content": "Title: John Adams to Charles Adams, 18 March 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Charles\nMy son\nQuincy March 18. 1793\nI had the Pleasure of receiving your favour of the 1st. on Saturday night: by your Brother, who has been admitted this Term at the Supreme Court and is rising in Practice as well as in litterary fame.\nWe cannot be too cautious in forming our Opinions of french affairs, and We ought to be still more Slow in discoursing on them. Our amiable and excellent Friend, the Baron is like many others, too Sanguine in his Expectations of irresistable Combinations against the French Republic, and in his Predictions of Partitions Famine, Civil War &c on the other hand our fellow Citizens in general, have too much Enthusiasm in their Applauses of the present Leaders and too sanguine hopes and assurances of Glory and Tryumph to the Jacobins. at least this is my impulse, who have however small Pretentions to better lights than others.\nTo me, it has ever been astonishing that The King La Fayette, Rochefaucault &c Should have had So little Penetration as to believe that the late Constitution could endure.\nThe Report of the late Case in the Supream national Court will soon be made public and the Arguments of the Judges weighed. If it Should be necessary for Congress to interfere by Submitting that part of the Constitution to the Revision of the State Legislatures, they have Authority to do it.\nI congratulate you on the national Complextion of the N. York Representatives, which justifies a hope that So material a part of the northern branch of the Union is not likely to become compleatly a Southern State. I regret with You that Mr Kent is not elected. My faith is very faint in the Story of 30 Spanish ships with English Jacks.\nAlthough I have no personal Obligations to the King of France, being the only American, accredited to his Court, whom he formally affronted, I do not less acknowledge his Friendship to my Country, nor less regret his unhappy fate. If it were in my Power I would restore him to his Crown and Dignity, well and faithfully limited by a senate and an adequate Representation of the People: for to such a form of Government the Nation must aspire or they will never establish their Liberty. In this opinion I am as Sanguine, as the Baron is in his Predictions, or a Boston Populace, in their civic Rejoicings. possibly as erroneous. The French national Convention, in their Letter to the President have reflected, an honour on me, and a disgrace on the Memory of Franklin, which I believe they never intended. \u201cThe United States of America will hardly credit it; the Support which the ancient French Court had afforded them to recover their Independence, was only the fruit of base Speculation; their Glory offended its ambitious Views, and the Ambassadors bore the criminal orders of Stopping the Career of their Prosperity.\u201d Mr Madison and Franklins friends will understand and feel this: but they will prevent the American People from understanding it, if they can. It is a confirmation of my Representations and a Justification of my Conduct: but it is a Refutation of all Franklins corrupt Sychophancy and a severe Condemnation of his Conduct. The N. York News Writers will Suppress this Letter if they can, because it reflects an immortal Glory on Mr Jay.\nYour Mother is better but has had a severe Confinement of five Weeks.\nI am &c\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0242", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to John Adams, 7 April 1793\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear sir.\nPhiladelphia 7th: April 1793\u2014\nI am requested by Mr: Dobson to enquire of you what disposition you desire to be made of your Book\u2019s of which he has a considerable supply of Coppies. Whether some of them should not be sent to Boston & New York, or whether you would wish them to remain where they are. He thinks you gave him no possitive directions about them before you left the City.\nVarious events have taken place in France since you left us; and tho\u2019 not unexpected are not the less important. Since the Execution of the King & Queen nothing can be thought too mad or extravagant for the National Convention to commit, and the conjecture is not unfair that the Royal Family is e\u2019re this extinct. Every arrival since the death of the King has brought some rumor of war\u2014but no authentic information has come to hand till by the arrival of the Packet at New York, Official Dispatches were received by Mr Hammond of a declaration of war on the part of France against England & Holland. There have been some speculations in our Newspapers relative to the Reception & acknowledgment of the expected Minister from the new Republic: If indeed that can be called a Republic, where no laws exist, or if they do, where there is no power Supreme to enforce obedience to them. The term as applied to France, must signify the actual state of the Country, not the form of its Government\u2014Res-Publica, or the Public Afairs, in confusion. Under any other construction, nothing would be easier than to create a Republic in any Country, for they have only to destroy the existing Government\u2014and they are at once resolved into a Frenchifyed system, which if they chose they may call a Republic.\nThe propriety of receiving the expected Minister in a public capacity has been doubted; indeed Bache\u2019s paper some time ago asserted that the President of the U,S, had resolved not to acknowledge him; but little credit I believe is to be given to this report, considering the quarter from whence it came. If there would be no impropriety in commiting your opinion upon this subject to a private letter, I will make a request that it may be directed to me.\nI presume the Spring begins to show itself with you by this time, for the Fruit Trees have been in full bloom for some days in this City\u2014 I hope the warm weather will restore health to my Mother, to whom I present my best love and affection, and remain / your dutiful Son\nThomas B Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0243", "content": "Title: Elizabeth Smith Shaw to Mary Smith Cranch, 21 April 1793\nFrom: Shaw, Elizabeth Smith\nTo: Cranch, Mary Smith\nMy Dear Sister\u2014\nHaverhill April 21st 1793\nI have been exceedingly grieved at hearing of our dear Sister Adams\u2019s Illness\u2014 She was so well in the winter, that I hoped she would have escaped any inconvenience from the return of the fever & ague\u2014 When it gets such fast hold of a Constitution, it appears to be a very formidable Disorder, & is attended with very disagreeable Consequences\u2014 I have heard she was growing better, & hope by this time, she is enjoying a confirmed state of health\u2014 It must give her great Satisfaction to find that her Daughter, & Family have once more escaped the dangers of the Sea, & have arrived safe at New-york\u2014 The early return of the Vice President to his Family, must be to her, an additional Source of pleasure\u2014 But the Commotions which are taking place in almost every part of the world, will (I fear) make it necessary for the Congress to meet again very soon\u2014 Perhaps it will not be possible for the active Genius of America to sit still, & be a silent spectator of those great Events; filling their Coffers, & making their own advantage of the Follies, & Vices of Mankind\u2014 But whether we are involved in the War, or not, I know we must suffer, at lest Individuals must\u2014 The price of Articles have risen a quarter higher in the course of the last week\u2014 Indeed the price of the necessarys of Life, have been very high through the whole of the last year, & those whose maintanence is fixed to a stated Sum, must severely feel it\u2014\nHave you my Sisters put on any external marks of mourning for the unfortunate Lewis to whom America is so much indebted\u2014 I am sure you could not read the fate of his unhappy Family without tender regret\u2014 It was his misfortune, & seems to be his only crime that he was born, & a King at this particular period of time\u2014 Had he have lived in some former age, he might have been idolized, & buried with his ancestors\u2014 His virtue, his benevolence, his condescendsion & Lenity was the Cause which effected his Death\u2014 The french Nation verified the old Proverb, \u201cGive an Inch, & they will take an Ell\u2014[\u201d] They felt the advantages arising from a greater degree of Knowledge, & Liberty than their Fathers had possessed, but had not virtue enough to sustain, & make a wise use of it\u2014 They thought they could not obtain too much of so great a Good\u2014 They precipitately made vast strides, & the pendilum of Power has vibrated with such voilence, as has thrown them into such Scenes of horror, & confusion as we now see them\u2014 Lewis the 16th. like Charles the 1st. has suffered for wishing to preserve inviolate, those Laws, which there own Subjects had made\u2014 unhappily for them, the Temper & spirit of the People was changed, but the Laws were the same\u2014 Thus may the greatest Monarchs fall, & their dust mingle with the lowest of their Vassals\u2014\n\u201cThis is the state of Man: to day he puts forth\nThe tender leaves of Hope; tomorrow blossoms,\nAnd bears his blushing honours thick upon him;\nThe third day comes a frost, a killing frost,\nAnd when he thinks, good easy man, full surely\nHis Greatness aripening, nips his root.\u201d\nEvery day we are taught by some Occurrence, or other on what an uncertain tenor, we hold every earthly Enjoyment, & the vanity of building, on less than an immortal basis\u2014\nMy dear Brother Cranch (I presume) views these political Commotions, with the Eye of a Christian Phylosopher,\u2014as a prelude, & introductory of much greater Events in the moral word\u2014 I often wish to hear him converse\u2014\nI never wished to read History more in my Life, than now\u2014 It was always a Source of Entertainment & Instruction to me\u2014 But my dear Sister you must pity me, for my Eyes are so weak, that I fear sometimes I shall be blind\u2014 I can read but a few moments before my sight is gone, & it makes me sick, & dizzey\u2014 Thanks to my good Angel, that induced me to lay up a Stock in early life, which (though small indeed) I would not exchange for Gold\u2014 I think I should be miserable without it\u2014\nYour Son (my Sister) is indeed very dear to me\u2014 He is just such a Friend as every one wants near them\u2014 I think he is exceedingly like his Father\u2014 He made every body love, & respect him\u2014\nThis letter layed last week because I did not love to send it by the Post\u2014 I intended to have added more, but Col Hurd is waiting, so I must bid my dear Sister adieu\u2014\nE Shaw\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0244", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to Abigail Adams, 5 May 1793\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dear Mother,\nPhiladelphia 5th: May 1793\u2014\nYour last letter to me is dated the 18th: of March, since which time I have not heared a single word of the family, either verbally, or in writing. We have news from France as late as the 15 of March, and one would think a letter from Quincy might have traveled the distance of 350 miles in the course of seven weeks. \u2019Tis my happiness, (some may think it a misfortune) not to distress my mind with unpleasant surmises upon such occasions; but I had rather be accused of a little Stoical apathy, than upon every intermission of more than usual duration in the correspondence of my friends, to attribute it to unfavorable causes. Mrs. Smith & her family have all been sick since their return, but I heared nothing of it till they had recovered their health\u2014 This may be the case with the Family at Quincy, but I hope they have not yet to wait to inform me of their reestablishment\u2014 On Friday last the French Frigate which brought the French Minister from Paris came up the Delaware\u2014she had been expected for some days, and when she got up, she saluted the City with fifteen Guns\u2014which were answered from the Shore\u2014 There was a vast collection of people on the Wharves who saluted the Vessel with repeated huzza\u2019s, which were warmly returned by the Crew\u2014 Great numbers went off to the Ship as she lay in the River, and met a most cordial reception from the French Officers\u2014 the next day I went on board, but without making my self known I wished merely to gratify my curiosity, and I could do it as well Incog\u2014as if I had been introduced\u2014 the officers were civil, and shewed all that was to be seen\u2014which cheifly consisted in 300 dirty Sailors in a dirty vessel, all \u00e1 la mode de Franc\u00e0ise the Sailors Sing Ci, Ira\u2014and dance the Marselais call each other Citoyen and in short exhibit the true spirit of the Revolution\u2014 There are the Crews of seven prizes which she has made since she left France on board, the Captains & mates of which are permited to walk the Deck\u2014 So much for L\u2019Ambuscade The Minister has not yet arrived\u2014he comes by land from Carolina\u2014\nYour Friends here desire to be particularly remembered to you, I shall do it however only in this general way, which for civilities like these, is quite sufficient\u2014 Indeed I am at a loss to think what the generality of these mighty civil folks would find to say to me, were it not for my absent relations, whose health & wellfare seems to be a never failing source of enquiry & congratulation. I have a method of discovering whether the compliment in such cases is intended for me, or the person enquired for\u2014 \u201cYour Father and Mother were well I hope when you heared from them last?\u201d \u201cSir\u2014or Madam (as the case may be) you do me honor by your friendly enquiries.\u201d If any thing further seems to be expected\u2014I descend into particulars\u2014but for the most part, the conversation seldom goes beyond a proposition & reply\u2014very rarely to a rejoinder\u2014 You see I must be in the fashion\u2014I cant avoid a little Scandal\nWith presenting my best love to all Friends / I subscribe\nThos B Adams\nPS, Mrs. Lynch has heared of the arrival of the Vessel in which her husband went last to Sea, at Boston, and has desired me to make enquiry of Mr Briesler, whether Lynch has returned and whether he intends coming to Philada:\u2014 The poor woman thinks herself deserted, and I believe nothing gives her more comfort than the prospect of Col & Mrs. Smith\u2019s residing here.\nMonday 6th:\nAfter I had sealed this Letter I received my Fathers of the 27th: of April\u2014which I will answer in a short time\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0245", "content": "Title: Charles Adams to John Adams, 10 May 1793\nFrom: Adams, Charles\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear Sir\nNew York May 10th 1793\nIt is sometime since I have written to you but still longer since I have had a line from my dear father. I do not repine for while you are happy in your feilds I will willingly give up that share of pleasure and instruction which I constantly received from your kind communications. It appears as if this City was fated to be the scene of constant disquietude and jarring cabal no sooner have the inhabitants cooled a little upon one subject than another source of contention arises and they begin with redoubled animosity. This cannot excite our astonishment if we consider the motley complection of the Citizens. A collection from all parts of the Globe The English Irish Scotch Dutch and Germans compose a very numerous body whose peculiar pride consists in fostering their national prejudices. The English Irish and Scotch swarmed to this City where they found a protection which in some States was denyed them. By their close connection and mutual assistance many of them are among the richest people. But far from a grateful sense of what they owe and without considering that were they again in their own Countries they would fall from their self opinianative importance they constantly strive to depreciate the American character. Most Americans are friends to the Revolution of France however they may view with horror the enormities which have been committed during the unfortunate course of five years they still separate the people desirous of liberty from the cabal of a National Assembly or the murderous demagogues of a National Convention. They hoped and still hope that under a good form of Goverment The French Nation may be restored to order, but when they hear themselves damned for their impudent ideas by a small cluster of Englishmen who lurk within the bosom of their Country when they hear repeated threats that the thunder of the British nation may be hurled upon them they are fired with indignation at the insult. Conduct like this from a club of Englishmen in this city has roused the spirits of the people and unless they learn more prudence fatal consequences may ensue. The low state of our funds is in some measure owing to an apprehension that America may be drawn into The war. For myself I see not much danger conscious that every endeavor will be used to maintain a neutrality and that measures the most strenuous will be put in operation to preserve this Country in a state of peace. These apprehensions however ill founded fail not to make some considerable impression upon the public mind. Another cause is the caution with which The Banks discount and the difficulty of procuring large quantities of specie. This it has been found is necessary as the multiplicity of banks has created distrust. That they cannot long hold out I think is certain they have had a pernicious influe[nce] upon the price of every article of consumption and I know of nothing except Salaries and la[wyers] fees that has not doubled within these two years. The Baron setts out tomorrow for Steuben I am sorry to loose his company for so long a period but he is almost as fond of his farm as you are and delights in the society of his Yankee\u2019s as he calls them. My Sister talks of beginning her journey sometime next week, she wished me to accompany her but I must deny myself that pleasure\nAdieu my dear Sir Beleive me your / affectionate son\nCharles Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0246", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to Abigail Adams, 21 May 1793\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dear Mother\nPhiladelphia 21 May. 1793.\nYour kind letter of the 12 has reached me, in complyance with Mr Brieslers request I enclose the Receipt of Mrs Lynch. She was in much need of the little assistance, and expressed gratitude for the receipt of it. The Porter also shall be attended to; I have been so fortunate as yet to have received no warning from the owner of our Store\u2014 The furniture still rests there and I have some hope will not yet be disturbed. The most disagreeable trouble on my hands at present is to find a suitable place for my own head. My good Quaker lady intends giving up house-keeping about the middle of next month, and of course we are all under the necessity of changing our lodgings. The reasons of her taking this step are such as might naturally be expected from one who was brought up in a very different course of life. She finds that house Rent is increasing, that every article of life is nearly double in price, and that her expences in living far exceed the trifling assistance she derives from her lodgers. Unless she took a large house and admited every comer & goer, her present course of life cannot be profitable, & for this she is by no means calculated; so that she has by the advice of her Family & Friends come to a resolution to quit house keeping & return to her Father\u2019s. I shall regret the change of lodgings because I am persuaded it cannot be for the better\u2014 However I have not much longer to reside here, and I shall do as well as I can. I have no particular place in view as yet\u2014 The terms of board will be higher I know than at present but I won\u2019t go If I can avoid it to a common lodging house\u2014\nCol Smith has been some time in town, and finds little prospect of accomodating himself with an house at present. All the best houses in the City are taken up, and I know he wont live in an ordinary one. There may be opportunities between this & next fall to suit himself, at present Rent is monstrous, & houses very scarce\u2014 I have not met with the Publications you mention; no judicious peices will be republished here you may rest assured. People will not think for themselves\u2014nor in all cases will they be guided by the judgment of others\u2014so that we must be content with the dictates of the ignorant Multitude. I will say nothing of French Affairs. Calculation & conjecture have so often been lost upon them that the event ought rather to be acquiesced in when it shall arrive, than deplored by anticipation. I am out of all patience with the eternal folly of palliating every calamity & seting it down to the score of necessity\u2014 I think the excentricities of a Commet might as well be calculated, as the probable effects of such & Such particular events. Whilst France was successful in beating her first enemies, & conquering foreign states\u2014I wished her spirit might be humbled\u2014 A Country really desirous of establishing a peaceful Government, has no business with foreign Territories\u2014 War is by no means its proper Element. Since the universal combination of powers against her, whether she has provoked it or not, I feel a powerful principle of humanity taking Root in my mind, as an advocate for the weaker party; \u2019tis a rule, & a very good one for individuals no less than Sovereign powers, to examine the justice of the cause about which Nations are quarreling. Considering France in her present situation, without examining the means by which it was acquired, the justice of the dispute seems to lay on their side. They have abolished an odious & oppressive Government too effectually ever to be reared again from its ruins\u2014we will not say a word whether this was done by the general sense of the Nation\u2014 It suffices that having reduced themselves to Anarchy\u2014the nation now see the necessity of a Government in some shape\u2014still there is no Cry for a King, a Nobility, an established Clergy, &ca. The very sound is odious; nothing that has the smallest tendency to superiority or eminence of rank will be received as yet. Here then is the great danger, the Shivre de Freze\u2014that may cause Shipwreck\u2014 The first axiom of civil Government, is authority & Subordination; But all confidence is destroyed between man & man; who then shall dare to take the helm. No man has a right to challenge the obedience of another, unless his authority is confered & derived from the original source\u2014 here is no original source, because the people are divided in their sentiments too far to unite upon any common measure of utility. What then must be the first step towards Government in France in such circumstances? It will be trod by a military force\u2014whether they maintain their own ground against the combination, & establish their independance, or whether they become their slaves & vassals. This Combination of powers are practising injustice so far as they distract the attention of the French from Pacifick institutions, & prevent their worshiping Liberty & Equality in peace at home. I have become a wellwisher to the French so far as they are to be considered struggling with adversity, even tho\u2019 tis merited. I justify no single event that has taken place\u2014since they are so, make the best of them, they cannot be recalled. They anticipated declarations of war, so far they act on the defensive. I can only further add, that seeing things are so, the event must sanctify the means\u2014 Conscientious people will exclaim, but necessity is not under the influence of dominion. These are my sentiments of French politics, so far as they go\u2014 I began by declining them altogether, & fully intended to stop at the first sentence\u2014 but you see the difference\u2014\nWith all due affection / I remain your son\nThomas B Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0247", "content": "Title: Charles Adams to John Adams, 29 May 1793\nFrom: Adams, Charles\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear Sir\nNew York May 29th 1793\nIt is with great pleasure I hear that my brother is appointed to speak the town Oration, on the fourth of July next. It would give me infinite satisfaction to hear him, but as I cannot, I request a few copies if they can be procured, as soon as they appear in print. Confined as he must be, by the shackles which are, I think erroniously, imposed upon those who have this duty to perform; I have no doubt but he will greatly add to his already far extended reputation. Publicola, has been reprinted in Edinburg and in London; and in an European Magazine, there is a contradiction of your being the Author of those publications, as was indicated by the edition printed in Scotland. The reports of Dumourier\u2019s defection, come from so many different quarters, that we begin to give credit to them; nor do I think it so very extraordinary, no man in his right senses could submit to be the instrument of so mad a faction, as now seem to govern in France. We have in our papers this day, a dialogue said to have passed between the General and the Commissioners sent to carry him to Paris: In which Dumourier says \u201cyour Convention consists of three hundred fools, governed by four hundred rascals. They have formed a Government infinitely more imbecile, dangerous and destructive, than the former. They will annihilate the nation.\u201d I am very much pleased with a writer with the signature of Marcellus; I have seen but one Number reprinted in Fenno\u2019s Gazette, but his sentiments are perfectly coincident with those, which I think every well wisher to his Country, every real American ought to adopt: but alas! what will not this people swallow, if gilded over with the foil of liberty and equality. Where is the Lover of this Country who will not join in the wish? \u201cthat laurelled victory may sit upon the sword of Justice and that success may always be strewed before the feet of virtuous Freedom\u201d but we should learn to discriminate; We should learn to distinguish virtuous freedom, from unprincipled licentiousness; then, and then only, can we be a happy or a dignified people. While we are continually hunting in the catalogue of improbabilities, for excuses, to palliate the enormities of an enraged clan of Jacobins, we are injuring our morals and destroying our reputations.\u2014 Dumourier seems to have expressed great surprize that Condorcet, should not have pointed out a constitution, more worthy of his abilities: but what could he do? Might he not have fallen a victim to just ideas? and I think it is quite time that martyrdom should be discarded at least from France; there is but little encouragement. Monrs Genet is received with open arms in Philadelphia, I know of no objection which can with propriety be offered to this; provided it did not convey the idea of an acquiescence in the transactions in France. I know very well that such ideas as these, are termed Aristocratic. I disclaim the faith. My sentiments are dictated by the purest philanthropy. Can those who with the stern eye of apathy behold murder carnage and every affliction which can desolate a Country, following as a consequence of the unbridled machinations of a few: men Can they love mankind? No person can be more an advocate for civil liberty and civil equality than myself, but name not the French as models; name not that barbarous, that cruel people, as examples worthy to be followed by Americans, who are happy in equal laws and a just Government. Happy! thrice happy people! if they would reflect upon their own prosperity. I have found it adviseable of late, again to peruse with attention the writers upon Natural law. Grotius, puffendorph, Vattel, Burlemaque. many questions interesting to the community, and to individuals, dayly arise. These studies, blended with that of the law, have lately occupied my attention. I think I have pitched upon a method of reading, by far the most preferable: instead of reading the Reporters in course, I take up Espinasse\u2019s Law of actions, a book of great authority and credit, and constantly refer to the cases in the Reporters: a method which fixes much more firmly in my memory the principles of every case: in this manner I intend to go through him, and have no doubt of reaping ample reward for my pains. It has been my endeavor to select in the first instance The Reporters during the time of Lord Mansfield. I have purchased\nBurroughs\nDurnford and East\nRichardson\u2019s pra K B\nCowper Reports\nBacon\u2019s abridgment\nCrompton\u2019s practice\nDouglass\nEspinasse Nisi Prius\nPowell on Mortgages\nDo \u2003on Contracts\nW Blackston\nLilly\u2019s Entries\nHighmore on bail\nLovelace laws disposal\nKyd on bill of exchange\nLaws of the State of New York.\u2014\nOur parties in this City begin to cool down of late; it was quite time, for very warm blood was raised, and it was very much feared that serious consequences might have ensued.\nPerhaps you may recollect, that when I was last at Quincy you offered me a work entitled Cours D\u2019Etudes: I had then no method of conveying it to New York: should you now remain of the same mind, Brizler will pack them up, and send them to me by Barnard. I had occasion while I was there to peruse several parts of that work, and was highly delighted with it, as containing a very useful and instructive epitome of the Sciences. Judge Duane in his kindness has been pleased to appoint me one of the Commissioners to examine the claims of invalid pensioners. He may think it an honor conferred, but there is no emolument to be derived, and except its being a charitable duty, would be rather tedious. I accepted it on that account; but the late law of Congress has so restricted applicants, that I doubt much whether any one will be able to take advantage of it. Our latest arrivals from Europe bring intellegence to the fifth of April only; it appears that communications from France have been of late so impeded that we are led to suspect much of our information has been coined in England. I fear I have long since tired your patience And I will bid you adieu\nBeleive me my dear Sir your ever affectionate and dutiful son\nCharles Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0248", "content": "Title: John Adams to Charles Adams, 5 June 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Charles\nDear Charles\nQuincy June 5 1793\nI thank you for your, agreable Letter of the 29. Ult. Your Brother is destined to be celebrated and consequently envyed and abused. He has great Talents, and equal Industry. Publicola has passed through Several Editions in Ireland and Scotland as well as England, and I am well informed that the Speaker of the House of Commons, Mr Pitt and Several other Characters high in office besides the Attorney General have pronounced it one of the ablest Things of the kind they ever read. Marcellus deserves as high an Encomium. I am of Dumouriers opinion that the last Fugitive Piece, which the French call a Constitution is worse than the first, and, as La Croix Said of the latter that it would last as long as it should please God the former will have the same fate.\nIf Dumourier had known Condorcet as well as I do, he would not have been surprized at his Constitution. He has been ignorant and indiscreet enough to commit himself in Print, Several years ago, in favour of a crude and shallow Idea of his three Idols Turgot Franklin and the Duke de la Rochefaucault, and now he will never get rid of it, till he is murdered like the last of them.\nYou are very right. The Spirit of Liberty is a Sober and a temperate Spirit. Rage, Violence & fury are inconsistent with it.\nI am pleased to perceive that your Taste for Books is a growing Appetite and your Love of study an increasing Passion. Go on my son. You will find your Account in the study of Ethicks, and the Law of Nations. Such Writers not only enlighten the Understanding but they rectify and purify the heart. The Love of Justice, of Humanity and of Wisdom, are the never failing Effects of frequent and constant Contemplation of the Principles Maxims and Reasonings of those Writers.\nYour Plan of Studying Espinasse, is judicious and I hope you will pursue it to the End.\u2014 The Catalogue of Books you have purchased is no Doubt valuable, and you do well to admire Lord Mansfield, yet you must be upon your guard and not always adopt his Ideas, nor should you forget, Hale Coke or Holt\nBrisler shall Send you, The Abbe Condelae\u2019s Course of Study as you desire.\nJudge Duane has made you a very handsome Compliment, which demands and I presume will have your gratitude. Tho there may be no Profit there is honour, and a fair Opportunity to do good and to approve your humanity, Justice, publick Spirit Patience Politeness and Address before many People, which to a good young Man is a prescious Advantage. I hope therefore you will attend this Duty as punctually as if it was lucrative. A Sincere desire to do good is the best Trait in a young Man\u2019s Character. A Selfish Indifference to the good of others, is one of the worst.\nMy regards to our Connections. I am &c\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0249", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to John Adams, 9 June 1793\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Adams, John\nDear sir,\nPhiladelphia 9th: June 1793\u2014\nI have procured the Warrant from the Treasury for the payment of D 1250. and taken two Orders on the Branch Bank at Boston in the name of my Brother. One for Dls800. & the other for Dls1,190, which will be paid him on demand, on your behalf. The surplus I have reserved for the following purposes. Viz For five months Board Dls66. 50Cts; One hundred Dls sent to my Brother Charles; For two Quarters Store Rent Dls 36. For nine Doz of Porter Dls 16. For myself Dls 41\u2014 50Cts\u2014 Or, to state it in a more Mercantile way\u2014\nDlls\nCts\nTo Charles at NYork\nFor five months Board for myself\nFor two quarters Store Rent for the furniture\nFor Nine Doz of Porter\nFor myself\nDls 260\nI have inclosed the Orders to my Brother John; he will be upon the Spot, and can transmit the money to you at Quincy without delay; As they are drawn in favor of my Brother, no Indorsment will be necessary on your part. My good Quaker Landlady is upon the point of giving up house keeping, which has obliged me to seek another residence\u2014 I have found one at another Quaker house, but at a higher price than before\u2014 They demand at the rate of seventy five pounds Pr Ann. and I was under the necessity of closing with the terms, as I could hear of no place equally reasonable\u2014 The situation is much preferable to that which I left, & my accomodations are better; but I did not make the exchange from choice. The name of the Family is (Staal) they bear a very respectable character, and are to appearance civil folks\u2014\nI must apologize for troubling you with my personal concerns\u2014 I hope my next letter may contain more interesting matter.\nPresenting my best love to all friends / I subscribe / your affectionate son\nThomas B Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0250", "content": "Title: Elizabeth Smith Shaw to Abigail Adams, 11 June 1793\nFrom: Shaw, Elizabeth Smith\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy Dear Sister\u2014\nHaverhill June 11th 1793\nI am extremely sorry to hear, that you have had another attack of your ague, since Cousin Betsy left you\u2014 I hope you are in the use of every probable means for your releif, & restoration to Health\u2014 That glow in your features, which I have contemplated with so much satisfaction, I should be grieved to see injured by Sickness, or any disaster\u2014 But you my dear Sister have a double Security\u2014Nature & Grace have both conspired in your favour\u2014For that Beauty which depends principally upon the Mind,\u2014upon the Divinity that stirs within cannot easily be defaced by Time, Sickness, or any accidenttal Circumstance\u2014\nI am very glad you was so kind as to let Cousin Betsy have your Horse & Chaise to make a visit to her Mother\u2014 you was mistaken if you thought I was unwilling, to have her go,\u2014 To tarry with her, was what I thought would be prejudicial to her health\u2014 But I have wanted all this Spring to have gone, & to have taken Betsy with me, to see my unhappy sick Sister\u2014who has no relation, or connection but ourselves, to visit, or befriend her\u2014\nI am very sorry Cousin Polly has not receivd a Letter I sent to her by my Cousins\u2014 It was designed to encourage in her filial piety, approving, of her readiness to quit her business, though in a very fine way\u2014& shewing the benifit which I supposed would be derived from her attending upon her Mother, rather than any one else\u2014 I know it is a hard, & tedious Task, for so young a Daughter\u2014 Yet I seldom knew an absolute necessity for firmness, strength of mind, & the exercise of great Virtues but that they came obedient to the call\u2014were ready attendants upon the Summons\u2014\nHappy for us that it is so\u2014 The belief of it, has kept many a one, from sinking under the weight of Affliction\u2014\nThe weekly Papers are filled with accounts of the Commotions which have taken place in almost every part of Europe France exhibits to our view a Scene too Shocking, & too full of horror for the tender Mind to dwell upon\u2014 Is anything more to be deprecated than a civil War? What bloody Scenes\u2014what murders, & massacres\u2014What want of publick Confidence?\u2014 The smiling Sycophant to Day,\u2014Tomorrow the cruel Assasin\u2014Nothing to designate the Friend, from the bitter Enemy\u2014 Can anything be more dreadful than such intestene Convulsions\u2014such publick Factions, & all the Evils of Pandora\u2019s Box, & ten thousand more if possible, are in thy horrid Train\u2014 Let me turn from it\u2014& with Gratitude reflect upon the Goodness of that Being, who when we had every thing to Fear, has caused us so soon to sit down in peace, enjoying the rich Blessings of a wise & good Government\u2014& may he who holds the hearts of all in his hands, long continue Men of Wisdom, & Virtue to guide & direct the publick Weal\u2014\nI have not yet heard of Mrs Smiths being at Quincy\u2014 I hope you will all favour me with a visit\u2014\nIf you please you may tell Celia that I had rather not take a Child so far off\u2014 It must be attended with inconveniences\u2014 I am obliged to hire a Spinner half the year\u2014& we cannot afford to multiply our Family without profit\u2014 If Mr Shaw could take Scholars, the profits of which would furnish us with cloathing, I would never turn the Wheel again for I perfectly hate the work, in a place where we are obligd to see so much company, & then I would take a little Girl immediately\u2014& keep Betsy Quincy wholly to sewing.\u2014 She might do as much again, if I had any new work for her to do\u2014 Cousin Lucy is a lovely woman, & makes us too\u2014too short a visit to your affectionate Sister\nE Shaw\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0251", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to Thomas Boylston Adams, 23 June 1793\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nMy dear Brother.\nBoston June 23. 1793.\nI have received your Letter containing the orders upon the branch bank, and also that with the bill of lading of 3 barrels; I ought to have written you this information a post or two ago, but some business, more indolence, and most of all forgetfulness was the occasion of my omission.\nI suppose you will soon commence Attorney, and I understand you have some thoughts of retiring into one of the back Counties of Pensylvania, to commence practice. let me know what your intentions are, and when you expect to commence your career\u2014 I am not quite in statu quo I have a sort of Pisgah-sight of future milk and honey\u2014but not yet much enjoyment of it in person.\nI have an Oration to deliver on the 4th: of next month, as you know I have written and committed it to memory, and am thoroughly disgusted with it.\u2014 While I was writing I thought myself quite brilliant as I advanced; and was pleasing myself with future applauses at almost every sentence that issued from my pen\u2014 Now, it appears to me a mass of dull common-place, composed of stale facts, hacknied sentiments, veteran similies, and trite allusions, with scarce a single gleam of originality shooting through the solid darkness of the composition.\u2014 The humble merits of the average of similar performances, are now my greatest consolation\u2014 However indifferent my execution, I shall not easily place myself in a style of inferiority upon comparison.\nThe most extraordinary intelligence, which I have to convey, is that the wise and learned Judge & Professor Wilson, has fallen most lamentably in love with a young Lady in this town, under twenty; by the name of Gray. He came, he saw, and was overcome. The gentle Celadon, was smitten at meeting with a first sight love\u2014unable to contain his amorous pain, he breathed his sighs about the Streets; and even when seated on the bench of Justice, he seemed as if teeming with some woful ballad to his mistress eye-brow.\u2014 He obtained an introduction to the Lady, and at the second interview proposed his lowly person and his agreeable family to her acceptance; a circumstance very favourable to the success of his pretensions, is that he came in a very handsome chariot and four. In short his attractions were so powerful, that the Lady actually has the subject under consideration, and unless the Judge should prove as fickle as he is amorous and repent his precipitate impetuosity so far as to withdraw his proposal, You will no doubt soon behold in the persons of these well assorted lovers a new edition of January and May.\u2014 Methinks I see you stare at the perusal of this intelligence, and conclude that I am attempting to amuse you, with a bore; no such thing. it is the plain and simple truth, that I tell\u2014and if you are in the habit of seeing the Miss Breck\u2019s as frequently, as your wishes must direct you to see them, you may inform them, that their friend and mine, Miss Hannah Gray, has made so profound an impression upon the Heart of judge Wilson, and received in return an impression so profound upon her own, that in all probability they will soon see her at Philadelphia, the happy consort of the happy judge.\nCupid himself must laugh at his own absurdity, in producing such an Union; but he must sigh to reflect that without the soft persuasion of a deity who has supplanted him in the breast of modern beauty, he could not have succeeded to render the man ridiculous & the woman contemptible upon the subject of politics I wish not to enter; they would lead me too far; and they are at this time unpleasant beyond the common proportion.\u2014 I enclose a few lines written upon some of the insolence proceeding from your shoe-black of the Muses, who thinks himself a poet because he knows himself a lyar.\u2014 They are only for your perusal, and have never been seen by any other person [.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.] Write me what you think of the point in the four concluding [verses The] sarcasm appeared severe to the parental partiality of the author; but who can be admitted as the judge of his own composition.\nI remain your cordial friend & affectionate brother.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0252", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to William Cranch, 20 July 1793\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Cranch, William\nMy dear William\nBoston July 20th: 1793\nI have only two or three minutes at present to devote to the purpose of answering a long & agreeable letter I received from you before my departure from Philadelphia\u2014 I had anticipated with pleasure an expected interview at Cambridge, & feel no small mortification in the disappointment. After passing a very happy week in the company of my friends & former associates I am upon the point of returning to Quincy\u2014where I shall remain a few days, & then hasten to return from a place, which litterally speaking, I had no buisiness to leave at this season. I make but one observation more which is, that if we should unfortunately miss each other this time, we must supply by this pen, that antidote to separation the absence of the person. As to my visiting Haverhill, it\u2019s out of the question\u2014my stay won\u2019t admit. Inclination attracts, but necessity repels. Give my best Compliments &ca &ca: to inquiring Friends in general you may employ farther particulars at discretion.\nBelieve me\nThomas B Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0253", "content": "Title: Charles Adams to John Quincy Adams, 29 July 1793\nFrom: Adams, Charles\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nMy dear Brother\nI received the copies of your Oration by Mr Atkinson for which I give you my own and the thanks of my friends Unwilling to trust my own partial judgment upon the performance I have endeavored to collect the opinions of those of my friends here who are most remarkable for their taste and my own ideas have been justified by the universal applause which has been bestowed upon your Oration. I cannot but admire the prudence which you have observed in steering so cautiously between the Scylla and Carybdis of public opinion and surely it was your duty to offend no one in a performance of this kind. In a late letter you observe that some of my friends think me too strenuous upon the wrong side. I must be thought so if I deny a single democratic principle. Every man who now ventures to disapprove of a single measure of the French is according to modern language an Aristocrat and I had rather submit to the imputation than indiscriminately to approve of every transaction of that nation God forbid that I should ever become the advocate of tyrrany whether exercised by a single or a many headed monster. How stenuous are the party in Philadelphia to engage us in a war What abuse and reviling constantly fill that mint of defamation the National Gazette How determined should be the conduct of The Executive. Surely the conduct of a foreign Minister is reprehensible who talks of appealing to the people from the decision of the first Magistrate. If ever there was a time when firmness was required it is now. What do you think of the decision of Judge Peters in your part of the world? I would ask one question Suppose a French Ship should come up to the wharves of New York and carry away to Philadelphia twenty or thirty British merchantmen Could our Court of admiralty have jurisdiction of it? We have had a case similar to that of the ship William before our District Court it was argued on the part of the Libellants last week and more ingenious and learned argument I never heard in a Court Messrs Troup and Harison shew themselves to the greatest advantage to be sure the concluding quotation of Mr H applied to judge Duane could not but raise a smile in the countenance of those who know his character. He is suspected of leaning towards the opinion of Judge Peters for whom he has a great veneration but I am inclined to beleive that after the argument and the application of the Verse from Horace \u201cJustum et tenacem\u201d & he will not have obstinacy enough to decide similarly. We dayly expect a French fleet in this port I dread the moment\u2014 We have many turbulent people in this City who would wish to take advantage of such an event. We have already been witnesses to the commencement of very tumultuous proceedings. A writer in the philadelphia papers Pacificus has claimed the attention of the public I am happy to find most men of character accord with the sentiments of this writer who he is I know not The Secretary of the treasury, amongst us, has the credit of being the author the peices would not disgrace his pen. Entre nous it seems to me rather surprising that The VP has not been called to Philadelphia surely his Counsel is necessary in the present circumstances of this Country pray explain to me you may have a better opportunity of knowing the reasons than myself or the multitudes who ask me the question. My Respects and Love to all friends\nYours affectionately\nCharles Adams\nPS The Boston Frigate Commanded by Captain Courtnay is now off the Hook as he has thirty two guns and has sent a challenge to The Ambuscade who is now under sail to meet her hundreds of people have gone down to be witnesses to the expected encounter which will no doubt be very desperate.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0254", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to Abigail Adams, 10 August 1793\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dear Mother\nPhiladelphia Augst: 10th: 1793.\nI ought to have written you from New-York, of my safe arrival there in little more than three days, after a pleasant Journey, with only one constant companion from Boston, who was a French Gentleman now a Merchant in that place\u2014 We found the roads remarkably fine, and the Country at 20 Miles distanc from Boston presenting a more favorable appearance. Our journies were between 70 & 80 miles distance each day, & you will readily suppose I wanted no further rocking to lull me to sleep. I found our friends in N.Y\u2014\u2014 all well\u2014& as Col Smith was upon a small Jouney in the Country, I was persuaded to wait his return, as he was anxious to hear what account I could give of his wife, with whom he accuses me of having run away\nThe people of N York many of them are raving mad with French Politicks, & the sober part are asleep\u2014or if awake dare only yawn & gape. The Sea Duel between Bompard & Courtney engrossed all conversation, and the partizans of each are equally imprudent in their behavior\u2014 The Coffee-House, proper only for the resort of Merchants, is converted into a den of thieves & Jacobins, and the Citizen Mechanicks have deserted their Shops & occupations for the less arduous task of settling the affairs of the Nation. In Philadelphia things have been carried to greater lengths in some respects. The Household of the Citizen Minister have been convicted of conduct, which in any other Country would deserve no other name than Treason, & would probably meet a punishment adequate to that crime. Handbills have been distributed representing the President and Judge Willson with their heads under the Guillotine, and proclaiming their death to the Citizens of Philadelphia on account of the acquittal of Henfield lately tried for entering into the service of France. If such things do not destroy our Government it will be because we have none to fall a sacrifice. Like the City of Paris however in the heighth of their Massacres, we are said to be in perfect tranquility; and because the consequences are not immediate, nobody appears alarmed.\nThe Sup Court of the U, S. having no business ready for trial sat but two days\u2014the State of Massachusetts did not appear & the same process will be observed against her as against the State of Georgia\u2014\nOur friends in Philada are well, those who remain in the City, which is but a small proportion. The sudden death of Mrs Lear will no doubt distress you\u2014she fell a victim to neglect of her person when in a bad habit, not as at first represented from eating too freely of unripe fruit. Mr Lear is inconsolable under his loss, & has suffered himself to be seen by none but the Family since the funeral.\nPresenting love &ca / I remain / your son\nThos B Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0255", "content": "Title: Charles Adams to John Adams, 25 August 1793\nFrom: Adams, Charles\nTo: Adams, John\nMy Dear Sir\nNew York Augt 25th 1793\nBy Colonel Smith who setts out for Boston tomorrow I have the pleasure of addressing a few lines to you. If you procure the Newspapers from New York you will observe by them that events of some importance have passed lately in this City with an almost incredible rapidity. Though much has been feared, from the turbulence of some and much apprehended from the inactivity of others yet happily for us nothing very serious or alarming has as yet happened. We have had some small riots at Our Coffee house and one or two of the Citizens have received the bastinado but the steady and nervous arm of the law has cooled the tempers of those who were disposed to riot, and at length the respectable inhabitants have come forward to discountenance such unwarrantable proceedings. The Great Mr William Livingston has been the ostensible head of a party composed of Drunken Porters idle Carmen and three or four men who though once they had some claim to respectability at the present moment could not fail of approaching nearer the zenith by a turn of the political ball. The whole consisting of perhaps three or four hundred people. yet small and despicable as they really were they tyrannized with uncontroled sway and it was sufficient for them to denounce a man for him to meet with the most ignominious treatment. These people Addressed the French Minister. This step called forth the resolutions approving The Presidents proclamation which have awed them into a Deathlike Silence. Mr Genet has written to The President requiring that he would exculpate him from the various charges which have been brought against him of want of respect for him and of imprudent conduct &c Mr Jefferson returns for answer That it is not proper for Diplomatic characters to communicate with the President but through his ministers. He is continually falling in the estimation of the people. I hope for peace and tranquility. All our friends are well The Baron does not return until the latter end of October I expect he will pass a few days with you before the Session as he tells me I must be ready [to] accompany him.\nAdieu my Dear Sir Your dutiful / son\nCharles Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0256", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to John Adams, 9 October 1793\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear Sir\nWoodbury Octr: 9th: 1793\u2014\nAfter repeated, tho\u2019 unsuccessful attempts to procure the letters, which I was informed by my Mothers letter, must be in the Post Office at Philada: this night\u2019s Post has brought me six: four from Boston and Quincy, & two from my other friends; I feel no little gratitude to my friends in General, & my Parents in particular for the anxious solicitude they have expressed for my wellfare, upon the alarming occasion which now exists in Philadelphia. I have shuddered at the thought, when I reflect on the danger to which I now perceive I was for many days exposed before I left the City; while there, I was insensible to the innumerable instances of mortality, which daily occurred; but since my residence in this place, I have become more acquainted with the calamities of the City, & more regardful of my own safety. Had I received your\u2019s & my Mothers letters sooner; or before I left the City, I should probably have made some town in the interior Counties of Pennsylvania the place of my residence; it might have been useful to me in my future pursuits, by giving me an oportunity to form a further acquaintance with the manners of the people, & also of determining upon the place of my future residence. The short notice I had for departure, (being only one day) precluded my making those arrangements which would have been necessary for a journey of any length or distance; & even at the short distance I now am from Philadelphia, I find myself destitute of winter cloaths, pretty short of cash, having left the greater part I possessed in the City, and wanting many conveniences, which would make my exile more comfortable. However I, in com[pany] with many of my acquaintance am amply provided with necessaries, & I can submit to any thing when I perceive others more unprovided, & willingly contibute my proportion to render their situation more tolerable. This place tho\u2019 a small distance from the City, is by far the least crouded with inhabitants of any in the neighborhood, & from the little communication that exists with the City, I feel myself tolerably secure. My Friend Mr Freeman & myself were the two first strangers that came to this town; while every small village on the other side of the River was filled with deserters; for this reason I thought it more safe to retire to this place. Many have followed us, but they bear no proportion to the towns of Pennsylvania. I could write in this strain till morning, but it would afford you no satisfaction\u2014 I will therefore reserve further communications for the next Post,\u2014\nSubscribing myself / your Son\nThomas B Adams\nPS, I have just heared of the death of your old friend J D Sergeant; he has fallen sacrifice to his public spirit & humane exertions\u2014 he was appointed a manager of the Hospital at Bush Hill, & undertook the trust\u2014 While we lament the cause, we cannot but admire the principles with which he was actuated.\nThe accounts from the City are much the same;", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0259", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to Abigail Adams, 3 November 1793\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dear Mother\nWoodbury 3d: Novr: 1793\u2014\nSince my Brother informed me of the miscarriage of some of my letters, I am determined to suffer no Post to pass without writing to some of the Family. The Fever in Philadelphia is a never failing source of subject-matter, when every other is exhausted, but it gives me real joy that I have it in my power to assure you from the best Authority, that no danger is to be apprehended from returning to the City in its present state; the only circumstance to be feared is, that people will croud in too fast, without taking those necessary precautions which are recommended after they return; airing the Houses thoroughly & white washing the Walls &ca:\u2014 In order to cause you no uneasiness on my account, I have resolved not to go into the City for 10 days to come, & even when that time is elapsed, my return will depend altogether on the fullest conviction that the disease is entirely subdued.\nIt will hardly be prudent for Congress to meet in Philada: this Season, tho\u2019 I confess I know not where, or in whom the power resides of convening them in any other place. They cannot be accomodated in any of the neighboring towns, and I see no more safe method than that the President should prorogue their meeting to a later period. It may be necessary however that Congress should meet at this Period more particularly to correct the Insolence of that French Jacobin of a Minister, who if suffered to proceed will soon dictate law to the United States. I have not seen a Newspaper for a Month past, till yesterday, when I had the perusal of one belonging to a traveler, which contained Genet\u2019s letter to Mr. Jefferson; of all barefaced insults from a public Minister, I think this newfangled Republican\u2019s the most brazen, how it will be received I know not, but how the Author of it ought to be treated is more easy to conceive. I am sorry our Juries are so much warped to the side of French madness, but I am well convinced they will not suffer an insult to be given to their chief Magistrate, however their conduct may have given birth to it.\nI hope the next letters from me will be dated at Philada:, you will know however in season from / your affectionate & dutiful / Son\nThomas B Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0261", "content": "Title: John Quincy Adams to Thomas Boylston Adams, 20 November 1793\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nMy dear Brother\nBoston Novr: 20. 1793.\nYour father will be the bearer of this Letter, and probably will find you at Philadelphia, which our late accounts represent as being totally free from the pestilence, which raged with so much violence for two or three months.\u2014 Remember however and be cautious\u2014 In the midst of the general calamity, for which your friends participate in the general affliction, they recollect with pleasure, proportioned to the extreme anxiety they felt for you, that you were spared, and they are therefore earnest in their recommendations, that you would not expose yourself by any particular omission of precautions, when the danger is principally past.\nI apprehend from the tenor of your last Letter to me, that one Letter which I wrote you, had not yet reached you. It was dated if I mistake not the 15th: of September; and some part of the contents, were such as I should be very sorry to have fall into any other hands. If you have the Letter now, or should receive it hereafter, I wish you to give me notice of it, for my own satisfaction: but if you have it not yet, do not perplex yourself with conjectures upon the subject, as possibly you might without this caution, from the manner in which I now speak: if this appears mysterious to you, upon explanation, you would discover that like most other mysteries, it would turn out to be something very simple.\nThe approaching Session of Congress is like to be somewhat tempestuous; though I really think, the extravagance of the french fire-brand\u2019s absurdities, will operate as an antidote against them. His measures appear to be as weak, as his designs are destructive: but the example which he sets to future European agents, is so pernicious, it may be so easily imitated by the representatives of any foreign power; that I am alarmed at the tameness with which it is received by this people.\u2014 In this part of the Country indeed there is scarcely any body so thoroughly depraved in his politics as not to disapprove of his madness, but if the President had treated him as he did Duplaine, he would scarcely then have been punished in a degree equal to his deserts.\nI hope you will not be much longer delayed in the attainment of your legal degrees, and I dare say the time you have past in your sequestration has not been lost. I most earnestly wish that your success, in your profession may be greater, and especially more rapid than mine has hitherto been. You have not quite so many disadvantages to encounter as have fallen to my lot\u2014 Three long long years of painful suspence and tedious expectation and at the close of them suspence and expectation still, is not an encouraging prospect.\u2014 Yet it has been and still is mine. I have however long since got above or below repining at it, and in spite of all my evils can fatten upon it, like one of the genuine pigs from the sty of Epicurus.\nWhereupon I conclude myself your brother\nJ. Q. Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0263", "content": "Title: Thomas Boylston Adams to Abigail Adams, 24 November 1793\nFrom: Adams, Thomas Boylston\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dear Mother\nPhiladelphia 24 Novr: 1793\u2014\nI have now been in the City since the 19th: and am happily able to give you the fullest assurance of our freedom from danger, on account of the malignant Fever. The Citizens have most of them returned, & universally in good health, business has revived, & is fast returning into its former train; from all present appearances, nobody would think that any Calamity had befallen us. It is surprising how soon a person wears off those impressions of terror, which tho\u2019 all alive when he first enters the City, are forgotten in the course of a few hours. The idea of danger is dissipated in a moment when we perceive thousands walking in perfect security about their customary business, & no ill consequences ensuing from it. Many of the Inhabitants are in mourning, which still reminds us of the occasion, but a short time will render it familiar. No person that has not been exiled from their usual residence upon such an occasion can realize the joy that is universally felt at meeting a former friend or acquaintance\u2014 The congratulations for each others wellfare are as mutual as they appear to be sincere. I find a small number of my former acquaintance who have participated in the Calamity, & a few who were victims to the disease, but by far the greater proportion have escaped. My present Landlord lost a Son, who was a pupil of Dr Rush, & the most promising young Physician of any that have died. He was seized with a delirium in the first Stage of his disorder and refused all medicine that was offered him. Indeed this was the case with many, & it allways proved fatal in such instances. Among those who have been swept away, I believe Mr Powell & Mr Sergeant are the only two with whom you were acquainted. The disease proved most fatal to tradesmen & Mechanics, whose circumstances would not admit of their leaving town; but no class of Citizens have been totally exempted. The Disease however is now dissipated, & I apprehend no danger can exist during this Season. I doubted before I came to town whether Congress would be safe in assembling here this Winter, & I still believe it will be a difficult matter to persuade them that no danger remains, but if they will come & judge for themselves only by two days residence they must be convinced that their fears are groundless.\nMy Examination for the Bar comes on next week; it is time I was, if I am not prepared to receive it. It is just three years since I entered Mr Ingersoll\u2019s Office, & tho\u2019 I expect no business unless by accident, yet I choose to take my station at the Bar as an Atty. provided my Examinors will give me a passport. If you wish any thing sent round from here, there will be an opportunity before the Winter sets in. I am in great want of my Boots, & I hope you will not forget the Books also that I packed up to be sent me.\nRemember me Affectionatly & believe me your son\nThos: B Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0264", "content": "Title: Hannah Quincy Lincoln Storer to Abigail Adams, 27 November 1793\nFrom: Storer, Hannah Quincy Lincoln\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nBoston Novr 27 \u201493\nHad you My respected friend join\u2019d the Small, tho\u2019 social Circle the last Thursday, it would have been an addition to our pleasure, but by your first friend I was Soon prevented Saying Much upon the Subject\u2014[\u201c]as none he Said ought to be present at the parting of Hector and Andromache but the Nurse and Child\u201d\u2014\nI have his permission to ask your Company for a day but a Night he would not consent to, as being so long in Boston at a time always made you Sick: I added if you\u2019d Come and Stay with Me you Should eat, drink, and Sleep, as you pleased\u2014 the weather is Now very fine, I should be exceeding glad to See you with Miss Smith any day this week that would Sute you\u2014in that Sociable way that I flatter Myself would be grateful to you / and pleaseing to / Your / Affactionate friend\nH Storer\nP S My Sister Guild and My Daughter calls upon you in their way to Mrs. Cranches Mr Storer desires his Compliments\u2014and joins Me in the above request", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0265", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 28 November 1793\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\nmy dearest Friend\nQuincy Novbr 28 1793\nMy early rising still continues, and I am writing by candle light. it is a week this day since you left me. I have rejoiced in the fine weather for your Sake. it has sometimes been cold and Blustering, but the Air has been pure and bracing. on saturday Night we had a plentifull Rain Succeeded by a fine day. I presume you reachd N York yesterday. I hope you found all our Friends well tho I have not heard from mrs Smith for a long time. I could wish if you must go to Philadelphia that you could have gone immediatly to your old Lodgings Brisler could make Breakfast & coffe in the afternoon even if you was provided with dinner in some other place. all accounts however agree that the City is clear from infection. I Sincerely hope it is, but I do not know what cause need be given to so many, as must suffer through anxiety and apprehension for their Friends, when Sitting a few weeks out of the city might remove it.\nCousin Lucy cranch came from Town last Evening and brought your Letter dated Hartford I also received one from Thomas of the 17th. I suppose you will find him in the city upon your arrival there. he writes that dr Rush assures him that he may come with safety.\nour people here at home have been engaged some days in getting wood\u2014one at the high ways one in getting sea weed. by the way savil continues every day in bringing two & sometimes 3 Load I do not know how much you agreed with him for, so I have not Stopd him, as I knew you was desirious of getting a quantity I expect he will cart till he has a pretty high Bill\nlast Night accounts were received of a Bloody Battle between General Wayne and the Indians tis said Wayne kept the Feild tho with the loss of 500 m[en] and that the Indians left as many dead upon the Fie[ld] tis a great point gaind to keep the Feild against them I hope they will now be convinced that we have men enough to fight them\u2014\nMrs Brisler was well yesterday she has been here two days, and went home last evening\nLet me hear from you every week it will be the only thing to keep me in spirits.\nI am glad the virginians had some sense & some cunning as both united produced a proper measure. the Tone in Boston is much changd of mr Consul. he begins to make his Feasts and to coax & whine like a Hyena, as if having made use of big threatning language he had terrified the puny Americans and now was willing to kiss & make Friends\u2014\npresent me to all those Friends who have Survived the general calimity, and as ever I am / most affectionatly yours\nA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0266", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 28 November 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy Dearest Friend\nCol Smiths Cottage, near New York Nov. 28 1793\nI arrived here Yesterday, and had the Pleasure to dine with our Children and The Baron: All are very well and send their Duty. Charles is well, fat and handsome, and persists in the Line of Conduct which We so much approved. His Business increases & he will do well.\nAccounts from Philadelphia continue to be favourable. Mr Otis has written for his Family to come on, as Mrs Smith informs me. if so I shall be at no loss.\nMr Genet has made a curious Attack upon Mr Jay and Mr King which you will see in the Papers. My Duty to Mother, Love to Brothers Sisters Cousins, particularly Louisa. I go on towards Philadelphia to day. yours\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0267", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 1 December 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dearest Friend\nPhiladelphia Decr. 1. 1793\nWe may ever remember The Thirtieth of November because it was the Day on which We were absolved from Infamy; in 1782 and because it was the Day on which I entered this City in 1793. Finding by all accounts that the Pestilence was no more to be heard of, and that Mr Otis had returned to his House, I drove directly to Market Street and took Possn. of my old Chamber and bed. The principal Families have returned, the President is here, Several Members of Congress are arrived and Business is going on with some Spirit. The greatest Mortality appears to have been in bad Houses and among loose Women and their gallants among the Sailors and low foreigners. Some Persons of Note have fallen. Dr Hutchinson is thought to have been the Victim of his own french Zeal, by admitting infected Persons and goods from French Vessells from the French West India Islands. if, however the Contagion was imported the State of the air and of the Blood, which was prepared to catch like tinder was not imported.\nMr Otis has written for his Family. Our son Thomas has been once in Town but has returned to Woodbury.\nMr Anthony came in last Evening and gave me an account of his Enquiries, the Result of all is that the Destroying Angel has put up his sword, and Said it is enough.\u2014 It will be enough I hope to convince Philadelphia that all has not been well. Moral and religious Reflections I shall leave to their own Thoughts: but The Cleanness of the Streets I shall preach in Season & out of Season.\nMy Duty and Love where due / yours forever\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0268", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 5 December 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dearest Friend\nPhiladelphia Decr 5. 1793\nI wrote you from Hartford, New York and once from Philadelphia: but have not yet had the Pleasure of a Letter from you Since I left home.\nThe Night before last We had a deep Snow, which will probably extinguish all remaining apprehensions of Infection. We hear of no Sickness and all Seem at their Ease and without fear.\nThe Presidents Speach will Shew you an Abundance of Serious Business which We have before Us: Mr Jefferson called on me last night and informed me, that to day We should have the whole Budget of Foreign Affairs British as well as French. He Seems as little Satisfied with the Conduct of the French Minister as any one.\nThomas Spent the last Evening with me. He has had an opportunity of Seeing the Courts, Judges Lawyers &c of New Jersey, in the Course of the last fall, and has I hope employed his time to Advantage. This Day he is to be examined and this Week Sworn in. May a Blessing Attend him. Although I have attended and shall attend my Duty punctually in Senate, I shall not run about upon Visits without caution: yet I believe there is little or no danger.\nThe Viscount Noailles called on me, and I enquired after all his Connections in a Family which I knew to be once in great Power Wealth and Splendor. He Seems to despair of Liberty in France and has lost apparently all hopes of ever living in France. He was very critical in his Inquiries concerning the Letters which were printed as mine in England. I told him candidly that I did not write them and as frankly in confidence who did. He says they made a great Impression upon the People of England. That he heard Mr Windham & Mr Fox Speak of them as the best Thing that had been written, and as one of the best Pieces both of Reasoning and Style they had ever read. The Marquis he says is living, but injured in his health. Your old Friend the Marchioness still lives in France in obscurity in the Country. He thinks that a Constitution like that of England would not last three days in France, and that Monarchy will not be restored in a dozen Years if ever.\u2014\nThe Partitioning and arbitrary Spirit of the combined Powers will contribute more than any Thing towards Uniting the French under their old Government. Frenchmen cannot bear the Partition of their Country: and rather than see it divided among their neighbours they will unite in something or other.\nIt will require all the address, all the Temper, and all the Firmness of Congress and the States, to keep this People out of the War: or rather to avoid a Declaration of War against Us, from some mischievous Power or other. It is but little that I can do, either by the Functions which the Constitution has entrusted to me, or by my personal Influence. But that little shall be industriously employed untill it is put beyond a doubt that it will be fruitless, and then I shall be as ready to meet unavoidable Calamities as any other Citizen.\nAdieu", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0269", "content": "Title: Charles Adams to John Adams, 6 December 1793\nFrom: Adams, Charles\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear Father\nNew York Decr 6 1793.\nThe very interesting situation of our Country at present cannot fail to call forth the serious reflections of those who are anxious for its wellfare What we are destined to can only with certainty be divulged by the operation of time. Individuals reason from the experience of past ages and often draw different conclusions from the same premises. We are as yet but a young Country. Yet we have gone through some ordeals to gain experience, but we must go through many more before a Government can be established in this Country sufficiently energetic to act with a proper dignity both towards foreigners and our own citizens. We boast of freedom of security to our persons property and reputation and yet we do not find that the laws are always executed in such a manner as to secure what we boast of or to punish invaders upon those rights Through the negligence timidity or design of men who ought to exert themselves to give just and good laws their proper operation we are daily exposed to gross invasions. Through the unwillingness of men of reputation to come forward to State truths to the people we are often exposed to the rash proceedings of an ignorant Mob. Many instances of these serious facts may be exhibited. This City has from time to time subjected to the lawless depredations of the mob, and The instigators have as often been overlooked and have passed without the punishments due to their crimes. The reasons assigned for this lenity are that it is better to let such conduct pass unnoticed than to irritate the minds of people by severe punishment But surely examples ought to be made or the evil will increase with double rapidity. We have of late had an alarming instance fury of a mob in this City A young man was indicted at the last Court of Oyer and Terminer for a rape Upon the trial no evidence was given to convict him of the crime and the jury gave a verdict Not guilty. During the course of this trial The people in the Galleries to applaud or hiss as it suited their fancy The Counsel for the Prisoner were insulted in the most gross manner in open Court Yet the judges either did not dare or neglected to punish this contempt. In the evening a mob collected and very composedly pulled down a half dozen houses The Mayor to whom much praise is due as an active and determined Magistrate did what was in his power to quell the riot but he was hindered in the execution of his office and obtained nothing but bruises and kicks The next day threats were heard in the City against the Counsel for the prisoner They were told their houses would be pulled about their ears One man said he would show them how those things were done in France The Governor promised that the Militia should be called out to protect them. Evening came on and no signs of Militia were seen and they were obliged to quit their houses for safety. It is said the Governor never ordered them out If he did they disobeyed his orders This is not probable as by late appointments he has the Militia officers at his beck all the principal officers being chosen from his band. The mob contented themselves with tearing down six or seven more houses that evening and then disbanded in a very orderly manner. Luckily the freak of pulling down half the City did not take them or I see no impediment to the execution. Notwithstanding all this no prosecutions no indictments no commitments have been heard of. It is said These were houses of ill fame, but they were no less private property and as such should be protected. If once the principle is admitted that the mob according to their whims have a right to destroy and execute their vengeance; whose person or property is safe? But no pains are taken to oppose such conduct and when the Citizens see or hear of such frac\u00e2\u2019s they stare and wonder what has got into the people. Where are we to look for remedies for these outrages if men who have it in their power to prevent them sit still and wink at them? We are in danger of having many evil examples set us by the number of unprincipled foreigners who are daily pouring in upon us and they will no doubt be made tools to serve party purposes If then such violence is not nipped in the bud we have but a melancholy prospect before us\u2014\nBy The last Federal Militia Law\u2014the appointment of Officers is left to the different States. I have doubts respecting the policy of this measure. If it is true as has been suggested That the office of Governor of a State from its nature leads the persons holding such office to an opposition of the Federal Government is it not placing a very dangerous weapon in the hands of those who unless they are more disinterested than mankind in general will not act with energy in support of the Federal cause? I do not know whether these ideas are perfectly just, they are such as have occured to me and if I am wrong I wish to be corrected.\nAdieu my dear Sir / Beleive me your affectionate son\nCharles Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0274", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams Smith, 14 December 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Smith, Abigail Adams\nMy Dear Daughter:\nPhiladelphia, December 14, 1793.\nI thank you for your kind letter of the tenth of this month.\nMr. G. may well be shocked at the Message. It is a thunderbolt. I cannot but feel something like an apology for him, as he was led into some of his enterprises by the imprudence of our fellow-citizens. The extravagant court paid to him by a party, was enough to turn a weak head. The enthusiasm and delirium of that party has involved us, and will involve us, in more serious difficulties than a quarrel with a Minister. There is too much reason to fear that the intemperance of that party has brought upon us an Algerine war, and may compromise us with all the maritime powers of Europe.\nIt is a very difficult thing for a man to go into a foreign country, and among a strange people, and there act a prompt and sudden part upon a public political theatre, as I have severely felt in France, Holland, and England; and if he does not keep his considering cap always on his head, some party or some individual will be very likely to seduce him into snares and difficulties. This has been remarkably Mr. G.\u2019s unhappy case. Opposition to the laws, and endeavours to set the people against the government, are too gross faults to be attempted with impunity in any country.\nThe scandalous libel on the President, in a New-York paper, is a proof to me, that foreign politics have had too much secret influence in America; indeed, I have known enough of it for fifteen years to dread it; but this desperate effort of corrupt factions, is more than I expected to see so soon.\nPresent my love to my two dear boys. You have a great charge upon you, my dear child, in the education of these promising children. As they have not had the regular advantages of public schools, your task in teaching them literature must be the more severe. A thirst for knowledge early excited, will be one of the best preservatives against that dissipation and those irregularities which produce the ruin of so many young men; at the same time that it will prompt them to acquire those accomplishments which are the only solid and useful ones, whether they are destined to any of the liberal professions, to the gallant career of soldiers, or to the useful employments of merchandise and agriculture.\nYour mamma complains that she has not received a letter from you in a long time. Remember me to Colonel Smith.\nYour affectionate,\nJ. Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0275", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 15 December 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dearest Friend\nPhiladelphia Decr 15. 1793\nHaving taken a cold which makes it inconvenient to go out this morning I cannot employ myself more agreably than by writing to you. The President and Mrs Washington enquire after you very respectfully every time I see them. Mrs Washington enquires after all of Us and particularly Miss Louisa\u2014 She wishes, with an Emphasis and I dare Say very sincerely, that I had brought you along with me.\u2014 Mr Dandridge acts at present as The Presidents Secretary and I dont find that he has any other Secretary or Aid de Camp at all. Miss Nelly went over into Maryland in the Course of the Summer and there got the Ague and Fever. The poor Girl looks pale and thin, in Consequence of it: but will soon got the better of it.\nBrisler has engaged some Rye Flour for you, but when you will receive it, I know not. Cheesman is not yet Arrived. Yesterday was brought me an Account of which I had not the least Suspicion for above an hundred dollars, from Bringhurst. Will it not be adviseable to sell the Cochee? and the Chariot,? and buy a new Chariot? Perhaps Some Coachmaker in Boston would exchange. We Shall have little Use for the Cochee, and have no Room at present to dispose of the Coach. I only mention this for Consideration. Furniture and Carriages have made Mischief enough for Us.\u2014 Rocks are much better, at least they do less harm.\nI went to See Mrs Wilson, but she was gone out. The Judge was at home, and is very young notwithstanding his Spectacles and White Hair.\u2014 Mrs Hammon looks portly enough for a Lady who has been the Wife of an Ambassador half a Year and more.\nI told you in a former Letter that Thomas was examined approved and sworn.\nFor Want of a virtuous Magistracy or a virtuous Attorney General Pro Tempere, to prosecute convict and punish disorderly Houses at New York, the Sovereign Mobility took the Guardianship of the public morals into their own Hands and pulled down Seven or Eight houses, turning with exemplary Inhumanity many Ladies into the cold Air and open Street. The public was irritated by two or three Charges of Rapes, and the Lawyers treated the Subject with too much Levity, treated virtuous creditable Women with too much indifference and Mother Cary the old Beldam with to much respect. This is what I hear. I am sorry that Mobs should have a plausible Excuse for Setting up for reformers. But I never could feel an intollerable Indignation against the Riots called Skimmington Ridings when they really were excited by gross offences against Morals.\nYours as ever\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0277", "content": "Title: Charles Adams to John Adams, 19 December 1793\nFrom: Adams, Charles\nTo: Adams, John\nMy dear father\nNew York Decr 19th 1793\nI received your favour of the 16th yesterday. I am sorry that from what I said in my last to you it should be inferred that I wished to advocate the cause of infamy or that I had partially related circumstances. All I meant by there being no evidence was that was not such evidence as would warrant a jury to find the prisoner guilty of the charge laid against him. I most earnestly request that you would not too easily take up ideas prejudicial to me Your letter if it was intended to give pain had the desired effect but I have to observe that many things have been told respecting me which are false many things reported which I attest Heaven are not true. Lord Hale\u2019s history of the Pleas of the Crown I have read and some of the other authors you have recommended. My attention shall be turned to the others. I do not look upon the French Revolution as a new thing many circumstances have perhaps contributed to make it more replete with crimes than any other. The great ignorance of the mass of the people made them easy tools for the factious and unprincipled demagogues to work with Many men at such periods will arise who are continually endeavoring to promote the reign of anarchy well knowing that their only chance of keeping upon the top of the wheel is in a continued scene of tumult. In France there does not appear to be one two or three or four parties but five or six hundred and most indubitably it is better to have one Cromwell than five hundred. I have lately read a pamplet Entitled Plaidoyer pour Louis seize par Monr Lally Tollendal. It is a morsel of eloquence which I am anxious you should see Much information is to be gathered from it. The history of the author is remarkable. During the reign of Louis 15th his father was executed in a most ignominious manner for surrendering Pondicherry to the English His son found protectors and applied himself to the study of the laws with the intention to vindicate the memory of his father. At the age of 22 he proffered a Memorial to Louis the 16th requesting a revision of the decree against his father. It was granted and he appeared himself as the Solicitor before the parlement of Paris and the memory of his father was releived from disgrace his property and title restored. Such is the man who was anxious to defend his King but was denied the privilege of doing it before the National Convention A man as I am informed [of si]ngular eloquence and most persuasive Oratory.\nI have received your kind assistance of an hundred dollars for which accept my sincere thanks.\nThe people I think show an unusual degree of dejection at the prospect of affairs. Nor are those who have been most instrumental in exasperating the powers of Europe against this Country among the least cast down. Civic feasts. Kicking British Officers out of Coffee houses King killing toasts &ca &ca are things which some begin to think were imprudent. and perhaps not altogether justifiable I see nothing but sad experience that can bring all right.\nI am my Dear Sir your dutiful son\nCharles Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0281", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 22 December 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy dearest Friend\nPhiladelphia Decr 22. 1793\nI went this morning to Dr Greens and this afternoon to St. Pauls where I heard Dr Magaw: but I am not Sure it is prudent to go to Church or to Meeting for if there is danger and can be infection any where it is as likely to be in these Assembleis as in any Place. All the World however says and believes there is no danger.\nOur son Thomas opened at the Bar, on Fryday and acquitted himself to his own Satisfaction at least, and that is a great Point. His Cause was a Prosecution of a disorderly house and consequently his Audience was crouded. Two of your sons are thus engaged in the great Work of Reformation and I wish them success. Mr Ingersol thinks, that as Charles is not necessitated to push into the Country for an immediate subsistance, he had better remain in the City where there is the greatest Quantity and Variety of profitable Business. But advises me to let him ride the Circuits in the Summer, to see the Country and the People as well as practice. This Plan upon the whole I approve, among many others for this decisive one, that he will avoid the danger if there should be any in the Summer Months.\nI cannot write you upon public affairs. I should write in Shackles. There will be many weak Propositions no doubt. it is even possible there may be some wicked ones: none I hope Stark mad.\nThe Antif\u0153deral Party by their ox feasts and their civic feasts, their king killing Toasts, their perpetual Insolence and Billingsgate against all the Nations and Governments of Europe their everlasting brutal Cry of Tyrants, Despots, Combinations against Liberty &c &c &c have probably irritated, offended and provoked all the Crowned Heads of Europe at least: and a little more of this Indelicacy and Indecency may involve Us in a War with all the World. on the other hand It is possible the French Republicans may be angry with Us for preventing their Minister, from involving Us in War & Anarchy. The State is in critical Circumstances, and have been brought into them by the Heat and Impatience of the People. If nothing will bring them to consideration, I fear they will suffer Severely for their Rashness. The Friends of the Government have been as blind as its Ennemies in giving Way to the Torrent. Their great Error was in suffering Publicola to be overborn and Paines Yellow Fever to be Spread and propagated and applauded, as if, instead of a Distemper, a putrid, malignant mortal fatal Epidemic, it had been a Salubrious shower of Blessings from on high. It is reported this Luminary is coming to America. I had rather, two more Genets should arrive.\nMrs Dalton and too many others to be named, desire their respects to you.\nMy office renders me so compleatly insignificant that all Parties can afford to treat me with a decent respect, which accordingly they do, as far as I observe or hear or suspect. They all know that I can do them neither much good nor much harm.\nMy Health has been pretty well, excepting a Cold, which I regularly have upon entering this City two or three Weeks, every Year.\nI am afraid We shall have a long session. But I hope We shall rise in April. My Duty to my Mother & Love where due.\nyours unceasingly\nJ. A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0282", "content": "Title: John Adams to Charles Adams, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Charles\nDear Charles\nPhiladelphia Decr 23. 1793\nThe Papers, furnish Us this Evening with more flowers of Jacobinical Rhetorick from New York. Crushing Monarchy Confusion to Aristocracy and Monarchy: a Brutus to Tyrants &c are Still not only panting in the Bosoms of the Guests at the new Civic Feast, but they must publish their Breathings to the World.\nIt is so customary for the Members of the Corps Diplomatick, to make Ex officio representations of Such Ebullitions in Newspapers to the Administration of the Government to which they are Accredited; that it must be acknowledged to be much to the honour of the Gentlemen who are here from Spain Holland and England, that they have not hitherto persecuted the President & secretary of State with Remonstrances against our Newspapers. Their Silence is a Proof of their Moderation, their Patience and their Tenderness for the Freedom of the Press. I Suppose too that they make allowances for our Youth and Inexperience of the World. For Our Ignorance of what in Europe is known and acknowledged to be the Delicacy and Decency, due to all foreign nations and their Governments. We claim a Right, very justly to the form of Government We like best. Every Nation in Europe has the Same Right and if they judge Monarchy to be necessary for their Happiness, What Right have We to reproach, much less to insult them? Supposing ourselves to be Judges of what kind of Government is best for them, a Supposition however which We cannot modestly make and which is certainly ill founded, We should have no right to impose upon them our Ideas of Government, any more than our principles of Religion or systems of Faith. There is an Ungenerosity in this disposition So often displayed by so many of our Countrymen, nearly bordering on meanness of Spirit, and an illiberality, Strongly marked with littleness of Soul.\nShould a foreign Minister complain to the President against the grossest of these Libels, and demand that the Printers, Writers &c should be punished, what could he answer? He must answer that he would give orders to the Attorney General to prosecute them: should the Attorney General Prosecute and the Grand Jury not find a Bill or the petit Jury not convict what would be the Consequence? Resentment, Vengeance and War as likely as not. At the present Moment the Combination of Powers is so strong, that We may expect they will be irritable in Proportion to their feeling of their own Superiority of Power. And I am really apprehensive that if our People cannot be persuaded to be more decent, they will draw down Calamities upon our Country, that will weaken Us to such a degree that We shall not recover our Prosperity for half a Century.\nWhat assistance can France give Us, or We afford her in the present Posture of affairs? We should only increase each others Miseries, if We were involved in War, with all her Ennemies.\nour People Seem to think they could now go to War with England and be at Peace with all the rest of Europe: a delusion so gross that I am amazed it should have deceived the Sagacity of the meanest of our Citizens: so sure as We go to War at present with any one European Power We must go to War with all, excepting Denmark and Sweeden, and the Consequences of such a War have not I fear been maturely weighed by my dear Countrymen. I am my dear Charles your / affectionate Father\nJ. A.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0285", "content": "Title: Elizabeth Smith Shaw to Abigail Adams, 29 December 1793\nFrom: Shaw, Elizabeth Smith\nTo: Adams, Abigail\nMy Dear Sister\u2014\nHaverhill Dec. 29th 1793\nIt is a long time since I have written to you, or received a Line from either of my much loved Sisters\u2014 I have done like many others, in the more important Concerns of Life, who, though convinced of their Duty, put off the performance of it, to a more convenient Season\u2014not considering, that the present moment, is the only one we may be favoured with\u2014\nI know that my Sister looks back upon the last year, & now sees the close of it, with peculiar gratitude\u2014that Heaven has been pleased to preserve the lives of all her Family\u2014& to spare her Son when surrounded on every side, with that most awful pestilential Dissease which has torn so many Mothers from the arms of their clinging Infants, & with a cruel despotic sway, in quick succession made, \u201cwild Inroads on a Parents Heart\u2014\u201d But he who is the repairer of breaches\u2014who hears the young Ravens when they cry, will not be deaf to the cries of those helpless Infants, but will raise up Friends to those distressed Orphans, who will be the guide of their tender Years\u2014\nWhen the Congress first met, I felt very anxious, & I know your mind must have been much agitated\u2014least the City should not have been properly cleansed\u2014& the air prove prejudicial to your best Friend\u2014 I never think of him, but with a petition to heaven, that his most useful Life might be spared, that he might see the blessings of that Government, of which he has been so instrumental,\u2014preserved, inviolate to his Childrens, Children\u2014\nA nervous putrid fever has prevaield in the Towns round us, & carried of a number of Persons\u2014 Mr Welch, a Class-mate of your Son\u2019s, is among the number\u2014\n\u201cLamented Youth! in life\u2019s first bloom he fell\u201d\nHe was a young minister beloved by every one\u2014happy in the affections of the People of his Charge\u2014Zealous in promoting the intereste of Religion, without too great a degree of Enthusiasm\u2014meek\u2014& serious\u2014with out affectation\u2014cheerful, without Levity\u2014complacent & affable without familiarity gentle in his manners\u2014excellent in his Morals he enforced, & gave a double weight to his Precepts, by the purity of his Life\u2014which was uncommonly useful, improving in knowledge & virtue\u2014 What! though short his date\u2014if it has answered Life\u2019s great end\u2014it is enough\u2014 Scarce one year has elapsed since he was united to an accomplished Lady\u2014in the silken bands of Hymen\u2014whom in the pangs of Death, he pressed to his fond faithful Heart\u2014& beged of her Mother, to again receive, & protect both her, & hers, if heaven should be pleased to bless his widowed, pensive solotary mate, with the tender appellation of Parent\u2014which alas! he must never know\u2014 It was a Scene almost too tender, for Description\u2014 I will say no more than that\n\u201cIn Sorrow, may I never want a Friend\nNor, when others mourn, a Tear to lend\u2014\u201d\nMr Cranch went away suddenly, & I had not time to finish this\u2014May it find you in health\u2014& the new born year be replete with Blessings\u2014\nI wish you would be so kind as to lend me the Rights of Women\u2014the first opportunity\u2014 when you write to your Children, please to give my Love to them all\u2014 / & accept of the unfeigned Love, & Grati- / tude of your affectionate Sister\nE. Shaw\u2014\nPlease to excuse the writing, as Abby is round all the time chattering like a Mag-pye\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0286", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Quincy Adams, 30 December 1793\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\nmy dear\nQuincy decbr 30 1793\u2014\nI inclose to you your Brothers Letter I should have Sent for you last saturday but I expected a snow storm. I suppose your Father has written to you. he is vex\u2019d with the Printer for Publishing in three Numbers what ought all to have been in one. he says the writer of Columbus had better publish in a pamphlet by which a printer may get money, and as pamphlets are much in vogue at present. suppose you should hint it to him your Father sends his thanks to the writer, for his masterly defence of the writers upon the Law of Nature and Nations and for laying before the publick such passages as are extreemly to the purpose Genet made him a visit as he did to other Senators who all hastned to return it. he was at home when your Father returnd his. there conversation was confind to inquiries after his mother & sisters, &c and to some discussion about the form of their New constitution. Take Genets Character from one who has long been accustomed \u201cto look quite through the deeds of Men\u201d [\u201c]He appears a youth totally destitute of all experience in popular Governments popular assemblies or conventions of any kind: very little accustomed to reflect on his own or his fellow creatures Hearts wholy ignorant of the Law of Nature & Nations, the civil Law and even of the dispatches of Ancient Ambassadors with which his own Nation and Language abounds A declamatory stile a flitting fluttering Imagination an Ardour in his Temper, and a civil deportment are all the accomplishments or qualifications to be found in him for his place\u201d and this Character I would send to the Printer if I dared. you may if you will venture. it is the most favourable one that is due to him. mr Jefferson treats him I think quite as freely as Columbus Have the Libel which was printed upon the President by Greenleaf & the Resolves which past at the Coffe house in concequence of it, reachd Boston. your Father mentions it in one of his Letters. the P\u2014\u2014 finds that there is more than one Church left in America. I dont know where he could find ports enough to make them all into Consuls\u2014 I own that is a little spightfull, yet I do Revere respect honour and Love the President.\u2014\nI shall send next saturday for you. if you have an opportunity to send to Charles the remaining Numbers do. the Tigers paw will delight him. I felt the down of it when I read it. I do not mean however to single out this beautifull metaphor as the only object worth consideration I have read all the Numbers with attention and consider them a valuable present to the publick tending, to place in a true and just point of view the conduct of a Man who has disgraced his office, and made himself so obnoxious as scarcly to be entitled to common decency. partizans may Rail, but sound reason will enlighten and prevail. I see a scene opening before me which will call for as great exertions from the rising generation as their Fathers have already pasd through. may all those to whom talants and abilities are entrusted qualify themselves for the Guidence and protection of the common Weal. Parties are arising and forming themselves upon Principals altogether Repugnant to the good order and happiness of society. No fire, says an Author I have lately been reading assails a civil edifice so voilently as the Flame of National Passion, for it consumes the very stones of the Fabrick levels merrit to the Ground and makes reason tremble excites tumults and insults and makes way for the triumphant entry of Ambition those Hearts which ought to be cordially united by the Bonds of Brotherly Love Breathe nothing but vengance & Rancour\nadieu yours affectionatly\nA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0287", "content": "Title: Charles Adams to John Adams, 30 December 1793\nFrom: Adams, Charles\nTo: Adams, John\nMy Dear Father\nNew York Decr 30th 1793\u2014\nThe effusions of our Jacobin spirit had been smothered if some evil minded person in Philadelphia had not published an extract of a letter from one of the party relating the circumstances The whole conduct of the feast had been carefully concealed nor was it possible to procure any information respecting it until the extract appeared. The partisans of Mr Genet fall off daily. some still remain and it is said that most of them will find their purses somewhat lightened by their connection. As to our other Citizens they are very much troubled least the Gentleman should cover himself with the black mantle. Your last letter I have a desire to give it to one of our Printers, but I would not do it without your consent It abounds with such truths as I think must forcibly strike the public mind which now appears open to conviction. It is not difficult to fix upon the author of the peices signed Columbus. They are very highly esteemed and have been reprinted in all our papers except Greenleaf\u2019s in which I should be sorry to see them. He is the veriest imp of sedition that was ever suffered in a City. but he has lately received a lesson which he will not soon forget He published an infamous peice against the President which has cost him dear and excited a general detestation against him. Heavens! what a change! but four year ago and we thought the voice of calumny dared not attack this man. I recollect a conversation I had with you Sir upon this subject before they had commenced their attacks in that quarter. I remember well the apprehension you expressed least they should strike even there. We now see that those apprehensions were not groundless. The consequences are to be feared. How poor a reward for virtuous exertions in the service of our Country.\nThe high winds for these few days past have prevented the Mails from Philadelphia passing the river. Will it be possible to persuade the State Government to cooperate in the defense of the Country? What alterations are proposed in the Militia law? Fenno does not send me his papers so that I do not obtain regular information from the Seat of Government. At This crisis so interesting and important the papers would be peculiarly acceptable.\nMy Love to my brother I am glad he has began his carreer with so much propriety.\nAdieu my dear Sir beleive me your / affectionate son\nCharles Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0288", "content": "Title: John Adams to Abigail Adams, 30 December 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, Abigail\n        My dearest Friend\nPhiladelphia Decr 30. 1793\nThis morning I received your favour of the 20th. The House I am in was aired and Smoked with Tar & Powder and the Vaults Slaked with Lime &c before I came in.\nI hope with you that Congress will not remain here late in the Spring: but the Extent of Business before Us Seems to be immense. Perhaps the less We do the better. Something however must be done.\nWhen Russell Said \u201cthere is but one Man capable of Writing Columbus\u201d he Said what I have thought all along.\u2014 The Persons I converse with are too wise to give any Opinions or Say any Thing about Such Writings. most are too wise to read them. I wish Columbus may not be inflated with Vanity and too much emboldened. festinelente. He will have more Influence in his Closet, than upon the Stage.\nI Sympathise with you and Louisa. My own health has been better for my Journey: but I have a great Cold every Year, before I have been a fortnight in the City and you know it lasts Six Weeks. I never find any Benefit from any thing I do for it, so I leave it to take its Course\nBut as Mr Izard and his Wife say \u201cWe are grown too old to live Seperate\u201d\u2014 Mr Izard is here keeping Batchelors Hall\u2014she at New York with Mrs Marrigold. It is very hard upon me in my old age to be obliged to live from my Family, after having been a slave for thirty Years\u2014 Oh Columbus, Columbus you know not what you are about.\u2014\nMrs Washington is here and never fails to make the kindest Inquries and to send the most cordial Regards.\nI this day received a Visit from Mr Joseph Priestley the oldest son of Dr Priestley, with a Letter from his Father. The Letter with a Card was left when I was in the Senate: as soon as I came home and found the Letter, I returned the Visit\u2014and found Mr Joseph Priestly with his Wife and his youngest Brother, with another Enlishman whose Name is Colman I believe. I revere the Dr and his sons are likely Men: but they will do no good in America, untill they are undeceived. They are blinded by Ignorance or Error: blinded beyond the most stupid and besotted of our American Jacobins. entre nous. They are young however and will be corrected by Experience.\nI like the Drs Plan very well\u2014 I can send you, what you may want I hope\u2014 There cannot be too much Seaweed, provided the Loads are heavy enough. I hope The Bedding of the Animals is changed often.\nWe have pleasant Weather here.\u2014 We hear nothing of Cheesman\u2014 Mrs Dalton Mrs Otis hear nothing of their Adventures which were on board Phillips. There has been terrible Gales at sea and many Small Craft lost. I do not yet despair of Cheesman, but We are in Trouble on his account.\nWe Shall sooon See The Lt. Governors Speech to the General Court. Some curious metaphisical if not Jesuitical Subtilties I warrant you: The Dotage of a Man who was never equal to the Station he now holds may demand some Excuse. But no Man in that Chair will be independent. Independence is not compatible with popular Elections I fear. These are Truths that even, I, am not independent enough to say to every Body. But although The Popular Voice will overawe every Man in some degree, I hope We shall be able to Steer the Vessell clear of the Rocks and Sands. God knows!\nyours\nJ. A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-09-02-0289", "content": "Title: Abigail Adams to John Adams, 31 December 1793\nFrom: Adams, Abigail\nTo: Adams, John\nmy dearest Friend\nQuincy Dec\u2019br 31 1793\nYour two kind Letters of the 19 & 20th reachd me on the 28th they are my saturday evenings repast. you know my mind is much occupied with the affairs of our Country. if as a Female I may be calld an Idle I never can be an uninterested Spectator of what is transacting upon the great Theater, when the welfare and happiness of my Children & the rising generation is involved in the present counsels and conduct of the principal Actors who are now exhibiting upon the stage. That the Halcion days of America are past I fully believe, but I cannot agree with you in sentiment respecting the office you hold; altho it is so limited as to prevent your being so actively usefull as you have been accustomed to, yet those former exertions and Services give a weight of Character which like the Heavenly orbs silently diffuse a benign influence. Suppose for Instance as things are often exemplified by their contraries, a Man, in that office, of unbridled Ambition, Subtile intriguing, warpd and biased by interested views, joining at this critical crisis, his secret influence against the Measures of the President, how very soon would this country be involved in all the Horrours of a civil War. I am happy to learn that the only fault in your political Character and one which has always given me uneasiness, is wearing away, I mean a certain irritability which has some times thrown you of your Gaurd and shewn as is reported of Louis 14\u2019th that a Man is not always a Hero\u2014 Partizans are so high, respecting English and French politicks, and argue so falsly and Reason so stupidly that one would suppose they could do no injury, but there are so many who read and hear without reflecting and judging for themselves and there is such a propensity in humane Nature to believe the worst especially when their interest is like to be affected, that if we are preserved from the Calamities of War it will be more oweing to the superintending Providence of God than the virtue and wisdom of Man. How we are to avoid it with France supposing Genet should not be recall\u2019d I know not. must we Submit to such insults? judging from the manner in which France has carried on the present War, I should not wonder if they feard a Partition of their Kingdom. A Frenchman reminding an English man of the Time when in the Reign of Henry the sixth, the English were almost absolute Masters of France Said sneerlingly to him \u201cWhen do you think you will again become Lords of our Kingdom?\u201d to which the Englishman replied, [\u201c]When your iniquities shall be greater than ours.\u201d how can any Nation expect to prosper who War against Heaven?\nBy this time you will have seen all the Numbers of Columbus. I should like to know the Presidents opinion of them, as well as some other Gentlemen who are judges. they assuredly are ably written, and do honour both to the Head and Heart of the writer, who deserves well of his fellow citizens for the information he has thrown upon a subject of so much importance at so critical a period\u2014but their is a \u201cbarberous Noise of asses Apes and dogs\u201d raisd by it in the Chronical. nevertheless sound reason and cool Argument will prevail in the end.\nHaving spun my thread out with respect to politicks I will think a little of our own private affairs. dr Tufts has paid two hundred pounds and become responsible himself for the remainder. I wrote to you his further intention, the 17 of Janry he proposes to discharge two hundreds pounds more. I have closed my account this day I have kept an exact account of my expenditures & payments since you left me, which I inclose to you. mr Cary offerd to bring me an other load of Hay at the same price. what he brought is agreed to be of the first quality, and it was all weighd, but I did not feel myself in a capacity to engage it absolutely. we have heitherto had so little snow that Buisness is dull mr Belcher has cleard of all the sea weed untill some high Tide brings more. he is now getting home the pine wood.\nour Friends desire to be rememberd to you. mrs Brisler and family are well. you will present me affectionatly to mrs washington who I respect and Love\nMy Love to Thomas. I hear he is for fighting the Algerines, but I am not sure that would be the best oconomy, tho it might give us a good pretence [for] Building a Navy that we need not be twichd by the Nose by every sausy Jack a Nips\u2014 he had better find Law for his countrymen and prevail upon them to take it.\nI am as ever most affectionatly / yours\nA Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/04-10-02-0003", "content": "Title: John Adams to John Quincy Adams, 3 January 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Adams, John Quincy\n            Philadelphia January 3. 1793 [1794]\n          The Public Papers will inform you that Mr Jefferson has resigned and that Mr Randolph is appointed Secretary of State. The Attorney General is not yet nominated. Mr Lewis Mr Lawrence Mr Benson Mr Gore, Mr Potts &c have been mentioned in Conversation.\n          The Motives to Mr Jeffersons Resignation are not assigned, and are left open to the Conjectures of a Speculating World. I also am a Speculator in the Principles and Motives of Mens Actions and may guess as well as others 1. Mr Jefferson has an habit as well as a\ndisposition to expensive Living, and as his Salary was not Adequate to his Luxury, he could not Subdue his Pride and Vanity as I have done, and proportion his Style of Life to his Revenue. 2. Mr Jefferson is in debt as I have heard to an amount of Seven thousand Pounds before the War, so that I Suppose he cannot afford to Spend his private income in the Public service. 3. Mr Jefferson has been obliged to lower his Note in Politicks. Pains Principles when adopted by Genet, were not found so convenient for a Secretary of State. 4. He could not rule the Roast in the Ministry. He was often in a Minority. 5. Ambition is the Subtlest Beast of the Intellectual and Moral Field. It is wonderfully adroit in concealing itself from its owner, I had almost said from itself. Jefferson thinks he shall by this step get a Reputation of an humble, modest, meek Man, wholly without ambition or Vanity. He may even have deceived himself into this Belief. But if a Prospect opens, The World will see and he will feel, that he is as ambitious as Oliver Cromwell though no soldier. 6. At other Moments he may meditate the gratification of his Ambition; Numa was called from the Forrests to be King of Rome. And if Jefferson, after the Death or Resignation of the President should be summoned from the familiar Society of Egeria, to govern the Country forty Years in Peace and Piety, So be it. 7. The Tide of popular sentiment in Virginia runs not so rapidly in favour of Jacobinical feelings as it did\u2014 though the Party were a Majority and carried every Member at the last Election, there are Symptoms of increasing foederalism in Virginia. a Wise Man like Jefferson foreseeth the Evil and hideth himself\u2014 But after all I am not very anxious what were his Motives.\u2014 Tho his Desertion may be a Loss to Us, of some Talents I am not sorry for it on the whole, because his soul is poisoned with Ambition and his Temper imbittered against the Constitution and Administration as I think.\n          all this is confidential.\n          I am, affectionately yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1393", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Lot Hall, 1 January 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Hall, Lot\nPhiladelphia Jan. 1. 1793\nReceived of Lot Hall, Esq. A Packet Certified by the Electors of Vermont to contain a List of their Votes for President and Vice President of the United States\nJohn Adams. President of the Senate of the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1394", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Joseph Willard, 1 January 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Willard, Joseph\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia January 1. 1793\nThe inclosed letter from Mr Taylor one of the Senators from Virginia, as it contains Information which may become useful to the Agriculture of the Northern Parts of America I request the favour of you to communicate it to the American Accademy of Arts and Sciences.\nI am Sir with great / and Sincere Esteem, your most / obedient Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1395", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Henry Marchant, 1 January 1793\nFrom: Marchant, Henry\nTo: Adams, John\nDear and Respected Sir,\nNewport Jany. 1. 1793\u2014\nI give you joy of the Season; and I sincerely congratulate you and our dear Country in the support of Government and the plans that have been pursuing for the honor and political \u0152conomy of it, witnessed by the late Election, not only of the President and Vice President, but of the Representatives and Senators of Congress. A few Persons may make the presses groan and sweat,\u2014may dispense much scandal, and make an appearance of almost general discontent.\u2014If there was for a time even in New England too much silence, and the appearance of ingratitude\u2014It was a silence of Contempt\u2014a Brown, a Muskoe and even a Finly in such a Cause were beneath the Dignitorial Notice of an enlightened people;\u2014and who unlike the Boors of Russia,\u2014have Feelings\u2014That Rivalship you early forsaw; and the Burst which threatened, have indeed been conspicuous.\u2014but they were Bubbles burst,\u2014and have evidenced the folly as well as the basery, and turpitude of the malicious Winds which blew them.  The noise and the sound thereof have passed away;\u2014They are dispersed, and but for the punishment of the authors should be forgotten.\nWe have tried Our pumps.\u2014the ship is tight and trim\u2014her second suit of Sails and Rigging of the same good kind of American Federal materials are set;\u2014She is under way, and looks up well. She has the Cheers of Her Owners, and the World for her admirers\u2014\nThe funding system,\u2014however it might rub and scratch at first wearing, grows more easy,\u2014more popular every day.\u2014As Temptations to fraud and Vice Subside, as the means to industry and virtue are provided, and as safety to the Rights and Property of the Citizens are perceived and enjoyed;\u2014Murmurs and Clamors will find but a few turbulent, disconcerted, malicious envious Souls to nourish them; and they will die in their own rancorous Bosoms.\nI have been guilty of a want of Duty; as I have been in your Debt ever since the receipt of yours of the 3d. of march last. I was in hopes your Return from Congress would have been thro\u2019 the Sound. I did promise myself after being disappointed of this, a Journey to Boston, and to have seen you there, or at your Seat,\u2014but by various Incidents I was prevented.\u2014Well Mrs. Adams will certainly come on this Time thro\u2019 Rhode Island.\u2014But as I found your journey put off till later,\u2014till a Passage by Water might have been rather disagreeable. I then concluded I would not write however, till I could say Rhode Island was grateful, New England truly Federal,\u2014and (as I ever had faith to believe) America stedfast to first Her first principles, Her first and surest Friends and Patriots.\nFrom the political Principles of the two first of our Electors,\u2014hopes were concieved by the Opposition, especially at New York, that we should be equally divided. A few of us at Newport considered, whether it was safest to oppose the two first who we knew would be Candidates, and thereby if unsuccessful fasten them against us, or win thereby giving Way to their Wishes\u2014Fully convinced that my old friend Col. Geo: Champlain of this Town would be appointed,\u2014I was persuaded from the Esteem He is held in by all Parties, and from his Manner and Address, that he would be able to turn the doubting or hessitating minds, if there should be such in the appointment.\u2014Against some Opinions it was agreed to have no Opposition, to their Appointment, if none was made, as we were confident there would not be, to Col. Champlain and Govr. Greene.\u2014You must recollect Him as Govr. of this state for years during the War.\u2014with Col. Champlain I waded thro\u2019 our political troubles from 1784 till our adoption of the present Constitution, and He still continues a most industrious patriotick member of our Genl. Assembly, a Merchant of established Character,\u2014No Man more independent and disinterested, And On We mean sooner or later to persuade to  Congress.\nAll things turn out to our Wishes.\u2014We since learn from New York, that they had the fullest Expectations, at least of two of our Electors.\u2014New England has given a deadly, and I think mortal Stroke to the present Junto.\u2014Let us continue Wise, firm, vigilant and Virtuous.\u2014and \"commune together,\" I say my friend.\u2014The People will not suffer you, \"to retire to obscurity.\"\nI am / most affectionately / and sincerely, / your Friend & Servt.\nHy. MarchantIf a convenient opportunity offers, I would request my Duty and Congratulations to the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1396", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William Lake, 2 January 1793\nFrom: Lake, William\nTo: Adams, John\n(Copy)SirFalmouth 3 January 1793\nHaving imparted to our mutual Friends Messrs: W. & J. Willink of Amsterdam, my wish to procure the Appointment of American Consul at this Port, they very politely presented me with the enclosed Introduction, & recommendation to your Excellency, for that purpose, the Necessity of the Appointment, I make no doubt is well known to your Excellency, as well as the general Advantage and Conveniency, which would result from it to the numerous Citizens of the United States who have occasion to touch at this Port for the Purpose of obtaining Information as to the Situation of the Different European Markets for American Produce, or otherwise, & I flatter myself the Recommendation of our above mentioned will fully Satisfy your Excellency as to the respectability of the Person for whom they Interest themselves, and his Capacity, & inclination to discharge the Duties of the Office, with Honor to himself, and every possible Attention to the Interests of the subjects of the United States, therefore I presume it needless to mention any thing further, on that Subject, than to assure that during a long residence with them, we ever Coincided in our endeavors to promote the Interest of the United States on every Occasion.\nHaving said thus much, I take the Liberty to Sollicit of your Excellency such an Appointment; or shou\u2019d it remain in the Province of the Secretary of State, that you will be pleased to hand him this Letter, accompanied with Messrs: Willinks\u2019 Recommendation, which I presume will have equal weight with him as your Excellency.\nWith Assurances of profound respect, I have the Honor to Subscribe myself Sir / your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedient /  Humble Servant\nWm. Lake", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1397", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Andr\u00e9 Jean La Rocque, 2 January 1793\nFrom: Rocque, Andr\u00e9 Jean La\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMonsieur\n\t\t\t\t\tNew-york ce 2 janvier 1793.\n\t\t\t\tJ\u2019ai recu la lettre que vous m\u2019avez fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019\u00e9crire, Le 8 du mois dernier, en r\u00e9ponse \u00e0 la mienne du mois Pr\u00e9c\u00e9dent. Les objets dont je m\u2019occupe, Sont li\u00e9s \u00e0 L\u2019int\u00e9ret public, et n\u2019en Seront que plus dignes de fixer votre attention. J\u2019espere me rendre \u00e0 Philadelphie, La Semaine prochaine. Ma premiere affaire Sera de Vous pr\u00e9senter mon respect, aussitot que j\u2019y Serai arriv\u00e9. Ensuite, je Vous demanderai vos bont\u00e9s. Si les travaux que j\u2019ai faits ici, Vous Paroissent favorables, \u00e0 votre pays: c\u2019est le jugement, qu\u2019en ont port\u00e9 les personnes, que j\u2019ai consult\u00e9es a New-york, et aux quelles je Suis redevable des avis, Sur les quels je me Suis dirig\u00e9. On m\u2019a assur\u00e9 que les principes, que j\u2019invoque, et qui Sont ceux de L\u2019Europe, Sont \u00e9galement ceux des principaux membres des \u00c9tats unis, et qu\u2019il ne leur a manqu\u00e9 que l\u2019occasion de Les appliquer. L\u2019essay Sur le droit canon et le droit f\u00e9odal, dont vous Parlez avec La modestie qui vous est naturelle, a \u00e9t\u00e9 imprim\u00e9 en 1784. J\u2019en ai vu un exemplaire, qui avoit ete donne a Adeunet; et j\u2019ai pens\u00e9 que c\u2019etoit \u00e0 vous qu\u2019il en etoit redevable mais, actuellement je crois me rappeller qu\u2019il le dut \u00e0 Mr Abeil Secr\u00e9taire du commerce, ou au Pere de Mr. Genet. Cet ouvrage, Monsieur, quoiqu\u2019 \u00e9crit en 1765, posoit d\u00e9ja les principes, qui Seroient le fondement de Votre libert\u00e9; et qui l\u2019eussent \u00e9t\u00e9 aussi de la notre; Si la france avoit eu des G\u00e9nies tut\u00e9laires; mais, elle manquoit de cet avantage, qui Seul a fait les Succ\u00e9s de votre Patrie. D\u00e8s 1789, je r\u00e9p\u00e9tois Sans cesse \u00e0 mr de Gouvion et \u00e0 M Bailly, qu\u2019il \u00e9toit impossible de dire o\u00f9 notre r\u00e9volution S\u2019arr\u00e9teroit; parce que personne n\u2019en etoit L\u2019Ame: on y Savoit mettre La multitude en mouvement: elle d\u00e9truit et ne rebati point. mais, ce Sujet, Si je m\u2019y abandonnois, me meneroit trop loin. Je le quitte. Je Suis avec Respect / Monsieur / Votre tres humble / et tres obeissant Serviteur \n\t\t\t\t\tLa Rocque", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1398", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Quincy Adams, 5 January 1793\nFrom: Adams, John Quincy\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nBoston January 5. 1793\nThe bearer of this Letter, Mr. D\u2019Hauteval, is a french Gentleman from the Island of St. Domingo, where he had lately the misfortune to lose a plantation of great value, by the devastation of the insurgent negroes. He has been about two months in this town, where I have frequently had the pleasure of meeting him in Company, and where his amiable manners have entitled him to as much esteem, \u00e1s his misfortunes had claimed respect. He now proposes to spend a short time at Philadelphia, and I take the opportunity in compliance with his wishes, and at the same time as a gratification of my own, to introduce him to your acquaintance.\nI am, dear Sir, your affectionate Son.\nJ. Q. Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1399", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Henry Knox, 5 January 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Adams, John\nConfidential.\nSir.\nWar-department, January 5th 1793.\nIn obedience to the order of the President of the United States, I have the honor to submit to the Senate, a message of the Cornplanter, and New Arrow, to Major General Wayne of the 8th ultimo\u2014The Subject of indian affairs being under the consideration of Congres, the President has conceived it proper, that they should be possessed of the message now submitted.\nI have the honor to be, / Sir, / with great respect, / Your most obedt: Servt:\nH KnoxSecy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1401", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Frederick Bull, 7 January 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Bull, Frederick\nSir\nPhiladelphia Jany. 7th. 1793\u2014\nI thought I had agreed with you at Hartford that you would take my Horses from r David Bulls and send them on to N. York where I expected to hear of thier arrival in three or four days, and at an expence of four or five dollars, or at the utmost of seven or eight for this was the amount of the conversation between you and Mr. Buisler who attended me. You may judge then how much I was surprized when an account was brought to Philadelphia amounting to more than Five Pounds, of New England Lawful money, barely for riding or leading the Horses and their keeping on the road, and this surprise was not a little increased when another account arrived amounting to more than Five Pounds more for keeping the horses at Hartford; besides in this last Account, I was charged for keeping the Horses at Hartford from the 19th. of Nov. the day I set off from my own House at Quincy near Boston. It was the 25th. of Nov. that I left Mr David Bull\u2019s House, and I have his receipt for the money I paid him for keeping the horses, till the time of my departure from his house. In short I cannot comprehend the mystery, that an expence which ought to have been four Dollars has been swelled to more than Ten Pounds, nor can I see why four days which where amply sufficient to have removed the horses to N York has been protracted to near as many weeks.\nI suppose however it is too late for me to obtain complete justice without an appeal to the laws which I have neither leisure nor inclination to do. I therefore desire that either you or Mr David Bull would settle with the person who carried the Horses to N York and correct the manifest errors in both Accounts, form them both into one. Sign it, and send it to me, and I will pay what shall be justly due or necessary to be paid.\nI am Sir your most obet. & humle. Sert\nJ A", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1402", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Alexander Hamilton, 16 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nTreasury Department January 16. 1793.\nI have the honor to transmit herewith, persuant to the order of the Senate, of yesterday, the following documents\u2014viz\nBooks, No 1 and 2, containing the current Cash Account between the United States and the Bank of the United States from the commencement of the operations of that Institution until this day.\nFiles A, B, C, D\nA containing a series of accounts beginning the 16th of June 1792 and ending the 5th of January 1793, shewing the Cash Account of the United States with the Office of Discount and Deposit of the Bank of the United States, at Boston\nB Containing a series of accounts beginning the 23d of May 1792 and ending the 5th of January 1793 shewing the cash Account of the United States with the Office of Discount and Deposit of the Bank of the United States at New York.\nC Countaining a series of accounts beginning the 9th of August 1792 and ending the 5th of January 1793 shewing such similiar Accts. with the Office of Discount & Deposit at Baltimore.\nD. Containing a series of accounts beginning the 9th of June and ending the 22d of December 1792 shewing similiar cash Accounts with the Office of Discount & Deposit at Charleston.\nStatement E being an Abstract of the balances remaining in the several Offices of Discount and Deposit at the respective periods of the last Returns.\nStatements A B and No 1, 2, 3, being Accounts of the sales of Bills on Amsterdam by the Bank of the United States and the several Offices of Discount and Deposit.\nThese documents fulfil the first object of the order abovementined\u2014\nStatement F Shewing the Surplus of Revneue apropriated to the purchase of the public debt.\u2014This surplus arose at the end of the year 1790, and was appropriated by an Act of the 12th of August 1790.\u2014\nThis fulfils the second object of the order as I understand its meaning.\u2014\nStatments (printed) No I. II. III. IV.\nThese have been heretofore presented to the House of Representatives and shew with as much detail and accuracy, as is now in the power of the Treasury, the different loans which have been made persuasant to the Acts of the 4th and 12th of August 1790, and their application, as far as it has gone\u2014.\nThese loans having been contracted, in virtue of the powers communicated by both Acts, without particular reference to either, a specification of the loans made upon each is of course not practicable. This mode of proceeding was indicated 1st by an intimation from our Bankers in Holland that a distinction might prove an embarrassment (being a novelty, the reason of which would not be obvious to the money lenders), 2dly, by the consideration, that if the loans were made upon both Acts indiscriminately, their application could be regulated, as circumstances, from time to time, should render advisable.\nThese documents fulfil, as far as is practicable, the 3d and 4th objects of the order.\nStatement G\u2014shewing the probable unappropriated surplus of the public Revenue during the year 1792.\nThis fulfils, as far as can now be done, the last of the objects comprised in the order of the Senate.\nBut by way of explanation, I beg leave to refer to the printed Statement D, which accompanied the estimate for the service of the present year, reported to the House of Representatives, on the 14th of November last....and which is herewith transmitted.\nThe Books, No 1 and 2, the papers contained in the files A B C & D and those marked A B No 1, 2, 3, are originals.\u2014They are sent, rather than transcripts, to avoid delay; as it is understood that the statements called for have reference to the deliberations of the Senate on the Bill making appropriations for the service of the current year.\nI suppose it would be most agreeable to the Senate to be enabled, as soon as possible, by the receipit of the information, they have required, to proceed to a decision on that important subject.\u2014And exposed as I am to very perplexing Dilemmas, for the want of the requisite appropriations, in consequence of arrangements which it was my duty to enter into, to be able to keep pace with the exigencies of the public service, I could not but feel a solicitude to hasten the communication.\nAs the Originals, which have been mentioned, are neccesary Documents of Office\u2014I request that the Senate will be pleased to cause them to be returned, as soon as they shall have answered the purpose, for which they have been required.\nWith the most perfect respect, / I have the honor to be, / Sir, your Obed and humble Servant.\nAlex HamiltonSect of the Treasy\n   \u201cBooks Nos 1 & 2\u201d & \u201cFiles A.B.C.D.D\u201d were returned & are not now, to be found\n   For these statements see No. 41.\n   For this statement see No. 46 Page", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1403", "content": "Title: From William Moultrie to John Adams, 19 January 1793\nFrom: Moultrie, William\nTo: Adams, John,United States Senate\n\t\t\t\tTo the Honorable John Adams Esquire, President of the Senate of the United States in Congress Assembled,\n\t\t\t\t\tCharleston January 19th 1793\n\t\t\t\tThe Memorial of the Officers in behalf of themselves and the Non\u2013Commissioned Officers and Privates of the late Army of the United States now Residents in South Carolina,\u2014ShewethYour Memorialists happy in seeing their Country possessed of Peace, and flourishing under a respectable Constitution, presume to come forward and to lay before your Honorable House, such of their Grievances as can only be remedied by your Authority\u2014When Despotism aimed at Subjugating these (now) United States, Duty and Love to our Country, brought us into the Field as Soldiers,\u2014We opposed the bold Invaders of our Natural Rights, We encountered and finally expelled our Enemies;\u2014We experienced in the Arduous Struggle, Hunger, Sickness, Nakedness and Penury, We sought the general Welfare of our Country and were instrumental in obtaining it\u2014Our Families for a great Portion of this time, were neglected, our private property ruined, Age and Infirmities encreased on us, We saw and felt, yet, patiently preserved;\u2014At the close of the war, our Worthy Chief, who had noticed our Actions and Knew our Sufferings, assured us, that our Country would be gratefull, we should be rewarded!On this Occasion, We felt a double Pleasure, for we had done our duty, and were to receive our Reward; We had secured Peace and established Freedom in the Land, and we were, from the Assurances of Congress possessed with Pleasing Hope; of returning each to his own Home and be enabled by the Justice of that Congress to enjoy a Competency, These Hopes soon Vanished like a Dream;\u2014Your Memorialists received Papers which carried no specific Worth, the form of Payment was indefinite, and became every day, from thence, apparently more distant, Faith was wanting and Goverment was not Possessed of Sufficient Energy, to support and establish it\u2019s Credit, thus situated, Your Memorialists Pressed by want, destitute of Resources, many ruined, and of Course friendless, were obliged to Part with their hard Earnings at such Value as they could obtain,\u2014Your Memorialists saw with Grief how fatal to their future Hopes, such an Act would be, Nevertheless, the Pressure of the Moment was too Great, they sunk under the weight, and were Compelled to Submit, this was not in Idea with your Memorialists when they Received what was termed a Compensation, if they, ignorant of the Power of Government in that day in it\u2019s Resources, have been imposed on,\u2014Now that Stability in Government is attained, Your Memorialists seek redress: for their Losses and Attendant Poverty, have not proceeded from dissipated morals, nor from any Culpability in themselves, it proceeded from the Necessities which followed them in Consequence of devoting their Whole time to the Service of their Country\u2014Signed in behalf of the said Officers, Non-Commissioned Officers and Privates\u2014\n\t\t\t\t\tWillm: MoultrieMajr General of the late Army of the United States and Chairman of the General Meeting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1404", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Henry Knox, 21 January 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Adams, John\nSir.\nWar\u2013department January 21st 1793.\nI have the honor respectfully to submit to the Senate, a report on the petition of Lewis Garanger\nI am Sir, / with great respect, / Your most obedt: Servt:\nH Knoxsecy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1406", "content": "Title: From John Adams to James Hutchinson, 24 January 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Hutchinson, James,Williams, Jonathan\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia January 24. 1793\nI have received the Letter you did me the honour to write me on the twenty Second of this month and I pray you to present to the American Philosophical Society established at Philadelphia for promoting Useful Knowledge, my Thanks for the honour they have done me, by my Election into that Body on the Eighteenth instant.\nMy best acknowledgements are also due to you, Gentlemen for the polite and obliging manner in which you have communicated to me, the information of this pleasing event.\nI have the honour to be / with much esteem / Gentlemen / your most obedient / and most humble servant\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1407", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Alexander Hamilton, 24 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nTreasury Department January 24. 1793\nAn order of yesterday from the House of Representatives renders it necessary that I should have recourse to the Treasurers Bank Books and the Accounts of the several Offices of Discount and Deposit which were lately transmitted to the Senate.\nI request that the Senate will be pleased to cause them to be returned. After the purpose has been answered they will be sent again to the Senate for such further examination as they shall deem requisite. With perfect respect, /  I have the honor to be Sir / Your obedient & / humble servant\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1408", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Montgomery, 24 January 1793\nFrom: Montgomery, John\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nBoston 24th January 1793\nI having the honour to be personally acquainted With your Excellency precludes the neccessaty of troubling you With a letter of introduction from a particular Friend here therefore begs leave to take the liberty of requesting your good intervention on the subject of a Memorial of my Brother Robt, rescited this past to his Excelly Thomas Jefferson soliciting the American Consulship for the port of Alicante should you suppose his merits therin Auhenticated entitled to your respectable interference in Which presumption he trusts in your friendship as representing what may appear consistant in this business Which piece of favour and mark of distinction will make a lasting impression on him and on / Sir / Your Excelly / Obt Srvt\nJohn Montgomery", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1409", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Cosens Ogden, 25 January 1793\nFrom: Ogden, John Cosens\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPortsmouth Jany 25th 1793\nI transmit you a copy of a Political rarity\u2014which a very few men were degenerate enough to send for a day dedicated to the celebration of the progress of Liberty.\nYou who are a Lawyer & Statesman, will make those comments in your own thoughts, which may perhaps awake a care for the liberty of the press\u2014the honor of law, and safety of the citizen. As it came from a party, at first I intended to have requested you to have laid it on the table of the Senate, among any periodical papers, which may amuse the leisure moment of its members.\n\"The Managers of the Civic feast present their compliments to Mr\u2014\u2014\u2014, Ask the favor of his company to dine, on Thursday next at the Assembly room\u20142 O\u2019clock, also any friend of his, (Except) the writer of a piece in a late paper, on the situation of ecclesiastical affairs in a neighbouring state, which author cannot be  permitted to Associate with the Citizens of \u2014\u2014\u2014.\"\nThis immerited insult, met with general reprobation\u2014The person to whom it was sent was not yet so degenerate, as to forfeit his liberty, honor & virtue for a dinner\u2014but referred the writers to Paine on the rights of man\u2014and the law writers on the liberty of the press.\u2014The Star Chamber and Inquisition court, could not dictate a bolder assault on  law & patriotism.\nI do not send it, for to draw an opinion or correspondence, but, wish to lay the progress of the plunderers & enemies, of The Church in this quarter, from time to time, before the leading Laymen of this Generation\u2014Trusting that Providence will incline the heart of some one to step forth, and examine whether there exists any just cause for complaint\u2014and point out a mode for redress\u2014Such an one religion, morality & America will bless forever.\nI am Sir / with unalterable esteem / Your devoted servant\nJohn Cosens Ogden", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1410", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Singleton Copley, 27 January 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Copley, John Singleton\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia January 27. 1793\nI have it, at length, in my Power to inform you that I have received the two Copies of your admirable Picture of The Death of The Earl of Chatham. The Copy designed for the President of the United States I had the honour to deliver to him in Person, who requested me to make you his Compliments and present you his Thanks for your obliging Attention. Soon afterwards he desired me to transmit you the inclosed Letter, which I presume expresses more fully his Sensibility of your Politeness.\nThe Copy intended for me, I shall preserve with great care, both as a Token of your Friendship as a finished Monument of the Fine Arts from one of the greatest Masters and as an indubitable Proof of American Genius. Be pleased to accept of my Sincerest Thanks for it. remember me to your amiable Family and all my old Friends and believe me, with great and Sincere Esteem your Friend and / humble servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1411", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Elbridge Gerry, 30 January 1793\nFrom: Gerry, Elbridge\nTo: Adams, John\nPhiladelphia 30th Jany 1793\nMr. Gerry presents his respectful compliments to the President of the Academy of Arts and Sciences of Massachusetts & incloses him a letter from Mr. Carmichael Charg\u00e9 des Affairs at the Court of Madrid, part of which was by him intended to be communicated to the Academy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1412", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Trumbull, 31 January 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Trumbull, John\nMy dear Sir\nPhiladelphia January 31. 1793\nAre you acquainted with the natural History of Mother Careys Chickens? I know not the Latin Name of these chattering Birds, having never consulted the Dictionaire D\u2019Histoire naturelle, nor Buffon nor Tournefort for information concerning this important Subject: but as a Mariner I have had frequent Occasion to curse the rascally Species of Mischief makers. In the calmest Moments at Sea, they Surround the Ship, and fill the Ears of the Sailors with a mixt sound So ambiguous that you can scarcely know whether they are laughing or Scolding. The Superstitious foremast Men are So affected with their Gibberish, that they are filled with gloomy Presages of Storms and Shipwreck and every Species of bad luck: and Such is the contagious nature of these Passions that the old seamen and most experienced officers Seem in some degree infected with the general Terror.\nThere is a little contemptible flock of these disastrous animals about our federal Ship at this Moment, Mathew and John are here\u2014James is at Richmond. James wrote Henrico to himself.\u2014John, writes Cincinnatus Mirabeau, and most of the other vile abuses in the national Gazette. A sett of despicable Fugitives from Justice in Ireland whether in Case of Debt or Crime it Seems are able to disgrace the American Nation in its own Eyes as well as in the sight of Europe. But the most abominable part of the whole Story is that these people are perpetually about a Jefferson, a Madison and a Beckley.\nI do not write this of my own certain knowledge but I have heard it, and have no reason to disbelieve it.\u2014It may be a curious Clue to you but you will not compromise me, nor make any other Use of it, than to Suggest further Inquiry and more certain evidence. I have read Several of the Ecchos and the 2d. and 3d American. An infernal faction have deserved it all. your Sincere friend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1415", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Alexander Hamilton, 5 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nTreasury Department February 5. 1793\nBy order of the President of the United States, I have the honor to transmit herewith...\nI. Copies of a power given by him to the Secretary of the Treasury for the time being dated the 28th of August 1790, for the negotiation of the loans authorized by the laws of the 4th and 12th of August 1790 and of certain instructions relative thereto dated on the same day.\nII. Copies of an authority founded upon the power of the President from me to William Short, Esquire, dated the 1st of September 1790, and of sundry letters from me to the said William Short, of dates from the 29th of May 1790 to the 31st of December 1792, inclusively, relating to the negotiation and application of the above-mentioned loans.\nIII Originals of sundry letters from William Short to me under dates from the 2d of December 1790 to the 2d of November 1st of February 1792, inclusively, relating to the same subject.\nIV Copy of an authority from me to Messrs Wilhem and John Will\u00efnks Nicholas and J Van Staphorst and Hubbard, Bankers of the United States at Amsterdam, dated the 28th of August 1790, relating to the first of the loans, made under the above mentioned Acts, and Copies of sundry letters to the said Bankers, of dates from the 28th of August 1790 to the 31st of December 1792, inclusively,\nV Originals of sundry letters from the said Bankers to me of dates from the 25th of January 1790 to the 5th of November 1792.\nVI Copies of sundry letters of dates from the 18th of June to the 24th of September 1792, exclusively, between G Marris and W Short, Esquires, having relation to the above subjects.\nThe general power from the President to the Secretary of the Treasury of the 28th. of August 1790 and the communications from William Short, Esquire, who has been the only Commissioner, would, it is presumed, have fulfilled the terms of the Resolution of the Senate of the 23d of last month; and are transmitted pursuant to the request contained in that Resolution.\nBut the President has been pleased to direct the transmission of the other documents also, in the supposition, that they will serve to throw light upon the general subject of that Resolution.\nWith perfect respect, I have the / honor to be, Sir, Your mo. Obedt and / humble Servant \nAlex HamiltonSecy of the Treasry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1416", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Alexander Hamilton, 5 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nTreasury Department February 5. 1793\nIn pursuance of the first part of the order of the Senate of the 23d of January past, I have the honor to send herewith Sundry Statements marked A, AB, B, a, D, E, F, and I beg the permission of the Senate to add the Copy of a letter dated yesterday; which served to transmit duplicates of the same documents of the House of Representatives; and which contains some explanation of them; a repetition of which here will be thereby rendered unneccessary. The document C referred to in that letter was also sent to the House of Representatives, being of considerable length, a duplicate is not yet ready; and I did not think it adviseable to detain the other papers till it was ready.\nThe documents now transmitted will answer the whole of the enquiry contained in the first part of the order above referred to, except what regards a distribution of the expenditures under each head of appropriation; which is in preparation and will be forwarded as soon as it can be ready.\nThe situation in which I am placed renders further delay absolutely neccessary to the fulfilment of the second part of the Order.\nThere is a point in my letter of the 16th of January to the Senate concerning which some explanation is requisite. I sated as one motive to the joint negotiation of the loans, under both Acts, \"an intimation from our bankers in Holland that a distinction might prove an embarrassment, being a novelty, the reason of which would not be obvious to the money lenders.\" This was done from memory, without recurrance to documents, and in a degree of hurry occasioned by my anxiety for the speedy passing of the Appropriation Bill, and upon a revison proves to be not accurate. The mistake arose in the following manner.. My original idea was to maintain a separation between the two Acts. This will appear from my letter of the 26th of August 1790 to our Bankers in which I express a desire that they would endeavor to place part of the first loan upon one Act and another part upon the other Act. But they did not carry this idea into execution for the reason assigned in their answer, now before the Senate, which is that the Subdivision proposed would under the circumstances of the case tend to excite speculations and doubts among the money lenders.\nBut prior to the receipt of their answer I had made a further enquiry and had reflected more on the Subject. The result of my enquiry was the money lenders having been accustomed to lend on the general Credit of the Government, borrowing, with a sort of general pledge of its revenues and resources, the attempt to bottom a loan upon any particular law, might, as a novelty, occasion some hesitation and enbarrassment among them; especially as they are known to be a description of men much influenced by habit and precedent; and the conclusions from more full reflection were that the distinguishing of the loans with reference to each act might not only embarrass the business in the first Stages of negotiation, but might interfere with an application of the proceeds of the loans in the most convenient and beneficial manner, according to circumstances.\nOn these considerations, I abandoned my original intention, and in my first instruction to Mr. Short was silent on the point.\nThese different positions of the Subject in the mind, at different times, and what actually took place with regard to the first loan, produced some confusion in the recollection of facts, and led me to assign as a cause what had been only a collateral circumstance, and to ascribe to the Bankers intimations, or rather information, which I had received from other quarters.\nI submit this explanation of the matter to the candor of the Senate...and have the honor to be,  with perfect respect, / Sir, your most obedt Servant\nAlexande Hamilton\n   For these statements see Nos. 44 & 46\n   Vide No. 44.\nPS I have the honor to return the original Bank Books and accounts, which were withdrawn respecting my request, that as soon as the use for them shall cease they may be returned.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1417", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 9 February 1793\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Adams, John\nSir!\nKingston. 9 Febr. 1793.\nYou, who are acquainted with m\u00ff character, cannot favour the opinion, that I should have forgotten, the different and conspicuous marks of favour friendship and confidence, bestowed upon me since man\u00ff years, or be indifferent about it, how inconsiderable the sentiments of a forgotten farmer should seem to an\u00ff other man in your elevated station. I know, your Excellency is it not, and it is upon this persuasion, that I am bold enough, after such a long silence, to interrupt for a few minutes, your most serious occupations.\nThough I considered it as a Duty, it is with a sensible pleasure, that I congratulate your Excellenc\u00ff with the re\u00eblection to the eminent post of Vice President of the Union by Such a distinguished majorit\u00ff, though a friend of Governour Clinton, being obliged b\u00ff Him b\u00ff his advices and assistance, where ever I implored it and it was in his power; all which I was indebted to your Excellenc\u00ff\u2019s recommendations, when I crossed the Atlantic. Anxious I waited the issue, there the clamours of some scribblers\u2014perhaps more ignorant yet than malignant, the odious intrigues of some man, who where hungr\u00ff of the loaves and fishes, which the\u00ff insinuated that the\u00ff could more properly digest, and instilled a wakening crowd, that the\u00ff should taken a better care for their liberties, and the loud murmurs and hisses of a mob of different rang\u2014always longing after some new and ungratefully biting the hand, who feeded and sustained it in the days of danger raised a suspicion, if the list of ungratefull Republics should not be increased with the name of that of the united states.\nI am not angr\u00ff, that men of principles and character honour Governour Clinton with their suffrage. He is it worth in my opinion and I believe it consistent with a high degree of esteem for the virtues, merits and abilities of Mr Adams\u2014It is not necessar\u00ff. Some times it ma\u00ff be dangerous to trust the highest offices, uninterrupted, to the same man, but to rob a man of his character\u2014to abuse him with  scurrilities. Induce and falsify his principles, is detestable. I love him, who dares encounter his man in an open field, and tr\u00ff, if he may over-power him, but who stabs him in the darkness is a monster.\nNo man, whoknows, what I wrote, what I penacted in the defence of the liberties and Independence of the United States all wel as of Netherland, who knows, what I left, will doubt, if I am a Republican, and you Sir! will allow, that it is not presumption, if I think to understand Mr. Adams defence of the Constitution as wel as the largest number of our Americans. however if your Excellency had not altered his mind, so as I flattered myself to know it, I cannot detect that sett of alarming doctines, as some wished to inculcate us. but it is unworth\u00ff of us both\u2014to sta\u00ff longer on this topic. Accept Sir! m\u00ff warmest congratulations upon this glorious event, and permit me, to join with them those of Mrs. v. d. kemp. that your wel-wishers ma\u00ff receive ever\u00ff da\u00ff fresh proofs to strengthen them in the high opinion, the\u00ff conceived of Mr. Adams, and that Env\u00ff, who scarce shall be convert, ma\u00ff openl\u00ff re-echo your prayses, though she detest your Success in Silence is our ardent wish\u2014\nI amused myself  this winter with the works of N.. Machiavel, and believe the time not lost, with I spent in it. Often he is instructif, and many of our modern politicians could learn a great deal of sound reasoning by this so universall\u00ff damn\u2019d Italian\u2014with you, I think, that he rather is inclining to a democratic form of government, than an abetter of an\u00ff other.\nNever I saw Davila\u2014nor the discourses upon it\u2014with both I should desire to peruse\u2014for all\u2014if the last are the Productions of your Excell: however\u2014The author may be, who he will, if your Excellenc\u00ff think them worth m\u00ff attention, be so kind, and procure me them\u2014perhaps they are not of that Bulk, that they cannot be conveyed to Kingston by the post\u2014and there shall always be an oppurtunity of returning them.\nHow do I pity the Poor Louis XVI\u2014at present perhaps beheaded b\u00ff a judgment of a set of unworth\u00ff man!\u2014Petion, I know, is it Danton, Manuel, Robespierre, Condorcet man, who salluttory would have delineated\u2014quicunque impudices, adulter, ganes &c\u2014Our sentiments of the first French constitution were nearly the same, and I am proud enough of flattering myself, that there shall not be a great disparit\u00ff in our opinion on the actual situation of French\u2014Before I often despiseth the King, pitied him, after he carried violently from Versailles, and considered him, after the departure of Fayette as a devoted victim. His conduct was weak, imprudent, perhaps false treacherous his views\u2014and then the loss of the crown was a condigne punishment\u2014but he was not Charles the I\u2014I wish, that the French People may be free, ma\u00ff acquire a sound constitution, and be a mirror and example for other European Nations\u2014but, without such a constitution their seeming gigantic power will crumble in pieces, her present successes will then contribute to its fall, and the Enthusiastic valour will sink so low under true courage, as it was elevated above it at their first distresses\u2014perhaps at the first capital check and a Lieut. Gen. Egalit\u00e9, if his heart and head are better moulded than his Father\u2014the late Duc. D\u2019 Orleans\u2014may become a Monk\u2014God forbids that I should wish it\u2014but all these consequences shall be unavoidable, if the\u00ff cannot get a good Constitution. Not yet I am an adept to their levelling System\u2014yea, I scrupple not to declare, that, to this moment I am unable to form me an idea of the consistenc\u00ff of such a Government upon their principles for 6 \u00ffears\u201424 millions citisens\u2014all free, all equal\u2014and however, some of these as Citisen Philip Eglaite\u2014having large possessions than some millions of his Brother-Citisens sans culottes, and spending in one prodigal dinner more, as would sustain thousands of them for a week!\nIf this produces a serious laugh\u2014a contemtable should come up, if he enticed the secret cabinet of the Ferdinands\u2014the Fredrics\u2014the Willems and Wilhelmina\u2019s\u2014some moments I wish me there, but then it should be as an Public Minister\u2014otherwise I was not safe\u2014Let your frend than rather sta\u00ff on his farm\u2014there is no danger, in working\u2014in improving it\u2014here we are beloved, esteemed, and health and contentment is our lot; this can be made more jo\u00ffful, if the worth\u00ff and the brave honour us with their esteem, if your Excellenc\u00ff disdains not to preserve me that place in his frendship, which I enjoyed before\u2014and in that confidence, I dare venture my respectable complements to Mrs Adams, and am, with the highest considerations of respect and esteem, / Sir! / your Excellency\u2019s most obed. sert. & obliged frend\nFr. Ad. Van der Kemp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1418", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Alexander Hamilton, 14 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nTreasury Department Feby. 14th. 1793\nI have the honor to transmit herewith in further pursuance of the order of the Senate of the 23rd January past, three several statements marked A. B. C\u2014\nA being a general account of Revenue and appropriation; exhibiting on one side all the Income of the United States, except from the proceeds of Loans foreign & domestic; to the end of the year 1792, on the other the respective amounts of all the appropriations which have been made by law to the same period.\u2014\nB being a general account of appropriations and expenditures to the same end of the year 1792. This statement takes up the excess of the appropriations beyond the Expenditure to the end of the year 1791 as contained in the account of receipts and expenditures reported to the house of Representatives during the present Session, and, including all the subsequent appropriations and expenditures to the end of 1792, shews the balance unsatified of each head of appropriation.\nC being an explanatory statement for the purpose of shewing a conformity between the aggregate of the balances of appropriations unsatified and the balance of the Public Income beyond the public expenditure to the end of the year 1792; as represented in the statement B heretofore reported.\u2014\nIt will be observed that the most considerable item among the balances of appropriation is interest on the public debt amounting to 1,395,824 Dollars & 65 cents. This happens in three ways\u2014 1. The interest on the foreign part of the debt has been paid in Europe out of the proceeds of the loans\u2014the sum paid will consequently require to be replaced out of the domestic funds and will operate as if an equal sum had been transferred here by drafts...2d. The payment of interest to certain States upon the difference between this quotas of the assumed debt and the sums subscribed upon the first loan has been suspended in consequence of the opening of the second loan to avoid a double payment of interest, first to the States and next to subscribers; which might otherwise happen.. 3rd. There is a part of the public debt which has continued in a form that has not entitled the holders under the existing laws to receive interest either as subscribers or non subscribers.\nThere are certain arrears of interest on the part of the debt intitled to interest which did not come into the accounts of the year 1792.\nThis balance of interest however will be a real future expenditure as indeed will be the case with regard to most of the other balances of appropriations.\u2014There will be surpluses\u2014but these surpluses cannot exceed, if they equal, the sum mentioned in my letter of the 4th. instant to the house of Representatives.\u2014\nWith perfect Respect / I have the honor to be / Sir / your most obedt Servant\n Alex HamiltonSecy of the Treasy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1421", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Alexander Hamilton, 18 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\nSr\nTreasury Department February 18 1793\nI have the honor to transmit herewith copies of sundry communications lately made to the House of Representatives, containing further information on subjects which appear to have been objects of inquiry before the Senate.\nI add the copy of the Treasurer\u2019s last quarterly account heretofore omitted.\nWith perfect respect / I have the honor to be Sir / Your most Obedient / & humble St\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1423", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Brand Hollis, 18 February 1793\nFrom: Hollis, Thomas Brand\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nChesterfield Street Monday 18 Feb. 1793\nThe bearer of ths letter is the reverend Mr Toulmyn of Devonshire a worthy dissenting minister & an excellent and good man & of abilities loved & esteemed by his congregation in so much that many of them accompany him, in this banishment from his country, from attachment and regard to his principles & upright conduct. his Situation is render\u2019d disagreeable inconvient & dangerous from the severity of the times, persecuting the dissenters as levellers republicans & enemies of the present government, witness the outrages & atrocious acts committed at Birmingham, & prove the falsity of the assertions.The Dissenters have always been the support & friends of the Hanover family at the risque of their lives & fortunes.\nI intreat your assistance & protection for this Gentleman & his companions as wanting your attention & regard.\nI know your disposition will provoke you to every good advice & kind office which will comfort them in their distress & melancholy remembrance of quiting all the charities of fathers brothers relations & friends never to meet more! however the great loss to this country of good valuable men to yours it will be an acquisition of talents virtue & wisdom.\nI am concerned to say it but most probably if these persons find refuge & succeed in their undertaking it will induce others to follow their example to the great detriment of this unhappy country. one of Priestleys sons is established in France another has been obliged to leave a company he was in partnership lest they sould be injured by the connection!\nThe press is much restrained & watched many printers under prosecution for slight ungarded expressions & others for imprudent & foolish words. Such is the state of this country at present how long it will succeed with these principles is uncertain The war probably will not strengthen the hands of government at home but will confirm the convention tho perhaps it may be cemented with some blood.that your happy country may long enjoy liberty wch they have procured for themsleves is my most sincere an earnest prayer & I rejoice that they have evinced that a nation united cannot be conquer\u2019d by Despots.\nI remain Dear Sir with great regard / yours most faithfully\nT Brand Hollis.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1424", "content": "Title: From Library Company of Philadelphia to John Adams, 18 February 1793\nFrom: Library Company of Philadelphia\nTo: Adams, John,United States Senate\n\t\t\t\tTo the Senate of the United States\n\t\t\t\tThe Petition of the Directors of the Library Company of Philadelphia and of the Trustees of the Loganian Library Respectfully ShewethThat annual importations of Books are necessary for the use of the respective institutions committed to their care which by the present revenue Laws of the United States are subject to the same Duties as those imported for sale.That whatever promotes the general extension of literature deserves the countenance and protection of Government, is one of the Maxims of Freedom, and hence in some countries, by active Bounties and in others by exemptions from pecuniary impositions public libraries have been rendered public benefits.\u2014It is only the last mentioned of these favours which your petitioners solicit with the greater confidence from a consideration of the prosperous state of the Revenues and from a persuasion that the Legislature of the Union are sensible that in the encouragement of learning they contribute to the preservation of Liberty and Happiness.\u2014Your petitioners therefore respectfully pray that a Law may be passed exempting from any Duty or Impost Books imported for these and all other similar Institutions.\n\t\t\t\t\tDirectors of the Library Company of Philada.Samuel PowelThomas ParkeWm BinghamJohn KaighnRichard WellsJosiah HewesJoseph PaschallBenjn RushW: RawleMordecai LewisTrustees of the Loganian LibrarySamuel PowelGeo: LoganWm BinghamThomas ParkeRichard WellsJohn KaighnJosiah HewesJoseph PaschallJas Smith jrJames LoganBenjn RushW: RawleMordecai Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1425", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Benjamin Chew, Sr., 19 February 1793\nFrom: Chew, Benjamin, Sr.\nTo: Adams, John\nMr. Chew requests the Honor of Mr. The Vice Presdt. of the United States his Company to Dinner on Tuesday the 19th of February  the  at 4\u2014o\u2019clock. Apology. The favor of an answer is desired.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1428", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Joseph Priestley, 23 February 1793\nFrom: Priestley, Joseph\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nClapton  Feb. 23. 1793\nSuch is the situation of this country, that I fear I shall be too troublesome in recommending to your notice dissenters that are disposed to emigrate and settle on your continent. This letter will be delivered to you by two young men of good character, and fine spirit, the sons of Mr. G. Humphreys, a fellow sufferer with me in theRiot in Birmingham. Many men will also find it necessary to look out for an asylum either in France or with you; and at present America will generally be prefered to France. Two of my sons are in the number, and they will wait upon you in a few months, and if they get a settlement, I shall be happy to follow them. I can give you but an imperfect idea of the violence of the Church and King, parts in the country, especially with respect to myself, who since the death of Dr. Price, am the most anxious of all the dissenters.\nI shall take the liberty to give you a line by my son, and in the mean time subscribe myself, with my best respects to Mrs Adams, / Dear Sir, /  yours sincerely\nJ. Priestly", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1429", "content": "Title: From Commissioners of the Sinking Fund to United States House of Representatives, 25 February 1793\nFrom: Commissioners of the Sinking Fund\nTo: United States House of Representatives\nSir:\nPhiladelphia, February 25, 1793.\nIn pursuance of a resolution of the House of Representatives, bearing date the 19th day of this instant, we lay before them a copy of the journal of our Board, and a statement of the purchases made since our last report to Congress.\nWe have the honor, sir, to be, your most obedient servants,\nJOHN ADAMS,TH. JEFFERSON,ALEXANDER HAMILTON,EDM. RANDOLPHinternal address: \u201cTo the Speaker of the House of Representatives.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1430", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Trumbull, 25 February 1793\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nHartford Feby. 25th. 1793.\nYou will easily believe that none of your Friends rejoice more heartily than myself, in the Decided Majority, which has secured your Re-election. In  spite of calumny, art & intrigue, you have the firm support of Ten States. I congratulate you on the event, but still more congratulate my Country. For nothing can be more favorable to our future prospects than to find, that one of the firmest friends of an efficient government in the states, is so generally supported against all the efforts of Faction, & the exertions of the Demagogues of Anarchy.\nI had the honor of yours of the 31st. Ulto. It contains a hint admirably suited to humorous, & I hope useful Satire. I shall probably make use of it in that way. I have made some enquiries concerning the certainty of the facts, and the nature of the non-descript Animals, which are Satisfactory on both points. I have never written in the Echo. It is the production of some young Geniuses in this vicinity, whom I am pleased to encourage & patronize. The American is wholly mine. I undertook it for the purpose of communicating to the public some important facts, of which they were generally ignorant, at least in their quarter. I have reason to believe the Essays have made some impression. Col. Wadsworth can probably furnish you with all the numbers, if you have not seen them. You may trust him as an open & sincere friend.\nWe hear the Secretary of State is about to resign. Can he no longer \"Ride in the whirlwind and direct the Storm,\" which himself has raised? Or does he hope to return in the more formidable character of a Senator or Representative hereafter? Or has the President been so irritated by the illiberal abuse, which the Faction have, with so little policy, poured out against him, as to hint the propriety of retiring from office?\nHamilton at present appears to triumph over his Enemies. Is there any danger that the next Congress will overthrow any of the present measures of Government. Will even the Leaders of the Opposition dare to vote in Congress in conformity with the virulent attacks, they make in the Gazettes? I was pleased to see, that on the Petition of the late Army, they were left alone on bare ground.\nIn this part of the union, all is Peace, tranquillity & satisfaction. The Citizens & Citesses of Boston, their civic feasts & Liberty-stump, are only matter of merriment. Indeed the Jest is grown stale, and we are already tired with laughing at them.\nYou see Sir, that I have nothing to communicate, & have made this mostly a letter of Enquiry. You will answer as many of my catechetical Questions, as in your Wisdom you shall judge proper\u2014And in the mean time believe me to be with the greatest   / Your most Obedt. Servt.\nJohn Trumbull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1431", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Alexander Hamilton, 27 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nTreasury Department February 27 1793\nI have the honor to transmit herewith at as early a period, as the possession of the necessary returns, have enabled me, sundry statements of the salaries, fees, emoluments, &c of persons holding civil offices under the United States, pursuant to an order of the Senate of the 7th of May last, and to be / with perfect Respect / & Esteem, / Sir / Your Obedt Servt\nAlexander HamiltonSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1432", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Henry Knox, 27 February 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Adams, John\nWar Dept. 27th Feby 1793\nThe Secy for the Dept of War, to whom was referred the resolution of the legislature of Massachusetts, on the Petition of Chas Knowles & others, late regimental pay masters & agents of the State\u2019s quota of the Continental army\nRespectfully Reports,\nThat the report hereunto annexed, was made the 25 day of May 1790, upon the application of some of the petitioners. But it now appears that it is the opinion of the Legislature of Masss., which originally established the compensation, that the petitioners ought to receive a further sum. Upon the fullest investigation of this Subject it appears, that the compensation  actually received was utterly inadequate to the risk, time & trouble of distributing the certificates to the individuals of the Regiments, to which the Petitioners had been attached.\nIf the opinion of the Legislature of Massachusetts should have a decisive weight upon the subject, it would be necessary by law, to authorize such further allowance as should be equal to the Sum of one per cent allowed by the board of Treasury, to the Agents who did not belong to the line of any particular State. But it is highly questionable whether such allowance would not involve applications from all the Agents who received a sum inferior to the said one per cent, formerly allowed by the Treasury.\nIt would seem proper, however, whether any additional allowances be made or not to Agents who heretofore received certificates from the said State, that an allowance should be authorized to Ebenezer Storer, whom the said Legislature represents as not having received any consideration for his services\nAll which &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1433", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Alexander Hamilton, 28 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Adams, John\nSir,\nTreasury Department February 28th. 1793.\nI have the honor to transmit to you a return of the Exports of the United States for one Year ending on the 30th: day of September 1792, exhibiting the Quantity of the various Articles thereof exported to the home dominions, and to the Colonial Dominions of all the foreign Nations with whom the United States have commercial intercourse.\u2014\nI have the honor to be, / With perfect Respect, / Sir\u2014  / Your most Obedient, / and most humble Servant \nAlexander HamiltonSecy of the Treasy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1435", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jonathan Williams, February 1793\nFrom: Williams, Jonathan\nTo: Adams, John\nSir.\nPhiladelphia February 1793.\nThe inclosed memoir has received no other publicity than a reading before the Philosophical Society and a few Copies I had Struck off for particular distribution: I shall think myself honoured by your acceptance of one Copy.\nPermit me also to avail myself of your Influence with the Academy of Arts and Sciences and Humane Society in Boston, to make one acceptable to each of these Institutions, when you return thither.\nI have the honor to be /with perfect Respect & Deference /Sir Your most obedient & /most humble Servant\nJon. Williams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1437", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Jan Willink, 1 March 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Willink, Jan,Willink, Wilhem\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia March 1. 1793\nI have recd your favour of the 19th. of October 1792 informing me that my Number 1026 is entitled to the Premium of one Thousand Guilders. This Sum, together with the amount of all the Coupons inclosed I pray you to ship for me by the first good vessel for Boston, to the address of the Honorable Cotton Tufts Esqr of Weymouth near Boston, either in Spanish or Portugal Gold or in Spanish milled Dollars. Let it be insured however, if you please. There are Coupons of 50 Guilders and of 40 each\nI have also recd your Letter relative to the office of Consul: but I had two years ago interceded with The President in behalf of Mr James Greenleaf. I have nevertheless communicated to The President and to Mr Jefferson our Sentiments on the subject, with Such Recommendations as my Esteem and regard for you naturally dictated. The Inclination here is so strong however, especially in the Senate in favour of native Americans, that I believe Mr Greenleaf whose Character and Connections here are respectable that I believe Mr Gr he will be appointed.\nYour Recommendation of Mr Blake for Falmouth did not reach me, till several Days after the President had nominated Mr Fox, and I had pronounced the advice and Consent of the Senate, to his Appointment. His application therefore was too late.\nWe are in dayly and anxious Expectation of important News from Europe and your opinions of the Probabilities of Peace or War between England and France, and concerning the Part which Holland will take will be very agreable to, Gentlemen / your very humble and obedient / Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1438", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 1 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 1. 1793.\nIn consequence of the information I received from you on the first Wednesday in January that the list of votes for President & Vice President were received at the seat of government from all the states except that of Kentucky, I sent a special messenger to the District judge of Kentucky for the list of the votes of that state lodged in his custody, and by the return of the messenger received yesterday the inclosed letter for you, which he informs me contains the list. I have only to observe that tho\u2019 the term between the first Wednesday of January, and the second Wednesday in February was obviously insufficient at this season for the performance of the journey yet the law made it my indispensable duty to send the messenger.\nI have the honour to be with the most perfect esteem & respect Sir /  Your most obedt. / & most humble sert.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1439", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Sinclair, 2 March 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Sinclair, John\nSir,\nPhiladelphia, March 2. 1793.\nI received the letter you did me the honour to write me last summer, with your projects of a Natural History of Sheep, and a Survey of Scotland.\nYou could not have made a wiser choice. The natural history of that animal, so useful to man, must be very useful as well as very curious: and a detail of particulars relative to your native country, must be interesting to all, but especially to the inhabitants of it.\nYou are apprehensive that you and I shall not meet again, and not without reason. Yet I assure you, a voyage to this country, and a journey through it, might be made in as short a time very nearly as you required for your tour of Europe; and you will find beauty and fame at least, though not much power. This is the only rising country in the world, and it rises with a rapidity that outstrips all calculation. I wonder that travellers are not more inquisitive after it.\nEurope discovers a disposition to try over again the old experiment of elective governments: but they will find that giving them the name of representative governments, will not prevent them from having the same effect upon the emulation and ambition of the human heart which they ever had.\nWe, in this country, enjoy a delicious tranquillity at present, and if your European fermentations should not disturb us, shall continue to be happy.\nIf you, Sir John, will do us the honour to come and see us, you will be treated with a cordial civility, notwithstanding your title; and no man will be more happy to receive you than, Sir, your most obedient and most humble servant,\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1442", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Trumbull, 10 March 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Trumbull, John\nSunday. March 10. 1793\nMr Adams\u2019s regards to Mr Trumbull and asks the favour of his Company to Spend the Evening at Mr David Bulls. As Mr A. must go out in the Morning with the stage he cannot have any other opportunity of seeing Mr Trumbull and he should long regret the necessity of passing through Hartford without it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1443", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Trumbull, 11 March 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Trumbull, John\nMy Dear Friend\nHartford March 11, 17939 o Clock in the Morning.\nI am indebted to Mr. Frederick Bull for keeping a pair of Horses last fall and for storing a Chaise, Harness, Saddle and Bridle for me, through the winter. Inclosed are twenty Dollars, in a Bank Bill which I must beg the favour of you to apply to the payment of his demand.\nAnd will you be so good as to Subscribe The Vice President for the Hartford Paper, and get the Printer to address it to him at Quincy, near Boston.\nWe are on the Point of Departure, and / in haste I wish you a pleasant / Summer, a long life and a wise / and witty Old Age. \nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1445", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Trumbull, 18 March 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Trumbull, John\nDear Sir\nQuincy March 18. 1793\nOn Saturday night, Mr. John Quincy Adams my Son, and no doubt your friend, brought me from Boston your letter of the 25th. of Feb. returned by the Pact. from Philadelphia. I thank you Sir for your friendly congratulations, which with Some others contribute, not a little to animate me, under the dull Aspect of jolting journeys and tedious sessions which in my old Age would otherwise be rather gloomy.\nThe young  Gentn, above named I wish to introduce to your Friendship and Correspondence. He has letterary Talents in Prose and verse, of which if I should express my real opinion I should be Suspected of Partiality. You may employ him to advantage in some of your patriotic Designs.\u2014I have no Small Desire to See the Use you make of the hint as you call it. The American I hope will persue in his own time and in his own way,  he cannot fail to do genl. great good is come into  this State already from Hartford.,\nThe Secretary of State, I am inclined to think will not resign. Hamilton has hitherto tryumphed over his Ennemies, and will continue to do so: nor is there any danger that the next Congress will overturn any of the present measures of Government. The Leaders in opposition will dare to vote as they please because they know they shall be in a minority: but if they Saw they were to be responsible for overturning a system which has so fecklessly procured so Brilliant a Prosperity, they would shrink with terror from the danger of it. These are my humble opinions\u2014valiant, quantum value support.\nI left a Letter for you with Mr. Daniel Ball in which I requested you to have my name subscribed for the Hartford Paper\u2014I now request to subscribe for both the papers, that which contains the Echo and that which contains the American. I should be glad to have Sent to my Son in Boston for me, all the Echoes and all The Americans; These Productions have been now read and have had a greater effect in this state than I was aware of. The Epistle to the Echo was written by the youth whom I just now recommend to your Patronage. He is rising into Business at the Bar and into fame in the letterary World, if not in the political, though I fear that in this he will too soon be conspicious. Politicks are bred in his bone. His Father when he begot him, had I dare say, some Political Project in his head, though he was never a Politician.\nI am commencing my Agricultural Career for the season in which I shall have as much Pleasure as all your Law, Politicks, Wit and Fame will procure you though not so much profit. It is very fortunate for me that I have a little farm and that I love it ardentlly for without both, I shall soon Sink under the Weight of dull Care.\nAdieu, may the Muses be propitious and /  the Temple of Themis productive. \nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1446", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 19 March 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nDear Sir\nQuincy, near Boston March 19. 1793\nYour letter of the 9. ult. has been a circuit to Philadelphia and returned to me, only on Saturday last. Your friendly Congratulations, on a late Re election, are very obliging. I am as well as you, and have been these Eighteen years a Friend of Governor Clinton: but, although I feel no Resentment at his consenting to stand a Candidate for the office I held, I cannot but regret that he yields his Name and Influence, in so many other particulars, to a Faction, who are in opposition to the national Constitution as well as Administration: and whose Notions of Government can produce nothing but Anarchy if their Weakness was not happily an Antidote to their pernicious tendency.\nI know not that your time could have been better employed than in reading Machiavel, whose Writings contain a great deal of Wisdom, though it is unfortunately mixed with too much Wickedness. His abominable Maxims are in no danger of perverting your principles. The French have adopted his Maxim that it is necessary to destroy a numerous nobility, when the design is to introduce a free Government, but their Example has not converted me to a faith in his Doctrine. I think they will repent of it.\nDavila is an Italian Historian of the civil Wars of France at the Time of the Reformation: The Discourses may afford you some Amusement: but I have not a set of them in my Possession, nor in my power. The General sentiments are very similar to that of the Defense of the American Constitutions. The drift of them seems to be to shew the Necessity of a Balance in a free Constitution, from the Principle of Emulation which is natural to Man, which is universal in every Man, and which is the source of so many Virtues and so many Vices. Emulation will forever divide every Nation into two Parties, the strongest of which will always tyrannize, over the Weakest if the Constitution does not provide a third Power to mediate between them. The Clamour which has been raised against those Discourses is as foolish and as groundless as many other Clamours.\nThe French Revolution is every day furnishing the World with fresh Proofs of the Necessity of Checks and Ballances. Unlimited Power is as dangerous in many as in one. Divine Vengeance will mark with horror the People, who in this enlightened Age, will in spight of Reason and Experience, persist obstinately in their crude projects of Simple Governments of any sort. I have no Idea of any greater Wickedness, than an Attempt to govern Societies by single assemblies. France will be a shambles of Carnage till she gets cured of this wicked and stupid Fanaticism.\nI have no personal Obligations to the King of France: on the Contrary he suffered his Name to be used, by his Minister Virgennes and his base flatterer Franklin, to my Destruction if it had been in his or their Power. I am nevertheless deeply sensible of his Friendship to my Country, and every Vein of my heart Sympathizes with him and his Family in their afflictions.\nThe national Convention of France, have given a Testimony to my Integrity and Penetration, which I never expected to see and which I will indulge the Vanity of boasting of. \u201cThe United States of America will hardly credit it; the support which the ancient French Court had afforded them to recover their Independence was only the Fruit of base Speculation; their Glory offended its ambitious Views, and the Ambassadors bore the criminal orders of stopping the Career of their Prosperity.\u201d This Paragraph of the official Letter to the President of the United States is a Panegyric upon me and a Satyr upon Franklin which few Americans will understand, and many well endeavour to suppress. The Virginia Faction will understand this too well, to allow it to be digested by Americans, if they can prevent it.\nMy Family joins in kind regards to you and yours\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1447", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Tench Coxe, 5 April 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPhilada. April 5th. 1793.\nTho I suppose that some recent arrivals in the ports at S.E. of Philadelphia will give you the conformation of the report of war between G Britain & France I do myself the honor to mention to you the foundation on which it rests here.\nA Philada. ship arrived yesterday from Lisbon, when the Captn. Saw in the hands of Mr John Balkely, our principal American house, a letter from Mr. Fenwick the consul of the U.S at Bordeaux informing him that France had declared war against Britain, Holland & Russia. A British packet was missing & was supposed to be taken. Forty sail of French Vessels were fitting out with arms &ca. intended as was supposed for privateers.\nFrom Norfolk a paper has been recd. which contains an official order of L. Greenville to M. Chairvelin  to depart from G Britain in eight days. The enclosed paper  containing it.\nA letter from J. Eustatias states that the writer (a well known Merchant) had recd. advices from London of the 7th. July  by which it appeared that Mr. Chairvelin had recd. orders from the Government of France to depart from England without taking leave unless he should be immediately recd. in quality of \"Minister of the French Republic\" by the Court of London\u2014\nThere seems to be no doubt therefore of a war between France & Britain.\u2014\nA circumstance of very great importance is often beenthe subject of private Conversations here at this  time. It is remembered by some that it was mentioned at some past time, that the U.S., either entertaining ideas of commencing hostilities against Britain to regain the ports, or apprehending that their tenureof Reports might, in some way, produce a war, instructed their minister to confer with the french Government on the subject of the Guarrantee of our possessions & of the french Islands, which the treaty of Alliance contains: or that our minister at the Court of France had in some way manner a conference on the subject of that guarrantee with the Count de Vergennes in such way as to bring up to him this Question\u2014\"If the U.S. in the course of the measures they may adopt to obtain the posts should be involved in a war with Britain will France consider herself bound by the Article of guarrantee to join in the war. It is said the answer was in the Negative. I do not mean, Sir, to affirm any thing about this important fact, but I take the liberty to ask of you confidentially or otherwise, as you may think proper, such information as you possess in relation to this story\u2014I conclude that if there be truth in it, you must have knowledge of it in some way or another\u2014\nI think the general wish of the people in this quarter is for peace. The friends of war are not many at this time nor are they earnest. The friends of peace are very numerous, decided, in general temperate, in some instances vehement. The Presidents instructions are that no letter be sent him to be recd. later than the 15th. instant at Mount Vernon\u2014We expect him on the 20th.\nWe have no news yet of Mr. Genest, but he is hourly expected\u2014\nWhat can be said in case of an Attack on the french Islands & a requisition to perform the obligations the french may consider as incidental to their guarrantee of men.\nWhat will be said by Britain & Holland if we permit french privateers, with prizes taken from those nations, to be brought into our ports as the treaty of commerce seems to render probable, and if we refuse to British & Dutch privateers the same privilege, which the treaty appears to restrain us from granting to them.\nShould the course of the morning produce any further intelligence, I shall not fail to add it to this letter\u2014\nWith great Respect, I have the honor / to be, Sir, / your most obedient / & most humble Servant\u2014\nTench CoxeAnother account from Lisbon says that war was declared by France at Paris on the 8th. of Feb. against Britain Russia, & Holland & that an embargo had been previously laid on all British, Russian & Dutch Vessels in the French ports\u2014The war is considered as certain.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1448", "content": "Title: To John Adams from William MacCreery, 5 April 1793\nFrom: MacCreery, William\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nParis 5 April 1793\nI address\u2019d a few lines to you from Nantes in Februrary last, informing you the object of my present voyage & future intentions. The events which have since taken place in consquce. of the war becoming general in Europe, and a civil War kindled in this Country, renders the prosecution of my plan not only difficult, but dangerous\u2014for altho\u2019 I have not heard of the least violence offered to any traveller, I should not like to risk being in a village or Country place when an insurrection has or is likely to take place.\nThe various plans formd during the Winter by the friends of the old government, have commenced their operation for some weeks past\u2014every thing seem\u2019d favorable to them\u2014their schemes in Brittany were deep & well formed\u2014Dumourier carried on his plott without suspicion\u2014the Nation was much out of humor with the Convention for many unjust & unwise acts that they had made, particularly in prosecuting a foreign War\u2014in putting the King to Death, in suffering the crimes of the 2 & 3d Septr. to go unpunished\u2014& in delaying so long the main object of their mission viz\u2014the formation of a new constitution\u2014In this Capital the antirepublicans are extremely numero\u2014usand at this moment they are certain that Dumourier & the Austrians will have possession of it in eight Days\u2014that the English will make a decent in Brittany & complete the counter-revolution in that quarter\u2014& in short, that the Republic is at an end.\nNotwithstanding all this, I am of opinion that Dumourier will be defeated in his plan\u2014& that the insurrection in Brittany will in a short time be entirely done away\u2014In support of the latter opinion I have this moment recd. a letter from my Friend Mr. Dobree of Nantes, who is by no means a man of either a sanguine or sanguinary Character, & I shall quote you a paragraph of his letter dated the 30 March. \"Our National Guard is all spirit, and altho\u2019 continually on foot shews the greatest activity & courage; be assured that we shall get over all this\u2014we want help, & altho\u2019 not a neighbour is yet come to our relief, if put to the shift we will do without them.\" This revolt of the Peasants is owing to the imigrants, nobles & clergy, who have (cheifly the latter) introduced themselves privately into the Country this last Winter, & wrought up their minds to that state of enthusiasm which has rendered them so formidable. That this Country will long remain a Republic is with me a matter of some doubt\u2014but that it will be brought back to the old form, which is the wish & aim of a great many here, is what I can not think possible\u2014In which ever manner they chuse to Govern themselves, I hope we as a Nation will always be in amity with them\u2014And altho\u2019 it be our mutual interest that we remain neuter, I hope no other power may be permitted tacitly to prevent us from bringing the produce of our Soil into these Ports\u2014Depend upon it that a commerce with this country may at all times be extremely advantageous to our citizens\u2014& particularly at this moment, when our wheat, flour, Rice Tobo., Indigo, Fish, Oil, Whalebone & Pottash bear some double, some trebble their former Prices, & the french Goods are none of them raised more than half of that proportion. I also wish that the Citizens of this Country were permitted a free intercourse with us\u2014At this moment if that was the case, all the Vessels we coud send here woud be fill\u2019d with men & merchandise\u2014& mostly active good Citizens, fond of peace & industry.\nHerewith I send you some news papers, having accidentally met with a Gentleman bound to Philada.\nWith sentiments of much respect & sincere attachment / I remain / Dear Sir / Your very Obt Servt\nWill MacCreery", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1450", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Tench Coxe, 16 April 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPhilada. April 16. 1793\nI had lately the honor to write you a letter on a point, which continues  to be interesting.\nWe are now certainly to expect the Arrival of the new french Minister in a very short time, and it is a matter of consequence to our peace, that we should get through the business which he may bring up in consequence of the present State of things in Europe without differences. It would oblige me very much and could not but serve the Untied States, if you would be so kind as to communicate to me your general ideas on the present State of things, and your cautionary ideas on particular points, which appear to you of more or less danger. The Spirit of the Treaties with the French, the circumstances under which they were made, any cotemporary important facts, the manner in which any point or points have been subsequently explained, viewed or acted upon by France, the effect of their revolutional measures upon the Treaties according to the established law of Nations & the authorities on which opinions on this last point are grounded\u2014particularly the French Writers, are matters on which it would highly oblige me, Sir, if you would favor me with your Sentiments. They shall be either confidential or otherwise as you shall be pleased to desire. It is of great importance that they should be possessed by the time of Mr. Genests arrival\u2014\nWe have not any further intelligence in relation to matters in Europe except that the state of Ireland is explained by some late arrivals here. The Catholics, it is said, are much composed by the resolutions of Mr. Hobart, but the other dissenters, those in the North, are yet warm for a reform of the commons so as to let them in completely, for an abolition of the Corporation &  test acts, and for admission to the Judiciary\u2014\nProduce, ships, and freights are much advanced by the war in Europe, and there are great appearances of valuable emigrants with money and arts\u2014\nMrs. Adams will do me the honor of accepting my most respectful Compliments.\nI have the Honor to be, sir, /your most obedient /& most humble Servant\nTench Coxe\nA letter from Canada indicates that Lord Dorchester is incomplete.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1451", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Allyne Otis, 17 April 1793\nFrom: Otis, Samuel Allyne\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPhilada. April 17th 1793\nI suppose by this time sober hill is in great glory, at least if your spring has been forward in any measure as ours has.  And when we compare our peaceful Towns & happy villages with the garrisons & wasted fields of Europe we ought to bless God who has divided us by 1000 leagues of water.  But the question occurs will this distance from that great awful & distressed Theatre of human misery & carnage prevent our embroiling ourselves in their quarrels? I think it will.  I think there is a spirit of neutrality predominant as well in our government as our people.  Indeed if a new French minister comes with new & strange requisitions from France we may be perplexed; but never can be so destitute of prudence as to engage.  Pressed with a heavy debt incurred in the late war, & burdened with a present Indian war, we may we must be excused. And tis reported here I don\u2019t know  with what truth that Mr Pickney has declared the determination of the U States to remain in a state of neutrality. All persons with whom I converse seem of opinion that we shall act the wise part by such conduct.\nThe people of the US are generally shockd at the murder of Lewis 16th.  I really supposed you would turn out not a true prophet, when you predicted that Egaulite will would be so bloody.  Is thy servant a dog that he should do this great wickedness? Yes.\u2014He\u2019s a d\u2014P\u2014  But I want words to express my abhorrence of such a set of miscreants\u2014And a day is coming when the solemn question will sound like thunder in their ears \u201cHad  Zimri peace who slew his master?\u201d  Yes \u201cthere is some chosen curse red with uncommon wrath,\u201d ready to fall on this wicked nation.  But I gladly turn my eyes from so deplorable a prospect and Felicitate you upon the peaceful & flourish state of our own Country.  The President returned this day from mount Vernon, he ask\u2019d after you & family.  Looks quite young & easy.  Says the Country looks finely &c.  I cannot find any probability of a Congress before the time appointed by Constitution.  Which I presume you do not regret.\nSo Mr G made no head against the golden calf\u2014I am of opinion Aaron fell in with the natural propensities of human nature in general as well as that of the circumcised race in particular.  We find mankind in all ages setting up these images, and crying, Here are thy Gods!\u2014There\u2019s a mystery however in this business\u2014Unless the unanimity is from an intention  in Tommys or George\u2019s friend, to keep every other candidate from view. Your son enjoys a good share of health, tho we do not see him so often as we wish.  I sent you by water to the care of my son a copy of the journals and laws of the last Session.  I will as usual deliver any copies called for by your order\u2014I presume you have the papers regularly or I will transmit them.\nThe Treasury find it a more facile method of business to have my Clerks accts made out quarterly, I have accordingly made up Robt  Heyshams and John Otis accounts to 31st March inclusive, which shall thank you to sign and return to me, having advanced them the money.  Mrs Otis joins me in kind rememberances to yourself Lady & family.  I am / Sir / your most huml Sert\nSam. A. Otis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1452", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jan Willink, 22 April 1793\nFrom: Willink, Jan,Willink, Wilhem\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nAmsterdam 22d April 1793\nThe Secretary of State having requested us to forward to him a Note of the several payments which we have made on Account of the United States, by the directions of their several Ministers and other Agents in Europe, we accordingly furnish him with the same, and as many of the said payments were made by Order of your Excellency for which we have no receipts, we have particularized each of that description in the Margin of the said Note, and we herewith hand your Excellency a List thereof, that you may, if neccessary, explain to the Secretary the purposes for which the said Sums were received, which will be a justification sufficient for us\u2014\nWe had the honor to inform your Excellency on the 19 October last that Your obligation No. 1026 was drawn a prize of, & we now Credit you for the same, say for\n-- \u01921000..0..0And also for 4 coupons each \u019250}due March last350..0..0Being in all to yr Exls. Credit\u2014\u01921350..0..0And we Debit you for an obligationin the Loan of 1st June of 4 per CentSay  No. 428\u2014at 96 per Ct..\u2014\u0192960..0\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014P Mo: Interest26..13\u2014In all to your Excells. Debit\u0192986.13. 0Of all of which you will be pleased to take due note, We shall be at all times happy to shew ourselves with sincere Esteem / Sir Your mo: obedt. & hble Servt.\nWilhem & Jan Willink", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1453", "content": "Title: From John Adams to George Washington, 24 April 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nQuincy April 24. 1793\nCaptain Johnof Harvard in the Massachusetts, has been recommended to me, by so many respectable characters, and in such handsome terms, that I cannot refuse his request of a Line to the President of the United States in his favour. He has the merit of long and early Services, though he is said to have been lately unfortunate. As his application is entirely out of my Department, and to a Judge of his Pretentions both accurate and impartial I wish this Address from me, like all other in Similar Cases, to be considered, as entirely Submitted to the Wisdom of the President to whom I have the honor to be, /  with the highest Esteem and the Strictest attachment /the most humble & obedient servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1454", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Tench Coxe, 25 April 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Coxe, Tench\nDear Sir\nQuincy April 25, 1793\nI have received your Favours of April the 5th and 16th upon Subjects of great moment.\nThe Instruction of Congress which you mention to their Minister at Versailles I dont remember to have Seen. Some Account of it and of the Comte de Virgennes\u2019s answer to it, I once had: but as both the Instruction and the Answer are perfectly known to the Secretary of State and consequently will be known to the President I must be excused from relating from Memory Such a private Consultation at Such a distance of time. Indeed I think the Anecdote of no Consequence, except for the Purposes of mere Popularity. The great Questions of American Policy, respecting the Reception of Mr Genet and the fulfillment of the Treaty may be determined upon Principles more Solid and indisputable.\nThe Question you bring into view concerning the Reception of Mr Genet, can be decided only by the President. I have no Constitutional Voice in it. I therefore protest against taking any side in it or having my name or opinions quoted about it. Whatever I write must be in Confidence.\nA Sovereign Nation, whether represented by an hereditary King or an Elective President, is not obliged to receive a public Minister from any, but another Sovereign Nation. The Question is whether the National Convention, when they appointed Mr Genet were entrusted by the Nation with its Sovereign Authority? Whether they were empowered to destroy the Monarchy and put to Death the Monarch? There is now at least a Pretender to the Throne in the Person of Louis the 17th. under the Regency of Monsieur. Is it certain that the Nation are on the side of the assembly, or of Louis the 17th under the regency of Monsieur? If this is certain in the Mind of the President, he will decide accordingly.\nThe American Ministers Franklin, Deane and Lee, waited from December 1776 to February 1778 unreceived, unacknowledged, in Obscurity, at Paris. The American Minister at the Hague, waited from the 19th of April 1781 to the 19th of April 1782 before he was acknowledged. Where then is the Necessity of haste? To decide this question a Man should read over our Treaties with Holland, Prussia, and England as well as that with France, and consider that all these are belligerent Powers and that We have obligations to fullfill towards them all. He should also have before him all the Dispatches from Mr Morris, Mr Pinkney Mr Short Mr Charmichael and Mr Humphries. None of these have I seen. The Reception or Delay of receiving Mr Genet, will lead to Political Consequences, of immense magnitude which no Man can pretend to foresee. Are We to go to War with Germany Prussia, Holland England, Spain, Portugal and Italy added to Louis the 17th and his Regent Monsieur, because Monsieur Egalite, or the Mountain, or Mr Paine or Mr Condorcet would have us? Where is our Trade to go? all to France? and all to be taken?\nA Neutrality, absolute total Neutrality is our only hope. As to the Warranty of the West Indies, and the Articles excluding the Enemies of France from our Ports, reading is not necessary to instruct us what to do. If you wish to read you may look into Vattell and the Abby de Mablys Principles of Negotiation: but it cannot be necessary to be very learned.\nTreaties always Suppose, that the State of Things in both Nations will remain nearly the same, and the Interests of both Parties not essentially changed: not that one Party will turn the World upside down. any total Change of Interests made by the Act of God, or by the Act of one of the Parties will discharge the other from all moral obligation to fullfill the Treaty. Was it Suspected by Martal, when our Treaty was made with France that she could ever treat her Islands as she has done and declare War as one against all the Maritime Powers, and thereby render it impossible for us to fullfill the Warranty, or for her to preserve the Islands.\nIt is to me a mere Question of Fear: are We afraid to offend the Mountain? I own I am: but at the same time I confess I am afraid to offend Louis 17th and his Friends & allies. These Ideas are committed to your inviolable Secrecy. I expect they will not be regarded, and that our imprudent Country must be Saved by Interpretations of Providence, against the Effects of her own Enthusiasm.\nI am, Sir with much Esteem\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1455", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Trumbull, 27 April 1793\nFrom: Trumbull, John\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nHartford April 27th. 1793\nI enclose to you, Frederic Bull\u2019s Account & Receipt. It was with difficulty, & not till I had called on him four or five times, that I could persuade him to exhibit it. He said he had no account against you, & did not want any of your money. He was irritated by the stories told him by Mr. Pease, the Post-rider, who called on you for payment at Philadelphia. It seems that Pease thought You did not treat him with all that attention, deference & respect, which in these times of equality, are certainly due from a Vice President to a Post-rider\u2014and made his report accordingly. Bull\u2019s Account is charged extravagantly high. But he insisted on receiving all or nothing\u2014I thought it best to pay it, to avoid further altercation with a Man of so peculiar a temper.\nI have not yet been able to procure a set of the Echos\u2014The Painter keeps only one set of this News-papers, which he binds in a most unportable volume. However I imagine you must have seen most of those, that related to Political subjects\u2014for the Writers have often echoed the most trivial & insignificant productions.\nYou have probably seen in Hudson & Goodwin\u2019s Paper, a political Essay, entitled, The Versifier. This is written by my Friend, the Doctor, who accompanied me in my Journey to Philadelphia. He is a Writer of the most excentric Genius, but many of his political productions have had very important effects on the policy of the of this State. If you have received Fenno\u2019s Gazette regularly, you must have seen what use has been made of the hint, concerning a certain extraordinary kind of Chickens. The piece must, I think, have some effect, as it has attracted so much notice, as to be reprinted in other Papers.\nWe boast that Mankind are governed by reason\u2014but I consider it as the greatest of all possible mistakes. Men chuse their Party & form theie resolutions, by the influence of their Passions, their feelings, their Interests, or their connections. After this, they employ their reasoning powers in inventing arguments to vindicate their conduct, & justify their choice. Statesmen, Orators, & poets, all address themselves to the passions of mankind\u2014to their irritability, their pride, their fears, & their superstition. An affecting incident will often be of more consequence, than forty laboured Essays. The Death of Louis, the most humane & benevolent, tho\u2019 far enough from being the greatest or wisest of the Kings of France (for had he been either he would have avoided his fate) will for a time have more effect to prevent Americans from adopting the whims of Democratic distraction, than all your Volumes of mathematical demonstration on the Subject of Government\u2014And it will be sometime before you have another civic feast at Boston.\nSatirists apply to the feelings of Indignation & contempt, which last might without impropriety be called a passion, as its effects are as sudden, as violent, & more permanent than those of fear or anger. Shall I own to You, that when I could divest myself of the vanity of an Author, & consider myself only as one of the human race, & so liable to my average of general degradation in the scale of Beings, I have been mortified & ashamed at the success of some of my own satirical productions, as well as those written by others. I have often seen that a well-timed stroke of humor against a measure proposed, or a lucky burlesque nickname fixed on an influential man, have had more effect in destroying the influence of the man, or preventing the success of the measure, than if all the reason ever bestowed on mankind had been distilled in an alembic into Alchohol, & given in proper doses to the Legislature, or the People.\nI had the pleasure of receiving your Son, on his return from Europe, when he called on me at Hartford. I was much pleased with his observations on the policy & literature of the countries, in which he had travelled, & thought him a Son, altogether worthy of such a Father. If you have half as good an opinion of Yourself, as you Great Folks commonly have, You will know how to appreciate the value of this Compliment. The Poem addressed to the Authors of the Echo, was noticed by us all, as composed in a Style & taste, very much Superior to the general cast of American, & especially Bostonian Poetry. For if we may judge from their publications, a fondness for the most inflated Bombast, both in prose & poetry, distinguishes the taste of your Citizens, from those of any other populous Town, in the United States. I am sure no Editor of a Magazine or News-paper, in Connecticut, New York, or Philadelphia, would disgrace his press, by the publication of such frothy nonsense, as at Boston, is often printed & applauded. Your Son may do very great service among them, not only by correcting their false opinion of Politics, but by altering their ridiculous taste in Literature. I shall be happy in improving any future opportunities of cultivating his acquaintance, and continuing what I may call an Hereditary Friendship, to which you will please to inform him, that I conceive I have a legal Title.\nI have been very much out of health for several weeks, from turns of a bilious Cholic, attended by a low, irregular fever, which for a great part of the time, has confined me to my house. But I have no right to complain of being an Invalid. A Boy who had no more sense than to learn to read at two years of age, began to make rhymes at four, Study Virgil, Tully, Horace, Homer, the Greek testament, & enter as a Member of the University at seven, & spend all his days afterwards in a studious & sedentary way, employing all the intervals from his professions business in reading and scribbling Poetry & Politics, must expect to be an Old Man at Forty. I am rather better at present, & mean next week to set out on a journey to the Springs at New Lebanon. If I find riding of service, I shall probably continue it thro\u2019 the Summer\u2014& I wish to pay a visit to my Friends in & near Boston, where I have not been Since the Year 1781\u2014But in the present state of my health, I can promise nothing, & must depend on future contingences.\nI hope Mrs. Adams has recovered from her illness, & request you to present to her my best wishes & Compliment\u2014I need not assure You with what Respect I am / Your most Obedt. Servant\nJohn Trumbull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1456", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Tench Coxe, 6 May 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPhilada. May 6 1793\nI have this moment the honor of your letter of the 25th. Ultimo the Subject of which shall be treated as you direct. It is however very satisfactory to me to know your sentiments. My Judgment is that we may honorably avoid the evil of engaging. My hopes are that we shall. Yet I am not without fears of the reverse, from feelings, accident & ingenuity all of which offord chances against us\u2014No Country was ever more interested to maintain peace & avoid war by the good which the one, and the fatal ills which the other must produce.\nOur advices from Europe are most serious, but as they come thro New York they will reach your seat before this letter can\u2014The counter-revolution is not believed, but the dissasters to the french Arms receive a considerable degree of Credit.\nMr. Noailles, Mr. Tallon (both of the late constituant assembly) and about 140 other passengers, gentlemen tradesman &ca\u2014have arrived in our three last regular British Traders, some of them persons of considerable property\u2014the fruits of peace\u2014\nMr. Genet is not arrived from Charleston. We have some doings in that quarter, which are not yet understood. They may be less unpleasing perhaps when explained\u2014\nThe post just going admits only of my assuring you Sir, of the perfect respect\u2014with which I have the honor to be / Sir, / your most obedient / & most humble Servt.\nTenche Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1457", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Tench Coxe, 9 May 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPhilada May 9. 1793\nI had the honor to write to you very hastily by the post following the receipt of your letter. I was entirely unacquainted with the degree in which the present state of things might have been formerly brought before you, but having heard the point mentioned (on which I took the liberty to ask your recollection) it appeared to be of so much consequence, that I was very anxious to know whether it had ever come in your way. My having recd. the letter you did me the honor to write, upon that (or any other matters mentioned in it) is known only to myself and in pursuance of your directions will continue so. It is very extraordinary, that it has not yet been found practicable to ascertain what did occur.\nMr. Ganet is not yet arrived, but he must be very soon here. My opinion is that he will be received, at least as Minister from the Government de facto, and that the Treaty is likely to be considered as in force notwithstanding any alterations which may have taken place in France, and the suggestions founded on actual alterations in the situations of contracting parties. These things I beg leave however to express confidentially and with no decision. The Sentiments of those who have conferred upon the last of these subjects probably are not the same. I should suppose numbers were as nearly divided as the Case will admit\u2014I only conjecture.\nMr. Fallon, late Atty. Genl. of France under the old Government, Visct. Noailles, two other respectable french Emigrants & the Son of an eminent German physician in London have landed here from that city. They hold a large property: it is said 3,000,000 livres, and they say if they like the footing of property and other appearances of things here they mean to remain. Noailles\u2019s accounts, as I understand confidentially, are that the U.S. are highly appreciated by the Government of Britain in a military and civil view\u2014and that they are desirous of our remaining at peace. The English are much so here, as far as one can judge from appearances. We have no Symptoms yet of any popular desire or expectation of our engaging, in France\u2014It is possible Mr. Genet may have some arrangements to propose, that may tend to unite the two countries more closely, and may produce inconvenient Jealousies in Britain; Spain; Holld. and Portugal. But disordered as things are in the civil line, if the military affairs of France wore a brighter face, we cannot desire a closer connexion. Indeed my personal opinion is against close connexions, of any kind & with any Nation, which do not result from the natural Current of the business of the day, or some actual political necessity in our affairs.\nI wish to see this extensive country find itself more & more together in the present moment, and particularly that it should put itself into good order for internal industry, and resource\u2014You will find, Sir, in the enclosed Gazette a little sketch of a plan calculated to that End, which I prepared about the time of Col. Smiths arrival, being convinced from his accounts that the peace of Europe was at an End. Tho I did not and do not at this time, fear that we shall engage, yet it appeared adviseable to extend the reflexions to that Contingency. I have sent a copy to Mr. Ames with a request that he will get it published in Boston. The Exemplification in Pennsylvania was to give it more point and a chance of being carried into execution. I am told Watertown in Massachusetts is well adapted to such a plan\u2014also Taunton & the falls of Merrimack, to each of which I have procured copies to be conveyed.\u2014\nWe have a rumor of the Capture of Tobago by the British. If so Mr. Genet\u2019s ground of requisition will be extended\u2014I do not wish this report mentioned however, as fame seems to have more false Tongues than usual.\nI have the honor to be with perfect Respect, Sir, / your most obedient / & most humble Servant\nTenche CoxeThe Capture of Tobago is confirmed, and is generally believed to have taken place.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1458", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Elie Vallette, 9 May 1793\nFrom: Vallette, Elie\nTo: Adams, John\nSir,\nBaltimore May 9th: 1793.\nWhen I had the Honor of presenting you the Voice of Maryland on your late re-election to the Vice Presidency of the United States, I neglected to avail myself of that oppertunity to effect what was a principal inducement to go to Philadelphia. My object Sir was an appointment as Clerk in the Treasury Department. Fate has at an early age given me the Duties of a Son, Brother, Husband, & father to discharge, and as the Indulgence of my Private affections do not Constitute the whole of my wishes, but accuated also by a Principle to exercise the Public, you will at once Judge how mortifying my Situation must be, when I tell you I am incapable of doing either. Unhappily bereaved of a tender & worthy father at an age when Education could not be applied. I am left with that Scanty portion that falls to the Lott of the Unfortunate.\u2014But having been brought up under a Merchant eminent in his profession, I hope I may be found equal to the task I sollicit. Some advantages I have also derived from having been employed in Several offices in the State, one of which I am now employed in, namely the Supervisors, but from the small Salary annexed to it, I am desirous of seeking in Philadelphia, what I cannot find here  If with and If these qualifications & Testimonials of Good Conduct will procure your friendship so far as to mention me to the Commissioner of the Revenue or where else you may chose to apply, you will do an inexpressable Kindness & be the means of making more than one happy. I am not ignorant of the liberty I am using, but so many powerfull reasons impells me to take it. Penury staring me in the face, friends falling off, these with tenthousand Circumstances incident to the unfortunate makes me wave the Impropriety & trust to your known Benevolence.\u2014If you deign to Reply, I shall receive your letter either under Cover to the Supervisor of the State, George Gale Esqr. or myself.\nI have the Honor to be / With the greatest Respect & Esteem / sir. / Yr. Very Ob Servt.\nElie Vallette", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1459", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jan Willink, 10 May 1793\nFrom: Willink, Jan,Willink, Wilhem\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nAmsterdam 10 May 1793\nWe had the pleasure to address you the 22 Ulto. advising the purchase of an obligation of  4 per Ct. for the premium drawn on yr. obligation, we have now before us your esteemed favor of 1 March by whch. you desire to have the Amount forwarded in gold or Spanish dolls to Boston, with the discount of the coupons you enclose 22 instead of 21 as you mention of 50.\u0192 and 20 of 40\u0192 each.\nwe shall credit you for the Coups: and remit by a ship sailing in Short for Boston the ballance of y/a as we cannot suppose as the money is invested in that oblign you Should Wish to resell it, if this is yr intention on your mentioning it we shall effectuate it.\nYou\u2019ll remember that the first installment of the Loan of 1782 was to be discharged the 1st. of June and among the numbers drawn for it have been twenty of yours Viz No. 3003 to 5, 3009 & 20, 3021 to 24, 3028a 30 No. 3048 to  28 No 3041 to 48 but as the million is prolongated (whch. we Are happy to bring abt. by these times) for 10 yrs: at the same intrest with faculty to the Und: St. to discharge it every year after previous notice is given in due time by newspapers, we have also prolonged yours in order to secure you the continuance of intrest; but as the discharges follow now every year, we Leave you to consider, whether it would not be proper to send us your obligs & orders when drawn out & discharged  the money.\nWe are much obliged for yr. friendly behaviour, and have Learnt the appointment of Consul of Mr Greenleaf with pleasure, as we thought one was necessary for the benifit of yr Country for whch. prosperity we entertain the best wishes, we are sorry the application for Mr Lake came too late.\nit is not likely the Prussians will easily carry  Mayence, and the french defend their frontiers very well, sometimes with advantage sometimes with disadvantage, it is killing many men, and much bitterness on each side, if they should succeed to drive the Austrians from Braband, we should again be exposed, and before this quarrel is decided our trade will be in Stagnation, if we are not mistaken we have reason to beleave french by a separate peace would draw England & us from the Ligue, but we suppose it will not succeed at present. We wish your flag may be vigorously supported by any attempt of france or England  a declaration of such an intention  prove very proper to preserve the confederation in its neutrality, since it is spread some lines of some risks it will run by one or other of said powers.\nif what we cannot suppose probable your Country should  party you\u2019ll inform us.\nWe salute You and remain most sincerily / Sir Yr most Obed Servants,\nWilhem & Jan Willink", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1460", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Joseph Priestley, 12 May 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Priestley, Joseph\nDear Sir.\nQuincy near Boston May 12. 1793\nI have received your kind Letter of Feb: 23, by the Messrs. Humphreys, and shall have the pleasure this Day of receiving those young Gentlemen at Dinner as I hope. They may succeed very well in this Country I doubt not.\nYour Sons I shall be very glad to see and although it would give me great personal pleasure to see you in America, yet I cannot but think your removal would be a great loss to the philosophical and literary world.\nI regret very much the inconveniences the Dissenters experience and am not very well able to account for the violent attachment in the People of England to the Establishment of the Church, yet I neither wonder nor censure their attachment to the monarchical part of their Constitution: because I am convinced by a chain of Facts, authorities and reasonings that appear to me equivalent to a mathematical Demonstration, that both their Liberties and Prosperity would be totally destroyed by the Destruction of it, and I had rather see the whole body of Dissenters in the three kingdoms driven over to America, where they would be kindly received and infinitely happier than they ever can be in England than that the sublime and beautiful fabric of the English Constitution in three Branches should be lost out of Europe to whose Liberties it is essential.\nI am, Dear Sir, affectionately your\u2019s.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1461", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Stockdale, 12 May 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Stockdale, John\nSir\nQuincy near Boston May 12. 1793\nYesterday, I had the Pleasure of receiving our letter of the 16th of March.\nMy Son\u2019s name is John Quincy Adams which you knew very well, so that by ushering the Pamphlet into the world in the Name of John Adams Esq. it still might pass for mine. I understand all this very well. Booksellers Policy!\nAll I have to Say is that I did not write Publicola nor any Part of it: if you wish to know whether my Son wrote it or not, you must write to him, who is a Councillor of Law in Boston, and as he has been taught both to read and write is capable of corresponding with you concerning his own affairs.\nMy \"work on government\" as you are pleased to call it, has been too much neglected by Britons and so much insulted by French men, Irish men and Americans, that it shall now either be consigned over to everlasting Oblivion or be transmitted to Posterity exactly as it is.\nIf you think you can make your Fortune by printing it you are very welcome to do it, but without my Corrections, Additions or Subtractions, except litterary or grammatical ones. I don\u2019t mean to insist that you should printagain Capital for Capitol and all the other Blunders of the Press that a Boy in the lowest Form could correct. One alteration only I request in the Title Page and that is that it may be \"A Defense of the Constitutions of Government of the United States of America against the Attack of MrTurgot in his letter to Dr. Pri\u00e9 dated the twenty\u2013second day of March 1778 1779 or 1780.\u2014I have not this letter, and cannot fill the blanks. You can do it. This alteration will be a full answer to every Sensible objection which I have ever read to the Work. It is not and never was intended for a general Defense of the American Constitutions. It is a Defense on the Point on which they were Attacked, and that only.\nIf Mr Copley is willing that the Picture should be put into the hands of any Artist you may name, I have no objection, and you may do as you please: but I own I should be much mortified to see such a Bij\u00f4u affixed to those Republican Volumes.\nMankind will in time discover, that unbridled Majorities, are as tyrannical and cruel as unlimited Despots. It is melancholly that so much precious Blood Should be made to flow before they will attend toFacts, Authorities and Reasoning, which amount to the full Conviction of mathematical Demonstration. But so it is. A King of France, and a Duke de la Rochfaucault were destined to die Martyrs to a miserable Cruelty of Ben. Franklin.\nMy kind Regards to Mrs Stockdale and / believe me to be, your hearty / well wisher and humble Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1462", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Jan Willink, 15 May 1793\nFrom: Willink, Jan,Willink, Wilhem\nTo: Adams, John\nCopySir\nAmsterdam 15 May 1793\nWe had the honor to address you on th 10th June, and now agreeable to promise Inclose your account balanced by a Sum of  \u01922122.11\u2014which we have shipped in 831 Spanish Milled Dollars as per said acct will appear, on board the Hope Capt. John Fields for Boston, the same being addressed to Mr. Cotton Tuffts at Weymouth near that place, to whom we have forwarded the Bill of lading with the necessary information we have also gve Insurance done on the amount say on \u01922150.\nat 2 pc\u2014\u019243Policy \u0192 2\" 2To your debit in a new Acc:\u0192 45\nWhich you will please to take note of Hoping the vessel will arrive safe and the transaction meet your wishes We have the honour to remain very Sincerely / Sir Your most Obedient Servts.\nWilhem & Jan Willink", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1463", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Allyne Otis, 21 May 1793\nFrom: Otis, Samuel Allyne\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nPhilada. May 21st 1793\nI am obliged for your favor covering the Clerks accounts. The affairs of Europe are changed since the last autumn  and indeed are daily assumg a new face. Tis generally supposed that Dumorier is filed off, whether with or without an army is not yet ascertained. The next Ship from England, and must bring important accounts. We are disturbed here with the bickerings of French and English Sailors and every riot seems more alarming. The magistracy make efforts to keep the peace but you know how strong a Pennsa Executive is.\nEnclosed is a paper which makes mention of you and your son, and seems to hold up the Combination in a light truly formidable, How far histhe authors opinions are Just I pretend not to determine. I think however if a peace could be brot about on any tollerable terms it would be for the general interest. I rejoice however and am disappointed in the general spirit of neutrality in our Country. Not because tis not the dictate of reason and judgment, but because there are madmen in all Countries\u2014\nOur new minister from France you see composes and sings songs. How far he will compose the minds of this people remains to be determined. Tis whispered at the first public dinner given him, the head of a pig was cut off and handed round as the head of an aristocrat. Also that the new Consul of Pennsylvania is at the head of a Jacobin clubb in our City, and who are amongst other things to denounce all such of their Coutrymen as are not true Frenchmen. They are trying to cook up another dinner for the minister. How that will be garnished we shall hear\u2014\nMy old friend Major Jackson has had a meeting for the first time with Mr W\u2014 Brother B\u2014m has employed him to go to Europe to sell land, whence returning, he is to take the hand,  as he seems to have gained the heart of Miss W.\nI regret Mrs Adams\u2019 s indisposition and with Mrs. Otis beg our best remembrances and am /Sir /With respect & esteem /Your most Obedt & huml Ser\nSam. A Otis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1464", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Samuel Allyne Otis, May 1793\nFrom: Otis, Samuel Allyne\nTo: Adams, John\n The Vice President of the United States of America\u2014\nSir,\nCape Francois May 1793:\nFully impressed with a sense of your Goodness and Candor, I am induced to observe that having taken the liberty to express my thoughts to the President of the United States on the appointment of a Consul to the Island of St. Domingo, and to solicit the appointment (having resided in this country seven years and having been two years establish\u2019d in business here) and I have to request your interest in procuring me the above appointment: with assurances of my every exertion to prove myself worthy of the confidence reposed in me, and of the honor of subscribing myself with the utmost Respect, / Sir, / Your very respectful / and / very huml Servt.\nSaml. A: Otis Junr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1465", "content": "Title: To John Adams from John Sinclair, 15 June 1793\nFrom: Sinclair, John\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir\nLondon. 15 June 1793\nI have the pleasure of sending you by Dr Adair, (whom I beg to recommend to your attention & civilities) the printed plan of the Board of Agriculture about to be established here.\u2014I shall have the honour of sending you the regulations we adopt, as soon as they are drawn up, & we shall have much pleasure in corresponding with all similar institutions in America.\u2014I shall write more fully in answer to your obliging letter soon.\u2014\nBelieve me, with great respect & esteem.\u2014your very faithful humble Servant\nJohn Sinclair", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1466", "content": "Title: To John Adams from the Selectmen of Boston, 1 July 1793\nFrom: Boston, the Selectmen of\nTo: Adams, John\nBoston July 1. 1793\nThe Selectmen present their most respectful Compliments to the Vice President of the United States and ask the honor of his Company at the Visitation of the public Schools on Monday the 2 of July Inst.\u2014 The Company proceed from the Selectmens  Chamber at 8. o\u2019Clock in the Morning, and dine at Faneuil Hall at 2. o\u2019Clock.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1468", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 3 August 1793\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Adams, John\nSir!\nKingston. 3 Aug. 1793.\nThough I can not find a pretext, valid enough to exculpate me, in interrupting your Excellency\u2019s serious occupations, however I am inclined to believe, that \u00ffou will excuse it after a silence of seven months, in the persuasion, that a due sense, of what ever\u00ff American owes to your merits and character, with which since more than a dozen years I have been acquainted, being a witness of a great part of your political conduct and eminent services in Europe, impels me, to remember your excellenc\u00ff, that a forgotten farmer gloryess yet, in having, once, being judged worth\u00ff of your more intimate acquaintance, and that the same farmer is not obliged to blush of an attachment or cover his Sentiments, of which he boasted a dozen years before\u2014uncommon indeed\u2014when the object of this esteem and affection is a man in such an elevated situation as you.\nI am sorr\u00ff, that a set of few villains will rob the People of France of the worthiest of blessings\u2014There it would have enjoyed them, notwithstanding the unanimous and unrelented opposition of all the combined Powers of Europe, if the\u00ff\u2014in place of murdering Louis had adopted, in time, a good constitution, and left to their King\u2014Louis or another\u2014so much legal power outward splendor and greatness so man\u00ff means to gratif\u00ff ever\u00ff defensible desire, that he would not have been tempted to overthrow it, but deemed his interest to support and defend it against ever\u00ff one\u2014\nIf in that Situation France had been invested b\u00ff malcontents or foreign powers\u2014her friends would have espoused her cause\u2014and France would have been in Europe, what America is in the new-world\u2014independent and free\u2014a scourge to despotism, and asylum for the oppressed.\nI wished\u2014for the benefit of m\u00ff countr\u00ff\u2014that the French Princes had been wise and vaillant enough\u2014in this situation of affairs\u2014to secure for themselves one or other part of France, if it could not else, by joining the insurgents in Brittann\u00ff; and securing for them one or other fortified town\u2014then it had been in their power\u2014to sent their embassadors to foreign Powers\u2014then they could have used the name of the people of France and left and eas\u00ff opportunity to other Nations to suspend their judgment\u2014during the contest of the different parties, as being not qualified to decide the question in favour of the one or other, and more so, there not one of the departments had yet ratified or adopted the different acts and proposals of the National Convention\u2014\nHad I not such a high opinion of the good sense and Political abilities of our government, I should be fearfull indeed, that the Americans should be seduced to some rash steps, by the cunning intrigues of a French minister\u2014at present this case does not disturb m\u00ff tranquillity of mind!\nI imagine, that I insinuated, how I, by the treacher\u00ff of others, who call\u2019d him me friend, was deprived of a great part of those possessions, upon which I depended, in crossing the Atlantic and how this would oblige me, to retire farther to the back-parts of America, in order to insure m\u00ff own independence, and provide in time, for the subsistance of m\u00ff children which I should not wish to leave in a worse condition in America, than they would have enjoyed in Europe\u2014I intend there-fore\u2014to settle on the Oneida Lake, I made a purchase, sufficient, I hope, for m\u00ff intended purpose, and offered m\u00ff beautiful and improved farm for sale, which however I shall not leave without regret\u2014but it must be so familiarises me with m\u00ff sort, and in few years\u2014if m\u00ff health is unimpaired, the hardships shall make place for pleasures\u2014had I an\u00ff fear for the continuance of our Peace\u2014or wished I for a war with Great-Brittain, I should not be imprudent and cruel enough, to Sacrifice an Excellent woman, who suffered alread\u00ff to much, upon the frontiers\u2014\nI think not, that I shall be obliged to sell the remnants of m\u00ff, before, exquisite Librar\u00ff; but should I find a Purchaser, if I offered them for sale?\u2014Chiefl\u00ff antient and modern Literature\u2014early. hist. Polit.\u2014&c\u2014about 300 vol\u2014? Rigid necessity alone can oblige me to it\u2014and this would deprive me of a principal comfort in m\u00ff voluntar\u00ff retirement.\nFavor me with the continuance of your esteem, and permit me, that, from time to time, I may be so free, in assuring, that I am with the highest consideration / Sir! your Exell: most obed. Sert.\nFr Adr van der Kemp.\nP.S. Though I am avers of those adulator\u00ff addresses to Government, who commonl\u00ff, first begged by it, show\u2019s a consciousness of their side however, I believe it, this moment, adviseable to counsel some frends to address the President, after the example, of so many of their fellow citizens, and in the same time, the Governor of this State\u2014This if it succeeds, shall have this effect, I hope, to moderate, at least, the inconsiderate ardour for the Jacobins in some of his frends\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1469", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Mr. Ames, 15 August 1793\nFrom: Ames, Mr.\nTo: Adams, John\nMr Ames presents his most respectful Compliments to the Vice President, and will have the honour of dining with him on Thursday next\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1471", "content": "Title: To John Adams from C. Dubuc, August 1793\nFrom: Dubuc, C.\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tCe jeudy\n\t\t\t\tj\u2019ay et\u00e9 deux fois chez vous sans vous avoir trouv\u00e9 mon cher adams; je suis ce matin en impossibilit\u00e9 de sortir par un derangement d\u2019estomac qui m\u2019a ten\u00fb Eveill\u00e9 toute la nuit.Cooper m\u2019a dit vous avoir parl\u00e9 de mon Sujet de Naturalisation. Mand\u00e9s moi Ce que j\u2019ay a faire et faites assigner Le jour auquel je preteray le serment d\u2019allegeance; arrang\u00e9s les choses de maniere que je ne suis pas envoy\u00e9 au dela de ce  la .  j\u2019ay tr\u00e9s grand interet \u00e0 cela. je vous en serois tr\u00e9s oblig\u00e9je vous souhaite le Bonjour.\n\t\t\t\t\tC. Du Buc", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1473", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Monsieur de Salimbeni, 18 September 1793\nFrom: Salimbeni, Monsieur de\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMonsieur\n\t\t\t\t\tDedham Le 18 7bre 1793\n\t\t\t\tje suis un francois refugi\u00e9 dans ce pays depuis Le mois de mars dernier avec ma femme. nous sommes ariv\u00e9s ici fuyant la  Gouadeloupe et toutes les sc\u00eanes dhorreur qui y sont ariv\u00e9s depuis et quil etoit facile de prevoir. le peu de temp que nous avons eu a nous ne nous a pas laiss\u00e9 celui d\u2019emporter une somme d\u2019argent suffisante a nos besoins pendant bien longtemp. le peu de sucre que nous avons Emport\u00e9 ne se Vend pas et reste dans le magazin de Mr Perkins. cest dans de telles circonstances qu\u2019au mois d\u2019avril dernier il me fut adress\u00e9 un francois nomm\u00e9 Andr\u00e9 soi disant ancien domestique de Madame Hiver de Villiers Veuve de M. de Villier parent de ma femme et que les troubles qui desoloient st. martin lieu de sa residence avoient oblig\u00e9 de fuir. Andr\u00e9 ariv\u00e9 a boston avec une seule chemise et sans un sol dans sa poche m\u2019inspira de la compassion et je le pris chez moi en \u2026. le prevenant que L\u2019etat de mes affaires ne me permetant pas de lui donner de Gages je le prenois par charit\u00e9 et seulement pour lui donner le couvert et la nouriture. jajoutai a cela quelques chemises tir\u00e9es de ma Garderobe et quelques autres habillements; en un mot je partageai pour ainsi dire avec lui le peu que j\u2019avois. jai gard\u00e9 cet homme chez moi quatre mois et demi et m\u00eame plus. a la fin je me suis aper\u00e7u quil s\u2019entendoit avec la mulatresse de ma femme et que tous les jours il me manquoit quelque chose. ne L\u2019ayant jamais pris sur le fait je nai pu L\u2019acuser. cependant, monsieur il me manque De Largent et quelques bijoux destin\u00e9es a \u00eatre Vendus pour fournir a ma subsistance quant je naurois plus eu d\u2019argent. nayant aucune preuve que ces differents Vols eussent \u00e9t\u00e9 commis par cet andr\u00e9 je nai pu L\u2019acuser en justice. ne parlant pas la Langue Angloise ignorant les lois de ce pays, je nai pas os\u00e9 faire aucune demarche contre un homme contre lequel j\u2019avois cependant les plus Violents soupcons. enfin ay\u00e2nt  tout a craindre de cet andr\u00e9 qui pouvoit a tout moment s\u2019en fuir avec la mulatresse de ma femme, & m\u2019emporter le peu qui me restoit, et laisser ma pauvre et jeune femme sans aide et nourissant un enfant de quatre mois jai pris le parti de tacher d\u2019engager cet andr\u00e9 a aller a la Gouadeloupe me porter des lettres et me raporter quelque chose de cette isle. il accepta. Qoique je ne lui eu point promis de gage. Cependant pour reconoitre Le service quil me rendoit en allant a la gouadeloupe. je lui fis un billet sur lequel je stipulai que je priois ma belle mere de payer au nomm\u00e9 andr\u00e9, dans le cas ou le dit billet lui seroit remis par le dit andr\u00e9 m\u00eame la somme de trente gourdes. de  plus je lui donai un autre billet adress\u00e9 a un francois qui devoit payer son passage jusqua la gouadeloupe outre cela je lui donnai quelque argent. je lui avois remis une Lettre Cachet\u00e9e qui n\u2019avoit point d\u2019adresse et que je lui avois dit de remetre a ma belle mere. je navois point mis d\u2019adresse parceque cet homme m\u2019avoit observ\u00e9 que pouvant \u00eatre Visit\u00e9 L\u2019adresse seule etoit dans le cas de le faire areter ou au moins de faire confisquer la lettre. comme il devoit la remetre en mains propres il devenoit inutile d\u2019y mettre une adresse.redoutant toujours quelques malhonet\u00e9t\u00e9s de cet homme et n\u2019agissant ainsi que pour L\u2019eloigner par la douceur et a quelque prix que ce fut de ma maison ou j\u2019avois toujours peur qu\u2019il ne finit par Emmener ma servante mulatresse, je metois bien donn\u00e9 de garde de rien confier d\u2019interessant a cet homme et dans ma lettre cachet\u00e9e pour ma belle mere il n\u2019y avois renferm\u00e9 que deux feuilles de papier sur lesquels il ne paroissoit rien d\u2019ecrit parceque au lieu de me servir d\u2019encre ordinaire j\u2019avois employ\u00e9 \u2026 une autre liqueur qui sech\u00e9e sur le papier ne differoit pas de la couleur blanche. et par consequent le papier etoit tout blanc. cette lettre ainsi construite a \u00e9t\u00e9 port\u00e9e par cet andr\u00e9 chez le Vice consul de la republique francoise qui de son autorit\u00e9 la ouverte et retenue. de plus il a gard\u00e9 le billet conditionel que j\u2019avois fait a cet andr\u00e9 et je crois bien q\u2019un de mes parents qui est a boston L\u2019aura retir\u00e9 des mains de cet homme en payant les trente Gourdes qui cependant ne devoient \u00eatre pay\u00e9 a Andr\u00e9 que dans le cas ou il remetroit Le dit billet a la Gouadeloupe a madame de bruny ma belle mere. ce billet etoit  annex\u00e9 a la lettre sans adresse et Le billet portant L\u2019adresse de madame de bruny et joint a La Lettre sans adresse devoit ce me semble servir d\u2019adresse a la lettre. dailleurs je ne peux croire qu\u2019on puisse se permetre de d\u00e9cacheter une Lettre m\u00eame sans adresse sans le consentement de la persone qui a remis cette Lettre a celui qui s\u2019en est charg\u00e9. jai anonc\u00e9 a M. le Vice consul de la repulique francoise que j\u2019allois consulter la dessus quelque homme de loi du pays. il ma donn\u00e9 honestement le conseil de n\u2019en rien faire m\u2019assurant que les gens de loi dans ce pays ci me ruineroient si j\u2019essayois de poursuivre cette affaire. cest a Vous monsieur a qui je m\u2019adresse pour scavoir ce que la loi pouroit faire en ma faveur. je Voudrois au moins qu\u2019on me rendit ma lettre d\u00e9cachet\u00e9e. si Vous pensez que la loi soye en ma faveur Veuillez bien, monsieur, m\u2019en donner avis et alors je prendrai mon parti pour obliger M. Le Vice consul a me rendre ma lettre et a ne plus ouvrir les lettres qui ne lui sont point adress\u00e9s. jusquau moment ou j\u2019aurois re\u00e7u Votre reponse je ne ferai aucune demarche et Vous prie n\u2019en point faire. si Votre opinion est en ma faveur alors ayant je prendrai la libert\u00e9 decrire a M. de jefferson secretaire d\u2019etat pour quil mette ma requeste sous les yeux du president des Etat unis afin que la reparation que me doit m. Le Vice consul de la republique francoise soit aussi Authentique quil soit possible. jai tout lieu de croire que M. jefferson que ma femme a eu L\u2019honneur de conoitre a paris et dont la fille actuellement mari\u00e9 a M. randolph etoit L\u2019amie intime au couvent de panthemont ou elles etudioient ensemble, jai tout lieu de croire disje que M. jefferson s\u2019interessera au sort d\u2019un francois refugi\u00e9 dans son pays et dont les malheurs seront un droit a cet interest.sans avoir L\u2019honneur de Vous conoitre, monsieur, je m\u2019adresse a Vous parceque on ma dit que Vous scaviez parfaitement ma Langue et que je n\u2019ai pas le bonheur de scavoir la v\u00f4tre. Votre reputation d\u2019honet\u00e9t\u00e9, et de Vertu a \u00e9t\u00e9 une nouvelle raison de Vous marquer de la confiancej\u2019ai L\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre, monsieur avec la plus parfaite consideration Votre tres humble et tres Obeissant serviteur\n\t\t\t\t\tSalimbeni", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1474", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Jean Luzac, 2 October 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Luzac, Jean\nDear Sir\nQuincy near Boston Oct. 2d. 1793\nThe Bearer of this letter is Mr Lear the late Secretary to President Washington a gentleman universally esteemed and beloved wherever he is known. I beg Leave to introduce him to your Acquaintance and Friendship. This Country is too happy in the Enjoyment of that Liberty which Cost them so dear to risque it, by medling in foreign Wars: and too gratefull to those who assisted them it, to join in any Crusade against them.\nI shall ever remember with Pleasure, the time I have formerly passed in your Society, and wish it were in my Power to be a better Correspondent.\u2014\nWith sincere Esteem I am  /  and ever shall be your Friend and /  humble Servant.\nJohn Adams.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1475", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Tobias Lear, 3 October 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Adams, John\nDear Sir,\nBoston October 3d: 1793\nI am at this place on my way to New York, from whence I expect to sail for Europe.\u2014I promised myself the pleasure of waiting upon and taking leave of you at Quincy; but a detention of some days in Portsmouth, longer than I had calculated upon, and previous arrangements to be in New York at a fixed time, make it necessary for me to hasten on to that City\u2014which I shall do by the Stage of tomorrow.\u2014I have therefore taken the liberty of asking the favor of the letters which you had the goodness to say you would write to some of your friends in Holland.\u2014If it should not be perfectly convenient for you to attend to this matter at present\u2014I shall be in New York till the 10h or 12h of the months and any letters for me reaching that place by the time above mentioned will find me there.\nBegging that my best respects may be made acceptable to Mrs. Adams\u2014and that health and happiness may be your attendants through life I have the honor to be / with perfect respect & sincere / attachment / Dear Sir / Your most Obedient Servant\nTobias Lear", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1477", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Robert Montgomery, 19 October 1793\nFrom: Montgomery, Robert\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nAlicante 19th October 1793\nYour having honoured me with your kind attention on several Occations during our struggles with Great Britain, and since that period by Your friendship to my Brother John in Boston. I am now emboldened to take the liberty of intreducing to your Excellency the Bearer my Br James Montgomery of Philadelphia an experienced Officer in the Marine service of the United States\u2014Whose only wish is to be able to contribute further to the Honour & Prosperity of the Country.  His knowledge in tactices & of the Mediterranean justly entitles him to Stand Candidate for the command of any Squadron that may be sent Out against the Algerins, & hopes will meet your Excellency protection therein\u2014\nPermit me Sir to embrace this Opportunity of returning you my best thanks for your Patronage in Obtaining my Commission for Councel of the United States on this Coast in Which you may depend on my best exertion to do honour to our recommendations being With very sincere respect / sir / Your Excellency Most Obt /  and Most Humble Servt\nRobt. Montgomery", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1478", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Tench Coxe, 3 November 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nNear Philada. Novemr. 3d. 1793\nAs the time fixed by the constitution for the meeting of Congress is approaching, I presume it will be interesting to you to know the Situation of things here. I therefore do myself the honor to write to you\u2014\nI have the authority of three Physicians of the city for assuring you that for several days prior to last Night (the date of my information) no person has died in Philada. of the Yellow fever\u2014and that no person has taken the disease for several days. Those, who have gone in from the Country have been found, in the dangerous times, to have taken the fever immediately, but none, who have returned to the city in the last ten days are known to have caught it.\u2014\nTwo of the Physicians, who had left the city, have returned.\u2014\nIt does not appear, that the President, who is at German Town, intends to take any measure, formal or informal, to produce a meeting of Congress elsewhere than in Philada. Among the reasons for this line of Conduct, I believe, an actual one is, that there does not appear any reason to suppose that there will be danger in the beginning of Decr. in that city.\nThe  three Secretaries are in the vicinity of Philadelphia\u2014as are most of the other officers usually residing at the seat of Government\u2014all indeed, I believe, but one. The Postmaster Genl. is in the City.\u2014\nTrade is returning fast into its ordinary Channels\u2014\nThere has been a renewed report of the resignation of Mr. Jefferson, who, the Attorney general was of opinion, would not return to Philadelphia, as I learn from Mr. Hamilton. The Secretary of State is however arrived\u2014Conjectures have been that Mr. Randolph will succeed, if Mr. J. should resign\u2014The times require the best talents, and as much weight of Character in that office, as can be found.\nIt is supposed that the friends of Mr. Wm. Lewis of Philada. will suggest his Name for Consideration, among others, to succeed Mr. Randolph, if the latter is moved to the Department of State.\u2014The law Advisor of the Chief Magistrate of the U.S, especially if he is continued, as it were, in the situation of a cabinet Minister, ought to be a very learned, wise, and firmly honest man\u2014It is peculiarly important now when a military gentleman is, in that chair, and when the U.S. are called upon for the first time to settle their line of conduct in a general and angry war\u2014\nWith perfect respect, I have the honor to be, Sir / your most obedient / & most humble servant\nTench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1480", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Tench Coxe, 6 November 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nNear Philada. Novr. 6. 1793\nAlthough my information concerning the state of the Disease, as I had the honor to communicate it in my last, was founded on answers to Enquiries made of three Physicians, it appears that a few persons, who remained in the Disease, have died since. We have had several days of rain, which is followed this morning by a bright cool day\u2014The most favorable to the city. My house not being perfectly in order, and my present position being nearer to the Secretary of the Treasury than I should be in Town, I do not expect to remove for several Days, but I should have no apprehension in returning to my house immediately\u2014of this I assure you.\nThe Government of the State is expected to convene in Philada., I think, before Congress\u2014\nThe letters from General Wayne are the only public Intelligence we have here\u2014\nWith perfect respect I have the honor to be, / Sir / your most obedt. / & most humble servant\nTench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1482", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Benjamin Lincoln, 14 November 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nDear Sir\nQuincy November 14, 1793\nThe inclosed Reasons Why the Commissioners did not make Peace with the Indians, I have read with all the Interest that the Subject and the manner of treating it naturally inspire. The Facts are so natural and conformable at the Same time to all the Observations I was able to make, and all the Information I could obtain during my Residence both in France and England, that I have not a doubt of their truth, nor the least difficulty in believing that you have develloped the true Causes of the Continuance of the Indian War.Providence by abandoning the Powers of Europe to the blind Domination of their Passions, is working out for Us, I hope, that Safety which I despaired of enjoying so long, When I left Europe that Quarter of the World. While they are exhausted I hope We may be safe. But it may not be many Years before the impatience of our own People may involve them in Quarrells as exhausting as those of Europe. I am a devout Churchman in one Point \u201cGive Us Peace in Our Day.\u201dThe present unnatural Combination of England with Spain, gives me sometimes so much Jealousy that, if I could in Conscience, I Should be disposed to go all Lengths with the Rulers in France. But this is impossible. I am, dear Sir with great Esteem / and sincere Affection your Friend\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1484", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Andr\u00e9 Jean La Rocque, 18 November 1793\nFrom: Rocque, Andr\u00e9 Jean La\nTo: Adams, John\n\t\t\t\t\tMonsieur\n\t\t\t\t\tnewyork ce 18. novembre 1793.\n\t\t\t\tje suis arriv\u00e9 \u00e0 new-york, le 4 de ce mois. je viens d\u2019y Rencontrer M Bansel; et j\u2019ai appris, de lui m\u00eame, que la lettre que j\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de vous ecrire et les Brochures qui lui etoient jointes, vous sont parvenues. Les dificult\u00e9s, que la R\u00e9publique francoise met \u00e0 la sortie des Personnes qui sont sur son territoire, me faisoient douter que le porteur voulut courir le Risque de passer cette lettre avec lui, quoi que je l\u2019eusse sign\u00e9e de mes nom et qualit\u00e9, et que le cachet fut celui de mon emploi. ces pr\u00e9cautions le mettoient \u00e1 couvert de toute Recherche; et s\u2019il y avoit des dangers, ils etoient pour moi seul.Ce paquet renfermoit la notice de Louis xvi dont je suis l\u2019auteur; que j\u2019ai envoy\u00e9e \u00e0 la convention avant le jugement de Cet infortun\u00e9 monarque; qui a \u00e9te vendue avec profusion; r\u00e9imprim\u00e9e dans toutes les principales villes de La france; traduite et \u00e9galement remprim\u00e9e chez l\u2019etranger: j\u2019ai des extraits de journaux qui le constatent. La convention et les soci\u00e9t\u00e9s populaires ont arr\u00e9t\u00e9 de renommer \u00e0 toutes les places, qui avoient \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 La nomination, soit du Roi, soit de ses agens. c\u2019etoit assez d\u2019avoir sauv\u00e9 ma t\u00eate du Peril auquel cette notice l\u2019avoit expos\u00e9e. mes connoissances, auxquelles je l\u2019avois donn\u00e9e, ou la cachoit avec le plus Grand soin, ou la brusloit, pour ne pas \u00eatre inqui\u00e9t\u00e9es comme attach\u00e9es au Roi. l\u2019auteur d\u2019un tel ouvrage ne devoit pas attendre que les envieux de son emploi le d\u00e9non\u00e7assent, pour \u00eatre nomm\u00e9s \u00e0 sa place, apr\u00e8s l\u2019avoir fait au moins r\u00e9former. j\u2019en ai donn\u00e9 ma demission; Les commissaires m\u2019en ont accus\u00e9 la r\u00e9ception, par une lettre qui est un t\u00e9moignage honorable de la mani\u00e9re dont je remplissois mes devoirs.Ce m\u00eame paquet renfermoit encore une Brochure intitul\u00e9e considerations sur les prix des terres, Les fonds Publics &ca. des etats unis. Je communiquois feuille \u00e0 feuille, cet ouvrage \u00e0 M le Gouverneur moris. D\u00e8s la 1ere. lignes, je declarois que c\u2019etoit sur relations que j\u2019ecrivois; ainsi, je n\u2019avois aucune reponsabilit\u00e9 morale, pour ses inexactitudes. je viens refaire cet ouvrage. il a \u00e9t\u00e9 ex\u00e9cut\u00e9 precipitament, entre les intervales de mon bureau; il n\u2019est pas \u00e9tonnant quil soit indigeste et n\u00e9glig\u00e9, quoique ses lecteurs francois l\u2019avait jug\u00e9 plus favorablem\u00eant. enfin, il n\u2019a pas \u00e9t\u00e9 entrepris pour Le Public: c\u2019\u00e9toit pour m\u2019ouvrir les portes de La France; et il a parfaitement rempli mon objet. Aux termes de ses lois, il doit \u00eatre accord\u00e9 des passeports, aux hommes qui soccupent des sciences ou de matieres Politiques, et qui ont besoin de voyager, pour La perfection de leurs \u00e9crits. j\u2019ai produit au Directoire, lintroduction de ces consid\u00e9rations, en lui demandant un passeport, pour aller dans l\u2019am\u00e9rique, Remplir le canevas, et ex\u00e9cuter l\u2019ouvrage dont je presentois l\u2019ebauche. il m\u2019a ete accord\u00e9; et le proc\u00e8s verbal dont jai lev\u00e9 une expedition, l\u2019a motiv\u00e9 sur l\u2019int\u00e9ret Public. M le Gouverneur moris me recommande \u00e0 Mr le Robert moris, son Parent, comme un homme qui ai d\u00e9ja port\u00e9 les Europ\u00e9ens, a une Grande \u00e9migration pour les Etats unis; il le prie de m\u2019aider de ses lumieres et de son experience. je vous en aurai une obligation infinie; si vous voulez bien me permettre \u00e9galement de ne rien entreprendre, sans vos avis, apr\u00e8s que je vous aurai justifi\u00e9 qui je suis, et \u00e0 quel point je peux m\u00e9riter cette faveur: car, on peut avoir d\u00e9fender Louis xvi qui a aid\u00e9 les am\u00e9ricains \u00e0 Briser leurs fers; on peut avoir port\u00e9 les europ\u00e9ens \u00e0 une Grande \u00e9migration pour l\u2019am\u00e9rique; et, au fond, n\u2019etre qu\u2019un intriguant, comme il vous en vient beaucoup de L\u2019ancien monde.Enfin, Monsieur, par la lettre dont Mr. Ban\u00e7el \u00e9toit porteur, je vous marquois et le mort de Mr Adenet, mon intime ami, et la part que j\u2019ai eue aux traduction que vous lui avez demand\u00e9e. au Point, o\u00f9 nous \u00e9tions unis, il ne commettoit point une indiscretion, en m\u2019associant \u00e0 ses travaux; et, aujourdhui qu\u2019il est mort, il approuveroit que le secours qu\u2019il recevoit de moi, ne fut plus une secret pour vous; si, dans le lieu o\u00f9 il est, on s\u2019occupoit des habitans de La terre. ce secours a \u00e9t\u00e9 le secret le mieux gard\u00e9, tant qu\u2019il a v\u00e9cu. il m\u2019avoit laiss\u00e9 tous ses manuscrits, en partant pour stugart; et ceux la sont du nombre. j\u2019ai apport\u00e9 avec moi son d\u00e9grossi et ma dict\u00e9e de votre essai sur le droit canon et sur le droit f\u00e9odal, que vous aviez publi\u00e9 dans l\u2019amerique, en 1765; et dont vous avez fait imprimer la traduction, en hollande, n\u2019ayant pu en obtenir La permission en france.je laisse passer les Premiers froids; ils acheveront de purifier l\u2019air de Philadelphie, o\u00f9 je compte me rendre. je vous serais infiniment oblig\u00e9 de vouloir bien me marquer le lieu et le moment, o\u00f9 je pourrai vous rendre mes devoirs.je suis avec Respect / Monsieur / Votre tres humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant serviteur\n\t\t\t\t\tLa Rocque", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1485", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan Van der Kemp, 23 November 1793\nFrom: Van der Kemp, Fran\u00e7ois Adriaan\nTo: Adams, John\nSir!\nKingston 23. Nov. 1793.\nThe knowledge of your Excellency\u2019s principles, with the distinguished marks of attention, which with Your Excellency was So Kind of honouring me, Since man\u00ff years, makes me so free of introducing to you Major Peter van Gaesbeck. His character as a man entitled him to the general esteem of his fellow-Citisens, and the quality of his mind promoted so much of his Intrests by the free-holders of this district\u2014in the election of a Representative in Congress, as his industr\u00ff and activit\u00ff in the mercantile Line. He enters, for the first time, his Political career, and his friend flatter themselves that the honesty of his heart, and his Sound judgment will justif\u00ff their choice, as I am convinced, that those endowments Shall be more than Sufficient to honour him with your Excellency\u2019s attention.\nI hope, that Congress will not leave unnotic\u2019d the daring attacks, with which A foreign minister insulted our Constitution, by Libelling the Executive Power with desultor\u00ff adpellations, for whose excuse no Shadow shall be adduced. America ma\u00ff never augment the number of those European Powers, there a French Emissar\u00ff could unpunish\u2019d dictate his pleasure to their cabinet, and frown at the decrees, on whom he was not consulted.\nPermit me to declare, that I am with the highest Sentiments of Consideration and respect / Sir! / Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient / and devoted Servt.\nFr. Adr. van der Kemp", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1486", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Tench Coxe, November 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nI have the honor to inform you that I have been engaged thro this week in attempts to provide for you an house fit for the reception of your family but have not yet succeeded. Genl. Knox is also payeing attention to the matter & we shall certainly accommodate you, if in our power. He is of opinion that it will not be proper to refuse \u00a3300 per annum for Mrs. Keppelis house at the corner of Arch & second fourth streets, should it be obtainable at that price. Tomorrow she is to inform me\u2014Mr. Hamilton gives \u00a3.250 for a single house of about 26 or 27 feet front in Market street opposite the Presidents\u2014Mr. Delaforest often a fruitless trail of a week has bought a new house for \u00a31560\u2014\nI hereby write, Sir, to inform you of the present train of things, and assuring you of my unremitted Attention to your instructions, I have the honor to be with the highest respect, / Sir, your most obdt. / & most hum. Servant\nTench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1487", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Henry Knox, 4 December 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Adams, John\nSir.\nWar Department\u2014December 4th. 1793.\nIn obedience to the direction of the President of the United States, I have the honor to submit to the Senate, the instructions to the Commissioners appointed to treat with the hostile Indians North of the Ohio, and their report in the form of a journal of their proceedings. And also, a statement of the troops in the Legion of the United States, and certain intelligence from major general Wayne.\nI have the honor to be, / with great respect, / Sir, / Your most obedt: Servt:\nH Knoxsecy of War\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1488", "content": "Title: From John Adams to Tench Coxe, 8 December 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Coxe, Tench\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Decr 8. 1793\nBy the last post from Boston I recd your Letter of Nov. 18th.\u2014I have before recd one at Quincy and another at Boston. I thank you sir for these friendly Communications, although I have not had oppertunity to answer them particularly. I was very Sensible of the importance of Congress Sitting in Philadelphia if it could be done with Safety and accordingl,y as soon as I was convinced of this Point I ventured to sett the Example of coming the first that I knew of, into Town. I now Congratulate you on the comfortable Prospect We have not only of remaining in the City but of a calm Session.\u2014The English will not willingly Add America to the Number of their Ennemies at present. We have an Influence in England and Holland, which would give no little Trouble to their Governments, if We were in the War and Add no small Quantity of Feuil to the Republican Fire in France.\nIt is the Business of Philosophy to extract as much good as possible out of inevitable Evils. While We lament the Calamities in Europe which We can neither prevent nor assuage, We may derive Some Consolation from a Reflection that the powers from whom We have most reason to apprehend Hostilities, are exhausting their Resources to such a degree that they will not soon be in a Condition to molest us.\nI am sir with much Esteem your most / obt\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1489", "content": "Title: From United States Senate to George Washington, 9 December 1793\nFrom: United States Senate\nTo: Washington, George\nTo the President of the United States.December the 9th 1793.\u2014At twelve o\u2019Clock, agreeably to appointment, the Senate waited on the President at his House and presented the following Address.\nAccept, Sir, the thanks of the Senate for your Speech delivered to both Houses of Congress at the opening of the session. Your reelection to the chief magistracy of the United States gives us sincere pleasure. We consider it as an event every way propitious to the happiness of our Country; and your compliance with the call, as a fresh instance of the patriotism which has so repeatedly led you to sacrifice private inclination, to the public good.\u2014In the unanimity which a second time marks this important national act, we trace with particular satisfaction, besides the distinguished tribute paid to the virtues and abilities which it recognizes, another proof of that just discernment, and constancy of sentiments and views, which have hitherto characterized the Citizens of the United States.\u2014\nAs the European powers with whom the United States have the most extensive relations were involved in war in which we had taken no part; it seemed necessary that the disposition of the nation for peace should be promulgated to the world, as well for the purpose of admonishing our Citizens of the consequences of a contraband trade and of acts hostile to any of the belligerent parties, as to obtain by a declaration of the existing legal state of things, an easier admission of our rights to the immunities of our situation.\u2014we therefore contemplate with pleasure, the proclamation by you issued, and give it our hearty approbation. We deem it a measure well timed, and wise; manifesting a watchful solicitude for the welfare of the nation and calculated to promote it.\u2014The several important matters presented to our consideration will, in the course of the Session, engage all the attention to which they are respectively entitled; and as the public happiness will be the sole guide of our deliberations, we are perfectly assured of receiving your strenuous & most zealous cooperation.\u2014\nJohn Adams,Vice President of the U States,and Presidt. of the Senate.\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1492", "content": "Title: From John Adams to United States Congress, 16 December 1793\nFrom: Adams, John,Commissioners of the Sinking Fund\nTo: United States Congress\nPhiladelphia 16th. December 1793.\nThe Vice President of the United States and President of the Senate, the Chief Justice, The Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Attorney General, respectfully Report to Congress as follows,\nThat pursuant to the Act intitled \u201cAn Act making provision for the Reduction of the Public Debt\u201d and in conformity to Resolutions agreed upon by them and severally approved by The President of the United States they have since their Report of the 17th. of November 1792. caused purchases of the said Debt to be made through the Agency of Samuel Meredith and Jonathan Burrall, \u2014\u2014\u2014, \u2014\u2014\u2014,         \u2014\u2014\u2014, \u2014\u2014\u2014, \u2014\u2014\u2014 respectively to the amount of five hundred twenty three thousand seven hundred and thirty five dollars & twenty one Cents in Stock for which there have been paid in Specie four hundred twenty six thousand eight hundred and forty two Dollars and seventy five Cents.\nThat pursuant to the Act intitled \u201cAn Act supplementary to the Act making provision for the Debt of the United States\u201d an in conformity to resolutions agreed upon by them and severally approved by the President of the United States they have also caused purchases of the said Debt to be made subsequent to their said Report of the 17th. of November 1792. to the amount of one hundred sixty one thousand two hundred and fifty two Dollars & sixty five Cents and twenty two thousand five hundred and thirty Eight Dollars and fourteen Cents in Stock for which there have been paid one hundred one thousand six hundred & thirty dollars & eighty three Cents Seventy five thousand six hundred and sixty Dollars and Eighty seven Cents in specie.\u2014\nThat the several Documents accompanying this Report marked (Aa) B, A and No 1. to 7 with their Inclosures shew the aforesaid purchases generally and in detail including the places where, the time when, the prices at which, and the persons of whom they have been made.\u2014\nThat the purchases now and heretofore reported amount together to two million & nineteen thousand one hundred & ninety three dollars & ten Cents in Stock for which there have been paid one million three hundred ninety four thousand six hundred sixty four dollars & forty Cents in Specie\u2014as will be more particularly seen by the Document aforesaid marked (Aa)\non behalf of the Board\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1493", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Thomas Jefferson, 16 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\n(No. 1)Sir.\nPhiladelphia December 16th. 1793\nHaving, according to a resolution of the House of Representatives of February 23. 1791. given in to that House a Report on the privileges and restrictions on the commerce of the United States in foreign Countries, I think it my duty to lay a Copy of it before the Senate, and have the honor of being with the most perfect respect / Sir / Your Most Obedient / and Most humble Servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1494", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Henry Knox, 16 December 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nWar Department December 16. 1793\nIn obedience to the order of the President of the United States, I have the honor to submit to the Senate, a Return of the Ordnance, Arms, and Military stores, in possession of the United States.\nAt the same time I am directed respectfuly to suggest to the consideration of the Senate, whether it would be proper at the present time to make this document public.\nI have also the honor to submit a variety of Papers giving a view of the southwestern frontiers as connected with the Creeks and the State of Georgia, and the southwestern territory of the United States and the Cherokees.\nI have the honor to be / Sir / with great respect / Your most obed Servt H. KnoxSecy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1495", "content": "Title: To John Adams from Henry Knox, 18 December 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Adams, John\nSir:\nWar Department, December 18th, 1793.\nIn pursuance of directions from the President of the United States, I have the honor to submit to the Senate, further information relatively to the Southwestern frontiers.\nI have the honor to be, with great respect, your obedient servant,\nH. Knox, Secretary of War.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Adams/99-02-02-1496", "content": "Title: From John Adams to John Trumbull, 31 December 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Trumbull, John\nMy dear Sir\nPhiladelphia Decr. 31. 1793\nAs I had promised myself much Pleasure, in a few hours Conversation with you in my Way to Philadelphia, I was greatly disappointed when I found you were absent, and Still more pained with I found heard you had been out of Health. Your Journey has I hope been of service to you. I lived in constant hope that We should have the Pleasure to See you in the Course of the last Summer at Braintree: and as I am suspicious You are rather too domestic, impairing your health for want of active Exercise, fresh Air and the Social Countenances and Conversation of your Friends. I hope you will next Summer make Us a Visit at Boston and Braintree where you will be sure to find Friends very glad to see you. The Air which arises from my Rocks added to fresh breezes from the Sea is as Salutiferous as the genius of Boerhaave. I can almost promise you a cure.\nWe are surrounded here with Clouds and invelloped in thick darkness: dangers and difficulties press Us on every Side. I hope We shall not do what We ought not to do: nor leave undone what ought to be done. But We may do too much as well as too little. Almost all Europe is confederated against the Republicans of France who are no better than they should be: and We Americans find little more favor with Either than with the Algerinas and Indians. I, in my Simplicity, had flattered myself with a rapid Reduction of the national Dept, and with a growing independence and Prosperity to my Country: But instead of a kingdom of the Fist, I find Republicks of Integrity: instead of a Kingdom of Priests, Commonwealths of Jesuitical and Machiaveilian Politicians: instead of a People all Righteous according to the Promise and Prophecy, all Peoples almost all wicked. God forgive me for the Picture I have drawn if it is too dark.\nThere is however, to be more candid and more serious, much of an honest and sincere disposition to do what is for the public good, if that could be discovered, as I hope it will.\nI owe you a little ballance, which I will endeavour to send you and thank you kindly for the trouble you took in settling my veratious affair.\nI beg you would write to me for your Letters are cordial Drops in a gloomy hour to your sincere Friend and most humble / Servant,\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0219", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, 1 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\nTreasury DepartmentJanuary 1. 1793.\nGentlemen\nI presume it to be your understanding of the matter, as well as mine, that the first installment on account of the two Millions due from the Government to the Bank of The United States, becomes payable, as on this day. A proposition to the Legislature, for a more extensive reimbursement, having produced discussions which have retarded a provision for that installment\u2014I think it incumbent upon me, founding myself on the necessity of the case, to inform you, that I shall consider two hundred Thousand Dollars of the monies in your possession belonging to the United States, as a deposit with you, for the payment of the installment in question; to receive its final and more formal shape as soon as Legislative provision shall be made concerning it.\nWith respectful consideration \u2003 I have the honor to be \u2003 Gentlemen \u2003 Your most Obedient servt\nAlex Hamilton\nThe President & Directorsof the Bank of The United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0220", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Heth, 1 January 1793\nFrom: Heth, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBermuda Hundred [Virginia] 1st. Jany 1793\nDear Sir\nPrivate\nPardon me I beseech you, for interrupting you, to beg an answer to my Official letter of the  Decr. last, respecting the receiving money in Richmond. With respect to my private concerns, I am in a painful situation because I am in suspence\u2014for, if the scheme of paying, & receiving money, in Richmond, cannot be adopted, the Office must be removed from this place to Petersburg. In which case, I must remove my family to that neighbourhood and the arrangements necessary to be made in my affairs, between such a step, & remaining where I am, is of such moment to me, as to create a great anxiety to hear from you.\nMr. Campbell, our U. States Atty. drew upon me some time ago for fifty pounds, without rendering any thing like an Account. It was impossible for me to pay it. Decisions & Judgts. have passd upon most of the Suits instituted by me\u2014the Costs are therefore, or ought to be, in the Clerks or Marshals hands. Yet these Officers talk of holding fast my Moieties of the penalties which you have imposed in certain cases, until they pay themselves. Will not this be hard? They will not render Accounts in manner directed by the Comptroller, on which subject I wrote you very fully the 26th Novr. last and I have now mentioned these circumstances, with a hope that, you will consider said letter as really deserving an answer. Yet, My dear sir, I would not have presumed so much upon that condescension which you have ever manifested towards me, as thus to call your attention for a moment, from more important duties, if it was not, that I am asked by those Officers every time I meet them, whether I have recd. your answer.\nI am Dear Sir, with great affection & respect \u2003 Yrs\nW Heth", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0221", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Meletiah Jordan, 1 January 1793\nFrom: Jordan, Meletiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nFrenchman\u2019s Bay [District of Maine] January 1, 1793. \u201cYour Circular Letter of 25th October 1792 I have this day received. In consequence of which I have transmitted to the Comptroller of the Treasury the different returns I was in use to send to your Office, those only excepted which you desire should be forwarded to you.\u2026 I cannot possibly ascertain the Estimate of Money due from this District to the Fishermen, \u2026 & until they make their appearance can form no idea of the money likely to be due on that head, although I imagine there is enough to the Office to answer the purpose.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0223", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Charles Lee, 1 January 1793\nFrom: Lee, Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAlexandria [Virginia] January 1, 1793. Transmits a statement of \u201cTonnage, Duties, payments, and drawbacks, during the last quarter.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0224", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 1 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia Jany 1st. 1793\nDear Sir\nAfter reading the enclosed letter return it to me. My sentiments on the general principle your are acquainted with. With the one handed, under this cover, do as shall seem best to you in the case before us, & let me know the result; or, if you chuse it, I am ready to confer further with you on the subject.\nI am always \u2003 Your Sincere frd & sr\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0226", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, 2 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\nTreasury DepartmentJanuary 2 1793.\nGentlemen\nI have to request that you will advance to Tench Coxe Esqr, Commissioner of the Revenue, the sum of nine hundred and sixty five Dollars and forty seven Cents, upon the same principles as mentioned in my letter to you of the 10th of October last.\nIt will be necessary to take a receipt from Mr Coxe, specifying that this money is for his own, Clerks and Messenger\u2019s salaries from the 1st of October 1792 to the 31st of December following.\nI have the honor to be, \u2003 Gentlemen, Your Obedt Servt.\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe President andDirectors of the Bankof the US.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0227", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tench Coxe, 2 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Coxe, Tench\n[Philadelphia, January 2, 1793. On January 3, 1793, Coxe wrote to Hamilton: \u201cIn compliance with the direction in your letter of the 2d. instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0228", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 2 January 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, January 2, 1793. \u201cI have the honor to inclose to you for the purpose of submission to the President, three Contracts Made by the Collector of the District of Washington in North Carolina for the stakeage of all the shoals, sounds &c. within that state and North of the District of Wilmington, which have heretofore been staked.\u2026 I have only to observe that as the sums are larger [than] heretofore, it may be because they are for a whole year, which has not been the Case in the former Contracts.\u2026 the immediate necessity of the Case appears to operate strongly in favor of the acceptance of the Contracts.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0230", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 3 January 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department,Revenue Office, January 3d. 1793.\nSir,\nI have the honor to inclose to you an authenticated copy of an Act of the legislature of New York received this day from Mr. Lawrence, one of the Representatives in Congress from that State. I have to observe on this Act that the reservation of Jurisdiction contained in the proviso appears to be inconsistent with the intention of the last clause but one of the 8th. Section of the 1st. Article of the Constitution of the United States, and with the Act of Congress entitled an Act to erect a Light House on Montok point &c. passed the 12th. day of April last.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 with great Respect, Sir, \u2003 your most Obt. Servt.\nTench CoxeCommissr. of the Revenue.\nThe honble.The Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0231", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 3 January 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury DepartmentRevenue Office, January 3d. 1793.\nSir,\nIn compliance with the direction in your letter of the 2d. instant, I have the honor to inform you that the following persons are employed in this office.\nWilliam Barton, principal\nClerk\nat\nDollars \u214c Annm.\nJohn Mease\nClerk\nat\nPeter Footman\ndo. \nat\nEzekiel Forman\ndo.\nat\nMichael Gitts, Messenger & Office keeper\nDollars.\nThe Establishment of this Office having been made at a stage of the last session, when there was not time to place the Clerks upon as good a footing as the legislature have been pleased to ordain in regard to the others, I take occasion to observe that at a convenient opportunity I could wish in Justice to the persons employed it may be submitted to Congress.\nI have the honor to be with great respect \u2003 Sir, your most Obt. Servant\nTench Coxe,Commissr. of the Revenue\nThe honble.The Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0232", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Miller, Junior, 3 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Miller, John, Jr.\n[Philadelphia] January 3, 1793. \u201cIt is perfectly agreeable to me that Nathaniel Waters and Peter Cooper, the two persons mentioned in your letter of the 22nd ulto. should be employed as Inspectors at the prices following\u2014Vizt. for Inspecting the Hats 7/6 \u214c day and for inspecting the Boots and Shoes at the rate of half a Cent per pair round.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0233", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the New York Office of Discount and Deposit of the Bank of the United States, [3 January 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the New York Office of Discount and Deposit of the Bank of the United States\n[Philadelphia, January 3, 1793. The dealer\u2019s catalogue description of this letter reads: \u201cRevoking the credit requested in favor of the bank\u2019s cashier.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0234", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Timothy Pickering, 3 January 1793\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nGeneral Post OfficePhiladelphia Jany 3d 1793\nSir\nSince the close of the last War with Great Britain the Mails for Canada, brought by the British Packets to New York have been transmitted to Albany by the carriers of the Mails of the United States; and from Albany by a Courier to Montreal. Mr Lansing the postmaster at Albany, was the agent in this business in behalf of the Deputy postmaster General for Canada. Mr Lansing made some propositions to me for continuing his agency, by a Contract for carrying the Mail from Albany thro\u2019 Vermont; a post road being established by law, as far as Burlington on Lake Champlain. I declined his proposals. Afterwards, in March last, Mr Edwards Deputy postmaster in Montreal, came to this City, and manifested the desire of Mr Finlay, the Deputy postmaster General for Canada to have some arrangement made for the regular conveyance of the Canada Mail. I then made the propositions contained in the inclosed paper, which have since been agreed to by Mr Finlay; and the Mail is now conveyed in the manner therein described: Some accidents occasioned delays: but the plan is now in operation. The sentiments expressed in that paper will show my sense of such a connection with our neighbours in Canada and how readily I shall enter into any negociation for a similar connection with any other part of that extensive province.\nWith respect to a communication by post with Niagara, which you mentioned to me yesterday, I now enclose a statement which will show the accomplishment of that object to be exceedingly easy:\n& am Sir &c.\nT. P.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0235-0001", "content": "Title: Report on Foreign Loans, 3 January 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\nTreasury Department.January 3d. 1793.[Communicated on January 4, 1793]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nSir,\nIn obedience to an Order of the President of the United States, I have the honor to transmit sundry Statements, No. 1, 2, 3, 4, respecting the several foreign Loans, which have been made under his authority, by the United States, shewing, in conformity to the resolution of the House of Representatives of the 27th of December, as far as the materials in the possession of the Treasury will now permit, the several particulars specified in that resolution; these Statements will equally fulfil the object of the Resolution of the House of the 24th of December.\nWith perfect respect, \u2003 I have the honor, to be, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your most obedient and Humble Servant,\nAlexander Hamilton.\nThe Honorable the Speakerof the House of Representatives.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0235-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure I: [Statement of the Several Sums which Have Been Borrowed for the Use of the United States], 3 January 1792\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nI\nStatement of the Several Sums Which Have Been Borrowed for the Use of the United States by Virtue of the Acts of the Fourth and Twelfth of August 1790, Shewing the Particular Application of the Monies, to the First of January 1793, Inclusively, and the Balance Remaining Unapplied.\nLoans (A)\nFlorins. Sts. d.\nFirst Loan,\nmade at Amsterdam, commencing on the 1st of February 1790, at 5 per cent interest, and 4\u00bd per cent charges\nSecond Loan,\nmade at Amsterdam, commencing on the 1st day of March 1791, at 5 per cent interest, and 4 per cent charges\nThird Loan,\nmade at Amsterdam, commencing on the 1st of September 1791, at 5 per cent interest, and 4 per cent charges\nFourth Loan,\nmade at Antwerp, commencing on the 1st of December 1791, at 4\u00bd per cent interest, and 4 per cent charges\nFifth Loan,\nmade at Amsterdam, commencing on the 1st of January 1792, at 4 per cent interest, and 5\u00bd per cent charges\nSixth Loan,\nmade at Amsterdam, commencing on the 1st of June 1792, at 4 per cent interest, and 5 per cent charges\nCharges upon the Loans.\nOn\nFlorins\nat\nper cent\nat\nper cent\nat\nper cent\nat\nper cent\nat\nper cent\nat\nper cent\nNet amount of the Loans\nPayments made to France. (B.)\nLivres tournois S. d.\nFlorins. Sts. d.\nDec:\nRemittance from\nAmsterdam,\nJune\n1st\n\u2003\u2002do\n\u2003\u2002do\nAug:\n11th\n\u2003\u2002do\n\u2003\u2002do\nSept.\n12th.\n\u2003\u2002do\n\u2003\u2002do\n15th\n\u2003\u2002do\n\u2003\u2002do\n\u2003\u2002do\n\u2003\u2002do\n\u2003\u2002do\n\u2003\u2002do\n  Octo.\n  6th\n  Nov:\n  Dec:\n  \u2003\u2002do. from Amsterdam\n  Aug:\n  \u2003\u2002do. from Amsterdam\n  Charges on the Remittances to France.\n  Brokerage on Florins 10.073.043.8. at 1 per mille.\nPayments on account of other foreign Loans made and to be made to the 1st of January 1793, inclusively.\nFebruary\n1st\nJune\n1st\nFebruary\n1st\nMarch\n1st\nJune.\n1st\nSeptember\n1st\nDecember.\n1st\nJanuary\n1st\nFrom which, deduct so much remitted to the Commissioners from the Treasury, pursuant to special appropriations by the Acts, intituled \u201cAn Act making appropriations for the support of Government for the year 1790;\u201d and, \u201cAn Act making certain appropriations therein mentioned.\u201d\nCommission on the payment of 1.917.250, florins interest, at 1 per cent\nFor postage and advertising\nFor interest on the debt due to certain foreign Officers, payable in Paris, (C)\nReimbursement of the Spanish debt, estimated at (D)\nBills drawn upon the Commissioners in Amsterdam, by the Treasurer. (E)\nLeaving a Balance in the hands of the Commissioners, of\nRemarks\n(A) The dates here mentioned are those for commencing payments on account of the respective loans. The usage is, to allow a certain time to the subscribers (ordinarily from three to six months) to pay in the sums subscribed, the sums paid in, in each month, bearing interest from the beginning of the month. The Schedule No. II, shews the monthly periods of actual payment. The first of these loans was set on foot by our Bankers in Holland, without previous authority, for reasons of weight, respecting the interests and credit of the United States. A due regard to the motives, and considerations relative to the yet unascertained effect of our financial arrangements in their first stages led to an acceptance of that loan on account of the government. The fourth of these loans was originally contracted for three millions of florins, but nine hundred and fifty thousand florins were afterwards suppressed, in consequence of its being found, that money had become obtainable at a lower rate of interest.\n(B) The conversion of florins into livres, in each case, is regulated by the actual market rate of exchange, at the time of payment. It is, however, understood, that there is to be a reliquidation, with a view to certain equitable considerations. The rate of exchange, for the proceeds of the Antwerp loan, is stated by analogy\u2014no more certain rule being, at present, in possession of the Treasury.\n(C) The actual payment of this interest is not yet known at the Treasury, but an appropriation has been made for it, at the disposal of the Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States in France.\n(D) Advice is received, that this payment was going on, though it had not been completed. There is no cause to doubt, that it has been since carried into full effect.\n(E) The produce of the Bills drawn for this sum, and others particulars respecting it, will appear from the Schedules, No. III and IV.\nAccording to the terms of all these loans, the United States are bound to reimburse, in fifteen years, by equal instalments, the first beginning the eleventh year; but the United States have reserved a right upon all, except the two last, to reimburse, at any time, at their pleasure; The reimbursement of the two last (according to the general usage of the country, observed in all loans by the United States, prior to the present government) cannot begin \u2019till the eleventh year.\nTreasury Department, January 3d: 1792\nAlex. Hamilton, Secry. of Treasy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0235-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure II: [Statement Showing the Particular Periods when the Bonds Were Distributed], 3 January 1792\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n  No. II\n    Statement Shewing the Particular Periods, when the Bonds Were Distributed, and the Monies Received upon the Different Loans.\n    On the first Loan, dated the 1st. of February 1790.\n    florins.\u2007\u2007\n    February.\n    Received by the Commissioners\n    March\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    April\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    May\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    June\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    July\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    August\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    September\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    October\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    November\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    December\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    January\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    On the Second Loan, dated the 1st. of March 1791.\n    February.\n    Received by the Commissioners\n    March\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    April\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    May\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    On the Third Loan, dated the 1st. of September 1791.\n    August 31st.\n    Received by the Commissioners\n    September 30th.\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    October 31st.\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    November 30th.\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    December 31st.\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n          On the fourth Loan, made at Antwerp, dated the 1st. of December 1791\n    paid, as received, to France\n    The details of this Loan are deficient\n    On the fifth Loan, dated the 1st. of January 1791.\n    December 31st.\n    Received by the Commissioners\n    January 31st.\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    February\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    March\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    April\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    May\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    June\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    July\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    On the Sixth Loan, dated the 1st. of June 1792.\n    June 1st.\n    Received by the Commissioners\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    July\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    August\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    September\n   These three sums are stated upon conjecture, the Accounts received not coming lower down, than the sixth of September.\n    payable\n    October\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\n    November\n    \u2003\u2002ditto\nTreasury Department, January 3d. 1793.\nAlexander Hamilton,Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0236-0001", "content": "Title: Report on the Several Persons Employed in the Treasury Department, 3 January 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nTreasury Department,January 3d. 1793.[Communicated on January 4, 1793]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nSir,\nI have the honor to transmit herewith, six lists, No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, shewing the several persons employed in the different Offices of the Treasury Department, with the Salary allowed to each, And to be, with perfect respect,\nSir, \u2003 Your most obedient and humble servant,\nAlexander HamiltonSecry. of the Treasy.\nThe Honorable,The Speaker of the House of Representatives", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0236-0004", "content": "Title: Enclosure 3: List of Persons Employed in the Office of the Commissioner of the Revenue, 3 January 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Coxe, Tench\nTo: \nList of Persons Employed in the Office of the Commissioner of the Revenue.\nNames.\nStation.\nSalary \u214c ann.\nTench Coxe,\nCommissioner of the revenue,\nWilliam Barton\nprincipal Clerk\nJohn Mease\nClerk\nPeter Footman\nEzekiel Forman\nMichael Gitts\nMessenger and Office-keeper\nDollars.\nTreasury Office,\nRevenue Office January 3d. 1793.\nTench CoxeCommr. of the Revenue.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0236-0005", "content": "Title: Enclosure 4: List of Persons Employed in the Office of the Auditor of the Treasury, 3 January 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Harrison, Richard\nTo: \nNo. 4\nList of Persons Employed in the Office of the Auditor of the Treasury of the United States.\nNames.\nStation.\nSalary \u214c annum\nTotal Amount\nDollars.\nRichard Harrison.\nAuditor\nWilliam Simmons.\nPrincipal Clerk\nGeorge Nixon\nClerk\nRobert Underwood\nJames Burnside\nWilliam Blackburn\nEzekiel Freeman\nJohn Crosby\nDoyle Sweeny\nClement C. Brown\nMorgan Sweeny\nRichard Reddy\nJohn White\nJohn Gibson\nJohn Stapleton\nWilliam Aldricks\nMichael Forrest\nJoseph Bowman,\nMessenger\nDollars.\nTreasury Department,\nAuditor\u2019s Office, January 3d. 1793\nR. Harrison.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0236-0006", "content": "Title: Enclosure 5: [List of Persons Employed in the Office of the Treasurer], 3 January 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Meredith, Samuel\nTo: \nList of Persons Employed in the Office of the Treasurer of the United States, With Their Salaries Annexed.\nNames.\nRank.\nSalary.\nSamuel Meredith.\nTreasurer of the United States\nDollars,\nAndrew Graydon,\nChief Clerk\nJohn Thomson\nClerk\nSamuel Brook\nditto\nAlexander Frazier\nMessenger & Office keeper\n  Treasury of the United States January 3d. 1793.\n  Samuel MeredithTreasurer of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0236-0007", "content": "Title: Enclosure 6: [List of Several Persons Employed in the Office of the Register of the Treasury], 3 January 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Nourse, Joseph\nTo: \n  List of the Several Persons Employed in the Office of the Register of the Treasury, With the Salaries Allowed to Each.\n  Clerks.\n  Joshua Dawson\n  Dollars.\n  William Banks\n  Joseph Stretch\n  Miles F. Clossy\n  Jacob S. Howell\n  John Woodside\n  Thomas O:Hara\n  Charles Tomkins\n  John Finley\n  Matthew Walker\n  John Little\n  John Hindman\n  John Burchan\n  William P. Gardner\n  John Woodward\n  Edward O: Hara\n  John Boyd\n  Richard Banks\n  Gabriel Nourse\n  William Storey\n  George Sibbald\n  Michael Kennedy\n  William James\n  Stewart Cummin\n  John Matthews\n  Charles Wilson\n  William Sheppard\n  James Stewart\n  Samuel Clindonnon\n  George Mitchell\n  David Rittenhouse\n  William Nourse\n  Michael Nourse\n  John Woodside junior\n  Total for Clerks, Dollrs.\n        Leonard Hideley,\n        Keepers of the several Offices at 175. Dollars, each, is\n        Andrew Wright\n  Joseph Nourse, Register\n  Dollars,\nTreasury Department, Register\u2019s Office, 3d January 1793.\nJoseph Nourse, Register", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0237", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Bush, 4 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Bush, George\nTreasury Department, January 4, 1793. \u201cYour letter under date of the 24th. ulto has been received. What you observe in regard to the \u2026 mercantile interest in your district, shall be duly attended to.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0238", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 4 January 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, January 4, 1793. \u201cI have the honor to inform you that on the receipt of Mr. J. N. Cummings\u2019s letter to you relative to the case of Mathias Brewer, I wrote to him for information on certain points, which appeared necessary. I desired him to communicate the same, with a general State of the Case, to the Supervisor.\u2026 I am in daily expectation of the papers and letters when I shall proceed in the adjustment of the matter.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0239", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 4 January 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, January 4, 1793. Discusses a \u201cplan of repairs of the light House on Tybee Island at the Mouth of the Savannah River.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0240", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, 4 January 179[3]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTreasury DepartmentJany: 4 179[3]\nSir\nI have the honor to inclose you the Copy of a letter I have received from Mr Geo Latimer of this City relating to some concerns of his, with the Govt of St Domingo, to which I have answered in substance as heretofore communicated to you on a similar subject.\nI have the honour to be \u2003 with Respect \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Obed Servt\nA Hamilton\nThe Secretary of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0242", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Nourse, 4 January 1793\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Register\u2019s Office, January 4, 1793. Encloses \u201cthree Statemts. from the Treasury Books of the Appropriation of Ten Thousand Dollars granted 26 March 1790 for the Purpose of defraying the Contingent Expences of Governt. leaving a Balance due thereon the first of this Month of Eight thousand Three hundred and two Dollars and fifty Cents.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0243", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 4 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department, January 4, 1793. Submits to the President two communications from Tench Coxe \u201csuggesting certain alterations in the arrangement heretofore made, within the Revenue, District of North Carolina.\u201d Proposes minor changes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0244", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Richard Harison, 5 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Harison, Richard\nPhiladelphia January 51793\nDear Sir\nMr. Le Roy has not yet appeared, with the Powers and Receipts mentioned in your letter of the 31 of December. Every practicable facility will be given to the business, when it comes forward. But I believe, according to the course of the Treasury, a Certificate, not money, will be given for the ballance.\nYour account is returned with directory remarks upon it. I am sorry you should have the trouble of so many different applications; but the course of public business requires it.\nI am more sorry that we have been deprived of the pleasure of seeing you. Every friend I see, from a place I love, is a cordial to me\u2014and I stand in need of something of that kind now and then.\nThe triumphs of Vice are no new things under the sun. And I fear, \u2019till the Millenium comes, in spight of all our boasted light and purification\u2014hypochrisy and Treachery will continue to be the most successful commodities in the political Market. It seems to be the destined lot of Nations to mistake their foes for their friends; their flatterers for their faithful servants.\nAdieu Believe me with true esteem and regard\nYour obedient ser\nA Hamilton\nRichard Harrison EsqrNew York", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0245", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Timothy de Monbreun, 5 January 1793\nFrom: House of Representatives\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, January 5, 1793. An entry in the Journal of the House for January 5, 1793, reads as follows: \u201cThe Speaker laid before the House a letter and report from the Secretary of the Treasury on the memorial of Timothy de Monbreun which were read.\u201d Letter and report not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0246", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 5 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt. 5 Jany. 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor respectfully to enclose to the President of the United States copies of certain statements No. 1. 2. 3 & 4, which have been rendered to the House of representatives pursuant to a resolution of the House of the 27 of Decembr. last.\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0248", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edmund Randolph, 7 January 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia Jany. 7. 1793.\nSir\nWhen I first read your letter, inclosing the cession of Montok-point, I suspected, that it would be necessary to travel into a wide constitutional field. I was apprehensive, that I should be obliged to inquire, whether congress, even if they were so disposed, could accept a cession, with a reservation of state-jurisdiction. But when I adverted to the act, which directs a light-house to be built on Montok-point, it became obvious, that congress did not mean to accept this cession, with a mutilated jurisdiction. The words are: \u201cAs soon as the jurisdiction shall have been ceded:\u201d that is, as soon as New-York shall have relinquished her jurisdiction. It is manifest, that this has not been done; and therefore the act of New-York is not commensurate with the act of congress.\nI have the honor, sir, to be \u2003 with great respect \u2003 Yr. mo. ob. serv.\nEdm: Randolph.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0249", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jean Baptiste de Ternant, 7 January 1793\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste de\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, January 7, 1793. On January 13, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Ternant: \u201cdrafts cannot be made at the Treasury as desired by your letter of the seventh instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0250", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Pinckney, 8 January 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nLondon 8th. Janry 1793.\nMy dear Sir\nI am informed by Messrs: Bird, Savage and Bird Merchants of this City that a scheme is in agitation for the payment in London of the interest on that part of the American funds which is in Europe through the medium of Agents to be appointed by the Bank of the United States; as they wish in conjunction with another respectable house to obtain this Agency they very judiciously think that your support would greatly strengthen their application to the President & Directors of the Bank & have requested of me a letter of recommendation to you on the Subject\u2014& I accede to the proposal without reluctance as I am persuaded that private application never influences your mind in public appointments at the same time that the testimony of those acquainted with the applicants will have such weight as it merits. With respect to the present business I can only inform you that the gentlemen who compose this house are respectable in their private capacities as well as in their mercantile transactions, & as far as my information goes very well connected here; they are known to have had considerable concerns in the American funds already which it is their present object to continue & to evince that I do not recommend where I have not a confidence all my transactions in the money line pass through their hands; which tho\u2019 not considerable are of importance to me.\nYour letter to Messrs: Vanstaphors &c was brought to me yesterday by the Captn of the New Pigon & shall be sent by this days mail.\nI have the honor to be with the utmost respect \u2003 dear Sir \u2003 Your most obedient and most humble Servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0251", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tench Coxe, 10 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Coxe, Tench\n[Philadelphia, January 10, 1793. On January 12, 1793, Coxe wrote to Hamilton: \u201cAgreeably to your Note of the 10th instant, I have the honor to inclose to you a draught of an Act.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0252", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James O\u2019Hara, 10 January 1793\nFrom: O\u2019Hara, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPittsburgh January 10, 1793\nSir,\nBeing absent on Special business, I had not the honor to answer your letter on the 18th ulto. sooner.\nYour regulation respecting the settling of my Accounts shall certainly be as strictly observ\u2019d as the nature of the service will admit of.\nThe various sums of money which I am Obliged to advance for collecting the necessary supplies from the extensive Frontiers, and the scatter\u2019d situation of the troops render\u2019d it impossible to exhibit the Accounts to the Treasury of the United States at the expiration of every quarter, regular as I could wish. They shall be immediately attended to and furnished as soon as possible.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Mst. Obt. humble Servant\nJames O\u2019Hara, QmG", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0253-0001", "content": "Title: [From Alexander Hamilton to the Speaker of the House of Representatives], 10 January 1793\nFrom: \nTo: \nTreasury Department, January 10th. 1793.[Communicated on January 11, 1793]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nSir,\nThe Resolution of the House of Representatives of the 27th of December last, having been considered as contemplating foreign Loans only, the Statements rendered to the House on the 3d instant, were confined merely to those objects.\nBut lest a greater latitude should have been intended by that resolution, I have the honor to transmit herewith a supplementary Statement, No. V, which contains the several sums that have been borrowed in the United States, under the authority of the President; and to be, with perfect respect,\nSir, \u2003 Your most obedient servant,\nAlexander Hamilton,Secretary of the Treasury.\nThe Honorable, The Speaker  of the House of Representatives.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0253-0002", "content": "Title: [A Statement of the Monies Which Have Been Borrowed in the United States by the Government], 10 January 1793\nFrom: \nTo: \nUnder the Act, intituled \u201cAn Act making appropriations for the support of Government for the year 1790,\u201d the following sums were borrowed from the Bank of New York, and applied, as specified in the said Act, Viz:\nMarch 31st\ndollars.\nApril 8th\ndollars,\nat the rate of six per centum per annum, from the respective dates mentioned, to the 14th. May 1790, when the loan was reimbursed.\nPursuant to the Act, intituled \u201cAn Act for raising a farther sum of money for the protection of the frontiers, and for other purposes therein mentioned,\u201d a loan has been obtained from the Bank of the United States, agreeably to a contract with the said Bank, dated the 25th of May 1792, of 523,000\n   Errata. *The true Sum, agreeably to contract, was 523,500. dollars.\n dollars, at the rate of five per cent per annum, reimbursable at the pleasure of the United States; upon which loan, there has been received in the treasury, in the following instalments, and applied to the purpose, for which it was appropriated,\ndollars,\non the\n1st of June, 1792.\ndo.\n1st of July, do.\ndo.\n1st of August do.\ndo.\n1st of September do.\n   This sum was not received \u2019till the 28th of September.\nThe interest accruing on the said instalments to the 1st of January 1793, was made payable on that day and thenceforth until the reimbursement of the principal, the interest on the whole is to be paid half-yearly, namely, on the 1st of July, and on the 1st of January in each year.\nThe surplus of the duties laid by the Act before mentioned, to be applied, as the same shall accrue, to the reimbursement of the principal and interest.\nPursuant to the Act, entitled \u201cAn Act to incorporate the subscribers to the Bank of the United States,\u201d a loan has been made by the said Bank to the United States, of 2.000.000 dollars, at the rate of six per cent per annum, reimbursable, in ten years, by equal annual instalments, or at any time sooner, or in any greater proportions that the Government may think fit.\nThis loan has been applied, as directed by the Act, under which it was borrowed.\nThe time, when the interest commenced, on one million of dollars of the said loan, is coincident with the time, when the dividend upon the Stock of the Bank began to accrue, namely, the 20th of December 1791\u2014upon the remaining one million of dollars, interest commenced on the 1st of July 1792.\nTreasury Department.\nJanuary 10th 1793\nAlexander Hamilton,Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0254", "content": "Title: Remarks on a Request by Jean Baptiste de Ternant, 11 January 1793\nFrom: \nTo: \n[Philadelphia] Friday, January 11th: 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury waited upon the President on the subject of the papers which were put into his hands yesterday, and observed.\nThat the advance required by the French Consuls could be made without any inconvenience to the Treasury of the U. S. but as the U. S. had already paid to France the amot. of what was due to her at present, and as the unsettled State of things in France made it uncertain whether, when they shall have formed a permanent government, they will agree to allow of the advance thus made, the Secretary thought it was a matter which required weighty consideration and gave it as his opinion, that the President had better take the sentiments of the heads of the Departments on the subject. Which meeting the President\u2019s ideas, the Gentlemen were requested to attend the President tomorrow morning at nine O\u2019clock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0255", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 12 January 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, January 12, 1793. \u201cAgreeably to your Note of the 10th instant, I have the honor to inclose to you a draught of an Act of the President of the United States, calculated to establish certain alterations of the Revenue Arrangement in the District of North Carolina, conforming with what I presume from your said note to be the pleasure of the President.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0256", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jean Baptiste de Ternant, 13 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste de\nTreasury DepartmentJanuary 13. 1793\nSir\nI think it proper to apprise you that under the existing circumstances the Registry of your \u201cdelegations\u201d or drafts cannot be made at the Treasury as desired by your letter of the seventh instant.\nWith respect I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedient servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe Minister Plenipotentiaryof the Republic of France", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0257", "content": "Title: Draft of Instructions for William Hull, 14 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, January 14, 1793. On January 14, 1793, George Washington recorded in the \u201cJournal of the Proceedings of the President\u201d that \u201cThe Secretary of the Treasury submitted \u2026 a draft of Instructions to be given to General Hull who is to go into Canada to purchase provisions for the treaty to be held with the hostile Indians in the Spring at Au Glaize.\u201d Draft not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0258", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Tillary, [14 January 1793]\nFrom: Tillary, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, January 14, 1793]\nSir\nMr Mulligan will have the honor of seeing you in Phila. & promised to deliver this letter personally. It incloses 200 Dolls, which I have been indebted to you a most unconscionable length of time. When Mr Childs was in Phila. about a year ago, he was commissioned by me (having then the needful of my property) to discharge my pecuniary obligations to you. But disappointments pressed so severely upon him that he excused himself to me in the best way he could for not doing as I directed him.\nThe Baron who is now with you, took up his note a few days before he left us & paid me every farthing. But what need I trouble you with a long story.\nYou lent me some money to serve me at a time when an act of friendship had embarrassed me, & I now return it to you with a Thousand thanks, the only Interest, I shall offer at present. The fact is I have had your money so long that I don\u2019t recollect when my note was given\u2014besides on such occasions I am a very bad Accountant. I might give you a dish of Local Politics, but your supplies on that score issue from many sources of more competent information. I flatter myself that I have been, & shall be, in some measure, useful in keeping from Congress that Whore in Politics \u27e8\u2013 \u2013\u27e9. The Chancellor is removed from the Presidency of the Scotch Socty. & that has been ascribed to my interference.\nThe truth is I wish\u2019t to make the whole family unpopular, because in my Judgement, by their apostacy they had rendered themselves quite odious.\nIf you can lay your hands on my Note you will oblige me by sending it.\nSuccess, Honor, & long life to you\nJames Tillary\nN. York Jany. 14", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0259", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, [14 January] 1793\nFrom: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Amsterdam, January 14, 1793. On March 15, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Willink, Van Staphorst, and Hubbard: \u201cI received \u2026 the letter \u2026 of the 14 of January last.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0260-0001", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Alexander J. Dallas, [15 January 1793]\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander J.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, January 15, 1793]\nSir.\nI have received the enclosed letter from Mr. Gallatine, one of the Members of the General Assembly, of this State, respecting the subject, on which we conversed some days ago; and I will esteem it a particular favour, if you will enable me to make an early answer to the questions which he proposes.\nI am, with the sincerest esteem and respect \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your most obedt. serv\nA. J. Dallas Secy\nSecretary\u2019s Office\nPhila., 15th Jany 1793\nBe pleased to return the letter after perusal.\nTo Alexander Hamilton, esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0262", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, 15 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTreasury Department January 15th 1793\nSir\nMajor Rochefontaine has presented at the Treasury an authenticated copy of a Register Certificate in his favour, from which it appears, that the original has been deposited with Mr Delamotte, vice consul of the united States at Havre in France.\nIt being necessary, that the Treasury should be in possession of the original certificate, I have in the enclosed letter desired Major Rochefontaine to cause it to be forwarded hither. This letter will probably be transmitted to Havre, and will therefore require to be authenticated by your signature; it being presumed, that mine is not familiar to the Consul. [I request some proper Memorandum on the inclosed for this purpose.]\nIt will be requisite, that Mr Delamotte [and other consuls and Vice Consuls of the UStates] should be directed to forbear in future taking any deposits of original certificates of the like nature. This direction I conceive will come properly from your department.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 very respectfully \u2003 Sir \u2003 your obedt Servt\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe Secretary of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0263", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, [15 January 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, January 15, 1793]\nMr Hamilton presents his Compliments to Mr. Jefferson. The enclosed letter, written by his Clerk, will, it is hoped, express his wish sufficiently to render it unnecessary to remodel it. As Col Rochefontaine informs him The vessel, by which the letter is intended to be sent, departs tomorrow Morning he will be obliged by its being returned to him with the proper certificate this Evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0264", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 15 January 179[3]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department, January 15, 179[3]. \u201cThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to the President of the United States the enclosed Letter from the Commissioner of the Revenue respecting the Lighthouse on Tybee Island. The arrangement which he proposes appears to the Secretary an adviseable one.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0266", "content": "Title: Meeting of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund, [16 January 1793]\nFrom: Commissioners of the Sinking Fund\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, January 16. 1793]\nAt a meeting of the trustees of the sinking fund, January 16th, 1793, Present: The Vice President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Attorney General.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury having informed the Board that there are, at their disposal, a balance of the dividends of interest on the stock heretofore purchased, and the further sum of two hundred thousand dollars:\nResolved, That the balance aforesaid be applied to the purchase of stock, according to the instructions given, and the limitations prescribed, by the last resolutions of the Board.\nResolved, That the said two hundred thousand dollars be applied to the purchase of six per cents only, within the space of ten days; and that the Board will meet on the expiration thereof, to wit, on Saturday, the 26th inst. to take further order, concerning the said two hundred thousand dollars, if necessary.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0267", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Gouverneur Morris, 16 January 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nParis 16 January 1793.\nDear Sir\nI shall transmit herewith Copy of what I had the Honor to write to you on the twenty third of last Month. I have since after much difficulty or rather many difficulties adjusted the Mode of payment on Certificates to foreign Officers. Messieurs Grand and Company could not be prevail\u2019d on to deal in Specie because it might have exposed them to Plunder and personal Danger. Similar Feelings would I find operate on others therefore I was oblig\u2019d to relinquish that Idea or convert myself into a Banker which would I found besides other Inconveniences consume all my Time and after all produce little Benefit either to the Public or to the Parties. The best Plan which after all Investigation suggested itself to my mind is as follows. The Dollars being already converted into livres at a very Advantageous Exchange for the Parties I have directed payment to them at the Rate of 54 g. (or half pence) banco for the Crown of three livres which is as near the Par of Exchange as can be without Fractions. For the Value of the Dutch florin being taken according to the Assays of their Coin at 2. \u20b6\u20144s. of France we have the following proportion as 44s is to 40g. so is 60s to 54g. 54d the Value of the Ecu in current Money; and if from this be deducted one per Cent for the Agio between the Bank and Current, which is the Ratio that has ruled for some time past, we have just the 54g banco which I have fixed on. Thus no Complaint can exist and the Exchange being fixed according to the Ideas which People here have been used to it is much more satisfactory than if I had taken the Dollar as a Standard because the Dollar being always a Commodity here and the Price of course fluctuating the Exchange would have been to them a double one and of Course a double Source of Altercation and Disquietude. It remains for me to shew that the Fixation above mentioned corresponds with your Orders. The Dollar at 50 Stivers or 100 Gros gives banco 99g And as the Dollar (worth according to the Assays 5.33 livres) is carried out in the Certificates at 5.40 livres or 5.\u20b6 8 we have the following Proportion as 3 \u20b6 is to 54g. so is 5 \u20b6 8 to 97g. 2. This leaves to the United States a Difference 1g. 8 to pay the Bankers Commissions Postages and the Stamp duties here on the Bills of Exchange. These will very nearly absorp that little Difference so that in round Numbers the 50 Sous or Stivers current which you counted on will about pay the Dollar which is due.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0268-0001", "content": "Title: Report on Bank Deposits, Surplus Revenue, and Loans, 16 January 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nTreasury DepartmentJanuary 16. 1793[Communicated on January 18, 1793]\n[To the President of the Senate]\nSir\nI have the honor to transmit herewith, pursuant to the order of the Senate, of yesterday, the following documents, viz:\nBooks, No 1 and 2, containing the current Cash Account between the United States and the Bank of the United States from the commencement of the operations of that Institution until this day.\nFiles A, B, C, D\nA \u2003 containing a series of accounts beginning the 16th of June 1792 and ending the 5th of January 1793, shewing the Cash Account of the United States with the Office of Discount and Deposit of the Bank of the United States, at Boston.\nB \u2003 Containing a series of accounts beginning the 23d of May 1792 and ending the 5th of January 1793 shewing [the Cash Account of the United States with the office of Discount and Deposit of the Bank of the UStates] at New York.\nC \u2003 Containing a series of accounts beginning the 9th of August 1792 and ending the 5th of January 1793 [shewing similar Acots. with the Office of Discount & Deposit at] Baltimore.\nD \u2003 Containing a series of accounts beginning the 9th of June and ending the 22d of December 1792 [shewing similar Cash Account with the Office of Discount & Deposit at] Charleston.\nStatement E being an Abstract of the balances remaining in the several Offices of Discount and Deposit at the respective periods of the last Returns.\nStatements A B and No 1, 2, 3, being Accounts of the sales of Bills on Amsterdam by the Bank of the United States and the several Offices of Discount and Deposit.\nThese documents fulfil the first object of the order abovementioned.\nStatement F Shewing the Surplus of Revenue appropriated to the purchase of the public debt. This surplus arose at the end of the year 1790, and was appropriated by an Act of the 12th of August 1790.\nThis fulfils the second object of the order, as I understand its meaning.\nStatements (printed) No. I, II, III, IV.\nThese have been heretofore presented to the House of Representatives and shew with as much detail and accuracy, as is now in the power of the Treasury, the different loans which have been made pursuant to the Acts of the 4th and 12th of August 1790, and their application, as far as it has gone.\nThese loans having been contracted, in virtue of the powers communicated by both Acts, without particular reference to either, a specification of the loans made upon each is of course not practicable. This mode of proceeding was indicated 1st by an intimation from our Bankers in Holland that a distinction might prove an embarrassment (being a novelty, the reason of which would not be obvious to the money lenders), 2dly, by the consideration, that if the loans were made upon both acts indiscriminately, their application could be regulated, as circumstances, from time to time, should render advisable.\nThese documents fulfil, as far as is practicable, the 3d and 4th objects of the order.\nStatement G shewing the probable unappropriated surplus of the public Revenue during the year 1792.\nThis fulfils, as far as can now be done, the last of the objects comprised in the order of the Senate.\nBut by way of explanation, I beg leave to refer to the printed statement D which accompanied the estimate for the service of the present year, reported to the House of Representatives, on the 14th of November last, and which is herewith transmitted.\nThe Books, No 1 and 2, the papers contained in the files A B C & D and those marked A B No 1, 2, 3, are originals. They are sent, rather than transcripts, to avoid delay; as it is understood that the statements called for have reference to the deliberations of the Senate on the Bill making appropriations for the service of the current year.\nI supposed it would be most agreeable to the Senate to be enabled, as soon as possible, by the receipt of the information they have required, to proceed to a decision on that important subject. And exposed as I am to very perplexing Dilemmas, for the want of the requisite appropriations, in consequence of arrangements which it was my duty to enter into, to be able to keep pace with the exigencies of the public service, I could not but feel a solicitude to hasten the communication.\nAs the Originals, which have been mentioned, are necessary Documents of Office, I request that the Senate will be pleased to cause them to be returned, as soon as they shall have answered the purpose, for which they have been required.\nWith the most perfect respect, \u2003 I have the honor to be, \u2003 Sir, Your Obed [and humble] Servant.\nAlex Hamilton[Secy of the Treasy]\n[The vice President of the U States &]The President of the Senate.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0268-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure No. 1: [Sales of Government Bills on Amsterdam], 12 January 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Burrall, Jonathan\nTo: \nNo. 1\nSales of Government Bills on Amsterdam, at the Office of Discount and Deposit in New York. Vizt, 225,000 Guilders @ 36\u2074\u2044\u2081\u2081 Ninetieths of a Dollar \u214c Guilder, on a Credit of Six Months, With Interest for the Last Four Months.\nWhen sold.\nTo whom sold.\nAmount in Guilders\nAmount in Dollars.\nWhen paid\nAmount of Interest.\nSums paid.\nApril\n25th.\nRowlett & Corp.\nOctor.\n15th\n26th.\nNorman Butler\nAugt.\nMay\nWilliam Edgar\nJuly\n4th\n10th.\nSaml Ward & Brs.\nNovr.\n13th.\n18th.\nGeorge Scriba\n21st.\nErrors Excepted\nJonthn. Burrall Cashr\nOffice of Discount & Deposit New York January 12th. 1793.\nN.B. The Secretary of the Treasury gave permission to receive payment of the Notes that were on Interest at any time before they became due.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0268-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure No. 2: [Sale of Government Bills on Amsterdam], 12 January 1793\nFrom: New York Office of Discount and Deposit\nTo: \nNo. 2\nSale of Government Bills on Amsterdam, at the Office of Discount and Deposit in New York Vizt. 250,000 Guilders at 40 Cents 7 Mills \u214c Guilder Payable the One Half in 2 Months, and the Other Half in 4 Months, With Interest.\nWhen sold\nTo whom sold.\nAmount in Guilders\nAmount in Dollars.\nWhen paid.\nAmount of Interest\nSums paid\nJuly\nSaml. Ward & Brothers\nSepr.\n29th\nditto\nNovr.\n28th.\nObadiah Bowen\nSepr.\n29th\nditto\nNovr.\n28th\nAugt.\n7th\nNicholas Cook & Co.\nOctor.\n9th\nditto\nDecr\n3rd\nJosiah Adams & Co.\nOctor\n9th\nditto\nDecr\n8th\n21st.\nJacob & Philip Mark\nOctor\nditto\nDecr\n27th.\nJohn Murray\nOctor\n29th\nditto\nDecr\n27th\nSepr\nDaniel Badcock\nNovr 1793\n4th\nditto\nJany\n5th.\n4th.\nMatthew Clarkson\nNovr 1793\n5th\nditto\nJany\n5th\nLeRoy & Bayard\nNovr 1793\n5th\nditto\nJany\n5th\n5th\nVan Horne & Clarkson\nNovr. 1793\n7th.\nditto\nJany.\n6th\nNicholas Hoffman\nNovr\n9th.\nditto\nJany\n8th\n10th\nJohn P. Mumford & Co.\nNovr. 1793\n12th\nditto\nJany\n12th.\nOffice of Discount and DepositNew York Jany 12th 1793.\nErrors Excepted.\nPer. Burrall Cashr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0268-0005", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Statement AB: [Account of Treasury Bills on Amsterdam], 15 January 1793\nFrom: Bank of the United States,Franks, David S.\nTo: \nStatement AB\n  Accot. of Treasury Bills on Amsterdam Sold by the Bank of the United States & Offices of D & D\n  Monies received\n  Notes remg. unpaid\n  Date of Sale\n  Guilders\n  Purchasers Names\n  Amt of Note\n  Int on do\n  Amount\n  when payble\n  Remarks\n  April\n  Matthew McConnell\n  Jonathan Williams\n  Anthony Butler\n  Office at New York\n  Thomas Fitzsimons\n  July\n  Pragers & Co.\n  Office of New York\n  Office of Baltimore\n  Saml. Meredith\n  Joseph Anthony & Son\n  Ward & Brothers\n  Anthony Butler\n  paid 105 Dolls. at the time of Purchase\n  William Bell\n  Augt.\n  Office New York\n  Do. Balto.\n  Willm. McPherson\n  Henry Hill\n  Office of New York\n  Bake & Co.\n  Office of New York\n  Leond. Jacoby\n  Fredk. W. Starrman\n  Cash\n  Ditto\n  Bohlen\n  Office at New York\n  Thos. Ketland\n  Septr.\n  George Meade\n  Geo: Sweetman\n  Nixon & Foster\n  Geo: Ord\n  Thos. M Willing\n  Leonard Jacoby\n  29th Jany\n  Octr.\n  Geo: Harrison\n  F. W. Starrman\n  2 Feby.\n  Willing Morris & Swanwick\n  Jos: Anthony & Son\n  4th. do\n  T. Dalton\n  7th. do\n  Geo: Bickham\n  John Donaldson\n  Conyngham Nesbitt & Co.\n  Pragers & Co.\n  F & J. West\n  Jas. & W Miller\n  John Donaldson\n  10th. do\n  Berthier & Co.\n  12th. do\n  Robert Morris\n  Lewis Deblois\n  146.67 is the Amt. of the whole Int. on the two Periods of 60 & 120 days for Bills sold L. Deblois.\n  Cash\n  John Nixon\n  14th do\n  Anthony Butler\n  Cash\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\nAmount of Monies recd. at the Bank of the U.S. for Amsterdam Bills\n\u2003\u2002Bills to the 15th Jany 1793 as above\n\u2003\u2002Interest recd. on do. as above\nTotal Amt. of Guilders sold at the Office at New York is\nAmount of Monies recd at the Office of Discount & Deposit at\n\u2003\u2002New York \u214c Acct No 1\n\u2003\u2002do \u2003\u2003\u2003 \u214c Acct No 2\nTotal Amt. of Guilders sold at the Office at Baltimore\nAmount of Monies recd. at the Office of Discount & Deposit at \n\u2003\u2002Baltimore \u214c Acct. No 3\nTotal Amt. of Monies recd. by the Bank & Offices, for Amsterdam\u2003\u2002Bills\nThere still remain due on Acct. of Amsterdam Bills, Notes payable\u2003\u2002at Bank, as above\nN. B:\nAs these Notes are not always paid the day they fall due, the Interest\u2003\u2002is not carried out\nBank of the United States Jany. 15th. 1793\nDavd. S. FranksAsst. Cashier", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0268-0006", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Statement E: Statement of Balances in the Several Offices of Discount & Deposit, 6 January 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nStatement E.\n  Statement of Balances in the Several Offices of Discount & Deposit.\n  Dates of Returns\n  Offices of Discount & deposit\n  Balances\n  Dollars cents\n  Jany 5\n  Boston\n  Amount of draughts not yet paid\n  Jany 5\n  New York\n  Received for Bills sold on Amsterdam\n  Draughts unpaid 60.000.\n  Invested in the Public debt 50.000.\n  Jany 5\n  Baltimore\n  Amount of draughts not yet paid\n  Decembr. 22\n  Charleston\n  Amount of draughts not yet paid\nTreasury Depart. January 6. 1793\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0268-0008", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Statement G: [Statement Showing the Probable Surplus of the Revenue], 16 January 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n  Statement G\n    A Statement Shewing the Probable Surplus of the Revenue of the United States for the Year 1792\n    Dollars Cents\n    Net product of Duties on Imports and Tonnage from the 1st of January to the 31st of December 1792, as estimated\n   This sum is estimated by adding to the ascertained product of the year 1791 an ascertained excess of the product of the first two quarters of the year 1792, beyond the product of the first two quarters of the year 1791 being 252,319 dollars and eleven cents, and the estimated product for a half year of the additional duties on imports laid during the last session of Congress and commencing on the 1st. of July last, being 261,750 dollars. According to the information hitherto received at the Treasury, there is every probability that the amount of the duties for the last half year of 1792 will fully equal this calculation of their product; if in the ratio of the first half year, will exceed it.\n    Ditto on home made Spirits as estimated\n    Appropriations\n    Interest on the Public Debt for the year 1792\n    For the Support of Government for the same Year appropriated\u2003\u2002by the act of the 23d of December 1791\n    Towards carrying into execution the act intitled \u201cAn\u2003\u2002Act for making farther and more effectual Provision\u2003\u2002for the Protection of the frontiers\u201d appropriated by\u2003\u2002the act of the 2d of may 1792.\n    To defray any expense incurred in relation to the intercourse\u2003\u2002between the united States and foreign Nations\u2003\u2002appropriated by the Act of the 8th of may\u2003\u20021792\n    Surplus\nTreasury Department January 16. 1793\nAlex Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0269", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Edgar, 17 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Edgar, William\nPhiladelphia Jany 17.1793\nSir\nThis will be handed you by General Hull, whom I have charged with a Commission to be executed in Upper Canada, that is the contracting for supplies for an Indian Treaty expected to be held at Au Glaise the Ensuing Spring. I wish him to be possessed of Letters of Introduction to respectable Merchants of the Country to which he is going and believing that no one can answer this purpose better than yourself & Mr. Macombe I take the liberty to ask the favour of you both to do it. I do not write to Mr. Macombe but I will be obliged to you to mention the subject to him & my request. With much esteem & regard\nI am Dr sir \u2003 Your Obed servant\nA Hamilton\nWm. Edgar Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0270", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Samuel Hodgdon, 17 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Hodgdon, Samuel\n[Philadelphia, January 17, 1793. The catalogue description of this letter reads \u201cin reference to army pay.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0271", "content": "Title: Receipt to Benjamin Walker, [18 January 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Walker, Benjamin\n[Philadelphia, January 18, 1793]\nReceived January 18th. 1793 of Benjamin Walker Agent for Baron De Steuben Three thousand Dollars in full of all claims and demands against the said Baron De Steuben to this day.\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0272", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 19 January 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department,Revenue Office, January 19th. 1793\nSir,\nIn examining a report concerning the commencement, progress and present state of the establishments in Massachusetts for the direction and safety of navigation made to this office by the Superintendent thereof, in pursuance of a late circular instruction, I perceive a proviso in the copy of the Act of cession, which appears to render the same of no effect, under the Act of Congress of the 7th. of August 1789, \u201cfor the establishment, and support of light houses, Beacons, Buoys and public piers\u201d and which also appears to be inconsistent with the Constitution of the United States.\nThe proviso of the Act of the legislature of Massachusetts is in the words following\u2014\n\u201cProvided also that all civil and criminal process issued under the authority of this commonwealth or any officers thereof may be executed on any of said Lands or in any of said buildings, in the same way and manner as if the Jurisdiction had not been ceded as aforesaid.\u201d\nI have the honor to make you this communication for the purpose of obtaining the Attorney generals opinions\u2014\n1st \u2003 Whether the cession contemplated in the Act of the legislature of Massachusetts is made in such manner as to be availing and of effect under the Constitution of the United States, And\n2dly \u2003 Whether the said Cession is made in such manner as to be availing and of effect under the Act of Congress of the 7th day of August 1789, refered to above.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 with great respect Sir, \u2003 your most Obt. Servant\nTench CoxeCommissr. of the Revenue.\nThe honorableThe Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0273", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 19 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department, January 19, 1793. \u201cThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to transmit herewith to the President of the United States three provisional Contracts made by the Collector of Washington in North Carolina, for the stakage of the shoals, sounds &c. within that State, north of the District of Wilmington, accompanied with a letter from the Commissioner of the Revenue relative to the subject.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0274", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Whipple, 19 January 1793\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPortsmouth [New Hampshire] January 19, 1793. Acknowledges \u201cthe receipt of your letter of the 20th December\u201d enclosing commissions for officers of the New Hampshire revenue cutter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0275", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 20 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Dept. 20 Jan: 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit the Draft of a supplementary Act for making certain alterations in the District of North Carolina, heretofore considered & approved by the President.\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0276", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 21 January 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] January 21, 1793. \u201cBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to return to the Secretary of the Treasury, three contracts made by the Collector of Washington in North Carolina for the stakeage of the shoals, sounds &c. in that State; which contracts are ratified by the President.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0277", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 22 January 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury Department,January 22d, 1793.\nSir,\nEnclosed is an act, entitled, \u201cAn act concerning the registering and recording of ships or vessels,\u201d passed the 31st of December last.\nThis act is to take effect after the last days of March next. The forms of the certificates of Registry therein prescribed, will be immediately prepared and transmitted by the Register of the Treasury.\nCopies of all certificates which shall be granted pursuant to the said act, are directed to be transmitted to the Register of the Treasury, once in three months. Memorandums of changes of masters, and all original certificates which shall be surrendered to be cancelled, are after the last day of March next, likewise to be transmitted to the said Register. But this must be done from time to time as such incidents shall occur; conforming with regard to the last mentioned originals to my circular instruction of the 2d of January 1792.\nThe Schooner Fame, of Newbury Port, having met with an accident in the West-Indies in August last, proof has been made by the master, of the loss of her Certificate No. 10, which was granted by the Collector of Newbury Port on the 25th of April 1791, to William Coombs, owner, Solomon Haskel, master. But as it is reported that the vessel has since been taken up and carried into the Island of Tortola, there is a probability of the certificate being saved. This information is therefore given, in case the document should again make its appearance in any way, that it may be detained and the circumstance communicated to me.\nWith great consideration, \u2003 I am, Sir, \u2003 Your obedient Servant,\nA Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0278", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 23 January 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States 23d Januy. 1793.\nBy the President\u2019s direction T. Lear has the honor to transmit to the Secretary of the Treasury a Copy of the Resolution of the House of representatives relative to the Loans made in Holland; with which the President requests the Secretary to comply as soon as he conveniently can.\nTobias Lear.S.P.U.S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0280", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Knox, 24 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Knox, Henry\nTreasury Department January 24th 1793\nsir,\nI send you a letter of this day from Mr Miller, Inspector of Cloathing, suggesting the necessity of certain precautions for the preservation of the Hats which have been delivered. You will be fully sensible of the importance of due care on this point, and will I doubt not give the necessary direction to Mr Hodgsdon.\nI have the Honour to be very Respectfully Sir, \u2003 Your obedient servt.\nA Hamilton\nThe Secretary at War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0281", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 24 January 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States 24 Jany 1793\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to transmit to the Secretary of the Treasury a Resolution of the Senate respecting Loans made in Holland &c. with which the President requests the Secretary to comply.\nTobias Lear.S.P.U.S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0282", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Miller, Junior, 24 January 1793\nFrom: Miller, John, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia 24 January 1793\nSir,\nSince I had the honor of addressing you a few days ago, all the Hatts at present finished have been inspected and are now delivering at the public Store to the Amount of 1500. As there is no place fitted for their Reception otherwise than in bulk on the Floor, and no article is more liable to damage from the Moath than a wool hatt, I cannot but regret that those, which are undoubtedly the best parcel that ever were made for the army, should be put in this danger. The only mode I can Suggest is to have them well pack\u2019d in cases or dry Casks and shut up, before the dust collects on them. Some directions may be necessary to Col. Hodgdon on this Subject. Although this is out of my province, yet I could not refrain from the communication of my ideas viewing the interest of the poor Soldier, and the credit of the inspection involv\u2019d therein. With perfect respect,\nI am, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your Most Obedt. Servt.\nJno. Miller.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0283", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 24 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department. Jany 24 1793.\nSir,\nAs the Law appropriating Ten thousand Dollars for the purpose of defraying the contingent charges of Government (tho\u2019 in that respect not very precise in it\u2019s terms) seems to contemplate the rendering an account from time to time of the disbursement of that sum; I have the honor to enclose three copies of a statement to the end of the year 1792, in order that if it be judged expedient, one may be sent to each House of Congress.\nWith the highest respect and the truest attachment, \u2003 I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your mo: Obedt, Servt.\nA HamiltonSecy. of the Treasy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0284", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [25 January 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, January 25, 1793]\nMr. Hamilton presenting his respects to The President, submits the enclosed Drafts.\n25 January 1793", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0286", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tench Coxe, [26 January 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Coxe, Tench\n[Philadelphia] Saturday. [January 26, 1793]\nDear sir,\nI mentioned one or two things yesterday, which were urgent. One was the papers for the enquiry. You will see by the enclosed, that they are to go to the house of representatives. Will you be so good as to have a letter prepared this morning. I stay at home to-day, to look over petitions. Let the warrants, &c., be sent me.\nYours, affectionately.\nA. Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0287", "content": "Title: Meeting of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund, [26 January 1793]\nFrom: Commissioners of the Sinking Fund\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, January 26, 1793]\nAt a meeting of the trustees of the sinking fund, on Saturday, the 26th of January, 1793,\nPresent: The Vice President, the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Attorney General.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury having informed the Board that one hundred and fifty thousand dollars remain unexpended, under the order of the sixteenth day of this instant (January:)\nResolved, That the said one hundred and fifty thousand dollars be applied to the purchase of six per cent. stock and the deferred debt, on the principles of the resolutions of August, 1791; that the agent prefer the one or the other, according as a greater or less rate of interest may be redeemed; and that the purchases be made either at Philadelphia, under the direction of Samuel Meredith, Treasurer of the United States; or at New York, under the direction of the cashier of the Office of Discount and Deposite of the Bank of the United States there.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0288", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 29 January 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department,Revenue Office, January 29th 1793.\nSir,\nI have the honor to enclose to you first draughts of several documents, agreably to the Note at the foot of this letter, containing a part of the information relative to the Revenue on distilled Spirits indicated by your verbal communication of the 26th inst. Others are in preparation and will be sent when finished. It is supposed that an early view of these documents may be useful in the general preparation, which occasions their present transmission. Should any or all of these papers be necessary for transmission to the legislature they shall be fairly copied, and officially signed.\nI am, sir, with great respect \u2003 your most Obt. Servt.\nTench Coxe,\nThe Secretary of the TreasuryCommissr. of the Revenue.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0290", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John F. Mercer, 31 January 1793\nFrom: Mercer, John F.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia Jany. 31. 1793.\nSir\nI receiv\u2019d a letter from you containing several enclosures the Evening before I left Annapolis, & in the hurry of departure the package was left behind. I have since repeatedly written to have it forwarded to me but as this has not yet been done, I conclude that it is mislaid & that I shall not receive it whilst here. I must rely altogether therefore on my memory for the contents & will only suppress a wish that this Controversy might draw to a conclusion, as protraction has given room for many injurious calumnies\u2014such as that I had denied at Philadelphia what I had asserted in Maryland\u2014this I was told had been explicitly declar\u2019d at the State House in Annapolis where the Legislature were then in Session during my absence, & I felt it \u27e8therefore necessary\u27e9 to place every paper that had in any manner passed between us & relative to the subject in the hands of Mr. George Mann for the perusal of any person, on whom he coud rely for their return.\nAfter premising thus, I now declare generally that the Statements & Certificates Contain\u2019d in your last exhibit full as much candor & much more truth, than I coud have expected from the preceding violence of the parties, all of whom excepting Mr. Key & Mr. Cramptin (who also voted against me) were the principal partizans in the late opposition. In my general observations I mean to exclude Majr. Ross\u2019s own statements & Remarks. I have invariably declin\u2019d answering directly any letter from him or expressing any sentiment relative to his Conduct on my Election unless when calld on in the public prints & I shall in this indirect manner commit myself as little as possible. It may not however be amiss to observe that it [is] not a legal attempt, to prove words declard to be spoken at Marlbrough by evidence of what was said at Annapolis, for the very obvious reason that there is not an opportunity of producing opposite testimony. However Capn. Campbells statement may perhaps set this in a clear light. He brought your transactions in the purchase of Stock forward himself & produced the Law under which you acted sanction\u2019d by the implied approbation of the President & a Majority of the Board. He states this conduct to have arisen from a conversation I had with him on the subject of the procedure of that Board, & in fine that conversation & the discussion turning on yr. Conduct under the Law & his not suggesting that I exhibited you in any manner as dealing in Stocks on yr. own Acct. must evidence, that no such surmise was entertain\u2019d there, as Majr. Ross is supposed to have brought forward in his publication viz. that you dealt in Stock on your own acct. directly or indirectly. It will be also proper to remark that altho\u2019 the Questions in which you were involv\u2019d were the leading or ostensible reasons originally assigned for the opposition to me as stated by Capn Campbell which however cannot be reconcild with his avow\u2019d intention of offering for my District before I ever came to Congress, yet as brought before the public they were but a small part of his charges\u2014these related chiefly to my conduct as a Member of the State Legislature & only gave way to the introduction of ye. subject as the Capital ground, after Major Ross took up his pen, & as my observations were all in reply to Capt. Campbells charges which I had Stated by impartial Persons in writing in Order to comment on whenever I spoke, it will account for the reiteration of similar observations in several distinct parts of the District.\nWith regard to the particular Certificates after remarking the uncandid insinuation that I had procurd Certificates from persons friendly to my Election & had meant to infer the contrary, & stating what appears evidently on the fact of the Letter that the Gentlemen whom I had selected for moderatn & integrity, two on each side were furnished with a Copy of that Letter before I receiv\u2019d any answer or coud possibly divine, that Mr. Rozier & Mr. Young woud not be as willing & as explicit as the other two Gentlemen. I must fully admit that what Mr. Key states who was present at Marlbrough is the fact as far as it states facts. It shoud have gone farther & stated that I had explain\u2019d that this conduct was founded on what I conceiv\u2019d false principles of supporting public credit. The conclusion is Mr. Key\u2019s it was not mine. Mr. Cramptin\u2019s did not appear to me to be explicit it only seems to corroborate Majr. Ross\u2019s publication by a general kind of warranty without descending to any particulars. There is no Certificate that insinuates that I wished to impress the public Mind with the Idea that you were a speculator in any sense of the word; unless it may be a part of Mr. Worthingtons Certificate & this is not explicit & certainly admits of a different exp[la]nation. To say you were the head of the speculators, coud fairly be construed that they were under your patronage, & If I used any language of this kind which I cannot recollect that must have been the idea. For the contrary if it had been the case must have appeared explicitly from some one person as I spoke several times & pains have not been spared & the selection not such as to promise a very candid statement. Messrs. Wallace & Davidson, state generally that I meant to make unfavorable impressions with respect to you & that people must have taken me as a great Enemy from what I said. I neither did nor do mean to impress any one that what I said was intended to raise your reputation as Member of the Government, not did I mean to promote it in any manner, but this I repeat that I spoke nothing that coud tend in my opinion to wound your honesty or integrity\u2014which at that time I thought unimpeach\u2019d & which I do not at this moment intend to insinuate any thing against. I certainly used language in every respect much more favorable than I had done before on the floor of Congress, & which had been very generally promulgated.\nCapt. Campbell has stated the substance of private conversation in which he acknowledges that ye. subject was introduc\u2019d by himself & he has committed several errors perhaps from want of recollection\u2014particularly with regard to a precise Sum of 200,000 dollars. I never knew the sum & he must have got this else where. Some of the errors I recollect to have contradicted before the first assemblage at Annapolis, but in general the conversation is such as really passed & altho\u2019 my authorities may have not been accurate, yet they were such as warranted my language in the manner in which the thing actually came forward. I recollect to have particularly declard that I never had said or thought that you were any how personally or pecuniarily interested with Duer, & particularly stated my idea on that subject, that Duer was favor\u2019d from motives of personal friendship in whatever transactions he was concern\u2019d in that were connected with your office. With respect to the whole opposition agt. me, wherever it commenc\u2019d it will ever be a disgrace to the opponents in its conduct & its event\u2014deduct Mr. Thomas\u2019s personal Warm friends & Relatives & a numerous Religious Society who heretofore attach\u2019d to me & my politics were seperated by the Negro business in the State Legislature. There never was a more feeble & contemtable Opposition for Numbers Wealth & Character. After this detail I here again repeat what I formerly said that I neither did directly or indirectly represent you as any wise pecuniarily concern\u2019d in purchasing or Selling Stock or impeach your honor or honesty. That I have been led into this business with provocation & that the attack has not been on my side\u2014that altho I am infinitely above retorting the terms you have used, because it woud be but a paltry compromise with a delicacy really offended. Yet I again place myself on the ground of my original reply & without fearing or provoking any personal difference, I shall let it rest with you to decide whether any or what further steps the present controversy may require.\nI am with due respects &c\nJohn F. Mercer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0291", "content": "Title: Idea Concerning a Lottery, [January 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, January, 1793]\nIn concerting a lottery, with a view to the best success of the undertaking\u2014the following points seem necessary to be attended to\u2014\n1 \u2003 That it be simple and summary; because it will be more readily understood by every body & the imagination will see fewer obstacles between hope and gratification.\n2 \u2003 That the Tickets be at a low price and within the reach of great numbers. The Rich or adventurous can then purchase a greater number to bring their chances to the same ratio with higher prices; and the less rich or more cautious can take a chance without putting much to risk. Every body, almost, can and will be willing to hazard a trifling sum for the chance of a considerable gain.\n3 \u2003 That there be rather a small number of large prizes or a considerable number of considerable prizes than a great number of small prizes; for adventurers would as leave lose altogether as acquire trifling prizes and would prefer a small chance of winning a great deal to a great chance of winning little. Hope is apt to supply the place of probability and the Imagination to be struck with glittering though precarious prospects. It may be suspected that in this country the middle course will best succeed; that is a considerable number of considerable prizes. Moderate sums will appear here great to far the greatest number of adventurers. And if the sum which may be raised should be raised successively, it may be well to have such a number of prizes as will raise conversation of winnings within a number of little circles.\nTaking these principles as guides and supposing 30000 Dollars (including charges) the sum to be raised\u2014the following scheme may perhaps not be ineligible.\n50000 Tickets each at 4 Dollars\nDeduct sum to be raised\nDifference will be the Total amt. of the prizes\nPrizes\neach\neach\neach\neach\neach\nIt will probably be found easier to raise the sum allowed to be raised in different portions than in an entire sum. I should not think 30 000 likely to be beyond the reach of pretty easy accomplishment.\nOffices for the sale of Tickets ought to be opened at Powles Hook on the North River and at  on the Delaware. This will render Philadelphia & New York the markets.\nPerhaps it will be most adviseable to draw the lottery at Powles Hook.\nIt is not certain that the following scheme would not succeed much better.\nPrizes\neach\neach", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0292", "content": "Title: On James Blanchard, [January 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, January, 1793]\nThat the spirit of Faction is a common and one of the most fatal diseases of Republics, one which has most frequently wrought their destruction, is a truth witnessed by all history and by all experience. That this spirit would make its way into the American Republic was a thing to have been looked for, as well from the nature of man, as from the experience which has been had in every other case. But that it would so soon have attained the extreme violence at which it has arrived\u2014that at so early a stage of our public affairs, we should have seen a powerful party formed in our councils actuated wholly by the springs of personal rivalship jealousy and animosty\u2014considering men only and not measures resisting constantly whatever is proposed, by others\u2014and proposing nothing themselves for the public interest or advantage\u2014exhibiting a perpetual conflict of principles, true only to the point of personal opposition, maligning today this measure because it contains a particular quality or does not permit a particular thing; and tomorrow quarrelling with that very quality and rejecting that very thing when it is presented to them in another measure\u2014labouring incessantly to obscure the clearest objects and to excite fears doubts and distrusts in the community which they cannot themselves feel\u2014always industriously sowing and fostering discontents, artfully inviting to their standard the discontented of every description\u2014countenancing and using as instruments of the foulest calumny and detraction the most worthless characters among us\u2014and in the desperate game of ambition putting every thing that is dear in Society to the hazard of the die\u2014that we should so soon have been witnesses to such a scene was not within the ordinary course of probality. Yet such is the true picture of our situation\u2014a situation which ought to be viewed by every sober and virtuous citizen as the melancholy prognostic of future convulsion and calamity\u2014a situation nevertheless far from being as extensively understood as it ought to be and which, except with a few, who have better opportunities of observation has not hitherto excited a due degree of alarm or attention. The pernicious designs meditated against the public tranquillity & happiness are cloaked under so thick a veil of hypocrhisy, that the real conspirators against the public weal pass with a large proportion of the community as its best friends and guardians.\nSuch alas has been the usual good fortune of the same description of men in all countries and at all times! Happy thrice happy will be it for the People of America if they shall finally vindicate their character for discernment, by avoiding the snares which are spread for them by these wiley hypochrites\u2014these crafty and abandonned imposters!\nOne of the principal engines, which is imployed by the party alluded to, is an unremitting effort to destroy, by every expedient they can devise, no matter how base, the public confidence in those, who are the most powerful obstacles to their machinations.\nGeneral and indiscrimate charges, dark and mysterious hints of speculation and corruption in the characters they wished to pull down were for a long time the weapons they have employed to effect their favourite purpose. But grown bolder of late and finding other means necessary to forward the work they have at length adopted the expedient of employing persons as public Accusers\u2014who having no characters to lose, do not scruple to affix their names to the calumniating falshoods which are dictated to them.\nA gross and disgustful instance of this exists in the case of James Blanchard; a man absolutely bankrupt both in fortune and fame. This Desperado comes forward the Apostle of purity, the Champion of the injured Soldier, the professor of a holy zeal against speculation and speculators\u2014and to bestow an air of authenticity upon the slanders he wishes to propagate, he gives them the sanction of his name. See publication on the Signature of JB in the NG. Other instruments of the party are at the same time employed, in order to give importance to his communications, to make the panygeric of his independence and virtue. And Mr. Blanchard finds himself the theme of encomiastic addresses.\nWho is this virtuous Champion? Let the following narrative answer.\n(History of Blanchard & his tricks & falsehoods accompanied with a plan & distinct reference to the proofs?)\nNow let the Public judge what regard is due to the ridiculous tales of this worthless man. And what respect to a party which countenances and puts into action such vile and detestable instruments.\nAmong the characters he has attempted to asperse is found the Secretary of the Treasury. I pass by as unworthy of notice the insinuations he throws out to the prejudice of that Gentleman\u2019s military merit. Let the appeal be here to recorded facts and to the knowlege of the whole army.\nI confine myself to those suggestions which endeavour to throw upon him the suspicion of being what is generally understood by the word Speculator. The immaculate Blanchard says\nMr. Hamilton finished his Military service with the seize of York, at which he commanded a corps of Light Infantry composed of detachments from different Regiments; and being attached to no permanent corps of the army the event of that seige which was in fact the termination of military operations in all but S C & Georgia left him without the opportunity of being further useful in the army. He however did not resign but obtained a furlough or leave of absence from the commander in Chief; with the declared intention of rejoining the army if circumstances, contrary to expectation, should call for farther exertions in that line. Mr Hamilton then went to Albany where he had left Mrs. Hamilton in the house of her father, and resumed the study of the law which he had but began at the time of his entrance into the army in the early part of 1776\u2014a pursuit which it will readily be conceived engaged his whole time and attention.\nIn [July, 1782] the Legislature of New York elected him a Member of Congress, which body he joined at an interesting period of the public affairs and continued with in until [July, 1783] when he left it, returned to Albany and resumed the pursuit of the Law.\nIn [December, 1783] the City of New York was evacuated. Mr Hamilton removed with his family to that City; and was constantly afterwards, except when diverted from it by temporary public avocations, sedulously engaged in the practice of the Law.\nIt is well known to all his fellow Citizens (and candid men of all parties will confess it) that Mr. Hamilton scrupulousness forebore being concerned in what is termed speculation (the most familiar objects of which in the state of New York were Public Securities and confiscated property). In fine he came into his present Office, with a character in pecuniary respects, as pure as any man in the UStates. Such was the general opinion & voice of his fellow Citizens?\nIs it probable then that since he has been in Office, when under a positive and explicit prohibition of law, he should not only have abandonned all the maxims of his former life\u2014but should disgrace himself by a perjured violation of his Official duties? Is such a suspicion to be entertained upon the surmises of a virulent and persecuting Faction or the insinuations of a man who is proved to be destitute of Truth and honor?\nMr. Blanchard has not indeed directly charged the Secretary of the Treasury with being concerned while in Office in speculation; but he has stated\nand has left it to be inferred that there was an interested understanding between Mr. H and Mr Lamed in relation to a plan intended to be brought before Congress.\nWith sensible men the absurdity of the things refutes the suggestion. It is destitute of all probability that Mr. H should ever have had it in contemplation to propose to Congress to raise the three to 6 \u214c Cents to six and make the deferred bear a present interest of 6 \u214c Cent which is the allegation of Mr. Blanchard. Such a plan would have contradicted all the principles Mr. H had laid down in his reports would have called immediately for great additional resources of taxation which he has uniformly manifested his opinion could not be commanded and would have had not the least chance of success with Congress. It is certain that no such plan has ever been hinted to Congress by the Secretary; and considering what manner of man Mr Blanchard is, the natural conclusion must be that the whole tale is an aukward and malicious forgery.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0293", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 1 February 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, February 1, 1793. Encloses \u201cfor the purpose of submission to the President, a contract between the Superintendent of the light House at Portsmouth in New Hampshire and Titus Salter for six months.\u201d Discusses the terms of the contract.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0294", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, 1 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTreasury Department Febry 1st 1793\nSir\nThe following is an extract from a letter of Mr Short to me, dated Hague November 2. 1792.\n\u201cI should repeat perhaps what I formerly mentioned to you, that Mr. Jefferson on his departure from Paris left with me bills of exchange to the amount of I think 66,000 \u20b6. This was destined to a particular object with which you are aquainted. He expected it would be immediately applied and therefore wished me to be the instrument instead of deposing it in a Bankers hands, to avoid the Commission. When the term of these bills arrived, finding less probability of their being immediately applied, and not chusing to keep by me such a sum at my risk in an house which was robbed regularly two or three times a year, I gave the bills to Mr Grand to receive their amount, and to hold it appropriated to the object in question. It remains still in his hands, having never been called for. I wrote more than once respecting it on finding the depreciation commencing, but never received an answer. It remains now to be considered whether you would chuse to receive it in its depreciated State or wait for the change of circulating medium in France.\u201d\nThis communication is made with a request to know, whether the fund in question continues to be necessary for its original purpose or may be withdrawn.\nI have the honor to be very respectfully \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedient Servant\nAlex Hamilton\nThe Secretary of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0296", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 1 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\n[Philadelphia, February 1, 1793. On May 1, 1793, Willink Van Staphorst, and Hubbard wrote to Hamilton: \u201cWe received your Respected favors of 1 February, 15 & 16 March.\u201d Letter of February 1 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0297", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 4 February 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, February 4, 1793. Transmits a statement \u201cof the Revenue on Spirits distilled in the United States from foreign and domestic materials from the commencement of the duty thereon to the thirty first of December 1792.\u201d Emphasizes that the statement is \u201cfounded in some degree upon informal documents and information derived from official correspondence.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0299-0001", "content": "Title: Introductory Note: Report on the Balance of All Unapplied Revenues at the End of the Year 1792 and on All Unapplied Monies Which May Have Been Obtained by the Several Loans Authorized by Law, [4 February 1793]\nFrom: \nTo: \n[Philadelphia, February 4, 1793]\nRepublican leaders in Congress were determined to demonstrate that Hamilton\u2019s administration of the Treasury Department was at worst corrupt or at best irregular. His opponents in Congress thought that they could discredit him by investigating the way in which he had handled the proceeds from two loans which Congress had authorized in 1790. \u201cAn Act making provision for the (payment of the) Debt of the United States\u201d provided for a twelve-million-dollar loan, the proceeds of which were to be used for the payment of interest and installments of the foreign debt. \u201cAn Act making Provision for the Reduction of the Public Debt\u201d provided for a two-million-dollar loan, the proceeds of which were to be used for the purchase of the domestic debt. On the basis of these two acts loans were floated at Amsterdam and Antwerp.\nIn using the money obtained through these loans, the Republicans in Congress charged that Hamilton had ignored the congressional stipulation that the first loan should be used exclusively for payment of the foreign debt and the second loan for payment of the domestic debt. In sum, they stated that he had employed a part of the twelve million dollars to pay the domestic debt and a part of the two million dollars to pay the foreign debt.\nThe Republicans in Congress first became suspicious of Hamilton\u2019s handling of these funds when he proposed that the Government pay its entire debt to the Bank of the United States by floating a new loan abroad. On December 24 and 27, 1792, the House of Representatives passed resolutions calling for information on the Government loans. Hamilton replied with his \u201cReport on Foreign Loans\u201d on January 3, 1793. The House, however, was not satisfied with this report, and on January 23, 1793, it adopted five resolutions proposed by William Branch Giles, a Virginia Republican, who frequently served as Thomas Jefferson\u2019s spokesman in the House. The famous \u201cGiles resolutions\u201d read as follows:\n\u201cResolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause to be laid before this House copies of the authorities under which loans have been negotiated, pursuant to the acts of the fourth and twelfth of August, one thousand seven hundred and ninety, together with copies of the authorities directing the application of the moneys borrowed.\n\u201cResolved, That the President of the United States be requested to cause this House to be furnished with the names of the persons by whom, and to whom, the respective payments of the French debt have been made in France, pursuant to the act for that purpose; specifying the dates of the respective drafts upon the Commissioners in Holland, and the dates of the respective payments of the debt. A similar statement is requested respecting the debts to Spain and Holland.\n\u201cResolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury be directed to lay before this House an account exhibiting, half-monthly, the balances between the United States and the Bank of the United States, including the several Branch Banks, from the commencement of those Institutions, to the end of the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety-two.\n\u201cResolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury be directed to lay before this House an account of all moneys which may have come into the Sinking Fund, from the commencement of that Institution to the present time; specifying the particular fund from which they have accrued, and exhibiting, half-yearly, the sums uninvested, and where deposited.\n\u201cResolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury be directed to report to this House the balance of all unapplied revenues at the end of the year one thousand seven hundred and ninety-two, specifying whether in money or bonds, and noting where the money is deposited; that he also make report of all unapplied moneys which may have been obtained by the several loans authorized by law, and where such moneys are now deposited.\u201d\nGiles\u2019s speech to the House of Representatives in support of these resolutions reads as follows:\n\u201cThe resolutions \u2026 have grown out of the embarrassments I have met with in attempting to comprehend the Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, made in pursuance of an order of this House of the 27th of December, 1792, exhibiting sundry statements respecting foreign loans. These embarrassments have increased in proportion to the attention which I have bestowed on the subject; and a number of official papers to which I have had reference for information, instead of elucidating, seem rather to obscure the inquiry. To obtain necessary information, therefore, is the object of these resolutions, and no one can doubt the immediate applicability of this information to a bill now lying upon your table, for the purpose of reimbursing the loan of $2,000,000 made of the Bank of the United States, by opening a new loan for that sum abroad, and by changing the application of the like sum already borrowed and appropriated to the discharge of the debt to France from its original destination to the immediate discharge of the debt to the Bank.\n\u201cThe first resolution has arisen from that part of the printed Report of the Secretary of the Treasury which exhibits the terms upon which various loans have been made abroad, but neither presents the precise authorities under which those negotiations have been made, nor the precise amount of the sums borrowed for the separate and distinct objects of the two acts mentioned in the resolution.\n\u201cAnother reason has more strongly suggested the propriety of calling for the information requested by this resolution. The bill now upon your table, which has been before alluded to, contemplates the whole of the moneys borrowed from abroad, and now on hand, as being originally appropriated to the discharge of the French debt, and proposes to change the original destination of these identical moneys; and the reason assigned for this measure has been the unsettled state of affairs in France.\n\u201cIn the printed Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, he remarks that the same moneys are applicable to the Sinking Fund. It appears strange, that after express and distinct appropriations by law, that any misunderstanding relative to this object should exist, and the information called for may possibly explain this seeming contradiction.\n\u201cThe second resolution has arisen from that part of the printed Report marked B, and which exhibits the payments made to France, but does not furnish the names of the persons engaged in those negotiations, nor does it present to view the length of time those persons have been possessed of the public moneys, by stating the dates of the respective drafts in Holland, and the dates of the actual application of the moneys to the discharge of the debt; and it is evident that from the time the loans are respectively created, to the times of the actual application of the moneys borrowed, the United States are paying the usual interest upon the debt intended to be redeemed, and the stipulated interest upon the moneys borrowed for the redemption. This remark is equally applicable to the payments of other foreign debts with the payments of the debt to France.\n\u201cThe third resolution has arisen from calculations drawn partly from the last page of the printed report, and from the original Bank book of the United States, from which it appears that the balances in Bank in favor of the United States were as follows:\nIn Bank, Philadelphia, 30th May, 1792, and 16th June, same year, in branch banks\n1792, June 30th, in all banks in the United States\nJuly 28th and 31st, in all banks in the United States\nAugust 25th, 30th, and 31st, in all banks in the United States\n\u201cOn the 1st of June, a loan was negotiated with the Bank of the United States on the part of the United States, for $100,000, at 5 per cent. per annum. On the 1st of July, another loan was made upon the same terms for the like sum. On the 1st of August, another loan was made upon the same terms for the like sum. On the 1st of September, another loan was made upon the same terms for the like sum. It appears from the last page of the printed Report, that there had been drawn into America, from the 15th of December, 1790, to the 27th of January, 1792, of the moneys borrowed abroad, the sum of 2,663,621 florins, 2 stivers, and 6 deniers. If this sum were unexpended, and lodged in the bank at the times of making these loans, (and Congress have never yet been informed of any deficiency of revenue,) the United States will, of consequence, have paid upon the moneys borrowed from the Bank of the United States, from 15 to 17 per cent. per annum, to wit: they will have paid 5 per cent. upon the original debt to France, 5 per cent. upon the moneys borrowed for its redemption, exclusive of douceurs and other charges, and 5 per cent. upon the sum borrowed of the bank, which may be deemed part of this deposite made in the Bank by the United States. But, discarding these inferences, it must at least be admitted that the United States are paying 5 per cent. for the loan of moneys from the Bank, when a sum larger than the loan itself, is actually deposited in Bank. It is here to be remarked, that a balance of cash is admitted, by the Treasurer\u2019s return, to have been in his hands on the 31st of December, 1790, amounting to $973,342 43, and in July 30, 1791, the sum of $582,189 54.\n\u201cI am informed that bills are often drawn in favor of the Bank for moneys in the hands of the revenue officers in distant parts of the United States, and that credit is entered in the Bank book upon the receipt of such bills, although the moneys may not actually be in Bank for some time after the credit is entered, and hence it is inferred that the Bankbook does not conclusively show the real sum in Bank, not to mention that such bills answer all the purposes of cash, and ought therefore to be credited upon the receipt of them. It is to be remarked that there is a regular and continual influx of moneys into the Bank by the operation of these bills. It is not very material whether a bill lodged in Bank to-day, should be paid to-day, provided something like the same sum should be paid in consequence of a bill lodged in Bank one or two months ago, and the bill of to-day should be paid one or two months hence. The following statement will, in some measure, explain this idea, by exhibiting half-monthly the balances of public money in all the banks, about the middle and end of each month, beginning with May, 1792, and ending with December of the same year:\nMay\nMay\nJune\nJune\nJuly\nJuly\nAugust\nAugust\nSeptember\nSeptember\nOctober\nOctober\nNovember\nNovember\nDecember 15\nDecember 22, and January 5\u2014last returns\n\u201cThe fourth resolution has arisen from that part of the printed Report which remarks that the residue of the sum drawn from Holland, amounting to $1,668,188 27 is applicable to the purchase of the public debt. It is known that the sum of $1,374,656 40, being the surplus of the revenue up to the end of December, 1790, was originally appropriated to the Sinking Fund; that the surplus of other appropriations have been applied to this fund, and that the interest of the debt purchased has also been wholly appropriated to its increase. It is also known that between $1,100,000 and $1,200,000, and no more, of the original appropriation, have been really invested in the purchase of the debt; it is, therefore, somewhat unaccountable that so large a sum as $1,668,188 should be drawn from the loans abroad, when the Sinking Fund has always overflowed from domestic resources, and when the probability of purchasing is extremely lessened by the rise in the price of paper and the limitations of the last act of Congress upon that subject. It would not be deemed an economical arrangement to make a loan of so large a sum of money upon terms by no means honorable or advantageous, and appropriate it to the purchase of the debt under limitations which would forbid its investiture. The information called for in this resolution may possibly explain these difficulties.\n\u201cThe fifth and last resolution has arisen from that part of the printed Report \u2026 which states the whole sums drawn from Holland to amount to $2,304,769 13; but neither immediately presents to view the balance on hand, nor informs where that balance is deposited. It appears by the Bank-book, that the whole deposite of the United States in Bank at this time, from all resources, amounts to $790,642 11. Hence, it will appear from a statement partly conjectural, and partly founded upon the statements in the printed Report, and some official documents, that $1,554,-851 43 remain unaccounted for, as will appear from the following account:\n\u201cSums which ought to be in the Treasury.\nWhole moneys drawn from Holland, as stated in the printed Report,\nDeduct paid for St. Domingo, as stated in printed Report,\n\u2003\u2002Leaves a balance of\nDeduct to foreign officers, if paid\n\u2003\u2002Leaves a balance of\nAdd surplus of Sinking Fund, conjectural\nAdd surplus of revenue of 1792, reported at\n\u2003\u2002Whole amount\n\u2003\u2002\u201cSums not taken into this estimate: First. Any moneys not paid of the $191,316, due to foreign officers. Second. So much moneys in Bank as arose from the revenues. Third. The receipts of the current year.\nFrom this aggregate sum of\nDeduct in Bank\n\u2003\u2002Balance not accounted for\n\u201cIn this last estimate, cents have not been taken into calculation, which makes an inconsiderable variation in some of the sums.\n\u201cAnother circumstance appears somewhat singular: in the printed Report, 2,986,000 florins are stated to have been drawn from Holland in the year 1792. In the Bank-book, it appears from the list of bills drawn, that 8,695,237 florins were drawn for in the same time. This difference, I presume, may admit of explanation probably from the manner of negotiating this matter, or from some casual mistake. It deserves, however, to be explained.\n\u201cIt appears from another statement, made up to the 1st of April, 1793, that there ought to be at that time a sufficient sum of money in the Treasury to reimburse the loan of 2,000,000 dollars to the Bank, and to answer all the other purposes of Government.\n\u201cTreasury\nDr.\nApril 1, 1793. Balance of foreign loans\nSurplus of Sinking Fund, conjectural\nBonds payable in December, 1792\nBonds payable in January, 1793\nBonds payable in February\nBonds payable in March\nSurplus of the revenue of 1792\nAll the revenue of the current year, estimated at\nThese sums make the sum of\nDebt to Bank, if paid\nOne quarter\u2019s interest, to April, 1793\nBonds payable in December, if applied to the last quarter\u2019s interest\nOne quarter\u2019s expenses of Army and Government, estimated at\nDeduct this sum from\nBalance in favor of the Treasury, if the debt of the Bank be paid\n\u201cThe papers from which I have collected these statements may be deceptive in themselves, or may be subject to explanations from others. Candor, however, induces me to acknowledge that impressions resulting from my inquiries into this subject, have been made upon my mind, by no means favorable to the arrangements made by the gentleman at the head of the Treasury Department. But I shall keep myself open to conviction, in case of any sufficient explanation which may be hereafter given, and I now avow that my acknowledgment of mistake shall be at least commensurate to any conviction produced.\n\u201cI cannot help remarking, before I sit down, that we have been legislating for some years without competent official knowledge of the state of the Treasury, or revenues; in the course of which time, we have been engaged in the most important fiscal arrangements; that we have authorized a loan of the Bank of the United States for more than $500,000, when probably a greater sum of public money was deposited in the Bank; that we have passed a vote this session, authorizing a further loan for $800,000, and that we were upon the point of authorizing a loan abroad for $2,000,000, without knowing the extent of the authorities at present existing for borrowing, the amount of moneys on hand in consequence of loans already made, or the application of the moneys which may have been used; and I conceive it is now time that this information be officially laid before this House.\u201d\nAlthough historians of the Washington Administration have devoted considerable attention to the Giles resolutions, less attention has been paid to the fact that on January 23, 1793, the Senate also adopted resolutions similar in content to the five resolutions adopted by the House. These resolutions read as follows:\n\u201cOrdered, That the Secretary of the Treasury lay before the Senate a general account, exhibiting the amount of all the public funds and moneys (loans included) up to the end of the last year, and what remains of each appropriation, either in cash, bonds, certificates, or other securities, and stating where the balances are deposited, as far as the same can at present be done. That he particularly state the amount which has been drawn into the United States, of the moneys borrowed in Europe, under the acts of the 4th and 12th of August, 1790, the purposes for which drawn, how any part thereof hath been applied, with the balance now on hand, and where deposited.\u2026\n\u201cResolved, That the President of the United States be requested to lay before the Senate, copies of the powers given by him for the negotiation of the loans authorized by the laws of the 4th and 12th of August, 1790, and of the communications from the Public Commissioners in Holland.\u201d\nThe reports submitted by Hamilton to the Senate as a result of its January 23 resolutions are dated February 5 and 14, 1793. In the first of these reports Hamilton also replied to the following section from the first resolution which was deleted from the resolution as passed: \u201cThat [the Secretary of the Treasury] \u2026 also lay before the Senate a copy of the powers under which he negotiated the loans made under the laws of the 4th and 12th of August, 1790, and the original communications from the Public Commissioners in Holland, stating the difficulties of making separate loans under the same acts, as mentioned in his letter of January, 1793.\u201d\nHamilton replied to the charges made by the House resolutions in a series of reports that were completed by February 19, 1793. But Republicans in and out of Congress were still not satisfied, and another set of resolutions was drafted criticizing Hamilton\u2019s administration of the Treasury. According to Paul Leicester Ford, the \u201crough draft\u201d of these resolutions was in Jefferson\u2019s handwriting. Giles modified these resolutions somewhat and submitted them to the House of Representatives on February 27, 1793. The resolutions read as follows:\n\u201c1. Resolved, That it is essential to the due administration of the Government of the United States, that laws making specific appropriations of money should be strictly observed by the administrator of the finances thereof.\n\u201c2. Resolved, That a violation of a law making appropriations of money, is a violation of that section of the Constitution of the United States which requires that no money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law.\n\u201c3. Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has violated the law passed the 4th of August, 1790, making appropriations of certain moneys authorized to be borrowed by the same law, in the following particulars, viz: First, By applying a certain portion of the principal borrowed to the payment of interest falling due upon that principal, which was not authorized by that or any other law. Secondly, By drawing part of the same moneys into the United States, without the instructions of the President of the United States.\n\u201c4. Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has deviated from the instructions given by the President of the United States, in exceeding the authorities for making loans under the acts of the 4th and 12th of August, 1790.\n\u201c5. Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has omitted to discharge an essential duty of his office, in failing to give Congress official information in due time, of the moneys drawn by him from Europe into the United States; which drawing commenced December, 1790, and continued till January, 1793; and of the causes of making such drafts.\n\u201c6. Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has, without the instructions of the President of the United States, drawn more moneys borrowed in Holland into the United States than the President of the United States was authorized to draw, under the act of the 12th of August, 1790; which act appropriated two millions of dollars only, when borrowed, to the purchase of the Public Debt: And that he has omitted to discharge an essential duty of his office, in failing to give official information to the Commissioners for purchasing the Public Debt, of the various sums drawn from time to time, suggested by him to have been intended for the purchase of the Public Debt.\n\u201c7. Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury did not consult the public interest in negotiating a Loan with the Bank of the United States, and drawing therefrom four hundred thousand dollars, at five per cent. per annum, when a greater sum of public money was deposited in various banks at the respective periods of making the respective drafts.\n\u201c8. Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has been guilty of an indecorum to this House, in undertaking to judge of its motives in calling for information which was demandable of him, from the constitution of his office; and in failing to give all the necessary information within his knowledge, relatively to the subjects of the reference made to him of the 19th January, 1792, and of the 22d November, 1792, during the present session.\n\u201c9. Resolved, That a copy of the foregoing resolutions be transmitted to the President of the United States.\u201d\nOf the nine resolutions presented by Giles, seven were incorporated from Jefferson\u2019s draft without substantive change. The sections of the Jefferson draft which were either modified or omitted by Giles read as follows:\n\u201c3. Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury, in drawing to this country and lodging in the bank the funds raised in Europe, which ought to have been applied to the paiments of our debts there in order to stop interest, has violated the instructions of the President of the United States for the benefit of speculators and to increase the profits of that institution.\n\u201c9. Resolved; That at the next meeting of Congress, the act of Sep 2d, 1789, establishing a Department of Treasury should be so amended as to constitute the office of the Treasurer of the United States a separate department, independent of the Secretary of the Treasury.\n\u201c10. Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has been guilty of maladministration in the duties of his office, and should, in the opinion of Congress, be removed from his office by the President of the United States.\u201d\nOn February 28 and March 1 the House defeated the second set of Giles\u2019s resolutions. Only six of the nine resolutions were committed for discussion, and only five Republicans, including Giles and Madison, voted in favor of all six resolutions. On March 2 Congress adjourned sine die.\nA word should be added concerning the timing of the two sets of resolutions proposed by Giles. When he introduced his first set of resolutions on January 23, he and other Republicans in Congress undoubtedly thought that Hamilton would be unable to assemble the materials for a reply before Congress adjourned in early March and that voters would, therefore, believe that Hamilton was guilty of the charges implied in the resolutions. This strategy failed when Hamilton by a prodigious effort drew up the necessary reports and submitted them to Congress before the end of February. The resolutions of censure proposed by Giles on February 27 were introduced so late in the session that, if they had passed, Hamilton could not conceivably have replied to them before Congress adjourned. But they did not pass, and for the second time Giles and his Republican supporters in and out of the House were thwarted.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0299-0003", "content": "Title: [Enclosure A: General Account of Receipts and Expenditures], 28 January 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Nourse, Joseph\nTo: \nA\nGeneral Account of Receipts and Expenditures of Public Monies, Commencing the 1st. of January 1792, and Ending the 31st. December 1792.\nDr.\nCr.\nDollars. Cts.\nDollars Cts.\nSeptember 30th.\nTo the amount of Expenditures from the 1st. of January, to the 30th. of September 1792, agreeably to the Treasurer\u2019s Accounts settled at the Treasury, copies of which have been by him transmitted to the House of Representatives, Viz:\nJanuary 1st.\nBy balance in the treasury, agreeably to the general Statement of receipts and expenditures to the end of the year 1791\nDecemr. 31.\nBy amount of monies received into the treasury, from the first day of January 1792, to this date. Viz:\nIn the Quarter ending the 31st. of March, 1792\nFor balances due by sundry persons on monies advanced to them under the present government\n   Note. In the expenditures for the Quarter ending June 30th. and September 30th. 1792, are included Warrants to the amount of four millions of dollars, which were drawn for the purpose of effecting the subscription of five thousand shares to the Capital Stock of the Bank of the United States, and to cover the loan obtained in consequence thereof\u2014Two millions of dollars being drawn to effect the subscription, and two millions for the amount of the loan. The Bills of exchange drawn by the Treasurer, on which these transactions were predicated, have been cancelled at the Treasury.\n In the Quarter ending the 30th. of June, 1792\n   Note. In the expenditures for the Quarter ending June 30th. and September 30th. 1792, are included Warrants to the amount of four millions of dollars, which were drawn for the purpose of effecting the subscription of five thousand shares to the Capital Stock of the Bank of the United States, and to cover the loan obtained in consequence thereof\u2014Two millions of dollars being drawn to effect the subscription, and two millions for the amount of the loan. The Bills of exchange drawn by the Treasurer, on which these transactions were predicated, have been cancelled at the Treasury.\n In the Quarter ending the 30th. of September, 1792\nFor balances due by sundry persons on accounts which originated under the late government\nDecember 31st.\nTo the account of Expenditures, from the 1st. of October, to the 31st. of December 1792, agreeably to the Treasurer\u2019s Accounts rendered for settlement\nFor arms and accoutrements sold to the State of South Carolina out of the public stores, by direction of the President\nBalance remaining in the hands of the Treasurer,\nFor amount received for fines, penalties and forfeitures\nFor amount received on account of a loan of 523.500 dollars, made by the Bank of the United States, in pursuance of an Act passed on the 2d. day of May 1792\nFor amount of a loan made by the Bank of North America, without interest, for the use of the department of War\nFor amount received on account of proceeds of Bills of exchange drawn by the Treasurer, on the Commissioners in Amsterdam\nFor the value of Bills of exchange, drawn by the Treasurer, on the\nCommissioners in Amsterdam, for the purpose of effecting a subscription to the Capital Stock of the Bank of the United States, agreeably to an Act passed February 25th: 1791\nFor amount of a loan obtained from the Bank of the United States, agreeably to the last mentioned Act\nFor the excess of the first half yearly dividend on the capital stock of the Bank of the United States, held by the United States, beyond the interest payable to the Bank\nFor amount received from sundry Supervisors, on account of duties on distilled Spirits\nFor amount received from the Collectors of the Customs, on account of duties on imports and tonnage\nTreasury Department Register\u2019s Office, January 28th. 1793.\nStated by, \u2026 Joseph Nourse, Register.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0299-0005", "content": "Title: Enclosure Ba: [Statement of the Income and Expenditure of the United States], 4 February 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nBa\nA Statement of the Income and Expenditure of the United States from the Commencement of the Present Government to the End of the Year 1792.\nDollars. Cts.\nDollars. Cts.\nAmount of duties on imports and tonnage, and of fines, penalties and forfeitures, as per Account of receipts and expenditures, to the end of the year 1791, reported to the House of Representatives, the 10th. of November 1792,\nBy Amount of expenditures, to the end of the year 1791, as per Account of receipts and expenditures to the end of that year, reported to the House of Representatives, the 10th. of November 1792.\nSundry Contingent funds received, Viz:\nFor fines and forfeitures &c.\nFor balances due on Accounts which originated under the Government\nAmount of expenditures during the year 1792, as per general Account of receipts and expenditures, herewith transmitted, marked A\nProduct of duties on spirits distilled within the United States, for a half year, ending the 31st. of December 1791, as estimated\nProduct of duties on imports and tonnage, for the year 1792, as estimated\nCash in the Treasury, as per general Account of receipts and expenditures, herewith transmitted, marked A\nProduct of duties on spirits distilled within the United States, for the same period, as estimated\nReceipts into the Treasury, as stated in the general Abstract of receipts and expenditures herewith transmitted, marked A. Viz:\nCash in the Bank of the United States, and the Offices of discount and deposit, of New York and Baltimore, per Account rendered by the Bank, herewith transmitted, marked AB\nA loan from the Bank of North America, without interest.\nA loan from the Bank of the United States, on interest.\nAmount remaining in deposit in the Bank of North America, being the proceeds of Bills on Amsterdam, and including the sum of 156.595.\u2075\u2076\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080 dollars, loaned without interest, stated as a receipt per Contra\nA loan from \u2003 do do\nValue of Bills of exchange drawn by the Treasurer on the Commissioners in Amsterdam, for the purpose of effecting a subscription to the Capital Stock of the Bank of the United States\nExcess of the first half yearly dividend on the Capital Stock of the Bank of the United States, beyond the interest payable to the Bank\nProceeds of Bills on Amsterdam, not yet received\nBalances due on Accounts which originated under the late government\nAmount of duties on spirits distilled within the United States uncollected, and remaining in the hands of the Revenue Officers, being the difference between the estimated product of said duties, and the sums received to the end of the year 1792\nFor Arms and Accoutrements\nFor fines, penalties and forfeitures\nFor balances on monies advanced under the present Government\nCash in hands of Collectors at the close of the year 1792, agreeably to the last returns received at the Treasury\nDeduct repayments made by Jeremiah Olney and Joseph Nourse, as stated in the account of receipts and expenditures, to the end of the year 1791, which repayments are deducted from the expenditures of 1791, and are also credited in the general Account of receipts and expenditures herewith transmitted, marked A\nAmount of Bonds for duties on imports, unpaid at the end of the year 1792, and falling due between that time and May 1794. See Abstract marked E.\nAmount of Bills drawn and disposed of upon our Commissioners in Holland, on account of foreign loans, as per Statement, No. III, reported to the House of Representatives, January 3d. 1793\nTo which add for an error in stating the amount of interest which arose on the credit allowed to purchasers by the Banks of North America and New York\nTotal Amount\nTreasury DepartmentFebruary 4th. 1793.\nAlexander Hamilton,Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0299-0006", "content": "Title: Enclosure C: [Payments to the Treasurer of the United States], 1 January 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Meredith, Samuel\nTo: \n  [C]Payments to the Treasurer of the United States. \n   See Report of the Secretary of the Treasury, dated February. 4th. 1793 Reference C.\n    Paid Warrant\n    To David Allison, agent for Robert King and Richard Fields, for their compensation going Express to the Cherokee nation\n    Robert Forsyth, for his compensation as marshal for the district of Georgia\n    Edward Blake, superintendent of the lighthouse in South Carolina, to defray the expenses of said establishment\n    Arnold Willis, balance due to him from the United States, for a bill of exchange returned unpaid\n    Sharp Delany, assignee of Lieut. Col: de Touzard, for his pension\n    Jonathan Williams, junr. for a bill of exchange on the late commissioners at Paris, returned\n    William Allibone, for his services and expenses in examining and surveying the light-house at Bald Head, North Carolina\n    William Bill, for sundry setts of Exchange on the late Commissioners at Paris, returned\n    Joseph Anthony, agent for John Brown Cutting, being in full for a sum of money granted him by Congress\n    William Allibone, superintendent of the light-house at Cape Henlopen, to defray expenses in support of said Establishment\n    Oliver Wolcott, junr: for the salaries of his office, as Comptroller of the Treasury\n    Samuel Meredith, on account of the War department\n    Ditto ditto\n    Henry Knox, for the salaries of his office, as Secretary at War\n    William Simmons, Attorney for John Cochran, for his salary as Commissioner of loans for New York\n    Nehemiah Tilton, agent for James Tilton, for his salary as commissioner of loans for Delaware\n    Joseph Nourse, for the salaries of his office as Register of the Treasury\n    John Meyer, agent for Alexander Hamilton, for the salaries of his office, as Secretary of the Treasury\n    Richard Harrison, for the salaries of his office as Auditor of the Treasury\n    George Taylor, agent for Thomas Jefferson, for the salaries of his office as Secretary of State\n    John Jordan, for his pension\n    James Mathers, for his salary as door keeper to the Senate of the United States\n    Thomas Claxton, for his salary as assistant door keeper to the House of Representatives\n    Isaac Sherman, for his salary as a clerk employed in the Treasury department in counting money\n    David Henley ditto ditto\n    W. Irvine, J. Kean, and W. Langdon, for the salaries of their office, as commissioners for adjusting claims of individual states with the United States\n    Gifford Dally, for his salary as door keeper to the House of Representatives\n    George Turner, for his salary as one of the Judges of the Western territory\n    John Kean, Attorney for Frederick William de Steuben, for his pension\n    John Inskeep, Attorney for Joseph Anderson, for his salary as one of the Judges of the territory south of the Ohio\n    Matthew McConnell, Attorney for Arthur St. Clair, for his salary as governor of the Western territory\n    Bernard Webb, agent for John Beckley, for his salary as Clerk of the House of Representatives\n    Thomas Fitzsimons, agent for James Wilson, for his salary as one of the Associate Judges\n    Bernard Webb, agent for John Beckley, attorney for Harry Innes, for his salary as district judge of Kentucky\n    John Kean, Attorney for Thomas Bee, for his salary as district Judge of South Carolina\n    Ditto, Attorney for John Neufville, for his salary as Commissioner of loans for South Carolina\n    John Bard, agent for Nathaniel Pendleton, for his Salary as Judge for the district of Georgia\n    Samuel Meredith, for the salaries of his office, as Treasurer of the United States\n    Robert Morris, agent for Edmund Randolph, for his salary as Attorney General of the United States\n    Hugh Williamson, Attorney for William Blount, for his salary as governor of the territory south of the Ohio\n    Ditto, Attorney for Daniel Smith, his salary as Secretary of the territory south of the Ohio\n    Ditto, Attorney for William Skinner, for his salary as Commissioner of loans for North Carolina\n    Ditto, Attorney for John McNairy, for his salary as one of the Judges of the territory south of the Ohio\n    Samuel Meredith, Attorney for John Blair, for his salary as one of the Associate Judges\n    Thomas Smith, for his salary as Commissioner of loans for Pennsylvania\n    John Sitgreaves, Attorney for John Sitgreaves, for his salary as Judge for the district of North Carolina\n    Robert Smith, Attorney for David Campbell, for his salary as one of the Judges of the Western territory\n    Richard Peters, for his salary as Judge for the district of Pennsylvania\n    Samuel A. Otis, for his salary as Secretary to the Senate\n    Joseph Nourse, attorney for John Sullivan, for his salary as Judge for the district of New Hampshire\n    Ditto, attorney for Cyrus Griffin, for his salary as Judge for the district of Virginia\n    William Cushing, for his salary as one of the associate judges\n    Samuel Meredith, on Account of the War department\n    Ditto ditto\n    Clement Biddle, agent for Thomas Johnson, for his salary as one of the associate Judges\n    Alexander and James Parker, Agents for Samuel McDowell, junior, compensation to the Assistant Marshal for the district of Kentucky\n    Alexander Parker, agent for Samuel McDowell, junior, compensation to John Eakin, as assistant in taking a census of the inhabitants of Kentucky\n    Joseph Howell, for extra services of a clerk employed in his office as accountant to the War department\n    Tobias Lear, on account of the President\u2019s compensation\n    William Allibone, superintendent of the light house at Cape Henlopen, to defray expenses in support of said establishment.\n    John Kean, Attorney for Richard Law, for his salary as judge for the district of Connecticut\n    Elliott and Williams, for provisions issued, and sundry supplies furnished the Quarter master\u2019s department\n    James Mazurie, assignee of Pierce Manning, agent for Abner Neale, for attending the circuit and district courts of North Carolina.\n    Joseph Anthony, attorney to James Iredell, for his salary as one of the associate Judges\n    Robert Underwood, agent for Joseph Bindon, attorney to Dominique L\u2019Eglize, for his pension\n    Samuel Hodgdon, Attorney for James O\u2019Hara, for the use of the Quarter master\u2019s department\n    Joseph Howell, on account of the department of War\n    George Meade, agent for Richard Wylly, commissioner of loans for Georgia, for the salary of a clerk employed in his office\n    James Boggs, agent for Robert Morris, for his salary as judge for the district of New Jersey\n    Joseph Howell, for the salaries of his office, as accountant of the War department\n    Henry Knox, assignee of Michael Hillegas, for the amount of a warrant, No. 485, returned unpaid\n    Robert Elliott and Elie Williams, being on account of supplies furnished, and to be furnished, for the use of the Army\n    Tobias Van Zandt, agent for William Allen, for 80 horsemen\u2019s swords, furnished Capt. Stake\u2019s troop\n    Clement Biddle, balance due to him on account of provisions issued to the recruits\n    George Bickham, attorney for Samuel McDowell junior, his compensation as marshal for the district of Kentucky\n    John Templeman, for a sett of exchange on the late commissioners at Paris, returned\n    Samuel Meredith, on account of the War department\n    Ditto ditto\n    William Porter, assignee of Daniel Hale, for sundry rations issued to the recruits at Albany, &c.\n    John Kean, attorney for Henry Marchant, for his salary as Judge for the district of Rhode Island\n    A. R. C. M. de la Forest, being on account of the debt due from the United States to France\n    Joseph Nourse, agent for John Hopkins, for his salary as Commissioner of loans for Virginia\n    Robert Underwood, assignee for Joseph Bindon, attorney for Joseph Traversie, for his pension\n    Samuel Emery, agent for Nathaniel Appleton, for his salary as Commissioner of loans for Massachusetts\n    Charles Young, assignee of Nathaniel Chipman, for his salary as Judge for the district of Vermont\n    Melancton Smith, for provisions issued to the troops at Westpoint\n    David Allison, agent for William Blount, for the use of the War department, in the territory southwest of the Ohio\n    Abraham Witmer, assignee of Joseph Dicker, and others, for 100 rifles delivered for the use of the army\n    Robert Forsyth, being in full of his own and assistant\u2019s compensation for taking an enumeration of the inhabitants of Georgia\n    Robert Forsyth, his compensation for attending several sessions of the district and circuit courts of Georgia\n    Melancton Smith, for provisions issued to the troops at New York\n    Tobias Lear, on account of the President\u2019s compensation\n    Henry Drinker, attorney for Chauncey Whittlesey, for rations issued to the troops at Connecticut\n    Thomas Billington and Charles Young, on account of a contract for furnishing the troops with clothing\n    Abraham Wilt, attorney for major de Bert de Majun, a foreign officer, late in the service of the United States\n    George Meade, agent for Richard Wylly, for his salary as Commissioner of loans for Georgia.\n    John Kean, attorney for William Imlay, for his salary as Commissioner of loans for Connecticut\n    Tench Coxe, for oil purchased for the use of the light house at Cape Henry, in the State of Virginia\n    Samuel Howell, for supplies furnished the dragoon recruits at Elkton, under the command of Major Rudolph\n    Samuel Smith, agent for Elliott and Williams, on account of the expenses of the recruiting service\n    Samuel Hodgdon, attorney for James O\u2019Hara, being for the use of the Quarter master\u2019s department\n    Reed and Forde, assignees of captain Sharpe, a foreign officer, late in the service of the United States\n    Edmund Randolph, attorney General, for his expenses to, and from York town, in attending the circuit courts held there\n    Ferdinand Gourdon, assignee of William Paca, for his salary as Judge for the district of Maryland\n    Samuel Hodgdon, attorney for James O\u2019Hara, being for the use of the Quarter master\u2019s department\n    John Stagg, junr. agent for Thomas Randall, superintendent of the light house at Sandy-hook, for the support of said establishment\n    George Taylor, Attorney for John Jay, for his salary as chief Justice of the United States\n    Abraham Miller, for rations and other supplies furnished to a detachment of recruits at Bridgetown\n    Christian Lybrandt, for 30,000 bricks, for the purpose of finishing the light house at Bald head, North Carolina\n    Peter Bob, for 3,000 ditto ditto\n    John Brown, attorney for Robert Irwin, for his compensation as assistant to the marshal for the district of Kentucky\n    Patrick Ferrall, for defraying the contingent expenses of the Commissioner\u2019s office\n    Philip Nicklin and Co. assignees of Samuel Smith, agent for Elliott and Williams, on account of supplies furnished for the use of the army\n    Samuel Meredith, on account of the War department\n    Antoine R. C. M. de la Forest, on Account of the debt due from the United States to France\n    William Allibone, superintendent of the light house at Cape Henlopen, to defray expenses in support of said establishment\n    Thomas Billington and Charles Young, for sundry pattern articles of clothing, deposited in the War office\n    John Hopkins, commissioner of loans for Virginia, to pay interest on the several species of stock\n    Ditto, to enable him to pay invalid pensions\n    John Lamb, balance due to him, on account of sundry expenditures to invalid pensioners in New York\n    James Burnside, attorney for James Ewing, for his salary as Commissioner of loans for New Jersey\n    Thomas Harwood, Commissioner of loans for Maryland on account of interest on the several species of stock\n    Edward Carrington, assignee of Matthew Harvey, for rations issued to the troops at Fincastle, Virginia\n    Ditto, assignee of James Roberts, for rations issued to the troops marching from Richmond to Winchester\n    Joseph Nourse, agent for Elizabeth Bergen, for her pension\n    John Hopkins, commissioner of loans for Virginia, on account of the interest due on the several species of stock\n    Tobias Lear, on account of the President\u2019s compensation\n    Thomas Billington and Charles Young, balance due to them on account of a contract for supplying the troops with clothing\n    Joseph Nourse, agent for paying the contingent expenses of the Treasury department\n    John Wilkins, Assignee of Alexander Scott, balance due for supplies furnished the troops at Lancaster\n    Samuel Meredith, agent for James Read, assignee of John Skinner, his compensation as marshal for the district of South Carolina\n    Ditto, agent for ditto, assignee for ditto ditto\n    Jonathan Trumbull, to enable him to make payments to the members of the House of Representatives\n    Samuel A. Otis, to be applied towards the payment of the Senators, for their compensations\n    Roger Sherman, attorney for Philip B. Bradley, his compensation as marshal for the district of Connecticut\n    William Allibone, Superintendant of the light-house at Cape Henlopen, for support of said establishment\n    Alexander Humphries, balance due on account of provisions furnished to captain Gibson\u2019s company at Staunton\n    Benjamin Connor, balance due on account of rations furnished and supplies in the Quarter master\u2019s department\n    John Kean, Attorney for Richard Law, for his salary as judge for the district of Connecticut\n    George Thatcher, Attorney for David Sewall, for his salary as Judge for the district of Maine\n    Tench Francis, to be applied towards the purchase of certain Indian supplies\n    Samuel Meredith, on Account of the War department\n    Ditto ditto\n    Jedidiah Huntington, for payments made to invalid pensioners at Connecticut\n    Samuel A. Otis, to be applied towards the payment of the Senators, for their compensations\n    Jeremiah Smith, attorney for Daniel Warner, for his compensation as deputy marshal for the district of New Hampshire\n    William Imlay, Commissioner of loans, Connecticut, to pay interest due on the several species of stocks\n    William Imlay, agent for paying the invalid pensioners in the State of Connecticut\n    Antoine R. C. M. de la Forest, being on account of the debt due from the United States to France\n    Richard Wylly, commissioner of loans, Georgia, on account of interest due on the several species of stock\n    John Hopkins, Commissioner of loans, Virginia, on account of interest due on the several species of stock\n    Ditto, Commissioner of loans, Virginia, on account of interest due on the several species of stock\n    William Gardner, commissioner of loans, New Hampshire, on account of interest due on the several species of stock\n    Winthrop Sargent, for his salary as Secretary of the territory north west of the Ohio\n    Hugh Williamson, Attorney for William Blount, for the use of the War department, within the territory South West of the Ohio\n    Clement Biddle, for provisions issued to the recruits, and various supplies furnished in the Quarter master\u2019s and hospital department\n    Benjamin Lincoln, superintendant of light house, Massachusetts, amount of sundry expenses in support of said establishment.\n    Benjamin Bayley, agent for John Paulding for his pension\n    Clement Biddle, for sundry supplies furnished Joseph Brandt, chief of the six nations of Indians, during his stay in Philadelphia\n    Jedidiah Huntington, superintendant of light house, New London, amount of sundry expenditures in support of said establishment\n    Otho H. Williams, amount of sundry payments to invalid pensioners, at Baltimore\n    Antoine R. C. M. de la Forest, being an account of the debt due from the United States to France\n    John Hopkins, Commissioner of loans, Virginia, on account of interest due on the several species of stock\n    Ditto, Commissioner of loans, Virginia, on account of payments made to invalid pensioners\n    Samuel Hodgdon, attorney to James O\u2019Hara, for the use of the Quarter master\u2019s department\n    Joseph Nourse, for the purpose of stating and printing certain public accounts\n    Samuel Hodgdon, Attorney for James O\u2019Hara, for the use of the Quarter master\u2019s department\n    Samuel Meredith, on account of the War department\n    Ditto ditto\n    Adam Anstat, for 17 rifles made by order of the Secretary at War\n    John McIntire, for sundry rations issued to the militia of Ohio County, State of Virginia\n    Samuel Millish, junr., attorney for Israel Chapin, balance due for supplies furnished, and expenses incurred for the five nations of Indians\n    James B. Smith, for making three large wampum belts for the use of the Indian department\n    Wheelen and Miller, agents to Jacob Dickert and others, for 67 rifles made for the use of the United States\n    Henry Drinker, for three sinkers for the beacon boats directed to be stationed in the bay of Chesapeak\n    John Nicholson, for 26 rifles made by order of the Secretary at War\n    Tobias Lear, on account of the President\u2019s compensation\n    John Kean, to be applied towards discharging unclaimed dividends\n    Antoine R. C. M. de la Forest, on account of the debt due from the United States to France\n    John Miller, junr. for his attendance inspecting the clothing for the army\n    Tench Francis, on account of the incidental and contingent expenses of the War department\n    Samuel A. Otis, to be applied towards payment of the Senators, for their compensations\n    Samuel Meredith, on account of the War department\n    Ditto ditto\n    David Ridgway, for 30,000 bricks, for the completion of the light house at Bald head, North Carolina\n    John Kean, to be applied towards discharging unclaimed dividends\n    Ditto ditto\n    James Ewing, Commissioner of loans, New Jersey, to pay interest on the several species of stock\n    Samuel Meredith, on account of the War department\n    Joseph Anthony and son, Assignees for John Habersham, agent for James Seagrove, for a bill of exchange drawn on account of the War department\n    James Wilson, attorney for James Duane, for his salary as Judge for the district of New York\n    Ditto, Attorney for James Duane, for his salary as Judge for the district of New York\n    John Kean, to be applied towards discharging unclaimed dividends\n    Gabriel Blakeney, for sundry rations issued to the militia of Washington county, Pennsylvania\n    John Hopkins, on account of payments made to invalid pensioners\n    William Imlay, agent for paying invalid pensions in the State of Connecticut\n    Ditto, Commissioner of loans, Connecticut, to pay interest due on the several species of stock\n    Jonathan Burrall, assignee of John McComb, agent for John McComb, junior, on account of a contract for erecting a light house on Cape Henry\n    James McKenzie, for his pension\n    Samuel Meredith, on account of the War department\n    Solomon Maxwell, balance due on account of supplies furnished the recruits in the State of Delaware\n    John McComb, junior, balance due on account of contract for erecting a light house of Cape Henry, Virginia\n    Thomas Billington and Charles Young, on account of sundry articles of clothing for the use of the army\n    James Poupard, for sundry seals for the use of the public offices of the territory north west of the Ohio\n    The State of Maryland, for payments made by said State to invalid pensioners\n    John Adams, on account of his compensation as Vice president of the United States\n    Tobias Lear, for so much paid by the President to an express rider\n    Samuel A. Otis, on account of the contingent expenses of the Senate, and of his office\n    John Kean, to be applied towards discharging unclaimed dividends\n    Jonathan Burrall, agent for Nicholas Hoffman, to be applied to the purpose of purchasing certain Indian supplies\n    George Benson, Agent for Jabez Bowen, for his salary as Commissioner loans, Rhode Island\n    Jean de Ternant, being on account of the debt due from the United States to France\n    Ditto, for his pay and services as a foreign officer late in the service of the United States\n    John Hopkins, on account of payments made to invalid pensioners\n    Ditto, Commissioner of loans, Virginia, on accot: of interest due on the several species of stock\n    Nathaniel Appleton Massachusetts ditto\n    Jonathan Trumbull, to enable him to make payments to the members of the House of Representatives\n    Antoine R. C. M. de la Forest, being account of the debt due from the United States to France\n    Clement Biddle, balance due to the State of Pennsylvania on account of rations issued to the militia of said State\n    Tobias Lear, agent for Jonathan Steele, his compensation as Clerk of the circuit and district Courts of New Hampshire\n    Ditto, attorney for Nathaniel Rogers, his compensation as marshal for the district of New Hampshire\n    Robert Crawford, agent for John Stuart, balance due for supplies furnished the riflemen in Virginia\n    Tobias Lear, on account of the President\u2019s compensation\n    Samuel Hodgdon, Attorney for James O\u2019Hara, for the use of the Quarter master\u2019s department\n    Tench Francis, to be applied to the purpose of purchasing sundry military stores\n    Aaron Robinson, balance due on account of supplies furnished to the recruits at Bennington\n    William Allibone, superintendant of the light house at Cape Henlopen, for support of said Establishment\n    Clement Biddle, for his compensation as marshal for the district of Pennsylvania\n    Ditto ditto\n    John Cochran, commissioner of loans for New York, to be applied towards the payment of interest on the several species of stock\n    Thomas Harwood, Maryland, ditto\n    Thomas Smith, Pennsylvania ditto\n    Samuel Meredith, for purchases made him, as agent to the Trustees for the reduction of the public debt\n    John Kean, to be applied towards payment of interest on the funded six and three per cent stocks\n    Edward Blake, Superintendant of the lighthouse at South Carolina, for defraying the expenses of said establishment\n    Ditto ditto\n    John Habersham, for amount of sundry payments made to Invalid pensioners\n    Nathaniel Appleton, commissioner of loans for Massachusetts, to pay interest due on the several species of stock\n    William Ellery, superintendant of the light house at Rhode Island, to defray expenses of said establishment\n    Jabez Bowen, Commissioner of loans for Rhode Island, to pay interest on the several species of stock\n    Ditto ditto\n    William Imlay, Commissioner of loans for Connecticut, do.\n    Samuel Meredith, to defray contingent expenses of his own and Henley and Sherman\u2019s office\n    Balance in my hands this day, as explained below\n    Cash in the Bank of the United States\n    Ditto North America\n    Ditto New York\n    Ditto Providence\n    Ditto, office of discount and deposit, Boston\n    Ditto New York\n    Ditto Baltimore\n    Ditto Charleston\n    Amount of contingencies paid, for which there is no appropriation\n    Amount paid Saml. Brook, a clerk in the office, for which there is no do.\n    Dollars\nReceipts by the Treasurer of the United States.\nBalance of Account furnished to the 1st. of October last\nNo.\nReceived for Warrant \u2014\nOn Isaac Holmes\nCollector\nCharleston\nditto\nditto\nditto\nJohn Habersham\nditto\nSavannah\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nCharles Lee\nditto\nAlexandria\nJohn Lamb\nditto\nNew York\nWilliam Lindsay\nditto\nNorfolk\nJames Read\nditto\nWilmington (N. C.)\nJedidiah Huntington\nditto\nNew London\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nJohn Habersham\nditto\nSavannah\nWilliam Lindsay\nditto\nNorfolk\nWilliam Heth\nditto\nBermuda hundred\nJoseph Whipple\nditto\nPortsmouth\nditto\nditto\nditto\nBenjamin Lincoln\nditto\nBoston\nJedidiah Huntington\nditto\nNew London\nOtho H. Williams\nditto\nBaltimore\nGeorge Biscoe\nditto\nNottingham\nOtho H. Williams\nditto\nBaltimore\nSharp Delany\nditto\nPhiladelphia\nJohn Lamb\nditto\nNew York\nJedidiah Huntington\nditto\nNew London\nHudson Muse\nditto\nTappahannock\nWilliam Heth\nditto\nBermuda Hundred\nditto\nditto\nditto\nJames McC. Lingan\nditto\nGeorge town, Maryland\nWilliam Lindsay\nditto\nNorfolk\nJedidiah Huntington\nditto\nNew London\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nJonathan Fitch\nditto\nNew Haven\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nSamuel Smedley\nditto\nFairfield\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nJohn Halsted\nditto\nPerth Amboy\nJames McC. Lingan\nditto\nGeorge town, Maryland\nAbraham Archer\nditto\nYork town, Virginia\nHudson Muse\nditto\nTappahannock\nRichard M. Scott\nditto\nDumfries\nditto\nditto\nditto\nCharles Lee\nditto\nAlexandria\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nWilliam Gibb\nditto\nFoley landing\nThomas Benbury\nditto\nEdenton, N. Carola.\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nJames Read\nditto\nWilmington, N. C.\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nJohn Daves\nditto\nNewbern\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nNathan Keais\nditto\nWashington\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nIsaac Gregory\nditto\nCamden\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nWilliam Heth\nditto\nBedmuda Hundred\nditto\nditto\nditto\nFrancis Cook\nditto\nWiscassctts\nIsaac Holmes\nditto\nCharleston\nditto\nditto\nditto\nJohn Habersham\nditto\nSavannah\nAbraham Archer\nditto\nYork town, Virginia\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nHudson Muse\nditto\nTappahannock\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nCharles Lee\nditto\nAlexandria\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nJames Read\nditto\nWilmington, N: Carol.\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nIsaac Gregory\nditto\nCamden\nWilliam Lindsay\nditto\nNorfolk\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nWilliam Heth\nditto\nBermuda Hundred\nWilliam Lindsay\nditto\nNorfolk\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nWilliam Heth\nditto\nBermuda Hundred\nWilliam Lindsay\nditto\nNorfolk\nditto\nditto\nditto\nWilliam Heth\nditto\nBermuda hundred\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nWilliam Lindsay\nditto\nNorfolk\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nWilliam Ellery\nditto\nNewport\nEpes Sargent\nditto\nGloucester\nJoseph Hiller\nditto\nSalem\nStephen Hussey\nditto\nNantucket\nJoseph Otis\nditto\nBarnstable\nEdward Pope\nditto\nNew Bedford\nBenjamin Lincoln\nditto\nBoston\nHodijah Baylies\nditto\nDighton\nJeremiah Hill\nditto\nBiddeford & pepperellboro\u2019\nNathaniel F. Fosdick\nditto\nPortland\nWilliam Webb\nditto\nBath\nFrancis Cook\nditto\nWiscassetts\nJohn Lee\nditto\nPenobscot\nStephen Smith\nditto\nMachias\nL. T. Delesdernier\nditto\nPassamaquody\nJeremiah Olney\nditto\nProvidence\nditto\nditto\nditto\nJediidiah Huntington\nditto\nNew London\nJonathan Fitch\nditto\nNew Haven\nSamuel Smedley\nditto\nFairfield\nHenry P. Dering\nditto\nSagg Harbour\nJohn Lamb\nditto\nNew York\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nJohn Halsted\nditto\nPerth Amboy\nSharp Delany\nditto\nPhiladelphia\nditto\nditto\nditto\nGeorge Bush\nditto\nWilmington, Del.\nOtho H. Williams\nditto\nBaltimore\nditto\nditto\nditto\nJohn Gunby\nditto\nSnowhill\nJohn Davidson\nditto\nAnnapolis\nGeorge Biscoe\nditto\nNottingham\nJohn C. Jones\nditto\nCedar point\nJames McC. Lingan\nditto\nGeorge town, Maryland\nWilliam Heth\nditto\nBermuda hundred\nRichard M. Scott\nditto\nDumfries\nCharles Lee\nditto\nAlexandria\nThomas Benbury\nditto\nEdenton, North Carola.\nCharles Brown\nditto\nGeorge town, S. Carolina\nditto\nditto\nditto\nWilliam Lindsay\nditto\nNorfolk\nIsaac Holmes\nditto\nCharleston\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nEdward Wigglesworth\nditto\nNewburyport\nWilliam Shippen\nThe President, Directors and Company of the Bank of North America\nHenry Knox\nSamuel Hodgdon\nClement Biddle\nEdward Carrington\nSupervisor\nVirginia\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nditto\nJohn Chester\nditto\nConnecticut\nditto\nditto\nditto\nAndrew Barrett\nditto\nDelaware\nJohn Chester\nditto\nConnecticut\nRichard Morris\nditto\nNew York\nJohn S. Dexter\nditto\nRhode Island\nGeorge Gale\nditto\nMaryland\nNathaniel Gorham\nditto\nMassachusetts\nDollars\nTreasury of the United StatesPhiladelphia, January, 1st, 1793.\nSamuel Meredith,Treasurer of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0299-0007", "content": "Title: Enclosure D: [State of the Balances in the Hands of the Collectors], 1 February 1793\nFrom: Wood, Leighton\nTo: \nD\nState of the Balances in the Hands of the Collectors, Taken from the Weekly Returns, 7th. January 1793.\nDollars Cts\nJoseph Whipple\nPortsmouth\nStephen Cross,\nNewbury port\nEpes Sargent\nGloucester\nJoseph Hiller\nSalem\nSamuel R. Gerry\nMarblehead\nBenjamin Lincoln\nBoston\nBenjamin Watson\nPlymouth\nJoseph Otis\nBarnstable\nStephen Hussy\nNantucket\nJohn Peas\nEdgar town\nEdward Pope\nNew Bedford\nHod: Baylies\nDighton\nRich. Trevett\nYork\nJere. Hill\nBiddeford\nN. F. Fosdick\nPortland\nWill. Webb\nBath\nFrancis Cook\nWiscassett\nJohn Lee\nPenobscot\nMelat. Jordan\nFrenchman\u2019s Bay\nStephen Smith\nMachias\nL. F. Delesdernier\nPassamaquody\nWill. Ellery\nNewport\nJer: Olney\nProvidence\nJ. Huntington\nNew London\nJona: Fitch\nNew Haven\nSam: Smedley\nFairfield\nSteph: Keyes\nVermont\nH: P: Dering\nSagg Harbour\nJohn Lamb\nNew York\nJohn Halsted\nPerth Amboy\nJohn Ross\nBurlington\nEli Elmer\nBridgetown\nD: Benezet junr\nGreat Egg Harbour\nSharp Delaney\nPhiladelphia\n[George Bush\nWilmington\nO: H: Williams\nBaltimore\nJere: Nicholls\nChester\nJere: Banning\nOxford\nJohn Muir\nVienna\nJohn Gunby\nSnowhill\nJohn Davidson\nAnnapolis\nGeorge Biscoe\nNottingham\nJohn C. Jones\nCedar Point\nJames M: Lingan\nGeorge Town\nGeorge Wray\nHampton\nWilliam Lindsay\nNorfolk\nWilliam Heth\nBermuda Hundred\nAbraham Archer\nYork Town\nHudson Muse\nTappahannock\nVin. Redman\nYeocomico\nRichard M. Scott\nDumfries\nCharles Lee\nAlexandria\nWilliam Gibb\nFolly Landing\nNath: Wilkins\nCherrystone\nThomas Bowne\nSouth Quay\nRichard Taylor\nLouisville\nJames Read\nWilmington\nJohn Daves\nNew Bern\nNathan Keais\nWashington\nThomas Benbury\nEdenton\nIsaac Gregory\nCamden\nCharles Brown\nCharleston, S: C:\nIsaac Holmes\nCharleston\nAndrew Agnew\nBeaufort\nJohn Habersham\nSavannah\nCornelius Collins\nSunbury\nChristopher Hillary\nBrunswick\nJames Seagrove\nSt. Mary\u2019s\nDollars,\nCopied from the Original state of balances the above date, February 1st. 1793.\nL. Wood, junr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0299-0008", "content": "Title: Enclosure E: [Amount of Bonds Becoming Due for Duties], 1 February 1793\nFrom: Wood, Leighton, Jr.\nTo: \nE\n  Amount of Bonds Becoming Due for Duties in the Several States, from the First of December 1792, to May 1794, Inclusive, Viz:\n  State of\n  Massachusetts\n  Rhode Island\n  Connecticut\n  New York\n  Pennsylvania\n  Delaware\n  Jerseys\n  Maryland\n  Virginia\n  North Carolina\n  South Carolina\n  Georgia\n  Amount due in April 1794, at New York\n  Amount due in May 1794, at Philadelphia\n  Amount of Schedules received,\n  The following not having returned Schedules, the several amounts are taken from the Schedules for the year 1791, Viz:\n  Massachusetts,\n  Salem Schedule for December 1791\n  Connecticut,\n  New London, do\n  New York,\n  New York, Novemr. and Decemr. 1791.\n  Pennsylvania,\n  Philadelphia, Octo: Nov: and Dec: 1791\n  Delaware,\n  Wilmington Dec: 1791.\n  Virginia, Norfolk, Bermuda Hundred and Alexandria do\n  North Carolina,\n        Wilmington and New Bern do\n        Edenton, Nov: and Dec: 1791.\n  South Carolina,\n  Charleston, Oct: Nov: and Dec: 1791.\n  Georgia,\n  Savannah, Nov: and Dec: 1791.\n  Dollars,\nTaken from the OriginalsFebruary 1st. 1793\nL. Wood. junr.\nAmount of the above Abstract\nAdd for the increase of duties by virtue of the Act of the last Session, for raising a farther sum of money, for the protection of the frontiers and for other purposes therein mentioned, computed on the foregoing sum of 336 000, dollars, being the amount of duties for certain periods of the year 1791, for which, returns have not been received as above mentioned\u2014say one seventh\nDeduct amount of duties for the month of December, as per Abstract\nAmount of outstanding and unsatisfied Bonds on the 1st. of January 1793, for duties to that period\nDollars,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-0299-0009", "content": "Title: Enclosure F: [Revenue on Spirits Distilled in the United States], 1 February 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Coxe, Tench\nTo: \nFThe Revenue on Spirits Distilled in the United States, Prior to the Year 1793,\nDr.\nCr.\nDollars. Cts.\nDollars. Cts.\nDecember 31st.\nTo the amount of monies received into the treasury from the several Supervisors of the revenue, since the last day of June 1791, the particulars whereof have been compared with the Records of Warrants in the Office of the Secretary of the Treasury, and with the books of the Treasurer\nDecr. 31st.\nBy amount of duties arising on Spirits distilled in the United States, from foreign and domestic materials, since the last day of June 1791, so far as the returns thereof have been received at the Treasury\nTo the amount of the allowances made by the President for compensations and expenses (including the first cost of books, office-furniture, marking instruments &c. and certain compensations relative to foreign distilled spirits, wines and teas, since the last of June 1791, agreeably to the Communication of the President to both Houses of Congress, on the 22d. day of November 1792\nBy the estimated amount of duties arising on spirits distilled on the United States, from foreign and domestic materials, since the last day of June 1791, during certain terms, the returns wherefor have not been received at the Treasury\nThe balance of the above revenue, which remained on the 31st. day of December 1792, in credits and bonds outstanding\nDollars,\nDollars,\nTreasury Department,Revenue Office, February 2d. 1793.\nTench Coxe,Commissioner of the Revenue.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-13-02-9001", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of New York, 22 January 179[3]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of New York\nTreasury Department Januy 22d 179[3]\nGentlemen,\nYou will be pleased to furnish Messrs Dannecker and Young with the further sum of Five thousand Dollars upon the same principles as heretofore.\nI am with great consideration \u2003 Gentlemen \u2003 Your most obedient servant,\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe President & Directorsof the Bank of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0001", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Pinckney, 5 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] Febr. 5. 1793\nMy Dr. Sir\nInclosed is a packet for Mr. Short which I beg you to forward. I leave it open for your perusal to save me the time it would require to repeat the subject to you. Inclosed is another Copy of the Letter for you. I have the consolation of believing that the attempt will in the end do good to the Government & to myself.\nYrs. respectfully & with true esteem\nA. Hamilton\nMr. Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0003", "content": "Title: Report on Foreign Loans, 5 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President of the Senate\nTreasury DepartmentFebruary 5. 1793.[Communicated on February 6, 1793]\n[To the President of the Senate]\nSir\nBy order of the President of the United States, I have the honor to transmit herewith.\n  Copies of a power given by him to the Secretary of the Treasury for the time being dated the 28th of August 1790, for the negotiation of the loans authorised by the laws of the 4th and 12th of August 1790 and of certain instructions relative thereto dated on the same day.\n  II.\n  Copies of an authority founded upon the power of the President from me to William Short, Esquire, dated the 1st of September 1790, and of sundry letters from me to the said William Short, of dates from the 29th of May 1790 to the 31st of December 1792, inclusively, relating to the negotiation and application of the above-mentioned loans.\n  III\n  Originals of sundry letters from William Short to me under dates from the 2d. of December 1790 to the 2d of November 1792, inclusively, relating to the same subject.\n  IV\n  Copy of an authority from me to Messrs Wilhem and John Willinks Nicholas and J van Staphorst and Hubbard, Bankers of the United States at Amsterdam, dated the 28th of August 1790, relating to the first of the loans, made under the above mentioned Acts, and Copies of sundry letters to the said Bankers, of dates from the 28th of August 1790 to the 31st of December 1792, inclusively.\n  Originals of sundry letters from the said Bankers to me of dates from the 25th of January 1790 to the 5th of November 1792.\n  VI\n  Copies of sundry letters of dates from the 18th of June to the 24th of September 1792, inclusively, between G Morris and W Short, Esquires, having relation to the above subjects.\nThe general power from the President to the Secretary of the Treasury of the 28th of August 1790 and the communications from William Short, Esquire, who has been the only Commissioner, would, it is presumed, have fulfilled the terms of the Resolution of the Senate of the 23d of last month; and are transmitted pursuant to the request contained in that Resolution.\nBut the President has been pleased to direct the transmission of the other documents also, in the supposition, that they will serve to throw light upon the general subject of that Resolution.\nWith perfect respect, I have the honor to be, Sir, Your Mo. Obedt and humble Servant\nAlex HamiltonSecy of the Treasy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0005", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Short, 5 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, William\n(Private)\nPhiladelphia \u2003 February 5th: 1793.\nSir:\nThe spirit of party has grown to maturity sooner in this country than perhaps was to have been counted upon. You will see a specimen of it in the inclosed speech of Mr. Giles, a member from Virginia. The House of Representatives adopted the resolutions proposed by him, nemini contradicente. The object with a majority was to confound the attempt by giving a free course to investigation.\nI send you also a printed copy of a letter from me to the House of Representatives of yesterday\u2019s date, being the first part of an answer to those resolutions. The statements referred to in it could not yet be printed; but lest the thing should pass the Atlantic, and be made an ill use of, to the prejudice of our country, I send you the antidote to be employed or not as you may see occasion.\nAn investigation intended to prejudice me is begun with respect to the circumstances attending the last payment on account of the French debt; which, in its progress, may draw your conduct into question. I think, however, you need be under no anxiety for the result. Your hesitations, at a certain stage, were so natural, and your reasons so weighty for them, that they will give little handle against you, besides the coincidence in opinion here about the expediency of a suspension of payment. The popular tide in this country is strong in favor of the last revolution in France; and there are many who go, of course, with that tide, and endeavour always to turn it to account. For my own part I content myself with praying most sincerely that it may issue in the real advantage and happiness of the nation.\nWith much esteem and regard, \u2003 I am \u2003 Your obedt Servt\nA. Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0006", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Willing, 5 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willing, Thomas\nTreasury DepartmentFebruary 5. 1793.\nSir\nI request that the Bank will advance to Messrs. Young & Dannaker Five hundred Dollars on account of their Cloathing with the Public on the same principles as the advances heretofore made.\nWith respectful consideration I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most Obed ser\nA Hamilton\nThomas Willing EsqrPresident of the Bank of the UStates", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0007", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, 6 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\nTreasury Department Febry 6th 1793\nGentlemen\nI request that you will advance to Mr Philip Nicklin as agent to Samuel Smith, agent to Elliot & Williams the sum of Ten thousand Dollars on account of the existing contract between the public and the latter Gentlemen; taking a proper receipt of Mr. Nicklin.\nThis affair is to be wound up together with the former advances hereafter.\nAs the money is intended to be remitted to Baltimore, to facilitate matters I have directed the Treasurer to lodge in the Bank a Bill upon the office of discount & Deposit in Baltimore for the sum above mentioned.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 Gentlemen \u2003 Yr Ob Servt\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe Presidt Directors &Cof the Bank of the U St", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0008", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Hull, 6 February 1793\nFrom: Hull, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNiagara Feb.y. 6th. 1793.\nSir,\nI arrived at this place on the 2d. instant, but was not able to see the Governor untill the 3d. on account of the vast quantity of Ice floating in the River.\nOn the 3d. instant I addressed myself to him, delivered Mr. Hammonds letter, and communicated the object of My mission.\nHe was engaged in preparing for a journey to the River Tranche, and from thence to Detroit and the next morning was fixed on for his departure.\nHe expressed much surprize that the British Minister should have imagined that the request I made could have been complied with by him.\n1. Because the Indian affairs are under the direction of the Commander in Chief in his military character.\n2. Because Lord Dorchester while in this country issued a standing order that no supplies should be conveyed to the Indians by the United States thro\u2019 the medium of these ports on any pretence whatever.\n3. Because Genl. Clarke is now the Commander in chief and continues the same regulations.\n4. That an instance in point happened on the application of Colo. Proctor to Colo. Gordon, which was refused, and Colo. Gordon\u2019s Conduct was highly approved by Lord Dorchester.\n5. Because the Indians, when they proposed the treaty applied to him for supplies, and he engaged to furnish them.\n6. Because it has been the invariable custom of the British Government to furnish them with provisions at all their meetings & treaties.\n7. Because the Indians themselves have objected to the measure of being supplied by the United States, as they cannot treat on independent ground; while they daily receive their dinners from the party with whom they were treating.\nAs nearly as I recollect, these are all the reasons which the Governor stated against a compliance with our wishes.\nAt present it is unnecessary to communicate to you the reply which I made to these reasons. It is sufficient to say that they were unavailing. The next day the Governor began his journey, and expects to be absent six weeks.\nBefore his departure, he communicated to me the proceedings of the Indians at their Councils at the Au-glaise in Octobr. 1792, and at Buffaloe Creek in Novr. 1792. as interpreted by the British Interpreters.\nI have obtained copies of those proceedings and have enclosed them to the Secretary at War, being particularly within his department, and have stated the conversation which took place between the Governor and myself respecting the proposed treaty.\nIn the course of my journey, late at night, when I was much fatigued, I wrote you several letters with respect to the supplies.\nI stated that my instructions did not fully authorize me to contract with Citizens of the United States to have the supplies furnished from the states. The instructions in fact did not give me that authority. But before I left Canadagua, I re-examined my power of attorney and found sufficient Authority in that for the purpose.\nI therefore consulted with Genl. Chapin, and it was his opinion that all the supplies could not be furnished in upper Canada. He recommended a Colo Taylor of that place, with whom I was well acquainted, as the most suitable person to contract with.\nI applied to Colo. Taylor, and he with two of the Genls sons were willing to contract for the whole of the supplies. The Genl. engaged to Guarantee the contract on their part. We therefore made a memorandum of the terms of the contract, provided that Governor Simcoe would open the communication, and with this further provision, that I could not make a more advantageous contract in upper Canada.\nColo Taylor has accompanied me, with a view, if the contract had been made absolute, immediately to begin the operation.\nA complete ration by this contract would have cost the United States, delivered at the place of treaty about fourteen Cents.\nMr. Hamilton, the most respectable merchant in this place would have been concerned in the contract, as a part of the supplies could have better been supplied here than from the States.\nAs the Governor is absent and I can be of no use here, I have determined to return to Canadagua again and there wait for further instructions.\nI should likewise have enclosed to you the proceedings of the Councils I have refered to, but I have not time to make out another set of Copies.\nThe Secretary at War will doubtless communicate their contents to you, and likewise the informations I have given him relating to the treaty.\nDuring my short stay here, I have received every possible civility & respect, from the Governor his officers, and the Gentlemen of the place.\nWith every consideration of respect, \u2003 I am your most obedt. servt.\nWilliam Hull\nSecretary of Treasury\nP.S. Since writing the above, I have considered whether under all circumstances, it is not most adviseable for me to remain at this place untill I receive further instructions. If I do not remain here, I shall not proceed further than Genl. Chapins. I am &C.\nWm. Hull", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0010", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Alexander J. Dallas, 8 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Dallas, Alexander J.\nTreasury DepartmentFebruary 8. 1793\nSir\nIt is regretted that the pressing business of this Department has not till this time permitted a reply to the questions stated in Mr. Gallatin\u2019s letter of the 14th: of January respecting the new loan certificates of the State of Pennsylvania.\nIt has been the uniform construction of the act making provision for the debt of the United States, that to render any certificates receivable on the loan, it was not only necessary that they should have been issued for services or supplies towards the prosecution of the late war; but also, that they should at the time of being subscribed be recognized by the existing laws of the States as evidences of debts by them respectively owing.\nIt was not, till lately understood, that any doubts were entertained whether the new loan certificates were in fact debts due by the State of Pennsylvania, in every sense necessary to bring them within the meaning of the act of Congress; it is certain, that no such doubts were suggested to the Treasury.\nThe Commissioner of loans was accordingly advised in June 1791, that the certificates which had been received of the State in lieu of certificates of the United States were receivable on loan, though at the same time he was instructed, with a view to future convenience, to use his endeavours with the holders, to exchange them with the State.\nIn consequence of an explanation which was rendered necessary by the provisions contained in the 18th. section of the act making provision for the debt of the United States, it appeared, that none of the new loan certificates of Pennsylvania had been subscribed to the loan of the United States\u2014that only the sum of about forty thousand pounds of said certificates remained to be exchanged, and that adequate and final arrangements had been made for exchanging the remainder by the State.\nThis being the state of the case, it became necessary to determine, whether the payment of interest on the assumed debt of Pennsylvania was to remain suspended, until a sum in certificates of the United States, equal to the amount of new loan certificates remaining unexchanged, was surrendered to the Treasury.\nAs the provision in the law was expressly designed to prevent interest from being twice paid on what originally constituted but one debt; an event which could not in this case happen; as it appeared inconsistent with equity, that the State should be required to surrender the certificates which were the sole consideration for which they had become indebted to their citizens, when no equivalent had been stipulated therefor by the United States; as such a surrender would defeat the arrangements made by the State, for effecting a reexchange of the outstanding certificates, and a just settlement with their Creditors\u2014as a suspension of the payment of interest on the assumed debt of Pennsylvania, would prove highly injurious to the rights of Individuals. And lastly, as it appeared to me, that the terms and intent of the law could be satisfied without assuming a construction liable to the strong objections before stated, I could not hesitate to determine, that a surrender on the part of the State was not necessary.\nI have been the more explicit in my reply to the first question proposed by Mr. Gallatin, as it appears to be the most important; and for the purpose of evincing, that as the case was then presented, no doubt was, or could be entertained, that the new loan certificates might have been subscribed to the loan of the United States. If however the new loan certificates are not by the laws of Pennsylvania to be considered as debts, but merely as receipts for certificates of the United States, which may be demanded at pleasure\u2014then according to the general rule of construction, the new loan certificates of the State will not be considered as receivable on loan to the United States, and will be restored to the Subscribers.\nAs the engagements of the United States appear to be somewhat implicated in a right decision of this question, I shall take measures to have the case stated to the Attorney General of the United States, for his opinion. At the same time I suggest the expediency of some measures being taken on the part of the Government of the State, for expressing their sense, respecting the certificates in question.\n[With great consideration and esteem \u2003 I have the honor to be Sir \u2003 Your obedient servant]\nAlexander Hamilton\nAlexander J Dallas Esqr. Secretary of theCommonwealth of Pennsylvania.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0012-0001", "content": "Title: Report on Foreign Loans, [13 February 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\nTreasury Department, February, 13th. 1793. [Communicated on February 13, 1793]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nSir,\nIn obedience to an Order of the President of the United States, founded upon the requests contained in two resolutions of the House of Representatives, of the 23d of January last, I have the honor to lay before the House\u2014\nI. The several papers, numbered I, II, III, IV, being copies of the authorities, under which, loans have been negociated, pursuant to the Acts of the 4th. and 12th. of August 1790.\nII. Sundry letters, as per list at foot, from the Secretary of the Treasury to William Short, esquire, and to Wilhem and J: Willinks, N: and J: Van Staphorst and Hubbard, being copies of the authorities respecting the application of the monies borrowed.\nIII. Statement A, shewing the names of the persons, by whom, and to whom, the respective payments of the French debt have been made in Europe, specifying the dates of the respective payments, and the sums. With regard to the precise dates of the respective draughts, which may have been drawn, or Orders which may have been given by Mr. Short to our Bankers, for making these payments, they cannot be furnished, not being known at the Treasury. It is, however, to be inferred from the correspondence and circumstances, that they preceded, but a short time, the respective payments, to which they related.\nStatement B, shewing by whom the payments have been made, on account of the Dutch loans, the dates and the sums. As to the persons, to whom the payments were made, no specification is practicable, these being the numerous subscribers to the several loans, their agents or assignees. It has never been considered, either, under the former or present government, as interesting to the Treasury, to know who those individuals were. Indeed, by the transfers always going on, they are continually changing. This demand for a communication of their names would have been unprecedented, and the disclosure, from time to time, would been attended with a great deal of useless, but expensive trouble.\nThe Statement desired, in reference to the Spanish debt, cannot be furnished. In a note upon Statement, No. I, of my late report concerning foreign loans, it is mentioned, \u201cthat advice had been received, that the payment of this debt was going on, though it had not been completed.\u201d This appears by letters from Mr. Short, now before the Senate, dated August 30th. and October 9th. and 22d. No advice of the completion of the payment has since been received. All, that is known, is, that our Bankers were procuring Bills under orders from Mr. Short, for the purpose of remitting to Spain the sum necessary to discharge her debt.\nThere will be seen a difference in the Statement now presented and No. I, of my late report concerning foreign loans, as to the date of the last payment to France. In one, the 9th. of August is mentioned; in the other, the 6th. of September. The fact is, that it had its inception, some time in August, but was not perfected till the sixth of September. Mr. Morris, who had been charged by Mr. Short, with endeavoring to adjust with the French Treasury, the rule, by which, the payments that had been and might be made, should be liquidated into livres, having regard to certain equitable considerations, made an arrangement with it provisionally, for the payment of 1,641,250\n florins, and wrote to Mr. Short, requesting that he would direct the payment to be completed. There appear to have been two letters from Mr. Morris, on the subject, one dated the 6th, the other, the 9th of August. But Mr. Short, for reasons, which he explains in his correspondence now before the Senate, did not consummate the payment, till the sixth of September. One Statement has reference to the beginning, the other, to the conclusion of the affair.\nI am instructed by the President to observe, that there are some circumstances in the communications now made, which would render a public perusal of them not without inconvenience. With perfect respect, I have the honor, to be, Sir,\nYour most obedient and most humble Servant\nAlexander HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury.\nThe Honorable The Speaker,of the House of Representatives.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0012-0002", "content": "Title: Statement A: [Payments to France out of the Dutch and Antwerp Loans], 13 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\nStatement shewing the dates and sums of the respective payments which have been made on account of the Debt due to France out of the Dutch and Antwerp Loans\u2014and by whom and to whom the monies were remitted or paid.\nLivres tournois. s. d.\nFlorins. st: d.\u2007\u2007\n1790 Decemr. 3.\nRemitted by Wm. and J: Willink, N. and Jacob Van Staphorst and Hubbard of Amsterdam, to Monsr. du Fresne,\nDirector of the royal treasury of France, by order of Wm. Short Esquire\nAugust 11th:\nRemitted by the same, to the Commissioner of the national treasury at Paris, by order of William Short Esquire.\nSeptemr. 12th:\n15th.\n29th\nOctober, 3d.\n6th:\n13th:\n20th:\n24th:\nDo, by the same to Mr. Garat, Cashier of the national treasury at Paris, by order of William Short Esquire.\n                    Remitted from Antwerp by Mr. de Wolf to the national treasury at Paris, by order of William Short.\nJanuary to March\n                    Payments made by Mr. De Wolf, to J. Broeta at Antwerp, by order of the Commissioners of the national treasury of France .\u2003.\n   The amount of Livres here stated, exceeds somewhat that which was stated in No. I, of my last report, It will be observed, that it was then mentioned, that the details of this transaction were wanting. They have since been received, and correspond with the present Statement. The difference arises from the real rates of exchange, at the times of the respective payments having been different from what was assumed by analogy, as a rule of computation.\nDo, by Wm. and J. Willink. N. and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Hubbard, of Amsterdam, to Messrs. Hogguer, Grand and Company, bankers for the Commissioners of the national treasury of France, by order of William Short Esquire\nAlexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury.\nTreasury Department, February 13, 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0012-0004", "content": "Title: Note: [Special Reasons for Drawing 1 237 500 Guilders], [13 February 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\nMr. Short, from his own view of the situation of French affairs, had concluded to suspend further payments in consequence of the Revolution of the 10th of August last, as appears by his letter of the 30th of that month, in possession of the Senate. This letter contains the following passage \u201cIt is impossible to say how long the position of affairs will last. There will probably be several changes before a permanent order is established. This of course will occasion a suspension in our payments.\u201d And in addition to this, he expresses in another place a wish to receive orders from hence for the disposition of the monies in hand.\nThe propriety of a suspension of payments under the then existing circumstances, was considered and admitted here by the executive; and a correspondent intimation was given both to Mr. Morris and Mr. Short.\nIt remained for the Secretary of the Treasury to decide pursuant to the general discretion vested in him, what should be done with regard to the monies undisposed of in the hands of our Bankers. It had so happened that they had already been a considerable time unemployed, at the expense of the United States. In the language of Mr. Short, it was impossible to say how long that position of affairs, which had induced the suspension of payment would last\u2014and every appearance at that time indicated that it would be of no inconsiderable duration. It might last six months, a year, or a much longer term.\nWhen it would cease was altogether uncertain, but it was very certain, that the leaving the money unemployed would occasion further loss and involve some risk to the United States\u2014as must always be the case in a degree when large sums are left long in the hands of private individuals engaged in extensive money operations.\nHad it been left as it was, and had any accident happened, or had a long period elapsed before it could have been prudently applied, as was originally intended, it must have been very difficult to have justified the measure. This delay and loss which had been incurred served to enforce the motives which pleaded for putting the money in a train to be as speedily as possible useful. The past was calculated to inspire an anxiety that no further delay or loss should ensue.\nA train of events, in favor of the change which took place, more rapidly prosperous than could reasonably have been expected, cannot impeach the prudence of having contemplated as possible a different course of things, and of having elected to proceed in a manner in which there was no doubt that the safety and interest of the United States would be consulted. This was evidently to put the money on hand in a train to be employed at home as early as might be; except so much of it as was wanted in Europe for other purposes, as for the payment to Spain &C.\nThis course was accordingly concluded upon. The remaining difficulty was how to effect it with security and advantage. It happened that there were some expressions in Mr. Shorts letter which appeared to me to render it not perfectly certain, though highly probable that orders from hence would in every event be waited for.\nThe unconditional sale of Bills to individuals in such a situation would have been unsafe and imprudent, besides that, a considerable fall of exchange at the moment, with a probability of a still greater fall interfered with an advantageous sale. It was known that the bank of the United States had contemplated a plan for regulating foreign exchanges so as to obviate the inconveniences to trade of sudden and violent fluctuations, and at the same time to check the exportation of specie, from momentary causes, occasioning a great rise in exchange.\nIt occurred that the Bank might be disposed to possess itself of a fund in Europe to begin the operation, and might be willing with this view to purchase and remit Bills upon its own account, with an understanding, that in case the fund upon which the Bills were drawn should happen to be applied otherwise, no inconvenience to the public was to ensue from their non-payment.\nA proposition to this effect was made to the Bank and after consideration accepted. Bills for 1,237,500. guilders, equal at the rate of 36\u2074\u2044\u2081\u2081 ninetieths of a dollar, to 500,000 dollars were directed to be furnished which, if paid, are on the 1st of April next, to pass to the credit of the United States; unless provision by law shall be made, in the mean time, to convert that sum into a payment to the Bank.\nThis disposition will be to the government equivalent to a sale for cash. It is now known that the fund will remain to answer the Bills\u2014and as the punctual payment by the bank at the time may be absolutely relied upon, the public monies on hand or coming in, destined for the next quarterly payments, may be applied to any purpose to which the proceeds of the bills if received would be applicable, in the full assurance of finding a substitute in that fund at the moment it may be necessary.\nIt is however to be observed that prior to the receipt of Mr. Shorts letter of the 30th of August, and upon the arrival of the intelligence of the event of the 10th of that month, and those which shortly succeeded\u2014I had entertained an opinion that a suspension of payments to France was adviseable \u2019till further light should be thrown upon the situation and prospects, and had expressed that opinion to Mr. Short. The change that had taken place, was so great, and apparently attended with so much hazard; the circumstances that had accompanied it, were, in several respects, so inauspicious, as, in my then view, to render the issue extremely precarious. I reflected that should a reverse of fortune follow, not only the validity of further payments might be called in question; but questions of a still more delicate nature might be raised; especially as those payments would be anticipations of sums not yet due. The making of them, therefore, might be construed into taking part with the new order of things, and might not only commit the United States, with regard to the powers at War with France, but might interrupt the good understanding between them and France herself. Those who should possess the power in case of the restoration of the constitution just overturned, could not fail to take ill a voluntary payment of sums not due to those by whom it had been overturned. Such were the reflections that presented themselves upon the occasion and that induced the communication of the opinion which has been mentioned.\nIt need only be added, that at the time of taking this step, the President was absent from the seat of government\u2014And it became my duty to act provisionally according to the best dictate of my judgment.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0013-0001", "content": "Title: Report Relative to the Loans Negotiated Under the Acts of the Fourth and Twelfth of August, 1790, [13\u201314 February 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives,President of the Senate\nTreasury Department. [February 13\u201314, 1793][Communicated to the House on February 13, 1793Communicated to the Senate on February 18, 1793]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives and the President of the Senate]\nSir,\nThe next most important articles of enquiry, involved in the resolutions of the House of Representatives of the 23d of January last, and in the observations, which have been [made] respecting the conduct of this department, relates to the loans which have been negociated under the Acts of the fourth and twelfth of August, one thousand seven hundred and ninety.\nThe papers, which have been transmitted to the House, by order of the President, disclose the following particulars.\n1st. That the immediate superintendance of the business of the loans was confided to the department of the Treasury, being naturally connected with it. This trust, besides the original instructions for regulating the execution of it, which have been communicated, was, of course, subject to such directions, from time to time, as the President should think fit to give, or as occasions should require. A considerable latitude of discretion, nevertheless, from the very nature of the case, attended it; so as justly to leave on the head of this department, a complete responsibility in all instances, where special exceptions do not appear.\n2d. That the first loan, which was obtained, was undertaken and completed by the agency of Wilhem and Jan Willink, and Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst and Hubbard, who, both under the former and present government, have been, and are the Bankers of the United States at Amsterdam.\n3d. That with the single exception of the first loan, William Short, Esquire, then Charge des Affairs at the Court of France, now resident Minister at the Hague, was constituted the sole Agent of this department, for carrying into effect, the powers confided to it, with this qualification only, that if any negociation with a Prince of State, to whom any part of the debt to be discharged by the loans was due, shoud be requisite\u2014the same was to be carried on through the person, who in capacity of Minister, Charge des affairs, or otherwise, then was, or thereafter might be charged with transacting the affairs of the United States, with such Prince or State.\n4th. That all payments, which have been made out of the proceeds of the loans, have been made by the immediate and special order of Mr. Short, except those, upon the Bills of the Treasurer for the monies drawn to this country, and those to the money lenders in Holland; which were made in course by our bankers, at the periods they respectively became due. This consequently embraces all the payments to France: the very last of which, though agreed for by Mr. Morris, in consequence of his having been employed for a special purpose by Mr. Short, was not and could not be completed, but by the same immediate and special direction of Mr. Short.\nIt moreover appears, from the same papers, and more fully from the correspondence at large, now before the Senate, that except in the particular instance, which has been just stated, with regard to Mr. Morris, there has been no other agency in the whole business, than that of Mr. Short, and of the Bankers at Antwerp and Amsterdam, whom he necessarily employed, as instruments in the negociations with the money lenders, and in the receipt and disbursement of the monies borrowed. These, as already mentioned, were at Amsterdam, the two Houses of Wilhem and Jan Willink, and of Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst and Hubbard; at Antwerp, a Mr. G: De Wolf was the Banker.\nIt may not be without its uses, to add, that the monies proceeding from the loans have constantly remained in the hands of the respective Bankers, till they have been paid over to the creditors; namely, the French treasury, or their bankers, the money-lenders or their representatives, the holders of the bills drawn from this country by the Treasurer. Neither Mr. Short, nor Mr. Morris has ever had possession of a single guilder. The latter indeed has never even had power over one, excepting merely a sum of 105.000 guilders, by letters of mine, dated the 13th September last, placed at his disposal for paying it at Paris, according to stipulation, the interest on the debt due to foreign Officers. The fact is, and it is so demonstrated by the correspondence already referred to, that I never wrote a line to Mr. Morris, on the subject of the loans or their proceeds, but in reference to the case just mentioned, of the interest payable to foreign officers; in respect to which, local situation governed.\nOne more circumstance only is necessary to be noticed in this place, with a view to the elucidation intended: It is this\u2014that the last payment, though originating prior to the change in the political position of France, of the 10th of August last, not having been consummated till the 6th of September following, fell, of course, under the disposition of those then in possession of the power of the nation.\nIt could not but have been unexpected to me, that exception should be taken to the report lately made by me on the subject of foreign loans, for the omission of details, which I did not, at the time, and do not yet conceive to have been called for, by the terms of the resolutions, upon which it was founded. The request, addressed to the President by those resolutions, was, that he would cause to be laid before the House, a particular account of the sums borrowed under his authority by the United States, the terms, on which each loan was obtained, the applications, which had been made of the monies, agreeably to appropriations, the balances, if any, which remained unapplied, specifying also, at what times interest commenced, on the several sums obtained, and at what times, it was stopped by the several payments made. It was not natural to imagine that these expressions were designed to comprehend a specification of the precise authorities under which the loans were negociated, of the names of the persons, by whom they were negociated, of the particular place or places, where the balance unexpended, of the sums that had been drawn for to the United States, were deposited. Still less natural was it for me to anticipate surmises, which could give to such particulars, the shadow of importance. But, as animadversions have attended the omission of those details, I ought to regard it as an admonition to me, to be more full and precise in my present communication; a motive, which co-operates with my desire, to throw all possible light upon the subject.\nThe first general circumstance, which requires to be noticed and explained, after the particulars, that have been communicated, is this\u2014That all the loans, which have been hitherto obtained, have been made under the authority of both Acts, without particular reference to either.\nThe idea originally entertained, was to conduct them on a different plan, founding each loan upon one, or other of the Acts; as will be seen by my letter of the 28th of August 1790, to our Bankers at Amsterdam; at the same time, that it will appear, from the same letter, that the separation did not appear to me a matter of consequence, and that I anticipated the possibility of a difficulty in adhering to it, in the particular case. That difficulty proved, in the opinion of the Bankers, to be of sufficient moment, to render the arrangement contemplated, under the circumstances of the case, unadvisable; as they inform me in their answer to the above mentioned letter.\nBut prior to the receipt of that answer, further enquiry and reflection had determined me to abandon my original idea as likely to produce embarrassment and inconvenience, both in the negociation of the loans, and in the application of their proceeds. It was accordingly concluded to let the loans proceed indiscriminately, upon both Acts.\nThese loans were to have reference to two purposes\u2014first, the reimbursement of the foreign debt, second, the purchase of the domestic debt, at its market price.\nThere were weighty reasons for carrying on both these operations concurrently. The arrears to France had been a considerable time accumulating. It was, in every sense, proper, that a reimbursement of them should begin without delay, and desirable, for obvious reasons, that it should go on, without any very considerable chasms or intermissions. This manner of proceeding could not but have the fairest chance of being the most satisfactory and convenient to France; unless, indeed, the business were to have proceeded upon the principle of an entire postponement of the domestic object, to that of the reimbursement.\nBut very cogent reasons rendered this course not the most eligible. The early commencement of purchases of the debt was a matter of real and great importance.\nIt was important in two relations; as it regarded the advantages of the government, from redeeming a portion of the debt at low prices; and still more, as it regarded the savings to the country, from raising the price of stock on foreign purchasers; the beneficial influence upon the credit of the nation, abroad and at home, to be expected from a quick appreciation of the public obligations; the benefit to the public creditors in general, and to the most meritorious classes of them, in particular, which would result from the same cause; all which objects were suggested from the treasury, as motives to the provision respecting purchases, and are evidently contemplated in the preamble of the Act, which makes that provision.\nExclusive of the other advantages, which have been cited, and which are of a nature truly precious and important, that of preventing foreigners from acquiring the property of our citizens at a great under-value, is too obvious, not to be estimated, as it ought to be, at first sight. It cannot require argument, to shew how great an evil it was, that foreigners should be able to acquire, with nine or ten, that, for which the country would ultimately have to pay them twenty, with full interest, in the interval; nor how much it merited the attention of the government to prevent or lessen so serious an evil.\nBut the influence, which the purchases by the government may have had upon this event, may not be equally obvious. Price naturally keeps pace with competition and demand; whatever encreases the latter, necessarily tends to an augmentation of the former. Merely, then, as another purchaser, by adding to the competition and demand, the purchases of the government were calculated to influence a rise of price. But they had an effect, more than proportioned to their real extent. Imagination has much to do in all such questions, and in scarcely any thing, so much, as in what relates to public funds. Experience proves, that it is here exerted with uncommon effort. The appearance of the government, as a purchaser, has not failed to excite the expectation of a greater demand than was real, because the extent of the resources to be employed might be very great, and was unknown; which, by stimulating the zeal of those, who wanted to buy, lest the price should rise suddenly and considerably upon them, and, by encouraging those, who wanted to sell, under the hope of a better price, to hold back the commodity, has, in both ways, generally contributed to give a spring to the market. Prices once raised, when founded on intrinsic value, tend to maintain themselves; because those, who have given them, are, for the most part, interested in keeping them up. And every new impulse, which they receive, serves to carry them rapidly to their just level.\nThose, who have been most attentive to the operation of the public purchases, will have the least doubt, that they had a material agency in accelerating the appreciation of the public stock.\nAn enquiry naturally arises here. Were the monies, which were drawn from Europe on account of the foreign loans, the instruments of the purchases, to which these beneficial effects are ascribed?\nI answer, that these purchases are to be attributed to the instrumentality of that fund\u2014that, had it not been for this resource, they could not have been made at the early periods, when most of them were made. The course of the transaction will be fully, and with more propriety, explained in another place.\nAn attention to both objects\u2014to the reimbursement to France, and to the purchase of the debt, rendered expedient, even, a subdivision of the first loan. Considerations of the moment seconded those of a general nature, to induce an immediate payment to that country. The loan had been undertaken, without previous authority from hence, with a view to such payment. This was known, and a correspondent expectation excited. The immediate situation of the French finances rendered a payment, at the particular juncture, more than ordinarily interesting. In such a state of things, there could be no hesitation, about applying a large part of the loan to that object. Another part of it was, of necessity, applied to the payment of the sums, that were falling due on the Dutch loans. And, it is presumed, that the reasons, which have been assigned, will appear to have been sufficiently powerful, to have dictated the drawing of a part of it to the United States.\nAccordingly, a million and a half of the three millions borrowed were appropriated to France, something more than 800.000 guilders, were drawn for here, and the remainder of the loan was left to be disbursed in Holland.\nIt shall not be concealed, though I am aware that the acknowledgement may be a subject of criticism, that the conduct, which was pursued, both with regard to this and to the succeeding loan, was, in some degree, influenced by a collateral consideration. The government had but just adopted a plan for the restoration of public credit. The periodical payment of interest was to commence on the 1st of April 1791. A considerable part of the revenue, out of which the monies were to arise, was only to begin to accrue on the first of January preceding. This revenue was liable to credit of four, six, and twelve months.\nHow far its eventual product would answer expectation\u2014how far the punctuality of payments could be relied upon, were points unascertained, and which required, to their ascertainment, much more experience, than had been obtained. In such a situation, it was not only natural, but necessary for an Administrator of the finances, to doubt\u2014and, doubting, it was his duty to call, to the aid of the public credit, every auxiliary, which it was in his power to command. He was bound to reflect, that a failure in any stipulated payment would be fatal to the dawning credit of the country\u2014to the reputation of the government just beginning to rise. That a wound inflicted upon either, at so early a stage, under all the circumstances of opposition to the Constitution, which had existed in the community, would have been deeply felt, and might have either not have admitted of a cure at all, or not till after a length of time, and a series of mischiefs\u2014that it could not but be an important service rendered to the country, to ward off so great a misfortune, by the temporary use of any extraordinary resource, which might be at hand, till time was given for more effectual provision.\nIf, in the course of such reflections, a doubt had occurred, about the strict regularity of what was contemplated, as a possible resort, a mind sufficiently alive to the public interest, and sufficiently firm in the pursuit of it, would have dismissed that doubt, as an obstacle, suggested by a pusillanimous caution, to the exercise of those higher motives, which ought ever to govern a man, invested with a great public trust. It would have occurred, that there was a reasonable ground to rely, that the necessity of the case, and the magnitude of the occasion, would insure a justification, and that if the contrary should happen, there remained still the consolation of having sacrificed personal interest and tranquility, no matter to what extent, to an important public interest, and of having avoided the humiliation, which would have been justly due to an opposite, and to a feeble conduct.\nThe disposition, which was resolved upon, with regard to the first loan, involved necessarily a decision of the point, that the loans might be placed on the joint foundation of both Acts. That loan having been undertaken, as already mentioned, without previous authority, and consequently without a particular eye to either act, it was probable that it would be found too late, to make an apportionment of one part of the sum borrowed, to one Act, of another part to the other Act. In that case, the distributive application of the fund to the different objects was to be relinquished, or the possibility was to be admitted, of the loan being left to stand upon the authority of both Acts. The same disposition of the first loan will also illustrate the convenience and expediency of the plan, which was finally adopted, that is, of placing the loans on the basis of both Acts.\nThe idea of a concurrent execution of both the objects, to which the loans were destined, could not conveniently have been pursued, upon the plan of a separation of the loans; which, to be effectual, would include the strict application of the proceeds of each, to the purposes of the particular Act, upon which it was founded.\nAmsterdam was naturally looked to, as the great scene of the intended loans. There, as every where else, there is but a certain quantity of money floating in the market, from time to time, beyond the necessary demands of trade and industry, seeking for employment in loans. This quantity, of course, varies at different periods, from a variety of causes. Of the quantity at any time afloat, but a certain proportion can be commanded by any one borrowing power; owing to the competition of other borrowers, who have, each, their connections through their bankers, with different sets of undertakers and money-lenders. Nor is it always, that considerable loans can be had at any rate. There are certain seasons only, when they are practicable.\nTo have brought two loans upon the market, at one time, as an opportunity of borrowing offered, which must have been the case, in order to make provision for both the objects in question, if the principle of a separation of the loans had been adopted, would have been to exhibit to the money-lenders a very unusual appearance. With men, known to be much influenced by prejudice and habit, such an appearance could not have failed to prove a source of speculation and conjecture; and might have led to a confused idea, that the wants of the United States were excessive; a supposition, by no means calculated to promote their credit. It would, moreover, have been a departure from that simplicity of procedure, which, where numbers are concerned, is always of moment to a right conception of the business to be accomplished, and ought not to be abandoned, but for reasons of real utility and weight.\nTo have instituted the loans successively, founding each upon one or the other of the Acts, would have had a tendency to occasion longer intervals between the payments to France, than was desirable. The intervention of a loan for the purpose of purchases, would have created, of course, a very considerable chasm. It may be objected, that such chasms did happen, on the plan which was pursued. This is true in two instances; but the most material of the two proceeded from casualties foreign to the plan itself; which are detailed in the correspondence more than once alluded to.\nIt is possible too, that a separation of the loans might have rendered it less easy to take advantage of a state of the market, favorable to their extension at a particular juncture. The loan to be brought on the market might relate to the purchase of the debt. The moment might be favorable to a more considerable loan, than was within the limits prescribed for that object, and the opportunity might slip before a second could be instituted. In this business, moments are often of importance, and are to be embraced with promptitude and dexterity.\nThus it appears, that in different ways, the negociation of the loans might have been embarrassed by their separation.\nBut the most obvious, if not the most serious of the inconveniencies, which would have attended it, respects the application of the sums borrowed. This could not then have been moulded, as the interest or policy of the government might dictate. A loan for the purchase of the debt might have been made under prospects, promising a ready and beneficial investment of it; but before the investment was made, a change of the market might render it ineligible\u2014involving the alternative, either of a disadvantageous investment, or of leaving perhaps a large sum of money a long time unemployed. Such a state of things might have produced to the Banks an advantage, and to the government a loss, of magnitude sufficient to give color to a surmise, that the public interest had been sacrificed to the profit of those institutions. The contrary course has essentially avoided that evil; which in this and in other instances, would have been incident, in a far greater degree, to the modes of proceeding, contrasted with those that have been pursued, than has in reality attended them.\nOr political considerations might have rendered it advisable to transfer the application of the fund from one object to the other.\nOf this, the case of St. Domingo presents an example. It might have happened on the plan of separate loans, that there was no fund in hand but for the purchase of the debt. Then, on the principle of that plan, there would have been no fund in the disposition of the Executive, applicable to the other object, which would have embarrassed the performance of a duty towards a friendly power, and in a way, which included the positive advantage to the country of paying directly a part of its foreign debt, in its own productions.\nSuch were the embarrassments avoided, and such the conveniences secured, by the plan of making the loans indiscriminately upon the authority of both Acts.\nIn the opposite plan, I can discern no counterbalancing advantage nor convenience.\nConsequently, if both are equally legal, there can be no doubt, which of them ought to have been preferred.\nIf there be any want of legality in the plan, which has been pursued, I was not, at the time, and am not yet sensible of it.\nI know of no rule, which renders it illegal in an agent, having from the same principal two authorities to borrow money, whether for one or different purposes, to unite the loans he may make, upon the foundation of both authorities: Provided the terms of them be consonant with both or either of his commissions. If the purposes are different, it will be incumbent upon him, to take care that the application of the monies borrowed makes the proper separation, and doing this he will have fulfilled his trust. To test this position, it seems only necessary to ask, whether the principal in such case would not be fully bound to the lenders?\nIn reflecting originally upon the regularity of the proceeding meditated, there was but one source of hestitation; the difference in the funds, upon which the loans were to rest. But the following reasoning satisfied the scruple: The pledging of particular funds is for the security of the lenders. If they are willing to wave the special security, by lending on the general credit of the government, or to dispense with the preference of one fund to another, where two are pledged, by lending indiscriminately on the credit of both, the one or the other circumstance must be alike indifferent to the government. The authority will have been well executed, to the extent necessary for public purposes, and if any thing remains unexecuted, it will be in enlargement, not in abridgement of the public rights. It is, however, presumed, that the practical construction in the present case will be, that the two funds pledged will constitute an aggregate, for the joint security of the monies borrowed upon both Acts.\nThe second general circumstance respecting the foreign loans, negociated under the Acts of the 4th and 12th of August, which requires attention, relates to the terms, on which they have been obtained. These, it appears, have been represented, as neither honorable nor advantageous.\nThe following facts, witnessed by the correspondence before the Senate, more than once referred to, and well known to all who have had opportunities of information, demonstrate, that the terms of those loans have been both honorable and advantageous.\n1st. There is not one of them, which originated under the Acts, that was not effected upon conditions equally favorable with those attending the loans of the cotemporary borrowing powers of the most tried resources and best established credit, and more favorable than were obtained by some powers of great respectability.\n2nd. The United States took a lead in the market, with regard to the subsequent reductions of interest; having had, either earlier, or more complete success, than any other borrowing power.\n3d. From a rate of five per cent interest, and four and a half per cent charges, which marked the level of market, when they begun their loans, they, in the course of a single year, brought down the terms to four per cent interest, and five per cent charges; that is, from an interest on the nett sum received (including an indemnification for charges) of 5.5012, something more than five and a half per cent, to an interest on the like sum of 4.4951, something less than four and a half per cent.\nWhen this state of things is applied to a government, only in the third year of its existence, and to a country, which had so recently emerged from a total derangement of its finances, it would seem impossible to deny, that the issue is not only honorable, but flattering; unless indeed, it can be denied, that a sound and vigorous state of credit is honorable to a nation.\nI forbear a comparison between the loans of the present and of the former government of this country, because an immense disparity of circumstances would render it an improper one\u2014further than to take notice of a very great error, which has been, upon some occasions, advanced. It has been alleged, to disparage the management under the present, that the loans of the former government, in a situation comparatively disadvantageous, have been effected upon equal terms; and, in proof of this, an appeal has been made to the loan of 2.000.000. of guilders, at four per cent, which is of the 9th of March 1784.\nNothing can manifest, more clearly than this, the very precipitate and superficial views, with which, suggestions on important public subjects are sometimes made. The last four per cent loan, obtained under the existing laws, including charges, is a real four and a half per cent loan, or, more exactly, a 4.4951 per cent loan. The four per cent loan of March 1784 is a real 6.6468 per cent loan. The difference, which exceeds two per cent, arises principally from extra-premiums and gratifications, which were allowed upon this loan, and which are unknown to the other.\nMuch praise, no doubt, is due to the exertions, which effected the loans under the former government. A superiority of merit shall readily be conceded to them, from the circumstances, under which they were made, and their signal utility in the revolution. But it is not necessary to their eulogium, to affirm, that they were made upon equal terms, with those of the loans lately obtained, or to deny the goodness of the terms of the latter. Truth will not justify the one or the other.\nThe facts, which have been stated, prove, that the terms of the loans are advantageous, as well as honorable. They are comparatively advantageous, because they are as moderate as other powers, in the best credit, have allowed; and they are absolutely advantageous, because the highest real, not nominal rate of interest, which has been given, does not exceed 5.5012, a fraction more than 5\u00bd per cent, while the lowest real rate is 4.4951, a fraction less than 4\u00bd per cent.\nIf the question, whether advantageous or not, be tested by the purposes, for which the loans have been made, the conclusion is equally in their favor. The payments on account of the foreign debt were an indispensible obligation. Unless it can be shewn, that they might have derived from another, and more advantageous source, it will follow, that it was the interest of the government, to avail itself of the resource which has been employed, because it was its duty to discharge its obligations.\nIt is sometimes urged, that foreign loans, for whatever purpose are pernicious, because they serve to drain the country of its specie for the payment of interest, and for the final reimbursement of the principal\u2014that it would be preferable, for that reason, to procure loans at home, even at a higher rate of interest.\nTo this, several answers may be given, some of a special, others of a general nature.\nIn reference to the reimbursement of the foreign debt, it may be observed, that as a debt had already been incurred abroad, upon which, interest was payable, the contracting of new loans there for the reimbursement of that debt, would leave us, as to the demand for the exportation of our specie, just where we originally stood.\nMoreover, if the money could have been borrowed at home, for that reimbursement, the remittance of it would have been ruinous to the country. The mere necessity of remitting could not alone have encreased the foreign demand for our commodities; so as to deduce from an extra-exportation of them, the requisite means of payment, and if our specie was to perform the office, the country would speedily have been exhausted, to a degree inconsistent with the support of its commerce and industry. The quantity of coin in the United States has never been considerable enough for such an operation.\nBut this very state of things would have rendered the procuring of the money from domestic resources impracticable. These, it may be safely affirmed, are to limited for extensive loans, of any considerable degree of permanency.\nIn the last place, The expedient of domestic loans would not prevent the evil, which is desired to be prevented. Foreigners would either, in the first instance, bring their monies to subscribe them to the loans, or they would afterwards purchase the stock arising from them; and in either case, they would equally draw away the money of the country, on account of their interest and principal. The only consequence of giving a disproportionate rate of interest for domestic loans would be, that our specie would be carried away so much the faster.\nExperience having shewn, that nations sometimes pay more regard to their external than to their internal credit, this consideration cooperates, with reasons of convenience to induce monied men abroad, to be content with a lower rate of interest, stipulated to be paid in their own country, than if the place of payment be in another country; making even a greater difference, than is an equivalent for the expense and risk of obtaining remittances.\nThe clear inference from these observations is, that with regard to the reimbursement of the foreign debt, no other expedient than that of foreign loans, was practicable or eligible.\nThe utility of that part of the loans, which has reference to the purchase of the debt, has already been explained in certain views. So far as their agency has been hitherto concerned in that operation, it is a sufficient demonstration of the advantage of the measure, to state, that the sum invested in purchases up to the period of the last report to Congress, has redeemed what is equal to an annuity of 6.15 per cent, including also the advantage of sinking a capital more than 50 per cent greater than the sum expended.\nA valuable profit will arise from the investment of the sums on hand, either in a payment to the Bank, or in the purchase of Stock. The liberation of an annuity of six per cent can be secured\u2014while upon a great part of the fund, which is to effect it, no more than 4\u00bd per cent is payable, and less than 5\u00bd upon the other part. The mean of these rates being 5 per cent, an annual saving of one per cent may be effect[ed], which, upon 2.000.000 of dollars, interest at 5 per cent, is equal to a capital or gross sum of 400.000 dollars; an item certainly of no inconsiderable consequence.\nAgainst the advantages, which are claimed in favor of the loans, it is natural to place the loss of interest incident to the delays, which have attended their application to the purposes, for which they were obtained. This leads to an examination of the cases of delay, their causes, the circumstances, if any, which counterbalance them.\nThere are three instances of delay\u2014one respecting the first loan, another, the second loan, and a third, a part of the two last loans.\nThe first loan, it will be seen, was not applied, till a considerable time after its commencement. It has been already intimated, that it was undertaken without previous authority from this country. The motives to the measure are detailed in a letter from our Bankers, of the 25th. of January 1790, a copy of which accompanies the communications herewith made by order of the President. A regard to those motives led to an acceptance of the loan. Nor could it have been deemed an unfortunate circumstance, that such an auxiliary to the operations of the Treasury had been previously prepared.\nThe laws, authorising the loans, passed the 4th and 12th of August. As early as the 28th of that Month, the acceptance above mentioned was communicated, and the application of 1.500.000 flori[n]s, in a payment to France, directed. So far, no time was lost, more than could not have been avoided.\nBut the bills for the sum to be brought here were not drawn till some months after. This proceeded from an unwillingness to risk the public credit, by drawing before there was a certainty of funds to answer the drafts. It was not impossible, that the great delay, which had attended the passing the law for borrowing, might have led the Bankers to come to some arrangement with the money-lenders, for surrendering the monies paid in, and terminating the loan. Independent of this source of apprehension, they had expressed themselves, in their letter, communicating the step they had taken, to this effect. \u201cTo spare the United States all possible advance of interest, while the money shall remain unappropriated, we shall issue the recipisses, at the option of the buyers to take them so late as they please, on the expectation the three millions would be placed in a few months.\u201d This, though it announced an expectation that the monies would be paid in, in a few months, did not render the event certain. And as the Bankers appeared, from that precaution, to have adverted to the idea of saving the United States an advance of interest, it was supposable that they might have found means still further to procrastinate the payments, or a considerable part of them, till they had received a confirmation of the loan. This policy would have been the more natural, as they risked the loss of interest themselves, if the transaction should not have been finally ratified.\nUnder such circumstances, I thought it most prudent to defer the drafts till advice was received of the actual progress of the loans. There was no room to hesitate between the loss of a small sum in interest, and the danger of committing the public credit by a premature operation.\nThe second case of delay relates to the second loan. It was occasioned by a determination to suspend the orders for its application, till information was received of its having been contracted for.\nOne motive to this determination has been already intimated; namely, the yet untried and immature state of our fiscal arrangements. The general reasoning on this head was strengthened by an occurrence altogether unlooked for, which disclosed itself on the 23d of August 1790, eleven days after the rising of Congress; an occurrence, which they had not contemplated, in their pecuniary dispositions. I allude to the commencement of an Indian war, which was announced in a letter from Governor St. Clair, dated on the above mentioned day; the progressive extent, and consequences of which, would of course not be foreseen. Under such circumstances, I judged it for the public interest and safety, to hold the resource, which the prospect of a loan presented, under the power of the Treasury, till advice should be received of the actual institution of the loan; with intention, then to dispose of it, as should appear advisable, under a better matured view of our pecuniary situation and prospects.\nHence, the delay, which attended the application of the second loan; the first in fact, that originated subsequent to the laws for borrowing. But after advice had been received of its having been set on foot, no time was lost in converting it, with due dispatch, to its proper uses: There was only, not an anticipation of its application. As early as May 24th 1791, I wrote a letter to Mr. Short, (a copy of which is in possession of the House) empowering him to apply the proceeds of all future loans, as they should accrue, in payments to France; except as to such sums, as therein were, or afterwards should be previously and specially reserved. This arrangement was calculated to obviate the inconvenience of leaving the proceeds of the loans, for any considerable time, unemployed. At the period of making it, and not sooner, the public prospects appeared to me sufficiently unfolded, to render a general and permanent disposition free from hazard. This instruction proceeded, in due season, all the loans subsequent to that of March 1791.\nWhatever delay, therefore, may have attended succeeding investments for paying the French debt, is not attributable to this department: And, I think, it will not appear, that any has been incurred, in respect to the sums, which were destined for the public service here. In judging of this point, it will be proper to observe, that a latitude of six months for making their payments has been reserved to the money-lenders, though with liberty to make them earlier. It was, however, necessary for the Treasury, to regulate its bills, according to the possible delay, lest they should not meet adequate funds. The general policy adopted was to let them fall upon the rear of each loan; this giving a freer course for early payments to France, and best conciliating a certainty of funds for answering the bills, with as little double interest as possible.\nIt will appear, that notwithstanding the arrangement, which was made, a considerable time intervened between the two last payments to France, while there were funds in hand waiting for employment. It may be expected, that the causes of this procrastination, though, as I have said, not imputable to this department, should be unfolded to the House. Particular circumstances, however, induce me to confine myself to stating generally, that the delay proceeded in the first place, from an expectation to Mr. Short, and kept up, from time to time, by the French Minister of Marine, that a plan would be adopted, to which a decree of the National Assembly was requisite, for converting a large sum into supplies for St. Domingo, which Mr. Short concluded, must justly come out of the foreign fund, and consequently suspended its application in Europe. In the second place, from a desire to settle, previously to further payments, a definitive rule, by which the monies paid, should be liquidated and credited to the United States.\nBoth the one and the other appears to have been procrastinated, from period to period, by the disordered state of French affairs, and to have finally issued contrary to expectation. It would be an unnecessary commitment of my opinion to declare, how far the delay appears to me to have [been] justified by the causes. But being led by the occasion to take notice of it, I think it improper to send it abroad, liable perhaps to misconstruction, without observing, that the inducements appear to me to have been weighty\u2014that the delays naturally grew out of the circumstances, and that I am entirely persuaded of the goodness of the motives which governed. The correspondence before the Senate, contains the particulars of the transaction.\nHaving pointed out the instances of material delay, which happened, and the causes of them, it remains to state what circumstances there are to counterbalance the loss on that account.\nThese circumstances are of two kinds.\n1st.\u2007 Gain by exchange in the sale of the Bills drawn by the Treasury, and upon the higher rate of interest on the credits which were given for those bills, than was payable upon the fund, upon which they were drawn.\n2nd.\u2007 Gain by exchange in the payments to France.\nAccording to my calculation, founded on the best information extant, the real par of the metals between the United States and Amsterdam, makes a current guilder equal to 35 89/106 ninetieths of a dollar. The lowest rate, which has been obtained for the bills, has been 36 4/11 ninetieths, with an allowance of sixty days credit, without interest. Making a deduction for the interest, the bills were still sold above the true par. In some instances they have been sold as high as 40 cents and 7 mills per guilder, with interest for the whole term of the credit given.\nThe rate of interest for the credits allowed upon the bills was 6 per cent, the mean interest paid upon the fund 5 per cent, producing consequently a gain of one per cent.\nWith regard to the payments to France, if the current rate of exchange between Paris and Amsterdam, at the moment of each remittance or payment, were to govern, a large profit would result to the United States. But certain equitable considerations will produce deductions, which will greatly lessen this advantage; yet, making a liberal allowance for them, there is ground to calculate, that a saving may be made in this particular, more than sufficient to indemnify for the loss of interest.\nHence, any positive advantage, which will have been otherwise gained, will probably be undiminished by that circumstance.\nI proceed, in the next place, to state the views, which prevailed, respecting the sums, that have been, from time to time, drawn for; the purposes they have hitherto answered, and the further advantages to be expected from the measure.\nThe direct object of all the sums drawn for, prior to July 1792, was the purchase of the debt. A collateral consideration, which operated in the first stages of the drawing, has also been mentioned. It has likewise been stated, that the early purchases of the debt are to be ascribed to the instrumentality of the fund derived from the loans. This idea shall now be explained.\nTwo mistakes appear to have influenced the impressions, which have been entertained, in relation, directly or indirectly, to this subject. First, it seems to have been all along forgotten, that a considerable part of the duties is always outstanding on account of the credits which are given, whence the assertion, that the sinking fund has continually overflowed from domestic resources. Second, it seems to have been taken for granted, that the proceeds of the loans have remained apart, distinct from the mass of the money in the treasury; while in truth, the course of the business has been to turn them over to the Treasurer by warrants, as they have been received, so as to form a part of the aggregate, from time to time, appearing in his hands, and in his accounts. The Banks have been the agents employed for selling these bills. Sometimes warrants on account have issued upon them, for the sums accruing from the sales, at other times, the warrants have been deferred, till the whole proceeds of any parcel have been received, and the accounts of the Banks settled at the treasury; as the state of the treasury has happened to render the one or the other most convenient.\nThe Banks of North America and New York were the agents for the sale of all the Bills, which were sold, prior to April 1792, amounting to 1.006.526 dollars and 36 cents. Of this sum, 361.391 dollars and 34 cents were passed over to the Treasury in 1791\u2014327.126 dollars and 22 cents, in March 1792, and 140.000 dollars in June following\u2014the residue having remained, as heretofore stated, in deposit with the Bank of North America, upon a special consideration. This is exclusive of certain bills, furnished for the use of the department of State, amounting to 78.766 dollars and 67 cents.\nThe remainder of the bills which have been sold, beginning in April 1792, were sold by the Bank of the United States, and its branches at New-York and Baltimore. The accounts of the sales had been just made out for settlement, when the present enquiry began, but warrants had not yet issued for placing the proceeds in the Treasury. It will be remarked, that from the terms of credit allowed, they only began to be receivable in October last; the 26th day of which month, the first return made by the Bank shews a sum of 127.225 dollars and 53 cents received; and that the collection had not been completed, when the accounts of sales were rendered.\nThere are different views of the subject, which will enable the House to perceive, that the possession of the fund in question was necessary to enable the Treasury to furnish the means of making all the purchases, which were made prior to July 1792.\nIt is true, that there was a surplus of revenue to the end of the year 1790, equal to 1.374.656 dollars and 40 cents, which was appropriated to purchases of the debt, and from the credits then given upon the duties, this surplus would naturally come into the Treasury, in the course of the year 1791.\nBut the legislature foreseeing that the revenue of 1791, from the same cause, could not actually be in the Treasury, within that year, to face the appropriations upon it (which, it is to be observed, were nearly commensurate with the fund) inserted a clause in the law appropriating the surplus of 1790, to the purchase of the debt, which authorised a reservation of so much of that surplus, as might be necessary to make the payments of interest during 1791, in case of a deficiency in the receipts into the Treasury, on account of the current revenue of the year.\nIt will appear to the House, upon a recurrence to the Treasurer\u2019s quarterly account ending the 30th of September 1791, that the balance of Cash then on hand was 662,233 dollars and 99 cents.\nAt that time, there had been paid into the Treasury, upon warrants, from the proceeds of the bills drawn upon the foreign fund, 361.391 dollars and 34 cents. Consequently, the balance of cash, had it not been for that auxiliary, would have been only 300.842 dollars and 65 cents; considering the whole balance in the treasury, as representing an equal sum of the proceeds of the Bills.\nEven in a time of complete peace, in a country, where a small extent of monied capital forbids a reliance upon large pecuniary aids to be suddenly obtained, a prudent administrator of the finances could not feel entirely at ease, with a less sum at all times in the command of the treasury, than 500.000 dollars, for meeting current demands and extra-exigencies, which, in the affairs of a nation, are every moment to be expected. But, with a war actually on hand, and a possibility of its extension to a more serious length, he would be inexcusable in leaving himself with a less sum at command; unless from an impracticability of doing otherwise. It would be always his duty to combine two considerations\u2014the chance of extra-calls for money, and a possibility of some failure in the receipts which were expected. Derangements of various kinds may happen in the commercial circle, capable of interrupting, for a time, the punctual course of payments to the Treasury. It is necessary, to a certain extent, to be prepared for such casualties.\nBut during the year 1791, there was a circumstance, which operated as an additional reason for keeping a respectable sum always on hand. The loans of the domestic debt were going on, till the last of September of that year, while, at the same time, the interest was in a course of payment. It was, therefore, always uncertain, what sum would be payable, at the end of a quarter; this depending on the eagerness or backwardness of the public creditors in bringing forward their subscriptions, or their claims as non-subscribers. The omissions, at the end of a preceding quarter, might be expected to fall upon a subsequent one\u2014and it was necessary to be prepared for that possibility; of course, to keep in hand a larger fund for contingent demands. This necessity extended to the termination of the period for receiving subscriptions; because the treasury was to be prepared, on a supposition, that the whole of the domestic debt would then be in a state to receive interest, either as subscribed or unsubscribed. But this did not, in fact, happen. A part of the sums, which were presented, were crowded into the last days of the quarter, and were too late for a dividend. A considerable sum remained ultimately in a form, which, according to the terms of the provision, did not entitle it to interest, either as subscribed or as unsubscribed debt.\nHence, the cash in the treasury, on the 1st of October 1791, was, by a considerable sum, greater than was to have been counted upon, or that might have happened.\nThe conclusion, which results from the foregoing observations, is this\u2014that the purchases, which preceded the first of October 1791, and which amounted to 699.984 dollars, and 23 cents in specie, could not have been hazarded, but for the aid of the sums, which had actually accrued, from the proceeds of the bills, and the expectation of those which were to accrue from the yet uncollected proceeds of others.\nHad it not been for this aid, the Treasury would have been left more bare, than was consistent with the security of public credit, and the certain execution of the public service.\nThere is, however, a later period in the state of the treasury, which will more completely illustrate the idea intended to be established. This is the 2nd of July 1792.\nOn that day, the balance of cash in the treasury, comprehending the deposits in all the banks, and including a sum of 200.000 dollars, received on loan of the Bank of the United States, together with a sum of 220.900 dollars, in bills drawn upon domestic funds, the proceeds of which had not been received, was 625.133 dollars and 61 cents.\nPrior to this period, a further sum of 545.902 dollars and 89 cents, arising from the sales of foreign bills, had been placed in the treasury, by warrants, making, with the former sum placed there from the same source, 907.294 dollars, and 23 cents.\nHad it not been for this auxiliary, and that of the loan from the Bank, the treasury would then have been in arrear, 484.160 dollars and 62 cents. It, therefore, necessarily follows, that for the purchases to that period, which amounted in specie, to 942.672 dollars and 54 cents, at least 484.160 dollars and 62 cents, must have come from the foreign fund.\nBut when it is considered, for the reasons which have been stated, and which will hereafter be fortified by others, tending, as I conceive, to give them conclusive force, that the sum in the treasury at the period in question, was barely what ought to have been there, for safety, and for a due supply to current demands\u2014it will follow, that the whole, or nearly the whole of the purchases, which were made, previous to July 1792, were made by the means or instrumentality of the foreign fund.\nA similar view, extended to the subsequent quarter, will exhibit this point in a still stronger light. The balance then in the treasury including a further loan from the Bank of 100.000 dollars, was only 420.914 dollars and 51 cents.\nWhat then, it may be asked, became of the surplus of revenue to the end of 1790? What was the Office performed by that fund, during the period in question?\nThe answer is, that it served exactly the purpose, which was anticipated by the legislature. It came in aid of the current receipt, for satisfying the current expenditure of 1791, with particular reference to the interest of the debt. This will be easily comprehended, when it is recollected, that the appropriations, made during 1791, upon the revenues of that year, and some small surplusses of antecedent appropriations, amounted to three million six hundred and thirty seven thousand and fifty eight dollars and thirty four cents; that the revenues themselves amounted to no more than three million five hundred and fifty three thousand one hundred and ninety five dollars and eighteen cents; and that, at the end of 1791, there were outstanding in bonds for the duties on imports, besides the chief proceeds of the duties on spirits distilled within the United States, then also uncollected, 1.828.269 dollars and 28 cents.\nOn this point likewise, of the surplus of revenue to the end of 1790, it is presumable, a misapprehension has been entertained. It seems to have been supposed, that that surplus, as well as the proceeds of the foreign fund, have been kept separate and distinct from the common mass of the monies appearing, from time to time, to be in the treasury. It has been already observed, that this was not the case with regard to the foreign. It is now proper to add, that it has not been the case, either, with regard to the surplus in question. That surplus, as received by the Collectors of the Customs, has regularly passed into the treasury, and appears in the quarterly accounts of the Treasurer, for the periods, to which they relate.\nIt is the course of the treasury, resulting from the constitution of the department, for all monies, from whatever source, to be brought into it, to constitute an aggregate; subject to the dispositions prescribed by law. The monies to be employed in the sinking fund have, consequently, only been separated, as they have been called for, for actual investment. The only exception to this relates to that part of the sinking fund, which is created by the interest of the debt purchased. This has been included in the quarterly dividends, and covered by the warrants in favor of the Cashiers of the Banks, for paying those dividends, after which, they have passed into a distinct account, in the books of the Bank, opened with Samuel Meredith, as agent to the Commissioners of the sinking fund.\nTo the foregoing representation, it may seem an objection, that the purchases, to the end of 1791, appear to have been carried to the account of the surplus at the end of 1790.\nThe ultimate form, which, it has been judged convenient to give to the transaction, in the accounts of the treasury, cannot change what was truly the course of facts. The proceeds of the above mentioned surplus and of the foreign loans, formed together the fund for purchases. In the accounts of the treasury, the thing was susceptible of various modifications at pleasure. The two parts of the fund might have been united in one account, or divided into distinct accounts. Being separated, monies issued for purchases might have been legally carried to either of them.\nIt was judged most advisable, in the forms of the treasury, to place the purchases to the end of 1791, to the account of the domestic fund, because it was calculated to give greater latitude and energy to the sinking fund. Had not this course been pursued, the business would have taken the following shape\u2014the foreign fund, to the extent of the purchases, would have been exhausted\u2014the whole, or the greater part of the surplus of 1790, would have continued wrapt up in the expenditure of 1791, not liable to be liberated, till the receipts into the treasury should yield a correspondent surplus beyond the actual disbursements\u2014which could not have been the case, while the war with the Indians continues to call for extraordinary expenditures.\nFrom the form, into which the thing has been thrown, the foreign fund has been set free to be applied to further purchases; and a necessity produced of anticipiting the outstanding duties, by temporary loans for the current service.\nI trust, there can be no doubt, that the course pursued was regular and within the discretion of the department. I hope also, that it will appear to the House to have been the most eligible. The expediency of giving the earliest, and greatest possible extent and activity to whatever concerns the sinking fund, will, it is presumed, unite all opinions.\nWhat has been said hitherto respecting the employment of the foreign fund, is applicable only to that part of it, which was drawn for prior to April 1792; the residue standing in a different situation, and requiring a separate examination.\nFrom the statement, which has been given, it may be perceived, that the fund in question has neither been idle nor useless. A confirmation of this will be found in the following details.\nThe whole sum successively received on account of Amsterdam bills, from August 17th 1791, to March 1st 1792, was 408.722 dollars and 69 cents. The amount of the monies invested in purchases between those periods, was 349.984 dollars, and 23 cents, chiefly in the month of September, and by anticipation of those receipts.\nThe whole sum successively received on account of Amsterdam bills, subsequent to the 1st of March, and prior to July 1792, was 235.412 dollars and 33 cents. The amount of the monies invested in purchases, between those periods, was 242.688 dollars and 31 cents.\nIt was stated in my last letter, that 177.998 dollars and 80 cents, of the proceeds of the foreign bills, were left in deposit with the Bank of North America; and in a note upon Statement B, accompanying that letter, the occasion of it was shewn to be an advance without interest, made by that Bank, for the use of the department of War, which could not yet be covered, in consequence of a doubt still remaining, whether the fund, appropriated for satisfying the object, was adequate to it, the sufficiency of that fund depending, in part, on certain unexpended residues of antecedent appropriations, which, it was expected, would not be finally necessary for satisfying the purposes of those appropriations.\nIt is to be remarked, that the delay of the employment of this part of the proceeds of the foreign fund has been compensated by a saving of interest on the sum advanced on the Bank, which otherwise must have been procured upon a loan with an allowance of interest, probably at the time of the advance, at a rate of 6 per cent; so that even in this particular, the fund, though temporarily suspended from its destination, has not been idle or unproductive. I reserve, for another place, some additional observations and statements, which will be calculated to shew, that opportunities of investing the monies, at any time on hand, applicable to purchases of the debt, were not suffered to pass unimproved, and that as much, in this respect was done, as the state of the treasury and the state of the market would permit.\nIt has been said, that a distinct examination would be proper, with regard to the bills, which have been drawn upon the foreign fund, subsequent to March 1792. I proceed now to this examination.\nThe expediency of what has been, in this respect, done, seems to have been called in question, under a suggestion, that an application of the fund to the purchases had ceased to be advantageous.\nThe drawing of these bills has been, at different periods, influenced by various considerations. A leading motive was always a purchase of the debt. And a correct view of the subject will, I doubt not, satisfy the House, that the measure was recommended by an adequate prospect of advantage.\nIt is to be observed, that all these drafts were predicated upon the two four per cent loans; being, as already stated, real 4\u00bd per cent loans.\nThere was good ground to presume, that opportunities would be found of investing the monies drawn for in purchases, which would yield, at least, 5 per cent, with a possibility of doing still better. The difference of \u00bd per cent was alone an object of importance; but it would be coupled with the further benefit of reducing a principal sum materially exceeding the sum invested. When the three per cents are purchased at 12/ in the pound, there is not only a redemption of an annuity of 5 per cent, but a sinking of a capital of 20/ for 12. And though this might not be material, if the market rate of interest should never fall below 5, because, in that case, the 3 per cents might always be purchased at the same rate, yet if it should, at any time happen, that interest fell below 5, it would be a gain to the government to have purchased at 5, in exact proportion to the difference between 5, and the then market rate. Add to this, that the 3 per cents have generally a value in the market, more than proportioned to the income they produce, which arises from the capacity of the capital to appreciate, even to par. These observations are also, for the most part, applicable to the deferred, with this circumstance in addition, that when interest begins to be payable on that species of Stock, the money invested, and which, in the mean time, would have produced five, would then begin to produce to the government 6 per cent, with the advantage of having anticipated the redemption of a species of stock, of right only gradually redeemable. Combining these considerations, it appears to be clearly and even eminently for the interest of the government, to purchase within the limit suggested, with a fund which does not cost more than 4\u00bd per cent.\nThat this was the view of the subject, which governed, is deducible, not only from the circumstances of the fact, but from my letter of the 2d of April 1792, to Mr. Short, announcing my intention to draw, in which I assign, as the ground of that intention, \u201cthat I considered it for the interest of the United States, to prosecute purchases of the public debt, with monies borrowed on the terms of the last loan,\u201d meaning the loan of the first of January 1792 at 4 per cent.\nIf the event be taken as a criterion, the anticipation will be more than justified, the present juncture offering an opportunity for purchases peculiarly advantageous.\nBut without insisting on a state of things, occasioned by extraordinary circumstances, it was morally certain, that the common course of events would render the operation a beneficial one. And it would not argue peculiar foresight, if a calculation was even made on the effect, which the situation and probable progress of affairs in Europe might produce upon our market. A pretty general war there, by extending the demand for money, would naturally divert from our stocks, a portion of what might otherwise be employed upon them, and affect injuriously their prices. It is also a familiar fact, that during the winter in this country, there is always a scarcity of money in the towns; a circumstance calculated to damp the prices of stock.\nA consideration, which collaterally influenced the drawing of the latter bills, was the situation of the French colony of St: Domingo.\nThis not only produced an early application for a considerable advance, which was promised; but it was to be foreseen that still further aids would be indispensible.\nIndeed sundry letters from Mr. Short, the first dated at Paris, the 28th December 1791, announced the daily probability of an arrangement, requiring an advance here of 800.000 dollars, for the use of that colony. A sum of 4.000.000 of livres has, in fact, been successively stipulated for that object, the greatest part of which has been actually furnished.\nIt is known, that these supplies could proceed from no other source, than the foreign fund.\nThe payment to the foreign officers of near 200.000 dollars, by which an interest of 6 per cent would be released, was another object, for which, provision was to be made out of the same fund.\nThese several purposes conspired with the object of purchasing the debt, to induce the latitude of drawing, which took place.\nBut there was still a further inducement, which came in aid of the others. The time for reimbursing the first instalment of the two millions of dollars due to the Bank was approaching when, by positive stipulation, the government would have to pay two hundred thousand dollars, for which there was no domestic fund, that could be spared from the current exigencies. I thought it incumbent upon this department, to have an eye to placing within the reach of the legislature, the means of fulfilling this engagement; the object of which bore a strict analogy to that, for which, the two millions, authorized by the Act making provision for the reduction of the public debt, were to be borrowed.\nI did not even scruple to take into the calculation, that if from the extent of the draughts upon the foreign fund, there should happen to be found on hand a larger sum, than was necessary for, or could be advantageously employed towards the several purposes, which were the immediate and direct objects of the operation, the surplus would facilitate to the government a measure manifestly and unequivocally beneficial\u2014an additional payment to the Bank, on account of a debt, upon which an annual interest of 6 per cent was payable; a measure by which a certain saving of one per cent, to the extent of the payment, that might be made, would be accomplished.\nThe possibility of this application of the fund afforded a perfect assurance, that the public interest could, in no event, fail to be promoted.\nI felt myself the more at liberty to do it, because it did not interfere with a complete fulfilment of the public engagements in regard to the foreign debt. It could not be done, consistently with a full reimbursement of all arrears and instalments, which had accrued on account of that debt.\nThe detail, which has been given, comprehends a full exposition of the views and motives, that have regulated the conduct of this department; in relation to those parts of the proceeds of the foreign loans, which have been transferred to the United States, except as to the last sum of one million two hundred and thirty seven thousand five hundred florins, directed to be drawn for on the 30th of November last; in regard to which, circumstances of a special nature cooperated, as is explained in a note upon the copy of my letter of the 26th of that month, to Mr Short, forming a part of the communication herewith made by order of the President of the United States.\nThe House will perceive, that the variety of matter comprised in this letter has not been collected and digested into its present form, without much labor, and an unavoidable expense of time. I trust, they will be sensible, that no delay has been unnecessarily incurred. It is certain, that I have made every exertion in my power, at the hazard of my health to comply with the requisitions of the House, as early as possible. And it has even been done with more expedition, than was desirable to secure the perfect accuracy of the communication.\nYet I have still to regret, that some part of the subject must remain to be presented in a subsequent letter. To lessen, however, the inconvenience of this further delay, I shall transmit, with the present letter, the statements required by the first and second of the resolutions of the 23d. of January, which will be found in the Schedules herewith marked No. I to V; those required by the last of the resolutions, having been already forwarded.\nThere remain, however, some particulars, to complete the information contemplated by those resolutions, that must be reserved for another communication. This, I may venture to assure the House, will not be deferred beyond the present, or at least the first day of the ensuing week.\nWith perfect respect, I have the honor to be, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your most obedient and most humble servant\nAlexander HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury.13th. February 1793.\n  The Honorable the Speakerof the House of Representatives.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0013-0004", "content": "Title: Statement III: [Application of the Fund Constituted Congress for Reducing the Public Debt], 13 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nStatement of the Application of the Fund Constituted by the Act of Congress, Passed on the 8th. of May 1792, for Reducing the Public Debt, Arising from the Interest on the Sums of Said Debt Purchased, Redeemed, and Paid into the Treasury of the United States. \nDollars. Cts.\nDollars. Cts.\nApril 1st. To interest due this day on the Stock purchased\nJuly 1st. By balance to the credit of the Commissioners for reducing the public debt, deposited, as follows:\nJuly 1st. To ditto ditto\nIn the Bank of North America\nIn the hands of the Commissioner of loans for the State of Massachusetts\nTo balance\nJanuary 1st. By balance to the credit of the Commissioners for reducing the public debt, deposited, as follows:\nOctober 1st To interest due this day on the Stock purchased\n      In the Bank of North America\n      In the hands of the Commissioner of loans for the State of Massachusetts\n      In the hands of the Commissioner of loans for the State of New York\n1792 January 1st. To ditto ditto\nTo Balance\nJuly 1st By balance to the credit of the Commissioners for reducing the public debt, deposited, as follows:\nApril 1st. To interest due this day on the Stock purchased\n      In the Bank of North America\n      In the Bank of the United States\nApril 1st. To interest due this day on part of the Stock paid into the treasury by the state of Pennsylvania, for land on Lake Erie, purchased from the United States\nJuly, 1st To ditto ditto on the Stock purchased\nTo do. do. on the Stock paid as above, for land on Lake Erie\nTo do. do. on the Stock paid into the treasury on account of the commutation of Willis Wilson\nTo balance\nOctober, 1st. To interest due this day on the Stock purchased\nTo do. do. on Stock paid as above, for land on Lake Erie\nBy purchases made by Samuel Meredith, from the 29th to the 31st of October 1792, as reported to Congress by the Commissioners for reducing the public debt, on the 17th of November 1792\nTo do. do. on the Stock paid as above, on account of the commutation of Willis Wilson\nJanuary 1st To do. do. on the stock purchased\nTo do. do. on the Stock paid as above, for land on Lake Erie\nBy purchases made by Samuel Meredith, from the 17th to the 26th of January 1793, inclusive, agreeably to his account rendered to the Treasury\nTo do. do. on the Stock paid as above on account of the Commutation of Willis Wilson\nTo do. do. on the Stock paid into the treasury, by John Hopkins, for a balance due from him in indents of interest\nNote\u2014Interest stated per contra remained in the Bank of the United States, until expended.\nRemarks.\nIn addition to the sums received as within stated, there remain to be received from the following persons, balances found to be due from them, on the settlement of their accounts at the Treasury, Viz:\ndollars. Cts.\nFrom William Heth, for interest received on Stock purchased by him,\nFrom Benjamin Lincoln, for do. do.\nFrom ditto \u2003 for interest struck on Stock purchased by him, stated in his name in dividend accounts of Commissioner of loans for the State of Massachusetts; now transferred to the books of the treasury among unclaimed dividends\nThe fund is likewise liable to receive additions of interest on the following sums paid into the Treasury, upon which no dividend has yet been struck\u2014Viz.\nOn 85. 032. \u2078\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080 dollars, unfunded Stock received from the State of Pennsylvania, for land on Lake Erie.\nOn 1.356. \u2078\u2077\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080 dollars, received from Jonathan Burrall, which had been paid to him, on a balance due in the Commissary department.\nThese sums at present stand on the books of the Treasury, in the name of Samuel Meredith, Treasurer of the United States, in trust for the United States.\nAlso, for the interest on the debt due to foreign Officers, now in a course of redemption.\nAlexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury.\nTreasury Department, February 13th. 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0013-0005", "content": "Title: Statement IV: [Quarterly Statement of Cash in the Hands of the Treasurer], 13 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nQuarterly Statement of Cash in the Hands of the Treasurer of the United states, for the Year 1791. \nBalance of Cash in my hands the 30th of June 1791, see below\nBalance of Cash in the Bank of North America\nDitto\nNew York\nDitto\nMassachusetts\nCash paid on account of Contingent expenses\nThe[o]dosius Fowler & Company\u2019s Note\nFrom the 1st of January to the 30th. June, two quarters.\nBalance of Cash in my hands the 30th of September 1791, See below\nCash in the Bank of North America\nDitto\nNew York\nDitto\nMaryland\nDitto\nMassachusetts\nBalance of Cash in my hands the 31st of December, 1791, see below\nCash in the Bank of the United States\nDitto\nNorth America\nDitto\nNew York\nDitto\nMassachusetts\nDitto\nMaryland\nDitto\nProvidence\nThe previous sickness, and afterwards the death of Mr. Eveleigh the last Comptroller, which happened on the 15th of April 1791, occasioned an accommodation between the Secretary of the Treasury and the Bank of North America, with respect to a number of Warrants, which were not countersigned; the Bank agreeing to pay them, and retain them in its possession, till the appointment of a Comptroller, when they could be regularly countersigned, and charged to my account. This caused an agreement with the Comptroller, that the two first quarters of the year 1791 might be included in one account, in order that the different Offices in the Treasury Department should correspond in their balances.\nSamuel Meredith, Treasurer of the United States\nTreasury of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0014", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 14 February 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, February 14, 1793. Encloses \u201ca return from this Office, to enable you to make the report relative thereto required by the order of the Senate of the 7th day of May last.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0015-0001", "content": "Title: Report on Revenue, Appropriations, and Expenditures, [14 February 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President of the Senate\nTreasury DepartmentFeby 14th. 1793[Communicated on February 14, 1793]\n[To the President of the Senate]\nSir\nI have the honor to transmit herewith in further pursuance of the order of the Senate of the 23rd of January past, these several statements marked A.B.C.\nA being a general account of revenue and appropriations; exhibiting on one side all the Income of the United States, except from the proceeds of Loans foreign & Domestic, to the end of the year 1792, on the other the respective amounts of all the appropriations which have been made by law to the same period.\nB being a general account of appropriations and expenditures to the same end of the year 1792. This statement takes up the excess of the appropriations beyond the Expenditure to the end of the year 1791 as contained in the Account of receipts and expenditures reported to the House of Representatives during the present session, and, including all the subsequent appropriations and expenditures to the end of 1792, shews the balance unsatisfied of each head of appropriation.\nC being an explanatory statement for the purpose of shewing a conformity between the aggregate of the balances of appropriations unsatisfied and the balance of the Public Income beyond the Public Expenditure, to the end of the year 1792, as represented in the Statement B heretofore reported.\nIt will be observed that the most considerable item among the balances of appropriations is for interest on the public debt amounting to 1,395,824 Dollars & 65 Cents. This happens in three ways\u20141 The interest on the foreign part of the debt has been paid in Europe out of the proceeds of the loans\u2014the sum paid will consequently require to be replaced out of the domestic funds and will operate as if an equal sum had been transferred here by drafts. 2d. The payment of interest to certain States upon the difference between their quotas of the assumed debt and the sums subscribed upon the first loan has been suspended in consequence of the opening of the second loan to avoid a double payment of interest, first to the States and next to subscribers; which might otherwise happen. 3rd There is a part of the public debt which has continued in a form that has not entitled the holders under the existing laws to receive interest either as subscribers or non subscribers.\nThere are certain arrears of interest on the part of the debt intitled to Interest which did not come into the accounts of the year 1792.\nThis balance of interest however will be a real future expenditure as indeed will be the case with regard to most of the other balances of appropriations. There will be surplusses, but these surplusses cannot exceed, if they equal, the sum mentioned in my letter of the 4th instant to the House of Representatives.\nWith perfect respect \u2003 I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedt Servant\nAlex HamiltonSecy of the Treasy\nThe Vice President of theUnited States & President of the Senate", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0015-0002", "content": "Title: Statement A: [Revenue of the United States and Appropriations Charged Thereon], 14 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nStatement of the Revenue of the United States and Appropriations Charged Thereon to the End of the Year 1792.\nDr.\nRevenue\n\u2003 Dollars Cts.\nTo\nAmount of Duties on Imports and Tonnage and of Fines Penalties and Forfeitures from the commencement of the present Government to the 31st Decr. 1791.\nProduct of Duties on Spirits distilld within the United States for a half year ending the 31st of December 1791. as estimated\nProduct of Duties on Imports and Tonnage &ca. for the year 1792 heretofore estimated at\nDitto on Spirits distilled within the United States for the same period as estimated\nCash received into the Treasury from Fines Forfeitures & for Balances to the end of the year 1791\nDitto recd for Arms & Accoutrements sold, Fines & Penalties, Balances of Accounts settled in the year 1792 and on accot. of the first dividend declared by the Bank of the United States\nDollars\nCr.\nDate of Acts\nAppropriations\n\u2007\u2007Dollars Cts.\nAugst.\nBy.\nAppropriation for Indian Treaties\nSeptr.\ndo. for sundry objects\nMar:\ndo. for support of Government\nJuly\n\u20071st.\ndo. Intercourse with Forn. Nations 90 & 91.\ndo. do. for 1792\ndo. for the claim of John McCord\n22nd.\ndo. for Indian Treaties\nAugst.\n\u20074th\ndo. Intert. on the Debt Forn. & Domst: for 91.\ndo. do. for 1792\ndo. for the Cutter Establishment\ndo. for Portland Lighthouse\ndo. for disabled Seamen\ndo. for sundry objects\ndo. for reduction of the public debt being surplus of revenue for 1790}\nFeb:\ndo. for sundry objects\nMar:\n\u20073rd.\ndo. Recognition of the Treaty with Morocco\ndo. the protection of the Frontiers\ndo. Officers of the Judicial Courts\nDecr:\n23rd:\ndo. the support of Governmt. for 1792\nApril\n\u20072nd:\ndo. for a Lighthouse on Baldhead\ndo. Mint Establishment\n13th.\ndo. Wilmington Grammar-School\nMay\n\u20072nd:\ndo. for Protection of the Frontiers\n\u20078th.\ndo. for sundry objects\ndo. for compensation to Colo. Gibson\ndo. the claim of John Brown Cutting\nSurplus of Revenue above the appropriations to the end of the year 1792}\nDollars\nTreasury Department Febr. 14. 1793\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0015-0003", "content": "Title: Statement B: [Appropriations and Expenditures of the United States], 14 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nA General Statement of the Appropriations Made by Law, and of the Expenditures of the United States in Relation Thereto, from the First Day of January to the Last Day of December 1792.\nDates and Titles of the Acts of Appropriations.\nFor discharging the warrants issued by the late Board of Treasury\nFor the support of the Civil List under the late and present Government\nFor the support of the Army of the United States\nFor paying the pensions due to Invalids.\nFor defraying the expences of negociations or treaties of peace with the Indian Tribes\nFor paying Interest due on temporary loans obtained by the Secretary of the Treasury.\nFor the support of the Ministers &c of the United States at foreign Courts & maintaining intercourse with Foreign Nations\nFor effecting a recognition of the Treaty of the United States with the new Emperor of Morocco\nFor the building, equipment, and support of ten revenue cutters.\nTowards discharging certain debts contracted by Ab: Skinner, late commissary of Prisoners.\nTowards discharging certain debts contracted by Colonel Timothy Pickering\nFor paying the Interest due on the Domestic debt of the United States.\n      Balances remaining unexpended on the 31st. of december 1791, on appropriations made prior to the 23d. of said month, agreeably to the schedule annexed to the General account of Receipts and Expenditures rendered to the House of Representatives on the 10th: of November 1792.\nJuly\nAn Act providing the means of Intercourse between the United States, and Foreign Nations\nAug.\nAn Act making provision for the debt of the United States\nMar:\nAn Act to incorporate the Subscribers to the Bank of the United States\nDecr.\nAn Act making appropriations for the support of Government for the year 1792\nApl.\nAn Act for finishing the Light house on Bald Head at the mouth of Cape Fear river in the state of No. Carola.\nAn Act establishing the Mint and regulating the coins of the United States\nAn Act to compensate the corporation of Trustees of the Public Grammar School & Academy of Wilmington in the State of Delaware, for the occupation of & damages done to the said School, during the late War}\nMay\nAn Act for raising a further sum of money for the protection of the frontiers & for other purposes therein mentd.\nAn Act supplementary to the Act making provision for the debt of the United States\nAn Act making certain appropriations therein specified\nAn Act to compensate the services of the late Colonel George Gibson\nAn Act concerning the claim of John Brown Cutting against the United States\nAmount of Appropriations\nAmount of payments during the year 1792\nBalances unexpended on the 31st. of December 1792.\nDates and Titles of the Acts of Appropriations.\nFor paying bills of exchange drawn on the late Commr. at Paris, for Interest due on loan office certificates.\nFor the support and repairs of lighthouses, beacons, buoys & public piers.\nFor defraying the contingent charges of Government\nFor the reduction of the public debt.\nFor defraying the expences [of the enumeration] of the Inhabitants of the United States.\nFor satisfying miscellaneous claims.\nFor balances due to the French Government, to Oliver Pollock &ca. &ca.\nFor paying the debt due to Foreign Officers.\nFor payments on account of the French debt.\nFor effecting a subscription in behalf of the United States to the Bank of the United States\nTotal Amount\n      Balances remaining unexpended on the 31st. of december 1791, on appropriations made prior to the 23d. of said month, agreeably to the schedule annexed to the General account of Receipts and Expenditures rendered to the House of Representatives on the 10th: of November 1792.\nJuly\nAn Act providing the means of Intercourse between the United States, and Foreign Nations\nAug.\nAn Act making provision for the debt of the United States\nMar:\nAn Act to incorporate the Subscribers to the Bank of the United States\nDecr.\nAn Act making appropriations for the support of Government for the year 1792\nApl.\nAn Act for finishing the Light house on Bald Head at the mouth of Cape Fear river in the state of No. Carola.\nAn Act establishing the Mint and regulating the coins of the United States\nAn Act to compensate the corporation of Trustees of the Public Grammar School & Academy of Wilmington in the State of Delaware, for the occupation of & damages done to the said School, during the late War\nMay\nAn Act for raising a further sum of money for the protection of the frontiers & for other purposes therein mentd.\nAn Act supplementary to the Act making provision for the debt of the United States\nAn Act making certain appropriations therein specified\nAn Act to compensate the services of the late Colonel George Gibson\nAn Act concerning the claim of John Brown Cutting against the United States\nAmount of Appropriations\nAmount of payments during the year 1792\nBalances unexpended on the 31st. of December 1792.\nThe Balance of the appropriations brought down is\nFrom which deduct the following sums, being payable out of the Foreign Funds vizt.\nBalance payable to Foreign officers\nBalance due on account of the sum requested for St. Domingo\nRemainder being the unsatisfied appropriations charged upon the Revenue\n  The difference between the actual dividends declared on the public debt to the end of the year 1791, as contained in the printed statement, and the entire Interest for that year as estimated, including the Foreign Debt.\n  The Interest on the debt for the year 1792, as estimated.\n  The sum requested by the National assembly of France by their decree of June 26th: 1792, for the Colony of St. Domingo. \u2003 4,000,000 Livres.\n  The Sum actually advanced for the Mint Establishment, during the year 1792.\n  The debt payable to Foreign Officers contemplated in the fifth section of the act supplementary to the act making provision for the Debt of the United States.\n  In this balance is included two years Interest on the Foreign Debt which has been paid out of the Foreign Loans, the accounts of which remain unsettled also the Interest on that part of the Domestic Debt which has not been funded, or registered at the Treasury so as to be entitled to a dividend and also the Interest due to States on the unsubscribed balance of the assumed debt, the payment of which is at present suspended.\n  Warrants for 445,263 Dollars and 83 Cents had been drawn on the 31st. of december 1792, towards the debt due to France, as stated in the report of the Secretary of the Treasury of the 3d. of January 1793 \u2003 10,000 Dollars of which however had not been paid by the Treasurer at that time, and consequently not charged in his accounts.\nTreasury Department February 14. 1793\nAlex HamiltonSecy of the Treasy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0015-0004", "content": "Title: Statement C: [Debts Charged upon the Unexpended and Uncollected Income of the United States], 14 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nStatement Exhibiting the Debts Charged upon the Unexpended and Uncollected Income of the United States on the Last Day of the Year 1792\nTo the following Sums, which rested as Charges upon the Excess of Income stated \u214c Contra on the 31st. December 1792. Vizt:\nBy the Excess of Income beyond the actual disbursements of the Treasury to the end of the Year 1792, including all sums remaining uncollected at that time as also Dollrs. 2305.769.13 the proceeds of Bills of Exchange drawn on the Foreign Funds as stated in the account marked B. rendered to the House of Representatives on the 4th. of February 1793\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\nBalances of unsatisfied Appropriations as specified in the Schedule herewith marked [B]\nBalance reserved to compleat the sum requested for St. Domingo\nBalance reserved to compleat the payment of debts due to Foreign Officers\nDebt due to the Bank of North America for a Loan without Interest\nThe Balance of the Foreign Fund as herein stated is thus deduced Vizt.\nDebt due to the Bank of the United States for a Loan for the War Department\nThe total amount of bills drawn was Deduct\nBalance of the Foreign Fund not specially applied & subject to disposition\nPaid for the Colony of St. Domingo as \u214c Statement marked\nSurplus of Revenue above the appropriations to the end of 1792 agreeably to a statement marked A herewith\nPaid to Foreign Officers at \u214c ditto\nReserved to compleat the payment for St Domingo\nReserved to compleat the payment to Foreign Officers\nBalance as before Stated\nTreasury Department February 14. 1793\nAlex HamiltonSecy of the Treasy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0016", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jean Baptiste de Ternant, 14 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste de\nDepartement de la tresoreriele 14 fevr. 1793\nMr.\nConform\u00e9ment aux ordres du President, et \u00e0 l\u2019information que vous en avez recue aujourdhuy de la part du secretaire d\u2019etat, je mettrai \u00e0 votre disposition une somme de cent mille piastres. Cette somme sera prete \u00e0 etre acquitt\u00e9e le lr. avril prochain, ce qui au cours des affaires de la place, \u00e9quivaut \u00e0 un payement imm\u00e9diat.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honeur d\u2019etre avec respect et estime Mr. etc.\nAlexandre hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0017", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edward Carrington, 15 February 1793\nFrom: Carrington, Edward\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nRichmond Feb. 15. 1793\nDr Sir\nI have been favored with a packet from you containing several Copies of your letter of the 4th. Instant to the Speaker of the House of Representatives. I had fully anticipated the decided contradictions contained in this letter, to the suggestions which gave rise to it, having seen the Resolutions alluded to. The Copies of the letter are circulated as far as the Numbers would admit, and I think, if you could send me more, they might be distributed with good effect.\nI cannot but be of opinion that you ought to rejoice in those attacks which lead to decided contradictions\u2014both sides of the question get fairly presented to public view and truth must ultimately have its due effect.\nI am with great regard \u2003 Your sincere Friend \u2003 & He st.\nEd. Carrington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0019", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 15 February 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department,Revenue Office, February 15th. 1793.\nSir,\nI have the honor to apprize you that \u201cThe act supplementary to the Act for the Establishment & support of Light Houses, Beacons, Buoys and public piers\u201d will expire by its own limitations in regard to the unceded establishments of that Nature on the first day of July next.\nIt appears necessary therefore that a New Act of continuance should be passed as several important instances of want of cession exist. It will be remembered that it has been found on Inspection, that the Jurisdiction of the establishments in Massachusetts has not been duly ceded.\nI have the honor to be, with great respect, \u2003 sir, your most Obedt. Servant\nTench Coxe.Commissr. of the Revenue.\nThe honble.The Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0021", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jonathan Trumbull, 15 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Trumbull, Jonathan\nTreasury Department,February 15th. 1793.\nSir,\nI have reason to believe that in my letter of yesterday No. 11, certain words were omitted in copying, necessary to the sense of the clause.\nThe clause alluded to probably stands thus.\n\u201cThe laws authorizing the loans, passed the 4th. and 12th. of August. As early as the 28th. of that month, the acceptance above mentioned was communicated. So far no time was lost more than could not have been avoided.\u201d\nThe words supposed to be omitted, are these, \u201cand the application of 1,500,000 florins in a payment to France directed.\u201d These words ought to follow the word \u201ccommunicated.\u201d\nI request that the Clerk of the House of Representatives may be permitted to insert those words in their proper place.\nWith perfect respect, \u2003 I have the honor to be, Sir, \u2003 your obedient & humble servant.\nA. Hamilton.\nThe Honorable the Speaker ofthe House of Representatives.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0022", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [15 February 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, February 15, 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to communicate, for the perusal of the President, a copy of his second Letter to the H: of Representatives; which he will be obliged, if not inconvenient, to the President, to have returned on Monday morning, to be then sent to the Senate.\nFriday 15 feby: 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0023", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Caleb Gibbs, 16 February 1793\nFrom: Gibbs, Caleb\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBarre [Massachusetts] February 16, 1793. \u201cThe foregoing Duplicate My Dear Friend I forward apprehensive that my Letters must have miscarried or otherwise I should certainly have heard from you ere this. Let me repeat my solicitations and ask an answer, feel for me, call up your esteem for me, Let me not be a cast off.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0025", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Samuel Paterson, 16 February 1793\nFrom: Paterson, Samuel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nEdin[burg]h. 16 feby. 1793\nRespectd. Sir\nMy desire to doe what I think may encrease the prosperity of a Free Country makes me once more adress you with the inclosed paper on Cash accounts as given out by the Banks in Scotland a measure that has been followed by the private Banks of England & what has added more to the prosperity of G Britain within the last 30 years that it has been adopted then any other operation in Banking\u2014as well as given greater gains to the Banking Compys.\nUnderstanding that the Same is not adopted or pursued by the Two Banks in Philadelphia I have presumed theirfore to give you Some account of the practice, hoping if it is not adopted before this Comes to your hand you will fully Consider it & If you approve of it, get it adopted by the Bank of the United states, & the others will soon perceive the Benefit of it, & follow it.\nWarr being now begun twixt Britain & France, It Certainly is the Intrest & duty of the Government of the United States of America, to get directly Packet Boats or Ships for Carrying the Letters, Bills of Exchange &c &c. twixt Britain & America\u2014as well as twixt France Holland &c. & America\u2014As the British Packets will be Captured by the French & the French Packets by the British.\nIt will be Needfull for the United States of America, to have a few Frigates or Ships of Warr, that their Flag may be respectd in the generall Convulsion of Europe.\nIts Strongly reported & Confidently asserted in all the Ministeriall prints, that Spain has agreed to Join the Confedracy of Kings against France. If its true America Never had a better oppertunity to procure the Opening of the River Missisipie to her Vessells. And I hope the Wisdom of America will improve it, to that purpose.\nI have Seen a Copy of your Report to Congress on the Encouraging of Manufacters &c. It has been printed I understand at Dublin, destributed & Sold cheap. It Should be printed in the Dutch French & German Languages fix the price to it & get it Sold in these Countrys\u2014the best premium you Can give to Encourage the poor distressed Subjects of these States to flock to America. Here if the price was Not fixed to a pamphlet the Booksellers would Not Sell it Cheap. I suppose the Booksellers thro Europe are the Same. Here the great people & Landed Intrest discourage Emigrations to America, as Well as government. I suppose its the Same in Holland France & flanders. Would it not be the Intrest of America to give Some Encouragement to Ships bringing over Passengers of Certain Descriptions?\nI have Sent you the Speech of Mr. Erskine at London on the Liberty of the Press\u2014also a Translation on Legislation from the Italian of Filangieri & an Acct. of the representation of the Burroughs Cinque Ports &c. of G Britain in 3 Vollumes.\nThis letter is Not Sent out of assuming ambition. I dont wish you on Any account to Spend a Moment of Your time in giving me any reply. I Shall trouble you no More\u2014only Consider & Read what I have said. I have always thought that bystanders might notice what a great man Engaged in the affairs of a Nation might have in his Numerous Engagements over looked. with Respect & Esteem I am Sr. Yr hb Ser\nSam. Paterson\nTo A Hamilton Esqr.Philadelphia\nP. S. The Banks of Scotland are greatly assisted by the trouble with which Gold passes, if the least light or Even Exact weight. Every Body on this account prefers a Bank Note of a Guinea to a gold Cuinea. The Banks to Encourage this are very Nice about what Gold they take & its alledged they often refuse what Ought to Pass.\nS.P.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0026", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [16 February 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, February 16, 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the President, and has the honor to enclose the statement respecting the French debt. He hopes to be able to wait upon the President on Monday, when he will give a further explanation.\nSaturday 16 feby. 93.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0027", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Angelica Church, [17 February 1793]\nFrom: Church, Angelica\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[London, February 17, 1793]\nMy dear Brother: You will receive this from a friend of mine and an admirer of your virtues and your talents. He goes to America to partake of that Liberty for which he has often exposed his life, and to render it all the services his knowledge of Europe and of the emigration about to take place to America, give the opportunity of doing.\nThe Count de Noailles requires less recommendation than most people, because he is well known to you my friend. When you and he have talked over Europe and America, spare a few moments to the recollection of your faithful friend\nAnd affectionate sister,\nAngelica Church.\nLondon, February 17th, 1793.\nAlexander Hamilton, Esq.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0028", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 17 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States, February 17 1793.\n(Private)\nSir,\nI transmit you a copy of a Letter from the Secretary of War to me, with the heads of instructions proposed to be given to the Commissioners who may be appointed to hold a Treaty with the Western Indians in the Spring.\nAs I intend in a few days to call for the advice & opinion of the heads of the Departments on the points touched upon in the enclosed paper, I must request you will give it an attentive and serious consideration, and note such alterations, amendments or additions in writing as may appear to you proper to be introduced into the Instructions proposed to be given to the Commissioners.\nI shall likewise request the opinion of the same Gentlemen upon the expediency of asking the advice of the Senate, before the end of their present Session, as to the propriety of instructing the Commissioners to recede from the present boundary, provided peace cannot be established with the Indians upon other terms. I therefore desire you will turn your attention to this matter also, in order that you may be able to give a deliberate opinion thereon, when the Gentlemen shall be called together.\nGo: Washington\nThe Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0029", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 18 February 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] Monday 18 febry. 1793.\nDear Sir,\nThe President does not recollect the name of the person mentioned to succeed the Collector of Edenton (N:C.) and wishes you to send it. Is it intended that the person mentioned should be appointed Inspector of Survey No. 2. which office was held by the Collector of Edenton? Inspector of the Port he will be of course. Is William Munson to be appointed Inspector as well as Surveyor of the Port of New Haven? And if so, how is the matter to be settled with the Collector, who has heretofore held the Office of Inspector?\nThe President is desirous that the nominations should go to the Senate today, which is the cause of my giving you this trouble. I call\u2019d at your House & Office to mention these matters; but had not the pleasure to find you at either.\nI am &c.\nTos: LearS. P U S", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0032-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure (Ax.): [Market Prices of Public Stocks], 16 February 1793\nFrom: McConnell, Matthew\nTo: \nMarket Prices of Public Stocks, Taken from Actual Purchases and Sales.\nDates\n6 per Cents.\n3 per Cents.\nDeferred.\n1791 January\n3d\n20th\nTreasurers purchases\n24th\n26th.\nFebruary\n8th.\n14th.\n21th.\n28th\nMarch\n5th\n12th\n25th\nApril\n2d\n7th.\n20th\n26th:\n30th.\nMay\n4th.\n14th\n20th\n25th\n27th:\nJune\n7th\n10th:\n15th.\n25th\nJuly\n1st.\n5th\n11th\n21st.\n23rd\n29th\nAugust\n1st\n6th\n16th\nTreasurer\u2019s price\n17th\n20th\n25th\n30th\nSeptember\n1st\n3rd\nTreasurer\u2019s price\n8th to 14th\n16th\nOctober\n1st to 14th\n25th\nNovember\n12th\n16th\nDecember\n6th.\n12th\n1792 January\n4th.\n9th\n20th.\nFebruary\n9th\n15th\n21st.\nMarch\n7th\n15th\n26th.\nApril\n12th\nMay\n12th\n14th\n25th to 29th\nJune\n7th\n16th\nJuly\n2d\n14th\n17th.\n20th\nAugust\n6th\n9th\n13th.\nSeptember\n12th\n26th\nOctober\n2d\n5th to 8th\n23d to 26th\nDecember\n7th.\n14th.\nAt the request of the Secretary of the Treasury of the United States, I do certify that the prices mentioned in the foregoing statement, are taken from entries made in my books of purchases and sales of public stocks, in this City, at the respective Dates therein mentioned.\nMatthew McConnell.\nPhiladelphia, February 16th. 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0032-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure (B.y.): [Prices of Public Stocks Taken from Gazette of the United States], 19 February 1793\nFrom: Meyer, John\nTo: \nPrices of the Public Stocks Taken from the Gazette of the United States.\nDate\n6 per Cent.\nDeferred.\n3 per Cent.\n1791. January\n1st\n5th\n8th\n12th\n15th\n19th\n26th\n29th\nFebruary\n2d\n5th\n9th\n12th\n16th\n19th\n26th\nMarch\n2d\n5th\n9th\n12th\n16th\n19th\nMarch\nApril\nMay\nJune\nJuly\nAugust\nSeptember\nOctober\nNovember\nDecember\n1792. January\nFebruary\nMarch\nApril\nMay\nMay\nJune\nJuly\nAugust\nSeptember\nOctober\nNovember\nDecember\nJohn Meyer, P: Clk.\nTreasury Department February 19th 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0032-0004", "content": "Title: Enclosure (CZ): [Comparative Statement of Bonds for Duties Becoming Due], 19 February 1793\nFrom: Wood, Leighton\nTo: \nA Comparative Statement of Bonds for Duties Becoming Due from November 1792, to September 1793, Inclusive As Per Monthly Abstracts Thereof Taken 7th November and 7th december.\nDate of Abstract\nDue in 1792 November\nDue in December\nDue in 1793 January\nDue in February.\nDue in March.\nDue in April\nDue in May\nDue in June.\nDue in July.\nDue in August\nDue in September\nTotal.\nDolls. Cts.\nDolls. Cts.\nDolls. Cts.\nDolls. Cts\nDolls. Cts\nDolls. Cts\nDolls. Cts\nDolls. Cts\nDolls. Cts\nDolls. Cts\nDolls. Cts\nDolls. Cts.\nAmt: per Abstract taken 7th November\nAmt: per abstract taken 7th December\nExcess of December Abstract\nFebruary 19th 1793\nL. Wood, junr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0032-0005", "content": "Title: Enclosure (D.): [Sums of Appropriation to the End of the Year 1792], 19 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nStatement Shewing the Sums of Appropriation to the End of the Year 1792. Which Will Probably Not Be Required to Satisfy the Same.\nBalances of appropriation unexpended on the 31st December 1792.\nBalance which will probably not be required.\nBalance which will be required\ndolls: Cents.\ndolls. Cts\ndolls: Cents\nFor discharging the warrants issued by the late board of Treasury,\nFor the support of the civil list under the late and present government,\nFor the support of the army of the United States,\nFor paying the pensions due to invalids,\nFor defraying the expenses of negociations or treaties of peace with the Indians,\nFor interest due on temporary loans obtained by the Secretary of the Treasury,\nFor the support of the Ministers, &c. of the United States at foreign courts, and maintaining intercourse with foreign nations,\nFor effecting a recognition of the treaty of the United States with the new emperor of Morocco,\nFor the building, equipment and support of ten revenue cutters \nFor discharging certain debts contracted by Abraham Skinner late commissary of prisoners,\nTowards discharging certain debts contracted by Colonel Timothy Pickering,\nFor paying the interest due on the domestic debt of the United States\nFor the support and repairs of lighthouses, beacons, buoys & public piers\nFor defraying the contingent charges of government,\nFor the reduction of the public debt,\nFor satisfying miscellaneous claims,\nFor balances due to the French government, to Oliver Pollock, &c.,\nFor paying the debt due to foreign Officers,\nFor payments on account of the French debt\n   This sum has been adjusted in the accounts of the collectors, as a charge on the collection of the revenue.\nTreasury departmentFebruary 19th, 1793.\nAlexander Hamilton,Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0032-0006", "content": "Title: Enclosure (E.): [Probable State of Cash from December 1792 to April 1793], 20 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nDr.\nProbable State of Cash from the Last of December 1792, to the 1st of April 1793.\nCr.\nDollars Cents\nDollars Cents\nTo Balance of cash in the Treasury, per statement (A)\nBy amount of warrants which were drawn prior to the 1st of January 1793, and not paid by the Treasurer,\n   These of course did not come into his account for the last quarter of 1792.\nCash in the banks on account of foreign bills, not passed to credit of the Treasurer, per statement (A.B.)\nSums for which warrants have issued subsequent to the year 1792,\nAmount of proceeds of ditto, deposited with the bank of North America,\nSums which were payable to foreign officers on the 31st December last 172,962. 11\nProceeds of Amsterdam bills, expected to be received by the 1st of April,\nFrom which deduct payments made since that period included in the amount above stated, of warrants issued subsequent to the year 1792 9.985. 27\nCash in the hands of the collectors at the end of 1792, per abstract (D.)\nSums expected to be received during the present quarter, on account of duties prior to 1793\nSums which may be received on account of duties of the current quarter,\nSums payable on account of the debt due to France, to the 1st of April inclusively,\nExcess of dividend beyond the interest on the stock of the government in the bank of the United States for the last half year,\nArrears for the War Department,\nOther arrears to the end of 1792,\nQuarters interest on the public debt,\nQuarter part of the expenditure for the current service,\nSum requisite for the proposed Indian Treaty\nSum advanced by the bank of North America, included in the deposit of the proceeds of bills per contra,\nSum to be issued from the treasury to enable the Secretary of State to pay for the bills furnished to him for the purpose of the third section of the Act of last session making certain appropriations therein specified\nFirst instalment of 2,000,000 dollars due to the bank of the United States,\nBalance\nTreasury Department, February 20th, 1793.\nAlexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0033", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Samuel Hodgdon, 20 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Hodgdon, Samuel\nTreasury Department, February 20, 1793. \u201cA warrant has this day issued on the Treasurer in your favor, as Attorney of James O Hara, Quarter Master General of the army of the United States, for 1800 Dollars to be applied by you to the payment of two bills, drawn on the Secretary of War by John Belli, Deputy Quarter Master General.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0035", "content": "Title: Meeting of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund, [21 February 1793]\nFrom: Commissioners of the Sinking Fund,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, February 21, 1793]\nAt a meeting of the trustees of the sinking fund, in the committee room of the Senate, February 21st, 1793,\nPresent: The Vice President, Chief Justice, Secretary of State, Secretary of the Treasury, and Attorney General.\nThe Vice President laid before the Board, a resolution of the House of Representatives of the 19th instant, directing the Board to lay before them a statement of all their proceedings not heretofore furnished; Whereupon,\nResolved, That a copy of the journal of the Board, and a statement of the purchases made, since the last report to Congress, be prepared and forwarded.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0037", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jonathan Trumbull, 22 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Trumbull, Jonathan\nTreasury DepartmentFebruary 22d. 1793.\nSir\nI have the honor to transmit, herewith, a certain statement, which was intended to have accompanied my late communications to the House, but was by accident mislaid.\nWith perfect respect, I have the honor to be, \u2003 Sir, your most obedient, and \u2003 humble servant.\nA. Hamilton.\nThe Honorable the Speaker of theHouse of Representatives.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0038", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Presidents and Directors of the Offices of Discount and Deposit of the Bank of the United States, 23 February [5\u2013March] 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Treasury Department\nTo: Presidents and Directors of the Offices of Discount and Deposit of Bank of the United States\nTreasury Department February 23d [\u2013March 5] 1793\nGentlemen\nI have made the following arrangement with the Bank of the united States for the accommodation of the merchants of Philadelphia whose bonds for duties shall become payable between this date and the last day of the ensuing month of march.\nThe Bank will discount during the period mentioned the notes of such merchants as are indebted to the Custom house, for 30 days, for the respective sums that shall become payable. The Bank will receive those notes from the Collector as cash; they must therefore be drawn in favour of the Collector only.\nIf a similar arrangement should appear to you, from any existing circumstance requisite to the accommodation of the merchants of New york, I think it proper to mention to you as a facilitation of it, that I will not draw for the sums that have relation to this transaction until about the middle of may next.\nI enclose you a letter to the Collector desiring him to furnish you with an abstract of the Bonds which will fall due within the time the arrangement is to continue, specifying names, sums and times when due. This letter may be delivered to the Collector if it should be thought proper to adopt the arrangement; if otherwise it may be suppressed.\nI have the honor to be very respectfully \u2003 Gentlemen \u2003 Your obedt Servt\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0039", "content": "Title: Conversation with George Hammond, [24 February\u20137 March, 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Hammond, George\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, February 24\u2013March 7, 1793]\nAt Governor Simcoe\u2019s desire I have the honor of inclosing the copy of a despatch, which I have received from that Gentleman, explanatory of the reasons that prompt him to decline a compliance with the request of the American Ministers (conveyed through me as stated in my No: 3) that he would contribute his assistance to their agent in the attempts to procure in that quarter a supply of provisions for the Indians at the approaching Council.\nIn communicating the contents of this dispatch to Mr. Hamilton, who had also received information to the same effect from General Hull, I endeavoured to enforce the propriety of the motives that had dictated Governor Simcoe\u2019s refusal, as proceeding from the circumstances of his official situation, and not from any disposition to impede the progress or effect of the negociations. Mr. Hamilton expressed his regret at the refusal itself and his apprehension, that whatever might be his own personal sentiments, it would be difficult to impress the inhabitants of this country with a proper conviction of the real cause in which it had originated.\nFrom the point immediately under discussion, our conversation naturally diverged into a more extensive investigation of the general subject to which it referred. In the course of which Mr. Hamilton assured me that it was a source of the deepest concern to this government that it had not hitherto been able to come to an understanding with the court of Great Britain on the particular matters that still remained undecided between the two countries. To this I replied, that the pressure of temporary business alone had hitherto prevented his Majesty\u2019s Ministers from attending to this object, but that I expected to receive in a very short time some further instructions respecting it.\nAs Mr. Hamilton\u2019s general reasoning in this conversation was similar to that which he has employed upon former occasions, it is unnecessary for me to trouble your Lordship with a repetition of it at present.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0040", "content": "Title: George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, Henry Knox, and Edmund Randolph, 24 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander,Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund\nUnited States 24 Feb: 1793.\nThe President of the United States requests the attendance of the  at Nine o\u2019Clock tomorrow morning; at the President\u2019s house, on the subject of the note sent to the  on the 17~. inst: and that the  will bring with him such remarks as he may have committed to writing in pursuance of said note.\nAt the same time the President will lay before the Heads of the Departments & the Attorney General some communications which he has just received from General Hull.\nGe Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0041", "content": "Title: Cabinet Meeting. Opinion on Furnishing Three Million Livres Agreeably to the Request of the French Minister, [25 February 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, February 25, 1793]\nFeb. 25. 1793. The President desires the opinions of the heads of the three departments and of the Attorney General on the following question, to wit.\nMr. Ternant having applied for money equivalent to three millions of livres to be furnished on account of our debt to France at the request of the Executive of that country, which sum is to be laid out in provisions within the US. to be sent to France, Shall the money be furnished?\nThe Secretary of the Treasury stated it as his opinion that making a liberal allowance for the depreciation of assignats, (no rule of liquidation having been yet fixed) a sum of about 318,000 Dollars may not exceed the arrearages equitably due to France to the end of 1792. and that the whole sum asked for may be furnished, within periods capable of answering the purpose of mr Ternant\u2019s application, without a derangement of the Treasury.\nWhereupon the Secretaries of State & War & the Attorney General are of opinion that the whole sum asked for by mr Ternant ought to be furnished: the Secretary of the Treasury is of opinion that the supply ought not to exceed the abovementioned sum of 318,000. Dollars.\nTh: JeffersonAlexander HamiltonH KnoxEdm: Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0042", "content": "Title: Cabinet Meeting. Opinion Respecting the Proposed Treaty with the Indians Northwest of the Ohio, [25 February 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, February 25, 1793]\nThe President having required the attendance of the heads of the three departments and of the Attorney general at his house on Monday the 25th. of Feb. 1793. the following questions were proposed and answers given.\n  The Governor of Canada having refused to let us obtain provisions from that province or to pass them along the water communication to the place of treaty with the Indians, and the Indians having refused to let them pass peaceably along what they call the bloody path, the Governor of Canada at the same time proposing to furnish the whole provisions necessary, Ought the treaty to proceed?\n  Answer unanimously, it ought to proceed.\n  Have the Executive, or the Executive & Senate together authority to relinquish to the Indians the right of soil of any part of the lands North of the Ohio, which has been validly obtained by former treaties?\n  The Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary at war & Attorney general are of opinion that the Executive & Senate have such authority, provided that no grants to individuals nor reservations to states be thereby infringed. The Secretary of State is of opinion they have no such authority to relinquish.\n  Will it be expedient to make any such relinquishment to the Indians if essential to peace?\n  The Secretaries of the Treasury & War & the Attorney general are of opinion it will be expedient to make such relinquishment, if essential to peace, provided it do not include any lands sold or reserved for special purposes (the reservations for trading places excepted). The Secretary of state is of opinion that the Executive and Senate have authority to stipulate with the Indians and that if essential to peace it will be expedient to stipulate that we will not settle any lands between those already sold or reserved for special purposes, and the lines heretofore validly established with the Indians.\n  Whether the Senate shall be previously consulted on this point?\n  The Opinion unanimously is that it will be better not to consult them previously.\nTh. JeffersonAlexander HamiltonH KnoxEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0044", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Short, 25 February 1793\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAranjuez [Spain] Feb. 25. 1793.\nSir\nI had the honor of writing to you on the 5th. inst from Madrid informing you that on my arrival there. I was overtaken by a letter sent from our Commissioners at Amsterdam, dated the 14th. of Janry. & covering your two letters to me of Nov. 5 & 26. They inclosed at the same time your letter to them of Nov. 5. authorising them in the case of my absence to open that addressed to me which they had done.\nAs yours to me of the 26th. of Nov. circumstanced that of the 5th. & was consequently also open to them, by which they observed your notification of having passed draughts on them to the amount of f 1,250,000. they informd me with some degree of anxiety that that sum together with the interest payable the 1st. of March would exceed the amount of cash in their hands & that which they were still to recieve in the remaining bonds of the last loan. They had hoped to have found in your letter to me, an authorisation to open a loan at an higher rate of interest than the last which they would immediately have proceeded to have done, conceiving that delay tended to endanger the success of a loan on any terms & at least to render them more disadvantageous. As no mention was made of an increase of the rate [of] interest in your letter, & as they had long ago taken up of themselves, as I have already informed you, an idea that your powers had limited it to 4 p. cent. they did not chuse to take on themselves to surpress it.\nThe object of their letter to me therefore was to present to me the present situation of affairs as to loans\u2014your presumable disposition as to remittances as early as the 1st. of June next\u2014the extreme necessity of punctuality in those payments\u2014& to urge me therefore to authorize them to open a new loan immediately extending the authority to 5 p. cent, relying that their duty & a point of honor would compel their every exertion to obtain the lowest terms possible.\nAfter reflecting on the present state of affairs in Europe & particularly those most influential on the Amsterdam market & being unable to judge of the extent of those which have changed your dispositions as to remittences, & finding even that you would draw for additional sums if on hand, I could not hesitate in determining that it would be your expectation & choice, that provision should be made in Europe for payments up to the 1st. of June inclusive & therefore that not a moment was to be lost in taking measures for securing this provision. It would have given me much satisfaction to have been able to have waited until I could have heard from you, whether from the considerations mentioned in my late letter, you would have thought it expedient to make exertions for remitting from America to satisfy the rising demands in Europe, during the present unfavorable state of the market or at least until the U.S. by some delay should have so established their credit, as not to have been subjected to the rise in the rate of interest wch. other powers are obliged to submit to. The time of the next payments at Amsterdam did not admit of my waiting for your advice & it seems to me under the expressions of your letter of Nov. 26. that it would be highly improper to place these payments on that contingency. My letters however from the Hague will have given you my sentiments on this subject & shew how disadvantageous I consider it for the U.S. to be now forced on the markets. There is one circumstance also which made me suppose you did not consider the U.S. being forced to make a retrograde step in the rate of interest, in as prejudicial a light as I do. In my letter of Aug. 30. I informed you of Russias having opened a loan at 4\u00bd p. cent. interest & consequently of the difficulty if not impossibility of any other power obtaining one at a lower rate. In your letter of Nov. 26. you acknowlege the reciept of mine of Aug. 30. & still express no determination of efforts by remittances to prevent the U.S. from going on the market, to supply the demands of June next. As it is well known that they have large payments to make then, I had hoped if they could have satisfied them without coming on the market that this would have given such a confirmed idea of that determination never to raise their interest, as to have enabled them in fact to have kept up to it.\nIndependent of the several reasons given by the commissioners, in their letter of which I hope they will have sent you a copy, for losing no time in authorising them to open the loan\u2014there was another which presented itself here from the present critical situation of the post. It was impossible to say how long it might remain open for the conveyance of letters from this country & it therefore became urgent to convey to them my ideas as fully & as expeditiously as possible. Had I been on the spot, or within corresponding distance I should of course have tried every gradation before consenting to the extreme of 5 p. cent. Situated as I was I thought it would be imprudent to risk delay on the possibility of obtaining lower terms. Although the expressions of their letter held out in a faint manner this possibility, yet I was convinced from the reason of the letter that it would not be realized. In this I have not been mistaken, as a letter from them of the 24th. of Jan. received since my last informs me that discount on bills of exchange has risen to 5 p. cent & upwards\u2014that the Financier of Holland has opened a loan for twelve millions at 4 p cent & that people keep up their money in the hope of employing it advantageously in the English funds &c. so as to preclude all thoughts of their being able to procure a return for the U.S. under five p. cent interest.\nI cannot better explain to you the authorisation I gave them & the occasions in which I desired it to be acted under than by inclosing to you copies of my two letters on that subject of Feb. 4. & 12.\u2014of the first a copy was also sent in my last of the 5th. inst. I have since then recieved no further information from them\u2014nor shall I be able to know for some time even supposing no interruption in the post, what steps they may have taken in consequence of my letter of the 4th. I still hope you will consider it proper for the reasons mentioned formerly; to give your orders to the commissioners, in some more direct way\u2014the unsettled state of the post & the possibility of its being interrupted soon between this & the northern parts of Europe by the way of France, render this still more necessary.\nThe commissioners wrote to me on the 10th. of Jan. merely to inform me that they had remitted on acct. of the Spanish debt a further sum of \u00a330332.10.10 which has been recieved here. I have not yet been able to get from M. Gardoqui, any information respecting our debt. As in conversation he told me it amounted far beyond what you had stated, I observed to him that I supposed there must exist a specified debt of about 170,000 Dollars principal\u2014& that it was that debt alone with the interest on it that I considered myself authorized to pay, not having powers to liquidate unsettled claims. He has promised me to examine into this, but as yet it is only a promise. Mr. Carmichael has been trying for months past to obtain the ascertainment of this\u2014but has never been able to get more than promises to satisfy him. He thinks Mr. Jay did give a receipt for the sum of 170,000 dollars. Of course I see no risk in going on with the payment to the amount of that sum with the interest to the present time. As the bankers have found difficulty for some time past in obtaining good bills & on good terms to any amount, it has been my intention ever since being here to make an arrangement with M. Gardoqui for his recieving this money at Amsterdam. I have not as yet been able to settle any thing whatever with him, or even to get an answer from him, so much delay is there here in every thing & so much are they occupied at this moment particularly in more pressing European business.\nOn my passage through Antwerp I asked M. de Wolf what he then thought of US credit & he told me the American credit was still the best, but that the moment was unfavorable for business of any kind\u2014all men\u2019s minds being totally occupied by the unsettled state of affairs. I easily inferred from his manner of speaking that he did not then think a loan at 4. p. cent could be effected. I did not dilate on this subject however & merely observed to him that there was no intention of going on the market, with which he seemed much pleased. This letter will be sent by duplicate by Libson & Cadiz.\nI have the honor to be most respectfully sir, your most obedt. servt.\nW Short\nThe HonbleAlexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0045", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jonathan Trumbull, 25 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Trumbull, Jonathan\nTreasury DepartmentFebruary 25th. 1793.\nSir,\nI beg leave through you, to observe to the House of Representatives, that the statements communicated by my first and second letter in answer to their resolutions of the 23d. of January last which were printed by order of the House, have been printed in an incorrect and very confused manner.\nIn page 4 of my first letter, a sum of 605,883 dollars and eight cents is expressed as 60583 Dollars and eight cents.\nThe Mercantile form of Debtor and Creditor sides, which was observed in the Accounts transmitted, and which is material to perspicuity, has been dropped and a statement in succession; of the oposite sides of the account substituted. In addition to this, headings have been introduced, which are not in the originals, and these headings have been in one important case inverted.\nIn statement A, transmitted with my first letter, Receipts have been put for Expenditures, and Expenditures for Receipts. Other inaccuracies, less material, might be noticed.\nThe effect of relinquishing the mercantile form of an account current will be perceived at once, upon an Inspection of either of the statements, but it will be particularly striking in statement No II of my second letter, shewing half yearly the application of the fund for reducing the public debt, constituted by the Act of the 8th. of May last.\nIt was the practice \u2019till the present session to send to the Treasury proof sheets of the reports from the Department, which were printed by direction of the House, in order to their being examined and corrected, before they were finally struck off. This useful practice, however has been discontinued, during the present session.\nThe House will be at no loss to perceive that their own satisfaction, on any point of inquiry, the due information of the public, and the reputation of the department, from which any report or statement proceeds, are alike concerned in the accuracy of the form, under which it is presented.\nWith a particular eye to the last consideration, I take the liberty to express a wish to the House, that some regulation may be adopted to enable the head of this department, to secure the fidelity and correctness of the printed copies of the reports, which shall hereafter be made to the House and shall be committed to the press by their order.\nWith perfect respect, I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir your most obedient & humble servant\nAlexander Hamilton,Secretary of the Treasury.\nThe HonbleThe Speaker of the House of Representatives.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0046", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 25 February 1793\nFrom: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Amsterdam, February 25, 1793. On April 4, 1793, Willink, Van Staphorst, and Hubbard wrote to Hamilton: \u201cWe had the honor to address you the \u2026 25 February.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0047", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President, Directors, and Company of the Bank of the United States, 26 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President, Directors, and Company of the Bank of the United States\nTreasury Department February 26th1793\nGentlemen,\nI have to request that you will be pleased to advance to The Honorable Jonathan Trumbull Esqr. the sum of Thirty Thousand Dollars; on Account of the compensations due to the Members of the House of Representatives of the United States.\nAs I have been informed, that the Bill making appropriations for the present year has passed both Houses of Congress, I hope to have it in my power very shortly to replace this sum, as well as, the Monies which have been hitherto advanced by you for the Public service, in compliance with my several requisitions for that purpose.\nI am with great Consideration \u2003 Gentlemen \u2003 Your Most Obedient Servant\nA Hamilton\nThe President, Directors & Companyof the Bank of the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0048", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, 26 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\nTreasury Department, February 26, 1793. Requests \u201ca further advance of one thousand Dollars to Young and Dannacker \u2026 on account of their Clothing Contract with the Public.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0050", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tobias Lear, 26 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nTreasury Department, February 26, 1793. Encloses \u201ca small account against the United States, for a Seal for the use of the District Court of the State of Vermont.\u201d Requests \u201cthe President\u2019s permission for paying it.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0052-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Supplementary Estimate of Sums Necessary to Be Appropriated for the Services of the Year 1793, 27 February 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Nourse, Joseph\nTo: \nMint of the United States.\nFor defraying certain expences which have been incurred by the institution of the Mint, under a resolution of Congress of 3rd March 1791, and the Act for establishing a Mint and regulating the coins of the United States, passed 2d April 1792.\nPurchase of a House, and two lotts of ground erecting two new brick buildings, furnaces &c, and two new frame buildings, paying Workmen employed in making Machines for brass and Iron castings, Barr Iron steel coals, firewood &c for the Mint Salaries of the Officers to 31st December 1792\nDirectors Salary from July 1st to December 31st, 1792.\nCoiners ditto from June 1st to December 31st 1792 @ 1500. dollars\nHis Clerks from August 13th to December 31st @ 312. dollars Pr. Annum\nTreasurers Salary from June 1st to December 31st @ 1200 dollars Pr. Annum\nDollars Cents\nDollars Cents\nSalaries of the Officers for 1793.\nDirector of the Mint\nAssayer\nChief Coiner\nEngraver\nTreasurer\nThree Clerks @ 500 dollars\nWorkmens wages about 50 dollars Per week}\nFor bringing forward to the seat of government the votes of the Electors in the several States for President and Vice President of the United States, as provided for by the Act of the 1st March 1792\nTo Ezra Bartlet; for New Hampshire\nPr. acct. settled at the Treasury 18th December 1792\nJohn S. Tyler for Massachusetts Pr. acct. settled at the Treasury 26th December 1792\nLott Hall for Vermont Pr. acct. settled at the Treasury 2d January 1792\n\u201c \u2003 Daniel Updike for Rhode Island Pr. Acct. settled at the Treasury 26th Decr. 1792.\n\u201c \u2003 Enoch Parsons, for Connecticut Pr. Account settled at the Treasury 14th Decr. 1792\n\u201c \u2003 Robert Williams for New York Pr. acct settled at the Treasury 12th December 1792\nEstimated for New Jersey acct not settled at the Treasury 30 Miles @ 25 Cents\nStephen Stephenson for Pennsylvania Pr. acct settled at the treasury 11th Decr: 1792\nGunning Bedford, for Delaware Pr. acct. settled at the Treasury 14th Decr 1792.\nE. Valette, for Maryland Pr act settled at the Treasury 17th December 1792\nSamuel Peters, for Virginia, Pr. acct settled at the Treasury 17th December 1792\nNotley Conn for Kentucky Pr. acct settled at the Treasury, 8th January 1793\nStephen White for North Carolina Pr. acct settled at the Treasury 27th Decr. 1792\nThomas Fitzpatrick, for South Carolina Pr. acct. settled at the Treasury 29th Decr 1792\nAnderson Watkins for Georgia Pr. account settled at the Treasury 31st December 1792\nFor the discharge of a claim founded on a resolution of Congress of the 28th September 1785, granting two hundred dollars (but not paid) to Return Jonathan Meigs late a Colo. in the service of the United States, and to the legal representatives of\ndollars cents\nChristopher Green deceased\nAlso for interest thereon from 16th May 1776, in pursuance of an Act of Congress of the United States for that purpose passed the 14th January 1793 is 16 years 8 Months @ 6 Pr. Ct. Pr. Annum\nFor the amount of the Secretary at War his estimate dated 26th November 1792 of pay, subsistence and Forage due to Wynthrop Sergeant as Adjutant General to the troops late under the command of Major General St. Clair, the pay and emoluments of a Lieutenant Colonel\nPay from the 16th June to 31st Decr. 1791 6\u00bd months @ 60 dollars Pr. Month.\nForage for the same period @ 12 dollars Per Month\nSubsistence Vizt.\nFort Washington, from 16th June to 19th Octr 126. days at 6 rations Pr. day is 756 rations @ 6\u00be Cents\nOn the March to the Miami Village from the 20th October to the 9th Novr. 126 rations at 15\u00bc Cents\nFort Washington, from the 10th Novr. to the 31st December 312 rations @ 6\u00be Cents\nFor the payment of Dunlap and Claypoole, printers their account of printing work done under the direction of a Committee of the Convention of the United States for 1320 Copies of the Constitution &c\nFor the Clerk of the House of Representatives his estimate for the payment of certain extra expences of the Door keeper this session, and also for defraying the expence of attending Witnesses and Clerk hire, to the late committee of the House on their enquiry into the causes of the failure of the expedition under General St. Clair\nFor so much short estimated for the principal Clerk to the Secretary of the Senate for his services from 1st July to 4th November 1792 127 days @ 3 dollars Per day\nAlso for his services to 31st December 1793. the former estimate having been for only 6 months; whereas the Secretary of the Senate estimates full employment throughout the year 365 days @ 3 dol:\n\u214c day\nDeduct 6 months already estimated\nDitto for engrossing Clerk 365 days @ 2 dollars Per day\nDeduct 6 Months already estimated\nAlso for the payment of Extra services of the Door keeper this session 183 days at 50 Cents Per day\nTo defray the expence which will attend the stating and printing the public accounts for 1792, in compliance with the order of the House of Representatives of the 30th Decr. 1791\nFor the payment of the Trustees of Wilmington public Grammar school & Accademy for damages done to the same by the troops of the United States during late war according to a settlement thereof, made at the Treasury under the Act of the United States passed the 13th April 1792\nLight Houses.\nTo make good so much deficient in the appropriation for 1791\nFor building a lighthouse on Montok point agreeably to the Act of Congress of 12 August 1792 (not yet ceded)\nFor building a pier at Sandy Hook in the State of New Jersey\nFor building a pier at the Town of New Castle in the State of Delaware\nFor compleating the lighthouse on Baldhead at the mouth of Cape fear River\nFor three Clerks to be employed (so far as necessary) in the Office of the Commissioner of the Revenue upon documents for the public service relative to imports, exports, Tonnage &c. @ 500 dollars Per Annum\nFor the printing of ships registers, and other Marine papers at the Treasury, and for books of record in the Registry office, incident to the Acts for \u201cRegistering and recording ships and other vessels\u201d and for \u201cenrolling and licencing ships and vessels employed in the coasting trade and Fisheries.\u201d\nDollars\nJoseph Nourse Regr.\nTreasury Department,Registers Office, 27th February 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0053", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jean Baptiste de Ternant, 26 February 1793\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste de\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphie 26 fevr. 1793 l\u2019an 2 de la R\u00e9pe. francaise\nLe M. d. f. au secretaire de la tr\u00e9sorerie\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous addresser cy-jointe la copie d\u2019une lettre du secretaire d\u2019\u00e9tat, en vous priant de me faire connoitre \u00e0 quelles \u00e9poques le reste des trois millions mention\u00e9s dans cette lettre pourra etre acquitt\u00e9 par la tresorerie des Etats unis. Vous sentirez indubitablement, combien il importe au bien du service \u00e0 effectuer avec ces fonds, que les payemens en soient imm\u00e9diats ou au moins tr\u00e9s prochains.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0055", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jean Baptiste de Ternant, 26 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste de\nTreasury Department February 26 1793\nSir\nI have the honor of your letter of this date inclosing one to you from the Secretary of State also of this date.\nTowards carrying into execution the arrangment, which has been directed by the President of the united States, and which is announced to you in the abovementioned letter from the Secretary of State I shall be ready to pay, on account of the Debt to France, in addition to the sums heretofore stipulated, the further sum of four hundred & forty four thousand and five hundred Dollars in six equal installments\u2014the first on the fifteenth of April next, the second on the first of may following\u2014the third on the fifteenth of that month, the fourth on the first of June following, the fifth on the fifteenth of that month, and the sixth on the first of July following.\nWith esteem & respect \u2003 I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Obedt & humble Servt\nAlexander Hamilton\nDe Ternant minister of France", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0056", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 26 February 1793\nFrom: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAmsterdam 26 February 1793.\nSir\nWe had the honor to address You the 25 Ulto. and have now to advise you that owing to the attack made upon this Country by France The circulation of Money has been so checked as to render it excessively nay unparalleled scarce: The natural Consequence is a great depression in the prices of all Stocks and Bonds, to such a Degree indeed that they may be said to be unsaleable. Any fresh Undertakings are utterly impossible in this State of Things and We cannot foresee how long it will last. But we assure You that while it exists, no loans are to be raised here at any rate, even for the United States.\nYou will therefore please, not calculate upon any Resources here to face the Engagements of the United States falling successively due, before You learn from us a favorable Change of Circumstances: To communicate which, will be a most pleasing task to us.\nWe are &c.\nW. & J. Willink\nN. & J. van Staphorst & Hubbard\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0057", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Nathaniel Appleton, 27 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Appleton, Nathaniel\nTreasury Department, February 27, 1793. Has directed the treasurer of the United States to furnish Appleton with a draft for fifty-five thousand dollars to be applied \u201ctowards discharging the Interest which will become due the 31st of the ensuing month, on the several Species of Stock standing on your books.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0059", "content": "Title: George Washington to Alexander Hamilton and Henry Knox, 27 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry\n[Philadelphia] 27 February 1793.\nSir,\nAs the day is near at hand, when the President-elect is to take the oath of qualification, and no mode is pointed out by the Constitution or law; I could wish that you, mr Jefferson (Genl. Knox, or Colo. Hamilton) and mr Randolph could meet tomorrow morning, at any place which you may fix between yourselves; & communicate to me the result of your opinions as to time, place & manner of qualification.\nGeo: Washington.\nP.S. Mr. Jefferson & mr Randolph have suggested the idea of meeting at the war-office at nine o\u2019Clock tomorrow morning; if this is convenient & agreeable to you, you will be there accordingly\u2014if otherwise you will be so good as to let me know.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0060", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jonathan Burrall, 28 February 1793\nFrom: Burrall, Jonathan\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, February 28, 1793. On March 2, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Burrall and referred to \u201cyour letter of the 28th ulto.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0061", "content": "Title: Cabinet Meeting. Opinion on the Time, Place, and Manner of the President-Elect Taking the Oath of Office, [28 February 1793]\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, February 28, 1793]\nIf the qualification is to be in private, T.J, A.H H.K and E.R, are of opinion, that Mr. Cushing should administer the oath to the President at his own house, where such officers, or others, as he may notify, will attend. T.J. and A.H. think, that it ought to be in private.\nH.K. and E.R. on the other hand think, that the qualification ought to be in public: and that the Marshal of the district should prepare the house of Representatives for the purpose where Mr. Cushing shall administer the oath. The Prest. to go without form, accompanied with such gentlemen, as he thinks proper, and return preceded by the Marshall.\nMonday, 12 o\u2019clock, is presumed to be the best time.\nBut as the mode will be considered by the public, as originating with the President, it is submitted to him for his decision.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0062", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Peter Colt, 28 February 1793\nFrom: Colt, Peter\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPaterson [New Jersey] 28 Febuy. 1793\nSir:\nOn examining mr. Pearce\u2019s acct. I find he has recieved a considerable Sum of Money from you & that mr. Parkinson has also been furnished with Some Money in part of his act. There is no charges made by the Society against you to cut up this act. except three Hundred Dollars which mr Walker paid to your Order\u2014neither is there any documents in this office which can serve to shew if you have been reimbursed your advances, or from what Quarter the Money has come. I can only conjecture it has been had through Colo Duer, the former Governor; from whom I am told no accounts can be obtained. I must therefore pray you to cause a copy of your accounts with the Society to be made out & sent me here, as soon as can be conveniently done; that I may be enabled to lay before the Board of Directors a compleat Statement of their Funds &c. An acct. from the Bank of the united States up to this time is also wanted; as the cashier may not know of my appointment he may not choose to make me the return. I must therefore, for this once, request your interferance in procuring this return; as the orders for drawing out the Monies of the Banks have never been registered here it will be necessary that the Bank name the persons to whom Monies have been paid.\nWhen I arrived at Paterson I found Messrs. Hall, Marshall & Pearce, totally dissatisfied with their Situation & prospects\u2014the two latter requesting to be discharged. Mr. Marshall has demanded that his Salary be raised to \u00a3200 Sterlg \u214c annum, without which he declares he will not continue in the Service of the Society. As I do not find I am authorised to make any contracts of this nature I have referd him to mr Low. He went to New York yester day to bring this Business to a close. I have been told that mr. Pearce is dissatisfied with his Salary; but he has said nothing to me on the Subject. I have this moment learned that he leaves this with mr Hall, this day, for Philadelphia. I presume therefore you will be informed of his demand. Marshall & Pearce appear, as far as I can judge of their Branches, perfectly masters of their Business; & very valuable Men to the Society, & that they cannot be discharged without the Society Sustaining great loss. They will be ready with their work Sooner than we can get command of the water.\nSeveral Buildings which have been ordered for manufactures, are extremely wanted, as well as a durable building for the purposes of general Magazine or Store House; but Majr. L\u2019.Enfant, to whom this part of the Business has been confided, not being here, nothing can be done; and our weavers are working by the day in such wretched Sheds, that they loose half their time. In short no arrangments can be made for puting things on a more durable & advantagious footing untill the Majr. returns on the ground.\nKnowing how much you have the success of this institution at heart has induced me to make you this communication.\nI am, Sir \u2003 most respectfully \u2003 your obedient \u2003 humbl. Servant\nP. Colt\nAlexr. Hamilton EsquireSecretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0063", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 28 February 1793\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCustom-House,Providence 28th. February 1793.\nSir.\nI have received your circular Letter of the 22nd. of January, covering the \u201cAct concerning the Registering and Recording of Ships or Vessels.\u201d Your Instructions relative to which, and the lost Certificate of registry, shall be carefully attended to.\nI observe, that in the execution of the above mentioned Act, several different Oaths are required, which are to be so formed as to embrace a variety of Cases; and that no Form is pointed out for the Register Bond: As a uniformity in these, as well as in all other Matters, relative to the Revenue Laws, is very desirable, I beg leave, respectfully, to suggest the propriety of such Forms being transmitted from the Treasury, as will be essential in respect to those Two particulars.\nThe Certificate of admeasurement, when a Vessel has been altered in burthen, is the Voucher for a Collector to register her anew; but what is to be his Voucher, or from whom is it proper the information should come, when any alteration is made in her Form? I also wish to be informed, Sir, whether the Certificates of registry, which may be granted agreeable to the 11th. and 12th. Sections, are to be transmitted by the Collector who issues them to the Register of the Treasury? The Seventh and Fourteenth Sections being so explicit, with respect to the transmission to him of all Certificates delivered up on the several occasions therein mentioned, that I am at a loss to know whether it was intended the others should be transmitted or not.\nWith my Return of Cash No. 134, I enclose a duplicate Receipt No. 38, of the Providence Bank, for Two Thousand Dollars, which I have charged to the United States.\nI have the Honor to be &c.\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nAlexander Hamilton EsquireSecretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0065", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William S. Smith, 28 February 1793\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, February 28, 1793. The account of a cabinet meeting on March 2, 1793, reads: \u201cThe President communicated to the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of War and the Attorney General of the United States, a letter from William S. Smith Esqr. of the 28th of February past, to the Secretary of the Treasury.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0066", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Short, 29 February 1793\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAranjuez [Spain] Feb. 29. 1793.\nSir\nSince my last of the 25th. (of which a duplicate is inclosed) I have had the honor of recieving from Amsterdam yours of the 31st. of Dec. acknowleging the reciept of mine up to the 9th. of Oct. inclusive.\nI have nothing at present to add to the contents of my last letter having as yet recieved no further advice from the commissioners at Amsterdam. No answer from them to my letter of the 4th of this month can be expected here before the 10th of the next month even if there should be no interruption in the post. They will of course give you the earliest information of any measures they may take.\nShould they succeed in the loan of two millions I have authorized they will be able to answer to all calls at least as far as regard the interest & reimbursements of the foreign debt, up to June 1 inclusive. The market being likely to remain bad for the present year at least, perhaps even subject to such convulsions as not to be to be depended on at all, I cannot help repeating how much it is to be desired that such remittances should be made from home, as to not to expose the U.S. to the risk of that dependence. The sums that will be wanted at Amsterdam for the remaining part of the year, being known to you I shall add nothing further on the subject, except to mention the importance of your intentions being known as soon as possible.\nI know not whether the commissioners will engage to furnish these sums in the manner & on the conditions you proposed. As soon as I can learn I will not fail to inform you. Perhaps the fear of its being done by others may induce them to make an exertion\u2014though that is much more in the English than the Dutch way.\nI am\nThe Honbl. Alexa: Hamilton \u2003 Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0067", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [February 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, February, 1793.] Sends list of recommendations for positions as Indian commissioners.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0068", "content": "Title: Cabinet Meeting. Opinion on the Time, Place, and Manner of the President-Elect Taking the Oath of Office, [1 March 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, March 1, 1793]\nIt is our opinion,\n1. that the President ought to take the oath in public.\n2. that the time be on Monday next at 12 o\u2019clock in the forenoon.\n3. that the place be the Senate-chamber.\n4. that the Marshal of the district inform the Vice-President, that the Senate-chamber, being the usual place of the president\u2019s public acts, is supposed to be the best place for taking the oath; and that it is wished, the chamber be open.\n5. that it may be informally notified to the Vice President governor and foreign ministers, that the oath is to be taken at the time and place abovementioned.\n6. that Mr. Cushing be requested to attend; and administer the oath.\n7. that the President go without form attended by such gentlemen, as he may choose, and return without form, except that he be preceded by the Marshal.\nH Knox\n  Edm: Randolph\nMy opinion given yesterday was founded on prudential considerations of the moment; though I think it right in the abstract to give publicity to the Act in question. If this is to be done on the present occasion, I see no objection to the above form. I am not, however, satisfied that prudential considerations are not equally ballanced.\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0069", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 1 March 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury DepartmentRevenue Office March 1st. 1793\nSir,\nI have the honor to transmit to you a general state of Revenue on domestic distilled spirits exhibiting as far as returns have been received at the Treasury, the several objects contemplated by the House of Representatives in their order of the 8th of May last. The Supervisors of those Districts, wherein the distillation is principally from domestic materials in the Country, were in many instances unable to establish Collectors by reason of the smallness of the compensations under the first act, and you will remember that from that and other causes, the detailed information was necessary to enable the President to make the final distributions of the funds assigned for compensations and expences could not be collected so as to complete that business \u2019till the end of October.\nThe appointments have since been generally made; and consequently this Revenue will now take a more orderly course.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 With great respect, \u2003 Sir, Your most obedient Servant.\nTench Coxe,Commissioner of the Revenue.\nThe HonbleThe Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0070", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John F. Mercer, 1 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Mercer, John F.\nPhiladelphia March 1. 1793\nSir\nYou will readily comprehend, without explanation, the occasion of my having left your letter of the 31 of January unanswered, \u2019till this time.\nYou acknowlege that what Mr. Key states is the fact, as far as he states facts; and that in general the Conversation related by Mr. Campbell is such as really passed; though you recollect to have declared, that you never had said, or thought, that I was any how personally or pecuniarily interested with Duer; stating as your Idea that Duer was favoured from motives of personal friendship in whatever transactions he was concerned in that were connected with my Office.\nUpon this acknowlegement, I conceive myself bound to declare, that the suggestions, which I understand to be avowed by you are gross misrepresentations, from whatever sources they may have been derived; and until the authorities, to which you allude, shall be made [to] appear to have been such as to justify on your part a belief of the matters alleged, I must consider your conduct in propagating them as wanton and unwarrantable. In the mean time, I aver that the allegations which have been made cannot be substantiated; and I add, that it is not in your power to shew that I ever unduly favoured Mr. Duer, from whatever motives, in any transactions of his with the Department under my care. I feel confident, that in no instance, did he experience from me, in my official character, any more favourable treatment, than it has been usual with me from considerations of public utility, to extend to others, in similar cases. Indeed, except as Assignee or Agent of Mr. Fowler, I recollect no transactions, he has had with the Department, which have fallen under my cognizance or direction. And in regard to that, the strictest scrutiny would issue in a conclusion different from the one, which you seem to have drawn.\nYou observe, that you have been led into the present business, without provocation, & that the attack has not been on your side. Surely, Sir, you will not say, that any was made by me. I have good ground to believe, that you have before this learnt of General Heister that the story of my opposition to your election, (which is traced to him) is without foundation. This he declares to me to be the case; and I understand from him, that he has communicated the same thing to you.\nTo the concluding passage of your letter I can make no reply; because I can annex to it no definite meaning.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0071", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Samuel A. Otis, [1\u20132 March 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Otis, Samuel A.\n[Philadelphia, March 1\u20132, 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury here incloses a letter of request to the Bank of the U States for an informal advance to Mr Otis of Fifteen thousand nine hundred & seventy two dollars & ninety cents\u2014on accot of the Compensations due to the Senators of the U States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0072", "content": "Title: Report on the Petition of Lewis Garanger, [1 March 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, March 1, 1793Communicated on March 2, 1793]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury to whom was referred by an order of the House of Representatives of the 12th. of February, the Petition of Lewis Garranger, on behalf of himself and his brother Charles Garranger, thereupon respectfully makes the following Report:\nThe petition among other objects sets forth that the interest due upon certain certificates which had been issued in favor of Lewis Garanger in November 1783, when he was in confinement for debt, and upon those issued in favor of Charles Garanger in July 1784 having been mortgaged to the Creditors of the two Brothers, was on that account not put upon the same footing with the certificates granted to other foreign Officers, upon which the interest was payable at the House of Mr. Grand banker at Paris. The Petitioner now prays payment of principal and interest of the said certificates in specie, under the regulation made in favor of certain foreign Officers.\nIt appears that the accounts of the Petitioner and his brother for pay and subsistence were liquidated by the commissioner of Army accounts and final settlements issued to them, which were afterwards exchanged for certificates of Registered debt.\nIf it was in the option of the petitioner either to take certificates upon which the interest was payable at Paris in specie, or to prefer the other certificates of the register of the Treasury, it appears that the election was made in favor of the latter. The Petitioner is at present a holder of Registered debt. Any other modification, except the funding of it, if once admitted would form a precedent, which might in many other cases be productive of consequences fraught with inconvenience.\nThe Secretary therefore submits it as his opinion that so far as the petition relates to the special object in question, no legislative interference will be adviseable. As it relates to other objects, the Secretary on account of the lateness of the present session begs leave to defer his opinion until the meeting of the next Congress.\nAll which is humbly submitted.\nAlexander Hamilton.Secy of the Treasury.\nTreasury DepartmentMarch 1st. 1793", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0073", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jean Baptiste de Ternant, 1 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste de\nTreasury DepartmentMarch 1st. 1793.\nSir,\nI have to assure you, in answer to your letter of the 26th. of February, that fully impressed with the importance to your Object, of speedy advances, it has been my aim to shorten the period of making them; as far as could consist with the general arrangements and prospects of the Treasury; having due regard to other Objects of expenditure which are indispensable.\nIn consequence of your last application, I have reexamined the subject with a strong desire to find it possible to abridge the periods which have been communicated; but the result is a confirmation of the conviction, that I ought not to promise more than has been already promised. The success of some arrangements which are meditated, may enable me hereafter to contract some of the more remote periods. In such an event it will give me pleasure to do it. And you will be duly informed of the possibility.\nWith Respect & Esteem \u2003 I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Most Obedient & \u2003 Humble Servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nMr. TernantMinister Plenipotentiary of France", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0075", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jonathan Burrall, 2 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Burrall, Jonathan\nTreasury DepartmentMarch 2nd. 1793\nSir\nI find that my letter of the 23rd ultimo (which was written in haste) proposing an arrangement for the accomodation of Merchants who are indebted to the Custom house, does not correctly express the idea which was contemplated.\nThe mode of transacting the business as mentioned in your letter of the 28th ulto. is the true one to be pursued, that is, Notes of the parties indebted will be presented for discount to the amount of the respective sums due to the Custom house\u2014the Directors judge of the safety of the Notes, and take the risk of non payment upon themselves. When notes are accepted the proceeds are subject to checks in favor of the Collector only, which checks the Bank receives from the Collector as Cash\nYour account concerning the purchase of Debt for the Commissioners of the sinking fund will be adjusted in a few days.\nI am with consideration \u2003 Sir \u2003 your obedt Servant\nAlex Hamilton\nJonathn Burral EsqrCashier of the Office of D & DNew York", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0076", "content": "Title: Cabinet Meeting. Opinion on Proposals Made by William S. Smith Relative to the French Debt, [2 March 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, March 2, 1793]\nThe President communicated to the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of War and the Attorney General of the United States, a letter from William S. Smith Esqr. of the 28th of February past, to the Secretary of the Treasury, with sundry Papers\u2014No. I. II. III & IV. relating to a negotiation for changing the form of the debt to France; and required their opinion what answer should be returned to the Application.\nThe opinion unanimously is, that the Secretary of the Treasury shall inform Mr. Smith that the Government of the United States have made engaged payments to France to the extent which is at present consistent with their arrangements; and do not judge it adviseable to take any measures on the subject of his Application.\nTh: Jefferson\nAlexander Hamilton\nH Knox\nEdm: Randolph.\nMarch 2nd. 1793", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0077", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Hillhouse, [2 March 1793]\nFrom: Hillhouse, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, March 2, 1793.] Recommends Melancthon Lloyd Woolsey \u201cAs a proper person to be Appointed Collector of the New District on Lake Champlain.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0079", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William S. Smith, 2 March 1793\nFrom: Smith, William Stephens\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, March 2, 1793. According to an entry in JPP\u201cJournal of the Proceedings of the President,\u201d George Washington Papers, Library of Congress. for March 2, 1793, Hamilton submitted to the President \u201ca letter from Colo. W. S. Smith of this date respecting the debt of the U.S. to France\u2014with a Copy of a letter wh. he had written to Mr. Ternant on the subject\u2014and an Extract of a Communication from the Minister of Contributions at Paris to Colo. Smith dated Novr. 1792.\u201d Letter from Smith not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0080", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Bard, 4 March 1793\nFrom: Bard, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew york March 4 1793.\nSir\nI dined a few days ago with a large Company at Judge Duanes, In the course of the after noon, you became the Subject of general Conversation. It gave me the greatest pleasure to hear that Just and greatfull applause which all the Company bestowed upon \u27e8y\u27e9ou. Your Friend General Gates declared when ever \u27e8y\u27e9our Idea was present to his mind, he could not help \u27e8ap\u27e9plying to you the Beautifull Epitaph, Mr Pope wrote \u27e8t\u27e9o the memory of his Friend Mr Secretary Craggs\nStatesman yet Friend to truth, of Soul Sincere,\nIn Action Faithfull, and in Honour Clear!\nWho broke no Promise, Serv\u2019d no Private end,\nWho gaind no Title, and who lost no Friend,\nEnnobled by Himself, by all approved\nPraised, wept, and Honourd, by the Muse he lov\u2019d.\nIt was Unanimously, & Heartily agreed by this Respectable Company, that these lines exibited an Exact and perfect portraid of Coll Hammiltons Character; The delight I felt at this Just and greatfull Ulogium has prompted me to Communicate it to the only Gentleman, who will probably feel less Sensibility on the Occasion, than any of his Numerous Friends Tho I presume, a Just Tribute of praise, which flows from a greatfull sense of those great and essential Benefits, a man derives to his Country, by Superiour abilities, and unremitting devotion to its real Interests, cannot be Ungreatfull to the Generous Donor himself.\nI am Sir \u2003 With Real Respect & affection \u2003 Your most Humble Servt.\nJohn Bard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0081", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Cabot, [4 March 1793]\nFrom: Cabot, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, March 4, 1793]\nMy dear Sir\nThe People of Massachusetts entertain the idea that a balance is due to the State more than sufficient to cover her State debt, & some anxiety has been excited in the legislature of that state lest she shou\u2019d finally fail of receiving it. After the failure of the Assumption bill I intended to have had five minutes conversation with you on the subject, but saw that your time seemed to be overcharged with other business.\nI hope you will find leisure & inclination to furnish me soon with your ideas on the interesting subject of commercial policy & that you will say definitively whether my continuance in the bank is to be desired or not since it furnishes so copious a topic for complaint. I called this morning to bid you farewell but you were absent.\nMay God bless you!\nG Cabot\nEveg March 4. 93", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0082", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Lincoln, 4 March 1793\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston March 4th. 1793\nSir\nI had too little time with you when in Philadelphia. Your particular engagments forbid my calling on you as often as under different circumstances I should have called.\nOne question in particular was left unsettled the application of Mr. Joseph Blake respecting the quallity of some wines he imported. The Comptroller was in opinion that there could not any consideration be made for its being of an inferiour quallity. Mr Blake wishes you would look of his statement of the business as in the hands of the Comptroller and give your opinion after as soon as it shall be convenient.\nCap Williams has an acct some where in your department, for expressing before the last Cutter was finished. He wishes it might be taken up & settled.\nWe shall want a few registers before April.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0083", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Nicholas Low, 4 March 1793\nFrom: Low, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew york 4 March 1793\nDr. Sir\nThe foregoing is extract of a Letter from Mr. Colt of 1 Instt. What can be the Cause of Maj. L Enfants extraordinary long Absence? Will you speak to him and advise him to come forward immediately. I suspect that strong Efforts will be made to take Pearse out of our Employ and at the same Time I do not beleive we can do well without him. His & Marshalls Salaries at \u00a3100: Stg are both too low and must at the next Meeting be raised. I wish you would find out pearse & converse with him.\nI am Dr. sr. yours very sincerely\nNichs Low", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0084", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John F. Mercer, 5 March 1793\nFrom: Mercer, John F.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBaltimore Mar 5. 1793.\nSir\nI was surprizd by a letter from you at the moment I was about to leave Philadelphia with Mrs. Mercer very much indisposed & still more astonished to find on my arrival here, that Major Ross had brought this subject again before the public in the Newspapers, in a manner calculated to make the falsest & most injurious impressions, where the progress of this business was altogether unknown. It woud have been more candid & honorable to have settled this in Philadelphia where we were all on the spot. My intention in my last was to place this controversy, on such neutral ground that you might with propriety put an end to the correspondance on the principles you had yourself declard \u201cthat if I did not impeach your integrity, you woud not have concluded an attack on your public conduct a sufficient ground to adopt this mode of discussion.\u201d But since you have thought proper to reject this mode you will make the best of that which you have prefered. I will now abide by what has already passed & as matter of opinion only is disputed. I shall deem all further explanation unnecessary on my part & risk a return of the gross expressions of your last. I shall wait any further communication from you 8 days in Annapolis.\nI am &c.\nJohn F Mercer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0086", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tench Coxe, 6 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Coxe, Tench\nTreasury Department March 6th. 1793\nSir\nI request your attention to the enclosed Resolution of the House of Representatives of the 2 instant, requiring certain Returns relative to the Revenue, to be furnished to Congress on the first monday in January next.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your obedt Servt\nA Hamilton\nCommissioner of the RevenueTench Coxe Esquire", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0087", "content": "Title: Conversation with George Hammond, [7 March\u20132 April 1793]\nFrom: Hammond, George,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, March 7\u2013April 2, 1793]\nSince I last had the honor of addressing your Lordship, I have had several conversations with Mr Hamilton on the subject of the probable conduct which this government may be induced to observe in the case of a war between Great Britain and France, of the commencement of which we have indeed received here some vague information, though through uncertain channels. From the uniform tenor of these conversations I perceive clearly that that Gentleman remains immoveable in his determination whenever that event may occur, of employing every exertion in his power to incline this country to adopt as strict a neutrality as may not be directly contrary to its public engagements: and I learn that the President perfectly concurs in sentiment with Mr Hamilton not only on the propriety, but on the indispensable necessity of pursuing that line of conduct.\u2026\nI have not been able, through Mr. Hamilton\u2019s conversations, to ascertain precisely the nature of the reception which the officers of this administration may give to Mr Gen\u00eat himself (when he arrives) or to any propositions that he may be instructed to offer. I can however collect that their actual intention is\u2014to acknowledge that Gentleman as the Minister of the government of France de facto\u2014to admit the principle that the treaties entered into with the former executive government of France, are binding upon the two nations\u2014but to declare explicitly that, previous to the contracting of any new engagements, this country may deem it expedient to wait until the national will of France be expressed by some organ more competent efficient and permanent than the present provisional council. With respect to the existing engagements between the two nations, I have said above that \u201cExertions would be employed to incline this country to adopt as strict a neutrality as may not be directly contrary\u201d to them. I deem myself fully justified in using so loose an expression by an assurance of Mr. Hamilton\u2019s that although these engagements could not be considered as null, yet that they would not be enforced to such an extent as that the observance of them might involve the United States in any difficulties or disputes with other powers.\nHow far subsequent events may effect an alteration in these resolutions, I cannot pretend to predict. But I have learnt from a confidential quarter an important fact, which not only proves their present existence, but also in some measure elucidates the principle upon which they are founded. Your Lordship will recollect that in the course of the war the United States contracted a considerable debt with France. Very shortly after the peace, the old Congress formed an arrangement of discharging it by installments at stated periods. This arrangement has been punctually executed. Exclusive of a sum of two hundred thousand dollars, left due from the last installment, which has been since within the last month paid to a person authorized to receive it (and to which as well as the mode of applying it I shall have occasion to advert in another dispatch) there still remains a balance against the United States of about three millions of dollars. The first installment of this balance becomes due in September next; and the residue at different settled intervals. But the provisional Council being solicitous to gain immediate possession of the whole, submitted to this government, either through the present French Minister or their confident agent Colonel Smith, a proposition for that purpose. viz\u2014to convert the whole sum owen to France into a fund upon the same terms as the other American stocks\u2014to allow the French government to dispose of this fund to individuals\u2014and to appropriate the whole proceeds to the purchase of American flour and wheat to be sent to France. This proposition underwent a long discussion in the American Cabinet when it was at length finally determined to reject it, and to inform the provisional council that this government would make no change whatever in the nature and form of the debt, but would pay the installments to the executive government of France, however it might be constituted, existing de facto at the periods at which they might be respectively due. This determination of the American Cabinet appears to me decisive of its views relative of the actual position of France; for surely had it been solicitous to promote the success of the present system in that nation, it would have embraced this offer so specious in its principle, and so highly beneficial to this country in all its collateral relations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0088", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Henry Knox, 8 March 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, March 8, 1793. On March 18, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Knox: \u201cI have before me your letter of the 8th. instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0089", "content": "Title: George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and Henry Knox, [9 March 1793]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander,Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry\n[Philadelphia, March 9, 1793]\nSir,\nExpecting that my private affairs will call me to Virginia on or before the 25 of this month, I have to request that you will lay before me, previous to that time, such matters within your Department as may require my attention or agency before I set out, as well as those which might be necessary for me to know or act upon during the time of my absence from the Seat of Government (which will be about four weeks) so far as such things may come to your knowledge before my departure.\nGeo: Washington\nUnited States9 March 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0090", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Edmund Randolph, 12 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nTreasury DepartmentMarch 12. 1793\nSir\nI had taken it for granted, from the general spirit of the transaction, that the first installment to the Bank of the United States of the loan mentioned in the within Agreement of the 25 of June last became payable on the 1st of January of the present year. But upon examining the Agreement, a doubt arises whether that intention be consistent with the tenor of the Instrument or how far the Act of Congress of the second instant gives a construction and authorises immediate Payment.\nI request then, as a guide, your opinion, whether an immediate payment of the whole first installment of the two millions borrowed will be conformable to the general spirit of the Agreement and to the Act of Congress just referred to\u2014and if not the whole, whether of any part and how much\u2014and in general at what period or periods the first installment may be considered as payable.\nIt is indubitably the interest of the Government to pay the whole sum without delay because the Bank at present understands the installment to have been payable at the time I have mentioned, and will I doubt not, if that construction can be pursued, consider an equivalent sum of interest as ceasing from the first of January last; but if the legal construction be taken to be different, the Interest will of course go on against the Public till the payment is made. And as the Treasury must be prepared for it, a correspondent sum must be kept in deposit to answer the demand, when the period of payment arrives.\nThese considerations however can only operate as motives to give as liberal a construction as can be fairly supported.\nWith respectful consideration \u2003 I am Sir \u2003 Your Obed ser\nEd Randolph EsqrAtty General", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0092", "content": "Title: Observer, [13\u201315 March 1793]\nFrom: \u201cObserver\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, March 13\u201315, 1793]\nAmong the publications which have appeared as containing the Debates in Congress respecting the Official Conduct of the Secretary of the Treasury Mr. Findley is represented as having made the following assertions \u201cThat the Secretary of the Treasury had acknowleged that he had not applied the money borrowed in Europe agreeably to the legal appropriations of the President. That he had acknowleged his having drawn to this Country and applied in Europe to uses for which other monies were appropriated three millions of Dollars. That he had acknowleged his having drawn from Europe more money than the law authorised him to do. That he was influenced to do so by motives not contemplated by the law and had either applied it or drawn it from Europe with the design of applying it to uses not authorised, and that he had broken in upon the fund appropriated for the discharge of the French Debt.\u201d\nBefore I read this Speech I had carefully perused the different communications made by the Secretary of the Treasury to the House of Representatives and after reading it I was led to revise them. The result has been, that I have found all these assertions, attributed to Mr. Findly, either direct untruths or palpable misrepresentations and I challenge Mr. Findly or any of his friends to produce the passages which will warrant them. The truth is that Mr. Findley has palmed upon the Secretary his own reasoning and inferences for points conceded by him. The commentary has been substituted for the text.\nObserver", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0094", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from David Ross, 13 March 1793\nFrom: Ross, David\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBladensburgh [Maryland] March 13. 1793\nDear Sir\nYou have been so much harrassed that I am sorry to trouble you so soon\u2014but as I see a Note in the Baltimore Paper that Co Mercer intends to answer my Publication I am induced to request you will favor me, as soon as you conveniently can, with a Copy of the Statement to the President respecting the Bribe, and of the other Communications you promised me\u2014for I shall not be surprised if Co Mercer should deny his language to you which I have quoted since I see he still holds out in his Speeches some insinuation of Corruption.\nIf you have made any observations on the last resolutions that were moved for, I shall be glad of a Copy of them as also of any communications between you & Co Mercer that may have taken place since I left Philadelphia marking such as you may think has no relation to the subjects between us and which you would not wish me to disclose.\nCompts to Mrs Hamilton from \u2003 Your friend & obedt Servt\nDavid Ross\nPS \u2003 The Patronage of Messrs. Jefferson & Maddison to Freneaus Paper was avowed when Subscriptions were solicited in this Neighbourhood and was held up as an inducement to subscribe but I did not hear of this circumstance till today.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0095", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 13 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Treasury Department\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury Department,March 13, 1793.\nSir,\nProof has been filed in the office of the Collector of Newbury Port, agreeably to the 13th section of the act, entitled, \u201cAn act for registering and clearing Vessels, regulating the coasting Trade, &c.\u201d of the loss of two Certificates of registry, of the following numbers and description, viz.\nNo. 42, dated Newbury Port the 19th of April 1790, granted to Benjamin Joy, owner and master of the Ship Eliza, measuring four hundred and twenty-one Tons.\nNo. 16, dated Newbury Port the 6th of February 1790, granted to John Pettingal and Leonard Smith, owners of the Schooner Hope, measuring ninety four Tons, John Couch, master.\nThis information is therefore given with a view to put the Officers of the Customs upon their guard, in order to prevent any fraudulent disposal of the said Certificates, in case they should be found again.\nEnclosed is an act which will take effect from and after the last day of May next, entitled, \u201cAn act for enrolling and licensing Ships or Vessels to be employed in the coasting Trade and Fisheries, and for regulating the same.\u201d The forms of Certificates relating to the object, will be prepared and transmitted by the Register of the Treasury.\nWith great consideration, \u2003 I am, Sir, \u2003 Your obedient Servant,\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0097", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jonathan Burrall, 14 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Burrall, Jonathan\nTreasury DepartmentMarch 14. 1793\nSir\nI request that you will immediately invest in the purchase of Bills on London or Amsterdam, on account of the Government, fifty thousand Dollars; to enable you to do which, I inclose you a letter to the President and Directors of the Office of Discount & Deposit at New York. But as the advantageous purchasing of the bills will depend on secrecy, you had better not make use of your letter to the Directors \u2019till you have engaged the Bills\u2014and You will be cautious to keep the Government out of sight.\nI rely on your using the greatest circumspection as to the Drawers of the Bills that there may be no possible question about their goodness. If Mr Daniel Ludlow or Messrs. Le Roy & Bayard are drawing, upon the basis of their Dutch concerns, I should prefer their bills. And You will observe that I had rather pay an additional price for unexceptionable Bills than run the least risk. Houses much engaged in other than Mercantile Speculations, except those abovementioned, whose bottom is known, are to be avoided. Perhaps you will even find it adviseable to keep yourself out of view and operate through a third person.\nYou may have the bills filled up in the name of Samuel Meredith Treasurer of the United States, if you should complete the intire purchase in one sum; otherwise you will take them in your own name and indorse them to him. This last will avoid the disclosure to which the other mode would be subject, if the purchases are successive. The bills are immediately to be forwarded to me.\nFor Your Agency in this matter you will be allowed \u00bc \u214c Centum. Should you have occasion to indorse the Bills, it is to be understood that you are to incur no responsibility by it.\nWith esteem \u2003 I am Sir \u2003 Your Obed ser\nA Hamilton\nJonathan Burrall Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0098", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 14 March 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States 14 March 1793.\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to return to the Secrey. of the Treasury, the papers respecting the case of Hezekiah & George D. Usher, which have been submitted to him; and to inform the Secretary that the President has no doubt, from the statement of facts in the above papers, of the intention to defraud the Revenue; but if it shall appear to the Secretary, from his information on the subject, that the said Ushers have suffered by the loss of their goods, and expences attending the suit, enough to answer the intention of the Law\u2014the President leaves it to his judgment, to remit the penalty in such way as, upon consulting the Attorney General of the Ud. States, shall appear best.\n  Tos. Lear.S. P. US.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0100", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the New York Office of Discount and Deposit of the Bank of the United States, 14 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the New York Office of Discount and Deposit of the Bank of the United States\nTreasury Department, March 14, 1793. \u201cI request You to advance to Mr. Jonathan Burrall, Cashier of your Office, Fifty thousand Dollars, on account of the Government.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0101", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 14 March 1793\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCustom-House,Providence 14th March 1793.\nSir.\nYour Letter of the 5th Instant, was transmitted to me yesterday by the President of the Providence Bank; and agreeable to your directions, I have furnished him with an Abstract of the uncancelld Bonds, payable this Month, being only the one in Suit, (noted in the enclosed Return of Cash) and another due to the 30th for 523 Dollars & 60 Cents.\nI have the Honor to be &c.\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nN.B. \u2003 The Bond in suit was given by Edward Dexter in Novr. last, in consequence of a collusive Transfer, for Duties on the Cargo of the Brigantine Neptune, the property of Welcome Arnold Esqr.\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.\nSecy. of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0102", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Short, 15 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, William\nTreasury DepartmentPhiladelphia March 15th 1793\nSir\nYou will find inclosed a duplicate of a letter from me to you of the 1st of February, and a copy of one from me of this date to our Bankers at Amsterdam.\nI was not insensible to the judicious views, which led you to desire, that the united States might not place themselves in a situation to be obliged to retrograde, with regard to the rate of Interest. And I shall be sorry, if the arrangements made here have interfered with the execution of them; as appears to be now probable. An expectation of a more favourable state of the market, and a reluctance to incur a further loss of interest on the monies which remained on hand of former loans has led to the course which has been pursued.\nThe present price of Bills enables me to invest monies for the intended remittance with a gain of about seven per cent which will be a partial indemnification for other disadvantages.\nThe enclosed extract from the minutes of the House of Representatives will inform you of the result of the affair, about which I wrote to you not long since by way of England. \u2019Tis to be lamented, that already the spirit of party has made so great a progress in our infant Republic. But it is at the same time a source of consolation, that it, as yet, has its bounds\u2014and that there are many who will only go a certain length in compliance with its dictates.\nWith much real consideration & esteem \u2003 I am \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedient Servant\nAlex Hamilton\nWilliam Short EsqrMinister Resident at the Hague", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0103", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 15 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTreasury DepartmentPhiladelphia March 15th 1793\nGentlemen\nI received, two days since, the letter which You did me the honor to write me of the 14 of January last, inclosing the copy of one of the same date to Mr Short.\nI regret the state of things as there exhibited, and my regret will be increased, if circumstances shall have rendered it necessary, to allow the high rate of five per cent for the contemplated loan. I hope, nevertheless, a better issue, from your zeal and intelligent exertions. And in time to come, every effort must be made here to avoid a like necessity. If the thing were in my power, I should decline the loan altogether.\nLest a disappointment should attend the obtaining of a loan, I have taken measures to arrest in your hands 495,000 Guilders of the sum which I last advised you would be drawn for. The sale having been made to the Bank of the united States has left this expedient in my power. I shall, in addition to this, cause to be remitted to you between this time and the third of next month when the British Packet sails, the further sum of 975000 Guilders in Bills upon London and Amsterdam; unless I should in the mean time hear of a loan having been undertaken. I cannot doubt, that it will be at all events in your Power to make temporary arrangements to face the exigency, should any delays ensue which may prevent these means being in measure for the demand.\nWith much consideration & esteem \u2003 I am Gentlemen \u2003 Yr obedt Servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nMessrs Wm & J. Willink \u2003 N & J. van Staphorst & HubbardBankersAmsterdam", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0104", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jean Baptiste de Ternant, 16 March [1793]\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste de\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] du 16 mars [1793]\nLe Ministre soussign\u00e9 prie le secretaire de la tr\u00e8sor\u00e8rie de faire avancer \u00e0 Conyngham Nesbit et Compe. cinq mille piastres de plus \u00e0 compte des cent mille payables au lr. avril prochain.\nT.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0106", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Gulian Verplanck, 17 March 1793\nFrom: Verplanck, Gulian\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNewyork March 17. 1793\nDr Sir\nMy second payment to You for the House in Wall Street has been due since the first day of the last Month & I have been waiting Your directions respecting it. In a former Letter I requested the Deed, which will oblige Me, as I am preparing to Build on the Lot this Spring. Your late triumph over the malice of Your Enemies, has given the most heartfelt satisfaction to Your friends in this City & to no One more than\nYour Obt. Hume Sert\nGulian Verplanck", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0107", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 18 March 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, March 18, 1793. On March 22, 1793, Hamilton sent to George Washington \u201ca Communication from the Commissioner of the Revenue, of the 18 instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0108", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 18 March 1793\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nColles Office [Newport, Rhode Island] March 18 1793\nSir,\nOn the 16th of this month I recd. yours of the 5th. inclosed in a letter from the President of the Providence Bank. No bonds for duties will fall due in this District this present month.\nI should very much regrett that no report was made on my Petition during the last Session of Congress, was I not sensible that besides other important business your attention was called to one engaged in a matter in which your reputation and the public interest were concerned. The honorable manner in which you acquitted yourself, and was acquitted has given great satisfaction to all your friends in this quarter and to no one more than to your most obedt. servt.\nWm Ellery Collector\nA Hamilton Esqr Sec Treasy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0109", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, 18 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia March 18. 1793.\nSir,\nThe contingent account of the Department of State down to the 9th. instant, having been delivered to, and passed by the Auditor, and being at present in want of a further sum to satisfy demands against my office, I must request the favor of you to order a warrant to issue payable to George Taylor Junior for Twelve hundred Dollars, and am, with respect \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your most obedt. servt.\nThe secretary of the Treasury ofthe United States of america", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0110", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Knox, 18 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Knox, Henry\nTreasry DepartmentMarch 18. 1793\nSir\nI have before me your letter of the 8th. instant, transmitting sundry accounts for supplies at Post Vincennes, during the year 1791, to the neighbouring Indians.\nFrom the nature of the case, it appears to me proper to request your more explicit opinion concerning the propriety of allowing these claims.\nThough I entertain a favourable opinion of the Officers concerned and readily accede to the idea that the situation of things, at the period, called for measures to conciliate the Indians in question which would of course involve expence\u2014Yet I cannot help thinking the expence which is stated to have been incurred, compared with the occasion, is considerable; and there are several items which, on different accounts, appear to me in a shape rather questionable.\nAs the business originated, without due authority, as there is in every such case a natural tendency to abuse, I submit whether if the claims, on general consideration, should appear to you to be such as to require admission\u2014some middle course cannot be adopted, embracing the ideas of a partial advance on account, and a further examination on the spot into the propriety of the charges.\nIt is observable that the principal account has no other voucher than a general Certificate from Capt Prior.\nVery respectfully \u2003 I have the honor to be Sir \u2003 Your Obed servt\nP.S. The papers are sent back for your further inspection.\nThe Secy at War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0111", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Nourse, 18 March 1793\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury DepartmentRegisters Office 18 March1793.\nSir\nI have the Honor to transmitt for your Inspection sundry Statements No. 1 to 12 which have been made out at the Request of the Hon: W. Smith of So. Carolina. Permit me to intimate that Mr. Smith woud wish to be furnishd with them some time Tomorrow as he Expects to sail for Charlestown on Wednesday morning. I have not conceived it necessary to render these Statements under Signature, as Mr. Smiths view is confind to his own Information, But shoud this be requisite, I presume it might be safely done. With the greatest Respect, I am Sir,\nyour mo: ob. Sert.\nHon: Alexander Hamilton Esqr.Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0112", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jonathan Ogden, 18 March 1793\nFrom: Ogden, Jonathan\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew Jersey\nMorris town 18 March 1793\nSir,\nThe following will I make no dout appologise for the fredom here taken of writing to a Stranger as to personal acquaintance. I have lately heard in a particular manner the sentiments of many people of this County & State respecting your objects of revenue. I believe I speak safe when I say not more than one person in five hundred disagrees in sentiment with the present plans\u2014the excise that glorious act is advocated by those who once oppos\u2019d. As for Giles\u2019s malitious efforts a few days a go in the House of Representatives some people say they have put you in danger of the curse denounced against him who every one speaks well of. These are the Ideas of people universally here and who has no more acquaintance with your Self than I have. My sincere wish is that you may long continue to fill that august office you now occupy & your Virtues be imbraced by those who Labour to tarnish them\u2014being a Farmer you will excuse incorrectness. I am with much Esteem your humble servant.\nJonathan Ogden\nAlexr. Hammilton, Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0113", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 18 March 1793\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCustom HouseDistrict of Providence 18th. March 1793.\nSir\nI do myself the Honor to Transmit, for your information, the enclosed Impeachment against me Signed on the 31st. January last by Twenty Seven respectable Merchants and others, which was contemplated to have been Transmitted to the President of the United States, togeather with my Letter to the Committee, and my Vindication of the particular Charges; which last was intended merely as an Individual explanation of my official Conduct. This malicious impeachment has been brought about through the artfull and persevering address of Welcome Arnold Esquire, my avowed and inveterate enimy (and was drawn up by his Brother Thomas Arnold A man professing the Quaker Religion and possessing great abilities and I wish I could add an Honest Heart) and for no other reason than because I will not dispence with the Law whenever it may Suite his convenience! Many of the Signees to the Petition have shewn so much candor as to Confess that they were deceived into the measure, and Since upon examination, they find some of the charges are malicious and Totally unfounded while others are unfairly and uncandidly Stated, have declared their determination to withdraw their names from the Petition, should the promoters of it attempt to Transmit it to the President. The Signees were furnished on the 23rd. Ulto. with a Copy of my vindication but they have had no meeting in consequence of it, that I can learn, nor do I believe they will, as the greater part of the Gentlemen are dissatisfied with the proceedings. My wish has uniformly been (and which I fully expressed to the Committee who waited upon me), that the impeachment might be Transmitted, as I should then have an opportunity of vindicating my official Conduct before the President of the United States to whom alone I am ameniable on impeachment, and for this I am the more desirous, as it seems to leave an implied or indirect Censure upon me, and from a conciousness that I have done my duty consonant to Law, and at the same time, with an upright impartiallity. A Second copy of my vindication has been presented to his Excellency Governor Fenner who is a Firm and influential Friend and Supporter of the Revenue Laws, having uniformly advocated my official Conduct against the present and every other attack made upon me with a design to effect a deviation from the Law. It has been Circulated also, among the respectable Citizens of this Town and I am happy to add it has met with general approbation. Having long waited in expectation that the Gentlemen would have gratified my desire by Transmitting the impeachment to the President, and finding they are disposed to keep it back, I have upon due Consideration deemed it expedient to make you (as the principle officer of the revenue department) acquainted with the reason of its detention, as well as the real state of this Transaction, lest some misrepresentation has or should reach you, and possibly make, on your mind, an unfavourable impression, and respectfully to request Sir your Friendship and Support so far as my official Conduct shall (upon a full and Critical investigation) appear to you to have been dictated by principles consonant to law and my instructions from you. I could very soon Silence the opposition long carried on against me, through the persevering Temper of Mr. Arnold, provided I would descend to the base and unworthy principle of deviating from the plain Letter of the Law and my instructions, to serve on all occasions his, and the unwarrantable desires of a few restless Characters under his particular influence, but this neither he, nor they, can ever drive me to. Tho\u2019 it may be possible, by persevering in a misrepresentation of Facts, he may raise an influence to effect my removeal from office\u2014but this could never afford any unpleasant reflections while I should carry along with me the Supporting consolation that I had done my duty according to the best of my skill and abilities, and with an honest Zeal to promote the public Interests.\nI have the Honor to be very respectfully \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Most Obed. and Most Hum Servt.\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nAlexander Hamilton EsquireSecretary of the Treasury\nP. S. In justice to Mr. Geo. Benson and Mr. Thomas P. Ives of the House of Brown Benson & Ives, I feel a pleasure of mentiong. that they have uniformly been against the impeachment, and the Signature of that firm on the Petition was made, contrary to their wish and even advice, by the principle of the house, Mr. Nicho. Brown, and wch. was effected through the instigation of W. Arnold Esqr, but Mr. Brown has since declared his intention to withdraw his name.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0114-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure No. II: [Willink, van Staphorst, and Hubbard, Amsterdam], [18 March 1793]\nFrom: \nTo: \nDr.\nJan: 1st.\nTo\nbalance in their hands\nResidue of the last 3/m loan, to be recd:\nbalance for which the Commissioners will be in advance on the 1st March 1793.\nFlo.\nContra\u2014Cr.\u2014.\nBy\npremium on the residue of the 3/m loan at 5 \u214c Cent\nInterest due to foreign officers\nFeb: 1st.\nInterest on 3/m 5 per Ct.\nDo. on 2/m 4 pr Ct.\nPremium on Do.\nGratuity on Do. 8 pr. Ct.\nMar: 1st.\nInterest on 2\u00bd/m 5 pr.ct.\nCommission on paying interest 355,000 florin 1 p. ct.\nDraughts of the Treasurer\nNov. 28\nDitto\nRemittance to be made to Spain estimated\non accot. of which have been remittd 374.785\nFlo.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0114-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure No. III: [Probable State of Cash, April 1\u2013July 1, 1793], [18 March 1793]\nFrom: \nTo: \nDr.\nTo balance of Cash, per statement No. 1\nTo amount of Sums expected to be received during this quarter on Accot. of the duties of Imports & tonnage Vizt:\nper returns to the 7 March 1793.\nper estimate in the cases of deficient returns.\nTo amount of sums expected to be received on account of duties on spirits distilled within the Ud. States.\nTo balance against the Treasury, to be supplied by Loan\nContra\u2014Cr.\nBy this sum invested & expected to be invested towards the payments which will become due in Holland on the 1st of June next.\nBy this sum to complete the advances for St. Domingo.\nBy this sum promised in addition to 100,000 Dolls. payable the 1st of April, & credited in statement No. I. for supplies to France.\nBy amot. of one quarters interest.\nBy \u00bc of the current expenditure for 1793.\nBy probable demands for arrears of appropriations antecedent to 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0114-0004", "content": "Title: Enclosure: No. IV: [Probable State of Cash, July 1\u2013October 1793], [18 March 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nDollars \u2003 Cts\nDr.\nTo amount of sums expected to be receiv\u2019d this quarter on accot. of Imports & Tonnages, per return to the 7 of March\nDrs\nDitto per Estimate\nTo amot. of sums expected to be received on account of spirits distilled within the Und: States\nTo balance against the Treasury\nContra\u2014Cr.\nBy amount of one quarters Interest\nBy \u00bc of the current Expenditure for 1793", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0115", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 18 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTreasury DepartmentMarch 18. 1793\nSir\nThe XXXIV Section of the Collection law provides that certain rates per Cent. shall be allowed for the Tares of Coffee Pepper and Sugar, other than loaf Sugar. Upon this provision, a doubt has existed whether the per centage ought not, in certain cases to be computed on the Cwt. or long hundred; or ought in all cases to be computed on the 100 lb or short hundred. The practice at different ports has on this point been and continues to be dissimilar. It is necessary to produce uniformity.\nAs the subject is not free from ambiguity I wished to avoid interposing a construction from the Treasury by some Legislative explanation. But none having taken place it becomes a duty to put an end to the Question & establish a general rule.\nLet it therefore be made known to the officers, by a circular instruction that in time to come the per Centage is in all cases to be computed on the 100 pounds. In a doubtful case, this construction is preferred as most accommodating to the Merchant.\nI believe at some ports the proviso at the end of the Section has been misconstrued. It seems to have been taken for granted that Invoices are to govern in all cases where desired by the Merchants. This is not a just interpretation. The option is mutual. And if there is reason to suppose the tares, as expressed in the Invoices, are excessive, the Officer may follow the specific rates, in respect to articles to which such rates are applied. An intimation on this point will not be improper.\nWith much consideration & esteem \u2003 I am Sir \u2003 Your Obed ser\nOliver Woolcott Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0116", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Edmund Randolph, 20 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nTreasury department March 20. 1793\nSir\nI have the honor to inclose for your consideration Sundry papers relative to certain Certificates of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, originally issued in lieu of Continental Certificates and lately offered to be subscribed to the Loan in state debt continued by an Act of the 8th. of March 1792, entitled \u201cAn Act Supplementary to the Act making provision for the debt of the United States.\u201d\nThe Question which arises is Wether these Certificates can legally be received upon Loan as contended for by the UStates? Upon this point I request your Opinion after mature examination and reflection. The papers now sent you may all serve to throw Light upon the Subject. They were furnished me on this Supposi[ti]on. But those which go most directly to the Object are those Marked A B C D E F.\nWith respectfull Consideration \u2003 I am Sir \u2003 Your Obedt. Servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nEdmund Randolph EsquireAttorney General of the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0118", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 20 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt. 20 Mar: 1793.\nSir,\nI have the honor to submit a letter from Wm. Bingham Esqr. of the 26 of febry. last, together with the papers which it enclosed.\nIt would seem that the United States in Congress assembled have already put the affair in a situation to make the consequences of the Suit a public concern; in which case it would appear adviseable that measures should be taken for a regular defence on behalf of the Government; so at least, that what is just may be finally done, and no more.\nWith perfect respect, \u2003 I am &c.\nAlex: Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0119", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 20 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt. 20 Mar: 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to The President of the United States the Draft of a Power to make the Loan of Eight hundred thousand Dollars. In this, there is no referrence to the ideas lately submitted to the President, and which appear, by his note of to-day, to be approved by him; because it seems most proper, & is most usual for Powers to be simple & general. But it will be of course understood that it\u2019s application will be conformable to the views communicated; unless the President should otherwise direct.\nAlexander Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0120", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, [21 March 1793]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, March 21, 1793]\nFor carrying into execution the provisions in that behalf made by the Act, entitled, \u201cAn Act making appropriations for the support of Government for the year one thousand seven hundred & ninety three\u201d;\nI do hereby authorise you the said Secretary of the Treasury to agree and contract with the President, Directors and Company of the Bank of the United States for a loan or loans to the United States, of any sum or sums, not exceeding in the whole Eight hundred thousand dollars; to be advanced and paid in such proportions and at such periods as you shall judge necessary for fulfilling the purposes of the said Act. Provided that the rate of Interest of such loan or loans shall not exceed five per centum per annum, and that the principal thereof may be reimbursed at the pleasure of the United States. And I do hereby promise to ratify what you shall lawfully do in the premises.\nIn testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed my hand at the City of Philadelphia the twenty first day of March in the year One thousand seven hundred & ninety three.\nGeorge Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0121", "content": "Title: George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, Henry Knox, and Edmund Randolph, March 21st [\u201322] 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander,Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund\nUnited States, March 21st [\u201322] 1793\n(Circular)\nTo The Secretary of State\u2014The Secretary of the Treasury\u2014The Secretary of War and The Attorney General of the United States.\nGentlemen,\nThe Treaty which is agreed to be held on or about the first of June next at the Lower Sandusky of Lake Erie, being of great moment to the interests and peace of this Country; and likely to be attended with difficulties arising from circumstances (not unknown to you) of a peculiar and embarrassing nature; it is indispensably necessary that our rights under the Treaties which have been entered into with the Six Nations\u2014the several tribes of Indians now in hostility with us\u2014and the claims of others, should be carefully investigated and well ascertained, that the Commissioners who are appointed to hold it may be well informed and clearly instructed on all the points that are likely to be discussed: thereby knowing what they are to insist upon (with or without compensation, and the amount of the Compensation, if any) and what, for the sake of peace, they may yield.\nYou are not to learn from me, the different views which our Citizens entertain of the War we are engaged in with the Indians, and how much these different opinions add to the delicacy and embarrassments alluded to above\u2014nor the criticisms which, more than probably, will be made on the subject, if the proposed Treaty should be unsuccessful.\nInduced by these motives, and desireous that time may be allowed for a full and deliberate consideration of the subject before the departure of the Commissioners, it is my desire that you will, on the 25th of this month, meet together at the War Office (or at such other time and place as you may agree upon) where the principal documents are, with whatever papers you may respectively be possessed of on the subject, and such others as I shall cause to be laid before you, and then and there decide on all the points which you shall conceive necessary for the information and instruction of the Commissioners. And, having drawn them into form, to revise the same and have them ready, in a finished State, for my perusal and consideration when I return\u2014together with a digest of such references as shall be adjudged necessary for the Commissioners to take with them.\nAnd, as it has been suggested to me, that the Society of Quakers are desireous of sending a deputation from their Body, to be present at the aforesaid Treaty (which, if done with pure motives, and a disposition accordant with those sentiments entertained by Government respecting boundary, may be a mean of facilitating the good work of peace) you will consider how far, if they are approved Characters, they ought to be recognized in the Instructions to the Commissioners, and how proper it may be for them to participate therein or to be made acquainted therewith.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0122", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jonathan Burrall, 22 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Burrall, Jonathan\nTreasury DepartmentMarch 22d. 1793\nSir\nYou will, if you can, invest the fifty thousand Dollars heretofore put under your disposition in the purchase of good bills on London or Amsterdam, if they can be obtained within the limit of four per Cent below par; so as to be forwarded to me by the first of April; I mean to reach me on that day by the Post.\nI will thank you in the mean time to advise me dayly of the price of bills.\nI am with consideration \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedient serv\nAlex Hamilton\nJonathan Burrall Esquire", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0123", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 22 March 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury DepartmentRevenue Office March 22d 1793\nSir\nA Contract with a person to finish the lighthouse at Bald head being expected from Jedediah Huntington Esqr. in a few days for the purpose of submission to the President, it appears necessary that the pleasure of the President be also known in regard to the appointment of a person who shall have such a Supervision or Inspection, as was deemed necessary in the case of the Chesapeak Establishment. An enquiry in general terms for a suitable person, and a particular enquiry in regard to the several gentlemen whose pretentions the state of North Carolina had countenanced by appointing them Commissioners for pilotage and for this Work, has been made of Mr. Johnston, Mr. Hawkins, and Mr. Iredell. They all agreed that William Campbell, or George Hooper, two of the late Commissioners may be confided in and they added that they knew no person there more suitable. Mr Campbell and Mr. Hooper are both residents in Wilmington, from whence there is an easy passage by land and Water. The expediency of selecting some one Individual is suggested by the greater responsibility and expedition and by \u0153conomy, as it is probable, that an allowance will be expected. Four dollars \u214c day for expences and services were allowed to Mr Newton and Mr. Alibone when they were appointed to visit and inspect in this and the Virginia case. It appears probable that an Allowance not exceeding that Sum would satisfy any Gentleman to whom the proposed duty may be assigned. The Supervisor or Inspector it is presumed need not make more than four or five occasional visits, when only he would be paid such Sum as it may be deemed proper to allow.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 with great respect. \u2003 Sir, Your Most Obedient Servant\nTench CoxeCommissioner of the Revenue\nThe HonbleThe Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0124", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Lee, 22 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lee, Henry\nTreasury DepartmentMarch 22. 1793\nSir\nIt has been communicated to me that the Commonwealth of Virginia, by an act not long since passed, authorized the reissuing of Certain Certificates which had been redeemed by the operations of the Sinking Fund of that Commonwealth and that there is every probability that the certificates so reissued, or a considerable part of them, have been subscribed to the loan payable in the Debt of the Commonwealth, which closed on the first of the present month.\nIt has been settled after full deliberation at The Treasury in conformity with the opinion of the Attorney General of the United States, that the Certificates or evidences of debt of any state which had been once paid off or redeemed could not legally be received on Loan; upon the plain principle that they thereby ceased to constitute any part of the existing debt of a State.\nAnd though a state may by a subsequent act restore to such certificates the quality of debt which they had lost\u2014this would plainly amount to the creation of a new debt, not in existence when the Act of Congress passed, not contemplated by it, and manifestly intended to be excluded by its provisions; particularly that which restricts the Certificates capable of being subscribed to those of a date prior to the 1st of January 1790.\nThis construction has governed generally though it was in two cases drawn into question, one relating to N. Carolina, the other to Georgia.\nIt is therefore necessary, as well to equal justice, as to a correct execution of the laws of the Union, that it should continue to prevail.\nThe want of means to discriminate the reissued Certificates causes serious embarrassment. It operates as an obstacle to the granting of new certificates to all those Creditors, who subscribed subsequent to the passing of the Act which authorises the reissuing of redeemed certificates\u2014among whom it is understood there are many who are the proprietors of certificates which had never been redeemed, and which are of course rightfully receivable upon the loan, and who consequently must be prejudiced by a suspension of their rights.\nI learn that application has been made by the Commissioner of loans to the proper Officer of the Commonwealth to obtain such indications as would enable him to distinguish the reissued certificates, from those of another description, and that a communication of them has been refused.\nFeeling as I do an entire confidence, that the Commonwealth of Virginia does not desire to secure to itself an advantage not intended by the laws of the Union, or to impede their operations according to their true intent, I freely indulge a hope that upon mature reflection the Executive will think fit to direct the proper Offices to furnish the Commissioner of Loans with the information of which he stands in need for the execution of his duty in a manner consistent with justice and propriety. And accordingly request that such directions may be given.\nIf the Executive of Virginia should eventually disagree with the construction of the law, which has been adopted of the Treasury, I shall with pleasure concur in any proper arrangement for revising, and, if found wrong upon further examination for rectifying it. In the mean time however I should be glad that all impediment to the claims of Creditors, who ought not to be affected by the Question, may be removed by the requisite disclosure, on the part of the Commonwealth.\nI shall be obliged by as speedy an answer to this application as may be practicable.\nWith high respect, I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir &ca.\nA.H.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0125", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Seton, 22 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Seton, William\n[Philadelphia, March 22, 1793. On the back of a letter which Seton wrote to Hamilton on March 5, 1793, Hamilton wrote: \u201cAnswered the 22d.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0126-0001", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Short, 22 March. 1793\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAranjuez [Spain] March. 22. 1793\nSir\nMy late letters of the 4th. 25th. & 29th. of febry will have informed you of the state of the American affairs at Amsterdam as far as they were then known to me. I have been for some time in expectation of an answer from the commissioners that I might know what they had done or were like to do in consequence of my authorisation to open a loan for two millions of florins & in case of absolute necessity to go as high as 5 per ct.\nAs yet I have heard nothing, & it was only on the 19th. that this letter from them of the 14th. of febry. was recd. here wch. shows there must be some interruption between Amsterdam & this place. I enclose you a copy of that letter & my answer to it as it will serve to inform you of all I know on the subject of the loan which had been counted on. You will find they consider one even at 5. p. cent as impracticable at present. I take it for granted you will have counted on this resource for the re-imbursement, notwithstanding my former letters as to the actual state of the market at Amsterdam. I never doubted myself that the U.S. could obtain money there by retrograding in their rate of interest unless the trouble at Amsterdam should become such either from domestic or foreign causes as to suspend all kinds of business therein and it still seems to me very extraordinary that should be the case. But the commissioners must be much better judges than I am, & particularly at this distance. Shd it be found impracticable to renew the million re-imburseables by giving new bonds at 5. p. cent which however I know not how to believe as yet, I really see not what mode can be adopted of answering the demands arising on the 1st of June, a circumstance of such momentous concern, that it is impossible to be without anxiety respecting it.\nThe bills of exchange for Spain mentioned in their letter were immediately indorsed to the Minister of finance, from whom I have even to this day found it impossible to get a state either of our debt or of the payments he has already recd. from Amsterdam & which would have been made in mass long ago, if his consent to have recd. them at Amsterdam could have been obtained.\nI am disabled from going into any other particulars at present from the actual state of my health\u2014having been for some time past confined to my room by an indisposition of the climate & which does not yet admit of a due application to business. Still you may count on learning from me without delay whatever may be done to protect the credit of the U.S. at Amsterdam. You will however I hope be much more early informed from the commissioners of the state of things there, as their letters would get to you, about as soon & with as much certainty as to me, in the present state of the post.\nI have the honor to be most respectfully \u2003 sir \u2003 Your most obedient & most humble servant\nW Short\nP.S. Since writing the above I have recd. from the commissioners a letter of the 19th of febry. They had not at that date recd. any letters from me, although if there had been no interruption mine of the 4th. of febry. would have reached them. Their letter says nothing on the state of affairs there & seems merely to inclose seconds of the bills for Spain sent with their precedent letter.\nThe Honble. Alexr. Hamilton Sec. of the Treasury Philadelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0126-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard to William Short, 14 February 1793\nFrom: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTo: Short, William\nAmsterdam 14th Feby. 1793\nSir\nWe have the honour to inform you that it has not been possible to procure such Bills upon Spain as we could have wished, and it was only today that we got the 23 inclosed amounting in all as \u214c particulars annexed to f 17650.8.9\u2014which we forthwith remit you, and shall continue our exertions to add to the same on every favorable opportunity. You are no doubt acquainted that War has taken place between England & France, in consequence of which, as we had formerly suspected, Money is become extremely scarce and even if we receive your directions to open a Loan in behalf of the United States at 5 \u214c Cent, We are almost certain that we could not succeed therein. We therefore look for your instructions how to proceed to make due provision for the payment of f 1,000,000 which becomes due the 1 of June next, together with the Interest which will then also be wanted. American 4 \u214c Cent Bonds were actually sold this day at 87\u00bd \u214c Ct. a fact which strongly confirms the opinion just given that a new Loan would not succeed at 5 \u214c Cent.\nWe anxiously wish to be authorised to pursue some plan that may be likely to answer the desired end, and earnestly request you will not delay to give as such authority, as the period approaches fast when the above payments must be made. In expectation of speedily receiving full instructions upon the above subject We have the honour to be very truly\nSir \u2003 Your mo: obedt. & hble Servt\n  Wilhem & Jan Willink\n  N & J. Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nWm. Short Esqr Madrid", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0126-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure: William Short to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 22 March 1793\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Hubbard, Nicholas\nAranjuez [Spain] March 22. 1793\nGentlemen\nI recd. on the 19th. your letter of the 14th. of febry. inclosing 23. bills of exchange on acct. of the debt to this country wch. were immediately indorsed & given to the Minister of finance. By yesterday\u2019s French post I acknowleged & answered you letter. To day I recd. your letter of the 19th. of febry. covering the secod. of the said bills. The length of time your two letters have been in route shew there must be some stoppage in the way\u2014otherwise I shd. also certainly have recd. letters from you of a much later date & in answer to those or some of those I have written to you from hence.\nFor additional security I send this via Lisbon. The contents of your letter of feb. 14. much surprized & astonished me. As to instructions you say you expect from me, I can really give none in such a case. My powers are only competent to a particular business & you inform me that kind of business is now unpracticable\u2014of course my powers are of no avail. I count much however on your efforts & abilities in this very important case. You will know what you may expect from the Sec. of the treasury from the dates of your letters to him informing him of this unexpected state of the business. As to myself I do not think that quarter to be counted on in the present instance, as he could not have been warned in time. The distance I am removed & the uncertainty of getting your letters & writing to you induce me to renew to you that I count altogether on your abilities & efforts to effect what is desirable. It might be necessary for you perhaps to consult or advise with Mr. Pinckney & Mr Morris as it might so happen that all correspondence might be interrupted or reduced to much uncertainty between this part of Europe & Amsterdam. Whatever those Gentlemen may think advisable under such circumstances I should consider it my duty to subscribe to, not being able to dictate from hence for myself. I shd. suppose also & do not doubt the Government would approve whatever they shd. advise. I wait with much anxiety to hear further on these subjects & particularly to learn that you have recd. some of my letters at least relative thereto & am Gentlemen, yours sincerely\nW Short\nMessrs Willink & V Staphorst & Hubbard\u2014Amsterdam", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0127", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 22 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department, March 22, 1793. Submits \u201ca Communication from the Commissioner of the Revenue, of the 18 instant; concerning certain proposals for the maintenance and repairs of Buoys moored at & near the entrance of Charlestown Bay in South Carolina.\u201d Discusses the merits of the proposals. Also encloses \u201cAnother communication from the Commissioner of the Revenue respecting a Clerical mistake in a late Act of the President concerning the revenue district of North Carolina.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0128", "content": "Title: George Washington to Edmund Randolph, 22 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nUnited States22d March 93.\nSir\nI send you a letter of the 26 Ulto from William Bingham Esquire to the Secretary of the Treasury together with the documents accompanying it.\nI desire your opinion on the following points arising upon these papers.\nI \u2003 Whether the proceedings heretofore by the UStates in Congress assembled have transferred from Mr. Bingham to the public the consequences of the transaction in question so as to make the suit now depending properly an affair of the Government.\nII \u2003 Whether the Executive is competent to the requisite measures of defence and security against any unfounded pretensions of the claimants Plaintiffs or Prosecutors, or whether further special provision by law is necessary.\nIII \u2003 If the Executive be so competent\u2014What is the proper course under the existing circumstances to be pursued.\nG W\nThe Attorney Genl of the U. S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0129", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, 23 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia Mar. 23. 1793 Saturday.\nSir\nThe Attorney general has just informed me that on a conversation with you it has been found convenient that we should meet at 9. oclock tomorrow at his house as Commissioners of the Sinking fund. I will attend there and shall hope the honor of meeting you. I have that of being Sir\nyour most obedt. servt.\nTh: Jefferson\nThe Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0130", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, 23 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia Mar. 23. 1793.\nSir\nI inclose you the order of the President for 39,500. Dollars to complete the third year\u2019s allowance under the act concerning intercourse with foreign nations, which third year will end on the last day of June next.\nI have the honor to be Sir \u2003 your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\nThe Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0131", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 23 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States March 23d. 1793.\nPay, or cause to be paid to the Secretary of State or to his order, the sum of Thirty nine thousand five hundred Dollars, which, in addition to five hundred Dollars furnished to Colo. Humphreys on the 14 of Augt. 1790, will complete the sum of forty thousand Dollars for the third year\u2019s allowance under the Act concerning intercourse with foreign Nations.\nGeo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0133", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, 24 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, March 24, 1793. On March 24, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Jefferson: \u201cI have the honor of your two notes of yesterday and today.\u201d Letter of March 24 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0134", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, 24 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphia March24. 1793\nSir\nI have the honor of your two notes of yesterday and today, respecting a proposed Meeting of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund. The first came to hand only within a half hour.\nAs you mention, that the Attorney General has informed you, that \u201con a conversation with me, it has been found convenient\u201d that a Meeting should take place\u2014I cannot help inferring, there has been some misapprehension: Since it certainly is not my opinion, that a Meeting at the present moment is necessary; there being several depending and undecided circumstances which put it out of my power at this time, to pronounce that there are monies to be invested in purchases. Add to this that a Meeting must of course take place within the ensuing Month of April when further information may afford better data for operation.\nI understood on Saturday from the Attorney General, that it was your wish a Meeting should be had\u2014to which I replied, in substance, that I considered it as in your power to convene one; and should attend if called upon; but that I did not perceive the utility of one at this time.\nAs we shall meet at the War Office tomorrow on another business, there will be an opportunity for further explanation.\nI have the honor to be Sir \u2003 Your Obedient servant\nA Hamilton\nThe Secretary of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0136", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 25 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States 25 March 1793\nPay to the Director of the Mint, or to his order, five thousand Dollars for the purposes of that establishment.\nGeo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0137", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, 26 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\n[Treasury Department, March 26, 1793. \u201cI am authorized by the President of the United States to borrow on account of the Government Eight Hundred Thousand Dollars.\u2026 As the Public Service will in the course of the summer require a temporary anticipation of the current revenues, I request to be informed whether it will be convenient to the Bank of the United States to make the above mentioned loan.\u2026 I shall be willing to stipulate that the sum to be lent shall not be called for otherwise than in equal Monthly installments of Two hundred thousand dollars each \u2026 and that each installment shall be reimbursed, at furthest, within six months.\u2026 The experience I have had of the disposition of your Institution leaves me under no hesitation to count upon its cooperation in the present instance.\u2026\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0138", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Elisha Boudinot, 26 March 1793\nFrom: Boudinot, Elisha\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNewark [New Jersey] 26th. March 1793\nDear Sir\nAfter passing through a fiery ordeal, I suppose you have a few moments to breathe a milder air. The part the Country in general take in your triumph over the envious and malicious, enemies to the Government as well as yourself; must convince you that the influence of these beings extend but a little way out of their own selfish narrow circle.\nMr Low has been over with me, and we have concluded to put off the meeting of the Directors till the 16th April, as then we should have a full board in all probability, and be more likely to have your attendance. In fact if you do not wish to forsake your child, it is ab[s]o[l]utely necessary for you to attend at that time. Mr Low informed Major L\u2019Enfant, Mr. Colt and myself that Col. Ogden would make an offer at that time to deliver the water at Vrelandts point, purchase the lands necessary for the Canals for \u00a320.000 and if he did he should be of opinion that it ought to be complied with. The Major then said he would not begin any part of his plan that was not in actual operation until then and they concluded to discharge the laborers that applied and give out that they would not be wanted till the 20th April. This will occasion a delay that I am sorry for. Mr Colt goes home and will return by the time of our meeting. He is I think every way qualified for the business and I have no doubt of its success under his management as soon as the works can be set in motion. He is very much pleased with Peirce & Marshall and they with him, and harmony is fully restored. Do not let these pompous, high minded, would be King\u2019s, though under the false garb of republicans\u2014draw your attention from this great object\u2014but look forward to those tranquil days when this child will be an Hercules, and you settled on the beautiful and peaceful banks of the Passaic, enjoying the fruits of your labor.\nI am with respect \u2003 Dr. Sir \u2003 Yours sincerely\nElisha Boudinot", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0139", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edward Carrington, 26 March 1793\nFrom: Carrington, Edward\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nRichmond March 26. 1793\nMy dear Sir\nWith very great pleasure I have complied with your request in getting the final proceedings of the House of Representatives inserted in the most public and generally circulating paper of this place, and sent them to Norfolk Petersburg Alexandria & Winchester with a request through my friends at these places, that they be inserted in their papers, which will certainly be done.\nThe votes of Colo Griffin upon this occasion was caught at by the Enemies of the Government at the late election which took place just about the time of their appearing, and, as will always be the case, a dangerous effect was produced amongst the people in every County of his district, but the activity of better Men on the day, produced what the great body of the people I think are always ready to possess, a reasonable disposition, and his election was fortunately secured to the great mortification of some of our most active demagogues; and I am well assured that at this day, many who were carried away by the Storm, are much ashamed of their Conduct.\nYou are, my good Friend, too well acquainted with mankind, to expect that you are to proceed in the Administration of an Office so efficatious in the operations of Government as yours, without being constantly exposed to attacks; all that you can do, is to shield yourself, as you have done, against ultimate injury, by a steady exercise of your best abilities, and manifesting in every act an integrity that even your enemies have not, in all their complaints of pernicious tendency in your measures ventured to call in question.\nYou have this consolation, that do as they will with the further progress of your systems, they have proceeded far enough to wide\u27e8n\u27e9 the solidity of the principles on which they were laid, and the ability with which they wer\u27e8e\u27e9 set in motion; if they continue in their natural course they will at last be your most certain vindicators; if they meet with such interruptions as to destroy them, worse measures, I apprehend, will often force the reflections of the people back upon them.\nI am with very great regard \u2003 Dr sir \u2003 your afft Freind \u2003 & He Ser.\nEd. Carrington\nAlexander Hamilton Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0141", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John F. Mercer, 26 March 1793\nFrom: Mercer, John F.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nFredericksburg [Virginia] Mar. 26. 1793.\nSir\nI have now to acknowledge the receit of yours of the 14th. of March which was handed to me on my way from Annapolis to this place. Your own discretion will determine you what course you are to pursue\u2014confining myself as I have hitherto done to a line purely defensive, I shall assuredly not refuse any summons I may receive from you.\nAs the last paragraph however of your letter contradicts what I have both written & published: viz. \u201cThat matter of opinion only & not matter of fact was now at issue between us.\u201d\u2014I shall not decline any explanation that may enable others & the public if judged expedient by either party (to whom this assertion has been thus committed) to determine with whom & on whom any departure from veracity may rest. I do therefore now recapitulate that the original & sole basis of your first letter to me & that to Major Ross published in an hand bill, rested, as I understood on this single fact\u2014That I had accused you of buying & selling stock on your private account. This assertion was fully & unequivocally disprov\u2019d by the Certificates of six as respectable Characters as any in the Union, & as far as I recollect not one of the numerous Certificates procur\u2019d by Major Ross from the most avowed & bitter partizans against me, furnishes the slightest evidence of a fact that formed the ground work of a very exceptionable procedure; but on the contrary they as to that fact, fully corroborate the Certificates I had forwarded: Afterwards in reply to yours & stating what I actually did say (which it is to be ever understood was in reply to an attack made upon me in public & private for my opposition to your public measures as Secretary of the Treasury as appears by Capt. Campbells own Certificate)\u2014I then asserted two other facts\u2014the one, that of the public Money laid out in the purchase of Stock on account of the sinking fund, under your immediate direction, more had been given, than others had purchased for at the same time. For this fact I quoted as my sole authority the public News papers, which I read extracts from in Congress in my place to this effect & I added that this fact was not then contraverted or denied. The other fact that when three parcels of Stock were offered under sealed proposals at these different prices that part was taken of each of the three & part returned. I have lodged with Mr. Beckley, a Certificate of Mr. Hawkins, a Senator from No. Carolina, substantially to this effect. And that Gentleman, will I have no doubt, also add if requisite, that he gave me fully the information I have above stated with regard to the three parcels at the three different prices\u2014altho\u2019 when he gave me the partial Certificate mentioned as he could not perfectly recollect his authority, he did not insert it: Your interference in my Election previous to the first letter, became also collaterally a fact disputed, in a very exceptionable mode by the disclosure of a private conversation. At the time I mentioned my authority, which altho\u2019 good ground for my belief & consequent conduct was improperly brought before the public. My information may & I believe has proved erroneous in its first source, yet it was a justification of my conduct & belief that your sentiments were not witheld with regard to my election, I believe I have from your own acknowledgement in one instance. There are still some farther facts that have been interwoven in the discussion respecting the payment for my Horse killed at Green Spring. Of this a full statement authenticated entirely by others\u2014men of unexceptionable probity has been furnished, with which your own account of the transaction does I believe exactly correspond. These are All the facts that I ever recollect to have been the subjects of enquiry between us. As to any other suggestions\u2014they are I conceive Matters of opinion only\u2014particularly what you observe respecting Mr. Duer & which seems the only ground of remaining discussion selected by yrs. of the 1st. of March. In my opinion of a preference, I conceive I am fully justified by the Report of the Committee of enquiry, by which it appears that the transfer notified to you & lodged in your Office as the basis of the public Connexion with Duer was posterior to the correspondence with that Gentleman in character of Contractor & a Consultation between yrself, Genl. St. Clair & Genl. Knox & Mr Duer previous to Genl. St. Clair\u2019s departure. Saying this I am free to admit that private information of which I coud not doubt & on which I entirely relied respecting your interference in favor of this Gentleman Mr. Duer, appears by a Letter receiv\u2019d from Mr. Baldwin since my last to you, to be without any good foundation.\nIt is my wish now to be furnished with an exact copy of my Letter to you of the 31st. of January, as the one I have retaind is I am sensible inaccurate in expression, altho\u2019 I belive entirely correct in sentiment.\nI am Sir &c.\nJohn F Mercer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0142", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Nicholson, 26 March 1793\nFrom: Nicholson, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCompl Genl. Office [Philadelphia]March 26th 1793\nsir\nAs an enquiry which required some time was made after the closure of the Loan with Sep: 1791 whether or not Certificates of this State might not have been subscribed which had been granted for Continental Certificates\u2014And as it is probable the like enquiry will be made respecting the subscriptions to the Loan which closed the 1st Instant before payment of interest or transfers will be allowed\u2014and as there are some such Certificates included in the subscriptions to the last loan, I take the liberty to mention this now, and that I will prepare an equal quantity of principal & interest respectively to be delivered for the others when you shall think proper to make the necessary arrangements for performing the business.\nI am with great respect \u2003 Your obt ser\nJN\nA Hamilton Esqrsecty TreasyUstates", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0143", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 26 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department, March 26, 1793. Submits \u201ca communication from the commissioner of the Revenue, relating to a Contract for the building of a Beacon boat for the use of the River and Bay of Delaware.\u201d Concurs in the views of the commissioner.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0144", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Peter Colt, 27 March 1793\nFrom: Colt, Peter\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPaterson [New Jersey] 27th March 1793\nSir,\nSome weeks past I wrote you by Mr. Hall requesting to be favoured with the copy of your accts. with the Society for establishing useful Manufactures. By the Books which I have opened, you appear a Creditor for upwards of two thousand Dolls, advanced Pearce & others. As I am without your answer, I cannot ascertain if you are Still in advance to the Society that sum, or if it has been repaid, from what quarter the Money has been received.\nI find on the records of the Society, that Mr. Jos. Mort is retained in their pay at \u00a3100 Sterling \u214c Ann. I have never seen him here; & am assured he is in Virginia pursuing Business no ways essential to the Interest or views of this Society. Will there be any hazard in discharging him altogether? It is prety certain he cannot be useful to us this Season.\nI find Mr. Hall also retained on a Salary of \u00a3300 Sterlg. It is worthy of some consideration if his salary should not be reduced untill such time as he is able to render Some Service to the Factory. I see no prospect of bringing his abilities in play under a Year from this time, in any manner that will justify such compensation.\nI presume you will have been informed by Mr Low that the quarterly meeting of the Directors is posponed untill the 16th April. Should you be prevented attending that Meeting, your Sentiments respecting those work men would be very acceptable to the Board.\nMajr. L\u2019Enfant is now with us. Presuming he will write you on the Subject of a proposition lately made respecting the mode of geting possession of the waters of the Passaic & constructing a Canal, I shall forbare troubli\u27e8ng\u27e9 you on that Subject. This however may render your attendance at the meeting the more necessary.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your most obedient \u2003 & very humble \u2003 Servant\nP. Colt\nHone Alexr Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0146", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Brown, 28 March 1793\nFrom: Brown, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Providence, March 28, 1793. On April 5, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Brown: \u201cYour letter of the 28th. of March came to hand yesterday.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0147", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Smith, 28 March 1793\nFrom: Smith, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] March 28, 1793. Transmits \u201caccount of Stock remaining on the Books of this Office Subject to Interest for the quarter ending March 31st. 1793.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0148", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, 29 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\n[Philadelphia, March 29, 1793. In \u201cReport on the Periods at Which Moneys Were Received by the Banks for the Sale of Bills on Amsterdam and the Date of the Warrants for Passing the Said Moneys to the Credit of the Treasurer of the United States,\u201d March 29\u2013May 12, 1794, Hamilton referred to \u201cbills repurchased and surrendered, \u214c Secretary\u2019s letter to the Bank March 29: 1793.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0150", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Herman Le Roy, 29 March 1793\nFrom: LeRoy, Herman\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew york 29 March 1793.\nDear sir!\nA part of the Estate wch. my Father has left consists in French Funds, wch. from the distracted situation that Country is in, neither principal or interest can be procured upon same. Since the United states are indebted to France, and they are now actually discharging same, pray would it not be possible to indemnify us, as American Citizens, out of the debt due them, by producing the Funds at their Charge, wch. can be proved have been in the family for upwards of half a Century? Some of our Law Characters here have suggested the possibility of such a scheme being practicable, wch. alone induces me to sollicit the favor of your giving me your kind advice and opinion upon the subject, in doing of wch. you will render me a particular service, wch. on all occasions I shall be always happy to repay with sincere gratitude.\nI am ever with sincere esteem & respect \u2003 Dear sir \u2003 Your humble Servant\nHerman LeRoy\nAlex. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0151", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 29 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Treasury Department\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury Department,March 29th, 1793.\nSir,\nA question has been made\u2014\u201cWhat is to be the voucher to a Collector, for entering anew a Vessel which has been altered in form only?\u201d The 6th Section of the Act, concerning the Registering and Recording of Ships or Vessels, having made provision only for the case of an alteration in burthen.\nI answer, that the form of a Certificate of Registry, prescribed by the 9th Section of that Act, supposes a Certificate from the Surveyor, or person acting in his stead, for the special occasion, in every instance, except, merely, that of a transfer of property, when provision is made for referring to the former Certificate of Registry, as a substitute. It follows, then, that in the case of an alteration in form as well as burthen, such a Certificate is necessary, as an official description of the Vessel and a voucher for her Registry.\nThe only difference will be, that, when altered in burthen, a Vessel must be actually measured anew, to ascertain her tonnage\u2014when only altered in form, so as not to affect her burthen, the tonnage may be certified from her old Register. And, in the first place, a fee for admeasurement will be due, in the last, none.\nAs an arrangement, which will conduce to the mutual convenience of the Officers of the Customs and of the Treasury\u2014I am to request that all communications, which may be requisite after the receipt of this letter, relating to matters arising under either of the two Acts\u2014the one entitled, \u201cAn Act concerning the Registering and Recording of Ships and Vessels,\u201d the other, entitled, \u201cAn act for enrolling and licensing Ships or Vessels to be employed in the Coasting Trade and Fisheries and for regulating the same,\u201d may be addressed to the Comptroller of the Treasury, and that the instructions which shall be transmitted by him, in relation to these laws, may be considered of the like force, as if proceeding directly from the Head of this Department. It is, however, not intended by this to prevent an immediate recourse to the Secretary of the Treasury in any special case or circumstance, which may be thought to render it necessary.\nAll documents, directed by either of these acts to be transmitted to the Treasury, are to be forwarded immediately to the Register of the Treasury.\nIt appears that some of the Collectors have put a construction upon my circular letter of the 2d of January 1792, which precludes the Cash notes and Post notes of the Branch Banks, or Offices of Discount and Deposit, from being received for duties, and exchanged for specie. This is contrary to the design of that instruction\u2014These notes being, in fact, notes of the Bank of the United States, signed by their President and Cashier, and having the same leading marks for distinguishing counterfeits from the genuine, as have been already communicated to you, are to be received and exchanged in like manner as heretofore directed.\nWith consideration and esteem, \u2003 I am, Sir, your obedient Servant,\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0152", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edmund Randolph, 30 March 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, March 30, 1793.\nSir,\nThe question which I had the honor of receiving in your letter of the 20th of March instant, is, Whether certain certificates of the commonwealth of Pennsylvania, originally issued in lieu of Continental certificates, and lately offered to be subscribed to the Loan in State debt, according to the Act supplementary to the Act, making provision for the debt of the United States, can be legally received upon loan, as contended for by the holders?\nWhat may be the result of a contest between the holders of those certificates, and the state of Pennsylvania, I presume, not to determine\u2014But between the United States and that state I have no great difficulty in deciding\u2014I am of opinion that the Acts of the Pennsylvania Assembly of the 27th March, 1789, and of the 30th March, and 1st of April 1790, abolished these certificates as debts of the State, except for the purpose of being re-exchanged for continental certificates, and therefore that the former, as wanting the due recognition from that state, cannot be legally received upon loan.\nI have the honor to be, &c.\nEdmund Randolph.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0153", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Short, 30 March 1793\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAranjuez [Spain] March 30. 1793\nSir\nI recieved yesterday from the commissioners at Amsterdam a letter dated the 26th. of february. It came by the way of England & Lisbon, the communication by post between Holland & France being intercepted. They had not therefore recieved the letters I had written to them by that route & they had not had time to have recieved such as had been written to them by precaution by the way of Lisbon. Their letter to me was merely to confirm the contents of that which they wrote to you the same day, & of which they inclosed me a copy, shewing that there is no possibility of making a loan at this time at Amsterdam for any power whatever.\nThis unexpected situation of affairs will have rendered their not recieving my letters, of no consequence as they were only to authorize them to open a loan, with an augmentation of interest if necessary. As neither the commissioners or any person on earth could have foreseen this so as to have given you notice of it on time, I fear it may be attended with very serious consequences. My former letters stated to you the disadvantages I apprehended from the U.S. being forced on the market at this time, but I never contemplated the impossibility of their making a loan on increasing the rate of interest. I hoped however rather than do this you could make provision for the monies wanted either by leaving a part of the money which was on hand or by remittances from home. When I left Holland considerable sums remained on hand which have been absorbed by your draughts that arrived afterwards.\nHoping at that time that means would be taken for preventing the necessity of increasing the rate of interest I did not consider myself authorized to leave a power with the commissioners to do it, & particularly as there seemed no such urgent necessity at that time, from the interval subsisting between that period & the 1st of June\u2014from the facility which the greater part being a re-imbursement seemed to give\u2014& above all from my hope that you would on knowing I had left that country, authorize the minister at Paris or London to act therein.\nI have written to the commissioners long ago to desire them to correspond with these gentlemen on the subject & to them, asking them to give their aid & counsel. I have pressed the commissioners also by all the means in my power to make their personal exertions on this unexpected crisis\u2014which I have been the more founded in doing, as they themselves had represented to me against transferring the loans elsewhere, the advantage of concentrating them in the same houses of great capital, on account of the assistance they could give in any emergency. I hope they will do whatever is in their power, as well from this consideration as motives of their own interest.\nThey suggest in their last letter (of Feb. 26) my making use of every discretional power I may have to provide them with funds & particularly by directing remittances to be made them from the correspondents in London of the bank of the United States. I have informed them that I had no other power than that of making loans & that as to the correspondents of the bank they were not known to me even by name. Whatever can be done by the means or by the exercise of any other discretional power I trust will be done by Mr. Pinckney & Mr. Morris. I do not venture to hope that you will have time to have furnished funds so early as the 1st. of June, from the date of their letter informing you that their market must not be looked to. I observe in their letter to you, they state the situation in Holland as the cause of this\u2014if that be the only cause we may consider the market as again open to us from the late events in that quarter & of which you will unquestionably have been informed. But it should not be relied on exclusively until the experiment shall have been made. You will receive from them much earlier information than from me on all these subjects. In the present situation of Europe, communication between Amsterdam & this place is as precarious & almost as dilatory as between Amsterdam & America.\nThis letter will be sent both by Cadiz & Lisbon, the mode which I used of forwarding to you my late letters of Feb. 4th. 25th. 29th & March 22d. The last letter which I have recieved from you was Dec. 31. acknowleging the reciept of mine to Oct 9 inclusively, & observing that time did not permit you to enter into any discussion upon the contents.\nI have the honor to be most respectfully \u2003 Sir, \u2003 your most obedient & most humble servant\nW: Short\nThe HonbleAlexander Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0154", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular, 30 March 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department\nTo: \nTreasury Department, March 30th 1793\nSir,\nI take the liberty to inform you, that the President, Directors and Company of the Bank of the United States have consented to accept Powers of Attorney from such persons as may have demands upon the Treasury, and to hold the monies which they may be authorised to receive, subject to drafts to be made upon their Cashier.\nI have therefore prepared a Power of Attorney for that purpose; and in case the proposal meets with your approbation, you are requested to execute and acknowledge the same before some proper Magistrate, or Notary, and transmit it to this Office.\nThe blank in the Power of Attorney you will be pleased to have filled in such a manner, as to respect your compensation for the period subsequent to that for which you shall have previously made other arrangements.\nThough the Power of Attorney is so drawn as to constitute in the Bank a general authority to receive all sums of money which may be due to you by the United States, yet, if you judge proper, it may be limited to such special objects as you shall choose to confide to their management.\nTo avoid risque from forgeries, you are desired to transmit your signature on several pieces of paper, and to make your drafts payable to order, according to the form herewith transmitted.\nAs some time will be necessary after your compensation falls due before the accounts can be settled at the Treasury and the money placed to your credit in the Bank, it is desired, that your drafts may be so regulated, that they will not be presented until ten days after the end of the quarter for which they may be drawn.\nIn case you consent to this arrangement, your salary will be regularly placed to your credit in the Bank, without the formality of an account thereof being transmitted to the Treasury for settlement.\nIf it shall be more agreeable to you, the Cashier of the Bank will, at your risque, remit through the Post Office the monies drawn on your account, either in Bank Notes payable to bearer, or in Bank Post Notes payable to your order, or drafts on the Collectors of the Revenue in your vicinity, when such drafts shall be at the disposal of the Bank. It will however be necessary that you should signify your election of this mode, and confine yourself thereto, until advice of a contrary intention shall be notified to the Bank.\nAs the President and Directors of the Bank will make no charge against you for their agency, it is expected by them, that the postage on such letters as you may have occasion to address to their Cashier will be paid at the offices in which they may be lodged.\nThis arrangement has been concerted essentially for the accomodation of the public officers, to facilitate to them the receiving of their dues with expedition and without expence.\nI am, very respectfully, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 our obedient Servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0155", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Wiatt, 30 March 1793\nFrom: Wiatt, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nFredericksburg [Virginia] 30th March 1793\nSir!\nAs the Patron of the Manufactures, now carrying on in the Town of Patterson in the Jerseys, I am desired by a Mr Robert Brownlow of this place, to write you, to be informed what wages are given to persons well skilled in spinning Cotton for Muslins and weaving Manchester Goods.\nMr Brownlow is a native of Lancashire, England, has had an opportunity of acquiring a considerable knowledge in the above mentioned branc[h]es, and I believe, if properly encouraged, wou\u2019d prove a valuable acquisition to the Manufactory.\nYour answer will oblige him, & I am \u2003 with every respect \u2003 Sir Yr. Mo. Obt. St\nWm. Wiatt\nAlexander Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0157", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, [31 March 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, March 31, 1793]\nMr. Hamilton presents his Compliments to Mr. Jefferson. The warrant for the sum in question will be forwarded to him tomorrow. Mr. J may therefore count on finding the money ready to pay for the bills which he may engage, as early as he pleases tomorrow.\nSunday \u2003 March 31. 1793", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0158", "content": "Title: For the Gazette of the United States, [March\u2013April 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, March\u2013April, 1793]\nThe late War with Great Britain produced three parties in the UStates, an English party a French Party, and an American party, if the latter can with propriety be called a party. These parties continue to the present moment. There are persons among us, who appear to be more alive to the interests of France, on the one hand, and to those of Great Britain, on the other, than to those of the UStates. Both these dispositions are to be condemned, and will be rejected by every true American.\nA dispassionate and virtuous citizen of the UStates will scorn to stand on any but purely American ground. It will be his study to render his feeling and affections neutral and impartial towards all foreign Nations. His prayer will be for peace, and that his country may be as much as possible kept out of the destructive vortex of foreign politics. To speak figuratively, he will regard his own country as a wife, to whom he is bound to be exclusively faithful and affectionate, and he will watch with a jealous attention every propensity of his heart to wander towards a foreign country, which he will regard as a mistress that may pervert his fidelity, and mar his happiness. Tis to be regretted, that there are persons among us, who appear to have a passion for a foreign mistress; as violent as it is irregular\u2014and who, in the paroxisms of their love seem, perhaps without being themselves sensible of it, too ready to sacrifice the real welfare of the political family to their partiality for the object of their tenderness.\nThese reflections are suggested by an attempt which appears to be making under different shapes to diffuse among the people an opinion, that in certain events the United States are bound to take part with France, in the expected War with G Britain. This effort is not prudent, is not commendable. It tends unnecessarily to hazard the public peace, by holding out to Great Britain an appearance, that a disposition to take such a part exists in this Country. It tends to embarrass the Councils of the Country, by leading the public opinion to prejudge the question. Discussions on one side will produce discussions on the other; and in one way or the other impressions may be formed contrary to the true policy of the Nation.\nThe treaty between France and the UStates is in possession of the public. But whether there be any secret article, defining the extent and force of any of its stipulations\u2014whether there have been any official explanations, respecting their true import and application, which may give a complexion, different from that which the words may seem to bear\u2014these, and perhaps other circumstances necessary to a right judgment, are unknown.\nBut without knowing them, it may justly be doubted, whether there be any thing in the Treaty, as it appears, that under the existing circumstances of the parties can oblige the UStates to embark.\nIt is understood, that general guarantees, where no precise stipulations point out special succours or special duties, have the least force of any species of National engagement; leaving much to reciprocal convenience. It is moreover a good excuse for not fulfilling a stipulation, especially if not very definite or precise, that it would uselessly expose the party, who is to perform, to a great extremity of danger.\nIf all or nearly all the maritime powers shall be combined against France, what could the UStates do, towards preserving her American possessions against Attacks of those Powers, which is the object of the guarantee on their part\u2014and who could say to what they would expose themselves by embarking in a War on the side of France, in her present situation?\nBut a still more serious question arises. Are the UStates bound to fulfil to the present ruling powers of France in the midst of a pending and disputed revolution, the stipulations made with the former government\u2014with a Prince who has been dethroned and decapitated?\nIt may be answered that treaties are made between Nations not between Governments, and that the obligations they create attach themselves to the contracting Nations, whatever changes in the form of their Government take place. This, as a general principle, is true. But it is true only in reference to a change, which has been finally established and secured, not to one which is depending and in contest, and which may never be consummated. Such is the condition of France at this time. It is therefore in the discretion of the UStates to judge when the new Government is so established, as to be a proper organ of the National Will, in claiming the performance of any stipulations, which have been made with the late sovereign of France.\nThese considerations at least justify a suspension of the Public Opinion, on the points in question, and afford a good ground of hope, that if the Powers at War with France will act with moderation & Justice, towards this Country, we shall be able to continue in our present happy condition, and avoid the terrible calamities of War. Which that God may grant must be the fervent prayer of every good Citizen!", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0159", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Armstrong, Junior, 1 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Armstrong, John, Jr.\nPhiladelphia April 11793\nDear Sir\nThe President has left here a Blank Commission for Supervisor of New York, with his signature, & with instruction to fill it up either in your name or that of Nicholas Fish, giving you the first option.\nI am therefore to request, that you will inform me as speedily as possible, whether the appointment is acceptable to you.\nThe present gross emoluments of it may amount to about 1300 Dollars of which 900 is salary. The whole duties of it may be performed by one person and in this case the nett emolument may be computed at 1200 Dollars. But as there is a considerable deal of Clerkship, the time of the person would then be pretty fully occupied. If the hire of a Clerk is to be defrayed out [of] the compensation, it would of course constitute a material deduction.\nYou will perceive that the emolument is not tempting. A main inducement therefore to the acceptance of the office would be the probability of growing importance. I contemplate that all future interior taxes are to be put under the superintendence of the Supervisor. The office will consequently become more important (now very respectable) and more lucrative. But how speedy the progress would be a very loose conjecture.\nIt is deemed necessary that the residence of the Supervisor should be at New York.\nAs Mr Morris is impatient to be released, I request your prompt decision. I need not add that it will give me pleasure, if in favour of acceptance.\nWith much esteem & regard \u2003 I remain Dear Sir \u2003 Your obedient servant\nAlex Hamilton\nPS \u2003 It is the President\u2019s wish that the offer may remain a secret, for a time at least, if not accepted.\n[John] Armstrong [junr]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0160", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, 1 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\nTreasury DepartmentApril 1. 1793.\nGentlemen\nThe Government has a considerable payment to make at Amsterdam in June next. The provision for the purpose hitherto made falls short of the object; and it is desirable for perfect safety not to delay the remitting of funds from hence beyond the Packet of the present month\u2014though I have great reason to believe that a loan at Amsterdam will have furnished the requisite means independent of remittances from the United States.\nIn this situation, I am unwilling to place out of the power of the Treasury for current exigencies a greater sum than has been already applied to the purpose, and yet I wish to avoid every species of embarrassment to our Commissioners in the event of a loan not having been made.\nI have thought that an arrangement of the following kind\u2014while it would answer my purpose, might not be inconvenient to the Bank\u2014viz\nThat the Bank should furnish me with bills upon their Correspondents, in London, at Par, for 100.000 Dollars. These Bills to be remitted to the Commissioners of the United States at Amsterdam with instruction to cancel and return them in case they should be otherwise possessed of adequate funds, and to give immediate notice to your Agents in London that this has been done. The Credit to the United States for the amount to be suspended, until I receive advice concerning the expected loan. If one has been negotiated so as to render it certain that the bills will not be wanted, the Bank, upon notice of this, to cause the Credit which had been suspended to be given; upon a stipulation from this Department that the bills shall not be made use of, but shall be returned cancelled and surrendered to the Bank.\nIf in the mean time the current market price of Bills should rise to par, so as to afford an opportunity to the Bank of selling at that rate\u2014it shall then be in the option of the Bank to consider the bills as absolutely sold to the Treasury at Par; giving notice to me of their having made this election.\nIf desired by the Directors, I shall be willing to agree that if the bills shall be made use of, the Credit to be given to the Bank for them shall correspond with the amount of guilders which they shall produce at Amsterdam at the rate of 36 \u2074\u2044\u2081\u2081 Ninetieths of a Dollar per Guilder.\nI shall think it reasonable also to fix a period (say sixty days) within which the information that the bills are to be returned shall be given or the purchase on account of the Government become absolute.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 Gentlemen, with respectful consideration, Your Obedt Servt.\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe President and Directorsof the Bank of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0163", "content": "Title: Conversation with George Hammond, [2 April\u201317 May 1793]\nFrom: Hammond, George,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, April 2\u2013May 17, 1793]\nSince my last I have had several communications with Mr. Hamilton on the present critical state of affairs, from which I infer that he continues stedfast in his adherence to the opinions I have uniformly ascribed to him. In one of our most recent conversations I entered pretty largely into the exposition of those principles which your Lordship has been pleased to state to me in your last dispatch, as those that will actuate the conduct of his Majesty\u2019s government in regard to the commerce carried on by neutral vessels. In the justice of these principles Mr. Hamilton perfectly coincided, and assured me that he would be responsible for the concurrence of all the members of this administration in the admission of their propriety to the fullest extent.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0166", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, [2 April 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\n[Philadelphia, April 2, 1793. On April 2, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Olney: \u201cYou will receive by this opportunity an official Letter.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0168", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edmund Randolph, 3 April 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia April 3. 1793.\nDear Sir\nI am extremely thankful to you for your readiness to accommodate me on the subject of the bills; but find, that the negotiation of the gentleman, to whom you alluded, was not for me. I must therefore make an arrangement for myself.\nThe sum, which I want to sell, is much less than \u00a32600 stg. It is only 1300 \u00a3; as I prefer waiting for a rise. For the money to be raised on this latter sum I Am bound for tomorrow. This caused me to apply to that gentleman for bills to that amount; but he replied, that he is assured, the exchange will rise before the 18th. of this month, and holds it to be his duty in consequence of the trust, reposed in him to hold up until that time. Now, my dear sir; as you do not mean to send the bill off immediately, I will give you my own bill, indorsed by an able merchant here, (which would be paid if necessary) but to lie with you \u2019till the 18th. to be then redeemed by Mr. Ross\u2019s. Did I not suppose, that this would answer your object, I would not propose it; nor indeed would I ask the favour, but for the painful and unexpected dilemma into which I am thrown; and a belief, that I have not overated the degree of friendship, which I have experienced from you.\nI am dear sir \u2003 Yr. friend & serv.\nEdm: Randolph\nColo. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0169", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jonathan Burrall, 4 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Burrall, Jonathan\nTreasury Department April 4th 1793\nSir\nI have to acknowlege the receipt of the Bills on London for \u00a36740 sterling, transmitted in your letter of the 1st instant.\nThe account has also been received and sent to the Auditor for settlement.\nI am with consideration \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedt Servt\nAlex Hamilton\nJonathan Burrall EsqrCashier of the office of Discount & DepositNew York", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0170", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, [4 April 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, April 4, 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the Secretary of State, and proposes, if convenient to him, a Meeting of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund, on Saturday. The Secretary of State will please to name the hour and place.\nThursday April 4th.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0171", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, 4 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\nTreasury Department, April 4, 1793. \u201cYour letter of the 28th of February has been \u2026 received. The forms of oaths you allude to were transmitted from the Comptroller\u2019s Office\u2026 on the 23rd Ultimo. A Circular letter from this, of the 29th of the same month \u2026 contains an answer to your other enquiry.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0172", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 4 April 1793\nFrom: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAmsterdam 4 April 1793\nSir\nWe had the honor to address you the 25 Jany. and 25 February, since when we have [not] received any of your respected favors.\nMr. Short in answer to the Letter we wrote him the 24 January to Madrid, of which we forwarded you copy, has authorised us to open a Loan of Two Million of guilders for the United States at Five per cent Interest, to face the Reimbursment and Interest due the 1 June next to the amount of f 1.470.000.\nThe successes of the Allies, rendering certain the Evacuation of this country and Brabant by the French Troops, confidence has begun to recover; and will probably gain ground further, so as to enable us to negotiate the Loan at Five p ct. Interest, but we cannot flatter ourselves to obtain it at a Lower rate. Should there however be a possibility to succeed at 4\u00bd p ct, our Exertions shall not be wanting to accomplish that desirable end, and we shall not fail to give you immediate advice by different channels of the business being concluded.\nMr Short having directed us some months ago; not only to with hold pressing the undertakers to receive their Bonds for the last loan of the united States at the periods fixed, but even to inform them, they would not be called upon to fulfill their Engagements punctually, one of them has 50 Bonds yet remaining in our hands, and his circumstances being reduced, we cannot foresee, He will soon have in his power to call for them, those Bonds selling for 90 p ct. we will take the necessary measures, to effect a settlement with him, upon the best footing we can stipulate for the United States.\nThe low price of all kinds of Public effects is no doubt chiefly owing to political causes, but is in some measure occasioned, by the many heavy failures that have lately happened both here, and in England which create a temporary extraordinary Demand for money in the commercial Line; We thank God are exempt from any loss. With the Houses that have been obliged to suspend their payments, and if we should suffer in an indirect manner, It can only be for Triffles.\nSuch a juncture you Sir, will naturally conceive, to be extremely unfavorable, to the execution of your plan, to engage Houses by a Premium to hold themselves ready to make large advances for the United States, and we are certain, none would assume the Engagement now: we will revolve the proposal well in our minds, and inform you and Mr. Short the Result, after the return of calm and confidence in the commercial World. In the mean while you may rely, that we are penetrated with every disposition to accede to your wishes, as far as is consistent with the Prudence we owe to our Families, and to our own tranquility, which are Blessings paramount with us to every consideration of gain.\nWe transmit you inclosed the account current of the United States with us, up to the 30 Ulto. the Balance whereon due by us Holld. cy. f486.506.18.8 we carry to their credit in a new account. Please have it examined, and on its proving right, pass same in conformity.\nWe are respectfully \u2003 Your most Obedient and \u2003 very \u2003 Hhble Servants. \u2003 Sir\nWilhem & Jan Willink\nN. & J. Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0174", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Brown, 5 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Brown, John\nTreasury DepartmentApril 5. 1793\nSir\nYour letter of the 28th. of March came to hand yesterday.\nI regret much every embarassment which is experienced by the Mercantile Body\u2014whether arising from the public operations, from accidental and unavoidable causes, or from a spirit of enterprise beyond the Capital which is to support it. That valuable class of Citizens forms too important an organ of the general weal not to claim every practicable and reasonable exemption and indulgence.\nI do not perceive however that I can at the present moment contribute to this end otherwise than by encouraging the Bank to continue its aids as liberally as shall be consistent with its safety under an assurance that I shall for some time to come forbear drafts upon them as much as shall be practicable. The deposits of the Government will during this period be proportionably considerable.\nIn making this declaration, I confide in the prudence of the Directors not to overstrain the faculties of the Bank by which the Institution and the public Interest might both suffer.\nWith consideration & esteem \u2003 I am Sir \u2003 Your Obedient serv\nA Hamilton\nJohn Brown EsqrPresident of the B of Providence", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0175", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to James Duane, 5 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Duane, James\nTreasury Department April 5 1793\nSir.\nI return herewith the statement sent me in the case of Lemuel Toby and the Ship Lydia, in order that a further enquiry & statement may be had.\nI am not at present satisfied of the innocence of the transaction, as it respects all the parties, who may be concerned, and as it is a shape in which fraud may present itself with great success, I am solicitous for a pretty strict scrutiny.\nA Hogshead such as those we use with us is an Article so very distinguishable from a pipe, so different in the handling & stowage, that it is scarcely supposeable that the Captain could have been ignorant that the h\u2019hds in question were on board & that they were not pipes.\nIt is still less supposeable that the Shippers of them could have considered them as pipes which it is presumable, (from their having been called so in the manifest) was the denomination given them.\nThe following particulars for different reasons appear to me desirable to be known\n1 The Owner or Owners of the Ship\n2 The Owner, Shipper & Consignees of the Geneva in question.\n3 The denomination in the bills of lading & invoices of the Vessells containing it whether h\u2019hds or pipes\n4 The position of the H\u2019hds in the Ship in relation to the use of the Cargo, as whether low down\u2014midway\u2014or at the top\n5th \u2003 The behaviour of the Ship upon her arrival on the Coast or within the Hook, whether she loitered or came immediately up\u2014whether at the time of her arrival the Cutter was on the Coast or near the hook & had communication with her or not.\nIf the Ship was within reach, I should request an inspection of the Account of her Cargo while taking in, and of her log book, to ascertain the denomination there given to the H\u2019hds.\nI observe, it is stated, there were no certificates with the H\u2019hds. If this has only been inferred negatively, a revision of the fact, with a more critical eye may be found useful.\nIt will readily occur that if they had been in possesion of the master, or any other person they may have been suppressed\u2014and if any fraud was intended, the Oath of a party liable to suspicion would not be conclusive respecting such a point.\nIt would be reasonable in such a case to ask of the Consignee a production of his Correspondence.\nIt is with reluctance, I at any time give the trouble of a revision or restatement, but the present Case is in my opinion of a nature to require particular vigilance & circumspection. I doubt not the aditional attention requisite will be chearfully bestowed.\nWith respectful Consideration \u2003 I have the honor to be Sir \u2003 Yr Obdt Servt\nA Hamilton\nThe HonbleJames Duane EsqNew York", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0176", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Uriah Forrest, [5 April 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Forrest, Uriah\n[Philadelphia, April 5, 1973. On the back of Forrest\u2019s letter to Hamilton on November 7, 1792, Hamilton wrote: \u201cAnswered April 5. 1793 with thanks &c.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0177", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Richard Harison, 5 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Harison, Richard\nTreasury DepartmentApril 5 1793\nSir\nI enclose you a copy of a Letter from me to the district Judge of this date requiring a revision in the Case of Lemuel Toby and the Ship Lydia.\nYou will see that I am not at present satisfied of the innocence of the transaction. The Invoice & Bill of Lading ought to be seen before there is time for fabrication.\nI request your particular attention to a scrutinous investigation of the transaction.\nWith great Consideration \u2003 I am Sir \u2003 Yr Obed Servt\nA Hamilton\nRichard Harrison EqAtty for the Districtof New yorke", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0178", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, [5 April 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, April 5, 1793]\nMr. Hamilton presents his Compliments to the Secy of State\u2014elects his office as likely to be most convenient to him where Mr. H will accordingly attend tomorrow at 10 oClock.\nFriday \u2003 April 5", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0180", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Nicholson, 5 April 1793\nFrom: Nicholson, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] April 5 1793\nsir\nI have this morning seen Mr. Randolph who informed me he gave you his opinion just before on the question whether New Loan debt of this State was subscribable and that it was in the negative. It appears to have been thus decided principally to avoid any difficulty with the State. Inclosed is a Copy of a letter I addressed to the Committe on Ways & means, and should be glad you would suspend any decision on Mr. Randolphs opinion untill I have an opportunity of seeing you thereon. If the mode I propose be adopted you will have the difficulty removed.\nI am Yr ob servt\nJ N\nThe Honble Alexr. Hamilton Esqrsecty Treasy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0181", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 5 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nPhiladelphia April 5. 1793\nSir\nThe Ship John Buckeley is just arrived here from Lisbon, which place she left on the 23. of February.\nThe Messrs. Walls a respectable Mercantile House here have received a letter from Mr. John Buckeley a respectable Merchant of Lisbon, after whom the Ship is named, of which the following is an extract.\n\u201cBy letters from France by this day\u2019s Post, we find, that an Embargo took place there the 2d. instant on all English Russian and Dutch Vessels, which is certainly the prelude of War.\u201d This letter is dated the 22d of February.\nMessrs. Walls, in addition, inform that on the 23 of Febry the moment the Ship was getting under way Mr. Buckeley came on board with a letter from Mr. Fenwick of Bourdeaux, informing him that War had been declared by France against England Russia & Holland. The foregoing particulars I have directly from the Walls.\nThe Report in the City is that the War was declared on the 8th of Febry.\nCombining this with the Letter of Lord Grenville to Mr. Chauvelin requiring his departure & the Kings Message to the House of Commons founded upon\u2014there seems to be no room for Doubt of the existence of War.\nWith perfect respect & the truest Attachment \u2003 I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Yr. Most Obed serv\nA. Hamilton\nThe President of the UStates\nP.S. \u2003 I this instant learn that there are English Papers in Town by way of St Vincents which mention that on the 8th of February The late Queen of France was also put to Death after a Trial & Condemnation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0182", "content": "Title: Meeting of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund, [6 April 1793]\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund,Commissioners of the Sinking Fund\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, April 6, 1793]\nAt a Meeting of the Trustees of the Sinking fund, at the Office of the Secretary of State on the 6 of April 1793.\nPresent, The Secretary of State,\nThe Secrey. of the Treasury, and\nThe Atty. Genl. of the U States.\nIt appears by a Certificate from the Register, bearing date this day, that there are at the disposal of the Board 25,445d.76Cts arising from the dividends of Interest payable on the 31st of March 1793. Whereupon it is,\nResolved, that the same be expended by Saml. Meredith, Agent, in the purchase of the several species of Stock, constituting the Debt of the United States, at their respective market prices, not exceeding the par or true value thereof, and as nearly as may be in equal proportions.\nThe Attorney Genl being of opinion that in fixing the par or true value of the 3 pr. Cent stock\u2014a calculation according to the rate of Interest prescribed by the Resolution of the 15 of August 1791\u2014 ought to govern; and the Secretary of the Treasury being of opinion, that it is not now expedient or necessary, that the said calculation should be exceeded;\nIt is further Resolved, that the price to be given for the said 3 pr. Ct. Stock, shall not exceed the limit prescribed by the said resolution of the 15 of Augt. 1791\u2014the Secretary of State continueing to dissent from any estimate of the true value of the said 3 pr. Ct. stock at more than 10/\u2014 in the pound.\nEdmd Randolph\nAprovedApril 12 1793, Go. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0183", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Cochran, 8 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Cochran, John\nTreasury Department, April 8, 1793. \u201cEnclosed is a List of certificates of transfers issued by the commissioner of Georgia in which the time from which they bear interest has been altered, from the 1st of January to the 1st of April 1792.\u2026 I have thought proper to give You this information in order to remove any scruple which might arise on account of the alteration.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0185", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from David Ross, 8 April 1793\nFrom: Ross, David\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBladensburgh [Maryland] April8. 1793\nDear Sir\nI expected before this Copies of your and Co Mercers Communications & the Statement to the President with the Certificates respecting the Bribe\u2014& I need say nothing farther than that particular circumstances render me more anxious for them than ever. It is still asserted here that you attended the Coffee House on the Evenings the Purchases were made and that it was a common mode of expression that the Secretary would be in Market and that Certificates was sure to rise in consequence of it: so that you see, the Journals of the Commissioners will not convince some of Co Mercers advocates.\nBy insisting on it we have at least got Co Mercers Detail which he referred to in one of his publications. It would not be sufficiently interesting to you to send a Copy of it, but if you should desire it from the nature of the enclosed answers you shall have it from\nYour friend & obedt Servt\nDavid Ross", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0186", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Simeon Theus, 8 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Theus, Simeon\nTreasry DepartmentApril 8. 1793\nSir\nI have collected and reviewed the Papers relating to Mr. Prioleaus Petition. If you persist in your request, those which came from you will be returned to you; but as I shall certainly report on the case at the next session of Congress, which is the course the business must have\u2014I wish to retain them \u2019till that is done.\nThe claim appears to be of a nature, that I should reluctantly feel myself under a necessity of reporting against it and I am therefore desirous of preserving in my possession whatever may throw light upon the final consideration to be bestowed upon it. I am Sir\nYour obedient Servt\nA Hamilton\nSimon Theus Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0187", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 8 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nPhiladelphiaApril 8th. 1793\nSir\nThe papers of to day, which I take it for granted are forwarded to you will inform you of a confirmation of the War between France England & Holland & of such other leading particulars, as are contained in the English Papers brought by the Packet.\nThe object of this Letter is merely to apprize you that the whole current of Commercial Intelligence, which comes down to the 11 of February, indicates, thus far, an unexceptionable conduct on the part of the British Government towards the Vessels of the UStates.\nThis information is received here with very great satisfaction as favourable to a continuance of peace\u2014the desire of which may be said to be both universal & ardent.\nWith the highest respect & the truest attachment \u2003 I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedt & humb servant\nA Hamilton\nP.S \u2003 Lest the papers may not be regularly transmitted I enclose the two of this morning.\nThe President of the UStates", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0188", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Bingham, 9 April 1793\nFrom: Bingham, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhilada April 9th 1793\nDear sir\nThe Committee of the Board, (on the subject of the Loan) were unfortunate in not finding you at your Office or House, when they had the Honor of waiting on you this Morning.\nThey were instructed to confer with you on a Point, which is the Object of the inclosed Letter, & to which I request your early Reply, as the Board are desirous of terminating this Business, at an adjourned Meeting to Morrow Morning, at ten oClock.\nThe Reasons that influenced this Application, will naturally occur to you\u2014they are not unfavorable to the Success of your Views.\nI have the Honor to be \u2003 Your &c\nWm Bingham\nHonble Alexr Hamilton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0189", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 9 April 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[April 9, 1793. On April 11, 1793, Hamilton sent to George Washington \u201ca communication of the 9 instant from the Commissioner of the Revenue.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0192", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, 9 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia Apr. 9. 1793\nSir\nHaving received full authority from mr William Short to superintend & controul the disposal of his property in the public funds, I take the liberty of desiring that no property of his of that kind, whether standing in his own name or in that of mr James Brown or any other person in trust for him may be permitted to be transferred or to [be] paid to any person whatever. I have the honor to be Sir\nYour most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\nThe Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0193", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to \u2014\u2014\u2014, [10 April 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, April 10, 1793]\nMr. Winstanlly brought me a letter of Introduction from Chief Justice Jay; stating him to be a Young Gentleman from England, who, without having made it a profession, had made some promising essays in Landscape Painting.\nThere are two views of situations on Hudson\u2019s River painted by Mr Winstanly, in the drawing Room of Mrs. Washington, which have great intrinsic merit\u2014and considered with reference to his opportunities, as related, announce a very superior genius in this branch of painting, worthy of encouragement.\nA Hamilton\nPhiladelphia April 10. 1793", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0195", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Edward Carrington, 10 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Carrington, Edward\n[Philadelphia, April 10, 1793. On April 26, 1793, Carrington wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI am favored with your[s] of the 10th. Instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0196", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Peter Colt, 10 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Colt, Peter\nPhiladelphiaApril 10. 1793\nSir\nI have received two letters from you of the 28th. of Feby & the 27 of March\u2014which the urgency of official avocations has prevented my acknowleging sooner.\nI received five hundred Dollars from Mr. Duer, by an order upon his Agent in the City (whose name I at this moment forget) which with the money received of Mr. Walker is the whole that ever came to my hands on account of the Society, and leaves me in advance all the difference between those two sums & my disbursements for the Society:\nAs soon as I can find leisure I will make out and render an exact account. I should not be sorry however, if a provisional order was made by the Directors, for paying such sum as should be found due to me, as a reimbursement will be at this time convenient to me.\nThe affairs of the Society would appear to require a termination of Mr. Morts salary. With regard to Mr. Hall I think it will depend on the evidence he may have given by this time of zeal for the interests of the Society & capacity to promote them. If these stand as might be wished I should imagine there would be objections to a temporary reduction of his salary. It will however deserve consideration if under the prospects of the society, they can afford permanently the salary intended for Mr. Hall and still more whether his conduct hitherto has been such as to justify the retaining of him in the employment of the Society.\nI express myself thus\u2014because I have heared suggestions of a delicate nature; and though I have no means of judging how far they may be founded and am always an advocate for careful & dispassionate examination before accusations are allowed to influence, yet there have been symptoms which impress me with an idea, that it will deserve serious investigation whether it be the interest of the Society to continue Mr. Hall.\nMarshall is an essential, and, I believe, a very deserving man. I think his salary ought to be increased.\nPearce has valuable qualities & some ill ones. He is prone to new projects & will require a watchful eye on that score. Probably it may be good policy to secure him, till further experiment of his discretion and real skill, by an augmentation of Salary.\nI have heard in different ways the proposed change in the plan, to which you refer. Perhaps I do not appreciate all the circumstances which ought to decide\u2014But I acknowlege I feel a strong disapprobation of it. Perseverance in almost any plan is better than fickleness & fluctuation.\nI wish these remarks to be considered as so far confidential that they may not be formally communicated to the Board but you are at liberty, if you think it of any use to make them known to such members of it as you may judge expedient.\nWith esteem I am Sir \u2003 Your Obed Se\nA Hamilton\nPeter Colt Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0198", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Stephen Higginson, 10 April 1793\nFrom: Higginson, Stephen\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston Apr. 10. 1793\nDr Sir\nFrance having declared War against Britain &c, Questions may arise tending to involve us in their disputes. I know indeed that attempts will be made to procure Aid to France from us, on the grounds of policy interest & obligations from Treaties &c. Such an attempt may be made through the medium of our Legislature in their May Sessions; & very sound Assertions will be made which may not be easily refuted without more information than I find any one here at present possesses.\nAre there any Articles existing between us & France involving such an Obligation beside the 11 & 12 in the Treaty of Alliance?\u2014Have those Articles been in part or wholly done away since the Treaty was made & how? Do general guarrantys like that in those articles, without any provision for specific Aid, imply or involve any obligations to give Aid? If there be no political or moral obligation on us to take a part, it is a pity We should not know it, & be able to convince every one of it.\nYour Situation must have led you to examine those Questions; & if there will be no impropriety in doing it, I should request you to give me some information on this Subject. It is important I think to prevent any general impressions, which may lead to a popular call to become Parties in European quarrels & I wish to know the true State of things, so as to meet assertions with facts, & to form Sentiments upon them.\nYou will excuse this application if it has any appearance of impropriety in your mind, & will comply with the request so far only as may appear proper.\nIf the Executive could by proclamation inform the public on this Subject it would do great good, or prevent much mischief. Will not the Citizens be prohibited from taking any part under cover or openly? Some of our old adventurers in privateering who are again reduced will require a tight Rein to prevent them.\nI am with respect Sir your hum Servant\nStephen Higginson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0200-0001", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Jay, 11 April 1793\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York 11 ap. 1793\nDr Sir\nYour Letters of the 9th. Inst. were this Day delivered to me, as I was preparing to go out of town. The Subject of them is important. I have not Time to judge decidedly on some of the points. The enclosed will shew what my present Ideas of a proclamation are\u2014it is hastily drawn\u2014it says nothing of Treaties\u2014it speaks of neutrality, but avoids the Expression because in this country often associated with others. I shall be at Pha. in my way to Richmond. I think it better at present that too little shd. be said, than too much. I wd. not recieve any Minister from a Regent untill he was Regent de facto; and therefore I think such Intention shd. be inferable from the proclamn. Let us do every thing that may be right to avoid war; and if without our Fault we shd. be involved in it, there will be little Room for apprehensions about the Issue. It is happy for us that we have Presid. who will do nothing rashly\u2014and who regards his own Interest as inseparable from the public good.\nYours sincerely\nJohn Jay\nCol. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0201", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Gouverneur Morris, 11 April 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nParis 11 April 1793.\nDear Sir\nIn mine of the sixteenth of February I mentioned to you the Case of Colo. Laumoy and that I would write in Answer to his Applications that I am not authoriz\u2019d to make payment but on Production of the Certificate. I do not know how I came to misunderstand you so egregiously as I find upon reading over your Letter to have been the Case. In the present State of the Business however I think it will be as well to adhere to the line adopted because the Communication between this and other Countries being interrupted a power of Attorney falling into bad Hands might be used to defraud the Party: and further it is decreed long since by the Convention that those who remit to Emigrants shall be punished with Death so that the Bankers and Agents of every Kind are either afraid to act or else disposed to betray their Trust. Wherefore it is more simple that such as are under this disagreable Predicament, should receive their Whole Demand in America. That being the only Way to avoid very disagreable questions. Genl. Koskiusko was here some Time ago and not having his Certificate did not receive his Interest, but I desired Messrs. Grand to Enquire after him and pay him if he still be in France.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0202", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 11 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department, April 11, 1793. Encloses \u201ca communication of the 9 instant from the Commissioner of the Revenue, this morning received, transmitting a Contract with Abishai Woodward as Superintendant of the workmen to be employed in completing the Lighthouse at Bald-Head.\u201d Recommends that the contract be approved.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0203", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Charles Lee, 12 April 1793\nFrom: Lee, Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAlexandria [Virginia] 12th. April, 1793\nSir!\nHaving resigned the Office of Collector, at the District of Alexandria, my successor who I have heard is to be John Fitzgerald, will to-morrow commence his official duties. To him, I have supposed myself bound to pay the balance of public monies and of public bonds due from me at this time, and his receipt I shall transmit to the Comptroller, that he may be debited with the amount. To him also I shall deliver all the laws and instructions heretofore received from the Treasury Department, and in his hands I shall leave all the Books containing any matters of public account. Wishing to be finally discharged from all the demands of the United States against me, I shall send on my accounts ending with the last quarter, and from that to the present time, and I hope they will upon examination be found to be correct, and that I shall soon receive an acquittance.\nThere were some prosecutions commenced by my orders against offenders of the Revenue Laws, and the costs in some instances, will be and are payable out of the public money, but not being demanded they remain unpaid. I wish you to make some arrangements for paying whatever sums of money would have been payable on account of prosecutions before mentioned by me as Collector, if I had continued in Office.\nI shall be thankful to you if you will transmit to me your directions respecting the paying and delivering to my successor, the various matters herein before mentioned, in order that I may conduct myself in a manner agreeable to you, and safe to myself.\nI am Sir! \u2003 with the most respectful considerations \u2003 Your Obedt. Humble Servant\nCharles Lee, Collector", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0204", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Henry Lee, 12 April 1793\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nIn Council [Richmond] April 12th. 1793.\nSir,\nI had the honor to receive your letter of the 22d. Ultimo and submitted the same to the Council of State.\nIn conformity with their advice, I have given directions to the proper officer of this Commonwealth to Supply the loan officer of the United States with the information requested.\nSome doubts arise with respect to the propriety of the measure adopted, but our Solicitude to prevent any interruption to the laws of the United States and a thorough confidence in your declaration of rectifying when required any inconveniencies which may result from our decision should the construction of the law under which you act be found erroneous produced a compliance with your request.\nTo understand unequivocally the law on the case, I beg leave to propose to you, that the matter be brought before the Supreme judiciary of the United States at their next term, and hope you will favour me with your reply to this proposition. I have the honor &c.\nHenry Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0205-0001", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Gouverneur Morris, 12 April 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nParis 12. April 1793.\nDear Sir\nI wrote to you Yesterday and mentioned the affair of General Laumoy. A View of that Gentlemans very disagreable Situation and the sincere Desire of releiving him from it have suggested to my Mind an Expedient and I have in Consequence written the Letter to our Bankers in Amsterdam of which a Copy is enclosed and by which he will be I hope enabled to receive his Due. For his Capital however he must be indebted to your kind Interposition.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0206", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 12 April 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury Department, April 12, 1793.\nSir,\nThe Collectors stand charged with the sealed blank Certificates of Registry which have been furnished from this Department under the act, entitled, \u201cAn act for registering and clearing of Vessels, regulating the coasting Trade, and for other purposes.\u201d\nIt will therefore be proper that all such blank Certificates as may have remained on hand after the last day of March past (the time when the operation of the act, entitled, \u201cAn act concerning the Registering and Recording of Ships or Vessels\u201d commenced) be forthwith returned to the Register of the Treasury; accompanied with an account, agreeably to the annexed form, shewing the number of Registers which have been received by you from the Treasury, and the number issued and returned.\nWith consideration, I am, \u2003 Sir, your obedient Servant,\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0207", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 12 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMount Vernon 12 April 1793.\nDear sir,\nIn due course of Post I have received your Letters of the 5 and 8 instant. & thank you for the information contained in them.\nTomorrow I leave this for Philadelphia. The advices which I may receive this Evening by the Post, will fix my route by Baltimore (as usual)\u2014or by the one I intended to have come\u2014that is, by Reading, the Canals between the rivers, Harrisburgh, Carlisle &c. In either case ten days, I expect, will land me in the City.\nHostilities having commenced between France & England, it is incumbent on the Government of the United States to prevent, as far as in it lies, all interferences of our Citizens in them; and immediate precautionary measures ought, I conceive, to be taken for that purpose, as I have reason to believe (from some things I have heard) that many vessels in different parts of the Union are designated for Privateers & are preparing accordingly. The means to prevent it, and for the United States to maintain a strict neutrality between the powers at war, I wish to have seriously thought of, that I may, as soon as I arrive at the Seat of the Government, take such steps, tending to these ends, as shall be deemed proper & effectual.\nWith great esteem, \u2003 I am &c.\nGeo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0208", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Davidson, 13 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Davidson, John\nTreasury Department, April 13, 1793. \u201c\u2026 I shall regret your final determination to resign at the same time, that I should be wanting in candour were I to hold out to you the probability of any material increase of your present official emoluments. Yet it is expected that the subject of compensations at large will engage the consideration of the Legislature at their next session, and it is impossible to forsee what alterations they may make. Should you persevere in your intention to resign it will be proper for you to communicate it to the President & at the same time to transmit your Commission to him.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0210", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Whipple, 13 April 1793\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPortsmouth [New Hampshire] April 13, 1793. Writes concerning \u201ca Small Seizure in this district of one bag of Cocoa and four bags of Coffee.\u201d Discusses the details of the case. Asks for \u201cinstructions on this matter.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0211", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James McHenry, 14 April 1793\nFrom: McHenry, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nFayetteville near Baltimore 14 April 1793\nMy dear Hamilton\nThough exceedingly mortified and hurt at Mr. Perry\u2019s being refused that inspectorship I did not once think of blaming you. I ascribed it to the peculiarity of your situation and the enmity of those who were near you, originating in the part that gentleman had taken against them. The Tilghmans I believe influenced Coxe. Coxe made the thing an object and you had those of greater magnitude to attend, till it was too late to counteract your assistant. I perceive he understands his business, or rather the intrigues of a court. He appears to present Eccleston as the most intitled; all the recommendations run hig[h]est for Eccleston, and yet Richardson, who was then treasurer of the Eastern shore is appointed inspector; which some how or other fell in with the views of the Tilghmans much better than Ecclestons appointment, and short of the wishes of Henry and Murry. It is true as I have mentioned before to you Mr. Richardson is a very worthy man and very deserving of the office, but not more worthy and less active than Perry as far as I have been able to investigate character.\nI know not what to say to Perry when I may see him. I cannot tell him what you have told me; and from the impressions made against him I cannot flatter him with being remembered in future. What impressions the disappointment may excite and how they may issue is impossible to foresee. However as I shall not see him soon I shall have time for meditation.\nI did not forget you during the late storm, and had the pleasure to find that the merchantile interest in Baltimore entertained corresponding opinions. Perhaps you may contrive to visit me sometime in the summer, should the President return again to his seat and you should have any business with him to cover a journey.\nOur people wish to be able to carry our produce freely to all the parties at war who may want it, without having any thing further to do with the war.\nYours affectionately & truly\nJames McHenry\nI cannot get the whole of your communications to Congress during the late session. If convenient I beg you will send them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0212", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Henry Knox, [15 April 1793]\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, April 15, 1793. On April 18, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Knox: \u201cThe requests contained in your letter of the 15 of April have been complied with.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0215", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 15 April 1793\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCustom-HouseDistrict of Providence 15th. April 1793\nSir\nI have the Honour to acquaint you that the Suit commenced against me by Mr. Edward Dexter in the Case of the Brigantine Neptune, was taken up and argued before the Superior Court in this Town on Saturday afternoon the 13th Instant and continued untill 9 o\u2019Clock in the Evening, when Mr. Howell Counsel for the Plaintiff moved for an adjournment of the Cause untill the next Term to be held here in September, assigning for reason that he was much fatigued and should not be able to close the cause that evening! But to avoid a delay calculated to give them an advantage (by an expected and probable change of the Court in May next) I proposed that the cause should be removed to the County of Kent, and the pleadings closed before the same Court which meets there in course on the 22d. Instant, which was objected to by my opponents, but the Court adopted my proposition.\nJudgment was not given in the Case of Mr. Arnold, as that of Mr. Dexters being Similar; the Court deemed it expedient to defer their Opinion untill the Pleas of the latter were closed at Kent when both would be decided upon, and I have no doubt of a favorable Issue. The District Attorney has Promised me (after the rising of the Court at Kent) he will give you a particular Statement of the principles on which these Causes have been conducted and Decided upon, this I presume will prove satisfactory to you.\nI have the Honor to be \u2003 very Respectfully \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Most Obedt. Hume. Servt.\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nAlexander Hamilton Esqr.Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0216", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Isaac Holmes, [16 April 1793]\nFrom: Holmes, Isaac\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Charleston, South Carolina, April 16, 1793. On May 10, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Edmund Randolph and referred to a letter \u201cof the 16th of April from the Collector of the District of Charlestown.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0217", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Kean, 17 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Kean, John\n[Philadelphia] April 17. 1793\nD Sir\nA warrant lately issued for money for the Quarter Master\u2019s department 40000 Dollars which Mr. Hodgsdon will receive by a Check from the Treasurer as usual. He is instructed to receive & forward the money in Post Notes of the Bank. I mention this that in case contrary to instruction, he may call for specie, you may be able to state your knowlege of the arrangement & refer it to me. I have some suspicions that sometimes the intention of the Department in this particular has not been strictly pursued.\nYrs.\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0218", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Nathaniel Appleton, 18 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Appleton, Nathaniel\n[Philadelphia, April 18, 1793. Letter listed in dealer\u2019s catalogue. Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0220", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Samuel Hodgdon, [18 April 1793]\nFrom: Hodgdon, Samuel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, April 18, 1793. On April 20, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Hodgdon and referred to \u201cyour letter of the 18 inst.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0221", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Knox, 18 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Knox, Henry\nTreasury DepartmentApril 18. 1793\nSir\nThe requests contained in your letter of the 15 of April have been complied with.\nThere are two points arising out of the Estimate of the Qr. Master General, which you transmitted, to which I beg leave to call your attention.\nOne Item of Expenditure in the estimate is 450 Pack-Horses. It has been noticed to me by the Accounting Officers of the Treasury, that there appear to have been already expended in the purchase of this article a large sum by the present Qr. Master\u2019s Department. And it is recollected that a very considerable number of horses were purchased and paid for, for the use of the Campaign under General St Clair, a great part of which survived the Campaign and it is understood were put out to be recruited for future service.\nThis renders it desireable that Inquiry should be made what ultimately became of those horses\u2014what are the calculations of the quantity of transportation for which so extensive a provision of pack-horses is intended?\nI submit also to your consideration whether under the prospects of the Campaign the provision need be made at once to the extent contemplated or may be made successively, so always as to be in measure for ulterior operations. The maintenance of a superfluous number of Packhorses, when not required for service, has an objectionable side on the score of expence. Whether the procuring them much sooner than they will be wanted may not have other inconveniences is for you to determine.\nIn making these suggestions, I certainly do not mean to throw any impediment in the way of timely preparation. This is a primary idea. But if expence can be saved by a delay in providing not injurious, it is of course to be desired.\nAnother item in the estimate of the Qr. Master General is 12000 Dollars for pay of his Department to the 1st of July.\nThis sum appears considerable especially as seperate sums are estimated for Horse Masters Waggon Masters and Drivers. No light on this head can be obtained from any accounts heretofore rendered at the Treasury. I understood you that none was possessed by your department.\nHence the necessity of an inquiry into the circumstances.\nWith respect & esteem I have the honor to be Sir Your Obedt serv\nThe Secretary at War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0224", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jean Baptiste de Ternant, 18 April [1793]\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste de\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] du 18 avril [1793]\nLe M. f. previent le S. d. la t. des E. U. qu\u2019il a donn\u00e9 \u00e0 Conyngham Nesbit et compe. deux mandats dont un de 40624 Doll. 33/00 \u00e0 vue faisant le reliqua du payement echu au 15 du present et l\u2019autre de 9980 Dol. 28/00 payable au lr. de may prochain.\nT.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0225-0001", "content": "Title: George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, Henry Knox, and Edmund Randolph, 18 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander,Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund\nPhiladelphia April 18th. 1793.\nSir,\nThe posture of affairs in Europe, particularly between France and Great Britain, places the United States in a delicate situation; and requires much consideration of the measures which will be proper for them to observe in the War betwn. those Powers. With a view to forming a general plan of conduct for the Executive, I have stated and enclosed sundry questions to be considered preparatory to a meeting at my house to morrow; where I shall expect to see you at 9 \u2018o clock, & to receive the result of your reflections thereon.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0226", "content": "Title: Cabinet Meeting. Opinion on a Proclamation of Neutrality and on Receiving the French Minister, [19 April 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, April 19, 1793]\nAt a meeting of the heads of departments & the Attorney general at the President\u2019s Apr. 19. 1793. by special summons to consider of several questions previously communicated to them in writing by the President.\nQu. I. Shall a Proclamation issue &c.? (see the questions)\nagreed by all that a Proclamation shall issue, forbidding our citizens to take part in any hostilities on the seas with or against any of the belligerant powers, and warning them against carrying to any such powers any of those articles deemed contraband according to the modern usage of nations, and enjoining them from all acts and proceedings inconsistent with the duties of a friendly nation towards those at war.\nQu. II. Shall a Minister from the Republic of France be received? agreed unanimously that he shall be received.\nQu. III If received, shall it be absolutely &c.\n[The Attorney general & Secretary of state are of opinion he shoud be received absolutely & without qualifications.\nThe Secretaries of the Treasury & War?]\nThis & the subsequent questions are postponed to another day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0229", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Hopkins, 21 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Hopkins, John\n[Philadelphia, April 21, 1793. On April 29, 1793, Hopkins wrote to Hamilton: \u201cIn compliance with your letter of the 21st of April.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0230", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tench Coxe, [22 April 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Coxe, Tench\n[Philadelphia, April 22, 1793]\nThe President is of opinion that it will be adviseable to close the purchase & to extend it to a years supply taking due precaution as to preservation &c.\nApril 22, 1793A Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0231", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 22 April 1793\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, April 22, 1793. \u201cAs it may, in some measure, affect arrangements made at the Treasury, on the probable amount of the Revenue for twelve or Eighteen Months hence, I take leave to inform you, that the difficulty of paying Duties, owing to the scarcity of Specie, has induced the Owners of Two or Three Ships, expected here this Season from the East Indies, to forward Orders to such foreign Ports as it is probable they may touch at on their passages, directing the Supercargoes to dispose of the principal part of the Effects on board, before their return to the United States; fixing the prices so extremely low that there is but little doubt of its being accomplished. This will probably reduce the Duties, which would otherwise have been secured at this Office, about 50,000 Dollars.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0232", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 22 April 1793\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence 22nd. April 1793.\nPrivate.\nMy Dear Sir\nBy the last Post I acknowledged the receipt of your confidential, and very Friendly Letter of the 2nd Instant, and I embrace the first leisure moment to express my Gratitude, and return my sincere Thanks for the kindness of the motives which prompted you to write it.\nYour flattering approbation of my official Conduct in general, and the intimation you have been pleased to give of the great confidence you have in my Intentions, afford me the sincerest satisfaction; and I hope my future Behavior, as a public officer, will furnish you with no cause to alter your good opinion, I will at least endeavor that it shall not.\nYour acquainting me, in this private manner, with the \u201cIdea of some good Men who have expressed to you that in some Instances, my conduct has been too punctilious, and not sufficiently accommodating,\u201d I esteem an unequivocal proof of your Regard; and which is greatly enhanced by your favorable construction of those intimations. On this point I beg leave, Dear Sir, respectfully to observe, that it is more than probable the introduction of punctuality and exactness, in the execution of the revenue Laws, may appear to some Gentlemen like vigour; especially when it is considered, and which I assert as a Fact, that the Merchants in General, in this District, were before strangers to an honorable punctuality and exactness, as they respected the collection and payment of the Duties imposed by the State Legislature; for it is a well known Truth, that the Merchants paid but little regard to the law when it clashed with their Interest; and that the officers of the Customs being annually chosen, were perfectly under their controul; hence they were permitted to make such Entries as they pleased (very seldom exceeding half the cargoes;) to regard the law in other respects, (particularly in altering registers at their pleasure &c.) so far only as it suited their own convenience; and to clear out their Vessels even on the Sabath! It is therefore, easy to conceive, that so great a change, in being suddenly restricted from this pleasing liberty, is the real and only sourse of the illiberal and unmerited Censure against me,\nI have never ventured to exercise a discretionary power in the execution of the Duties of my office, not authorised, by the Law or your instructions; because I considered it dangerous to establish a precident, which might, from the imperfection of human nature, of which perhaps, I possess too great a share, lead me beyond the line of Prudence and my Duty to the public. But Sir, since you have been pleased to place such confidence in me, as to permit a discreet exercise of it, on urgent occasions, I will venture upon the expedient, with great caution, as those occasions may arise, taking particular care to execute every essential part of the Law. With such views I shall not doubt but your candour will induce you to make every allowance for any unintentional deviation from the law in my exercise of Discretion.\nThe good will of the Merchants is very important and desirable, as you observe; and it shall be secured, if a fair and Just discharge of my duty will obtain it: indeed, I possess it already, from a greater part of the Gentlemen.\nWith every sentiment of Esteem and Gratitude, \u2003 I have the honor to be, Dear Sir, \u2003 Your much obliged, and \u2003 Most Obedt. Servant\nJereh. Olney\nAlexander Hamilton Esquire.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0233", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 22 April 1793\nFrom: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Amsterdam, April 22, 1793. On August 12, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Willink, Van Staphorst, and Hubbard: \u201cI have lately the pleasure of your letters of the 22d of April and first of may.\u201d Letter of April 22 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0235", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, 24 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, April 24, 1793. Requests a warrant \u201cfor the sum of six hundred fifty one Dollars, sixty seven Cents, the Balance of the appropriation for my office, to be applied to defray its contingent expenses.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0236", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Rufus King, 24 April 1793\nFrom: King, Rufus\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York] 24 Ap. 1793\nAverse to any connexion with the war beyound what may be permitted by the laws of strict neutrality, we are pleased to see the Proclamation. I have no precedents with which to compare it, but I could have wished to have seen in some part of it the word \u201cNeutrality,\u201d which every one would have understood and felt the force of.\nHaving anxiously considered the point respecting which we conversed when I was with you last, I hope you are founded in your opinions. The change which has happened will not perhaps justify us in saying \u201cthe Treaties are void\u201d\u2014and whether we may contend in favor of their suspension is a point of delicacy and not quite free from doubt. The authority of the present government is as extensive with their Territory, which is free from the possession of their antagonists.\nPrudence would seem to require us to move with caution, and by delay to insure a safe decision. The mere reception of the minister will do us no injury, although I am in Mind to believe, that in order to avoid being pressed on points we may wish not to decide, it will be best to qualify the reception of the Minister in such manner, as will save our commitment in reference to those questions, we wish to stand open.\nOur Treaty with Holland may be used with advantage. The report of Mr. Le Brun to the convention respecting perfidy of the monarchy towards us is proof of such a want of good Faith as poinsons the whole Treaty. Have you noticed that the 16th. article of the Treaty of commerce between Eng. and France, is in the Teeth of the 22d. article of the Treaty of commerce between France & us? On the principle that all the articles of a Treaty have the force of conditions, the violation of this article by France, wd. give us the power to renounce the whole Treaty.\nExamining our Laws respecting the registry of our Ships & vessels I was struck with a difficulty which will luckily be in the way of our purchasing Prizes brought into our ports by any of the powers at war. It is worth your attention. As the law stands, I do not perceive that any such vessels can be protected by the american Flag, even though owned bona fide by american Citizens. Of this point however I will not be confident\u2014such vessels will beyound doubt be liable to pay the foreign Tonnage.\nThe conduct of England in searching our ships, and impressing seamen engaged under our Flag, is very different in the present armament from what it was in the late armament against Spain. The masters of our ships which have arrived here from England, as also those who have arrived from Ireland, speak with the appearance of national pride, when they mention the hotness of the Press, and the intire exemption of Ships which sail under our Flag. The circumstance is one from which we may make pretty certain inferences. Farewel, I wish I could give assistance to the measures & maxims you will pursue. We must not become intangled with this mad War.\nYours &c\nRufus King", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0238", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 25 April 1793\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCustom HouseDistrict of Providence 25th April 1793.\nSir\nAgreeably to the information contained in my Letter of the 15th Instant, I have attended the Superior Court which met at East Greenwich for the County of Kent on the 22nd. Instant, and am sorry to acquaint you that the Causes of Messrs. Arnold and Dexter, against me, in the Case of the Brigantine Neptune, remain undecided, the Chief Justis being indisposed and unable to attend the Court declined acting on this Business in his absence, this will unavoidably postpone a decision of it, untill the Court meets here in Septr. next. There will be some Change in the Court, one new Judge at least, will be added in the place of one some time Since Deceased, which will be the cause of additional Expence, as the pleadings must then Necessarily be Taken up a Second time.\nI have the Honor to be &c.\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nA. Ander Hamilton Esqr.Secy. Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0239", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from David Ross, 25 April 1793\nFrom: Ross, David\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBaltimore April 25. 1793\nDear Sir\nAs it is probable the enclosed might not have come to your knowledge from its contracted circulation I have sent it and you will see my reply to it in the Baltimore Journal of Monday next. Co Mercer has lodged the communications, with Mr. Angell except your last. Mr Angell does not mean to publish them unless he shall give more explicit directions than are contained in his of the 18th of April. Co Mercer will I expect be sufficiently known to prevent the necessity of any thing personal between you. I have not let any one see or know of yours & Co Mercers last nor shall I without your permission.\nYours in haste\nDavid Ross", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0240", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 25 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department, April 25, 1793. Submits \u201ctwo communications from the Commissioner of the revenue; one enclosing a Contract entered into by the Superintendant of the Delaware Lighthouse with Matthew Van Dusen, for a mooring Chain for one of the floating beacons in the Delaware bay\u2014the other transmitting an offer of Samuel Wheeler concerning two Iron Lanterns for the Lighthouses on Tybee & Cape Fear Islands.\u201d Recommends approval. Suggests that \u201cA House for the Keeper & an Oil Vault\u201d for the Baldhead lighthouse be made \u201cconcurrent operations.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0241", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edward Carrington, 26 April 1793\nFrom: Carrington, Edward\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nRichmond Apl. 26. 1793\nMy dear Sir,\nI am favored with your[s] of the 10th. Instant. Your determination to persevere with patience in your labors to establish a permanent and successful system of Revenue & credit for the United States, must give satisfaction to all who feel that these are the only supports of public safety and private prosperity. I am well assured that, in private life, you experienced pecuniary advantages, and personal ease, both of body & mind, not to be found in your present office, even were all hands to Unite for your assistance; great indeed then must be your sacrifices when, instead of this generous assistance, you are beset with numerous hostilities.\nTo your enquiries concerning the public mind in Virginia in regard to the events which are happening in Europe, I will give the most satisfactory answers I can; it is not however unknown to you, that upon things so remote, but few are heard actually to speak, and these generally take the liberty to affix the name of the people to their own suggestions. The truth is, that the great body of the people desire nothing that will interrupt the freedom, peace, and happiness, they now enjoy. With regard to the Cause of France, I believe the general wish is, for its success. My own sentiments are in favor of such reforms in most of the Governments in Europe, & indeed in the World, as will give to the human race the most Free Goverments it can enjoy. The experiments in France have not however, been very flattering. This applies to your first question.\nAs to the second. I believe the decapitation of the King is pretty generally considered as an Act of unprincipled Cruelty, dictated by neither justice nor policy. In my own mind, it was an horrible transaction in every view, and, to an American who can even yeild to its propriety, it ought to be felt as a truly sorrowful event.\nAs to the third. I have no doubt, that the sense of this Country is for a perfect neutrality, if it can possibly be had. My own sentiments are, that the French, from having commenced one of the noblest causes that ever presented itself in any country, have lost themselves in the wildest quixotism: my wish is, that they may recover their reason, and establish for themselves a good government, leaving other Countries to judge for themselves. If they will do this, they need not fear the combinations of their Enemies.\nAs to the 4th. & 5th. So far as I have heard observations upon the subject of the Treaty between France & America, it appears to be considered that no alteration in the Government of either Country, changes the obligations of preexisting Treaties; at the same time, it is generally held, that, should we in consequence of Treaty, be bound to take any other than a Neutral station in the business of France, it will be an unfortunate circumstance, as we could do them no real service, and would involve ourselves in distress. I have no doubt of its being the general opinion, that if we, of right, have an option, the most perfect neutrality ought to be observed. We have in this, as there are, no doubt, in every State, some characters to whom any thing but quiet would be agreeable\u2014this, however, is not the case with the great body of our fellow Citizens, and the few who are desirous of new adventures, will, doubtless, have the consent of their Countrymen to go to France in quest of them. My own sentiments on these two questions are, that, in determining what is to be done in regard to the Treaty, several considerations present themselves. 1st. its applicability to the present State of the parties. 2dly. the reasonableness of calling, on the part of the French, for a performance of it, on ours, in reference to the original motives for entering into it. 3dly. the probable consequences to both parties from an attempt to fulfil the required service. The first consideration I shall leave to those well versed in the Laws of Nations; and, perhaps, the sentiments of the people in the Islands concerned, may claim some regard in the determination. If they are desirous of adhering to the old government, it may not be an insupportable opinion, that theirs is the claim upon us for the guarantee promised in the Treaty. Upon the principles of liberty and equality, it would seem that this distinct part of the old Kingdom, should have a free choice upon the subject of the Revolution. The american Confederacy, as well as I recollect, demanded not the co-operation of Georgia until she, sometime after the commencement of our opposition to Britain, voluntarily joined her Sister Colonies; nor did we during the War, claim the allegiance of Canada: and our connection with these colonies in a common subjection under the British Monarchy, was as compleat, and, locally, more so, than France and the French Islands under the French Monarchy. To this it may with some pluasibility be said, that the american case was not a Revolution of the national supreme power, but only a separation of a part from it, and therefore not applicable in the present instance; granting this, we have a more recent one which, the principle of this objection, renders certainly applicable in our late change of government, when a sufficient number of States had adopted the new form to give it effect, the constituted power did not claim right of government over the two non-adopting States, until they, voluntarily, reconsidered the subject and adopted. There can be no doubt but, that at the time of this event, we were an entire Nation, bound together under one government, and that the change was a Revolution of the national supreme power, as compleatly as that which has taken place in France. I should suppose that, should these Islands elect to place themselves in a situation independent of the French Republic, or even to place themselves under the protection of any other power, such election would be in perfect consistency with the avowed principles of that Republic, & when we consider the actual situation of the Islanders, as well in regard to the nature of their property, as their dependence upon foreign protection, it is highly probable that, if they be taken by any of the maritime powers now combined against the French, the event will be a consequence of their desiring it. Upon the 2d. consideration, it must be concluded, that each of the contracting parties had regard to the extent of its engagement, and relied as much on mutual good faith in reasonable constructions of, as compliances with the stipulations contained in the Treaty; and it would seem that, upon either involving itself in War by voluntary acts, which thing cannot be supposed to have been contemplated at the time of Contract, there can be no equitable claim upon the other for performance. Could it be, at the time of the Treaty, in the contemplation of the United States that a revolution, such as has happened in France was possible, and that the new power, before organizing itself upon a rational form, would be crusading it after the liberties of other countries, and by that means arising all Europe against it? Had they foreseen that such was to be the state of French affairs, would they have bound themselves to guarantee the Islands under the consequent Wars? I presume that had the United States at any time after the peace thought proper to attempt the freeing of Canada from Britain, or the Spanish Colonies from Spain, neither the King, nor even the Republic of France, would have thought we had a reasonable claim upon that Nation for a participation in the war on accounts of her having, in general terms, guaranteed our \u201cliberty and independence as well in government as Commerce.\u201d Upon the third consideration, could our attempting a compliance with the Treaty produce good to the French Cause? We have not, nor had ever, at the time of the contract, a Navy, the only means by which the Islands can be protected against naval powers; we could, therefore, give no immediate defence in that quarter. We might attack Canada, and, upon the same principle, the Spanish Colonies also; but any offensive operation, would, at once, involve us in war with them, and all the combined powers; this must, inevitably, interrupt our Trade, which neither America nor France is in a situation to protect, and prevent those supplies of provisions, now sent to Europe, of which France is in greater need than any of her Enemies. This consequence would follow, although even should no part of the Forces destined to act against the Republic, be diverted to Act in America; and, should such deversion take place, the scenes here would be so considerable as to interrupt our agriculture, and abridge, if not totally, prevent, a surplussage of provisions for exportation. These would undoubtedly be the consequences to France from any attempt on our part to assist her as an ally, and, it does appear to me, that her true policy, if she can be in temper to reflect on it, is, to be vigilant in keeping the United States clear of the War, leaving them to enjoy of the Mare liberum as fully as possible. This is the only Country from which she can expect supplies of provisions, and if we can retain the free use of the seas, she will be more certain of receiving them in the course of Trade, than by a feeble attempt of government to supply her against the fleets of her Enemies. The consequences to the United States, from an attempt to comply with the Treaty, need not be mentioned; they must be evident to all who will think at all on the subject; nor will any one, whose happiness is connected with that of his Country, be willing to encounter them, but under the pressure of inevitable necessity. This, I am inclined to think, will not occur, if we are wise. The Inhabitants of the United States ought to rejoice, that, being no longer adventurers for their own liberties, they are too remote from the Countries which have the desperate game yet to play, to be brought into hazard with them.\nIn answer to your 6th. question, I suppose the Embassador from the French Republic, might be received in form without the least impropriety upon the ground of neutrality. He comes from the prevailing Authority of the nation, and it would seem, that any government refusing a reception, would manifest more than a spirit of neutrality. The Conduct of England on this point was followed by effective measures against the Republic. The expediency of a reception in form, I have no doubt of, upon more considerations than the mere propriety of it. It will prevent many cavils against our Administration. It is proper for me to inform you, that we have amongst us, those who are preparing the people for such an event as a refusal, under the old Story of an Eastern influence in favor of Monarchy in America, and, consequently, unfriendly to the liberties of France. You will readily perceive that the motive for this, arises less from a zeal in the cause of France, than a desire to destroy the confidence of the people in their own Government.\nI would be for receiving an Embassador from the French Republic, and from any other of the beligerent powers, but would be publicly explicit, as to a perfect neutrality. The French, I suppose, have a good pretext for business with us, not connected with a participation in the War. The Debt, which it appears to be understood, ought to be paid to the existing Authority is certainly no unimportant ground of intercourse.\nThe only chance, that I can now perceive, for the United States being lugged into the War is, that great Britain may attempt to restrain, by force, the passage of their ships into the French Ports with provisions, and our feeling it necessary, for the public honor, to resent the injury. Should such a circumstance happen, we shall, I suppose, have a delicate, and, perhaps, difficult, part to act. I cannot however be very apprehensive of our being brought into the difficulty, if we, evidently, preserve a neutrality. If we leave our Trade open to all Countries, and our Citizens free to visit all ports, I see not how Great Britain can have a pretext to meddle with our vessels going into France, unless laden with what are called contraband articles, or approaching places beseiged &c. Some of our hotheads throw out opinions that we should attempt, by an order of Government, an exclusive exportation to France; these however are few and contemptible. The nation that would attempt this, without even one armed ship, and in behalf of a nation too, whose naval force is impaired, and far inferior to that of her Enemies, would indeed entitle itself to the ridicule of the whole world. It is certain that France could derive no benefit from such an attempt, which she may not secure without our infringing the rights of neutrality. Having no navy, we must rely altogether, in the effort, upon her Convoys; and if these could cover our trading ships, their own might, under the same convoys, pass safely home with the provisions purchased in our ports.\nI have, my dear Sir, complied with your request in giving the result of my observations and reflections upon the present very important crisis, and have indeavored to render them worth your trouble in asking for them. Your own judgement will direct you how far to rely upon their accuracy. With every sentiment of private friendship, and the fullest confidence in your public administration,\nI am your afft. Hl. sr.\nEd. Carrington\nAlexander Hamilton Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0242", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Pinckney, 26 April 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nLondon, April 26, 1793. Introduces \u201cMr. Archdekne and Mr. Godfrey \u2026 Gentlemen of independent Fortune who purpose visiting as Travellers several parts of the United States.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0243", "content": "Title: Conveyance by Lease and Release to Gulian Verplanck, 27 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Verplanck, Gulian\n[Philadelphia] April 27, 1793. \u201c\u2026 Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth his wife for and in consideration of the sum of Two thousand four hundred pounds current money of the State of New York \u2026 paid by the said Gulian VerPlank \u2026 HAVE granted, bargained, sold, aliened, released and confirmed, and by these Presents DO grant, bargain, Sell, alien, release, and Confirm unto the said Gulian VerPlank \u2026 and to his heirs and assigns for ever ALL that certain messuage or Dwelling House and the Store House thereunto adjoining, as also a Lot of Ground whereon the said Dwelling House and Stone House do stand,\u2026 situate lying and being in the ward lately called the South ward of the City of New York, pointing to a certain Street called Wall Street.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0245", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 27 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nPhiladelphia, April 27, 1793. \u201c\u2026 The enclosed Letter just received from the Collector of Charleston contains information & raises a question, which are proper for the eye of the President.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0246", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 28 April 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, April 28, 1793. On May 4, 1793, Hamilton wrote to George Washington and referred to \u201ca letter of the 28 of April received yesterday from the Commissioner of the Revenue.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0247", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Stephen Higginson, 28 April 1793\nFrom: Higginson, Stephen\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston Apr. 28. 1793\nDr Sir\nIn the present State of things new cases every day arise that require a referrence to you.\nIt is a very desireable thing to have our Vessels & Our Seamen so guarded, as to prevent any interruption in Our Commerce that shall appear unreasonable & affrontive. There are men among us who will make the most of every injury done to our property, or insult offered to Our flag. I wish there were Sea Letters or other proper Documents issued by the Officer of the Union, to serve as uniform mode of Evidence as to the property &c. For want of this every man follows his own fancy as to the manner of doing it, & each foreign Consul is tenacious of his own forms & modes of legalising or authenticating. Why may not the Secretary, to whom it belongs, consult with the ministers or Residents from the different powers, & decide on the form of such Documents to be sent signed, & countersigned or not, to the several Collectors to be issued by them; & also on the mode of authentication by the Consuls? We shall have a vast number of Vessels, scattered every where over the face of the Deep; & I fear much uneasiness may arise, & real injury be sustained for want of a proper & uniform mode of evidencing the property, beside what results from the common custom house papers. The Dutch Treaty contains a form settled & required by the 25th Article, it may serve as a model, but I should prefer ours more simple & clear.\nThis Object may not fall within your department, but you can put the business in train & help it forward.\nI am in haste but with respect \u2003 Yours &ca\nStephen Higginson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0248", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Thacher, 28 April 1793\nFrom: Thacher, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Biddeford, District of Maine, April 28, 1793. On May 18, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Thacher: \u201cYour letter of the 28th. of April has been received.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0249", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 28 April 1793\nFrom: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Amsterdam, April 28, 1793. On May 1, 1793, Willink, Van Staphorst, and Hubbard wrote to Hamilton and referred to \u201cour Respects of 4 & 28 Ulto.\u201d Letter of April 28 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0250", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 29 April 1793\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newport, Rhode Island] April 29, 1793. \u201cI acknowledge the Receipt of your Circular Letter of the 29th. of March last.\u2026 As a War has been declared between the French and British Nations, the Port of Newport is easily accessible, and it may be convenient for the Ships of War and Privateers of the French Nation to bring into it Vessels which they may capture from the British on this coast, and they are not prohibited by the Treaty of Amity and Commerce from selling such Vessels and their cargoes in any port of the United States, it is probable that some British Vessels which may be captured by them, may be brought into & sold in this District, and it is uncertain how soon this may take place. I should therefore be happy to be informed how I am to conduct on such an occasion. The Duties imposed by Law on goods, wares & merchandize imported into the United States I imagin would be demandable on such prize goods, and that of course they must be reported and entered at the Custom House; but what, upon this supposition, should be the form of the Report and Entry I am at a loss to determin, and whether the duties should be paid down or secured to be paid, and, if secured to be paid, what time should be allowed for payment. Be pleased to favour me with such directions in this respect, and in general with regard to my Official conduct towards the Ships of War & Privateers belonging to either of the powers which may be at war, and the Vessels and their cargoes captured by them and brought into this District as shall be judged proper; and with such Sea Letters or Pass Ports as you may deem will be for the security of our navigation & commerce.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0251", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Hopkins, 29 April 1793\nFrom: Hopkins, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States Loan Office[Richmond] State of Virga. April 29. 1793.\nSir\nIn compliance with your letter of the 21st of April 1792, I have to inform you that James Brown this day applied for the purpose of transferring the Stock standing in his name in trust for William Short Esqr to the said William Short; and considering that the object of Mr. Jeffersons letter to you of the 19th of April would be fully answered by this Transfer, I have accordingly permitted it to take place and the Stock now stands in the name and to the Credit of Mr Short.\nI have the honor to be, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your Mo. Obedt Servant.\nJohn Hopkins,Commr Loans for Virga.\nThe HonbleAlexander HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0253", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 29 April 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury Department,April 29th, 1793.\nSir,\nIt having been deemed expedient, to commit to the Commissioner of the Revenue the business of preparing certain documents, respecting commerce, navigation, and manufactures, with a view to the public service, I request that you will regularly transmit to his office the quarterly Returns of Exports. It is also my request, that you furnish him from time to time with such other papers and pieces containing information relative to those objects, arising from materials in your office, or matters under your immediate observation, as he may desire. This, however, is not meant to include any official returns or documents which you have been or shall be directed to transmit to any other office of this Department.\nWith great consideration, \u2003 I am, Sir, \u2003 Your Obedient\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0255", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Steele, 30 April [1793]\nFrom: Steele, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSalisbury [North Carolina] April 30th. [1793]\nMy dear sir,\nThis morning Mr. Genet the French Minister set out from this place for Philada. His route is by Richmond thence to Mont Vernon, where he hopes to see the President. It will require 18 or 20 days for him to reach Philada. tho: he professes, and really seems to be in haste. You have heard much of this Citizen no doubt, and therefore any thing of him from me will seem superfluous; but as I am writing of the man that we are all affraid of, permit me to say, that he has a good person, fine ruddy complection, quite active and seems always in a bustle, more like a busy man than a man of business. A French man in his manners, he announces himself in all companies as the Minister of the Republic &ca. talks freely of his Commission, and like most Europeans seems to have adopted mistaken notions of the penetration, and knowledge of the people of the United States. He is, or affects to be, highly gratified by the affectionate treatment he has thus far experienced from the Americans, except of Charleston where an insult was offered to a French seaman which he attributes to the Merchants, who seem in his opinion almost wholly attachd to the Brittish. The Minister, notwithstanding his good nature, spoke angrily of this insult, and for a moment deviated from his system which is I think, to laugh us into the war if he can. The best informed men in this State, who are wholly disinterested continue uneasey, from an aprehension that our political connection with France, and our commercial intercourse with England will place the United States in a delicate, if not a dangerous situation during the war. My own mind has been at ease since the communication which you were pleased to make to me of your sentiments of that subject in Philada. This conversation having been confidential, I have never considered myself at liberty to repeat any part of it, but I have often said, on proper occasions, that the friends to Neutrality, & peace would find in the Secty. of The Treasury, an able and zealous friend. In short the best men in this country rely chiefly upon your talents, and disposition to avoid the rocks which lie upon the right hand, and upon the left, ready to dash our young government to pieces upon the least unskilfull pilotage.\nThis part of the country affords nothing worth your attention, except the prospect of plentiful harvests, and good share of political contentment. Those who have usually been most clamourous, are now in Congress, where you may be assured, they can do less evil than at home. With these honorable Citizens I am perfectly acquainted, and cou\u2019d give you a more certain description of their characters, than of the illustrious Republican who occupies a considerable space in this letter. But you will know them soon enough.\nPerhaps I may say a word, or two of each of the new Ones, sometimes before next December, as it is certainly important that a man in your situation should know what sort of Materials he has the misfortune to work with.\nCommend me to the remembrance of Mrs. Hamilton, and believe me to be\nWith perfect respect \u2003 Your most humble servt.\nJno. Steele", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0257", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to \u2014\u2014\u2014, [April 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, April, 1793]\nDr. Sir\nI request the favour of you to present for me the inclosed Bill & when paid to remit the amount in bills of the Bank of the UStates.\nYrs.\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0258", "content": "Title: Statement on Remarks by John F. Mercer, [April 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nMr. Mercer after amusing with his financial reveries the House of Representatives, during the last session, has thought fit to serve them up a second time, for the entertainment or instruction of the electors of Prince Georges and Anne Arundel counties, in the State of Maryland. And as if the Editors of certain Gazettes thought doctrines worthy of propagation in proportion to their absurdity, we have seen the wild paradoxes of that Gentleman handed from paper to paper with no less attention than would be due to the most precious truths.\nTo follow Mr. Mercer, through all the incoherent ravings of a sublimated and excentric imagination, that often indulges itself in more than poetic fiction, would far exceed the leisure I have to bestow upon him. But he shall be examined in a few palpable particulars\u2014the result of which will serve to shew his entire ignorance of the subject he undertakes to speak and write about, and his total incapacity to be the reformer of the public administration and the instructor of his fellow Citizens.\nTo effect this, in the clearest and simplest manner, I shall state each suggestion meant to be examined distinctly and shall connect with it its answer.\n1 Suggestion \u2003 The present advantageous rate of the loans made abroad is not to be attributed to prudent management: For the old Congress, without the command of any fund whatever, in the midst of an unequal war, on the doubtful event of which all payment depended, borrowed of the Dutch once at four per Cent, and never at more than five per Cent. While the Secretary of the Treasury, in full possession of all the productive funds of the Continent has borrowed at five \u214c Cent and never till lately so low as four.\nAnswer \u2003 The low rates of the loans made under the old government were for the most part nominal; those made under the present government are real. The only four per Cent loan made by the UStates on their own Credit of Individuals under the former government was in fact a  per Cent loan. This arose from\nThe 4 \u214c Cent loans made under the present government are incumbered with nothing but a charge of 5 \u214c Cent for brokerage and commissions and upon strict calculation allowing for the deduction to satisfy this charge, they will actually cost the United States  per Cent and no more. The difference is nearly  per Cent in favour of the present Government.\nFrom the manner of expression used by Mr. Mercer, it would be supposed by one unacquainted with facts, that much time had been spent in bringing the reduction to this point. Whereas the provision for borrowing was only made the  and as early as  a loan was effected at Antwerp at 4\u00bd per Cent in  one was effected at Amsterdam at four [per] Cent and a subsequent one has been made at the same place, at the same rate. So that this important point was accomplished in\nAnd from the facts stated it is evident that the present advantageous rate of loans is a consequence of the sound credit established by the measures of the present Government; contrary to the ignorant or deceptive assertion of Mr. Mercer. Now is there a truth which every channel of correspondence between this country and Europe conforms.\n2 Suggestion. \u2003 Were it not for the irredeemable quality of the debt, we might at this moment reduce the interest upon it to 4 \u214c Cent by borrowing the money in Holland at that rate.\nAnswer 1 \u2003 The thing asserted is not practicable. Exertions have been making for  to borrow money abroad to pay of the arrears of our foreign debt and change the form of the residue advantageously; and in all that time the total amount of the loans effected does not exceed", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0259", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, 1 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia. May. 1. 1793.\nSir\nWhen you mentioned to me yesterday that M. de Ternant proposed to apply for a sum of money, & founded himself on a letter of mine which gave him reason to expect it, I thought I could not have written such a letter, because I did not recollect it, & because it was out of the plan which you know had been adopted that when we furnished one sum of money we should avoid promising another. I have now most carefully examined all my letters to M. de Ternant, as far back as Mar. 7. 1792. the date of the first on the subject of furnishing money, & can assure you there is not a word, in one of them, which can be construed into a promise, express or implied, relative to the present subject, or which can have committed the government in the smallest degree to a departure from the rules it has laid down. I am equally confident that I have never said a word which could do it. Upon the ground therefore of any such commitment by me, the proposition will not be supported.\nWith respect to these applications in general, they were of course to pass through me: but I have considered them as depending too much on the arrangements of your department to permit myself to take & be tenacious of any particular ground, other than that whatever rule we adopt, it be plain & persevered in uniformly in all cases where the material circumstances are the same, so that we never refuse to one what has been done for another. It is, & ever has been my opinion & wish that we should gratify the diplomatic gentlemen in every way in which we can do it, without too great inconvenience or commitment of our own government. I think it our interest to do so; and am under this impression in the present case so much that I should readily concur, if it be the pleasure of the President, in reconsidering the rule adopted on a late occasion, & substituting any other consistent with our public duties, more adapted to the gratification of the diplomatic gentlemen, & uniformly to be applied where the material circumstances shall be the same: for it would reverse our aim were we to put ourselves in the case of disobliging one by refusing what we have done to gratify another. In these sentiments, I will hand to the President any application which M. de Ternant shall think proper to communicate to me in writing.\nI have the honor to be with great respect, Sir \u2003 Your most obedt. humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson\nThe Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0261", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholaas Hubbard, 1 May 1793\nFrom: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAmsterdam 1 May 1793\nThe Situation of affairs here, as we had the honor to point it out to you in our Respects of 4 & 28 Ulto. naturally urged our every attention, to provide for the support of the Credit of the United States, at the fast approaching Period of the first of June, when was to be paid f.1.000.000.\u2014Reimbursement\n\u201c 470.000.\u2014Interest\nAll the monies in our hands, having been more than absorbed by the Bills you had ordered to be drawn upon us, and which we must at all Events hold ourselves ready to honor, The Demands against the United States, required a Loan for Two Millions of Guilders, to face, the payments of June; the sums that we every Day expect your orders to apply to the Department of State, whose Funds are exhausted; and the Interest due next September, for which the last Instalments of the Loan would but just have been in time. Circumstances, which joined to the strong probability of our Advices of the State of affairs in Europe, not reaching you early enough, to enable you to make the Provision in Season, seemed to prescribe absolutely the Recourse to a Loan of that Extent; notwithstanding which, the disagreeable Consequences of giving five per Cent Interest for a new Loan, after we had assured our undertakers the United States would borrow no more at that rate, and the difficulty such a step would lay in the way of a future Reduction of the Interest, operated so forcibly upon us, that after having protracted the Decision of the matter, to the last moment Prudence warranted, We determined only to propose a prolongation of the Reimbursment, and to assume the advance ourselves of the large sum of Interest, which in such a critical Juncture, is an object of very great consequence indeed. By this means, We should maintain the appearance, of not borrowing any fresh Sums at an increased Interest, avoid Stretching the Credit of the United States to the utmost under such unfavorable Circumstances, and thereby facilitate the obtainments hereafter at a lower Interest, should events render such in any wise practicable.\nIt was therefore only on the 27th. April, that we closed with the undertakers, for the prolongation of the Reimbursment of the one Million of florins due the 1st. June 1793 by the United-States, at the same Interest of five per Cent per Annum for Ten years, reserving however unto the united States, the faculty to discharge same, as much sooner as they shall please: It was totally impossible, to stipulate for a Lower Interest, A Point you will easily concede, upon our informing you, that the five Per Cent American Bonds were not Saleable at more than par, and the four per Cents were not above 91 Per Cent.\nWe succeeded to fix the Charges at 3\u00bd Per Cent, because It was a Prolongation, which is an half Per Cent lower than the last five Per Cent Loan, and extraordinarily favorable, considering the State of affairs here and all over Europe: You Sir! we are persuaded will judge the same of them.\nOn the 29th. ultimo, we received your Respected favors of 1 February, 15 & 16 March, advising your having arrested the Negotiation of f495000. of the Bills you had directed to be drawn upon us, and of your Intention to remit us further, by the British April Packet f975000. in Bills upon London and Amsterdam, Exertions on your part, not only active and praiseworthy in the extreme, but likewise beyond what we could have deemed or supposed probable: The last Letters had a very quick passage, yet arrived a few days too late, to prevent the prolongation of the Reimbursment.\nThe Treasurer of the United States has remitted us, Robert Morris\u2019s Bill at Sixty Days Sight on Bourdieu Chollet & Bourdieu, of London \u00a312096.15. Stg. for which the united States shall be Credited.\nWe rejoice in the Determination we took not to open a New Loan, and likewise at the Intelligence of your Remittances coming forward at such a crisis, which have tended to raise an high Idea here, of the Credit and Resources of your Country, and of the judicious management of them; This can but operate very favorably, upon the future Loans to be raised here for the United States.\nWe are even at a loss to decide, whether the Prolongation is really to be regretted, since from the present Posture of the Powers of Europe, Events may proceed, of a Nature to render future Loans for some time to come, very difficult if not totally impracticable, as is actually the case with Austria and Russia, whose Agents here have Powers to borrow at five per Cent Interest, the very first moment they can push a Loan upon the market: If so or even in the prospect thereof, the Honor and permanent Advantages, flowing from the Provision your Remittances will make, for discharging regularly the large Amount of Interest, that is constantly falling due hereby the United-States, can greatly preponderate over any temporary Sacrifices, that such Provision may have occasioned.\nWe are respectfully &c.\nW & J. Willink\nN & J van Staphorst & Hubbard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0262-0001", "content": "Title: Alexander Hamilton and Henry Knox to George Washington, 2 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nPhiladelphiaMay 2. 1793\nSir\nA conformity of opinion, and upon the same grounds, enables us to submit to you a joint Answer to the third of the Questions, which you were pleased to propose on the 18th. of April to the Heads of Departments and the Attorney General.\nWe have concluded that this mode would be more agreeable to you than a repetition of the same ideas and arguments in seperate answers.\nWith perfect respect & the truest attachment \u2003 We have the honor to be Sir, \u2003 Your most Obedt & hum servan\u27e8ts\u27e9\nAlexander Hamilton\nH Knox.\nThe President of The UStates", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0262-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Answer to Question the 3d. Proposed by the President of the UStates, 2 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nAnswer to Question the 3d. proposedby the President of the UStates,April 18th. 1793 viz\n\u201cIf received\u201d meaning a Minister from the Republic of France \u201cshall it be absolutely or with qualifications, and if with qualifications of what kind\u201d?\nIt is conceived to be adviseable, that the reception of the expected Minister from the Republic of France should be qualified by a previous declaration substantially to this effect\u2014\u201cthat the Government of the United States uniformly entertaining cordial wishes for the happiness of the French Nation, and disposed to maintain with it an amicable communication and intercourse, uninterrupted by political vicissitudes, does not hesitate to receive him in the character which his credentials import; yet considering the origin, course and circumstances of the Relations contracted between the two Countries, and the existing position of the affairs of France, it is deemed adviseable and proper, on the part of the United States, to reserve to future consideration and discussion, the question\u2014whether the operation of the Treaties, by which those relations were formed, ought not to be deemed temporarily and provisionally suspended\u2014and under this impression, it is thought due to a spirit of candid and friendly procedure to apprize him before hand of the intention to reserve that question, lest silence on the point should occasion misconstruction.\u201d\nThe grounds of this opinion are as follow\u2014\nThe Treaties between the United States and France were made with His Most Christian Majesty, his heirs and successors. The Government of France which existed at the time those treaties were made, gave way, in the first instance to a new constitution, formed by the Representatives of the nation, and accepted by the King, which went into regular operation. Of a sudden, a tumultuous rising took place\u2014the King was seized, imprisoned, and declared to be suspended by the authority of the National Assembly; a body delegated to exercise the legislative functions of the already established Government\u2014in no shape authorised to divest any other of the constituted authorities of its legal capacities or powers. So far then, what was done was a manifest assumption of power.\nTo justify it, it is alleged to have been necessary for the safety of the nation; to prevent the success of a counter-revolution, meditated or patronized by the King.\nOn the other side it is affirmed, that the whole transaction was merely the execution of a plan, which had been for some time projected, and had been gradually ripening, to bring about an abolition of the Royalty and the establishment of a Republican Government.\nNo satisfactory proof is known to have been produced, to fix upon the King the charges, which have been brought against him.\nOn the other hand, declarations have escaped [from] characters, who took a lead in the measure of suppressing the Royalty, which seem to amount to a tacit acknowlegement, that the events of the tenth of August were the result of a premeditated plan of the republican party, to get rid of the monarchichal power\u2014rather than a necessary counteraction of mischievous designs on the part of the King.\nMr. Deseze\u2014one of the Counsel for the King makes these striking observations on the point\u2014\n\u201cI know it has been said that he excited the Insurrection to gain the end of his plan. But who is now ignorant that this insurrection had been planned ripened\u2014that it had its agents, its Counsul, its Directory? Who knows not, that there had been signed Acts and treaties on this subject?\u201d\n\u201cWithin this Hall has been contested the glories of the 10th of August. I do not come to dispute the glory; but since it has been proved that this day was meditated, how can it be attributed as a Crime to him?\u201d\nThe events of the tenth of August were followed on the second and third of September with the massacre of a great number of persons in different parts of France including several distinguished individuals, who were known to be attached either to the ancient Government or to the constitution, which had succeeded it.\nThe suspension of the King was accompanied by a call upon the primary assemblies to depute persons to represent them in a Convention, in order to the taking of such measures as the exigency of the conjuncture might require.\nUnder circumstances not free from precipitation violence and awe deputies to a National Convention were chosen. They assembled on the  of September at Paris, and on the very day of their Meeting, decreed the abolition of Royalty.\nThey proceeded in the next place to organise a temporary provisional Government; charged with managing the affairs of the nation, till a constitution should be established.\nAs a circumstance that gives a complexion to the course of things, it is proper to mention that the Jacobin Club at Paris (a society which with its branches in different parts of France appears to have had a prevailing influence over the affairs of the Country) previous to the meeting of the Convention entered into measures with the avowed object of purging the Convention of those persons, favourers of Royalty, who might have escaped the attention of the primary assemblies.\nIn the last place, the late King of France has been tried and condemned by the Convention, and has suffered death.\nWhether he has suffered justly or unjustly\u2014whether he has been a guilty tyrant or an unfortunate victim is at least a problem. There certainly can be no hazard in affirming, that no proof has yet come to light sufficient to establish a belief, that the death of Louis is an act of National Justice.\nIt appears to be regarded in a different light throughout Europe, and by a numerous and respectable part, if not by a majority, of The People of the United States.\nAlmost all Europe is or seems likely to be armed, in opposition to the present Rulers of France\u2014with the declared or implied intention of restoring if possible the Royalty, in the successor of the deceased monarch.\nThe present war, then, turns essentially on the point\u2014what shall be the future Government of France? Shall the royal authority be restored in the person of the successor of Louis, or shall a republic be constituted in exclusion of it?\nThus stand the material facts, which regard the origin of our connections with France, and the obligations or dispensations that now exist. They have been stated, not with a view to indicate a definitive opinion concerning the propriety of the conduct of the present Rulers of France, but to shew, that the course of the Revolution there, has been attended with circumstances, which militate against a full conviction of its having been brought to its present stage, by such a free, regular and deliberate act of the nation, and with such a spirit of justice and humanity, as ought to silence all scruples about the validity of what has been done, and the morality of aiding it, even if consistent with policy.\nThis great and important question arises out of the facts which have been stated.\nAre the United States bound, by the principles of the laws of nations, to consider the Treaties heretofore made with France, as in present force and operation between them and the actual Governing powers of the French Nation? or may they elect to consider their operation as suspended, reserving also a right to judge finally, whether any such changes have happened in the political affairs of France as may justify a renunciation of those Treaties?\nIt is believed, that they have an option to consider the operation of the Treaties as suspended, and will have eventually a right to renounce them, if such changes shall take place as can bona fide be pronounced to render a continuance of the connections, which result from them, disadvantageous or dangerous.\nThere are two general propositions which may be opposed to this opinion. I. \u2003 That a Nation has a right, in its own discretion, to change its form of Government; to abolish one, and substitute another. II \u2003 That real Treaties (of which description those in question are) bind the Nations, whose Governments contract and continue in force, notwithstanding any changes, which happen in the forms of their Government.\nThe truth of the first proposition ought to be admitted in its fullest latitude. But it will by no means follow, that because a Nation has a right to manage its own concerns, as it thinks fit, and to make such changes in its political institutions as itself judges best calculated to promote its interests\u2014that it has therefore a right to involve other nations, with whom it may have had connections, absolutely and unconditionally, in the consequences of the changes, which it may think proper to make. This would be to give to a nation or society, not only a power over its own happiness, but a power over the happiness of other Nations or Societies. It would be to extend the operations of the maxim, much beyond the reason of it\u2014which is simply, that every Nation ought to have a right to provide for its own happiness.\nIf then a Nation thinks fit to make changes in its Government, which render treaties that before subsisted between it and another nation useless or dangerous or hurtful to that other nation, it is a plain dictate of reason, that the latter will have a right to renounce those treaties; because it also has a right to take care of its own happiness, and cannot be obliged to suffer this to be impaired by the means, which its neighbour or ally may have adopted for its own advantage, contrary to the ancient state of things.\nBut it may be said, that an obligation to submit to the inconveniencies that may ensue, arises from the other maxim, which has been stated, namely, that real treaties bind nations, notwithstanding the changes which happen in the forms of their Governments.\nAll general rules are to be construed with certain reasonable limitations. That which has been just mentioned must be understood in this sense\u2014that changes in forms of Government do not of course abrogate real treaties; that they continue absolutely binding on the party, which makes the change, and will bind the other party, unless in due time and for just cause he declares his election to renounce them\u2014that in good faith he ought not to renounce them, unless the change which happened does really render them useless or materially less advantageous, or more dangerous than before. But for good and sufficient cause, he may renounce them.\nNothing can be more evident, than that the existing forms of Government of two Nations may enter far into the motives of a real treaty. Two republics may contract an alliance\u2014the principal inducement to which may be a similarity of constitutions, producing common interest to defend their mutual rights and liberties. A change of the Government of one of them into a monarchy or despotism may destroy this inducement, and the main link of common interest. Two monarchies may form an alliance on a like principle, their common defence against a powerful neighbouring republic. The change of the Government of one of the allies may destroy the source of common sympathy and common interest, and render it prudent for the other ally to renounce the connection, and seek to fortify itself in some other quarter.\nTwo nations may form an alliance, because each has confidence in the energy and efficacy of the Government of the other. A revolution may subject one of them to a different form of Government\u2014feeble fluctuating and turbulent, liable to provoke wars & very little fitted to repel them. Even the connections of a nation with other foreign powers may enter into the motives of an alliance with it. If a dissolution of ancient connections shall have been a consequence of a revolution of Government, the external political relations of the parties may have become so varied as to occasion an incompatibility of the alliance with the Power, which had changed its constitution with the other connections of its ally; connections perhaps essential to its welfare.\nIn such cases, Reason which is the touchstone of all similar maxims, would dictate, that the party whose government had remained stationary would have a right under a bona fide conviction that the change in the situation of the other party would render a future connection detrimental or dangerous, to declare the connection dissolved.\nContracts between nations as between Individuals must lose their force where the considerations fail.\nA Treaty pernicious to the State is of itself void, where no change in the situation of either of the parties takes place. By a much stronger reason, it must become voidable, at the option of the other party, when the voluntary act of one of the allies has made so material a change in the condition of things, as is always implied in a radical revolution of Government.\nMoreover, the maxim in question must it is presumed, be understood with this further limitation\u2014that the Revolution be consummated\u2014that the new Government be established and recognised among nations\u2014that there be an undisputed organ of the national Will, to claim the performance of the stipulations made with the former Government.\nIt is not natural to presume, that an ally is obliged to throw his weight into either scale\u2014where the war involves the very point, what shall be the Government of the Country; and that too against the very party with whom the formal obligations of the alliance have been contracted.\nIt is more natural to conclude, that in such a case, the ally ought either to aid the party, with whom the contract was immediately made\u2014or to consider the operation of the alliance as suspended. The latter is undoubtedly his duty, rather than the former, where the Nation appears to have pronounced the change.\nA doctrine contrary to that here supported may involve an opposition of moral duties, and dilemmas of a very singular and embarrassing kind.\nA Nation may owe its existence or preservation intirely, or in a great degree, to the voluntary succours, which it derived from the Monarch of a Country\u2014the then lawful organ of the national Will\u2014the director of its sword and its purse\u2014the dispenser of its aids and its favours. In consideration of the good offices promised or afforded by him, an alliance may have been formed\u2014between the Monarch his heirs and successors and the country indebted to him for those good offices\u2014stipulating future cooperation and mutual aid. This monarch, without any particular crime on his part, may be afterwards deposed and expelled by his nation, or by a triumphant faction, which may perhaps momentarily direct the national voice. He may find in the assistance of neighbouring powers friendly to his cause the means of endeavouring to reinstate himself.\nIn the midst of his efforts to accomplish this purpose\u2014the ruling powers of the Nation over which he had reigned, call upon the Country, which had been saved by his friendship and patronage to perform the stipulations expressed in the alliance made with him and embark in a war against their friend and benefactor on the suggestion, that the treaty being a real one the actual rulers of the nation have a right to claim the benefit of it.\nIf there be no option in such case\u2014would there not be a most perplexing conflict of opposite obligations?\u2014of the faith supposed to be plighted by the treaty, and of justice and gratitude, towards a man, from whom essential benefits had been received, and who could oppose the formal and express terms of the contract to an abstract theoretic proposition? Would genuine honor, would true morality permit the taking a hostile part against the friend and benefactor, being at the same time the original party to the contract?\nSuppose the call of the actual rulers to be complied with and the war to have been entered into by the ally\u2014Suppose the expelled Monarch to have reentered his former dominions, and to have been joined by one half of his former subjects\u2014how would the obligation then stand? He will now have added to the title of being the formal party to the contract that of being the actual possessor of one half the country and of the wishes of one half the Nation.\nIs it supposeable, that in such a case the obligations of the alliance can continue in favour of those, by whom he had been expelled? Or would they then revert again to the Monarch? Or would they fluctuate with the alternations of good and ill fortune attending the one or the other party? Can a principle which would involve such a dilemma be true? Is it not evident, that there must be an option to consider the operation of the alliance as suspended during the contest concerning the Government\u2014that on the one hand there may not be a necessity of taking part with the expelled Monarch, against the apparent will of the nation, or on the other, a necessity of joining the ruling powers of the moment against the immediate party with whom the contract was made and from whom the consideration may have flowed?\nIf the opinions of writers be consulted, they will, as far as they go, confirm the sense of the maxim, which is here contended for.\nGrotius, while he asserts the general principle of the obligation of real treaties upon nations, notwithstanding the changes in their Governments\u2014admits the qualification, which has been insisted upon\u2014and expressly excepts the case where it appears that the motive to the Treaty was \u201cpeculiar to the form of Government, as when free States enter into an alliance for the defence of their liberties.\u201d Book II Chapt. 16. \u00a7 XVI. No. 1.\nAnd Vatel who is the most systematic of the writers on the laws of nations lays down the qualification in the greatest latitude. To give a correct idea of his meaning it will be of use to transcribe the entire section with its marginal note. It is found Book II. Chapt: XII. \u00a7 197.\n\u201cThe same question\u201d (says he, to wit, that stated in the margin) \u201cpresents itself in real alliances, and in general in all alliances made with the State, and not in particular with a King for the defence of his person. An Ally ought doubtless to be defended against every invasion, against every foreign violence, and even against his rebellious subjects; in the same manner, a republic ought to be defended against the enterprizes of one, who attempts to destroy the public liberty. But it ought to be remembered that an ally of the State or the nation is not its judge. If the nation has deposed its King in form, if the people of a republic have driven out their Magistrates and set themselves at liberty, or acknowleged the authority of an usurper, either expressly or tacitly; to oppose these domestic regulations by disputing their justice or validity would be to interfere with the Government of the nation and to do it an injury. The ally remains the ally of the State, notwithstanding the change that has happened in it. However when this change renders the alliance useless, dangerous, or disagreeable, it may renounce it, for it may say upon a good foundation, that it would not have entered into an alliance with that nation, had it been under the present form of Government.\u201d\nIt is not perceived, that there is any ambiguity of expression, or any other circumstance to throw the least obscurity upon the sense of the author. The precise question he raises is what is the obligation of a real alliance when the King, who is the ally is driven from the throne? He concludes, after several intermediate observations, that the ally remains the ally of the State, notwithstanding the change which has happened. Nevertheless, says he, when the change renders the alliance useless, dangerous or disagreeable, it may be renounced.\nIt is observable, that the question made by writers always is whether, in a real alliance, when the King who is the ally is deposed, the ally of the deposed King is bound to s\u00faccour and support him. And though it is decided by the better opinions, as well as by the reason of the thing, that there is not an obligation to support him, against the will of the nation, when his dethronement is to be ascribed to that source\u2014yet there is never a single suggestion on the other hand of the ally of such dethroned King being obliged to assist his nation against him. The most that appears to be admitted in favour of the decision of the nation is that there is no support due to the dethroned Prince.\nPuffendorf puts this matter upon very proper ground. Referring to the opinion of Grotius, who with too much latitude lays it down \u201cthat a league made with a King is valid though that King or his successors be expelled the Kingdom by his subjects; for though he has lost his possession the right to the crown still remains in him\u201d\u2014makes the following observation. \u201cTo me so much in this case seems to be certain, that if the terms of the league expressly mention and intend the defence of the Prince\u2019s person and family, he ought to be assisted in the recovery of his Kingdom. But if the league was formed for public good only, \u2019tis a disputable point, whether the exiled Prince can demand assistance in virtue of his league. For the aids mentioned are presumed to have been promised against foreign enemies, without view of this particular case. Not but that still such a league leaves liberty to assist a lawful Prince against an Usurper.\u201d\nThe presumption here stated is a natural and a proper one, and in its reason applies to both sides, to the exiled Prince, who should demand succours against his nation, and to the nation, who having dethroned its Prince should demand succours to support the act of dethronement and establish the revolution. The ally in such case is not bound to come in aid of either party\u2014but may consider the operation of the alliance as suspended, till the competition about the Government is decided.\nWhat a difference is there between asserting it to be a disputable point, whether the ally of a dethroned Prince, in the case of a real Treaty, is not bound to assist him against the Nation\u2014and maintaining that the ally is bound at all events to assist the Nation against him? For this is the consequence of asserting, that such a Treaty ipso facto attaches itself to the body of the nation, even in the course of a pending Revolution, and without option either to suspend or renounce.\nIf the practice of Nations be consulted\u2014neither will that be found to confirm the proposition\u2014that the obligation of real treaties extends unconditionally to the actual Governors of Nations, whatever changes take place. In the books which treat the subject, numerous examples of the contrary are quoted. The most prevailing practice has been to assist the ancient sovereign. In the very instance to which this discussion relates, this is the course, which a great part of Europe directly or indirectly pursues.\nIt may be argued by way of objection to what has been said\u2014that admitting the general principle of a right for sufficient cause to renounce; yet still, as the change in the present case is from a monarchy to a Republic and no sufficient cause hitherto exists for a renunciation\u2014the possibility of its arising here after in the progress of events, does not appear a valid reason, for resorting to the principle in question.\nTo this the answer is, that no government has yet been instituted in France, in lieu of that which has been pulled down\u2014That the existing political powers are by the French themselves denominated provisional, and are to give way to a constitution, to be established.\nIt is therefore impossible to foresee what the future Government of France will be\u2014and in this state of uncertainty, the right to renounce resolves itself of course into a right to suspend. The one is a consequence of the other; applicable to the undetermined state of things. If there be a right to renounce, when the change of Government proves to be of a nature to render an alliance useless or injurious\u2014there must be a right, amidst a pending revolution, to wait to see what change will take place.\nShould it be said that the Treaty is binding now, no objectionable change having yet taken place, but may be renounced hereafter if any such change shall take place? The answer is, that it is not possible to pronounce at present, what is the quality of the change. Every thing is in transitu. This state of suspense as to the object of option, naturally suspends the option itself. The business may in its progress assume a variety of forms. If the issue may not be waited for, the obligations of the country may fluctuate indefinitely, be one thing to day, another to morrow; a consequence which is inadmissible.\nBesides: the true reasoning would seem to be, that to admit the operation of the Treaties while the event is pending, would be to take the chance of what that event shall be, and would preclude a future renunciation.\nMoreover: the right to consider the operation of the treaties as suspended, results from this further consideration\u2014that during a pending Revolution, an ally in a real Treaty is not bound to pronounce between the competitors or contending Parties.\nThe conclusion from the whole is, that there is an option in the United States to hold the operation of the Treaties suspended\u2014and that in the event, if the form of Government established in France shall be such as to render a continuance of the Treaties contrary to the interest of the United States, they may be renounced.\nIf there be such an option, there are strong reasons to shew, that the character and interest of the United States require, that they should pursue the course of holding the operation of the Treaties suspended.\nTheir character\u2014because it was from Louis the XVI, the then sovereign of the Country, that they received those succours, which were so important in the establishment of their independence and liberty\u2014It was with him his heirs and successors, that they contracted the engagements by which they obtained those precious succours.\nIt is enough on their part to respect the right of the nation to change its government, so far as not to side with the successors of the dethroned Prince\u2014as to receive their ambassador and keep up an amicable intercourse\u2014as to be willing to render every good office not contrary to the duties of real neutrality.\nTo throw their weight into the scale of the New Government, would it is to be feared be considered by Mankind as not consistent with a decent regard to the relations which subsisted between them and Louis the XVI\u2014as not consistent with a due sense of the services they received from that unfortunate Prince\u2014as not consistent with National delicacy and decorum.\nThe character of the United States may be also concerned in keeping clear of any connection with the Present Government of France in other views.\nA struggle for liberty is in itself respectable and glorious. When conducted with magnanimity, justice and humanity it ought to command the admiration of every friend to human nature. But if sullied by crimes and extravagancies, it loses its respectability. Though success may rescue it from infamy, it cannot in the opinion of the sober part of Mankind attach to it much positive merit or praise. But in the event of a want of success, a general execration must attend it.\nIt appears thus far but too probable, that the pending revolution of France has sustained some serious blemishes. There is too much ground to anticipate that a sentence uncommonly severe will be passed upon it, if it fails.\nWill it be well for the United States to expose their reputation to the issue, by implicating themselves as associates? Will their reputation be promoted by a successful issue? What will it suffer by the reverse? These questions suggest very serious considerations to a mind anxious for the reputation of the Country\u2014anxious that it may emulate a character of sobriety, moderation, justice, and love of order.\nThe interest of the United States seems to dictate the course recommended in many ways.\nI. In reference to their character, from the considerations already stated.\nII. In reference to their peace.\nAs the present Treaties contain stipulations of military succours and military aids in certain cases which are likely to occur, there can be no doubt, that if there be an option, to consider them as not binding, as not in operation\u2014the considering them as binding, as in operation, would be equivalent to making new treaties of similar import\u2014and it is a well settled point, that such stipulations entered into pending a war or with a view to a war is a departure from Neutrality.\nHow far the parties opposed to France may think fit to treat us as enemies, in consequence of this, is a problem which experience only can solve\u2014the solution of which will probably be regulated by their views of their own interest\u2014by the circumstances which may occur\u2014and it is far from impossible, that these will restrain them so long as we in fact take no active part in favour of France.\nBut if there be an option to avoid it, it can hardly be wise to incur so great an additional risk and embarrassment\u2014to implicate ourselves in the perplexities which may follow.\nWith regard to the good effect of the conduct which is advocated, upon the Powers at War with France, nothing need be said.\nConsidering our interest with reference even to France herself, some reasons may be urged in favour of considering the Treaties as suspended.\nIt seems to be the general, if not the universal sentiment, that we ought not to embark in the war.\nSuppose the French Islands attacked and we called upon to perform the Guarantee.\nTo avoid complying with it\u2014we must either say\u2014\nThat the war being offensive on the part of France the casus f\u0153deris does not exist.\nOr, that as our cooperation would be useless to the object of the Guarantee and attended with more than ordinary danger to ourselves, we cannot afford it.\nWould the one or the other be satisfactory to France?\nThe first would probably displease\u2014the last would not please. It is moreover the most questionable & the least reputable of all the objections, which a nation is allowed to oppose to the performance of its engagements. We should not therefore be much more certain of avoiding the displeasure of the present ruling Powers of France, by considering the Treaties as in operation, than by considering their operation as suspended; taking it for granted that we are in either case to observe a neutral conduct in fact.\nBut suppose the contest unsuccessfull on the part of the present Governing Powers of France. What would be our situation with the future Government of that Country?\nShould we not be branded and detested by it, as the worst of Ingrates?\nWhen it is added, that the restoration of the Monarchy would be very materially attributed to the Interposition of Great Britain\u2014the reflection, just suggested, acquires peculiar weight and importance.\nBut against this may be placed the consideration\u2014that in the event of the success of the present Governing Powers we should stand on much worse ground, by having considered the operation of the Treaties as suspended, than by having pursued a contrary conduct.\nThis is not clear, for the reasons just given; unless we are also willing, if called upon, to become parties in the war.\nBut admitting, that the course of considering the Treaties as in present operation, would give us a claim of merit with France, in the event of the establishment of the Republic\u2014our affairs with that Country would not stand so much the better on this account as they would stand worse, for giving operation to the Treaties\u2014should the monarchy be restored.\nWe should still have to offer a better claim to the friendship of France than any other power\u2014the not taking side with her enemies\u2014the early acknowlegement of the Republic, by the reception of its Minister\u2014and such good offices as have been and may be rendered, consistently with a sincere neutrality.\nThe reasons too, which induced us not to go further, will have their due weight in times, that shall restore tranquillity, moderation, and sober reflection! They will justify us even to France herself.\nIs there not however danger, that a refusal to admit the operation of the Treaties might occasion an immediate rupture with France?\nA danger of this sort cannot be supposed without supposing such a degree of intemperance on the part of France as will finally force us to quarrel with her, or to embark with her.\nAnd if such be her temper, a fair calculation of hazards will lead us to risk her displeasure in the first instance.\nAn inquiry naturally arises of this kind\u2014Whether from the nature of the Treaties, they have any such intrinsic value, as to render it inexpedient to put them in jeopardy\u2014by raising a question about their operation or validity?\nHere, it may freely be pronounced, there is no difficulty. The military stipulations, they contain, are contrary to that neutrality in the quarrels of Europe, which it is our true policy to cultivate and maintain. And the commercial stipulations to be found in them present no peculiar advantages. They secure to us nothing or scarcely any thing, which an inevitable course of circumstances would not produce. It would be our interest, in the abstract, to be disengaged from them, and take the chance of future negociation, for a better treaty of commerce.\nIt might be observed by way of objection, to what has been said\u2014that an admission of the operation of the Treaties has been considered as equivalent to taking part with France.\nIt is true, that the two things have been considered as equivalent to each other\u2014and in strict reasoning this ought to be the case. Because\u2014\nI. If there be an option, the effect of not using it would be to pass from a state of neutrality to that of being an ally\u2014thereby authorising the Powers at War with France to treat us as an enemy.\nII. If under the operation of the Treaties, we are not bound to embark in the war, it must be owing either to casualty or inability.\nIf the war is not offensive on the part of France, an attack on the West India Islands would leave us no escape but in the plea of Inability.\nThe putting ourselves in a situation, in which it might so happen, that we could preserve our neutrality under no other plea than that of inability is in all the political legal relations of the subject\u2014to make ourselves a party. In other words, the placing ourselves in a position, in which it would depend on casualty, whether it would not become our duty to engage in the war\u2014ought in a general question of establishing or recognising a political relation with a foreign power embarked in war\u2014to be regarded in the same light as taking part with that Power in the War. To do a thing, or to contract or incur an obligation of doing it, are not in such a question materially different.\nThere remain some miscellaneous views of the subject, which will serve to fortify the general reasoning.\nI. The conduct of the present Government of France gives a sanction to other Nations to use some latitude of discretion in respect to their treaties with the former Government. That Government, it is understood, has formally declared null various stipulations of the ancient Government with Foreign Powers\u2014on the principle of their inapplicability to the new order of things. Were it to be urged that an erroneous conduct on the part of France will not justify a like conduct on our part, it might be solidly replied\u2014that a rule of practice formally adopted by any nation for regulating its political obligations towards other nations may justly be appealed to as a standard for regulating the obligations of other Nations towards her. Suppose this general ground to have been explicitly taken by France, that all treaties made by the old Government became void by the Revolution, unless recognised by the existing authority. Can it be doubted that every other nation would have had a right to adopt the same principle of conduct towards France? It cannot. By parity of reasoning, as far as France may in practice have pursued that principle, other Nations may justifiably plead the example.\nII. In addition to the embarrassment heretofore suggested, as incident to the admission of the present operation of the Treaties\u2014this very particular one may attend our case. An Island may be taken by Great Britain, or Holland, with the avowed intention of holding it for the future King of France, the successor of Louis the XVI. Can it be possible, that a Treaty made with Louis the XVI. should oblige us to embark in the war to rescue a part of his dominions from his immediate successor? Under all the circumstances of the case, would the national integrity or delicacy permit it? Was it clear, that Louis merited his death as a perfidious Tyrant, the last question might receive a different answer, from what can now be given to it?\nOught the United States to involve themselves in a dilemma of this kind?\nIII. In national questions the general conduct of nations have great weight. When all Europe is or is likely to be armed in opposition to the authority of the present Government of France, would it not be to carry Theory to an extreme, to pronounce, that the United States are under an absolute indispensable obligation, not only to acknowlege respectfully the authority of that Government, but to admit the immediate operation of Treaties which would constitute them at once its ally?\nIV. Prudence at least seems to dictate the course of reserving the question, in order that further reflection and a more complete developement of circumstances may enable us to make a decision both right and safe. It does not appear necessary to precipitate the fixing of our relations to France beyond the possibility of retraction. It is putting too suddenly too much to hazard.\nIt may be asked\u2014Does an unqualified reception of the Minister determine the point?\nPerhaps it does not. Yet there is no satisfactory guide by which to decide the precise import and extent of such a reception\u2014by which to pronounce, that it would not conclude us, as to the Treaties. There is great room to consider the epoch of receiving a Minister from the Republic as that, when we ought to explain ourselves on the point in question\u2014and silence, at that time, as a waver of our option.\nIt is probable that on the part of France it will be urged to have this effect, and if it should be truly so considered by her, to raise the question afterwards would lead to complaint, accusation, ill humour.\nIt seems most candid and most safe to anticipate\u2014not to risk the imputation of inconsistency. It seems adviseable to be able to say to foreign Powers, if questioned\u2014\u201cIn receiving the Minister of France, we have not acknowledged ourself its ally. We have reserved the point for future consideration.\u201d\nIt may be asked, whether the reception at any rate is not inconsistent with the reservation recommended.\nIt does not appear to be so. The acknowlegement of a Government by the reception of its ambassador, and the acknowledgment of it, as an ally, are things different and separable from each other. However the first, where a connection before existed between two nations may imply the last, if nothing is said; this implication may clearly be repelled, by a declaration, that it is not the intention of the party. Such a declaration would be in the nature of a protest against the implication\u2014and the declared intent would govern. It is a rule, that \u201cExpressum facit cessare tacitum.\u201d\nIt may likewise be asked, whether we are not too late for the ground proposed to be taken\u2014whether the payments on account of the debt to France subsequent to the last change, be not an acknowlegement, that all engagements to the former Government are to be fulfilled to the present.\nThe two objects of a debt in money\u2014and a Treaty of Alliance, have no necessary connection. They are governed by considerations altogether different and irrelative.\nThe payment of a debt is a matter of perfect and strict obligation. It must be done at all events. It is to be regulated by circumstances of time and place\u2014and ought to be done with precise punctuality.\nIn the case of a nation\u2014whoever acquires possession of its political power, whoever becomes Master of its goods, of the national property, must pay all the debts which the government of the nation has contracted.\nIn like manner, on the principle of reciprocity the Sovereign in possession, is to receive the debts due to the Government of the nation. These debts are at all events to be paid\u2014and possession alone can guide as to the party to whom they are to be paid.\nQuestions of property are very different from those of political connection.\nNobody can doubt, that the debt due to France is at all events to be paid, whatever form of Government may take place in that Country.\nTreaties between nations are capable of being affected by a great variety of considerations, casualties and contingencies. Forms of Government it is evident, may be the considerations of them. Revolutions of Government, by changing those forms, may consequently vary the obligations of parties.\nHence the payment of a debt to the sovereign in possession does not imply an admission of the present operation of political treaties. It may so happen, that there is a strict obligation to pay the debt, and a perfect right to withdraw from the Treaties.\nAnd while we are not bound to expose ourselves to the resentment of the Governing Power of France by refusing to pay a debt at the time and place stipulated; so neither are we bound, pending a contested revolution of Government, to expose ourselves to the resentment of other nations, by declaring ourselves the ally of that Power, in virtue of Treaties contracted with a former sovereign, who still pursues his claim to govern, supported by the general sense and arm of Europe.\nPhiladelphia May 2d. 1793.Alexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0264", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, 2 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\nTreasury Department, May 2, 1793. \u201cYour letter of the 18th of April was duly received. The practice which obtains in your District with respect to Exportation permits \u2026 appears to me to be right.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0265", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [2 May 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, May 2, 1793]\nAnswers to remaining Questions proposed by the President of The United States on the Question the \nAnswer\nThe War is plainly an offensive war on the part of France. Burlamaqui, an approved Writer Vol II Part IV Chap III Sections IV & V thus defines the different species of War \u201cNeither are we to believe (says he) that he who first injures another begins by that an offensive War, and that the other, who demands satisfaction for the injury received is always upon the defensive. There are a great many unjust acts, which may kindle a war and which however are not the war; as the ill treatment of a Prince\u2019s Ambassador, the plundering of his subjects &c. If therefore we take up arms to revenge such an unjust Act, we commence an offensive, but a just war; and the Prince who has done the injury and will not give satisfaction makes a defensive but an unjust war. An offensive war is therefore unjust only, when it is undertaken without a lawful cause, and then the defensive War, which on other occasions might be unjust, becomes just.\u201d\n\u201cWe must therefore affirm, in general, that the first who takes up arms, whether justly or unjustly, commences an offensive war; and he who opposes him, whether with or without reason begins a defensive war.\u201d\nThis definition of offensive and defensive war is conformable to the ideas of Writers on the Laws of Nations, in general, and is adopted almost verbatim by Barbeyrac in his Notes on \u00a7 III & IV of Book the VIII Chap VI of Puffendorfs \u201cLaw of Nature and Nations.\u201d\nFrance, it is certain, was the first to declare war against every one of the Powers with which she is at War. Whether she had good cause or not therefore in each instance, the War is completely offensive on her part.\nThe forms, which she has employed in some of her declarations (whereafter reciting the aggressions she alleges to have been committed against her by a particular power she proceeds to pronounce that war exists between her and such power) cannot alter the substance of the thing. The aggressions complained of, if ever so well founded, and however they may have been of a Nature to kindle a war were not the War itself. The war was begun, in each case, by the declaration, & by the commencement of hostilities on the part of France. It was therefore clearly offensive on her part.\nWith regard to the causes that led to the War, in each case, it requires more exact information than I have to pronounce upon them with confidence. As it regards Austria & Prussia, the suggestion on one hand is that a combination was formed to overthrow the new constitution of France, and that the declaration on the part of the latter Country was only an anticipation of what would soon have proceeded from the confederated powers. On the other hand it is affirmed that the preparations and arrangements on their part were merely provisional and eventual; and that the Republican party in France precipitated a War under the idea that it would furnish opportunities for accusing and criminating the Kings administration and finally overthrowing the Royalty.\nMr. Short\nWaving all definitive opinion on this point, better guides will enable us to pronounce with more certainty in the other cases.\nIn respect to Holland, there seems to be no doubt, that the aggression began with France.\nFrance in different Treaties, had recognised a right in the Dutch to the exclusive Navigation of the River Scheldt.\nIt appears, that she had a leading agency in adjusting a controversy on the point, between the late Emperor Joseph & the U Netherlands.\nThe XXVIII Article of a Treaty between those parties concluded at Fontainebleau the 8th. of November 1785 is in these words:\n\u201cThe Most Christian Majesty contributed to the completion of the arrangement made between the High-Contracting parties (namely the Emperor & States General), by his friendly intervention and his effectual and just mediation, his said Majesty is requested by the High Contracting Parties to charge himself likewise with being the Guarantee of the present Treaty.\u201d\nNevertheless the Provisionary Executive Council, by a decree of the 16 of November 1792, break through all these formal and express engagements, on the pretext of their being contrary to natural right, and declare the Navigation of the Scheldt & Meuse free.\nSuch an infraction of Treaties on such a ground cannot be justified without subverting all the foundation of positive and pactitious right among Nations. It is equally agreeable to the doctrine of theorists and to the practice of Nations that rights to the common use of Waters of the description in question may be relinquished and qualified by Treaty. To resume them therefore on the ground of the imprescriptibility as it is called, of natural rights\u2014is to set up a new rule of conduct contrary to the common sense and common practice of mankind, amounting in the party, which attempts the resumption, to an unequivocal injury to the party against which it is attempted.\nIn respect to Great Britain, the case is not equally clear; but there is sufficient ground to pronounce, that she had cause of complaint, prior to any given on her part.\nIt is known that in the early periods of the French Revolution she adopted the ground of neutrality and nothing is alleged against her till after the 10th of August.\nThat event led her to withdraw her Minister from the Court of France; but before his departure he left a note declarative of the intention of Great Britain to pursue still a pacific course; accompanied indeed with a cautious intimation, that personal violence to the King would excite the general indignation in Europe.\nBut it will hardly be affirmed, that this procedure amounted to an aggression. To recal a minister from or not to keep one at any Court is of itself an Act of indifference. The recall under such circumstances as took place on the 10th: of August was not an extraordinary step. Every Government had a right to deliberate, and was bound for its own safety to consider well\u2014when it would recognize a new order of things, which had been produced by a National Revolution. None was obliged by a hasty determination to expose itself to the ill will of other powers who might be at war with that new order of things. The keeping of a Minister at France, after the deposition of the King, might be deemed a sanction of the change and indeed was useless until it was intended to give that sanction. It was not therefore incumbent upon any power to pursue this course; especially one which was not in the condition of an ally.\nThe intimation with regard to the King, to characterise it in the most exceptionable light, was at most an act of officiousness. Relating to a thing not at the time in agigation, it could only be considered as a caution to avoid a measure which might beget misunderstanding.\nThe conduct of France shews that she did not at the time consider this step as an injury; for she continued a Minister at the Court of London, and continued to negotiate.\nThe next step of Great Britain in order of time, which is complained of by France, and the first of a really hostile complexion is the restriction on the exportation of Corn to France, by way of exception to a general permission to export that article.\nThis was an unfriendly measure. It happened as far as I am able to trace it in the latter part of December 1792.\nBut prior to these causes of dissatisfaction an alarm had been given by France to Great Britain.\nThe Convention on the 19th. of November passed a Decree in these words\u2014\n\u201cThe National Convention declare, in the name of the French Nation, that they will grant Fraternity and Assistance to every People, who wish to recover their Liberty; and they charge the Executive Power to send the necessary orders to the Generals to give assistance to such People, and to defend those citizens who may have been or who may be vexed for the cause of Liberty\u201d which Decree was ordered to be printed in all languages.\nThis decree might justly be regarded in an exceptionable light by the Government of every country. For though it be lawful and meritorious to assist a people in a virtuous and rational struggle for liberty, when the particular case happens; yet it is not justifiable in any government or Nation to hold out to the world a general invitation and encouragement to revolution and insurrection, under a promise of fraternity and assistance. Such a step is of a nature to disturb the repose of mankind, to excite fermentation in every country, to endanger government every where. Nor can there be a doubt that wheresoever a spirit of this kind appears it is lawful to repress and repel it.\nBut this generally exceptionable proceeding might be looked upon by Great Britain as having a more particular reference to her from some collateral circumstances.\nIt is known that various societies were instituted in Great Britain with the avowed object of reforms in the Government. These societies presented addresses to the Convention of France and received answers; containing an interchange of sentiments justly alarming to the British Government.\nIt will suffice by way of illustration to cite passages from two of these answers, each given by the President of the Convention, at a sitting on the 28 of November, one to a deputation from \u201cThe Society for constitutional information in London\u201d the other to a deputation of English and Irish Citizens at Paris.\n1 \u2003 \u201cThe shades of Penn of Hampden and of Syndney hover over your heads; and the moment without doubt approaches, in which the French will bring congratulations to the National Convention of Great Britain.\u201d\n2 \u2003 \u201cNature and principles draw towards us England Scotland & Ireland. Let the cries of friendship resound through the two republics.\u201d Again \u201cPrinciples are waging war against Tyranny, which will fall under the blows of philosophy. Royalty in Europe is either destroyed or on the point of perishing, on the ruins of Feodality; and the declaration of rights placed by the side of thrones is a devouring fire which will consume them. Worthy Republicans &c\u201d\nSuch declarations to such societies are a comment upon the Decree\u2014are in every sense inconsistent with what was due to a just respect for a Neutral Nation and amounted to so direct a patronage of a Revolution in the essential principles of its government as authorised even a declaration of War.\nIt is true that Mr. Chauvelin in a Note to Lord Grenville of the 27 of December 1792\u2014declares that the \u201cNational Convention never meant that the French Republic should favour insurrections, should espouse the quarrels of a few seditious persons or should endeavour to excite disturbances in any neutral or friendly country; the decree being only applicable to a People, who after having aquired their liberty, should call for the fraternity, the assistance of the Republic, by the solemn and unequivocal expression of the general Will.\u201d\nBut this explanation could not change the real nature and tendency of the decree, which holding out a general promise of fraternity and assistance to every people who wished to recover their liberty did favour insurrections, was calculated to excite disturbances in neutral & friendly countries.\nStill less could it efface the exceptionable and offensive nature of the reception which was given and the declarations which were made to the Revolutionary\u2014or Reforming\u2014Societies of G B.\nThe answer of Lord Grenville very justly observes that \u201cNeither satisfaction nor security is found in the terms of an explanation, which still declares to the promoters of sedition, in every country, what are the cases in which they may count beforehand on the support and succour of France; and which reserves to that Country the right of mixing herself in the internal affairs of another, whenever she shall judge it proper, and on principles incompatible with the political institutions of all the Countries of Europe.\u201d\nBesides the Declarations, which have been mentioned, to the different English societies, and which apply particularly to Great Britain, there are other acts of France which were just causes of umbrage and alarm to all the Governments of Europe.\nHer Decree of the 15 of December is one of them. This decree, extraordinary in every respect, which contemplates the total subversion of all the antient establishments of every country into which the arms of France should be carried\u2014has the following article\u2014\n\u201cThe French Nation declare\u2014That it will treat as enemies the People, who refusing or renouncing Liberty and Equality, are desirous of preserving their Prince and privileged Casts, or of entering into an accommodation with them. The Nation promises and engages not to lay down its arms, until the Sovereignty and Liberty of the People, on whose Territory the French Armies shall have entered shall be established and not to consent to any arrangement or Treaty with the Prince and privileged persons so dispossessed, with whom the Republic is at war.\u201d\nThis Decree cannot but be regarded as an outrage, little short of a declaration of war, against every Government of Europe, and as a violent attack upon the freedom of opinion of all Mankind.\nThe incorpation of the territories, conquered by the arms of France with France herself is another of the acts alluded to, as giving just cause of umbrage and alarm to neutral Nations in general. It is a principle well established by the laws of Nations, that the property and dominion of conquered places do not become absolute in the conquerors \u2019till they have been ceded or relinquished by a Treaty of peace or some equivalent termination of the War. Till then it is understood to be in a state of suspense, (the Conqueror having only a possessory and qualified title) liable to such a disposition as may be made by the compact which terminates the War. Hence the citizen of a neutral nation can acquire no final or irrevocable title to land by purchase of the Conqueror during the continuance of the War. This principle, it is evident, is of the greatest importance to the peace and security of Nations\u2014greatly facilitating an adjustment of the quarrels in which they happen at any time to be involved.\nBut the Incorporation, which has been mentioned, and which actually took place, in respect to the territories of different Powers, Savoy Antwerp &c. was a direct violation of that very important and fundamental principle; and of those rights which the laws of war reserve to every Power at War; a violation tending to throw insuperable difficulties in the way of peace. After once having adopted those territories as part of herself, she became bound to maintain them to the last extremity by all those peremptory rules which forbid a Nation to consent to its own dismemberment.\nThat incorporation therefore changed intirely the principle of the War on the part of France. It ceased to be a war for the defence of her rights, for the preservation of her liberty. It became a war of acquisition, of extension of territory and dominion, and in a manner altogether subversive of the laws & usages of Nations, and tending to the aggrandisement of France, to a degree, dangerous to the Independence & safety of every Country in the world.\nThere is no principle better supported by the Doctrines of Writers, the practice of Nations, and the dictates of right reason, than this\u2014that whenever a Nation adopts maxims of conduct tending to the disturbance of the tranquillity and established order of its neighbours, or manifesting a spirit of self-aggrandisement\u2014it is lawful for other Nations to combine against it, and, by force, to controul the effects of those maxims and that spirit. The conduct of France, in the instances which have been stated, calmly and impartially viewed, was an offence against Nations, which naturally made it a common cause among them to check her carreer.\nThe pretext of propagating liberty can make no difference. Every Nation has a right to carve out its own happiness in its own way, and it is the height of presumption in another, to attempt to fashion its political creed.\nThese acts and proceedings are all prior in time to the last aggressive step of Great Britain, the ordering out of the Kingdom the person who was charged with a diplomatic mission to that Court from the Government of France. The stile and manner of that proceeding rendered it undoubtedly an insult\u2014and if the conduct of France before that time had been unexceptionable, the war declared by France, though offensive in its nature, would have been justifiable in its motive.\nWith regard to Spain, the War was likewise declared by France and is consequently offensive on her part. The conduct of the former towards the latter, previous to this event, appears not only to have been moderate but even timid.\nThe War on the part of Portugal appears to have been offensive.\nThe result from what has been said is that the War in which France is engaged is in fact an offensive war on her part against all the Powers with which she is engaged, except one; and in principle, to speak in the most favourable terms for her, is at least a mixed case\u2014a case of mutual aggression.\nThe inference from this state of things is as plain, as it is important. The casus f\u0153deris of the guarantee in the Treaty of alliance between the UStates and France cannot take place, though her West India Islands should be attacked.\nThe express Denomination of this Treaty is \u201cTrait\u00e9 D\u2019Alliance eventuelle et defensive\u201d Treaty of Alliance Eventual and Defensive.\nThe 2 Article of the Treaty also calls it a \u201cDefensive Alliance.\u201d This then constitutes the leading feature\u2014the characteristic quality of the Treaty. By this principle, every stipulation in it is to be judged.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0267", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 2 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] May 2, 1793. \u201c\u2026 encloses \u2026 a letter from the Commissioner of the Revenue on the subject of a Keeper of the Lt House for Cape Henlopen.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0268", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Joseph Whipple, 2 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Whipple, Joseph\n[Philadelphia, May 2, 1793. On May 16, 1793, Whipple wrote to Hamilton and referred to Hamilton\u2019s \u201cdirections of the 2d instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0269", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 2 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\n[Philadelphia, May 2, 1793. On July 1, 1793, Willink, Van Staphorst, and Hubbard wrote to Hamilton: \u201cThe letter you wrote us the 2d. May has \u2026 come to hand.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0270", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, 3 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTreasury DepartmentMay 3d. 1793\nSir\nI regret extremely, that I did not receive your letter respecting Mr. Ternant\u2019s application till two oClock yesterday; after a warrant had issued in his favour for the sum requested.\nAgreeing intirely in opinion with you, that all applications from Diplomatic characters, as well those relating to pecuniary matters as others, ought to be addressed to your Department\u2014I should have taken no step on the present occasion had it not been put on the footing of a previous arrangement (as you will perceive by the copy of Mr. Ternant\u2019s note to me) and had I not myself carried along in my mind a general impression, that the spirit of what had passed would comprise the advance requested in the individual case.\nFor greater caution, however, I thought it adviseable to mention the matter to the President\u2014which was followed (if I remember right upon my own suggestion) by the conversation which I had with you.\nYou will remember that though your recollection, at the time, of what had passed from you agreed with what has been the result of your subsequent examination\u2014yet you expressed an opinion that in the special case (adhering as a general rule to the spirit of your late communication) it might be adviseable to make the advance desired\u2014as it would be well \u201cto part friends.\u201d And it was at my request, subsequent to this declaration, that you engaged to review your communications to Mr. Ternant.\nHaving told Mr. Ternant that the matter would be terminated the day succeeding his application\u2014not having heard from you on that day\u2014understanding it to be your opinion that on the whole it would be well to make the advance\u2014I waited on the President yesterday Morning, stated what had passed between us, and obtained his consent for making the advance.\nI am thus particular from a desire that you may see the ground upon which I have proceeded; as it would give me pain that you should consider what has been done, as the infringement of a rule of official propriety. I assure you this was not my intention.\nWith great respect I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Obed ser\nA Hamilton\nThe Secretary of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0271", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 3 May 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] May 3, 1793. Returns \u201cthe letters from our Bankers at Amsterdam which were laid before the President yesterday.\u201d States \u201cthat the President approves of the appointment of Laban Goffigan to be Keeper of the Light House on Cape Henry.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0272", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Murray, 3 May 1793\nFrom: Murray, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York 3 May 1793\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr\nSir!\nMy particular Friend Mr. Philip Mark is now about to take up his residence in Germany; he has informed me that it would be a very pleasing thing to him to have an appointment to a Consulate from the United States to some part of the German Empire; as I have been long acquainted with him, I can with fredom recommend him as a man well qualified to fill that Office; I know him to be a man of abilities, & integrity. I am with respect\nSir \u2003 Your most obedt. hble. Sert.\nJohn Murray", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0275", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [4 May 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, May 4, 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the President. It has appeared to him that a circular letter of the enclosed form to the several Collectors would be a measure of utility. If not disapproved by the President it will be forwarded.\nThe enclosed paper is sent lest the president should not have received it otherwise. It contains intelligence critically important, tho\u2019 requiring confirmation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0277", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 6 May 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, May 6, 1793. On May 8, 1793, Hamilton wrote to George Washington: \u201cThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to the consideration of the President of the U States a communication from the Commissioner of the Revenue of the 6 instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0278", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Henry Lee, 6 May [1793]\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nRichmond 6th. May [1793]\nMy Dear sir\nI had your letter delivered to me last evening & feel myself hurt at the suggestions it contains concerning your own situation.\nKnowing you as I do I should ever give to your political conduct the basis of truth honor & love of country however I might have differed from you on some measures.\nWhen therefore I feel undiminished regard to you, I cannot help lamenting the misery to which you continue to be exposed & I wish to god they could be averted\u2014our countrys prosperity will ever be with me the first object & next to that (speaking as to public matters) the happiness of my friends. Unfortunately those I most love have taken different sides in American questions & this discord in sentiment has issued in personal disgust & hate.\nThis event kept me from Congress & will confine me to my own state. I had once cherished a hope of finding full employment corresponding with my feelings in France, to which place I was almost in the act of embarkation 7 weeks ago, but the confusions there & the interposition of some of my best friends here arrested my project. I mean now to become a farmer & get a wife as soon as possible.\nWhen I let you have my own riding horse, I did not mean to receive any thing for him save the expence which attended him in Alexa. previous to my obtaining an opportunity of conveying him, & your small advance exceeded this sum, but as you make a serious point of it I will draw on you for the ballance of his price which is 16 guineas. I would censure the delicacy which your ltr. exhibits on this subject [did] I not know that to one exposed to such a portion of incrimination from his foes would not be relished even ironical censure from his friends. Your attention to me in Philad. was as usual\u2014friendly & affectionate tho\u2019 your situation forbad us mingling much together. Was I with you I would talk an hour with doors bolted & windows shut, as my heart is much afflicted by some whispers which I have heard. Yours ever\nH. Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0280", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Commissioners of Loans, 6 May 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Commissioners of Loans\nTreasury DepartmentMay 6 1793\nSir\nThe Comptroller of the Treasury being in an ill state of health\u2014I have found it necessary to avoid an interruption of business to direct Henry Kuhl his principal Clerk to countersign the warrants which may be issued during the Comptroller\u2019s illness for transfering stock to the Books of your office. You will therefore regard his signature (a specimen of which is inclosed) as sufficient to authorise you to pass the Credits directed by the warrants thus countersigned.\nThe recovery of the Comptroller of which you will be advised, will terminate the object of this Instruction.\nI am with Consideration \u2003 Sir your Obed Servt\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0281", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Joseph Ward, 6 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ward, Joseph\nTreasury DepartmentMay 6. 1793.\nSir\nSome very serious difficulties incident to the species of paper mentioned in your letter of the 18th of February last, which produced a real embarrassment in my mind as to a mode of treating them, at once proper and safe, have been the principal causes of the delay which has happened in reporting upon the Petitions relating to that subject.\nIt was nevertheless fully my intention to have done it at the last Session, but circumstances not unknown which unexpectedly intervened to occupy my time put it out of my power.\nI regret any inconveniences which may have resulted to the holders of the paper.\nWith much consideration & esteem, \u2003 I am, Sir, your Obed Servant\nA Hamilton\nJoseph Ward Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0282", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Peter Colt, 7 May 1793\nFrom: Colt, Peter\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nHartford 7th May 1793\nSir\nYour favour of 10th April only reached me here the last Mail. I had left Paterson the 17th. of April, on the Evening of the Day that the Board of Directors left Town, in consequence of Letters from Hartford, stating the critical Situation of my Family, Sick with the Small pox. It has proved fatal to one of my children, & another has been confined to the Hospital for upwards of five Weeks; & is yet so weak as not to be removed. This unexpected Circumstance will necessarily detain me longer from Paterson than I had calculated. I hope however no serious difficulty will arrise, or disadvantage accrue to the affairs of the Society in consequence of this detention.\nYour Letter not coming to hand before the meeting of the Directors, will prevent my obtaining the Money to discharge the Balance of your account, so soon as would otherways have been done. I will attend to it as soon as I get back to Paterson.\nThe Directors at their last meeting discharged Mort from their Service\u2014his Salary to cease the first Instant. They advanced the Salary of Marshall & Pearce to \u00a3200 Sterlg \u214c ann. for one Year, at which period, it is contemplated our Works will be in compleat operation; & when they may be put upon their first establishment. They reduced the Salary of Hall to the same sum. As I set out for home immediatly after this was declared to him, I had not time to see how this effected him; I only know he has not quit their Service in consequence of this reduction.\nI am well aware that many persons, & even some of the Directors, consider him not only as a bad Man, but particularly unfriendly to the Interest of the Society. That he is an imprudent Man I can have no doubt. He does not conceale his want of confidence in the plans of the Society, respecting the mode adopted for geting command of the water &c. It is very possible that his supposed disaffection to the Interest of the Society may arrise from imprudent observations respecting this Business, & the deranged State of their Funds. It is very possible he may have calculated on a general Superintendance of the affairs of the Society; & that the appointment of Majr L\u2019Enfant to construct the Canal & the Mills & other works has mortifyed not only him, but Marshall & pearce also. An English manufacturer cannot bring himself to believe that a French Gentleman can possibly know anything respecting manufactures. From this quarter I believe has orriginated much of the uneasiness amongst the head work men, who appear equally to consider the Factory sacrifised to the Town.\nPearce is certainly a very injenious Man, & at present very necessary to the Society but he has Substantial failings. He is intemperate; & I fear this evil will grow on him. From his natural temper he is easily led to hasty & inconsiderate Measures respecting his workmen &c\u2014& He seems too much prone to new projects.\nThe Directors at their last meeting Seemed Seriously alarmed at the extensive plans & views of Major L\u2019Enfant. They came together seeminly determind to confine his operations Strictly to the Canal; and to place everything else under my Sole direction. But he wishing to have the compleating his plan of the Town, & stating the impropriety of puting that under any other direction it was agreed to. On further conversation it appeard he considered the Cotton Mills as a part of the Canal\u2014at least necessarily connected with it\u2014and shewed the greatest reluctance at having that part of the Business taken out of his Management. After much conversation the Board seemed to acquiese in his having the superintendance of the Cotton Mill, altho they had passed a formal vote to restrict him to the Canal, which is to be compleated on the orriginal plan. He has assured them he will give them the entire command of the water this Season; & yet leave them some thing to operate with in future. Everything depends on his accomplishing this promise.\nWe have much to fear from the present State of the Funds of the Society. It is probable that the third payment which falls due the 13 Instant will be made wholly in the funded Debt of the united States, as well as the last, which falls due the 13 July next\u2014& that these payments will be compleated only on about one half of the orriginal Shares. Should this prove to be the case, it must add greatly to our present embarrassments; as this debt could not be turned into Cash without great loss; and it will be even difficult to obtain Money, on the Credit of those Funds, in the different Banks, Sufficient for the Expenditures of this summer & fall.\nI have serious fears that Majr L\u2019Enfant will not be able to reduce his plans & operations, so as to square with the present Situation of the Funds of the Society. As he has the greatest relyance on you, it may be of essential Service to the affairs of the Society for you to press on him the necessity of the greatest Oeconemy in executing his plans; & confining his views to those things which are essential instead of what is ornimental in forming his works.\nI am with great regard \u2003 Sir \u2003 your most obedt humble Servant\nP. Colt\nHonl Alexr. Hamilton Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0283", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 7 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia May 7th. 1793.\nDear Sir,\nAs I perceive there has been some mis-conception respecting the building of Vessels in our Ports wch may be converted into armed ones; and as I understand from the Attorney General there is to be a meeting to day, or tomorrow of the Gentlemen on another occasion, I wish to have that part of your circular letter which respects this matter reconsidered by them before it goes out.\nI am not disposed to adopt any measures which may check Shipbuilding in this Country. Nor am I satisfied that we should too promptly adopt measures\u2014in the first instance\u2014that is not indispensably necessary. To take fair and supportable ground I conceive to be our best policy, and is all that can be required of us by the Powers at War; leaving the rest to be managed according to circumstances and the advantages which may be derived from them.\nI am always \u2003 Yours &ca.\nGo: Washington\nQuere,\nIs it not expedient that the District Attornies should be written to, requiring their attention to the observance of the Injunctions of the Proclamation?\nColo. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0284", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Stephen Higginson, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Higginson, Stephen\n[Philadelphia, May 8, 1793. On the cover of a letter that Higginson wrote to Hamilton on April 21, 1793, Hamilton wrote: \u201cAnswered May 8.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0285", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia May 8. 1793.\nSir\nI had wished to have kept back the issuing passports for sea vessels, till the question should be decided whether the treaty with France should be declared void, lest the issuing the Passport prescribed by that treaty might be considered as prejudging the question. The importunities however of the owners obliging me to give out a few, I had them printed in the Dutch form only. Not then having sufficiently considered on the best mode of distributing them, I took the liberty, as an expedient of the moment, of sending 7. (the number of vessels then waiting in this port) to mr Delany asking the favor of him to fill them up & deliver them for me. Application for another parcel coming, and the applicant not being able to wait himself till I could send them to be signed by the President, he desired I would lodge them with mr Coxe on whom it would be convenient for him to call for them. I did so; & afterwards sent a second parcel of a dozen, which were pressingly requested.\nThe President having now decided that the French passport may also be issued, it is at this time in the press, & the whole instrument compleat with the two passports, sea-letters, & certificates in it\u2019s final form, will be ready for signature tomorrow. It has therefore now become necessary to determine on the ultimate channel of distributing them. I am not the judge whether the task of distribution might interfere too much with the other duties of the collectors of the customs. If it would not, their position seems best accomodated to that distribution. I took the liberty therefore to-day of proposing to the President that, if you should think there would be no inconvenience in charging them with the distribution, the blanks might be lodged with them; of which he approved: and I have now the honor of submitting that question to you. If you find no inconvenience in it, I will send 300 blanks, as soon as they shall be signed, either to your office or to that of the Commissioner of the revenue, whichever you shall prefer, to be forwarded to the collectors of the different ports; & from time to time afterwards will keep up a supply. Should it however, in your opinion, interfere too much with the other duties of those officers, I will submit to the President the depositing them with the deputy marshals appointed or to be appointed in every port. I will ask the favor of your answer, as the applications are numerous & pressing, & I am unwilling to be further troublesome to the gentlemen who have hitherto been so kind as to fill up & deliver them for me till some arrangement could be made which might relieve me personally from a business with the details of which I was not acquainted. I have the honor to be with great respect, Sir,\nYour most obedt \u2003 & most humble sert\nTh: Jefferson\nThe Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0286", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Richard Morris, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Morris, Richard\n[Philadelphia, May 8, 1793. On May 20, 1793, Morris wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI am favoured with your letter of the 8th. instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0288", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasy. Departmt. 8 May 93.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to lay before the President sundry papers relating to Ephraim Kirby, which is done merely on the score of propriety, as it is not perceived that any special provision in the case, can be consistently made.\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0289", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [8 May 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, May 8, 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to the consideration of the President of the UStates a communication from the Commissioner of the Revenue of the 6 instant\u2014respecting a contract provisionally entered into with Moses M. Hayes for a further supply of Oil for the Light Houses. It is respectfully conceived that the arrangement is in every view eligible.\nA. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0290", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, 9 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTreasury DepartmentMay 9. 1793\nSir\nI have this moment received your Letter of yesterday.\nIt appears to me, as it does to you, that the position of the Collectors of the Customs will render them the most convenient channel of distribution for the Passports; nor do I perceive, that it can interfere with their other duties.\nIt will be equally agreeable to me, that they be transmitted either directly from your office, or through this department. If you prefer the latter, which I shall with pleasure facilitate, I will request you to cause them to be sent in the first instance to me\u2014when I will put them in the usual course of conveyance. With great respect\nI have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedient servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nP.S. \u2003 Inclosed is the copy of a letter from the Collector of New York to Mr. Coxe of the 7th instant, which is transmitted for your consideration.\nThe Seretary of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0291", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Kean, [9 May 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Kean, John\n[Philadelphia, May 9, 1793]\nD Sir\nAs soon as the term of the inclosed Note shall have come within your rule of Discount you will oblige me by having it presented for that purpose.\nIt is often my Lot to distress myself to accommodate friends. This is my present situation.\nYrs truly\nA Hamilton\nPhiladelphia May 9. 1793", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0292", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Nourse, 10 May 1793\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Register\u2019s Office, May 10, 1793. Encloses \u201ca Certified Copy of a Letter received from Stephen Hussuy Collr. of the District of Nantucket.\u2026 Enclosing 2 Ship Registers issued from that Port in the year 1791.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0293", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Pinckney, [10 May 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, May 10, 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his compliments to Mr Pinckney and takes the liberty of troubling him with the charge of the enclosed letter for the Commissioners of the United States at Amsterdam.\nTreasury Departmt.May 10. 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0294", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Edmund Randolph, 10 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nTreasury DepartmentMay 10. 1793\nSir\nInclosed are two letters one of the 16th of April from the Collector of the District of Charlestown, the other of the 29 of April from the Collector of the District of New Port\u2014raising certain questions concerning the conduct to be observed in respect to prizes brought into the ports of the UStates by the Powers of Europe now at War with each other.\nI request your opinion on the points of law which they suggest; marking the distinctions if any which arise out of Treaties with any or either of the parties.\nThe case requires that some precise and explicit instruction should be transmitted to the several Collectors as soon as possible; with a view to which your opinion as soon as convenient is desired.\nThis course, I understand [from] Mr Lear, was indicated by the President.\nWith respectful consideration \u2003 I am Sir \u2003 Your obed servant\nThe Atty General", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0296", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, [12] May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphia, May [12] 1793. Transmits \u201cthe Copy of a letter of the 23d of April last from the Collector of the District of Nantucket to the Register of the Treasury\u201d and \u201cCopies of the declarations on the Registers, therein referred to.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0299", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Knox, 13 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Knox, Henry\nTreasury DepartmentMay 13. 1793\nSir\nI have the honor to inclose an extract of a letter from me of this date to General Wilkinson, on a question of some importance lately raised by the Contractors.\nI need not observe of how much moment it is, that the Commanding General should without delay establish with the Contractors the construction which I put on the Contract; about which I have no idea that they can mean any serious difficulty.\nWith respect \u2003 I have the honor to be &c\nSecy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0301", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to James Wilkinson, [13 May 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Wilkinson, James\n[Philadelphia, May 13, 1793]\nMy understanding of the Contract has always been different from that which seems to be intimated by Messrs. Elliott and Williams and constant usage hitherto furnishes a comment agreeable to my construction.\nI entertain no doubt that the Contractors are not only to supply stationary posts, but are to keep measure with the movements of the Army or any detachment of it\u2014in other words are to furnish the troops on their march as occasion may require\u2014as well as in Garrison or at predetermined places. Where the scenes of supply are designated they are to receive the prices specified\u2014Where they are not designated they are to receive such prices as shall be afterwards agreed upon between them and the Treasury.\nIn the first instance certain points are given, and they are to furnish what shall be required at any place or places between the given points\u2014Wherever the Army or any detachment of it happens to be, there is a place at which they are to make the requisite supply and must be prepared accordingly. Nothing is said about posts or places previously known or fixed.\nThe same principle will apply to any places not between given points, with this only difference that in this case a price will be to be afterwards settled between the Contractors and the public.\nIn all such cases no doubt a reasonable course of practice must govern. It will always be incumbent upon the commanding Officer to give such due previous information to the Contractors of the supplies which will be wanted in any scene as will enable them with due diligence to be prepared for the demand. This attended to, it will be their duty in measure for answering it\u2014whether on the march, in Camp or in Garrison.\nThe prices of the rations announce that an adequate calculation has been made for the casualties incident to this construction of the Contract and I doubt not the Contractors will readily accede to its being the true one.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0302", "content": "Title: On the Reception of Edmond Charles Genet in Philadelphia, [14\u201316 May 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, May 14\u201316, 1793]\nIt is observable, that attempts are making to engage the good citizens of this place, to give some public demonstrations of satisfaction, on the arrival of M. Janet, the expected Minister Plenipotentiary from France.\nThe good sense and prudence of the Citizens of Philadelphia, it is hoped, will guard them against being led into so unadvised a step.\nEvery discreet man must perceive at once that it is highly the interest of this country to remain at peace and as a mean to this to observe a strict neutrality in the present quarrel between the European Powers.\nPublic manifestations even of strong wishes in our citizens in favour of any of the contending parties might interfere with this object; in tending to induce a belief that we may finally take a side.\nIf done, at the seat of the general Government, it may be suspected to have been done with the countenance of the Government. Tis easy to see, that such a supposition might not be without inconvenience.\nThe step recommended would be the more delicate, as nothing of the kind happened on the arrival of Mr. Ternant, the immediate predecessor of the expected Gentleman. Mr. Ternant, having served with reputation & usefulness, in our armies, during the late war, had a personal claim to marks of esteem, as far as on considerations of public propriety, it would have been right to bestow them. None were bestowed. To distinguish his successor would savour as little of kindness towards him as of prudence towards ourselves.\nIf we feel kind dispositions towards France for the assistance afforded us, in our revolution, it will not do us honor to forget that Louis the XVI was then the sovereign of the Country\u2014that the succour afforded depended on his pleasure. Of this we are sure\u2014there is no ambiguity. Whether he has suffered justly the melancholy fate, which he has recently experienced, is at least a question. No satisfactory evidence of the affirmative has yet appeared in this Country. We have seen strong assertions but no proof. To the last awful moment, he persevered in declaring his innocence.\nIn such a state of things, any extraordinary honors to the representative of those who consigned him to so affecting a doom, would be as little consonant with decorum and humanity, as with true policy.\nIt will not be difficult, either, to perceive that in such a state of things", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0303", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [14 May 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, May 14, 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the President & sends for his information & direction two letters, one from the Collector of Oxford, the other from mr Murray member from Maryland. The Secretary, if not directed otherwise, will by the post of tomorrow, desire the Collector to detain the prize until further order; lest not receiving early instruction he may surrender her to one or the other party, contrary to the final determination of the Executive.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0304", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Richard Harrison, 15 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Harrison, Richard\nTreasury Department, May 15, 1793. \u201cMr. Bailey sometime since made a number of Seals for the use of the Supervisors.\u2026 it is proper that his claim be settled.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0305", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Gulian Verplanck, 15 May 1793\nFrom: Verplanck, Gulian\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York, May 15, 1793. \u201cI have paid to Mr Seton two thousand Dollars on Acct. & will be prepared to discharge the remainder of the Ballance with the further Interest that will have accrued to the time of the Deeds being returned.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0306-0002", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 15 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, May 15, 1793]\nState of facts as supposed.\nMr. Jenet Minister Plenipotentiary from the Republic of France arrives at charsletown. There he causes two privateers to be fitted out, to which he issues Commissions, to cruise against the enemies of France. There also, the Privateers are manned and partly with citizens of the United States, who are inlisted or engaged for the purpose, without the privity or permission of the Government of this Country; before even Mr Jenet has delivered his credentials and been recognized as a public Minister. One or both these Privateers make captures of British Vessels, in the neighbourhood of our Coasts, and bring or send their prizes into our Ports.\nThe British Minister Plenipotentiary among other things demands a restitution of these prizes. Ought the demands to be complied with?\nI am of opinion that it ought to be complied with, and for the following reasons.\nThe proceedings in question are highly exceptionable both as they respect our rights and as they make us an instrument of hostilities against Great Britain.\nThe jursidiction of every Independent Nation, within its own territories, naturally excludes all exercise of authority, by any other Government, within those Territories, unless by its own consent, or in consequence of stipulations in Treaties. Every such exercise of authority therefore not warranted by consent or treaty is an intrusion on the jurisdiction of the Country within which it is exercised; and amounts to an injury and affront, more or less great, according to the nature of the case.\nThe equipping manning and commissioning of Vessels of War, the inlisting, levying or raising of men for military service, whether by land or sea\u2014all which are essentially of the same nature\u2014are among the highest and most important exercises of sovereignty.\nIt is therefore an injury and affront of a very serious kind, for one Nation to do acts of the above description, within the territories of another, without its consent or permission. This is a principle so obvious\u2014in itself\u2014that it does not stand in need of confirmation from authorities.\nYet the following passage from Vatel, as to one of the points, included in the case, is so pertinent and forcible that it cannot be improper to quote it. It is found Book III Chapt II \u00a7 15 in these words.\n\u201cAs the Right of levying soldiers belongs solely to the Nation, so no person is to inlist soldiers in a foreign country without the permission of the sovereign. They who undertake to inlist soldiers in a foreign Country, without the sovereign\u2019s permission; and, in general, whoever alienates the subjects of another violates one of the most sacred rights, both of the Prince and the state. Foreign Recruiters are hanged immediately and very justly, as it is not to be presumed, that their sovereign ordered them to commit the crime; and if they did receive such an order they ought not to obey it: their sovereign having no right to command what is contrary to the law of Nature. It is not, I say apprehended that these Recruiters act by order of their sovereign, and usually they who have practiced seduction only are, if taken, severely punished. If they have used violence and made their escape, they are claimed and the men they carried off demanded. But if it appears, that they acted by order, such a proceeding in a foreign sovereign is justly considered as an injury, and as a sufficient cause for declaring war against him, unless he condescends to make suitable Reparation.\u201d\nThe word soldiers here made use is to be understood to mean all persons engaged or inlisted for military service\u2014seamen as well as landmen. The principle applies equally to the former as to the latter. This, it is imagined, will not be questionned.\nIn the case under consideration there was neither Treaty, nor consent, to warrant what was done. And the case is much stronger than a mere levying of Men.\nThe injury and insult to our Government then, under the facts stated, cannot be doubted. The right to reparation follows of course.\nIt remains to inquire whether we are under an obligation to redress any injury which may have accrued to Great Britain, from the irregularity committed towards us.\nThe existence of such an obligation is affirmed upon the following grounds.\nIt is manifestly contrary to the duty of a Neutral Nation to suffer itself to be made an instrument of hostility, by one power at war against another. In doing it, such Nation becomes an Associate, a Party.\nThe United States would become effectually an instrument of hostility to France against the other powers at War\u2014if France could ad libitum build equip and commission, in their ports, vessels of War\u2014man those vessels with their seamen\u2014send them out of their ports to cruise against the enemies of France\u2014bring or send the vessels and property taken from those enemies into their ports\u2014dispose of them there; with a right to repeat these expeditions as often as she should find expedient.\nBy the same rule, that France could do these things\u2014she could issue Commissions among us at pleasure for raising any number of troops\u2014could march those troops towards our frontiers attack from thence the territories of Spain or England\u2014return with the plunder, which had been taken within our territories\u2014go again on new expeditions, and repeat them as often as was found advantageous.\nThere can be no material differences between the two cases\u2014between preparing the means in, and carrying on from our Ports naval expeditions\u2014and preparing the means in and carrying on from our territories land expeditions, against the enemies of France. The principle in each case would be the same.\nAnd from both or either would result a state of war between us and those enemies of the worst kind for them, as long as it was tolerated. I say a state of war of the worst kind because while the resources of our Country would be employed in annoying them, the instruments of this annoyance would be occasionally protected from pursuit, by the privileges of our ostensible neutrality.\nIt is easy to see, that such a state of things would not be tolerated longer than \u2019till it was perceived\u2014and that we should quickly and with good reason be treated as an associate of the power whose instrument we had been made.\nIf it is inconsistent with the duties of neutrality to permit the practices described to an indefinite extent, it must be alike inconsistent with those duties to permit them to any extent. The quality of the fact, not the degree, must be the Criterion.\nIt has indeed been agreed, that we are bound to prevent the practices in question in future, and that an assurance shall be given to the British Minister, that effective measures will be taken, for that purpose.\nBut it is denied, that we are bound to interpose, to remedy the effects which have hitherto ensued.\nThe obligation to prevent an injury usually, if not universally, includes that of repairing or redressing it, when it has happened.\nIf it be contrary to the duty of the UStates as a Neutral Nation to suffer cruisers to be fitted out of their ports to annoy the British Trade, it comports with their duty to remedy the injury, which may have been sustained, when it is in their power so to do.\nIf it be said that what was done took place before the Government could be prepared to prescribe a preventative; and that this creates a dispensation from the obligation to redress\u2014\nThe answer is\u2014\nThat a Government is responsible for the conduct of all parts of the community over which it presides; that it is to be supposed to have at all times a competent police every where to prevent infractions of its duty towards foreign Nations\u2014that in the case in question the Magistracy of the place ought not to have permitted what was done\u2014and that the Government is answerable for the consequences of its omissions.\nIt is true that in a number of cases a Government may excuse itself for the nonperformance of its duty\u2014on account of the want of time to take due precautions\u2014from the consideration of the thing having been unexpected and unforeseen &c. &c. And justice often requires that excuses of this kind bona fide offered should be admitted as satisfactory.\nBut such things are only excuses not justifications, and they are only then to be received when a remedy is not within the reach of the party.\nIf the Privateers expedited from Charletown had been sent to the French dominions, there to operate out of our reach, the excuse of want of time to take due precautions ought to have been satisfactory to Great Britain. But now that they have sent their prizes into our Ports, that excuse cannot avail us. We have it in our power to administer a specific remedy, by causing restitution of the property taken\u2014and it is conceived to be our duty to do so.\nIt is objected to this, that the Commissions, which were issued, are valid between the parties at War, though irregular with respect to us\u2014that the captures made under it are therefore valid Captures, vesting the property in the Captors; of which they cannot be deprived without a violation of their rights, and an aggression on our part.\nIt is believed to be true that the Commissions are in a legal sense valid as between the parties at War. But the inference drawn from this position does not seem to follow.\nIt has been seen, that what has been done, on the part of the French, is a violation of our rights\u2014for which we have a claim to reparation and a right to make war, if it be refused.\nWe may reasonably demand then, as the reparation to which we are intitled, restitution of the property taken, with or without an apology for the infringement of our sovereignty. This we have a right to demand, as a species of reparation, consonant with the nature of the injury, and enabling us to do justice to the party, in injuring whom we have been made instrumental.\nIt can therefore be no just cause of complaint, on the part of the Captors, that they are required to surrender a property, the means of acquiring which took their origin in a violation of our rights.\nOn the other hand, there is a claim upon us to arrest the effects of the injury or annoyance to which we have been made accessory. To insist therefore upon the restitution of the property taken will be to enforce a right, in order to the performance of a duty.\nThe effects of captures under the Commissions, however valid between the parties at War, have no validity against us. Originating in a violation of our rights, we are no wise bound to respect them.\nWhy then (it may be asked) not send then to the animadversion and decision of the Courts of Justice?\nBecause, it is believed, they are not competent to the decision. The whole is an affair between the Governments of the parties concerned\u2014to be settled by reasons of state, not rules of law. Tis the case of an infringement of our sovereignty to the prejudice of a third party; in which the Government is to demand a reparation, with the double view of vindicating its own rights and doing justice to the suffering party.\nA comparison of this case with that of contraband articles can only mislead. A neutral Nation has a general right to Trade with a power at War. The exception of contraband articles is an exception of necessity; it is a qualification of the general right of the neutral Nation in favour of the safety of the Belligerent party. And from this cause and the difficulty of tracing it in the course of commercial dealings that for the peace of Nations, the external penalty of confiscation is alone established. The Neutral Nation is only bound to abandon its subjects to that penalty not to take internal measures to prevent and punish the practice. The state of peace between two Nations on the other hand makes it intrinsically criminal in either nation or in the subjects of either to engage in actual hostilities against the other. The sovereign of each Nation is bound to prevent this by internal regulations and measures\u2014and of course to give redress where the offence has been committed.\nWhat has been agreed to be done in the present case acknowleges the distinction and establishes the consequences. While it was refused to interfere to prevent the shipment of arms, it has been agreed that measures should be taken towards punishing our citizens who engaged on board the privateers; and to assure the British Minister that effectual measures would be taken to prevent a repetition of the thing complained. Hence a recognized distinction of principle and a virtual recognition of the consequences contended for.\nAs little to the purpose is the example of cases in which particular Nations permit the levying of Troops among them by the parties at War. The almost continually warlike posture of Europe can alone have produced the toleration of a practice so inconsistent with morality and humanity; but allowing these examples their full force; they are at an infinite distance from the case of raising equipping and organising within the neutral territory an armed force sending it on expeditions against a party at War & bringing back their spoils into the Neutral Country.\nIf the view which has been taken of the subject is a just one, Great Britain will have a right to consider our refusal to cause restitution to be made, as equivalent to our becoming an accomplice in the hostility\u2014as a departure from neutrality\u2014as an aggression upon her.\nHence we shall furnish a cause of War and endanger the existence of it.\nI infer then, that we equally owe it to ourselves and to Great Britain to cause restitution to be made of the property taken. In the case of so palpable and serious a violation of our rights, aggravated by several collateral circumstances, the mention of which is purposely waved, a decided conduct appears most consistent with our honor and with our future safety.\nPhiladelphia May 15. 1793Alex Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0307-0002", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Andrew G. Fraunces, 16 May 1793\nFrom: Fraunces, Andrew G.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew-York May 16, 1793.\nSir,\nWarrants for a considerable amount of the late Treasurer of the United States, and on certain Loan-Officers, drawn by the late Board of Treasury, are put into my hands, in order that I may obtain a settlement from the Treasury of the United States.\nIn turning over the laws relative to appropriations, I observe provision was made in the year 1789, for this purpose. As I do not wish to make a journey to Philadelphia, unless the business could be done, I have taken the liberty of troubling you in this way, and of requesting you to favor me, by saying whether they will be paid on presentment or not.\nI have the honor to be, with respect and esteem, \u2003 Sir, your most obedient servant,\nAndrew G. Fraunces.\nThe Hon. A. Hamilton, Esq. Secretaryof the Treasury of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0309", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Whipple, 16 May 1793\nFrom: Whipple, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPortsmouth [New Hampshire] May 16, 1793. \u201cAgreeably to your directions of the 2d instant.\u2026 I enclose you a Copy of the manifest of the Cargo of the Brig Rising Sun, as exhibited by the Master on the day of the Vessels arrival\u2014also Schedules of the articles Seized and of those found on board the Vessel after the delivery of the Cargo, agreeing with the Masters mem: produced after the Seizure.\u2026 The goods taken out in the night time being of the Value of 80 dollars only, the Vessel is not liable to Seizure\u2014those that were found on board & not contained in the Manifest are of the Value of 292\u00bd Dollars & were undoubtedly withheld from the Manifest or corrected by the Sailors with fraudulent intentions, but I do not find they are liable to Seizure although the master is subject to penalties on account of their omission.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0310", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 16 May 1793\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBaltimore, May 16, 1793. \u201cThis is to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 14th Instant.\u2026 The instructions contained in your letter relative to this important business shall be attentively observed.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0312", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to \u2014\u2014\u2014, [18 May 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, May 18, 1793]\nYou ask me if the News-papers of Philadelphia give a true picture of the conduct of its citizens on the occasion of the arrival of Mr. Genet, and whether the great body of them are really as indiscreet as those papers represent them.\nIt gives me pleasure to be able to answer you in the negative. I can assure you upon the best evidence that comparitively speaking, but a small proportion of them have had an agency in the business.\nThough the papers in the morning of the day of Mr. Genets arrival announced his approach and at  oClock  three guns were fired from the Frigate as a signal to those who were disposed to go to meet him at Gray\u2019s ferry, as had been previously concerted and notified in the papers\u2014and though we are told by some of the printers that all the outlets from the city were crouded with persons going out to meet Mr. Genet\u2014the fact is that a very inconsiderable number indeed went out. It is seldom easy to speak with absolute certainty in such cases but from all I could observe or have been able to learn, I believe the number would be stated high at a hundred persons.\nIn the evening of the same day, according to notice in an evening paper, which came out earlier than usual for the purpose, a Meeting was convened at the State House Yard, under the direction of the same persons who had projected the going out to Gray\u2019s. This Meeting was also inconsiderable. From forty to 100 persons give you the extremes of the numbers present, as reported by those who were at the Meeting or in a situation to observe it.\nHere a Committee was appointed to prepare an address to Mr. Genet\u2014and another Meeting of the Citizens was advertised for the ensuing Evening at  at the same place the object of which it seems was to consider & approve the address.\nThis last Meeting is stated differently, from 300 to 1000. An accurate observer, who was a byestander and paid particular attention to the matter assures me that there were between five and six hundred assembled. I rely upon this as about the truth.\nThe persons who were met approved the address, which had been prepared, and as you have seen nominated a Comittee to present it, whom they accompanied to Mr. Genets lodgings at the City Tavern.\nOn their way to the City Tavern, their number was, as you will imagine, considerably increased. A croud will always draw a croud, whatever be the purpose. Curiosity will supply the place of attachment to or interest in the object.\nWhat number may have been assembled in the vicinity of the City Tavern it is impossible to say. The Evening being pretty far advanced was alone an obstacle to judging.\nBut the true test was the Meeting in the State House Yard. Tis there we are to look for the real partisans of the measure. And according to this standard it may be pronounced that not a tenth part of the City participated in it.\nYou ask who were its promoters.\nI answer, that with very few exceptions, they were the same men who have been uniformly the enemies and the disturbers of the Government of the UStates. It will not be surprising if we see ere long a curious combination growing up to controul its measures, with regard to foreign politics, at the expence of the peace of the Country\u2014perhaps at a still greater expense. We too have our disorganizers. But I trust there is enough of virtue and good sense in the people of America to baffle every attempt against their prosperity\u2014though masked under the specious garb of an extraordinary zeal for liberty. They practically, I doubt not, adopt this sacred maxim, that without government, there is no true liberty.\nI agree with you in the reflections you make on the tendency of public demonstrations of attachment to the cause of France. Tis certainly not wise to expose ourselves to the jealousy and resentment of the rest of the world, by a fruitless display of zeal for that cause\u2014it may do us much harm\u2014it can do France no good (unless indeed we are to embark in the War with her, which nobody is so hardy as to avow, though some secretly machinate it). It cannot be without danger and inconvenience to our interests to impress on the Nations of Europe an idea that we are actuated by the same spirit, which has for some time past fatally misguided the measures of those who conduct the affairs of France and sullied a cause once glorious and that might have been triumphant.\nThe cause of France is compared with that of America during its late revolution. Would to Heaven that the comparison were just. Would to heaven that we could discern in the Mirror of French affairs, the same humanity, the same decorum the same gravity, the same order, the same dignity, the same solemnity, which distinguished the course of the American Revolution. Clouds & Darkness would not then rest upon the issue as they now do.\nI own, I do not like the comparison. When I contemplate the horrid and systematic massacres of the 2d. & 3d. of September\u2014When I observe that a Marat and a Robertspierre, the notorious prompters of those bloody scenes\u2014sit triumphantly in the Convention and take a conspicuous part in its measures\u2014that an attempt to bring the assassins to justice has been obliged to be abandonned\u2014When I see an unfortunate Prince, whose reign was a continued demonstration of the goodness & benevolence of his heart, of his attachment to the people, of whom he was the Monarch\u2014who though educated in the lap of despostism, had given repeated proofs, that he was not the enemy of liberty\u2014brought precipitately and ignominiously to the block,\u2014without any substantial proof of guilt, as yet disclosed\u2014without even an authentic exhibition of motives, in decent regard to the opinions of mankind\u2014When I find the doctrines of Atheism openly advanced in the Convention and heared with loud applauses\u2014When I see the sword of fanaticism extended to force a political creed upon citizens who were invited to submit to the arms of France as the hargingers of Liberty\u2014When I behold the hand of Rapacity outstreched to prostrate and ravish the monuments of religious worship erected by those citizens and their ancestors. When I perceive passion tumult and violence usurping those seats, where reason and cool deliberation ought to preside\u2014\nI acknowlege, that I am glad to believe, there is no real resemblance between what was the cause of America & what is the cause of France\u2014that the difference is no less great than that between Liberty & Licentiousness. I regret whatever has a tendency to confound them, and I feel anxious, as an American, that the ebullitions of inconsiderate men among us may not tend to involve our Reputation in the issue.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0313", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Andrew G. Fraunces, 18 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Fraunces, Andrew G.\nTreasury Department, May 18, 1793.\nSir,\nYour letter of the 16th instant has been duly received. The want of sufficient light with regard to the warrants in question must defer the payment of them. I advise the holders to notify them as claims under the act of the last session, entitled, \u201cAn Act relative to claims against the United States not barred by any act of limitation, and which have not been already adjusted.\u201d\nI am, Sir, with esteem, \u2003 Your most obedient servant,\nAlexander Hamilton\nMr. Andrew G. Fraunces,New-York.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0314", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Thacher, 18 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Thacher, George\nPhiladelphiaMay 18. 1793\nMy Dear Sir\nYour letter of the 28th. of April has been received.\nThe complaint against Mr. Cook has lately come forward under a more precise form\u2014so as to have rendered a precise inquiry necessary for his character and for my justification. The making of it has been committed to Mr. Jonathan Jackson\u2014as a man of sense probity & delicacy & whose impartiality will be drawn into question by no local circumstance.\nShould it unfortunately issue against Mr. Cook, I will not fail to pay proper attention to your suggestion.\nWith sincere regard \u2003 Yr Obed ser.\nA Hamilton\nG Thatcher Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0315", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Gouverneur Morris, 20 May 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSain Port near Paris 20. May 1793\nMy dear Sir\nYou have annexed Copies of my Letters of the eleventh and twelfth of last month since which I have received from Amsterdam the receipts of Col. Laumoy which are lodged with Mr. Grand. I learn at the same Time that the Creditors of the United States have consented to postpone the reimbursement due to them in June so that the Difficulties in that quarter are removed to my no small Satisfaction for I had received from Mr. Short very alarming Letters on the Subject pressing me to go forward to Amsterdam where he conceived it necessary to take Steps to which if on the Spot his Powers were inadequate and which he supposed I who had no Powers whatever might take upon me to do. As this could have answered no good End to the public and would have exposed me to Suspicion here and to Censure on your Side of the Water besides the Inconveniencies which my Absence might Occasion to our Countrymen whose Affairs oblige them frequently to apply to me I thought it better to avoid that Journey and try what Resources might be found in the disjointed State of things here. Accordingly I prepared Matters for a Loan of \u00a3.300000. Stg to be paid about 14 years hence and that for \u00a3150000 Cash which is you know at the rate of 5. p% Interest. I will not trouble you with all the particulars they being unnecessary. Only this the Commission of Bankers and every Thing else was to be included so as to produce the simple Effect above stated. My Engagements were of Course only eventual but suspended on the Intelligence I should get from Amsterdam and this was long delayed and of Course I was in a State of considerable Anxiety which was most happily releived by the Intelligence that my Efforts were unnecessary.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0316", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Richard Morris, 20 May 1793\nFrom: Morris, Richard\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York, May 20, 1793. \u201cI am favoured with your letter of the 8th. instant and am happy my conduct touching the Seized Gina. mett your Approbation.\u2026 I am Making up all my Accounts and Could forward them with the Abstracts this day but upon Examining I find that the whole Emoluments that Rest with me for 13 Months and 20 Days is only 526 dollrs. and 52 Cents. which will not Indemnify me for my Actual Expences in living in town for that time, but if you Approve I think I may be Saved. The Contingencies for printing, paper, &c, &c, &c, &c, in the whole if charged by Each particular will Amount to 317.45 Cts. This will Leave a Saving of 482.55 from the 800 Appropiated by the presidents Arrangement for the Contingencies of this State. My Attentions to those Expences has had Some Share in Increasing the Savings and if I should be Justified and permitted in the place of Chargeing the particular Contingencies to charge the 800 dollars as Allowed by the President for Contingencies of this State, it will do a little more than make me Whole for my Expences. I mention this to you as my friend if it can be done without Giveing you trouble I shall be glad, I do not mean that it Should produce Solicitation I had rather put up with the first loss. Your letter shall be my Guide. The Sooner the Better.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0321", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Lincoln, 23 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTreasury Department, May 23, 1793. \u201cYou will herewith receive a package of Sea letters, which I request you to distribute among the Collectors of your State, as they shall apply for them. A further and a larger parcel will be forwarded to you, for the same purpose in a few days.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0322", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Short, 23 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Short, William\n[Philadelphia, May 23, 1793. The catalogue description of this letter reads: \u201cIntroducing Major Jackson to the United States Minister at the Hague.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0323", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 24 May 1793\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Baltimore, May 24, 1793. On June 12, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Williams: \u201cYour letter of the 24th Ultimo was received some time ago.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0325", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Knox, 25 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Knox, Henry\nTreasury DepartmentMay 25 1793\nSir\nInclosed is a letter from Mr Stephen Bruce, on the subject of certain articles furnished by him upon the order of Lieutenant Greaton and disallowed in the settlement of his accounts on the principle of their not having been conformable to instructions\u2014together with a copy of the settlement at the Treasury shewing what those articles were.\nI request to be informed whether the requisition of these articles by the officer or officers concerned be justified by any instruction or license from your department; or by any usage in like cases; and if not whether there are any & what reasons to induce their being paid for by the Public. I request your particular attention to the article of room-hire.\nThe practice appears to the Treasury to be of a nature to involve a danger of double supplies complexity in the public accounts\u2014opportunities of abuse and such as without cogent reasons ought not to be countenanced.\nIf it can plead no authority license or usage\u2014will not the good of the public service require that any inconveniences to be sustained should fall on the Officer concerned\u2014that his conduct should be animadverted upon and that an injunction should be incorporated with the instructions of the Recruiting Officers against demanding any articles of a similar nature, or any not strictly within the letter of the instructions?\nI have the honor to be very respectfully Sir \u2003 Your Obedient & humble servant\nA. Hamilton\nThe Secy at War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0326", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tobias Lear, [25 May 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lear, Tobias\n[Philadelphia, May 25, 1793]\nDear sir,\nThe proper fund for the payment of the enclosed is the 10,000 Dollars for defraying the contingent Expences of the Government. Will you add a few words directing it to be paid out of that fund?\nYours\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0327-0001", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [25 May 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, May 25, 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the President; submits the draft of an Act relative to the points lately determined upon by the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0327-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: [An Act Making Allowances for Certain Services], [25 May 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Washington, George\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, May 25, 1793]\nAn act making allowances for certain services & contingencies in the collection of the Revenue during the year ending on the 30 day of June 1792.\nWhereas it has been found necessary to provide a compensation for the legal admeasurement of Stills during the year ending on the 30 day of June 1792. it is hereby established & declared, that there may & shall be allowed to the Collectors of the Revenue on spirits distilled in the United States and upon Stills, for each & every Still by them respectively measured according to law on or before the said 30 day of June 1792. the Sum of Thirty Cents.\nAnd whereas it has also been found necessary that certain services & expences of divers officers of inspection & persons actually employed in the business of the Revenue wch. have unavoidably arisen out of the first operations of the Act of the 3d. day of March 1791, and in the year aforesaid, & certain compensations to the same should be allowed & defrayed.\nThe Supervisors of the Revenue for the several Districts herein after mentioned are hereby authorised to allow to the officers & persons employed within their respective Districts, for services & Duties actually by them performed and expences paid during the year aforesaid & not yet compensated or defrayed, the sums set against the said Districts respectively\u2014that is to say\nIn the District of South Carolina a sum not exceeding\n600 Dollars\nIn the District of North Carolina\nIn the District of Virginia\nIn the District of Maryland\nIn the District of Delaware\nIn the District of Pennsylvania\nIn the District of New York\nIn the District of Connecticut\nGiven under my hand at\nPhiladelphia on the 25 dayof May 1793.\nGeo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0333", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 28 May 1793\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCollectors Office Baltr. 28 May 93\nSir\nInclosed are, A, a copy of my letter to the Surveyor of the port respecting a French Privatier and her prize lately arrived; B, a Copy of the Surveyors report and, C, a translation of the French Commission in possession of the commander of the Privateer.\nAs the laws of Congress, which govern the conduct of the Officers of the customs have no reference to the present case, and as we have received no instructions relative to the construction of existing treaties I am forced to hesitate about the proper conduct to be observed upon this new occasion.\nI am Sir, \u2003 Your most obedient \u2003 Humble Servant\nO H Williams\nA Hamilton Esqr.Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0334-0002", "content": "Title: Cabinet Meeting. Opinion on the Depredations of the Creek Indians Upon the State of Georgia, 29 May 1793\nFrom: \nTo: \n[Philadelphia] May 29th 1793\nThe President of the United States having assembled the heads of the respective departments and the attorney General, laid before them for their advice thereon, sundry communications from the Governor of Georgia, and others, relatively to the recent alarming depredations of the creek Indians upon the state of Georgia.\nWhereupon after the subject was maturely considered and discussed it was unanimously advised\nThat the Governor of Georgia be informed that from considerations relative to foreign powers, and the pending treaty with the Northern Indians, it is deemed adviseable for the present, to avoid offensive expeditions into the Indian Country. But from the nature of the late appearances, it is thought expedient to encrease the force to be kept up for defensive purposes. The President therefore authorises, the calling into, and keeping in service, in addition to the troops heretofore stationed in Georgia, one hundred horse, and one hundred infantry, to be employed in repelling inroads as circumstances shall require. As it does not yet appear that the whole nation of the creeks, is engaged in hostility, it is confided that this force will be sufficient for the object designated. The case of a serious invasion of the territory of Georgia, by large bodies of Indians must be referred to the provisions of the constitution. The proceeding with efficacy in future requires absolutely, that no unnecessary expence should be incurred in the mean time.\nThe above corps of horse to be raised for any period of time not exceeding twelve Months as may be found most practicable, subject to be dismissed at any time sooner as the government may think fit. The infantry to be called into service according to the course of the militia Laws endevoring to secure their continuance in service for the like time.\nThat General Pickens be invited to repair to the seat of Government, for the purpose of information and consultation; a proper compensation for his expences, and loss of time to be allowed.\nThat a further supply of one thousand arms with correspondent accoutrements be forwarded to the state of Georgia. Arms and accoutrements, for the cavalry to be also provided and forwarded.\nThat an Agent be sent to the Creeks to endevor to adjust the surrender of those Indians who have lately committed murders on the citizens of Georgia; to conciliate, and secure such of the Indians as may be well disposed to the United States, in the event of a war with the Creek nation, and if possible to prevent that extremety.\nTh: Jefferson\nH Knox\nEdm: Randolph\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0336", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Addison and Peter Van Gaasbeck, 30 May 1793\nFrom: Addison, John,Van Gaasbeck, Peter\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Kingston, New York, May 30, 1793. On June 15, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Addison and Van Gaasbeck: \u201cI received two or three days since your letter of the 30th. of May.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0337", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 30 May 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury Department,May 30, 1793.\nSir,\nIt being the opinion of the Executive, that there is no general law of the land, prohibiting the entry and sale of goods captured by foreign powers at war\u2014and consequently that such entry and sale are lawful; except in cases where a prohibition is to be found in the treaties of the United States\u2014\nIt becomes the duty of this Department to make known to you, that the entry of vessels captured and brought into our ports by the ships of war and privateers of France, and of their cargoes, is to be received in the same manner, under the same regulations, and upon the same conditions, as that of vessels and their cargoes which are not prizes. One of these conditions is, of course, the payment or securing the payment of the duties imposed by law on goods, wares and merchandize imported, and on the tonnage of ships and vessels.\nBut the same privilege will not extend to any of the other Belligerent Powers, being contrary to the 17th and 22d articles of our Treaty with France.\nWith consideration, \u2003 I am, Sir, \u2003 Your obedient servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0338", "content": "Title: Agreement with the President, Directors, and Company of the Bank of the United States, [31 May 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,President, Directors, and Company of the Bank of the United States\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, May 31, 1793]\nArticles of Agreement between Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, on behalf of the United States of the one part, and the president Directors & Company of the Bank of the Ud. States of the other part, made & concluded the 31st day of May in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred & ninety three. Whereas by the third section of the Act entitled, an Act making appropriations for the support of Government for the year 1793 the President of the U: States is authorised to borrow on accot. of the said States, any sum or sums, not exceeding in the whole 800,000 Dollars, at a rate of interest not exceeding 5 \u214c Centum pr. annum, & reimbursable at the pleasure of the United States, and it is also thereby declared to be lawful for the Bank of the UStates to lend the said Sum. And whereas the President of the United States by an Instrument under his hand bearing date the 21st day of March 1793, did empower the Secretary of the Treasury to carry into execution the authority so vested in him.\nNow therefore these presents witness, that pursuant to the authority & provisions aforesaid it hath been & hereby is agreed, by & between the said parties of the first & second part as follows, vizt. 1st\u2014The said President, Directors & Company shall lend to the United States the said sum of 800,000 Dollars, to be advanced & paid into the Treasury of the United States in four equal monthly installments; the first, on the first day of June; the second, on the first day of July; the third, on the first day of August; & the fourth, on the first day of September of this present year. 2d. The several sums which shall be from time to time advanced, shall respectively bear interest from the time of each advance, at the rate of five \u214c Centum \u214c annum, & shall each be reimbursed, or repaid within the term of six months after the advance thereof, reserving nevertheless, to the UStates the right at their pleasure to reimburse the whole, or any part of the monies which shall have been so lent & advanced, as much sooner as they shall think fit.\nIn testimony whereof the said Secretary of the Treasury hath caused the Seal of the Treasury to be affixed to these presents, & hath hereunto subscribed his hand; & the said President, Directors & Company have also caused the Seal of the Bank of the UStates to be affixed to the same the day & year aforesaid. Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury (L.S.). witness to signing by the Secy. of the Treasury Henry Kuhl. Thos. Willing, prest. (L.S.). signed in the presence of Henry Clymer. Thos. M. Willing. attest John Kean, Cashr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0340", "content": "Title: Defense of the President\u2019s Neutrality Proclamation, [May 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, May, 1793]\n1. \u2003 It is a melancholy truth, which every new political occurrence more and more unfolds, that there is a discription of men in this country, irreconcileably adverse to the government of the United States; whose exertions, whatever be the springs of them, whether infatuation or depravity or both, tend to disturb the tranquillity order and prosperity of this now peaceable flourishing and truly happy land. A real and enlightened friend to public felicity cannot observe new confirmations of this fact, without feeling a deep and poignant regret, that human nature should be so refractory and perverse; that amidst a profusion of the bounties and blessings of Providence, political as well as natural, inviting to contentment and gratitude, there should still be found men disposed to cherish and propagate disquietude and alarm; to render suspected and detested the instruments of the felicity, in which they partake; to sacrifice the most substantial advantages, that ever fell to the lot of a people at the shrine of personal envy rivalship and animosity, to the instigations of a turbulent and criminal ambition, or to the treacherous phantoms of an ever craving and never to be satisfied spirit of innovation; a spirit, which seems to suggest to its votaries that the most natural and happy state of Society is a state of continual revolution and change\u2014that the welfare of a nation is in exact ratio to the rapidity of the political vicissitudes, which it undergoes\u2014to the frequency and violence of the tempests with which it is agitated.\n2 \u2003 Yet so the fact unfortunately is\u2014such men there certainly are\u2014and it is essential to our dearest interests to the preservation of peace and good order to the dignity and independence of our public councils\u2014to the real and permanent security of liberty and property\u2014that the Citizens of the UStates should open their eyes to the true characters and designs of the men alluded to\u2014should be upon their guard against their insidious and ruinous machinations.\n3 \u2003 At this moment a most dangerous combination exists. Those who for some time past have been busy in undermining the constitution and government of the UStates, by indirect attacks, by labouring to render its measures odious, by striving to destroy the confidence of the people in its administration\u2014are now meditating a more direct and destructive war against it\u2014a\u27e8nd\u27e9 embodying and arranging their forces and systematising their efforts. Secret clubs are formed and private consultations held. Emissaries are dispatched to distant parts of the United States to effect a concert of views and measures, among the members and partisans of the disorganising corps, in the several states. The language in the confidential circles is that the constitution of the United States is too complex a system\u2014that it savours too much of the pernicious doctrine of \u201cballances and checks\u201d that it requires to be simplified in its structure, to be purged of some monarchical and aristocratic ingredients which are said to have found their way into it and to be stripped of some dangerous prerogatives, with which it is pretended to be invested.\n4 \u2003 The noblest passion of the human soul, which no where burns with so pure and bright a flame, as in the breasts of the people of the UStates, is if possible to be made subservient to this fatal project. That zeal for the liberty of mankind, which produced so universal a sympathy in the cause of France in the first stages of its revolution, and which, it is supposed, has not yet yielded to the just reprobation, which a sober temperate and humane people, friends of religion, social order, and justice, enemies to tumult and massacre, to the wanton and lawless shedding of human blood cannot but bestow upon those extravagancies excesses and outrages, which have sullied and which endanger that cause\u2014that laudable, it is not too much to say that holy zeal is intended by every art of misrepresentation and deception to be made the instrument first of controuling finally of overturning the Government of the Union.\n5 \u2003 The ground which has been so wisely taken by the Executive of the UStates, in regard to the present war of Europe against France, is to be the pretext of this mischievous attempt. The people are if possible to be made to believe, that the Proclamation of neutrality issued by the President of the US was unauthorised illegal and officious\u2014inconsistent with the treaties and plighted faith of the Nation\u2014inconsistent with a due sense of gratitude to France for the services rendered us in our late contest for independence and liberty\u2014inconsistent with a due regard for the progress and success of republican principles. Already the presses begin to groan with invective against the Chief Magistrate of the Union, for that prudent and necessary measure; a measure calculated to manifest to the World the pacific position of the Government and to caution the citizens of the UStates against practices, which would tend to involve us in a War the most unequal and calamitous, in which it is possible for a Country to be engaged\u2014a war which would not be unlikely to prove pregnant with still greater dangers and disasters, than that by which we established our existence as an Independent Nation.\n6 \u2003 What is the true solution of this extraordinary appearance? Are the professed the real motives of its authors? They are not. The true object is to disparage in the opinion and affections of his fellow citizens that man who at the head of our armies fought so successfully for the Liberty and Independence, which are now our pride and our boast\u2014who during the war supported the hopes, united the hearts and nerved the arm of his countrymen\u2014who at the close of it, unseduced by ambition & the love of power, soothed and appeased the discontents of his suffering companions in arms, and with them left the proud scenes of a victorious field for the modest retreats of private life\u2014who could only have been drawn out of these favourite retreats, to aid in the glorious work of ingrafting that liberty, which his sword had contributed to win, upon a stock of which it stood in need and without which it could not flourish\u2014endure\u2014a firm adequate national Government\u2014who at this moment sacrifices his tranquillity and every favourite pursuit to the peremptory call of his country to aid in giving solidity to a fabric, which he has assisted in rearing\u2014whose whole conduct has been one continued proof of his rectitude moderation disinterestedness and patriotism, who whether the evidence of a uniform course of virtuous public actions be considered, or the motives likely to actuate a man placed precisely in his situation be estimated, it may safely be pronounced, can have no other ambition than that of doing good to his Country & transmitting his fame unimpaired to posterity. For what or for whom is he to hazard that rich harvest of glory, which he has acquired that unexampled veneration and love of his fellow Citizens, which he so eminently possesses?\n7 \u2003 Yet the men alluded to, while they contend with affected zeal for gratitude towards a foreign Nation, which in assisting us was and ought to have been influenced by considerations relative to its own interest\u2014forgetting what is due to a fellow Citizen, who at every hazard rendered essential services to his Country from the most patriotic motives\u2014insidiously endeavour to despoil him of that precious reward of his services, the confidence and approbation of his fellow Citizens.\n8 \u2003 The present attempt is but the renewal in another form of an attack some time since commenced, and which was only dropped because it was perceived to have excited a general indignation. Domestic arrangements of mere convenience, calculated to reconcile the \u0153conomy of time with the attentions of decorum and civility were then the topics of malevolent declamation. A more serious article of charge is now opened and seems intended to be urged with greater earnestness and vigour. The merits of it shall be examined in one or two succeeding papers, I trust in a manner, that will evince to every candid mind to futility.\n9 \u2003 To be an able and firm supporter of the Government of the Union is in the eyes of the men referred to a crime sufficient to justify the most malignant persecution. Hence the attacks which have been made and repeated with such persevering industry upon more than one public Character in that Government. Hence the effort which is now going on to depreciate in the eyes and estimation of the People the man whom their unanimous suffrages have placed at the head of it.\n10 \u2003 Hence the pains which are taking to inculcate a discrimination between principles and men and to represent an attachment to the one as a species of war against the other; an endeavour, which has a tendency to stifle or weaken one of the best and most useful feelings of the human heart\u2014a reverence for merit\u2014and to take away one of the strongest incentives to public virtue\u2014the expectation of public esteem.\n11 \u2003 A solicitude for the character who is attacked forms no part of the motives to this comment. He has deserved too much, and his countrymen are too sensible of it to render any advocation of him necessary. If his virtues and services do not secure his fame and ensure to him the unchangeable attachment of his fellow Citizens, twere in vain to attempt to prop them by anonymous panygeric.\n12 \u2003 The design of the observations which have been made is merely to awaken the public attention to the views of a party engaged in a dangerous conspiracy against the tranquillity and happiness of their country. Aware that their hostile aims against the Government can never succeed til they have subverted the confidence of the people in its present Chief Magistrate, they have at length permitted the suggestions of their enmity to betray them into this hopeless and culpable attempt. If we can destroy his popularity (say they) our work is more than half completed.\n13 \u2003 In proportion as the Citizens of the UStates value the constitution on which their union and happiness depend, in proportion as they tender the blessings of peace and deprecate the calamities of War\u2014ought to be their watchfulness against this success of the artifices which will be employed to endanger that constitution and those blessings. A mortal blow is aimed at both.\n14 \u2003 It imports them infinitely not to be deceived by the protestations which are made\u2014that no harm is meditated against the Constitution\u2014that no design is entertained to involve the peace of the Country. These appearances are necessary to the accomplishment of the plan which has been formed. It is known that the great body of the People are attached to the constitution. It would therefore defeat the intention of destroying it to avow that it exists. It is also known that the People of the UStates are firmly attached to peace. It would consequently frustrate the design of engaging them in the War to tell them that such an object is in contemplation.\n15 \u2003 A more artful course has therefore been adopted. Professions of good will to the Constitution are made without reserve: But every possible art is employed to render the administration and the most zealous and useful friends of the Government odious. The reasoning is obvious. If the people can be persuaded to dislike all the measures of the Government and to dislike all or the greater part of those who have [been] most conspicuous in establishing or conducting it\u2014the passage from this to the dislike and change of the constitution will not be long nor difficult. The abstract idea of regard for a constitution on paper will not long resist a thorough detestation of its practice.\n16 \u2003 In like manner, professions of a disposition to preserve the peace of the Country are liberally made. But the means of effecting the end are condemned; and exertions are used to prejudice the community against them. A proclamation of neutrality in the most cautious form is represented as illegal\u2014contrary to our engagements with and our duty towards one of the belligerent powers. The plain inference is that in the opinion of these characters the UStates are under obligations which do not permit them to be neutral. Of course they are in a situation to become a party in the War from duty.\n17 \u2003 Pains are likewise taken to inflame the zeal of the people for the cause of France and to excite their resentments against the powers at War with her. To what end all this\u2014but to beget if possible a temper in the community which may overrule the moderate or pacific views of the Government.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0342", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, 1 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia June 1. 1793\nSir\nI have the honor to inclose you the following portion of a Draught of a letter to M. Genet in answer to his \u27e8\u2013 \u2013 \u2013\u27e9.\ndo.\nto order away the privateers fitted out in our ports.\ndo.\nto Messrs Carmichael & Short on the letter of Viar & Jaudenes.\ndo.\nto Viar & Jaudenes in answer to their letter.\nwith these are all the preceding letters respecting the same subject.\nThe ideas are in the form approved by Genl. Knox, Mr. Randolph & myself and we have agreed to meet at my office on Monday at 12 oclock to consider of any alterations which you would wish to impose on my giving them my signature.\nI also inclose two other papers for your signature; the third which relates to the letters of Genl Williams which is merely in the form of a memorandum to which no signature was thought to be requisite.\nI have the honor to be with great respect Sir\nTh: Jefferson\nThe Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0344", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Bell, 2 June 1793\nFrom: Bell, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia June 2. 1793\nSir\nThe note, which I endorsed for Mr. Edmund Randolph for twenty five hundred dollars, and is now in your hands, I acknowledge to be as binding on me, as if a demand had been made from me for the same, when it became due or at any time since.\nWilliam Bell\nTo Alexander Hamilton esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0345", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newport, Rhode Island] June 3, 1793. \u201cWhen Aaron Usher returned I made all the inquiry I could into the cause of his departure from the American coast, and the sale of his Vessel at Port au Prince. I asked for his protest. He answered he had made none. I told him it would have been proper to have made one at Hispaniola. He said it might; but it would have cost him as much as his vessel was worth. His mate did not return with him, otherwise I should have called upon him and examined him.\u2026 Before I received your letter of the 29th. of April Samuel Slocum master of the Sloop Ranger of Bristol arrived here in said Sloop from St. Domingo, and delivered his License, declaring that he had been [driven] from the American coast by adverse and violent winds. I asked him whether he had protested at St. Eustatia the place where he said he first arrived, or at St. Domingo the second place of his arrival. He said he had not, and assigned for reason that one of his owners who was on board the vessel did not direct it to be done, and the owner declared that he did not think it was necessary, as neither the Vessel nor Cargo was insured, and it would have been expensive.\u2026 About the same time that Samuel Slocum appeared at my offe. appeared also John Hull late master of the Sloop Wallow of Newport and delivered up his Register and License, declaring that he had been driven by a violent gale of wind from the American coast, and proceeded to the island of St. Thomas where he sold said Sloop. I asked him questions similar to those I had asked Slocum & Usher, and received for answer that he did not know that it was necessary to protest, that his vessel was not insured &c.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0346", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edmond Charles Genet, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[June 3, 1793. An extract of this letter reads as follows: \u201cI pray you to put hereafter in the disposition of Citizen Bournonville, Secretary of Legation of the Republic, the funds destined to the acquittal of the drafts of the Colony of St. Domingo, according to the order of payments settled between you & my predecessor.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0348", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTreasury DepartmentJune 3d. 1793\nSir\nIt was not till within an hour, that I received your letter of the 1st with the papers accompanying it. I approve all the drafts of letters, as they stand, except that I have some doubt about the concluding sentence of that on the subject of Henfield. If the facts are (as I presume they are) established\u2014may it not be construed into a wish, that there may be found no law to punish a conduct in our citizens, which is of a tendency dangerous to the peace of the Nation and injurious to powers with whom we are on terms of peace and neutrality?\nI should also like to substitute to the words \u201chave the favourable issue you desire\u201d these words \u201cissue accordingly.\u201d\nI retain till tomorrow the paper relating to an Agent to the Choctaws. My judgment is not intirely made up on the point\u2014the state of my family\u2019s and of my own health for some days having prevented due reflection upon it. With great respect I have the honor to be Sir\nYour obedient servant\nA Hamilton\nThe Secretary of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0349", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States 3d. June 1793.\nPay to the Director of the Mint, or his order, five thousand Dollars for the purposes of that Establishment.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0350", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, [3 June 1793]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, June 3, 1793]\nSir,\nThe question of admitting modifications of the debt of the US. to France, having been the subject of consultation with the heads of the Departments & the Attorney General, and an unanimous opinion given thereon which involves the enclosed propositions from the French Minister, you will be pleased, under the form of a report to me, to prepare what may serve as an answer, making it conformable to the opinion already given.\nGo Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0351", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt. 3d. June 1793.\nSir,\nThe failure of the late enterprize against the United Netherlands may be expected to have made a favourable alteration, in regard to the prospects of obtaining Loans there for the United States. Such an expectation is also countenanced by a late letter from our bankers at Amsterdam, which however as yet gives no certainty, that can be a basis of operation.\nThe existing instructions from this Department to mr Short do not extend beyond two millions of florins. A comprehensive view of the affairs of the United States, in various relations, appears to me to recommend a still further loan, if obtainable. Yet I do not think it adviseable to take the step, by virtue of the general powers from you, without your special approbation; particularly as there is little probability that the loan can be effected on better terms than five per Cent Interests and four per cent charges. The further loan which I should contemplate would embrace 3,000,000 of florins.\nWith perfect respect \u2003 I am &c.\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0352", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 4 June 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, June 4, 1793. On June 22, 1793, Hamilton wrote to George Washington and referred to a letter \u201cof the 4 inst. from the Commissioner of the Revenue on the subject of compensations to Keepers of Light houses.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0354", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edmund Randolph, 4 June 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, June 4, 1793. \u201c\u2026 Inclosed is Mr. Bell\u2019s paper. From Baltimore I shall remit that Sum, which I mentioned to you in part of your kind favor.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0355", "content": "Title: Draft of a Report on the French Debt, [5 June 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, June 5, 1793]\nThe Secy. of the Treasury, to whom were referred by the President of the US. sundry documents communicated by the Min. Plenipy. of the Republic of France, respectfully makes the following report thereupon.\nThe object of the communication appears to be to engage the US. to enter into arrangements for discharging the residue of the debt which they owe to France by an anticipated payment of the instalments not yet due, either in specie, bank bills of equal currency with specie, or Government bonds, bearing interest & payable at certain specified periods, upon condition that the sum advanced shall be invested in productions of the US. for the supply of the French dominions.\nThis object is the same which came under consideration on certain propositions lately made by Colo. W. S. Smith who appeared to have been charged by the Provisional Executive Council of France with a negociation concerning it; in reference to which it was determined by the President with the concurring opinions of the heads of department & the Attorney general that the measure was ineligible, & that the proposer should be informed that it did not consist with the arrangements of the government to adopt it.\nThe grounds of the determination were purely political. Nothing has hitherto happened to weaken them. The decision on the application of the min. pleny. of France will therefore naturally correspond with that on the propositions of Col. Smith. This indeed is signified to be the intention of the President.\nIt consequently only remains to make known the determination to the minister, in answer to his application with or without reasons.\nThe following considerations seem to recommend a simple communication of the determination without reasons, viz.\nI. The US. not being bound by the terms of their contract to make the anticipated payments desired, there is no necessity for a specification of the motives for not doing it.\nII. No adequate reasons but the true ones can be assigned for the non-compliance, & the assignment of these would not be wholly without inconvenience. The mention of them might create difficulties in some future stage of affairs, when they may have lost a considerable portion of their force.\nThe following answer in substance, is presumed then to be the most proper which can be given.\n\u201cThat a proposition to the same effect was not long since brought forward by Col. Smith, as having been charged with a negociation on the subject, by the Provisional Executive Council of France. That it was then, upon full consideration, concluded not to accede to the measure, for reasons which continue to operate, & consequently lead at this time to the same conclusion. That an explanation of these reasons would with pleasure be entered into, were it not for the considerations that it would have no object of present utility, & might rather serve to occasion embarrasment in future.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0356", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Banning, 6 June 1793\nFrom: Banning, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Oxford, Maryland, June 6, 1793. On June 21, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Banning \u201cIn answer to your letter of the 6th instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0357", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, [6 June 1793]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\n[Philadelphia, June 6, 1793]\nUpon a mature consideration of your communication to me of the 3d. instant, recommending a still further Loan in Holland, if obtainable, to the amount of 3,000,000 florins\u2014and stating, that in case the recommendation should meet my ideas, my special approbation thereof would be proper, I have thought it necessary, in order to make the subject clear to my mind, before any steps are taken in it, to request you to give me information on the following points\u2014vizt.\n1st\u2014Whether all the monies, borrowed under the Acts of the 4. & 12. of Augt. 1790, have been expended on their respective objects? If not, what is the balance?\n2d.\u2014Under which of the two Laws do you propose that a loan should be opened?\n3d.\u2014If under one, or the other, or both, what is the balance remaining unborrowed, of the two sums allowed to be borrowed?\n4. To what use is the money, proposed to be borrowed, to be applied?\nGo. Washington\nPhiladelphia6. June 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0358", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Joseph Whipple, 7 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Whipple, Joseph\n[Philadelphia, June 7, 1793. On June 19, 1793, Whipple wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI had the honor to receive \u2026 your letter of the 7th. instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0359", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 7 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nTreasury Department, June 7, 1793. \u201cI duly received your letter of the 28th Ultimo.\u2026 In reply to this letter, I have to refer you to my Circular one of the 30th Ultimo.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0360", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Samuel Smith, 8 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Smith, Samuel\n[Philadelphia, June 8, 1793. On June 16, 1793, Smith wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI receivd your Letter of the 8 Inst.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0361", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Cleves Symmes, [8 June 1793]\nFrom: Symmes, John Cleves\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[June 8, 1793. \u201cThe Secretary of the Treasury put into my hands a letter from Judge Symmes, dated 8th June on the subject of the land granted to him & his associates.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0362-0001", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 8 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt. 8 June 1793.\nSir,\nI have the honor to send you a report on the communication from the Minister plenipotentiary of France respecting the reimbursement of the residue of the Debt of the United States to that Country, altered in conformity to your desire; and to be with perfect respect &c.\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0362-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: [Report From the Minister Plenipotentiary of France], 8 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nThe Secretary of the Treasury to whom was referred a Communication from the Minister Plenipotentiary of the Republic of France, on the subject of the Debt of the United States to France, respectfully makes thereupon the following Report.\nThe object of this communication is to engage the United States to enter into an arrangement for discharging the residue of the Debt, which they owe to France; by an anticipated payment of the Instalments not yet due, either in specie or bank bills of equal currency with specie, or in Government Bonds bearing interest & payable at certain specified periods; upon condition, that the sum advanced shall be invested in productions of the UStates for the supply of the French Dominions.\nWith regard to the first expedient, namely a payment in specie or bank bills, the resources of the Treasury of the United States do not admit of its being adopted. The Government has relied for the means of reimbursing its foreign Debt on new Loans to be made abroad. The late events in Europe have thrown a temporary obstacle in the way of these loans\u2014producing consequently an inability to make payment, by anticipation, of the residue of the Debt hereafter to grow due.\nWith regard to the second expedient, that of Government bonds payable at certain specified periods, this in substance, though in other forms, has repeatedly come under consideration & has as often been declined, as ineligible. Great inconveniences to the credit of the Government, tending to derange its general operations of finance, have been & must continue to be perceived, in every plan which is calculated to throw suddenly upon the market a large additional sum of its bonds. The present state of things, for obvious reasons, wou\u2019d serve to augment the evil of such a circumstance; while the existing & possible exigencies of the United States admonish them to be particularly cautious, at this juncture, of any measure, which may tend to hazard or impair their Credit.\nThese considerations greatly outweigh the advantage, which is suggested, as an inducement to the measure, (the conditions respecting which is the principal circumstance of difference between the present & former propositions) to arise from an investment of the sum to be advanced in the products of the Country; an advantage on which, perhaps little stress can be laid, in the present & probable state of foreign demand for these products.\nThe motives which dissuade from the adoption of the proposed measure, may, it is conceived, be the more readily yielded to from the probability that the utility of it to France might not, on experiment, prove an equivalent for the sacrifices, which she might have to make in the disposition of the bonds.\nAll which is humbly submitted,\nAlex: HamiltonSecy. of the Treasury.\nTreasury Departmt. 8 June 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0363", "content": "Title: Conversation with George Hammond, [10 June\u20136 July 1793]\nFrom: Hammond, George,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, June 10\u2013July 6, 1793]\nFor this purpose, I waited on a very influential member of the American administration, who informed me that the fact was much as it had been communicated to the public, and that Mr. Gen\u00eat\u2019s conduct was a direct violation of a formal compact, originally entered into with Mr. Ternant and subsequently confirmed by himself both in conversation and in writing, and on the faith of which the last payment of the installment due had been made: but notwithstanding the precise conditions of the contract, Mr. Gen\u00eat had not only refused payment of the bills in question, but had treated all the remonstrances of the government on the subject, with the utmost arrogance, and contempt. My informant farther said that this circumstance was extremely embarassing to the government, as it stood pledged to its own citizens that these bills should be paid. In consequence of which it would be under the necessity of anticipating as much of the installment due next September as would discharge these bills. Upon this, I took the liberty of remarking that Mr. Gen\u00eat\u2019s conduct unworthy as it was, seemed to me to have originated in the design of entrapping the government into the last mentioned measure, as the best mode of remedying his failure in the proposition he had himself made to this government (the particulars of which have been stated in some of my former dispatches) to incline it to grant him some money in advance: for it was evident that he had occasion for a large sum to supply some urgent necessities, that he had directed to them the money he had received for other purposes, and had imagined that he should thereby compel the government to anticipate a part of the next installment, in order to fulfil its engagements to its own citizens, and that the disgrace attendant on his breach of contract would soon be forgotten after the claims of the merchants had been satisfied. Upon this account I thought it below the dignity of any government to be the dupe of such an artifice, or be forced by it into the abandonment of a system that it had wisely formed after the most mature deliberation. I also added that, however manifest the necessity of the measure might appear to those, who were not unacquainted with it, it might in others create a suspicion that the whole transaction had been concerted with Mr. Gen\u00eat, in order to afford this government a colourable pretext for partly gratifying the wishes, which the French government had expressed to effect an alteration in the mode of liquidating the debt oweing by the United States. These observations appeared to make some impression upon the Gentleman with whom I was conversing, and whom I again saw yesterday, when he acquainted me that in consequence of what had fallen from me, it had been determined to adhere to the resolution of not anticipating the next installment, and that the merchants, holding these bills, had been informed that they would not be paid until September next\u2014the period, at which the installment would become due.\u2026 I have been informed, most confidentially and secretly, that he [Gen\u00eat] has lately delivered a memorial to the executive government, couched in language the most offensive and intemperate, and containing, the most pointed animadversions in the conduct of the government since his arrival, as well as some direct menaces. The President, is at present in the country, but he will return on Wednesday next, and I shall then endeavor to discover the light, in which he may regard this singular performance, and the consequent measures that he may think it expedient to pursue.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0364", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Andrew G. Fraunces, 10 June 1793\nFrom: Fraunces, Andrew G.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, June 10, 1793.\nSir,\nI had the honor of receiving your letter of the 18th ult. I observe what you advice with respect to the warrants of the late Board of Treasury, and shall lodge those I possess in the proper office, agreeably to the act quoted by you.\nHaving purchased these warrants from an idea that they would immediately be paid on presentation, I feel a little embarrassed at receiving information that they must wait the issue of a regular adjustment, with other claims against the United States, notwithstanding I am willing to dispose of them as you advise in your letter aforesaid.\nIt will be satisfactory to me, however, to receive an answer to the following, and it will relieve in some measure the inconvenience I labor under from advances I made when I purchased them.\nWhether those warrants will be paid, if it be found from the accounts of the late Treasurer and Receiver of Taxes, that they never have been taken up by those officers, or that the United States have never been charged with the payment of them? When and at what time they will be taken under consideration, and the claim finally determined on by the present officers of the United States? Whether I as the present holder, owner, and presenter of them, (and not any one else, unless legally empowered by me) will receive the amount of them, if it should be found that they are a legal claim against the United States? And whether there are any steps necessary to be taken by me that can throw further light on the business, and thereby expedite their final adjustment?\nNotwithstanding I ask these questions, I must confess I feel myself perfectly satisfied that they are a substantial claim against the United States; yet, as there is another person to be satisfied as well as myself, I wish them answered as fully as the present state of things will admit, and as you may please to favor me from the above statement.\nI have the honor to be, Sir, \u2003 Your obedient servant,\nAndrew G. Fraunces.\nHon. A. Hamilton, Esq. Secretaryof the Treasury of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0365", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, 10 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTreasury DepartmentJune 10th 1793.\nSir\nThe Comptroller of the Treasury has reported to me that \u201cOn examining the subsisting contracts between the United States and the Government of France and the Farmers General and a comparison thereof with the foreign accounts and documents transmitted to the Treasury the following facts appear.\nThat, previous to the Treaty of February 1778, the sum of Three millions of livres had been advanced by the Government of France to the Agents of the United States, under the title of gratuitous assistance for which no reimbursement was to be made.\nThat the payments which composed the before mentioned sum of Three millions of Livres are stated in a letter of Mr Durival to Mr Grand, dated in 1776, to have been made at the following periods.\nOne million delivered by the Royal Treasury the 10th of June 1776, and two other millions advanced also by the Royal Treasury in 1777, on four receipts of the Deputies of Congress of the 17th of January, 3d of April, 10th of June and 15th of October of the same year.\nIn the accounts of Mr Ferdinand Grand, Banker of the United States, the following sums are credited. viz\u2014\nJanuary 31st\nLivres\nApril 28th\nJune 4th\nJuly 3rd\nOctober 10th\nAmounting, in the whole, to Livs\nThe Farmers General of France claim a large balance from the United States on account of one million of Livres which they contend was advanced in June, 1777, in consequence of a special contract with Messrs. Franklin and Deane, to be repaid by the delivery of Tobacco at certain stipulated prices\u2014and the advance made by the Farmers General is said to be the same money as is credited by Mr Grand on the 4th of June 1777.\nAfter a careful examination of the foreign accounts, it is found that no more than Three millions of Livres have been credited by any Agents of the United States.\nAn opinion was entertained by the late Officers of the Treasury, that the sum claimed by the Farmers General, composed a part of the sum supplied as a gratuitous aid by the Government. Subsequent explanations have, however, rendered it probable, that, including the claim of the Farmers General, the sum of four millions of livres were in fact received: it is, however, indispensable, that it should be known to whom the money was paid.\nThe most direct mode of obtaining this information will be to call for Copies of the receipts mentioned in Mr Durivals letter of 1786, and, more particularly, a Copy of that said to have been given on the 10th of June 1776\u201d\u2014and, as explanatory of the Transaction, has sent me the documents herewith transmitted.\nThe most likely conjecture, in my mind, considering the period of the advance and the circumstances of that period is that the unaccounted for million went into the hands of M De Beaumarchais. The supplies which he furnished to the United States exceeded his own probable resources, besides the imprudence of having hazarded so much at that stage of our affairs upon our ability to pay\u2014and there were many symtoms at the time of his having been secretly put in motion by the Government.\nIt is now become urgent that the truth of the case should be known. An account has recently passed the Auditor\u2019s Office, admitting, in favor of Mr De Beaumarchais, a balance of 422,265 Dollars and 18 Cents\u2014with a reservation only of the question of the Million. If he has received that Million, which has been acknowledged as a free gift from the French Government, it is unjust that he should be able to establish a claim against the United States for supplies which must have been the proceeds of that sum. If he has never received the million every days suspension of his claim, after the immense delays heretofore incurred, is a grievous hardship upon him. It concerns, materially, the Interests and more the Justice, the Credit and the Character of the United States, that as speedy a solution, as possible, of the enigma may be obtained.\nWith a view to this I have the honor to make you the present communication, that you may be pleased to take such steps as shall appear to you the most proper and efficacious, to procure, as speedily as the nature of the case will admit, the requisite explanations.\nWith great respect, \u2003 I have the honor to be, \u2003 Sir, your Mo. Obedt Servant,\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe Secretary of State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0367", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [11 June 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, June 11, 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to The President, sends him for consideration, two letters on the subject of a proper site for a Custom House, on the New York side of Lake Champlain. The Secretary will have the honor of waiting on the President in a day or two to submit whatever further may occur & take his orders.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0368", "content": "Title: Cabinet Meeting. Opinion Respecting the Measures to Be Taken Relative to a Sloop Fitted Out as a Privateer, 12 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia] June 12. 1793.\nThe President having required the opinions of the heads of the three departments on a letter from Governor Clinton of the 9th. inst. stating that he had taken possession of the sloop Polly, now called the Republican, which was arming, equipping & manning by French & other citizens to cruize against some of the belligerent powers, and desiring to know what further was to be done, and they having met & deliberated thereon, are unanimously of opinion, that Governor Clinton be desired to deliver over to the civil power the said vessel & her appurtenances, to be dealt with according to law: and that the Attorney of the US. for the district of New York be desired, to have such proceedings at law instituted as well concerning the sd vessel and her appurtenances, as against all the persons citizens or aliens participating in the armament or object thereof as he shall think will be most effectual for punishing the said offenders, & preventing the sd vessel & appurtenances from being applied to the destined purpose: and that if he shall be of opinion that no judiciary process will be sufficient to prevent such application of the vessel to the hostile purpose intended that then the Governor be desired to detain her by force till the further advice of the General government can be taken.\nThe President having also required the same opinions on the Memorial of the British minister of the 11th. inst. on the subject of the British brigantine Catherine captured by the French frigete the Embuscade within the limits of the protection of the US. as is said, and carried into the harbour of New York, they are of opinion unanimously, that the governor of N. York be desired to seize the said vessel in the first instance, and then deliver her over to the civil power, and that the Attorney of the US. for the district of New York be instructed to institute proceedings at law in the proper court for deciding whether the sd capture was made within the limits of the protection of the US. & for delivering her up to her owners if it be so decided: but that if it shall be found that no court may take cognisance of the sd question, then the said vessel to be detained by the Governor until the further orders of the general government can be had thereon.\nTh. Jefferson\nH Knox\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0369", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Hamilton, 12 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, James Sr. (1718\u20131799)\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSt. Vincent [British West Indies] June 12th. 1793\nDear Alexander\nI wrote you a letter in June 1792 inclosed in one to Mr. Donald of Virginia Since which I have had no further accounts from you. My bad State of health has prevented my going to Sea at this time being afflicted with a complication of disorders.\nThe war which has lately broke out between France & England makes it very dengerous going to Sea at this time, however we daily expect news of a peace & when that takes place provided it is not too late in the Season I will embark in the first Vessel that Sails for Philadelphia.\nI have now Settled all my business in this part of the World, with the assistance of my good freind Mr. Donald who has been of every Service to me that lay in his power in contributing to make my life Easy, at this advanced period of life. The bearer of this, Capt. Sherref of the Brig, Dispatch Sails direct for Philadelphia & has promised to deliver you this letter with his own hands, & as he returns to this Island from Philadelphia I beg you will drop me a few lines letting me know how you & your family keeps your health as I am uneasy at not having heard from you for some time past.\nI beg my respectfull Compliments to Mrs. Hamilton & your Children, & wishing you health & happiness, I remain, with esteem\nDear Alexander \u2003 Your very Affectte. Father\nJames Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0370", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [12 June 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, June 12, 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to transmit to the President a Letter which he has just received from Judge Symmes, together with certificates of the payments which have been made. On Monday he will wait upon the President on the subject.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0371", "content": "Title: George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and Henry Knox, 12 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander,Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry\n[Philadelphia] June 12th. 1793.\nGentlemen,\nAs you are about to meet on other business, it is my desire, that you would take the enclosed application into consideration. It is not my wish, on one hand, to throw unnecessary obstacles in the way of gratifying the wishes of the applicants. On the other, it is incumbent on me to proceed with regularity. Would not the granting a Patent then, which I believe is always the concluding Act and predicated upon the Survey (as a necessary document) have too much the appearance of placing the Cart before the horse? And does not the Law enjoin something on the Attorney General of the U. States previous to the Signature of the President? What can be done with propriety I am willing to do. More I ought not to do.\nGo: Washington\nTo the Secretaries of State Treasury & War.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0372", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 12 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nTreasury DepartmentJune 12th 1793.\nSir\nYour letter of the 24th Ultimo was received some time ago.\nYou will make the arrangement in question, as to Boats, combining the accomodation of the Cutter with that of the Port.\nIt does not appear that there is sufficient reason for complying with the wishes of the Boatmen, as to wages. If there be inconveniences, there are counterbalancing advantages in their situation.\nWith consideration, \u2003 I am, Sir, your Obed Servt.\nA Hamilton\nOtho H Williams Esqr.Collector, Baltimore.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0374", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 13 June 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury Department, June 13, 1793.\nSir,\nI have to desire that you extend my Instructions, of the 2d of January, 1792, relatively to the Receipt of the Cash and Post Notes of the Bank of the United States, to the Notes of the several Branches of this Institution, the Offices of Discount and Deposit, at Boston, New-York, Baltimore, and Charleston.\nThe Signatures of the Presidents of these Offices are, herewith, transmitted to you, to serve as a Check against the Imposition of Counterfeits.\nWith Consideration, \u2003 I am, Sir, \u2003 Your Obedient Servant,\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0375", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Heth, 14 June 1793\nFrom: Heth, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBermuda Hundred [Virginia] 14th June 1793\nDear Sir\nI am favor\u2019d with your private address of the 3d. Inst. Instead of making use of the Mayor of Petersburg to perfect the Sea letters\u2014I got the favor of a County Magistrate to come down, who very readily, and without scruple, signed & sealed as many as I wished, being a more proper & consistent expedient, than the one suggested before.\nIf I may Judge of the public-pulse, respecting the questions which you ask, from the opinions & sentiments of the best informed, and best characters within the small circle to which I am confined, I can inform you pretty accurately, how it beats. First respecting War. No man of common sense, & common honesty, wishes, I believe, to See America engaged in the present European contest. It is a calamity, on which, no virtuous, or good Man; or one, who really prays for the happiness and prosperity of this Country, can reflect, but with extreme concern & horror: and the few among us\u2014and thank God, they are very few\u2014who talk with great calmness & ease about War, and of our being bound by gratitude to take an immediate and decided part in favor of France, are not those, I assure you, who are held in estimation, either for their talents, their Virtue, or their property; nor are they those, who\u2014if we should be obliged to fight, or be kicked\u2014will be found to meet the Enemy in the hour of danger. They are Men, either desperate in their circumstances, of unprincipled and envious characters, or, who have been uniformly & violently opposed to the present constitution, and all the measures of government; and some of whom\u2014in case of a general convulsion\u2014may expect to better their fortunes, for worse they cannot well be; but whose buzzing, & insignificate clamor, only serves to render them more contemptible. These, you may rely are the sentiments of every man of information, & acknowledgd probity, within my acquaintance, and whose names, if mentioned, would command your respect, and esteem. But, at the same time\u2014However much the horrors of war ought to be dreaded\u2014and those who pass\u2019d thro\u2019 the late glorious revolution, can form some tolerable Idea of its calamities\u2014If we must either take up Arms, or remain in peace, on such terms as GBritain may be pleased to prescribe to us; or, as I have said before\u2014if we must either fight, or be kicked by G Britain, then, it will be found, that those who are now most averse to War, will be the first in the field, and in the front of the battle. In that case, it will be found that the resentment of our much injured Country towards that proud, haughty nation, which\u2014so much to the honor & credit of human nature\u2014was sinking fast into oblivion, will be rekindled in a moment, and the noble enthusiatic spirit of 75. 76. & 77, will, I trust, in Heaven like a stroke of electricity, fill at the same instant, the breast of every American.\nThe aforegoing answer may be apply\u2019d to your second question respecting Neutrality\u2014for those who deprecate the Idea of a War, as the greatest evil which could befall us; must, of course, pray devoutly, that the most pure & strict neutrality, may be observed by our government; not only, from the most pacific motives, but from the fullest conviction, that it is a line of conduct which the soundest policy would urge us to observe, and Such, as if America hast not lost her Guardian Angel, will unquestionably be recommended to every council and department in the United States, in terms, which cannot be disobeyed; unless indeed dire necessity Should justify a different conduct, and then I trust, the same Guardian Angel will not be less careful of us than heretofore. But before I leave the subject of Neutrality I must observe, that I should hold myself a very uncandid, & unworthy confidential correspondent, if I did not tell you that, the instructions contained in your circular of the 30th Ulto, are not altogether approved by those, whose opinions I so highly respect, & whom, I have already described, as being now much averse to the very Idea of War\u2014tho\u2019 they entertain not the least doubt of the Wisdom & propriety of the decision of the Executive of the United States. But they cannot see how\u2014if the Treaty with France, can Justify, such a partiality in favor of that Nation\u2014why, the Dutch are not entitled to the same marks of Neutrality; since, the article in the Treaties with both, on that particular question, are precisely the same. And it is apprehended, or rather, feared, that this decision, will draw from G. Britain, such language and conditions, as cannot be submitted to, so long as America possesses the smallest degree of pride or national spirit, whatever may be the Consequences.\n3dly\u2014French Revolution. Until the Execution of Louis 16th there appeared, but one wish on this subject; and that was, that the French might succeed. But Since that period, or rather, since Great Britain has taken a decided part in the contest, there has been a very considerable outward change of opinion, not among the natives, or those foreigners who were attached to, or took a part with us, in the late American revolution. No: they are still on our side, in favor of the French; notwithstanding the many acts of licentiousness which they have committed. The others, are those, who adhered to the British Army & government, & who fell under the denomination of Tories & Refugees during the late War, and who now, almost openly deprecate every measure of the National Convention. Beleiving, as I do, my religious creed, that no man who joind the British in the late War, can really love the American government, or, will remain a true & steady friend to America, in case of another Rupture with G Britain: and moreover, that Such men, can never pray cordially for the establishment of a republican Government in any part of the World;\n   If I am not greatly mistaken by dear Sir, you have a Man near you whose pen\u2014notwithstanding the magnanimity of his Country, in so far forgeting his crimes, as to give him an important office with a handsome salary; and notwithstanding your personal friendship towards him\u2014has been employd in abusing the measures of government, and particularly, your Official conduct; and whose study has been to sap, and undermine you, in hopes of filling your place, through the Interests of\u2014\u2014 you know who. You may imagine, that this is a suspicion, proceeding altogether from the vile opinion in which I must ever hold such traitorous scoundrels beleiving them capable of every species of perfidy and ingratitude. But do not I beseech you. The time may come, when I may feel myself at liberty to be more explicit. In the mean time, neglect not the advice of one who loves you. Watch him narrowly. Attend closely to the motions of his eyes, & changes of countenance when he may suppose you are placeing confidence in him, & you will not be long in discovering the perfidious, & ungrateful friend.\n I could not help using & marking as above, the words \u201cappeard\u201d and \u201coutward change\u201d\u2014for I deem it impossible, that any man, who really wish\u2019d well to the French Revolution before the Decapitation of Louis the 16th, can wish otherwise now, notwithstanding he may view that affair, in so criminal a point of view, as to feel himself Justified, if it was in his power\u2014to order the same measure to every man, who voted for the death of the unfortunate King. This Massacre then, as it is called, is only a pitiful pretext for change of Sentiment. The true cause is, that their old friend John Bull, has again bellowed and steped forth on the Theatre of War.\nI wrote you a long private, and confidential letter in April last, congratulating you on the Victory which you obtained at the close of the last, and giving you some account of the new forces likely to be employ\u2019d against you the ensuing Campaign\u2014with some cursory observations on the temper of the times. But having deliverd my opinions\u2014and which are the Same with those whom you esteem in this quarter\u2014with my usual freedom I have been unwilling to risque it, even in the Mail as it sometimes gets rob\u2019d and, in such a case, a letter of mine might perchance\u2014as a curiosity\u2014find its way into the Public prints\u2014and tho\u2019, I Should not hesitate one second, to tell every Man to his face, whose character I have drawn\u2014what I think of him\u2014yet, I should be unwilling to be thus exhibited to the public, lest even knaves & fools, might attribute my giving you such communications to motives, which my soul abhors\u2014viz. that, of paying court to you, or any Man under Heaven! If I can meet with such a private oppy. as I like, I will forward it\u2014or if you will assure me, that it shall be burnt so soon as it is read, I will trust it by stage. Has any person whatever access to your private correspondence? I ask this question, because I am well convinced, that observations of mine, respecting certain men, have been communicated to them, but perhaps, they were made in Official letters.\nHaving answered your questions with great sincerity & freedom, may I hope to be indulged with your private opinions on the same subject? Such, as you may wish to remain with me, as secret as the grave; or such, as you may not be unwilling I should communicate to those who esteem & admire you, and with whom I am upon an intimate footing\u2014Viz.\u2014Our Governor\u2014John Marshall, & Colo. Innis & Carrington. As to my own private opinion about the War, I am so apprehensive that We shall be drawn into it, that I am seriously thinking of disposing of what little stock, I have left, for Valuable lands\u2014to put myself into keeping for Military employment, and to make such an arrangement of my affairs, as to be ready to take the field at the shortest Notice. If you really think that my apprehensions, are not sufficiently grounded to Justify the first step\u2014pray my dear friend, advise me; for I would not willingly come altogether out of the funds. I fear, I have exhausted your patience.\nAdieu\nYrs truly\nW Heth", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0376", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Rufus King, 14 June 1793\nFrom: King, Rufus\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, June 14, 1793. On June 15, 1793, Hamilton wrote to King: \u201cThe ideas expressed in your letter of the 14th correspond with my view of the subject.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0377", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Nicholas Low, [14 June 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Low, Nicholas\n[Philadelphia, June 14, 1793]\nSir\nThe bearer of this is a Mr Campbell who has lately brought from Europe some Machinery to hand for establishing a Cotton Manufactory at Patterson. He wants to ascertain when & how soon the proper accommodation & Materials can be found there. Be so good as to aid him with all the necessary lights.\nYrs. with much esteem\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0378", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Addison and Peter Van Gaasbeck, 15 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Van Gaasbeck, Peter,Addison, John\nTreasury DepartmentPhiladelphia June 15. 1793\nGentlemen\nI received two or three days since your letter of the 30th. of May.\nThe Intention of Mr. Tappen to resign is not yet known to the Assistant of the Post Master General, who in his absence represents him. But you may depend, that when the event you mention shall happen, I shall take care to bring under the consideration of the Post Master General the Gentleman whom you recommend and in a manner corresponding with the decided terms in which you speak of his pretensions. With sentiments of great consideration and esteem I am\nGentlemen \u2003 Your obedient servt\nA Hamilton\nPeter Van Gaasbeck\nEsquires\nJohn Addison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0379", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Edward Carrington, 15 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Carrington, Edward\n[Philadelphia, June 15, 1793. On July 2, 1793, Carrington wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI am favored with yours of the 15th. June.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0380", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Rufus King, [15 June 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: King, Rufus\n[Philadelphia, June 15, 1793]\nThe ideas expressed in your letter of the 14th correspond with my view of the subject, in general. I did not perceive that any process could be devised to detain the Privateer and concluded that the issue would be to leave her in military custody. Indeed I believe this was rather the expectation with all, though it was thought adviseable to make the experiment of a reference to the Civil Tribunal.\nWith regard to the Catharine I also entertain the doubt you appear to have. In the case of the Grange, the surrender was brought about by a demand of Mr. Genet and his interposition. But it was in contemplation of employing the Military in case of refusal.\nYet since that time a libel has been filed in the District Court in the case of another vessel alleged to have been captured within the limits of our Jurisdiction. And both Mr. Lewis and Mr. Rawle Atty of the District hold that the District or Admiralty Court will take cognizance of this question. They argue that it would be a great chasm in the law that there should not be some competent judicial authority to do justice between parties in the case of an illegal seizure within our jurisdiction. That the Court of Admiralty has naturally cognizance of tortious takings on the high seas & as she gives relief in rem, may cause a redelivery. That though as a general principle a Court of a Neutral Nation will not examine the question of prize or not prize, between belligerent Powers\u2014yet this principle must except the case of the infraction of the Jurisdiction of the Neutral Power itself. Quoad this fact its Courts will interpose & give relief.\nThis is their reasoning and it has much force. The desire of the Executive is to have the point ascertained & if possible to put the affair in this train. There may arise nice disputes about the fact and nice points about the extent of jurisdiction at sea which the Courts had best settle.\nThe Contest in form must as you say be between the Owners and the Captors. For this purpose Mr. Hammond is to cause the proper instructions to be given.\nYrs. truly\nA Hamilton\nThere is a letter from me to Harrison. If Troupe has not opened it, let him do it.\nR King Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0382", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Lee, 15 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lee, Henry\n[Philadelphia, June 15, 1793. On the back of Lee\u2019s letter to him of May 6, 1793, Hamilton wrote: \u201cAnswered June 15.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0383-0001", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 15 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nPrivate\nPhiladelphia June 15. 1793\nSir\nThe inclosed report will I trust make it appear, that there are good reasons relative to the execution of the purposes specified in the laws for making a further loan to the extent proposed.\nBut bottoming the proceeding upon the direct object of the laws, as the legal and primary inducement, it appears to me justifiable and wise to embrace as secondary and collateral motives the probable operation of the measure on the public interests in ways not immediately indicated in the laws. On this ground I think the legal considerations for a further loan are enforced by the general state of affairs at the present Juncture. Should a general Indian War ensue & still more should we unfortunately be involved in a European War, nothing could be more convenient than to have anticipated such a resource, which the Legislature might apply to the new exigencies, as far as regards the purchase of the Debt, without any violation of principle.\nIn the event of a European War breaking out, it would probably be too late to attempt what before hand would be practicable without difficulty.\nWith perfect respect & \u2003 the truest attachment \u2003 I have the honor to be Sir \u2003 Your most Obedt & humble servant\nA Hamilton\nThe President of The UStates", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-14-02-0383-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: [Amount of Funds Arising from Foreign Loans], [15 June 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, June 15, 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury in obedience to the order of the President of the U States of the 6. instant, respectfully makes the following Report.\nThe statement herewith transmitted marked A shews, on the credit side thereof, the amount of the fund arising from foreign Loans transferred to the United States, amounting to 2,965,643. Dollars & 47 Cents; and on the debit side thereof the amount of the sums which have been actually disbursed and are in a course of disbursement out of that fund for specific purposes, being 2,400,159 Dolls. & 19 Cents.\nThere of course remains free for and subject to application, according to the Laws authorising the Loans, a balance of 565,484 Dollars & 28 Cents.\nTo this will be to be added, when ascertained, certain sums of interest subsequent to the year 1790 which will have been included in the payments to France & Spain out of the proceeds of the foreign Loans; & which will thereby have been virtually transferred to the United States\u2014provision having been made for that object out of domestic funds. The addition however will not be large.\nHence results an answer to the first question stated by the President.\nIn answer to the Second Question, the Secretary has the honor to observe that it would be, in his opinion, expedient, for the reason which has governed hitherto, the convenience of which has been fully experienced, namely, the power of applying the funds to the purposes of either Law according to circumstances\u2014that the proposed Loan should be made upon the authority of both acts, & not upon the seperate authority of either of them.\nThe following summary answers the third Question proposed.\nThe sum allowed to be borrowed by the two Acts of the 4. & 12. of August 1790 is 14.000,000 of Dollars. The whole amount of the Loans hitherto made is 19,550,000 Guilders, equal, at 36\u2074\u2044\u2081\u2081 ninetieths of a Dollar \u214c Guilder, to 7,898,989 Dollars & 88 Cents; consequently \u201cthe balance remaining unborrowed of the two Sums allowed to be borrowed\u201d is 6,101,010 Dollars and 12 Cents.\nWhich leaves much more than sufficient latitude for a Loan of 3,000,000 of florins in addition to that for 2,000,000, already directed & probably set on foot.\nThe immediate main object of this further loan would be the purchase of the Debt.\nThe Installments of the Debt to France falling due in September & November next, & the interest for a year upon so much of the Debt, as by the terms of Contract would fall due after the present time, amount to 3,335,000 Livres, or Dollars 605,302, and 50 Cents which, if to be wholly paid, will more than absorb the balance on hand of the foreign fund.\nSupposing the application of this balance to that purpose there would remain to be borrowed for the purpose of purchases of the Debt, Dollars 1,715,098 and 11 Cents.\nThe two millions of Guilders already directed to be borrowed, & the three millions, the loan of which is proposed to be authorised, would amount together to 2,020,202. Dollars & 2 Cents, which would exceed the sum requisite for purchases of the Debt by 305,103 Dollars and 91. Cents.\nBut it is so possible that events may arise which would render it desirable to the United States to encrease its payments to France, as in that view alone to make such an excess not inconvenient. Besides that on the first of June 1794 another installment of the Dutch loans becomes payable, & it is probable if instructions to set on foot the loan, should go at this time, the entire payment of the sums subscribed to the loan would not be completed much sooner than June next. Add to this that it is frequently possible to get the periods of payments protracted.\nIt would have been fortunate in every sense, if the state of the Treasury had permitted the entering the market for purchases, in force; but the detail which has been given, shews that it could not have been done, under the obstacles which the state of European Affairs lately threw in the way of Loans, without materially hazarding the credit of the United States.\nWhile it is prudent to wait, \u2019till it is experimentally ascertained, that these obstacles have been removed by the change of affairs, it is desireable to be provided to the extent of the authority given, with means of prosecuting purchases.\nIt is probable that for a considerable time to come the prices of stock will remain at a point which will render purchases extremely advantageous.\nThe further consideration which has been stated with reference to France & the next installment of the Dutch Loans, may not be found unworthy of attention.\nAll which is humbly submitted.\nAlexander HamiltonSecy. of the Treasy.\nTreasury DepartmentJune 15. 1793.\nDr. State of Monies transferred to The United States out of the proceeds of Foreign Loans.\nTo this sum expended in purchases of the public Debt\nTo this sum paid & to be paid to France for the use of St. Domingo\nTo this sum paid & to be paid to France on accot. of the 3,000,000 of Livres promised\nTo this sum paid to France for miscellaneous purposes\nTo this sum paid & to be paid to Foreign Officers\nTo this sum appropriated for the 1st installment due to the Bank of the U S\nTo this sum remitted to Europe for paying an installment due the 1st June on the Dutch Debt 1,000,000 of Guilders at 36\u2074\u2044\u2081\u2081 ninetieths pr. Guilder\nBalce. subject to future disposition\nPr. Contra. Cr.\nBy the Sum drawn for by Saml. Meredith, Treasurer\nBy this sum applied in Amsterdam to the payment of interest for which provision was made out of domestic funds & thereby virtually drawn to the U. States 1,633,189 guilders & 2 stivers @ 36\u2074\u2044\u2081\u2081 ninetieths per guilder\nD.\nTreasy. Depmt. 15 June 1793.\nAlex: HamiltonSecy of ye. Treasy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0002", "content": "Title: Cabinet Meeting. Opinion Respecting French Privateers, 17 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry\nTo: \n[Philadelphia] June 17, 1793.\nAt a meeting of the heads of departments at the President\u2019s this day, on summons from him, a letter from mr Genet of the 15th. inst. addressed to the Secretary of state on the subject of the seizure of a vessel by the Govr. of New York as having been armed, equipped & manned in that port with a design to cruize on the enemies of France, was read, as also the draught of an answer prepared by the Secretary of state, which was approved.\nRead also a letter of June 14, from mr Hammond to the Secretary of state desiring to know whether the French privateers the Citizen Genet & Sans Culottes are to be allowed to return or send their prizes into the ports of the US. It is the opinion that he be informed that they were required to depart to the dominions of their own sovereign and nothing expressed as to their ulterior proceedings, and that in answer to that part of the same letter which states that the Sans Culottes has increased it\u2019s force in the port of Baltimore & remains there in the avowed intention of watching the motions of a valuable ship now lying there, it be answered that we expect the speedy departure of those privateers will obviate the inconveniences apprehended, and that it will be considered whether any practicable arrangements can be adopted to prevent the augmentation of the force of armed vessels.\nTh: Jefferson\nH Knox \u2003\u2003A Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0003", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 17 June 1793\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nColles Office [Newport, Rhode Island] June 17 1793\nSir,\nI acknowledge the receipt of your circular letter of the 30th of may last concerning the entry of vessels and their Cargoes captured and brought into our ports by the ships of war and privateers of France, and of five Sea letters in a blank wrapper freed by you. Permit me to ask whether vessels so captured and brought into our ports, and sold to citizens of the United States may be registered. By the 2nd & 4. Sec: of the Act concerning the Registering and Recording of Ships or Vessels it appears to me that such Vessels cannot be registered; but it may be made a question, and I wish to be prepared with an answer from you. If it should be your opinion that they may be registered I should be happy to know how the Certificates of Registry for Vessels so circumstanced are to be filled.\nWith great consideration \u2003 I have the honour to be Sir yr. most obedt. servt.\nWm Ellery Colle\nAlexr. HamiltonEsqr. Secry of Treasy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0004", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton and Henry Knox, [19 June 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry\n[Philadelphia, June 19, 1793]\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the Secretaries of the Treasury & war, draughts of two letters of this day\u2019s date to the Ministers of France & England. He confesses himself not satisfied with the latter altogether, as it has somewhat of the appearance of evasion. The gentlemen will be pleased to propose any alteration either may desire, handing the letters round to him to be finally submitted to the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0007", "content": "Title: Cabinet Meeting. Opinion Respecting a Communication from the Spanish Commissioners, 20 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry\nTo: \n[Philadelphia] June 20. 1793.\nAt a meeting this day of the heads of departments at the President\u2019s on summons from him, a letter from Messrs. Viar & Jaudenes dated June 18. & addressed to the Secretary of state, was read: whereupon it is the opinion that a full detail of the proceedings of the US. with respect to the Southern Indians, & the Spaniards be prepared, and a justification as to the particular matters charged in the said letter, that this be sent with all the necessary documents to our Commissioners at the court of Madrid with instructions to them to communicate the same to the court of Madrid, leaving to them a discretion to change expressions in it which to them may appear likely to give offence in the circumstances under which things may be at the time of their receiving it, & that a copy be sent to mr Pinckney for his information, & to make such use of the matter it contains as to him shall seem expedient; that an answer be written to Messrs. Viar & Jaudenes, informing them that we shall convey our sentiments on the subject to their court through our commissioners at Madrid, and letting them see that we are not insensible of the stile & manner of their communications.\nA draught of a letter from the Secretary of state to mr Hammond asking when an answer to his letter of May 29. 1792. might be expected, was read & approved.\nTh: JeffersonA HamiltonH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0008", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, [20 June 1793]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, June 20, 1793]\nSir\nI have received & paid attention to your report of the 15 instant.\nThe result is, that the Loan of 2,000,000 of florins ought, in my opinion, to be urged without delay, if it can be obtained within the limitations of the Law. The further proposal of borrowing 3,000,000 of florins in addition, I shall (seeing no inconvenience that will arise from the delay) take a few days longer to consider; as some reasons occur against, as well as for the measure, in the present unsettled state of credit, & military & other operations in Europe.\nIn the mean time it would contribute to my understanding the subject better, if you was to let me know how the whole sum borrowed under the Acts of the 4 & 12. of August 1790. (instead of the sums which have been transferred to the United States) has been applied. And whether the 200,000 dollars, \u201cfirst installment to the Bank of the U. States,\u201d is a legal charge, under those Acts or any other, in the Account A referred to in the report. Also, whether the 284,901 D. & 89 Cents expended in the purchase of the public Debt does not appear in the report of the Commissioners of the Sinking fund, or some other report made to Congress last Session as appertaining more properly to the surplus revenue.\nI ask these questions for information, because if the answers should be in the affirmative, the difference will be very material, & when added to the balance of 565,484 Dolls. & 28 Cents as pr. your statement A would, with the 2,000,000 of florins negotiating, cover all the ascertained demands upon the UStates for the years 1793. & 1794, exclusive of what may be required for the Sinking fund; for which you have made no specific appropriation whereby to form an estimate of the aggregate sum required.\nGo. Washington\nPhiladelphia20 June 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0009", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Willing, 20 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willing, Thomas\nTreasury Department, June 20, 1793. Transmits \u201cthe President\u2019s Ratification of the Contract lately made with the Bank of The U States for Eight hundred thousand Dollars.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0010", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Banning, 21 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Banning, Jeremiah\nTreasury Department June 21st 1793\nSir\nIn answer to your letter of the 6th instant, I refer you to mine of the 30th of may.\nI should earlier have sent you a direction, in the particular case; but that I had understood that proceedings at law had been commenced, which had removed the Eunice from your custody to that of the Court.\nIf still in your custody she is to be surrendered to the Captor.\nwith consideration \u2003 I am Sir \u2003 Your obedt servt\nAlexander Hamilton\nJere Banning EsqrCollectorOxford Maryland", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0011", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Richard Harison, 21 June 1793\nFrom: Harison, Richard\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAlbany 21st. June 1793.\nDear Sir,\nI feel myself infinitely obliged to you for your late confidential Communication. The Principles you have stated are perfectly just, and your Hints will be carefully attended to. It has been very unfortunate that I should be sent from New York at so important a Period; but whilst your Officers are without Salaries they cannot possibly neglect the Business upon which they depend for their daily Bread. However, I have no Doubt that Troup will do on my Behalf every Thing that is proper. He is a true Man, and has correct Ideas upon the Subject of our national Government and Interests. If he should be at a Loss, I trust that he will consult with Mr. King upon whose Judgment we both have the fullest Reliance. Judge Duane is at Schenectady. I have informed him by Letter of the Propriety of his repairing to New York, tho\u2019 it may interfere with his domestic Arrangements. My present Business here is to argue for Kayaderosses as in their Controversies about Boundaries with Half Moon, Clifton Park and Schenectady. The Hearing I hope will end in three or four Days, and I shall then immediately set off for New York. I do not at present see how the Privateer can be legally detained or proceeded against; but upon my Return I shall consider the Matter more fully, and take every Measure that I can with Propriety to promote (what I esteem) the true Interest of the Nation, your Wishes, and the Intentions of Government.\nBelieve me most sincerely, \u2003 Dr. Sir, \u2003 Your obliged Friend & Most obedt. Servt.\nRich. Harison\nHon. A. Hamilton Esq.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0012", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 21 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nPhiladelphia June 21. 1793\nSir\nConsiderations, relative both to the public Interest and to my own delicacy, have brought me, after mature reflection, to a resolution to resign the office, I hold, towards the close of the ensuing session of Congress.\nI postpone the final act to that period, because some propositions remain to be submitted by me to Congress, which are necessary to the full developement of my original plan, and, as I suppose, of some consequence to my reputation\u2014and because, in the second place, I am desirous of giving an opportunity, while I shall be still in office, to the revival and more deliberate prosecution of the Inquiry into my conduct, which was instituted during the last session.\nI think it proper to communicate my determination, thus early, among other reasons, because it will afford full time to investigate and weigh all the considerations, which ought to guide the appointment of my successor.\nWith the most perfect respect \u2003 I have the honor to be, Sir, Your most Obedient \u2003 & most humble Servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe President of The United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0013", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 21 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nPhiladelphia June 21. 1793\nPrivate & Confidential\nMy Dear Sir\nI learnt with real pleasure, your return from the West Indies in improved health. Be assured, that I interest myself, with friendship, in your welfare.\nThe Collector of Anapolis has announced his intention to resign by the first of next month. Do you know a character there fit and probably willing to serve? There is a salary of 200 Dollars a year besides the per Centage & fees. The whole however is moderate enough.\nIf any inquiry is made it must be so as to avoid all possible commitment. For it is the President\u2019s practice to seek information through different channels & to decide according to the result of the whole.\nYrs. with real esteem & regard\nA Hamilton\nOtho Williams Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0014", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Lee, 22 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lee, Henry\nPhilad June 22. 1793\nThere is no foundation, My Dear Sir, that I know of, for the Report of the Offence said to have [been] taken by the British Minister, in relation to the subject of my circular letter. No symptom of dissatisfaction on this score has appeared; nor, as I believe, exists. I presume, it is regarded as a measure, in which the Executive Government had no option.\nI need not tell you how much my ideas agree with yours on the subject of peace. And I hope it will be preserved. But this must of course much depend on a firm and sincere perseverance in measures truly neutral on the part of the Government, supported by the community.\nEstimating as I do the importance of Peace, I am not without anxiety on the score of what is passing among the people. Open and ardent demonstrations of attachment to the cause of France and opprobrium of the most offensive kind against the Powers at War with her may not be entirely without inconvenience. They hold us up to the jealousy and resentment of those Nations and after all statesmen are but men and far more actuated by their passions than they ought to be. Besides, regarding as they do the French as Anarchists whom it is the interest of all governments to suppress, there is some hazard to us in inculcating an opinion that our sentiments and theirs accord.\nIf we run a risk \u2019tis probably chiefly on this score. Yet one may as well preach moderation to the Winds as to our zealots.\nYou ask me what is the real sitution of France. In truth my friend, I am as much at a loss as you to pronounce. My opinion always has been, that she would be able to defend herself against any possible combination, if she could maintain system and order within. But my prevailing expectation, since the 10th of August, has been, that her factions would subvert her. I continue in this belief, though the circumstances which have attended Dumouriers attempt places their affairs in my view upon as favourable a footing as at any period subsequent to that I have mentioned. If the accounts are true that the least violent party have gained the Ascendant, it portends better chances to their cause.\nAs to the merits of this cause, I leave them to sounder casuists than myself. What I have said is merely as a Calculation of probabilities.\nYours truly & Affecy\nA Hamilton\nI am much pleased with the disposition you announce your way as to the question of peace\nGovernor Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0015", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 22 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasuy. Departmt. 22d. June 1793\nSir,\nI have the honor to submit to the consideration of the President [a recommendation] of the 4 inst. from the Commissioner of the Revenue on the subject of compensations to Keepers of Light houses, being the result of an enquiry some time since instituted.\nWhen this business was first organized, the only guide which presented itself was the previous arrangements of the respective States. It is found upon examination that these arrangements were made without much principle or system & that an alteration will conduce not only to \u0153conomy, but to more equal justice.\nThe subject does not indeed admit of a very precise rule. Something after all must be a kind of arbitration of circumstances; but the present extremes may be corrected and a progress made towards a more equitable apportionment.\nUpon a conference with the Commissioner of the Revenue, the following rates of compensations have been adjusted in the cases which appeared to require revision, to be submitted to the consideration & decision of the President, vizt.\u2014\n1st. for the Keeper of the Lighthouse, Thatcher\u2019s Island\n\u214c annum\u2014\nDolls.\nDo.\nBoston bay.\nDo.\nPlymouth.\nDo.\nPortland head\nDo.\nConanicut.\nDo\nNew London\nDo\nSandy Hook.\nto commence from the 1st of July ensuing.\nThere can be no doubt of the impropriety of a Keepers acting by Deputy. If the President approves therefore, it will be signified to the Keeper of the Portsmouth Lighthouse, that he is either to take up his residence on the spot or relinquish the appointment.\nThe same thing cannot, it is presumed, be done with regard to the Keeper of the Plymouth establishment, because his right is represented to be founded on a condition of the original cession of the land on which the Lighthouse stands.\nWith perfect respect \u2003 I have the honor to be &c.\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0016", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 23 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nPhiladelphia June 23. 1793\nSir\nIn answer to your letter of the 18th. inst. I am instructed by the President to inform you that the fund in question has been so clearly understood on all hands to be specifically appropriated for the payment of the bills which were recognised by the former agents of France here as to be incapable of being diverted without disappointing the just expectations of our citizens holders of those Bills.\nIndeed the Government has been so much a party in countenancg those expectations, as in such an event to be under an obligation in point of propriety to see that the parties are satisfied, to the extent of the ballance which yet remains to be advanced.\nI have the honor to be with great respect & esteem Sir \u2003 your mo. obedt. & most hble sevt.\nTh: J\nThe Minister Plenipy. of the republic of France", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0017", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Gouverneur Morris, 23 June 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSain Port [France] 23 June 1793.\nDear Sir\nThe annexed is Duplicate of what I had the Honor to write on the twentieth of May. For your better understanding of it I will here add a short explanation of the Plan I had formed and would have carried into Effect. It was to open a loan for Stg \u00a3300000 of which the Interest of 4p% was to be paid here annually and the Capital at the End of fourteen years. For the Interest one of the first Banking houses in Europe was to be responsible to the Lenders and that same House was to distribute among the Bankers here with such Allowance as they might agree on the Obligations. That house was to pay Nett to the Use of the United States Stg \u00a3150000 and to give landed Security to double that Amount for the regular payment of the Interest. In the Difference between four and five per Cent Interest was to be found the Douceur to the Bankers who should distribute the Obligations and the Advantage of the house making the Loan consisted in the employing of \u00a3150000 in this Country at the then favourable Exchange an Advantage which could not but be very great. You will see that this plan built on the Circumstances of the moment could only be practicable under such Circumstances in a Country where hitherto there has been more of Credit than of Cash and where consequently those possess\u2019d of the latter have always carefully kept it to support the other by whose means their immense Fortunes were accumulated.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0018", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Caleb Gibbs, 24 June 1793\nFrom: Gibbs, Caleb\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston June 24th. 1793\nConvinced as I have always been My Dear Sir of the sincerity of your friendship towards me, and still retaining the same Idea, leads me again to address you.\nFortune has once more altered my situation and returned me to this place with my little family where I have been but a few days. Mrs. Gibbs being very unhappy in the country owing to the seperation from her connextions; the impossibility of obtaining an Education for our Children; the unaccustomed manner of living, and falling in the rear with hard fare and close Industry and the End of the year, were Inducements with other inconveniencies to occasion my removal.\nThus circumstanced I am prompted to solicit your patronage and protection, and if any place should open in which you may think me equal to the duties, I beg if it may be consistent with your own feelings and the public good that I may be had in your remembrance.\nIt is not for myself I ask no My Dear Sir be assured it is not, it is for the Comfort and support of one of the most amiable Wife\u2019s on Earth and three promissing children which I wish to carry through life with decency and reputation. A small competency sufficient with the strictest oeconomy to enjoy my little domestick family is all my desire in this life.\nI would take the liberty to suggest that if any vacancy should take place in the Officers of the Customs in this place, and the Surveyors should become vacant I think it would be in my power to discharge the duties of that Office honorable to myself and satisfactory to the public, and as it is a place that requires considerable activity it would be still more agreable to me.\nIf a laisure hour presents itself, it will make me extremly happy to receive a line from you at an early period as possible.\nI beg you to offer me in terms of respect to your amiable Lady.\nWith the greatest respect and sincere attachment I have the honor to be \u2003 My Dear Sir \u2003 Your most Obedient and very humble Servant\nCaleb Gibbs\nThe Honble.Alexander Hamilton Esqr.&ca.Philadelphia\nP.S. I should have sent the money to taken up the note I gave you when I was at New York but it is out of my power at present. I am not doing any business but anxiously wait to be employed by my friends.\nMrs. Gibbs and family are well, a few weeks since she presented me with a fine daughter.\nCG.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0019", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Jay, 24 June 1793\nFrom: Jay, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nnew York 24 June 1793\nDear Sir\nOn Saturday week last I arrived at Pha. and very early the next monday morning set out in the Stage for this place. I recollected your Deed, but as Mr Iredell came to Pha. with me, and could take the acknowledgmt. I am persuaded you will excuse my passing on without waiting for that Business.\nThe G. Jury at Richmd. requested a Copy of the Charge, the Burden of which was neutrality, and directed it to be printed. I requested Mr Marshall the Clerk of the Court to send you two copies of it. I hope he will not forget it. I wish I had thought of making the like Request to mr Carrington.\nYours affy.\nJohn Jay\nCol. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0020", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, 24 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTreasury Department, June 24, 1793. \u201c\u2026 The Collectors have been furnished with all the Sea letters that have been received from your Department and \u2026 a demand exists at several of the Custom Houses for more.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0022-0001", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 24 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Depmt. 24 June 1793.\nSir,\nPursuant to your requisition of the 20 inst., I have the honor to submit a statement of the application of the whole of the monies borrowed by virtue of the Acts of the 4. & 12. of August. The precise accuracy of this statement cannot be warranted, \u2019till there shall be a settlement at the Treasury of all the accounts on which it depends (a business now in train). But the items generally are so well ascertained, as to leave no possibility of any material error.\nThat the 200,000 Dollars, for the first installment of the Debt to the Bank of the United States, is properly chargeable to the foreign funds, will be seen by a recurrence to the act of the 2d. of March last, authorising the payment of that installment; which Act expressly directs that it shall be made out of the monies borrowed pursuant to the 4. Section of the Act entitled, \u201cAn Act making provision for the reduction of the Public Debt,\u201d which is the act of the 4. of August 1790, authorising the borrowing of 2,000,000 of Dollars in order to purchases of the Debt.\nThe 284,901 Dollars & 89 Cents, is equally a charge on the same fund. It appears in no report to Congress at the last Session, or at any other time, as appertaining to the Domestic fund or surplus revenue. On the contrary, that sum is expressly stated to have been issued out of the foreign fund, in my third letter to the House of Representatives, dated February 13. 1793. For the more complete elucidation of this fact, a certificate of the Register of the Treasury is annexed, shewing that the sum in question was originally carried, in the Books of the Treasury, to the account of the foreign fund.\nIn my report of the 15 inst: I stated that on the supposition of full payment to France, of the installments of September & November next, with interest, which would absorb the unapplied balance of the foreign fund \u201cThere would remain to be borrowed for the purpose of purchases of the Debt Dollars 1.715.098 & 11 Cents.\u201d This remainder is found by deducting the above mentioned sum of 284.901 Ds. & 89. Cents (the sum expended in purchases out of the foreign fund) from 2,000,000 of Dollars, the whole sum authorised to be borrowed for that purpose.\nThis sum then, of 1.715.098 Dollars and 11 Cents, is the sum still to be procured to complete the views of the Legislature with regard to purchases; and, if the present European War continues, may, in all probability, be invested with advantage as fast as it can be commanded.\nI have the honor to be &c.\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0023", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton and Henry Knox, [25 June 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry\n[Philadelphia, June 25, 1793]\nTh. Jefferson has the honor to submit to the correction & approbation of the Secretaries of the Treasury & War, the inclosed draughts of letters to the French minister on the subject of the ship William & others in her situation, & to Mr. Hammond & mr. Pinckney on the subject of the Snow Suckey.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0025", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Knox, 25 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Knox, Henry\nTreasury DepartmentJune 25 1793\nSir\nI have concluded to direct purchases of distilled spirits to be made on account of the Government and for the use of the army in the Western Parts of Pensylvania Maryland & Virginia and in the State of Kentucke, to be delivered; according to the convenience of the sellers, at the several Forts McIntosh, Washington and Steuben, and also at the Mouth of Musskingum; a mode in which I intend by way of experiment to conduct the supply of the army in that article during the year 1793.\nI request that you will be pleased to give the necessary directions for the reception and safe keeping of the spirits which shall be delivered at the said places\u2014to be delivered to the care, and issued under the direction of the Quarter Master\u2019s department. A return similar to that which is furnished, for the purpose of receiving provisions receipted upon by the proper officer must be the voucher for each issue of spirits.\nIt is probable that for the greater security of the Revenue an Officer of the Revenue may be sent to reside at Fort MC.Intosh. I request that the Commanding Officer of the Post may be instructed to afford accommodation for this purpose and to aid him with a boat and hands to manage her, when necessary.\nWith respectful consideration \u2003 I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir Your obedient ser\nA H", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0028", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 26 June 1793\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCustom-House,District of Providence 26th June 1793.\nSir.\nThe Sloop Abigail of this Port, burthen 46 \u2076\u00b3\u2044\u2089\u2085 Tons, Michael Anthony Master, arrived here on the 24th instant, having a Register, and a License which expired on the 5th Day of the present Month: he cleared his Vessel at New-York on the 20th Instant; and appears to have committed a breach of the 6th Section of the new Coasting Law; but as that Section makes a distinction between registered, and Enrolled Vessels; the Law having so lately taken place, and the Master declaring that he ignorantly and unintentionally violated it, which I have no doubt was the case, I have thought it most advisable to permit the Cargo to be delivered, which consisted of the Articles contained in the enclosed copy of his Manifest; and respectfully to submit his Case for your consideration and Instructions.\nI have the Honor to be &c.\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nAlexander Hamilton Esquire,Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0029", "content": "Title: Conversation with Edmond Charles Genet, 27 June 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nEntretient avec Mr Hamilton le 27. Juin 1793.\nProposition de faire un nouveau fonds de 45,000 dollars si Je consens \u00e0 payer les traites et insinuation qu\u2019en faisant un fonds plus \u00e9tendu ce seroit s\u2019\u00e9carter de l\u2019impartialit\u00e9 que le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral s\u2019est pr\u00e9scrit vis \u00e0 vis des puissances en guerre. Mon indignation\u2014discussion politique sur le Casus foederis. Il pense que nous sommes les agresseurs et que l\u2019Amerique n\u2019est point oblig\u00e9e de remplir ses engagements; ma r\u00e9ponse d\u00e8finitions des deux \u00e9speces d\u2019agression citation de l\u2019\u00e9xpos\u00e9 de la Conduite. Il ne le connoit pas c\u2019est la faute de Jefferson. Autre discussion sur le pouvoir du gouvernement federal. Il pense qu\u2019il peut d\u00e9clarer la neutralit\u00e9. Je pense le contraire parceque d\u00e9clarer la neutralit\u00e9 c\u2019est pr\u00e9juger le droit de guerre ou de paix qui appartient au Congr\u00e8s. Consentement de faire un nouveau fonds pour payer 45 000 dollars en attendant que le Pr\u00e9sident ait \u00e9xamin\u00e9 s\u2019l convient de payer la totalit\u00e9 des traites.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0030", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Nicholas Low, 27 June 1793\nFrom: Low, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York 27. June 1793\nDear sir\nThe Quarterly Meeting of the Directors of the Society for estg. usef. Manuf. is postponed from the first to the Third Tuesday in July. The Meeting will therefore be held at Paterson on the 16 of July. You talked of meeting us and I hope therefore to have the Pleasure to see you there. Will you take the Trouble of communicating to Major L\u2019Enfant the above Circumstance\u2014probably he may accompany you to Paterson. Mr. Colt is going on wonderfully well with the new Project of Aqueduct\u2014and I am in Hopes the thing will at last succeed. I am very Truly\nyours &ca. &ca.\nNichs Low", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0031", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Smith, 27 June 1793\nFrom: Smith, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] June 27, 1793. Sends itemized \u201cstatement of the Stock remaining on the Books of this Office \u2026 for the quarter ending the 30th June.\u201d States that the total is \u201cDollars 26.013..2..6.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0032", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 27 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt. 27. June 1793.\nSir,\nThe seventh section of an Act of the 2d. of March last, intitled \u201cAn Act supplementary to the Act intitled An Act to provide more effectually for the collection of the Duties imposed by Law on goods, wares & merchandizes imported into the United States, and on the tonnage of Ships or Vessels,\u201d provides \u201cThat the President of the United States may, if he shall judge it conducive to the public interest, increase the complement of mariners to the several Revenue Cutters, so that the number do not exceed seven mariners to each Cutter.\u201d\nI request the President\u2019s direction concerning this provision.\nThe necessity of increasing the number of hands to these Cutters has been several times represented to this Department; & the nature of the service appears to recommend such an increase.\nThe mere navigation of these vessels would not require more than the present complement\u2014but this is not the only object. The Law contemplates that the officers are to be occasionally detached from the Cutters to accompany the vessels they fall in with on our coast & in our bays and there is frequently a necessity of sending the boats of a Cutter on board a vessel at Sea; for which purpose a sufficient number of hands cannot be spared, so as to leave a competent number for the management of the Cutter; especially as casualties of ill health sometimes occur.\nWith the most perfect respect \u2003 I have the honor to be &c.\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0033", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Wendell, 27 June 1793\nFrom: Wendell, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPortsmouth [New Hampshire] June 27, 1793. Asks Hamilton for \u201ca loan of \u00a31000 Sterling for three years, on the most approved Security.\u201d Is willing to \u201cgive 8 P Cent for the Money.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0034", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 27 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\n[Philadelphia, June 27, 1793. Directs \u201csurrender of Prize to French Privateer.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0035", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, 28 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, June 28, 1793. On July 15, 1793, Ellery wrote to Hamilton: \u201cBy the last post I recd. your letters of the \u2026 28th and 29th of the last month.\u201d Letter of June 28 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0036", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Nourse, 28 June 1793\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury DepartmentRegisters Office 28 June 1793\nSir\nFrom an Adjustment of the Quarter Yearly Interest on the Registered Debt which becomes due at the Treasury on the 30th June 1793 it appears that the Sum of four thousand seven hundred and fifty five Dollars and fifty Cents is the Amount of the Dividend then due to the several Creditors.\nA Balance remains on hand of 1,812 \u2076\u00b3\u2044\u2089\u2080 but as this is insufficient to Answer the immediate Probable Demands for the Discharge of the Arrearage, of Interest on said Debt I recommend that a Warrant may be issued on the Treasurer of the United States in favour of John Kean Cashier of the Bank of the United States for 6,000 drs. to be by him applied in the Payment of said Interest and Arrearages of Interest and for the Expenditure whereof he [is] to be held Accountable.\nI have the Honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your mo: obed: Servt.\nHonble. Alex: Hamilton Esqr.Secy. of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0037", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, 29 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, June 29, 1793. On July 15, 1793, Ellery wrote to Hamilton: \u201cBy the last post I recd. your letters of the \u2026 28th and 29th of the last month.\u201d Letter of June 29 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0038", "content": "Title: Pacificus No. I, [29 June 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, June 29, 1793]\nAs attempts are making very dangerous to the peace, and it is to be feared not very friendly to the constitution of the UStates\u2014it becomes the duty of those who wish well to both to endeavour to prevent their success.\nThe objections which have been raised against the Proclamation of Neutrality lately issued by the President have been urged in a spirit of acrimony and invective, which demonstrates, that more was in view than merely a free discussion of an important public measure; that the discussion covers a design of weakening the confidence of the People in the author of the measure; in order to remove or lessen a powerful obstacle to the success of an opposition to the Government, which however it may change its form, according to circumstances, seems still to be adhered to and pursued with persevering Industry.\nThis Reflection adds to the motives connected with the measure itself to recommend endeavours by proper explanations to place it in a just light. Such explanations at least cannot but be satisfactory to those who may not have leisure or opportunity for pursuing themselves an investigation of the subject, and who may wish to perceive that the policy of the Government is not inconsistent with its obligations or its honor.\nThe objections in question fall under three heads\u2014\n1 \u2003 That the Proclamation was without authority\n2 \u2003 That it was contrary to our treaties with France\n3 \u2003 That it was contrary to the gratitude, which is due from this to that country; for the succours rendered us in our own Revolution.\n4 \u2003 That it was out of time & unnecessary.\nIn order to judge of the solidity of the first of these objection [s], it is necessary to examine what is the nature and design of a proclamation of neutrality.\nThe true nature & design of such an act is\u2014to make known to the powers at War and to the Citizens of the Country, whose Government does the Act that such country is in the condition of a Nation at Peace with the belligerent parties, and under no obligations of Treaty, to become an associate in the war with either of them; that this being its situation its intention is to observe a conduct conformable with it and to perform towards each the duties of neutrality; and as a consequence of this state of things, to give warning to all within its jurisdiction to abstain from acts that shall contravene those duties, under the penalties which the laws of the land (of which the law of Nations is a part) annexes to acts of contravention.\nThis, and no more, is conceived to be the true import of a Proclamation of Neutrality.\nIt does not imply, that the Nation which makes the declaration will forbear to perform to any of the warring Powers any stipulations in Treaties which can be performed without rendering it an associate or party in the War. It therefore does not imply in our case, that the UStates will not make those distinctions, between the present belligerent powers, which are stipulated in the 17th and 22d articles of our Treaty with France; because these distinctions are not incompatible with a state of neutrality; they will in no shape render the UStates an associate or party in the War. This must be evident, when it is considered, that even to furnish determinate succours, of a certain number of Ships or troops, to a Power at War, in consequence of antecedent treaties having no particular reference to the existing war, is not inconsistent with neutrality; a position well established by the doctrines of Writers and the practice of Nations.\n   See Vatel Book III Chap. VI \u00a7 101.\nBut no special aids, succours or favors having relation to war, not positively and precisely stipulated by some Treaty of the above description, can be afforded to either party, without a breach of neutrality.\nIn stating that the Proclamation of Neutrality does not imply the non performance of any stipulations of Treaties which are not of a nature to make the Nation an associate or party in the war, it is conceded that an execution of the clause of Guarantee contained in the 11th article of our Treaty of Alliance with France would be contrary to the sense and spirit of the Proclamation; because it would engage us with our whole force as an associate or auxiliary in the War; it would be much more than the case of a definite limited succour, previously ascertained.\nIt follows that the Proclamation is virtually a manifestation of the sense of the Government that the UStates are, under the circumstances of the case, not bound to execute the clause of Guarantee.\nIf this be a just view of the true force and import of the Proclamation, it will remain to see whether the President in issuing it acted within his proper sphere, or stepped beyond the bounds of his constitutional authority and duty.\nIt will not be disputed that the management of the affairs of this country with foreign nations is confided to the Government of the UStates.\nIt can as little be disputed, that a Proclamation of Neutrality, where a Nation is at liberty to keep out of a War in which other Nations are engaged and means so to do, is a usual and a proper measure. Its main object and effect are to prevent the Nation being immediately responsible for acts done by its citizens, without the privity or connivance of the Government, in contravention of the principles of neutrality.\n   See Vatel Book III Chap VII \u00a7 113.\nAn object this of the greatest importance to a Country whose true interest lies in the preservation of peace.\nThe inquiry then is\u2014what department of the Government of the UStates is the prop\u27e8er\u27e9 one to make a declaration of Neutrality in the cases in which the engagements \u27e8of\u27e9 the Nation permit and its interests require such a declaration.\nA correct and well informed mind will discern at once that it can belong neit\u27e8her\u27e9 to the Legislative nor Judicial Department and of course must belong to the Executive.\nThe Legislative Department is not the organ of intercourse between the UStates and foreign Nations. It is charged neither with making nor interpreting Treaties. It is therefore not naturally that Organ of the Government which is to pronounce the existing condition of the Nation, with regard to foreign Powers, or to admonish the Citizens of their obligations and duties as founded upon that condition of things. Still less is it charged with enforcing the execution and observance of these obligations and those duties.\nIt is equally obvious that the act in question is foreign to the Judiciary Department of the Government. The province of that Department is to decide litigations in particular cases. It is indeed charged with the interpretation of treaties; but it exercises this function only in the litigated cases; that is where contending parties bring before it a specific controversy. It has no concern with pronouncing upon the external political relations of Treaties between Government and Government. This position is too plain to need being insisted upon.\nIt must then of necessity belong to the Executive Department to exercise the function in Question\u2014when a proper case for the exercise of it occurs.\nIt appears to be connected with that department in various capacities, as the organ of intercourse between the Nation and foreign Nations\u2014as the interpreter of the National Treaties in those cases in which the Judiciary is not competent, that is in the cases between Government and Government\u2014as that Power, which is charged with the Execution of the Laws, of which Treaties form a part\u2014as that Power which is charged with the command and application of the Public Force.\nThis view of the subject is so natural and obvious\u2014so analogous to general theory and practice\u2014that no doubt can be entertained of its justness, unless such doubt can be deduced from particular provisions of the Constitution of the UStates.\nLet us see then if cause for such doubt is to be found in that constitution.\nThe second Article of the Constitution of the UStates, section 1st, establishes this general Proposition, That \u201cThe Executive Power shall be vested in a President of the United States of America.\u201d\nThe same article in a succeeding Section proceeds to designate particular cases of Executive Power. It declares among other things that the President shall be Commander in Cheif of the army and navy of the UStates and of the Militia of the several states when called into the actual service of the UStates, that he shall have power by and with the advice of the senate to make treaties; that it shall be his duty to receive ambassadors and other public Ministers and to take care that the laws be faithfully executed.\nIt would not consist with the rules of sound construction to consider this enumeration of particular authorities as derogating from the more comprehensive grant contained in the general clause, further than as it may be coupled with express restrictions or qualifications; as in regard to the cooperation of the Senate in the appointment of Officers and the making of treaties; which are qualifica\u27e8tions\u27e9 of the general executive powers of appointing officers and making treaties: Because the difficulty of a complete and perfect specification of all the cases of Executive authority would naturally dictate the use of general terms\u2014and would render it improbable that a specification of certain particulars was designd as a substitute for those terms, when antecedently used. The different mode of expression employed in the constitution in regard to the two powers the Legislative and the Executive serves to confirm this inference. In the article which grants the legislative powers of the Governt. the expressions are\u2014\u201cAll Legislative powers herein granted shall be vested in a Congress of the UStates;\u201d in that which grants the Executive Power the expressions are, as already quoted \u201cThe Executive Po\u27e8wer\u27e9 shall be vested in a President of the UStates of America.\u201d\nThe enumeration ought rather therefore to be considered as intended by way of greater caution, to specify and regulate the principal articles implied in the definition of Executive Power; leaving the rest to flow from the general grant of that power, interpreted in conformity to other parts \u27e8of\u27e9 the constitution and to the principles of free government.\nThe general doctrine then of our constitution is, that the Executive Power of the Nation is vested in the President; subject only to the exceptions and qu[a]lifications which are expressed in the instrument.\nTwo of these have been already noticed\u2014the participation of the Senate in the appointment of Officers and the making of Treaties. A third remains to be mentioned the right of the Legislature \u201cto declare war and grant letters of marque and reprisal.\u201d\nWith these exceptions the Executive Power of the Union is completely lodged in the President. This mode of construing the Constitution has indeed been recognized by Congress in formal acts, upon full consideration and debate. The power of removal from office is an inportant instance.\nAnd since upon general principles for reasons already given, the issuing of a proclamation of neutrality is merely an Executive Act; since also the general Executive Power of the Union is vested in the President, the conclusion is, that the step, which has been taken by him, is liable to no just exception on the score of authority.\nIt may be observed that this Inference w\u27e8ould\u27e9 be just if the power of declaring war had \u27e8not\u27e9 been vested in the Legislature, but that \u27e8this\u27e9 power naturally includes the right of judg\u27e8ing\u27e9 whether the Nation is under obligations to m\u27e8ake\u27e9 war or not.\nThe answer to this is, that however true it may be, that th\u27e8e\u27e9 right of the Legislature to declare wa\u27e8r\u27e9 includes the right of judging whether the N\u27e8ation\u27e9 be under obligations to make War or not\u2014it will not follow that the Executive is in any case excluded from a similar right of Judgment, in the execution of its own functions.\nIf the Legislature have a right to make war on the one hand\u2014it is on the other the duty of the Executive to preserve Peace till war is declared; and in fulfilling that duty, it must necessarily possess a right of judging what is the nature of the obligations which the treaties of the Country impose on the Government; and when in pursuance of this right it has concluded that there is nothing in them inconsistent with a state of neutrality, it becomes both its province and its duty to enforce the laws incident to that state of the Nation. The Executive is charged with the execution of all laws, the laws of Nations as well as the Municipal law, which recognises and adopts those laws. It is consequently bound, by faithfully executing the laws of neutrality, when that is the state of the Nation, to avoid giving a cause of war to foreign Powers.\nThis is the direct and proper end of the proclamation of neutrality. It declares to the UStates their situation with regard to the Powers at war and makes known to the Community that the laws incident to that situation will be enforced. In doing this, it conforms to an established usage of Nations, the operation of which as before remarked is to obviate a responsibility on the part of the whole Society, for secret and unknown violations of the rights of any of the warring parties by its citizens.\nThose who object to the proclamation will readily admit that it is the right and duty of the Executive to judge of, or to interpret, those articles of our treaties which give to France particular privileges, in order to the enforcement of those privileges: But the necessary consequence of this is, that the Executive must judge what are the proper bounds of those privileges\u2014what rights are given to other nations by our treaties with them\u2014what rights the law of Nature and Nations gives and our treaties permit, in respect to those Nations with whom we have no treaties; in fine what are the reciprocal rights and obligations of the United States & of all & each of the powers at War.\nThe right of the Executive to receive ambassadors and other public Ministers may serve to illustrate the relative duties of the Executive and Legislative Departments. This right includes that of judging, in the case of a Revolution of Government in a foreign Country, whether the new rulers are competent organs of the National Will and ought to \u27e8be\u27e9 recognised or not: And where a treaty antecedently exists between the UStates and such nation that right involves the power of giving operation or not to such treaty. For until the new Government is acknowleged, the treaties between the nations, as far at least as regards public rights, are of course suspended.\nThis power of determ[in]ing virtually in the case supposed upon the operation of national Treaties as a consequence, of the power to receive ambassadors and other public Ministers, is an important instance of the right of the Executive to decide the obligations of the Nation with regard to foreign Nations. To apply it to the case of France, if the\u27e8re\u27e9 had been a Treaty of alliance offensive \u27e8and\u27e9 defensive between the UStates and that Coun\u27e8try,\u27e9 the unqualified acknowlegement of the new Government would have put the UStates in a condition to become an associate in the War in which France was engaged\u2014and would have laid the Legislature under an obligation, if required, and there was otherwise no valid excuse, of exercising its power of declaring war.\nThis serves as an example of the right of the Executive, in certain cases, to determine the condition of the Nation, though it may consequentially affect the proper or improper exercise of the Power of the Legislature to declare war. The Executive indeed cannot control the exercise of that power\u2014further than by the exer[c]ise of its general right of objecting to all acts of the Legislature; liable to being overruled by two thirds of both houses of Congress. The Legislature is free to perform its own duties according to its own sense of them\u2014though the Executive in the exercise of its constitutional powers, may establish an antecedent state of things which ought to weigh in the legislative decisions. From the division of the Executive Power there results, in referrence to it, a concurrent authority, in the distributed cases.\nHence in the case stated, though treaties can only be made by the President and Senate, their activity may be continued or suspended by the President alone.\nNo objection has been made to the Presidents having acknowleged the Republic of France, by the Reception of its Minister, without having consulted the Senate; though that body is connected with him in the making of Treaties, and though the consequence of his act of reception is to give operation to the Treaties heretofore made with that Country: But he is censured for having declared the UStates to be in a state of peace & neutrality, with regard to the Powers at War; because the right of changing that state & declaring war belongs to the Legislature.\nIt deserves to be remarked, that as the participation of the senate in the making of Treaties and the power of the Legislature to declare war are exceptions out of the general \u201cExecutive Power\u201d vested in the President, they are to be construed strictly\u2014and ought to be extended no further than is essential to their execution.\nWhile therefore the Legislature can alone declare war, can alone actually transfer the nation from a state of Peace to a state of War\u2014it belongs to the \u201cExecutive Power,\u201d to do whatever else the laws of Nations cooperating with the Treaties of the Country enjoin, in the intercourse of the UStates with foreign Powers.\nIn this distribution of powers the wisdom of our constitution is manifested. It is the province and duty of the Executive to preserve to the Nation the blessings of peace. The Legislature alone can interrupt those blessings, by placing the Nation in a state of War.\nBut though it has been thought adviseable to vindicate the authority of the Executive on this broad and comprehensive ground\u2014it was not absolutely necessary to do so. That clause of the constitution which makes it his duty to \u201ctake care that the laws be faithfully executed\u201d might alone have been relied upon, and this simple process of argument pursued.\nThe President is the constitutional Executor of the laws. Our Treaties and the laws of Nations form a part of the law of the land. He who is to execute the laws must first judge for himself of their meaning. In order to the observance of that conduct, which the laws of nations combined with our treaties prescribed to this country, in reference to the present War in Europe, it was necessary for the President to judge for himself whether there was any thing in our treaties incompatible with an adherence to neutrality. Having judged that there was not, he had a right, and if in his opinion the interests of the Nation required it, it was his duty, as Executor of the laws, to proclaim the neutrality of the Nation, to exhort all persons to observe it, and to warn them of the penalties which would attend its non observance.\nThe Proclamation has been represented as enacting some new law. This is a view of it entirely erroneous. It only proclaims a fact with regard to the existing state of the Nation, informs the citizens of what the laws previously established require of them in that state, & warns them that these laws will be put in execution against the Infractors of them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0039", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Rufus King, [June\u2013July 1793]\nFrom: King, Rufus\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, June\u2013July, 1793]\nNot finding Philadelphia notes to remit, I have directed Specie to be sent to you, by the messenger of the Branch, who sets out tomorrow. Will not the late change of affairs in Holland enable you to proceed with a loan? On every account, it would be truly advantageous, if you had a handsome Sum to invest at this Time. The Bank you are sensible are disposed to do all in their power, but notwithstanding the force of personal considerations, they may not be able to supply money sufficient for all the Projects which may be urged for your adoption.\nThe late accounts from Europe may teach moderation, and cannot fail to inspire the Government with Caution\u2014every thing seems to be changing; distrust, defeat, confusion & Dejection, are manifest in the affairs of France. It seems as if their past Fortunes had suffered an almost total change. Even the spaniards are said to have advanced into their country. The army in Savoy has been defeated by the austrians, and Biron their commander is said to be wounded. On the 27. march the Prussian army of 60,000 Men, with the King at their head commenced their operations against Custine at Mayence, and by intelligence of their progress, it can scarcely be doubted that the French army must fall.\nThe commissioners charged to arrest Demourier have been themselves arrested & sent to the Austrians. He has declared against the Convention & says France must have a King\u2014whether all or a large part of his army will adhere to their chief, we can only conjecture. The commissioners could not have been arrested without the knowledge of the Army. Whether he opened to his army his views of restoring the monarchy does not appear\u2014but it is certain that he was with his Army on the second day after having sent the Commissioners to the Austrians, when that event could not be a secret to any Part of his Army. We have no hint what conduct will be observed by the Prince Cobourgh\u2014whether he will cooperate with Demourier by uniting the two Armies, or remain a Spectator of the internal convulsions of France.\nThe Paris accounts up to the 1st. Apl. shew the alarming situation of that Metropolis\u2014and render it probable that they were at the point of another massacre.\nThe Bristol vessel which bring in this information, left at Bristol a ship belonging to this port which would sail five or six days after her\u2014so that we may hourly expect more full information respecting the affairs of France.\nYours affectionately\nRufus King", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0040", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Andrew G. Fraunces, 1 July 1793\nFrom: Fraunces, Andrew G.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, July 1, 1793.\nSir,\nOn the 10th ult. I wrote to you concerning the payment of certain warrants of the late Board of Treasury, drawn as follows:\n\u2003No. \u2007236\u2014On Nathaniel Appleton, for 3500\ndollars.\n\u2003No. 1155\u2014On Michael Hillegas, for 2000\nIn which letter I requested an answer to certain questions stated therein, to which I received from you a verbal answer, that the thing required further consideration, or that direct answers could not, as those warrants were circumstanced, be given at that time. I now, Sir, again apply for an answer to those questions, or if they still cannot be given, I request you will as far favor me as you have done other applicants for similar claims.\nI have the honor to be, \u2003 Sir, your obedient servant,\nAndrew G. Fraunces.\nThe hon. A. Hamilton, Esq. Secretaryof the Treasury of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0041", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Edmond Charles Genet, [1 July 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\n[Philadelphia, July 1, 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his Compliments to The Minister Plenipotentiary of France. Among the bills presented to the Treasury as having been refused by him is one for 135 Dolls. & 51\u00bd Cts which was payable the 3d. of June. It was taken for granted, that all the Bills which became due in the first fortnight of June had been satisfied. The contrary appearance is an additional embarrassment. The Secretary of the Treasury requests that the Minister will cause him to be furnished with a note of the bills which have been paid by Mr. Bournonville out of the funds heretofore put into his hands destined for that object.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0042", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Masahod de La Mar, 1 July 1793\nFrom: De la Mar, Masahod\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAmsterdam, July 1, 1793. States that he had been \u201cappointed by his Imperial Majesty, Muley Isham, Emperor of Morocco, Envoy Extraordinary to their High Mightinesses of ye United Netherlands\u201d and transmits the Emperor\u2019s request that Congress appoint William Sharpe \u201c(an American of Wilmington, Delaware State) to act as their Consul for the American Nation, and fully Empower Said Gentleman by Letters or otherwise as their representative on the Coast of Barbary.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0043", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 1 July 1793\nFrom: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAmstd. 1 July 1793.\nWe had the pleasure on the first May, to advise our having effected a prolongation of the instalment of one million Florins due here the first of June by the United States and on the 9th. Ulto. only received your respected favor of 2 April by the British Packet: the extreme long passage of which would afford an additional proof was any requisite, of the propriety of our conduct in obtaining the prolongation and indeed of our good Fortune too, as by a fresh loan, it would have been difficult to raise the money in sufficient good time, owing to the immense Amount of Loans lately offered to the public here at the same time, all at five per Cent Interest, and each of them interfering with the success of the others.\nThe letter you wrote us the 2d. May has likewise come to hand.\nWe have received from the Treasurer of the United States\nRobt. Morris drft at 60 days Sight on Bourdieu\nPrager & Co. do. a do. on Mark Prager Senior.\nPhilip Nicklin & Co. do. a do. on Robt. Bent of Liverpool pble in London\nJohn Ross do. a do. on Edwd. McCulloch & Co.\nDanl. Badcock do. a do. on Rowlett & Corp.\nThos. Buchanan & Co. do. a do. on G. & J. Buchanan of Glasgow pble in London\n Geo: Douglas do. a do. on Wm. Douglas\nHenry Sadler do. a do. on H. & J. Johnston\nJohn Cosens do. a do. on Hibbert Fuhr & Hibbert\nJ. & T. Atkinson do. a 90 do. on Hodgson & Atkinson\ndft of the Bank of the U. S. on John & Fra: Baring & Co.\ndo. of do. on John Hy. Cazenove Nephew & Co.\ndo. of Thos. Willing and Wm. Bingham on Jn. & Fra: Baring & Co.\nStg\nf\nPrager & Co. bills at 60 days Sight on Urde. Levi Salomons & Sons\nf\nHd Cy\nAll which have been accepted except the followg of wch. we forward the protests to the Treasurer of the United States to enable him to obtain security for same from the drawers or endorsers, Vizt.\nJohn Ross bills a 60 d. sight on Edwd. McCulloch & Co.\nPh. Nicklin & Co. a do. on Rob. Bent of Liverpool pble in London\nStg\nThe acct. of the U. S. will be regularly credited with the avails of all these remittances, which yield very advantageously, owing to the high Ex. upon London.\nPursuant to your directions We return back to the Treasurer of the U. S. his remittances\non J. & F. Baring & Co.\n\u201c on J. & F. Baring & Co.\n\u00a3\u200722 500.\u2014\u2014Stg in drafts of the Bank of the U. S. after having first cancelled them by cutting a hole through the Christian name of the President of the Bank.\nOn the 11th. Ulto. we informed the houses upon whom these Bills were drawn, that they would not be presented, being unnecessary to the purpose for which they were destined: and the receipt of this information has been acknowledged to us.\nWe transmit you inclosed the accot. curt. of the U. S. with us up to the 1st. June, the Balance whereon due by us Hd. Cy. f233,992.10. 8 we tranfer to thy credit in a new a/c.\nYou mention Sir that on receiving information of the Loan, you would draw for the sums in our hands that would thereby be rendered unnecessary. A Loan not having been effected but simply a Prolongation of the Instalment that fell due the 1st. ulto. we are persuaded that in making your disposals upon us you will attend to the interest due by the U. S. the first of Septbr. next, on Six millions of florins at five per Cent, and that we shall experience like regularity in receiving remittances for the interests and reimbursments, that will successively be payable here by the U. S.\nThe demands for money by the European belligerant Powers will continue to be so great and pressing, and force them to such sacrifices in the Charges, as will render highly improbable the success for a long time to come, of Loans for ye. U. S. under five pr. Ct. interest; and to obtain any even at this rate, may require a watchfull eye to discover, and an immediate decision to seize upon the favorable moment, that may soon pass by in times, so critical and pregnant with great events as the present. Mr. Short\u2019s actual distance would at all times prevent our waiting his approbation with effect, and especially now that the correspondence is so shackled, uncertain and circuitous. Wherefore we submit to your judgment Sir, in case the United S. should resolve to borrow at five p. C. interest this propriety of investing us with instructions to avail ourselves of the first oppy. to effect a Loan for them, convinced as we are that such will continue to be for their Interest, while monies raised here at that rate can be profitably and desirably employed in the purchasing of the domestic funded debt at the present prices. But We request you not to rely upon the produce of any Loan whatever untill you will have our advices of its Success. We are respectfully &ca.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0044", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edward Carrington, 2 July 1793\nFrom: Carrington, Edward\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nRichmond July 2. 1793\nMy dear Sir\nI am favored with yours of the 15th June, with a Copy of the Account which accompanied your report, of the same date, to the President.\nIt is true that suggestions such as you have heard have been thrown out here, and, according to the disposition of the hearers, have been credited and discredited. This you must expect will be the case, until time or events, shall take from your Persecutors the fabricated plausibilities which it is in their power to present to the ignorant and illiberal part of the Community. Upon the passing off of the next Session of Congress without direct and effectual steps to convict you of the alleged crimes, or upon an attempt to convict, & a failure, their influence must sink. I have pressed this idea here, and trust it will be generally entertained. The Story of Virginia alone sending to Congress virtuous and wise Men, is a tale which cannot long be sustained even in the minds of the most ignorant. Empty clamor will, for a Season, catch the public ear, and, while it is employed on indefinite complaints, popular Men may, for a considerable time, keep up the delusion; but when they venture to descend to specified crimes in any particular officer, they shortly impeach & convict, or give up their clamors. The people will not believe them actuated by motives of public justice, while they continue their allegations, and yet forbear those legal proceedings by which a fair issue might be obtained. Should your persecutors not come forward at the next Session with an impeachment, it is my opinion, my good Friend, that you should explicitly call for one. It would ensure at once their destruction: their forbearance would be sufficient with the impartial; but your calling for it, and their declining, would deprive the malavolent of all pretext for calumny. I think that such a demand, early in the session, would cut up by the roots, the system of intrigue which will be, & perhaps is already, practiced upon New Members for sapping you and your Measures, as it will tend to open their eyes to the variety of the complaints they hear.\nThe Statement you enclosed is such as I was prepared for from the impressions I received upon reading the Reports made to the last session of Congress, even without the June remitance to Holland, and it is such as agrees, in substance, with Mr. Randolphs (the Attorney Genl) information since he came to Virga. It has been insisted upon that your Reports fixed 2,000,000 dollars as actually tangible for the purchases of the Debt. To me it appeared, from reading the Reports, that that sum might be considered as a Surplussage, upon an estimation of the amount of all the Revenues collected, & to be collected, accruing to a certain period, and all the loans received to a certain time; but that, during the procrastinations in the coming in of the Revenues, from long Credits and delays, some of the loaned monies must be employed in anticipations. This was the idea I formed from reading the Reports, and this ought, in my opinion, to have been naturally expected by every Man who would give himself the trouble to think for a moment on the subject, even without calculating. For want of the statements to which your reports referred, I have not been enabled to form so accurate a judgment in full, as I wished\u2014these I have not as yet seen\u2014could you without too much trouble send them to me?\nI was exceedingly glad to receive your letter and the statement which accompanied it. It enables me to be more explicit in my opinions, and I shew it to every one with whom I converse, where there appears a disposition to be informed.\nYour determination to continue in office and to Stem the Storms which envy, malice, or ambition can generate against you, is that on which, in my opinion, your salvation depends. Stand fast, and you cannot fail\u2014Resign, under pressure of the present opposition, and you fall irretrievably. You will receive from me nothing but the dictates of candor. If I know my own Heart, I have no attachments in public life but what are sanctified by a thorough conviction, that they carry with them the public good. Upon this ground I profess to feel a strong attachment to you, and am exceedingly solicitous that you retain the confidence of a Country which has received from the measures you have devised great good.\nI am with the greatest regard \u2003 your sincere Friend \u2003 & He. st\nEd. Carrington\nAlexander Hamilton Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0045", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Andrew G. Fraunces, 2 July 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Fraunces, Andrew G.\nTreasury Department, July 2, 1793.\nSir,\nI received your application of yesterday, respecting two warrants drawn by the late Board of Treasury. I do not think it necessary at present, to answer the several questions stated in your former letter, to which you refer. All I can say on the subject is, that as far as can now be judged, these warrants will constitute a good demand in favor of the holders upon the public: But there are some unsettled matters which prevent my giving you now a final opinion on the point.\nI am Sir, your obedient servant,\nAlex. Hamilton.\nMr. Andrew G. Frances.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0046", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edmond Charles Genet, 2 July 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, July 2, 1793. On July 5, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Genet: \u201cI find on my Table this morning your letter of the 2d instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0047", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 2 July 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury DepartmentJuly 2nd. 1793\nSir\nI have made the following arrangement, to secure to the Marshall of the District of [Massachusetts] the means of satisfying contingent demands from time to time incident to his Office; and it is requested that you co-operate towards carrying it into effect.\nHe is to receive from you annually a sum not exceeding [three hundred] Dollars, to be paid to him half yearly, one moiety on the first of January and the other on the 1st of July out of the public monies that may be in your hands. As the first half year of the present year is already elapsed the two moieties for 1793 may if demanded be paid together.\nIn the receipts which you shall take for the payments that you may make to him, you will govern yourself by the precedent herewith transmitted to you. One of these receipts (which ought to be in duplicates) you will send to the Office of the Comptroller of the Treasury with your accounts; as the vouchers of your payments, they will entitle you to the proper Credit at the Treasury.\nWith consideration \u2003 I am Sir \u2003 Your obed Servt\nA Hamilton\nReceived the  day of  1793 of Samuel Meredith Treasurer by the hands of [B Lincoln] Collector of [Boston] Dollars on account of disbursements to jurors and for the contingent expences of Courts of the United States holden within the District of  Marshall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0049", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 3 July 1793\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCustom-House,Providence 3rd. July 1793.\nSir.\nI am obliged by your reply to my Questions relative to the SeaLetters; but if the blank in the English translation of the Certificate is filled to correspond with the Dutch Original, as you direct, it will read very awkwardly\u2014thus \u201cWe Samuel Cha\u27e8rles\u27e9 Esquire, make known, that the master of John Thomas of Providence, appearing before us, has declared upon oath, that the Vessel, called the Nancy,\u201d &c.\nOn the 26th of June, I acquainted you with the occurrence of a Case relative to the arrival here of a Registered Vessel wch. cleared from New-York after the First of June, with an expired License: I now beg leave, in order to obtain your Instructions, to inform you, that Two small Enrolled Vessels have since arrived here, in similar circumstances; One having been cleared at New-York, and the other at Little Egg-Harbour, after the expiration of their Licenses; the Masters declaring that the Collectors told them, they must procure new ones at the District to which their Vessels belonged. If this is a right construction of the Law, Coasting Vessels will frequently meet with great embarrassments; for by the Ice, or other unavoidable accidents, they may be prevented from returning home for several Months, when, their Licenses having expired, they must either continue where they then are, or by proceeding to another District, incur the Penalty of confiscation of Vessel and Cargo, or at least, the payment of foreign Tonnage and Fees. Your Opinion on this point will be particularly pleasing to me.\nI have the Honor, most respectfully to be, \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Obedt. and Most Hume. Servant\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nAlexander Hamilton Esqr.Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0051", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John M. Pintard, 4 July 1793\nFrom: Pintard, John M.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMadeira 4th July 1793\nThe HonbleAlexander Hamilton.\nDear Sir\nThinking that your Stocks of Madeira might be nearly exausted I have Shiped on Board the Brig Molly Capt E Morris one pipe of choice old wine Marked CM & consigned it to my Friends Messrs. Woodrop & Joseph Sims of Philadelphia with directions to deliver it to you provided you choose to take it. Should you Conclude on taking it they will furnish you with the cost of it together with the charges thereon which you will be pleased to Settle with them.\nMrs. Pintard joins me in Respectfull Compliments to you and Mrs Hamilton and Beleive me to be with great Respect\nDear Sir \u2003 Your most obedient \u2003 and very Humble Sert\nJohn M Pintard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0052", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Rawle, 4 July 1793\nFrom: Rawle, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, July 4, 1793. On July 17, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Rawle and referred to \u201cyour letter of the 4th inst.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0053", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Edmond Charles Genet, 5 July 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTreasury Department July 5th 1793\nSir\nI find on my Table this morning your letter of the 2d instant.\nAs you ground the proposition, it contains on a conversation with me, I conclude there has been some misapprehension. I can recollect nothing, but what, as I understood it, had reference merely to some matter of form, which you had omitted and which you were desirous of having adjusted in a different mode in relation to the forms of accountability prescribed by the Treasury of France; which I declared myself ready to facilitate. But it was no part of my meaning that this was to operate as a new advance by liberating an equal sum of three millions. This not being within any arrangement heretofore approved by the President, cannot be adopted by this Department.\nWith great respect & consideration \u2003 I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir Your obedt Servt\nAlex Hamilton\nThe Minister Plenipotentiaryof the Republic of France", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0055", "content": "Title: Pacificus No. III, [6 July 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, July 6, 1793]\nFrance at the time of issuing the proclamation was engaged & likely to be engaged in war, with all or almost all Europe; without a single ally in that quarter of the Globe.\nIn such a state of things, it is evident, that however she may be able to defend herself at home (a thing probably still practicable if her factions can be appeased, and system and order introduced) she cannot make any external efforts, in any degree proportioned to those which can be made against her.\nBy this situation of things alone, the UStates would be dispensed from an obligation to embark in her quarrel.\nIt is known that we are wholly destitute of naval force. France, with all the great maritime Powers united against her, is unable to supply this deficiency. She can not afford us that species of cooperation, which is necessary to render our efforts useful to her and to prevent our experiencing the intire destruction of our Trade and the most calamitous inconveniences in other respects.\nOur guarantee does not respect France herself. It does not relate to her own immediate defence or preservation. It relates merely to the defence & preservation of her American colonies; objects of which (though of considerable importance) she might be deprived and yet remain a great and powerful and a happy Nation.\nIn the actual situation of this Country, and in relation to an object so secondary to France, it may fairly be maintained, that an ability in her to supply in a competent degree our deficiency of naval force is a condition of our obligation to perform the Guarantee on our part.\nHad the United States a powerful marine or could they command one in time, this reasoning would not be solid; but circumstanced as they are, it is presumed to be well founded.\nThere would be no proportion between the mischiefs and perils, to which the UStates would expose themselves by embarking in the War, and the benefit which the nature of their stipulation aims at securing to France, or that, which it would be in their power actually to render her, by becoming a party.\nThis disproportion would be a valid reason for not executing the Guarantee. All contracts are to receive a reasonable construction. Self preservation is the first duty of a Nation; and though in the performance of stipulations relating to war, good faith requires that the ordinary hazards of war should be fairly encountered, because they are directly contemplated by such stipulations, yet it does not require that extraordinary and extreme hazards should be run; especially where the object, for which they are to be run, is only a partial and particular interest of the ally, for whom they are to to be run.\nAs in the present instance good faith does not require, that the UStates should put in jeopardy their essent\u27e8ial\u27e9 interests, perhaps their very existence, in one of the most unequal contests, in which a nation could be engaged\u2014to secure to France what?\u2014her West India Islands and other less important possessions in America. For it is to be remembered, that the stipulations of the UStates do in no event reach beyond this point. If they were upon the strength of their Guarantee, to engage in the War, and could make any arrangement with the Belligerent Powers, for securing to France those Islands and those possessions, they would be at perfect liberty instantly to withdraw. They would not be bound to prosecute the War one moment longer.\nThey are under no obligation, in any event, as far as the faith of treaties is concerned; to assist France in the defence of her liberty; a topic on which so much has been said, so very little to the purpose as it regards the present question.\nThe Contest in which the UStates would plunge themselves, were they to take part with France, would possibly be still more unequal, than that in which France herself is engaged. With the possessions of Great Britain and Spain on both Flanks, the numerous Indian tribes, under the influence and direction of those Powers, along our whole Interior frontier, with a long extended sea coast\u2014with no maritime force of our own, and with the maritime force of all Europe against us, with no fortifications whatever and with a population not exceeding four Millions\u2014it is impossible to imagine a more unequal contest, than that in which we should be involved in the case supposed; a contest from which, we are dissuaded by the most cogent motives of self preservation, as well as of Interest.\nWe may learn from Vatel one of the best Writers on the laws of Nations that \u201cIf a State which has promised succours finds itself unable to furnish them, its very inability is its exemption; and if the furnishing the succours would expose it to an evident danger this also is a lawful dispensation. The case would render the Treaty pernicious to the state and therefore not obligatory. But this applies to an imminent danger threatening the safety of the State; the case of such a danger is tacitly and necessarily reserved in every Treaty.\u201d\n   See Book III Chap VI \u00a7 92\nIf too (as no sensible and candid man will deny) the extent of the present combination against France is in a degree to be ascribed to imprudences on her part\u2014the exemption to the UStates is still more manifest and complete. No country is bound to partake in hazards of the most critical kind, which may have been produced or promoted, by the Indiscretion and intemperance of another. This is an obvious dictate of reason, with which the common sense and common Practice of Mankind coincide.\nTo the foregoing considerations it may perhaps be added, with no small degree of force, that military stipulations in national Treaties contemplate only the ordinary case of foreign war, and are irrelative to the contests which grow out of Revolutions of Government; unless where they have express reference to a Revolution begun, or where there is a guarantee of the existing constitution of a nation, or where there is a personal alliance for the defence of a prince and his family.\n   Puffendorf, Book VIII Chapt IX Section IX\nThe Revolution in France is the primitive source of the War, in which she is engaged. The restoration of the monarchy is the avowed object of some of her enemies\u2014and the implied one of all of them. That question then is essentially involved in the principle of the war; a question certainly never in the contemplation of that Government, with which our Treaty was made, and it may thence be fairly inferred never intended to be embraced by it.\nThe inference would be that the UStates have fulfilled the utmost that could be claimed by the Nation of France, when they so far respected its decision as to recognise the newly constituted Powers; giving operation to the Treaty of Alliance for future occasions, but considering the present war as a tacit exception. Perhaps too this exception is in other respects due to the circumstances under which the engagements between the two Countries were contracted. It is impossible, prejudice apart, not to perceive a delicate embarrassment \u27e8bet\u27e9ween the theory and fact of \u27e8our political relations\u27e9 to France.\nOn these ground, also, as \u27e8well\u27e9 as on that of the present War being of\u27e8fensive\u27e9 on the side of France\u2014The USta\u27e8tes have\u27e9 valid and honorable pleas to offer \u27e8against\u27e9 the Execution of the Guarantee, \u27e8if\u27e9 it should be claimed of them by France. And the President was in every view fully justified in pronouncing, that the duty and interest of the UStates dictated a Neutrality in the War.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0057", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 6 July 1793\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPrivate.\nCeresville [Maryland] 6 July 1793\nMy Dear Sir,\nYour letter of the 21st. of June did not come to hand before the fourth Instant\u2014sometime after the heat of the season, and habitual indisposition had obliged me to quit Baltimore.\nIf it is not too late to mention a successor to the Collector of Annapolis, I would name Robert Denny, formerly an Officer in the Maryland line, and who served me four or five years as deputy in the Office which I held in the Customs under the State Government. It was called the Naval Office but comprehended all the duties, and all the powers, which are, under the general government, distributed among Collectors, Naval Officers, and surveyors; He is perfectly qualified; is ready at business, correct, and constant in his application; and he is respectable.\nJohn Davidson, formerly Major in the Maryland line, and for some time of our State Council would I think accept the Office cheerfully; and I think him very well qualified to discharge the duties of it.\nMy own sensations persuade me that you are never indifferent about my welfare. An Esteem as perfect as mine is for you, could not be so uniformly maintained if there were any doubt of a reciprocal regard, equally sincere, whatever mortifications I may have suffered from malicious Misrepresentations, or incidental Misunderstandings.\nA Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0058", "content": "Title: Cabinet Meeting. Opinion on the Case of the Little Sarah, [8 July 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, July 8, 1793]\nAt a Meeting held at the State House of the City of Philadelphia July the 8. 1793\nPresent\nThe Secretary of State\nThe Secretary of the Treasury\nThe Secretary at War\nIt appeared, that Brigantine called the Little Sarah has been fitted out at the Port of Philadelphia, with fourteen Cannon and all other equipments indicating that she is intended (as a Privateer) to cruise under the authority of France, and that she is now lying in the River Delaware at some place between this City and Mud Island; that a Conversation has been had between the Secretary of State and the Minister Plenipotentiary of France in which conversation the Minister refused to give any explicit assurance that the Brigantine would continue until the arrival of the President and his decision in the case; but made declarations respecting her not being ready to sail within the time of the expected return of the President from which the Secretary of State infers with confidence that she will not sail till the President will have an opportunity of considering and determining the case. That is the course of the Conversation, the Minister declared that the additional guns which had been taken on by the Little Sarah were French property but the Governor of Pensylvania has declared that he has good ground to believe that at least two of her cannon were purchased here by Citizens of Philadelphia. The Governor of Pensylvania asks advice what steps under the circumstances he shall pursue.\nThe secretary of the Treasury and The secy of War are of opinion that it is expedient that immediate measures should be taken provisionally for establishing a battery on Mud Island, under cover of a party of Militia, with direction that if the Brig Sarah should attempt to depart before the pleasure of the President shall be known concerning her military coertion be employed to arrest and prevent her progress.\nThe Secretary of State dissents from this opinion.\nTh: Jefferson\nInformation having also been received that part of the Crew of the Sarah are citizens of the UStates; as can be testified by Charles Biddle of this City.\nThe abovementioned heads of Department agree that this information shall be communicated to the Atty of the District in order that pursuant to his former instructions he may take measures for apprehending and bringing them to Trial.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0059", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Duff, 8 July 1793\nFrom: Duff, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCadiz, July 8, 1793. Has \u201cbrought to a conclusion the depending concerns of the Ship Tartar\u201d and sends Hamilton \u201cas attorney to John Church Esqr. for \u215b proportion thereof \u2026 a note of an a/c for that object on which you are credited for the whole of your said proportion of the proceeds.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0060", "content": "Title: Reasons for the Opinion of the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary at War Respecting the Brigantine Little Sarah, [8 July 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, July 8, 1793]\nI. \u2003 Because there can be no doubt, either upon principle or authority that the permitting or suffering or what is equivalent the not taking effectual measures to prevent, when known, the fitting out of privateers, in our ports, by one of the belligerent powers, to cruise against any of the others is an unequivocal breach of neutrality.\nII \u2003 Because the President in conformity with an unanimous opinion of the heads of Departments and the Attorney General, founded upon the above principle, has caused his disapprobation of the practice to be signified to the Ministers both of Great Britain and France, accompanied with an express assurance to the former\u2014that effectual measures would be taken to prevent a repitition of the practice.\nIII \u2003 Because consequently not to take such measures in the present instance would be to depart from the declaration of neutrality, and to contravene the positive assurance given to the Minister of Great Britain; an omission as dishonorable as it must be dangerous to the Government; implying either a want of ability or a want of consistency and good faith. And as it will indubitably furnish a just cause of complaint against the United States\u2014so it is natural to expect that it may involve them in War. It becomes the more serious in consequence of the non-surrender of the prizes, which were brought into our Ports by the Privateers, sans Culottes and Citizen Genet, fitted out at Charles-town.\nIV \u2003 Because the fitting out of this Privateer is a transaction involving on the part of the Agents of France a gross outrage upon and an undisguised contempt of the Government of the United States. It is aggravated by the circumstances of having been done under the immediate eye of the Government\u2014after an explicit and serious communication of its disapprobation and after an expectation given, that no similar attempt would be repeated. The Secretary of State reported to the President as the result of a conversation with the French Minister, on the subject of the two Privateers before mentioned what was equivalent to an apology for having done it and to at least a tacit promise to forbear a repetition. Yet it is still done, and is even attempted to be justified.\nV \u2003 Because it is impossible to interpret such conduct into any thing else than a regular plan to force the United States into the War. Its tendency to produce that effect cannot be misunderstood by the Agents of France. The direct advantage of the measure to her is obviously too inconsiderable to induce the persisting in it, contrary to the remonstrances of the Government\u2014if it were not with a view to the more important end just mentioned: a conduct the more exceptionable because it is accompanied with the fallacious disavowal of an intention to engage us in the War.\nVI \u2003 Because there is satisfactory evidence of a regular system, in pursuit of that object, to endeavour to controul the Government itself, by creating, if possible, a scism between it and the people and inlisting them on the side of France, in opposition to their own constitutional authorities. This is deducible not only from a great variety of collateral incidents but from direct written and verbal declarations of the French Minister.\nThe Memorial lately presented by him to the Secretary of State, the most offensive paper, perhaps, that ever was offered by a foreign Minister to a friendly power, with which he resided, announces unequivocally the system which is alleged to exist.\nBesides the exorbitant pretensions, which that paper advances\u2014of a right in defiance of the declared sense of the Government\u2014to fit out armed vessels from the Ports of the United States and even to inlist their own citizens in their own territories in the service of France\u2014to hold Courts within their jurisdiction for the condemnation of prizes, unsanctionned by compact, contrary to the rights of neutrality\u2014contrary even to the spirit of the regulations of France for her own consular establishments\u2014besides the loose unfounded charges of breach of Treaty, rudely urged, which it contains\u2014that paper more than insinuates the imputation on the President, of ill-will to France, under the instigation of foreign influence; of having gone beyond his duty and his authority, by the decision of matters not within his province; and sufficiently implies an appeal from him to Congress, if not to the people\u2014whose disposition is at least indelicately put in contrast with his. Language of this sort, if even better founded than it is in the present instance can never be used by a diplomatic character, without a culpable violation of Decorum. He has nothing to do but with the constitutional organ of the Government for foreign intercourse. In his official communications he ought never to look beyond him. Nor can he do it, without disrespect to the Nation as well as to the Government.\nThe declaration of the Minister of France to Mr. Dallas, Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pensylvania, as related by him to the Governor of that Commonwealth and to the Secretary of State, is a further confirmation of the same system. That Declaration, among other exceptionable things, expressed \u201cThat he (the Minister of France) would appeal from the President of the United States to the People.\u201d It would be a fatal blindness, not to perceive the spirit, which dictates such language, and an ill-omened passiveness not to resolve to withstand it with energy.\nVII \u2003 Because to refuse an assurance, that the Privateer should remain in Port, \u2019till the President could arrive to decide upon her situation, was an additional high-handed contempt of the Government; which is in no shape palliated by the ambiguous intimations of a probability that she would not be ready to depart before his return; intimations, which from experience, in other cases, can in no degree be relied upon.\nVIII \u2003 Because not to act with decision under such circumstances will be to prostrate the Government\u2014to sacrifice the dignity and essential interests of the Nation. Indecision in such a case must necessarily tend to destroy, both at home and abroad, a due respect for the government\u2014to weaken its arm\u2014to embolden the enterprizes of an intriguing and daring foreign Agent\u2014to encourage and multiply those who are disposed to adhere factiously to him\u2014and ultimately to put the country in the condition of being dictated to by that foreign Agent, and at war with all the enemies of the Nation he represents. It is a truth the best founded and of the last importance, that nothing is so dangerous to a Government as to be wanting either in self confidence or self-respect.\nIX \u2003 Because Decision may even tend to preserve Peace with France herself. If the enterprises of her Minister are not checked, in their present stage, it may clearly be inferred from his character, that they are likely to be carried to a length which will render a rupture between the two Countries inevitable, should they not previously produce one with the Powers who are opposed to France.\nX \u2003 Because the measure which is recommended is but a consequence of the instruction given to the different Governors on the 24th of May last. Addressed to them in their military capacity, expressly to be executed by the agency of the Militia, it included necessarily the use of military coertion, when that should be found requisite to the end to be accomplished. It is therefore not to adopt a new principle, but to second an order already given by the President, founded upon mature deliberation and the unanimous opinion of the heads of Departments with the Attorney General. It is therefore due to the known and declared pleasure of the President. A governor who from situation could not have recourse to the advice now asked would fail in his duty not to employ in a similar case the means recommended, without further sanction. The Governor of Pensylvania might justifiably do so in the existing instance; but the case having been previously drawn into consultation, between him and the heads of Departments, he has thought fit to ask their advice, and in giving it conformably with the true spirit of the President\u2019s Instruction, they would only faithfully execute the trust reposed in them by him.\nXI \u2003 Because there will be no solid ground to expect hereafter at other places a vigorous or efficacious execution of that instruction; if the example be given of an evident relaxation at the very seat of the general Government.\nXII \u2003 Because the measure proposed is only provisional and can have no other effect than to evince the determination of the Government; unless the vessel attempts to depart contrary to the intimation of the Minister, as understood by the Secretary of State. In such an event, the necessity of it will be attested by the occasion.\nXIII \u2003 If there be delicacy on one side, there is still greater delicacy on the other. France would have justly nothing to complain of in reference to an act, which was merely a vindication of our own sovereignty\u2014in our own territory\u2014against a manifest deliberate and outrageous violation of it by her Agent. If she be at all reasonable or equitable she will disavow the proceeding and the Agent and take no offence. An appeal to her justice and friendship ought for this purpose to follow a resistance to the encroachment.\nBut, if effectual measures be not taken, the other powers will have just cause of complaint\u2014not only upon principle but upon the strength of positive assurance. If war is to be hazarded, \u2019tis certainly our duty to hazard it with that power, which by injury and insult forces us to choose between opposite hazards\u2014rather than with those powers who do not place us in so disagreeable a dilemma. To adopt as a rule of conduct, that if we are to be involved in the war, it must be at any rate against the powers who are opposed to France, and that we ought rather to give them cause for attacking us, by suffering ourselves to be made an instrument of the hostilities of France, than to risk a quarrel with her, by a vigorous opposition to her encroachments would be a policy as unjust and profligate, as it would be likely to prove pernicious and disgraceful.\nA proceeding like that proposed cannot colorably be considered by any Nation as an Act of hostility. If attempts are made in neutral ports to equip armed vessels, without permission of the Neutral Sovereign, they are clandestine; if they are detected and suppressed it is regarded as a matter of course, as a penalty of which the Adventurers are to take their chance. It would be a disgrace to the sovereign to whom they belong and an offence to the Neutral Nation even to make it a subject of complaint.\nPhiladelphia July 8. 1792Alex HamiltonHenry Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0061", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Vaughan, 8 July 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Vaughan, John\nTreasury DepartmentJuly 8th. 1793\nSir,\nIn reply to your letter of the 6th. Instant, I am to inform you, that the two draughts dated the 5th. July 1793 and drawn upon me at 30 days sight in your favor by Mr. Genet Minister Plenipotentiary of the Republic of France; the One for Four Hundred and Thirty one Dollars and Sixty Eight Cents and the Other for Two Thousand, five Hundred and thirty Nine Dollars and forty four Cents, will be punctually paid at the Treasury when they become due.\nI am with great consideration \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Most Obedient Servant\nA Hamilton\nJohn Vaughan Esquire", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0062", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Stephen Girard, [10 July 1793]\nFrom: Girard, Stephen\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhilada. [July 10, 1793]\nSir\nHaving received Notice from Mr Clement Biddle notary Public, that four Bills of Exchange on Mr Delaforest particularised at foot were unpaid and delivr\u2019d to him for Protest from Bank of the United States I have apply\u2019d to Mr Genet who has refered me to You for payment. As I have been told that you Could not pay those bills before the 3d of September next I beg as a particular favour that You Will accept them to be paid at any period which you will think Reasonable.\nI am Respectfully\none Bill dated cape francois 14 Novr 92 payt. at 6 Mo.\nSight for\nDolls.\none ditto\nSame date & sight\nOne ditto\n27 novr do.\nOne ditto\nditto ditto\nDr.\nP S The above four Bills were presented to Mr. Delaforest the 31 Decemr 1792.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0063", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, [10 July 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, July 10, 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his Compliments to the Secretary of State. He has signed the Counterpart; but for the present leaves in the words as a privateer to consider jointly of some substitute the kind of vessel not being wholly indifferent & there being a doubt whether the general words would be descriptive enough.\nThe letter supposed to have been received from the Commissioner of loans cannot be found. Yet the impression is so strong of one of the import mentioned to Mr. Jefferson having been received that the reality of it is scarcely doubted. This inference too is confirmed by the circumstance that no answer to the letter to the Commissioner appears on file and it is utterly unlikely that it should have remained so long unanswered. A Duplicate will go by tomorrow\u2019s Post. It is regretted that the Doubt cannot now be cleared up.\nJuly 10", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0065", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 10 July 1793\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, July 10, 1793. \u201cI have recd. your Letter of the 25th of June. My Accounts for the first quarter of the present Year, having been compleated and transmitted to the Treasury on the First Day of April, I supposed the Summary amount of Duties, for that period, unnecessary; and that it was required only because, in many instances, the Accounts were and will be unavoidably delayed several Weeks after the expiration of the quarter. The requisition of the 12th. of October 1792, had since slipped my Memory until the receipt, Yesterday, of your Letter, or the Summary for the last quarter should have been forwarded immediately after its close.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0066", "content": "Title: Pacificus No. IV, [10 July 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, July 10, 1793]\nA third objection to the Proclamation is, that it is inconsistent with the gratitude due to France, for the services rendered us in our own Revolution.\nThose who make this objection disavow at the same time all intention to advocate the position that the United States ought to take part in the War. They profess to be friends to our remaining at Peace. What then do they mean by the objection?\nIf it be no breach of gratitude to refrain from joining France in the War\u2014how can it be a breach of gratitude to declare that such is our disposition and intention?\nThe two positions are at variance with each other; and the true inference is either that those who make the objection really wish to engage this country in the war, or that they seek a pretext for censuring the conduct of the chief Magistrate, for some purpose, very different from the public good.\nThey endeavour in vain to elude this inference by saying, that the Proclamation places France upon an equal footing with her enemies; while our Treaties require distinctions in her favour, and our relative situation would dictate kind offices to her, which ought not to be granted to her adversaries.\nThey are not ignorant, that the Proclamation is reconcileable with both those objects, as far as they have any foundation in truth or propriety.\nIt has been shewn, that the promise of \u201ca friendly and impartial conduct\u201d towards all the belligerent powers is not inconsistent with the performance of any stipulations in our treaties, which would not include our becoming an associate in the Wars; and it has been observed, that the conduct of the Executive, in regard to the 17th and 22 articles of the Treaty of Commerce, is an unequivocal comment upon those terms. The expressions indeed were naturally to be understood with the exception of those matters of positive compact, which would not amount to taking part in the War; for a nation then observes a friendly and impartial conduct, towards two powers at war\u2014when it only performs to one of them what it is obliged to do by the positive stipulations of antecedent treaties; those stipulations not amounting to a participation in the war.\nNeither do those expressions imply, that the UStates will not exercise their discretion, in doing kind offices to some of the parties, without extending them to the others; so long as those offices have no relation to war: For kind offices of that description may, consistently with neutrality, be shewn to one party and refused to another.\nIf the objectors mean that the UStates ought to favour France, in thin\u27e8gs relating\u27e9 to war and where they are not bound \u27e8to do it\u27e9 by Treaty\u2014they must in this case al\u27e8so abandon\u27e9 their pretension of being friends to pea\u27e8ce. For\u27e9 such a conduct would be a violation \u27e8of neutrality,\u27e9 which could not fail to produce war.\n\u27e8It\u27e9 follows then that the \u27e8proclamation\u27e9 is reconcilable with all that those \u27e8who\u27e9 censure it contend for; taking them upon their own ground\u2014that nothing is to be done incompatible with the preservation of Peace.\nBut though this would be a sufficient answer to the objection under consideration; yet it may not be without use to indulge some reflections on this very favourite topic of gratitude to France; since it is at this shrine we are continually invited to sacrifice the true interests of the Country; as if \u201cAll for love and the world well lost\u201d were a fundamental maxim in politics.\nFaith and Justice between nations are virtues of a nature sacred and unequivocal. They cannot be too strongly inculcated nor too highly respected. Their obligations are definite and positive their utility unquestionable: they relate to objects, which with probity and sincerity generally admit of being brought within clear and intelligible rules.\nBut the same cannot be said of gratitude. It is not very often between nations, that it can be pronounced with certainty, that there exists a solid foundation for the sentiment\u2014and how far it can justifiably be permitted to operate is always a question of still greater difficulty.\nThe basis of gratitude, is a benefit received or intended, which there was no right to claim, originating in a regard to the interest or advantage of the party, on whom the benefit is or is meant to be conferred. If a service is rendered from views chiefly relative to the immediate interest of the party, who renders it, and is productive of reciprocal advantages, there seems scarcely in such a case to be an adequate basis for a sentiment like that of gratitude. The effect would be disproportioned to the cause; if it ought to beget more than a disposition to render in turn a correspondent good office, founded on mutual interest and reciprocal advantage. But gratitude would require more than this; it would require, to a certain extent, even a sacrifice of the interest of the party obliged to the service or benefit of the party by whom the obligation had been conferred.\nBetween individuals, occasion is not unfrequently given to the exercise of gratitude. Instances of conferring benefits, from kind and benevolent dispositions or feelings towards the person benefitted, without any other interest on the part of the person, who confers the benefit, than the pleasure of doing a good action, occur every day among individuals. But among nations they perhaps never occur. It may be affirmed as a general principle, that the predominant motive of go\u27e8od\u27e9 offices from one nation to another is the interest or advantage of the Nations, which performs them.\nIndeed the rule of morality is \u27e8in\u27e9 this respect not exactly the same between Natio\u27e8ns\u27e9 as between individuals. The duty of making \u27e8its\u27e9 own welfare the guide of its action\u27e8s\u27e9 is much stronger upon the former than upon the latter; in proportion to the greater magnitude and importance of national compared with individual happiness, to the greater permanency of the effects of national than of individual conduct. Existing Millions and for the most part future generations ar\u27e8e\u27e9 concerned in the present measures of a government: While the consequences of the private actions of \u27e8an\u27e9 individual, for the most part, terminate with himself or are circumscribed within a narrow compass.\nWhence it follows, that an individual may on numerous occasions meritoriously indulge the emotions of generosity and benevolence; not only without an eye to, but even at the expence of his own interest. But a Nation can rarely be justified in pursuing \u27e8a similar\u27e9 course; and when it does so ought to confine itself within much stricter bounds.\n   This conclusion derives confirmation from the reflection, that under every form of government, Rulers are only Trustees for the happiness and interest of their nation, and cannot, consistently with their trust, follow the suggestions of kindness or humanity towards others, to the prejudice of their constituent.\n Good offices, which are indifferent to the Interest of a Nation performing them, or which are compensated by the existence or expectation of some reasonable equivalent or which produce an essential good to the nation, to which they are rendered, without real detriment to the affairs of the nation rendering them, prescribe the limits of national generosity or benevolence.\nIt is not meant here to advocate a policy absolutely selfish or interested in nations; but to shew that a policy regulated by their own interest, as far as justice and good faith permit, is, and ought to be their prevailing policy: and that either to ascribe to them a different principle of action, or to deduce from the supposition of it arguments for a self-denying and self-sacrificing gratitude on the part of a Nation, which may have received from another good offices, is to misconceive or mistake what usually are and ought to be the springs of National Conduct.\nThese general reflections will be auxiliary to a just estimate of our real situation with regard to France; of which a close view will be taken in a succeeding Paper.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0067", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Stephen Girard, 11 July 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Girard, Stephen\nTreasury Department, July 11, 1793. \u201cI am to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 10th inst. informing me that the \u2026 Bills of Exchange (of which you are the holder) drawn by the Administration of the French Colony of St Domingo on the late Consul General of France, were sent to Clement Biddle Esqr to be protested.\u2026 I have therefore to inform you that if the minister of the French Republic does not discharge the said bills, before the third of September next, they will then be paid at the Treasury of the United States upon application being made for that purpose.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0068", "content": "Title: Cabinet Meeting. Opinion on Vessels Arming and Arriving in United States Ports, [12 July 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, July 12, 1793]\nJuly 12, 1793. At a meeting of the heads of the departments at the President\u2019s on summons from him, and on consideration of various representations from the Ministers Plenipotentiary of France & Great Britain on the subject of vessels arming & arriving in our ports, and of prizes it is their opinion that letters be written to the said Ministers informing them that the Executive of the US., desirous of having done what shall be strictly conformeable to the treaties of the US. and the laws respecting the said cases has determined to refer the questions arising therein to persons learned in the laws: that as this reference will occasion some delay, it is expected that in the mean time the Little Sarah or Little Democrat the Ship Jane and the ship William in the Delaware, the Citoyen Genet & her prizes the brigs Lovely Lass & Prince William Henry, and the brig Fanny in the chesapeake do not depart till the further order of the President.\nThat letters be addressed to the Judges of the Supreme court of the US. requesting their attendance at this place on Thursday the 18th. instant to give their advice on certain matters of public concern which will be referred to them by the President.\nThat the Governor be desired to have the ship Jane attended to with vigilance, and if she be found augmenting her force and about to depart, that he cause her to be stopped.\nTh: Jefferson\nAlexander Hamilton\nH Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0069", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Peter R. Livingston, 12 July 1793\nFrom: Livingston, Peter R.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[July 12, 1793. On August 16, 1793, Livingston wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI thank you for your favr. in answer to mine of the 12th. Ulto.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0070-0001", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Patrick Hart, [13 July 1793]\nFrom: Hart, Patrick\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nThompsons Indian Queen Fourth street [Philadelphia]saturday morning [July 13, 1793]\nAlexr Hamilton Esqr\nsir\nI take the liberty to hand You the Enclosed statement respecting an embarrassment I am at present under regarding the Brig Peace expected to arrive dayly in Virginia & request the favor (if consistant) of Your opinion on the Subject which will operate to prevent the detention & expence that may other wise ensue. I set out for Richmond Virga. on Monday Morning in the stage & shall be happy to be favored with any commands You may have. I am with the utmost respect\nsir \u2003 Yr obt sert.\nPat Hart", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0070-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: [Statement Regarding the Brig Peace], [13 July 1793]\nFrom: \nTo: \nStatement\nWilliam Hart, a resident of Manchester in Virginia and a Citizen, went to the East Indies in January 1792 on business and to take a view of that country. He left a general power of Attorney with P. Hart to act for him in all cases whatever.\nHe owned an American Brig named the Peace, which P. Hart, his Attorney, has since sold as she was at sea on a voyage to Europe, to Alexander Brydie of Richmond a citizen likewise, for which P. Hart as Attorney for William Hart granted A. Brydie a bill of Sale with a copy of the register in it agreeable to Law, expecting that A. Brydie would be able to get a new register for her in his own name when she arrived in this country.\nBut, P. Hart is informed by A. Brydie, that a doubt has arisen with the Colector, Col. Heth, as W. Hart is absent from this country whether or not, she is entitled to the priviledges of an American Bottom.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0071", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Hopkins, 13 July 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Hopkins, John\n[Philadelphia, July 13, 1793. On July 16, 1793, Hopkins wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have received your favor of the 13th inst.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0073", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Walker, 13 July 1793\nFrom: Walker, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo Mr. Alexander Hamilton Secy. to the United States of America\n[London] July the 13th. 1793\nSir,\nA Pamphlet intitled Reports to ye House of Representatives which you had the honour to deliver, the 5th. of December 1791 having fallen into my hands, being marked with such strong features of good Sense & just discrimination, that I could not resist the immediate temptation of addressing myself to the Author of such critical and important Observations; I Sir am a Callico Printer have been employ\u2019d as Servant & Master in every department thereof above thirty years, have ever grasp\u2019d the labouring Oar particularly in the improv\u2019d manner of Printing the Copper Plates, which is now done with great expedition and accuracy, & is kept a profound secret here as the machines for the execution of it are so very Ponderous make it next to an impossibility to be carried out of the Kingdom, the whole must be the production of him who shall be capable of the whole Art. To make with his own hands all the Various & different Machinery, to be capable to Judge of, & to engrave the Plates, to be competent of precisely knowing the various Colours, & the certainty of their Working\u2014all of which falls to the lot of but a very few Men\u2014all and every thing in the art of Callico Printing, I can without exaggerating affirm, hath been executed and accomplished by My own hands. I have two Sons that are willing to follow my Fortune, my Eldest about 36 years an excellent Draughtsman & Pattern-drawer & engraver, the Other about 22 years a Print Cutter a complete master of his business both single men. This way of Printing is very much wanted in various Places nearer home, as Holland, Germany, & the low Countries, but alass I am unaquainted with any of their languages, therefore America (which according to your most excellent Reports) seems to extend her fostering Arms to save from poverty & ruin all ingenious & industrious familys. If we can be assur\u2019d of countenance & support of the States, will with Gods blessing translate ourselves across the Atalantic. As to myself I cannot expect to derive (at my time of life) any advantage therefrom, otherwise than the pleasing hope of being instrumental in establishing my Family in a Country I have heard so much of; (that by their industry & skill may disseminate and Establish a Valuable & flourishing manufacture, that shortly may rival this or any other Country in the World). America apears to me, to be the only Place in the whole World for the Protection of the Manufactoral Arts. Apprehensions of failing in new attempts as you notice in Page 36 will be done away, when I can assure that I can estimate the expence according to any given scale of Business intended to be carried on & not like many projectors give a false estimate on purpose to mislead, because I can from experience state the true amount thereof. The Expence will be too heavy for any Private Man that should emigrate from England, & those in easy circumstances, would not risk so long & toilsome a Voyage, & if they should arrive, most of them would (as your Report Page 24 observe) fall into the agricultural line of business, but remarks upon the Report are needless they are so copius, as to exibit the Picture in every Point of View, such are the disasters of the times, that we are constrained to seek abroad that bread, which our native land denies to our toil & assiduity; therefore if the above mentioned offer should Coincide with the Views of your Government; (as the Report seems strongly to reccommend) or Private Individuals; if upon testimonials from Men of Probity & understanding in this Kingdom, to any of their friends in your Nation; setting forth the claim I have to Capability, Assiduity, Sobriety, & morality, should further be embolden\u2019d to intrude on their well known generosity (& which would be essentially necessary to us) by soliciting their favour in defraying the expence of a Passage of myself my wife & Daughter, & my two Sons.\nI Remain with all due defference \u2003 & esteem Sir your most Obedt. servt. &c\nJohn Walker\nP. S. sir if you would condscend to favour me with an answer to the above, please to direct to John Walker to the care of Mr. Josef Carr Music Seller Middlerow Holborne London.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0074", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 15 July 1793\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNewport [Rhode Island] July 15, 1793. \u201cBy the last post I recd. your letters of the 25th, 28th and 29th of the last month.\u2026 I shall be attentive to, and inquisitive about the circumstances of vessels which shall sail to foreign ports without delivering up their licenses, as required in the second, and for the answer to my question concerng. captured vessels contained in your letter of the 29th. you have my thanks.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0076", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Comfort Sands, 15 July 1793\nFrom: Sands, Comfort\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York, July 15, 1793. Recommends \u201cMr. John Tanner of this City\u201d as \u201cFirst Lieutenant on board the Revenue Cutter\u201d Vigilant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0079", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Hopkins, 16 July 1793\nFrom: Hopkins, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States Loan Office[Richmond] State of Virga July 16. 1793.\nSir\nI have received your favor of the 13th inst. My letter of the 29th of April last, of which a duplicate is enclosed, will inform you that Mr James Brown as Trustee for William Short Esquire transferred all the Stock standing in his name as Trustee aforesaid to the said William Short to whose Credit it now stands, and is as follows viz.\nIn six per Cen Stock assumed debt, on Int. from\n1st Apl 1793\nDolls\n\u20033 per Cent\nDo. \ndo.\ndo.\n\u2003Deferred debt\nIn 6 per Cent Stock, public debt\n1st Apl.\nThe assumed debt above mentioned was subscribed originally in the name of James Brown in trust for William Short, and the public debt in his name in trust for St George Tucker; and on the 16th of January last this latter debt was transferred to the Credit of James Brown in trust for William Short, and the whole transferred to Mr Short on the 29th of April last. No other transfers whatever have ever been made by Mr Brown of this Stock since the original subscriptions.\nI have the honor to be very respectfully \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Mo. Obedt Servant\nJohn Hopkins,Commr of Loans for Virga.\nThe Honble Alexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0083-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: [Account Statement with the Society for Establishing Useful Manufactures], [18 July 1793]\nFrom: \nTo: \nDr. Alexander Hamilton Esqr: In A/C with The Society for Establishing useful Manufactures\nCr:\nFeby. 20\nTo paid his draft on Benjamin Walker\nFeby. 26\nBy Cash Advanced Wm. Pearce in Phila. at sundry times\nJune 8\nTo Wm. Duer\u2019s Order on F. Ingraham\nBy ditto ditto George Parkinson in do: do: \u00a3101.6.8 Penn. Curry. is\nBalle due A Hamilton carried to new Acct:\nBy balle. due brot. from old Acct: Dolls.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0084", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Edmond Charles Genet, [18 July 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\n[Philadelphia, July 18, 1793]\nMr. Hamilton presents his Compliments to the Minister of France, regrets extremely that by a neglect of the person to whom the Minister\u2019s Note of the 16th was delivered it did not get to the hands of Mr. Hamilton till this Morning which has prevented an earlier attention to it. Mr. Hamilton is just going to attend a summons of the President. If he shall find that the object of it will not interfere with an interview this forenoon, he will have the honor of notifying Mr. Genet accordingly. Should Mr. Genet not hear from him in an hour, he will please to consider Mr. Hamilton as at his command at any time tomorrow from nine to Eleven.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0085", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 18 July 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States July 18th. 1793.\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to inform the Secretary of the Treasury, that the President having duly considered the Representation of the Commissioner of the Revenue and the other documents relative to the compensations of the Keepers of the Light Houses, which were put into his hands by the Secretary, Approves of the Alterations of certain compensations as suggested by the Secretary, vizt.\n1st. For the Keeper of the Light House on\nThatchers Island\npr. Annum\ndo\nBoston Bay\ndo\nPlymouth\ndo\nPortland Head\ndo\nCananicut\ndo\nNew London\ndo\nSandy Hook\nto commence from the 1st day of the present Month.\nThe President thinks it proper that the Keeper of the Light-House at Portsmouth be informed, that he must reside on the spot where the Light House is, if he continues in that office, and that he will not be permitted to employ a deputy to take care of the Light House, unless upon some special occasion.\nTobias LearSecretary to the Presidentof the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0086", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Nourse, 18 July 1793\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, July 18, 1793. \u201cWrote this Day, the 18 July 1793, a Letter to the Secretary of the Treasury stating that the Contingent Money of the Treasury deposited in Bank was nearly Expended and that an Advance of Twelve hundred Dollars might be made me to defray Expences.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0087", "content": "Title: Draft of Question to Be Submitted to Justices of the Supreme Court, [18 July 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, July 18, 1793]\n   Agreed\nI \u2003 Do the Treaties between the United States and France give to France or her Citizens a right, when at War with a Power with whom the UStates are at peace, to fit out originally, in and from the Ports of the UStates, vessels armed for War, with or without commission?\n   Agreed\nII \u2003 If they give such a right Does it extend to all manner of armed vessels or to particular kinds only? If the latter, to what kinds does it extend?\n   Agreed\nIII \u2003 Do they give to France or her Citizens, in the case supposed, a right to refit or arm anew vessels, which before their coming within any port of the UStates were armed for war\u2014with or without commission?\n   Agreed\nIV \u2003 If they give such a right, does it extend to all manner of armed vessels or to particular kinds only? If the latter, to what kinds does it extend? Does it include an augmentation of force, or does it only extend \u27e8to\u27e9 replacing the vessel in statu quo?\n   Agreed\nV \u2003 Does the XXII Article of the Treaty of Commerce in the case supposed, extend to Vessels armed for War, on account of the Government of a Power at War with \u27e8France,\u27e9 or to Merchant-armed vessels belonging to the subjects or citizens of that Power (viz), of the description of those which by the English are called Letters of Marque-Ships by the French \u201cBatiments arm\u00e9 en marchandize et en guerre\u201d?\nVI \u2003 Do the Treaties aforesaid prohibit the UStates from permitting in the case supposed, the armed vessels belonging to a \n   Agreed\nPower at War with France or to the citizens or subjects of such Power to come within the ports of the UStates there to remain as long as they may think fit except in the case of their coming in with Prizes made of the subjects or property of France?\n   Agreed\nVII \u2003 Do they prohibit the UStates from permitting in the case supposed, vessels armed on account of the Government of a Power at War with France or vessels armed for merchandize and war, with or without Commission on account of the subjects or citizens of such Power or any vessels other than those commonly called Privateers to sell freely whatsoever they may bring into the Ports of the UStates and freely to purchase in and carry from the ports of the U States goods merchandize and commodities; except as excepted in the last question?\nVIII \u2003 Do they oblige the United States to permit France in the case supposed to sell in their ports the prizes which she or her citizens may have made of any Power at War with her, the Citizens or subjects of such Power; or exempt \n   Agreed\nfrom the payment of the usual duties, on ships and merchandize, the prizes so made in the case of their being to be sold within the Ports of the UStates?\n   Agreed\nIX \u2003 Do those Treaties particularly the Consular Convention authorise France as of right to erect Courts within the Jurisdiction of the UStates for the trial and condemnation of Prizes made by armed vessels in her service?\n   Agreed\nX \u2003 Do the laws and usages of Nations authorise her as of right to erect such Courts for such purpose?\n   Agreed\nXI \u2003 Do the laws of neutrality considered relatively to the Treaties of the UStates with Foreign Powers or Independently of those Treaties permit the UStates in the case supposed, to allow to France or her citizens the privilege of fitting out originally in & from the Ports of the UStates vessels armed & Commissioned for War either on account of the Government or of private persons or both?\nXII \u2003 Do those laws permit the UStates to extend the like privilege to a Power at War with France?\nAgreed\nXII \u2003 Do the laws of Neutrality considered as aforesaid permit the UStates in the case supposed to allow to France \n   Agreed\nor her Citizens the privilege of refitting or arming anew vessels which before their coming within the UStates were armed and commissioned for war. May such privilege include an augmentation of the force of such vessels?\nXIII \u2003 Do those laws permit the UStates to extend the like privilege to a Power at War with France?\n   Agreed\nXIV \u2003 Do those laws in the case supposed, permit Merchant Vessels of either of the powers at War to arm in the Ports of the UStates, without being commissioned? May this privilege be rightfully refused?\n   Agreed\nXV \u2003 Does it make any difference in point of principle, whether a vessel be armed for War or the force of an armed vessel be augmented in the ports of the UStates with the means procured in the UStates or with the means brought into them by the party who shall so arm or augt. the force of such Vessel? If the first be unlawful is the last lawful?\n   Agreed\nXVI \u2003 Do the laws of neutrality considered as aforesaid authorise the U States to permit to France her subjects or citizens the sale within their Ports of Prizes made of the subjects or property of a power at War with France before they have been carried into some Port of France & there condemned refusing the like privilege to her enemy?\n   Agreed\nXVII \u2003 Do those Laws authorise the UStates to permit to France the erection of Courts within their territory & jurisdiction for the trial & condemnation of Prizes refusing that privilege to a Power at War with France?\n   Agreed\nXVIII \u2003 If any armed vessel of a foreign power at War with another, with whom the UStates are at Peace, shall make prize of the subjects or property of its enemy within the territory or jurisdiction of the UStates\u2014have not the UStates a right to cause restitution of such prize? are they bound or not by the principles of neutrality so to do? if such prize shall be within their power?\n   Agreed\nXIX \u2003 To what distance, by the laws and usages of Nations, may the UStates exercise the right of prohibiting the hostilities of foreign Powers at War with each other,\u2014within rivers, bays and arms of the sea, and upon the sea along the Coasts of the UStates?\n   Agreed\nXX \u2003 Have Vessels armed for war under commission from a foreign Power a right, without the consent of the UStates, to engage within their jurisdiction seamen or soldiers for the service of such vessels being Citizens of that Power or of another foreign Power or Citizens of the UStates?\nXXI \u2003 Is it lawful for the Citizens of such Power or citizen of the UStates so to engage being within the jurisdiction of the UStates?\nXXII \u2003 What are the articles, by name, to be prohibited to both or either party.\nXXIII \u2003 To what extent does the reparation permitted in the 19th article of the treaty with France go.\nXXIV \u2003 What may be done as to vessels armed in our ports before the President\u2019s proclamation? and what as to the prizes they made before and after?\nXXV \u2003 May we, within our own ports, sell ships to both parties, prepared merely for merchandize? may they be pierced for guns?\nXXVI \u2003 May we carry either or both kinds to the ports of the belligerent powers for sale?\nXXVII \u2003 Is the principle that free bottoms make free goods, and enemy bottoms make enemy goods to be considered as now an established part of the law of Nations?\nXXVIII \u2003 If it is not, are nations with whom we have no treaties, authorized by the law of Nations to take out of our vessels enemy passengers, not being soldiers, and their baggage?\nXXIX \u2003 May an armed vessel belonging to any of the belligerent powers follow immediately merchant vessels, enemies, departing from our ports, for the purpose of making prizes of them? If not, how long ought the former to remain after the latter has sailed? And what shall be considered as the place of departure, from which the time is to be counted? And how are the facts to be ascertained?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0088", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 19 July 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, July 19, 1793. On July 23, 1793, Hamilton wrote to George Washington and referred to \u201ca communication from the Commissioner of the Revenue of the 19 instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0089", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edmond Charles Genet, 19 July 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia 19th. July 1793. 2d. year of the F. R.\nSir,\nMr. Jefferson having informed me by his note of the 19th. of last June that it was the desire of the federal Government that I should not issue any drafts, by virtue of the power vested in me, on the debt of the United States to France until we should have concerted this measure together, I have the honour to give you notice that in order to answer the different branches of expense which the executive council has committed to me, and particularly to supply the urgent wants of the fleet and Squadron of the Republic which are just arrived from Saint Domingo, I find myself under the necessity of disposing of the amount of the two first payments that will be due to the debt of the U.S. to France in bills on the treasury of the U.S. This mode of payment is perfectly convenient for the houses with which I intend to contract for provisions and other necessaries, and in order to make use of it, I wait only to be assured that this arrangement does not in any respect contravene the views and principles of the federal Government.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0092", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [20 July 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, July 20, 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor respectfully to enclose to the President of the United States a Commission which has been returned by John Finley second mate of the Cutter Vigilant, he having resigned that office.\nJohn Tanner of New York is recommended by Capt: Dennis to the office of first Mate in the said Cutter. His recommendations from several merchants & others, which appear to be stronger than usual, are here with submitted to the consideration of the President.\nAlexander Hamilton\nTreasy. Dept. July 20. 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0093", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 22 July 1793\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newport, Rhode Island] July 22, 1793. \u201c\u2026 Inclosed\u2026 is a Representation made by our Boatmen, of the rise of provisions and fire wood since the establishment of the Custom House, and of the inadequacy of their present pay to their support, The Representation so far as it respects provisions and fire-wood, is true.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0094", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, 22 July 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\n[Philadelphia, July 22, 1793. On August 7, 1793, Olney wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI have received your Letters of the 22nd. 24th. and 27th of July.\u201d Letter of July 22 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0095", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 22 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhilada. 22d. July 1793.\nSir,\nA variety of matters which have called for immediate attention, have prevented my taking up your letter of the  inst: enclosing one from our Commissioners at Amsterdam, dated the 1st of May last. It appears from that letter, that the reimbursement of one million of florins, due on the 1st of June 1793, has been prolonged for ten years; & that you have made considerable remittances to them.\nI wish therefore to know, whether this prolongation of reimbursement may not lessen the necessity of borrowing to so great an amount as might otherwise be expedient, for the purpose of our foreign Debt, & whether those remittances do not operate a similar effect?\nGo. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0096", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Peter Colt, [23 July 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Colt, Peter\n[Philadelphia, July 23, 1793]\nSir\nThe bearer of this is Mr. Taylor, about whom I wrote to you sometime since, is about to go to Patterson to ascertain whether there is any prospect of his being useful to the Society in the Printing Branch. He will explain to you his opportunities and his pretentions\u2014on which I can say no more than I said in a former letter either to Mr. Low or yourself. You will of course inform him what issue his application is likely to meet & if he should incline to proceed to New York I will thank you to give him letters to Mr. Low. & Mr. Watson, to make him & his errand known to them.\nWith esteem I am \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your Obed serv\nA Hamilton\nPhiladelphia July 23. 1793\nPeter Colt Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0097", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Hough, 23 July 1793\nFrom: Hough, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nConcord, New Hampshire, July 23. 1793.\nThis may certify, that the following Extract of a Letter I received from Mr. William Woodward, of Hanover, in this State, transmitted to me by the Post, with a written Introduction, at the top of the Letter addressed to me, informing, that it was from Mr John Phillips Ripley, at Philadelphia, dated May 4th. but whether the Treasury department was positively mentioned or not, I do not recollect, (as the Letter is destroyed or mislaid, and cannot be found)\u2014tho I am strongly of opinion that it was. Mr. Woodward, however, in open terms, requested me to publish it, and oblige a number of my political Readers; or in words to that purport\u2014which I did as follows:\n\u201cConcord June 6. Extract of a Letter,\u201d &c.\n\u201cI would inform you, that last evening at nine o\u2019clock arrived here, from the Court of the Ex Princes at Coblentz, Count de Noailles, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary from the Prince Regent of France. At a very late hour he waited on the President, with whom he was in private conversation until near morning. Mr. Genet, minister from the Republic, is on his way from Charlestown, S.C. and is daily expected. The crisis of affairs, it is generally thought, will demand a session of Congress.\u201d\nGeorge Hough, Editor and\nPrinter of the Concord Herald and PostMaster at Concord.\nN.B. \u2003 I would observe, in addition to the foregoing Certificate, that Mr. William Woodward is Son to the Honble Beza. Woodward, Esquire, Judge of Probate for the county he resides in,\n   Grafton.\n and one of the Authority of Dartmouth College. The son is a young Gentleman of Reputation, who Received the Honours of said College a very few years since; and from his general character, and the unreserved manner in which he mentioned Mr. Ripley\u2019s name in his letter to me, I have no idea that his intention was to communicate any thing but with the greatest candour and innocence.\nGeo. Hough.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0098", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from David Ross, [23 July 1793]\nFrom: Ross, David\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Bladensburgh, Maryland, July 23, 1793]\nDear Sir\nYour \u201cDemocratic Society\u201d with whatever good \u27e8in\u27e9tentions it may be instituted by some yet I fear \u27e8oth\u27e9ers may wish and hope to give it the conse\u27e8que\u27e9nce & power of a Jacobin Club\u2014indeed the \u27e8ver\u27e9y name of the Society holds out an idea to \u27e8th\u27e9e People of America that there are such defects \u27e8in\u27e9 our Government as to require an association to guard against them and will of course become the Standard for the Anti\u2019s to resort to, to effect their purposes. Therefore as I feel myself very much interested in preventing its extension to this State I take the liberty to request of you to suggest the most proper & effectual means\u2014for many who are now warm federalists if they should unthinkingly become of the Society may from a false pride desert their present principles rather than a Society they had publickly attached themselves to\u2014& if the Society should acquire a consequence in the States, that consequence may hereafter suggest objects that have not, yet, entered the thoughts of any one of them.\nIf you should not have leasure enou\u27e8gh\u27e9 to gratify my request I hope you will hav\u27e8e\u27e9 sufficient to procure & enclose me all the Papers pro & con on the subjects of the Pieces signed \u201cPacificus\u201d of which I have only seen one.\nI have not heard of or from Co. Mercer since my last Publication & I sincerely hope you will think his character sufficiently exposed to prevent the necessity of taking that notice of him and his charges which the laws of honour might otherwise require and that you will conclude an acquittal by your Country the next Congress sufficient as it will be considered so by every one whose good opinion you would wish to retain. I am Sir\nYour friend & obedt Servt\nDavid Ross\nBladensburghJuly 23. 1793", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0099", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 23 July 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasy. Dept. July 23d. 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to The President a communication from the Commissioner of the Revenue of the 19 instant.\nThe establishment of the compensation to the Keeper of the Portsmouth Light House at the rate therein mentioned appears to the Secretary to be a proper measure.\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0100", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Nathaniel Appleton, 24 July 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Appleton, Nathaniel\nTreasury Department, July 24, 1793. \u201cA certificate of transfer \u2026 issued from your Office \u2026 for 3606 \u00b9\u2076\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080 Dollars 3 \u214c Cent assumed debt, and another \u2026 for 557 \u2076\u00b9\u2044\u2081\u2080\u2080 Dollars deferred debt have been returned to the holders on account of erazures which appear in both certificates. A re-transmission of these papers being attended with inconvenience, it is particularly recommended to guard against errors as much as possible.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0101", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Sharp Delany, 24 July 1793\nFrom: Delany, Sharp\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, July 24, 1793. At a meeting on August 5, 1793, the cabinet discussed \u201cMr. Delany\u2019s letter of the 24th of July on the question whether duties are to be paid on prize goods landed for sale.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0104", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, 24 July 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\nTreasury Department, July 24, 1793. Acknowledges receipt of Olney\u2019s letter \u201cof the 26th ultimo\u201d and states: \u201cFrom the special circumstances growing out of a new law, I rather forbear to recommend the enforcement of Penalties in this case.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0105", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 24 July 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Depmt. 24 July 1793.\nSir,\nIn answer to your enquiry of the 22d. inst. I have the honor to observe, that in the communications heretofore made, it is stated, that an additional two millions of Guilders had been already directed to be borrowed & a proposition is submitted to the consideration of the President for authorising a further loan of three millions of florins.\nOne of the objects of the two million loan was the reimbursement of the one Million which became due in Holland on the first of June last.\nThe arrangement announced by our bankers in their Letter of the 1st of May last, fulfills that object, & consequently diminishes by one million the aggregate sum deemed adviseable to be borrowed, in the late Reports of the Secretary to the President, so as to leave four millions, instead of five, to be still borrowed upon the plan contemplated.\nThe remittances from hence make no difference in the result, because they only remain to their original fund, the purpose for which they were intended having been answered by the arrangement above mentioned.\nWith perfect respect, \u2003 I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir &a.\nAlexr. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0108", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Stephen Higginson, 26 July 1793\nFrom: Higginson, Stephen\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston July 26. 1793\nDr Sir\nWe have here our french party & french politics as well as you; & they are taking measures here, as well as with you, to bring us to a serious point. They mean, I am satisfied, to force a decission on the Question of their right to fit out Privateers, to originate new expeditions in our ports to cruise on their Enemy. From the conduct & observations of the Consul here, & what We learn to be the language & conduct of the ministers in Phila., there is strong reason to believe, that it is part of a System of policy toward us which these people are directed to pursue. They will try how far they can use us to their purpose without coming to points. They will then push us to a decission that shall leave them at option to part from us or not as they may think best, & on such ground as will appear decent abroad, & not compel their partizans here to desert them. Such is my View of french politics at this moment, relative to the united States.\nThis is a critical period in Our Affairs. We have a narrow & difficult pass to go through; & the longer it is delayed the greater will be the danger, in my Opinion. It is asked by Demagogues, why do Individuals or Classes of men interfere, who have no authority to interpret Treaties, not even for themselves as a rule of Conduct? If Government, or those whose Duty it is, think the right claimed by the french is not founded, & against Treaty, the Laws of nations & our interest, The proper Officers would appear & the exercise of the right be prohibited. Such Observations have weight, & many good men, who well intend & who will support Government in the execution of Laws, are much perplexed & made to waver.\nIn this State there is but one Opinion except in this Town, here dwell all the Seditious & desperate; & here We have lately had to combat & to subdue them, both in a Meeting of the Trade & of the Town. It was a good opening to give a full approbation of the late proclamation, & to get the Citizens pledged in favour of neutrality & the measures of government, & to excite similar feelings & Votes in other Towns. I expect We shall have in this way the voice of a large part of the State, perhaps above a hundred Towns.\nThese proceedings you will see in the papers, but not the Effects yet.\nI offer you these facts & observations, as matter of information, which may or may not be useful. To Judge from the State of things here, the sooner We come to the touchy points, which seem to arise out of our Case & not \u27e8to\u27e9 be avoided, the better it will be. Let us take Our Stand on clear ground, or the best which our case will admit, seems to be here the general language. But here We see in part only, & may not know of difficulties which perplex Government.\nPacificus is operating here without interruption. Our Patriots, though pressed to enter the field, dare not venture on more than Street harangues. I am pledged to meet Dr. Jarvis, the Bell Wether of the flock, either in public discussion in person or upon paper, whenever he shall notify the intention of making a formal attack.\nIf there is a clear line of distinction, founded in reason & upon Treaty, between the refitting &c of prizes & privateers, as I suppose, & the originating new Armaments in Our ports, it will be very happy for us here to have it drawn. We have so many people who have been in the habit of privateering, who are now hungry & enterprising, & who have many facilities to engage in that business, it will be very difficult to restrain them from being concerned in the Vessels fitted out & perhaps from going in person. In such cases the incitement will be so strong, & the means of covering themselves under french names &c. so easy, that the Evil may extend very far, & many of our Citizens be seduced from their Duty.\nI am respectfully Sir your hum Serv\nStephen Higginson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0109", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, 26 July 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] July 26, 1793. Transmits \u201cCopies of two letters from the Commissioner of Loans for Virginia on the subject of Mr. Short\u2019s stock.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0110", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 26 July 1793\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCustom-House,Providence 26th July 1793.\nSir.\nI have been this Day informed, thro a very direct channel that the Importers, in this Town, of Coffee, Pepper, and Sugars, other than loaf, have agreed to commence Actions, either jointly, or severally, at the next circuit Court, for the recovery of extra Duties, paid at this Office, upon the importation of those Articles, occasioned by my practice relative to Tare, in deducting the percentage from 112 pounds (the general custom of Merchants, and all the Collectors in New-England) instead of 100 pounds (agreeable to the mode pursued by the Southern Collectors, and the Comptroller\u2019s circular directions of the 22nd. of March last which I have since followed.) As these Suits will necessarily create some Expense to the United States, I conceived it to be my Duty to give you the earliest information thereof, that you might adopt such Measures to prevent, or give such instructions to defend, them, as you may judge expedient and proper.\nI have the Honor to be &c.\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nAlexr. Hamilton EsquireSecretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0111", "content": "Title: Pacificus No. VII, [27 July 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, July 27, 1793]\nThe remaining objection to the Proclamation of Neutrality, still to be discussed, is that it was [out of time and unnecessary.]\nTo give colour to this objection it is asked\u2014why did not the Proclamation appear when the war commenced with Austria & Prussia? Why was it forborne till Great Britain Holland and Spain became engaged? Why did not the Government wait till the arrival at Philadelphia of the Minister of the French Republic? Why did it volunteer a declaration not required of it by any of the belligerent Parties?\nTo most of these questions solid answers have already appeared in the public Prints. Little more can be done than to repeat and enforce them.\nAustria and Prussia are not Maritime Powers. Contraventions of neutrality as against them were not likely to take place to any extent or in a shape that would attract their notice. It would therefore have been useless, if not ridiculous, to have made formal Declaration on the subject, while they were the only parties opposed to France.\nBut the reverse of this is the case with regard to Spain Holland & England. These are all commercial maritime Nations. It was to be expected, that their attention would be immediately drawn towards the UStates with sensibility, and even with jealousy. It was to be feared that some of our citizens might be tempted by the prospect of gain to go into measures which would injure them, and commit the peace of the Country. Attacks by some of these Powers upon the possessions of France in America were to be looked for as a matter of course. While the views of the UStates as to that particular, were problematical, they would naturally consider us as a power that might become their enemy. This they would have been the more apt to do, on account of those public demonstrations of attachment to the cause of France; of which there has been so great a display. Jealousy, every body knows, especially if sharpened by resentment; is apt to lead to ill treatment, ill treatment to hostility.\nIn proportion to the probability of our being regarded with a suspicious and consequently an unfriendly eye, by the Powers at war with France; in proportion to the danger of imprudencies being committed by any of our citizens, which might occasion a rupture with them\u2014the policy on the part of the Government of removing all doubt as to its own disposition, and of deciding the condition of the UStates in the view of the parties concerned became obvious and urgent.\nWere the UStates now what, if we do not rashly throw away the advantages we possess, they may expect to be in 15 or 20 years, there would have been more room for an insinuation which has been thrown out\u2014namely that they ought to have secured to themselves some advantage, as the consideration of their neutrality; an idea however of which the justice and magnanimity cannot be commended. But in their present situation, with their present strength and resources, an attempt of that kind could have only served to display pretensions at once excessive and unprincipled. The chance of obtaining any collateral advantage, if such a chance there was, by leaving a doubt upon our intentions as to peace or war could not wisely have been put for a single instant in competition with the tendency of a contrary conduct to secure our peace.\nThe conduciveness of the Declaration of neutrality to that end was not the only recommendation to an early adoption of the measure. It was of great importance that our own citizens should understand, as soon as possible, the opinion which the Government entertained of the nature of our relations to the warring parties and of the propriety or expediency of our taking a side or remaining neuter. The arrangements of our merchants could not but be very differently affected by the one hypothesis, or the other; and it would necessarily have been very detrimental and perplexing to them to have been left in uncertainty. It is not requisite to say how much our agriculture and other interests would have been likely to have suffered by embarrassments to our Merchants.\nThe idea of its having been incumbent on the Government to delay the measure, for the coming of the Minister of the French Republic, is as absurd as it is humiliating. Did the Executive stand in need of the logic of a foreign Agent to enlighten it either as to the duties or the interests of the Nation? Or was it bound to ask his consent to a step which appeared to itself consistent with the former and conducive to the latter?\nThe sense of our treaties was to be learnt from the treaties themselves. It was not difficult to pronounce beforehand that we had a greater interest in the preservation of Peace, than in any advantages with which France might tempt our participation in the war. Commercial privileges were all that she could offer, of real value in our estimation, and a carte blanche on this head would have been an inadequate recompence for renouncing peace and committing ourselves voluntarily to the chances of so precarious and perilous a war. Besides, if the privileges which might have been conceded were not founded in a real permanent mutual interest\u2014of what value would be the Treaty, that should concede them? Ought not the calculation in such case, to be upon a speedy resumption of them, with perhaps a quarrel as the pretext? On the other hand may we not trust that commercial privileges, which are truly founded in mutual interest will grow out of that interest; without the necessity of giving a premium for them at the expence of our peace?\nTo what purpose then was the Executive to have waited for the arrival of the Minister? Was it to give opportunity to contentious discussions\u2014to intriguing machinations\u2014to the clamors of a faction won to a foreign interest?\nWhether the Declaration of Neutrality issued upon or without the requisition of any of the belligerent Powers can only be known to their respective Ministers and to the proper Officers of our Government. But if it be true that it issued without any such requisition, it is an additional indication of the wisdom of the measure.\nIt is of much importance to the end of preserving peace, that the Belligerent Powers should be thoroughly convinced of the sincerity of our intentions to observe the neutrality we profess; and it cannot fail to have weight in producing this conviction that the Declaration of it was a spontaneous Act\u2014not stimulated by any requisition on the part of either of them\u2014proceeding purely from our own view of our duty and interest.\nIt was not surely necessary for the Government to wait for such a requisition; while there were advantages and no disadvantages in anticipating it. The benefit of an early notification to our merchants, conspired with the consideration just mentioned to recommend the course which was pursued.\nIf, in addition to the rest, the early manifestation of the views of the Government has had any effect in fixing the public opinion on the subject and in counteracting the success of the efforts which it was to be foreseen would be made to disunite it, this alone would be a great recommendation of the policy of having suffered no delay to intervene.\nWhat has been already said in this and in preceding papers affords a full answer to the suggestion that the proclamation was unnecessary. It would be a waste of time to add any thing more.\nBut there has been a criticism, several times repeated, which may deserve a moment\u2019s attention. It has been urged, that the Proclamation ought to have contained some reference to our Treaties, and that the generality of the promise to observe a conduct friendly and impartial towards the belligerent powers ought to have been qualified with the expressions equivalent to these\u2014\u201cas far as may consist with the Treaties of the UStates.\u201d\nThe insertion of such a clause would have entirely defeated the object of the Proclamation, by rendering the intention of the Government equivocal. That object was to assure the Powers at War and our own Citizens, that in the opinion of the Executive it was consistent with the duty and interest of the Nation to observe a neutrality in the War and that it was intended to pursue a conduct corresponding with that opinion. Words equivalent to those contended for would have rendered the other part of the Declaration nugatory; by leaving it uncertain whether the Executive did or did not believe a state of Neutrality to be consistent with our Treaties. Neither foreign Powers nor our own citizens would have been able to have drawn any conclusion from the Proclamation; and both would have had a right to consider it as a mere equivocation.\nBy not inserting any such ambiguous expressions, the Proclamation was susceptible of an intelligible and proper construction. While it denoted on the one hand, that in the judgment of the Executive, there was nothing in our treaties obliging us to become a party in the war, it left it to be expected on the other\u2014that all stipulations compatible with neutrality, according to the laws and usages of Nations, would be enforced. It follows, that the Proclamation was in this particular exactly what it ought to have been.\nThe words \u201cmake known the disposition of the UStates\u201d have also given a handle to cavil. It has been asked how could the President undertake to declare the disposition of the UStates. The People for aught he knew may have been in a very different sentiment. Thus a conformity with republican propriety and modesty is turned into a topic of accusation.\nHad the President announced his own disposition, he would have been chargeable with egotism if not presumption. The constitutional organ of intercourse between the UStates & foreign Nations\u2014whenever he speaks to them, it is in that capacity; it is in the name and on behalf of the UStates. It must therefore be with greater propriety that he speaks of their disposition than of his own.\nIt is easy to imagine, that occasions frequently occur in the communications to foreign Governments and foreign Agents\u2014which render it necessary to speak of the friendship or friendly disposition of the U States, of their disposition to cultivate harmony and good understanding, to reciprocate neighbourly offices &c. &c. It is usual for example when public Ministers are received, for some complimentary expressions to be interchanged. It is presumeable that the late reception of the French Minister did not pass, without some assurance on the part of the President of the friendly disposition of the UStates towards France. Admitting it to have happened, would it be deemed an improper arrogation? If not, why it was more so, to declare the disposition of the UStates to observe a neutrality in the existing War?\nIn all such cases nothing more is to be understood than an official expression of the political disposition of the Nation inferred from its political relations obligations and interests. It is never to be supposed that the expression is meant to convey the precise state of the Individual sentiments or opinions of the great mass of the People.\nKings and Princes speak of their own dispositions. The Majistrates of Republics of the dispositions of their Nations. The President therefore has evidently used the style adapted to his situation & the Criticism upon it is plainly a cavil.\nPacificus", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0113", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 27 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n(Private)\nPhilada. 27. July 1793\nDear sir,\nAfter giving the subject of Loans the most attentive consideration I am able under the several explanations which have been required & received from you, my mind has resolved itself into the form of the enclosed paper. But if there is any material objection to the measure there directed unadverted to by me, I am ready & willing to hear it\u2014otherwise it may be carried into effect without delay. There is a blank to fill up, to do which I pray you to furnish me with the sum.\nI am &a.\nGo. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0114", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, [27 July 1793]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, July 27, 1793]\nSir.\nI have considered your application for liberty to borrow three millions of Florins in addition to the one million, now in train of being borrowed.\nIt appears from the documents which you have laid before me that 284,901 Dollars 89 Cents have been applied to the purchase of the general debt; and that by the Act of 2d. March 1793. 200,000 dollars, of the money for that use, have been employed in discharging the installment due to the Bank of the United States. The sum then which may still be borrowed under the act of the 12 of August 1790, being 1,515,098 Dollars 11 Cents\u2014& it being very desireable to embrace the present season for purchasing, I am of opinion that a loan should be opened to that amount.\nIn like manner, as the balance of foreign loans, now in the Treasury, which appears from the same documents to be 565,484 D. 28 Cts. may be absorbed by the installments of the French Debt due in September & November next; & another installment of the Dutch loan will fall due in June 1794 & will require the sum of 1,000,000 of florins, I am also of opinion that a Loan ought to be effected to that amount.\nGo. Washington\nPhiladelphiaJuly 27, 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0116-0001", "content": "Title: Proposed Rules Concerning Arming and Equipping of Vessels by Belligerents in the Ports of the United States, First Version, [29\u201330 July 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, July 29\u201330. 1793]\n[First Version]\nRules proposed by Attorney General\n   Agreed\n  Agreed\n  II.\n  That all equipments purely for the accommodation of vessels, as merchantmen, be admitted.\n  Agreed\n  III.\n  That all equipments, doubtful in their nature, and applicable equally to commerce or war, be admitted, as producing too many minutiae.\n  Agreed\n  IV\n  That all equippments, solely adapted to military objects be prohibited.\n  Rules proposed by the Secretary of the Treasury\n  Agreed\n  That the original arming and equipping of Vessels for military service offensive or defensive in the ports of the UStates be considered as prohibitted to all.\n  NegativedThe Secretary of the Treasury only holding the opinion.\n  II\n  That Vessels, which were armed before their coming into our ports, shall not be permitted to augment their military equipments in the Ports of the UStates, but may repair or replace any military equipments, which they had when they began their voyage for the UStates; that this however shall be with the exception of Privateers of the Parties opposed to France who shall not refit or repair.\n  Agreed.\n  That, for convenience, vessels armed & Com~ before they come into our Ports may engage their own Citizens, not being inhabitants of the UStates.\nI concur in the rules proposed by the Attorney general as far as respects materials or means of annoyance furnished by us\u2014and I should be for an additional rule that as to means or materials brought into this country & belonging to themselves they are free to use them.\nTh: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0116-0002", "content": "Title: Proposed Rules Concerning Arming and Equipping of Vessels by Belligerents in the Ports of the United States, Second Version, [29\u201330 July 1793]\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Second Version]\n  That all equipments of merchant vessels, purely for the accommodation of them as Such be admitted.\n  That all equipments, [vessels armed for merchandize and war with or without commission,] which are doubtful in their nature, being applicable to commerce or war be admitted, except [such] as Shall have made prize of &c as no. 1. A\n  That no equipments of any kind of privateers, of the powers at war with France be admitted.\n  That all equipments which shall be solely adapted to military objects be prohibited; except No. 1 & 2 B.\n  That all equipments of Vessels of War, in the service of the Government of the respective parties at war with France which are doubtful in their nature being applicable to commerce or war be admitted except such as shall have made prize of & as No. 1 That all equipments which are doubtful in their nature &c. be admitted to all the Vessels of France.\n  Out of the permissions contained in the II & 3 of the above rules are to be excepted\n      The case of vessels which shall have made prize of the subjects people or property of France coming with their prizes into the Ports of the UStates according to the XVII article of our Treaty with France.\n  II\n  The case of privateers of the powers at War with France according to the XXII article of our Treaty with her. But vessels of war in the public service of those powers & private vessels armed for merchandize and war called in English Letters of Marque are understood to be not comprehended in the term privateers.\n  Out of the prohibition contained in the IV of the above rules are to be excepted\n  The case of stranded & wrecked Vessels mentioned in XVIII article of our Treaty with France the XVI of our Treaty with the UNetherlands the IX of our Treaty with Prussia.\n  II\n  The case of Vessels putting into the Ports of the UStates through stress of weather pursuit of pirates or enemies or any other urgent necessity or accident specified in the 19 Article of our Treaty with France in the 17 of our Treaty with the U Netherlands in the 18th of our Treaty with Prussia.\n  These Vessels may repair or replace their military equipments so as to put them in the same condition in which they were immediately preceding the accident or necessity described in the said articles respectively.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0118", "content": "Title: George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, Henry Knox, and Edmund Randolph, [29 July 1793]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander,Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund\n[Philadelphia, July 29, 1793]\nGentlemen,\nIt will not be amiss, I conceive, at the meeting you are about to have to day, to consider the expediency of directing the Customhouse Officers to be attentive to the arming or equipping Vessels, either for offensive or defensive war, in the several ports to which they belong; and make report thereof to the Governor or some other proper Officer.\nUnless this, or some other effectual mode is adopted to check this evil in the first stage of it\u2019s growth, the Executive of the UStates will be incessantly harrassed with complaints on this head, & probably when it may be difficult to afford a remedy.\nGo. Washington\nPhiladelphia29 July 1793", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0119", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Andrew G. Fraunces, 30 July 1793\nFrom: Fraunces, Andrew G.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, July 30, 1793. On August 2, 1793, Fraunces wrote to Hamilton: \u201cAs I informed you on the 30th.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0121", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edmund Randolph, 31 July 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia July 31st 1793\nSir\nThe question, arising upon Mr Lovell\u2019s letter, turns upon the identity of the vessel. If she remain a french bottom, a Register cannot be granted; if she has been converted into an american bottom it may.\nI shall enter into no subtle disquisition on such an occasion; but shall conform myself to practical ideas. It seems to be agreed in England and Philadelphia, that a vessel of the description in that letter, has not changed her country; but is still French. I am therefore of opinion, that nothing short of the process, suggested by Mr Lovell will justify a register; but that will.\nI have the honor Sir, to be &c\nEdm. Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0123", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Fitzgerald, [July 1793]\nFrom: Fitzgerald, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Alexandria, Virginia, July, 1793]\nSir!\nBy an Act of Congress in the Year 1790, the Gold Coins of France, England, Spain and Portugal were made a legal tender, in the receipt and payment of all monies received and paid by virtue of said Act, at the rate of 89 cents for every penny-weight thereof.\nBy an Act past last Session, the Gold Coins of Britain and Portugal were made a legal tender after the 1st. Instant, at the rate of 100 Cents for every 27 Grains actual weight thereof, and not otherwise. In consequence of which regulation, a loss of \u215bth of one per cent will be sustained by each Officer of the Customs, on the balance of Cash on hand the said 1st. July Instant, as no person holding a Draft on them, whether drawn prior or subsequent to that date will receive payment otherwise than agreeably to the last act, and I presume you will see the propriety of allowing the difference in the next settlement of our accounts.\nA small difference of opinion has arisen between the Surveyor of this District and myself, respecting the fees for the admeasurment of Vessels. He is of the opinion that the proviso in the Law which says, that \u201cin all cases where the Tonnage of any Ship or Vessel shall be ascertained by any person appointed for that purpose, such person shall be paid a reasonable compensation therefor, out of the fees aforesaid, before any distribution thereof, as aforesaid\u201d makes it clear in his favour; I think however that this construction would operate too severely; as in my case (there being no Naval Officer) I should pay two thirds of the compensation to a person appointed merely to ease the Surveyor, and to do that duty which he in person has a right to perform. I am strengthened in this opinion by a letter of yours to Mr. Lee on this subject dated the 18th. of January 1792 wherein you say \u201cThe Surveyor of your District has written to me on the subject of a person who should be authorized by you to aid him in the admeasurement of Vessels, this appointment you will perceive is attended with no expense to the United States, no provision for the compensation of such a person being made, the wages he receives will be defrayed by the Surveyor out of his Emoluments. It should seem therefore, if he wants such assistance, and the person he recommends to you is unexceptionable, that it might be well to appoint him.\u201d I request you will examine this matter and see if any thing has happened since the above letter was written to cause a change in your opinion.\nAs I have had no instructions, what fee should be charged for filling up and signing Passports or Sea Letters, and not thinking it of moment to trouble you about them I have charged 20 Cents as for a Certificate, as this does not appear to me to be in proportion to the trouble, I will be much obliged by having your opinion respecting it.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your most Obedient Servant\nJohn Fitzgerald, Collector", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0124", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Lewis, [July 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lewis, William\n[Philadelphia, July, 1793]\nDr Sir\nI send you all the Books you sent me. There appears to me a passage important to Mr Rawle Questiones Juris Pub Lib 1 Chap VIII Page 178.\nI mean what relates to the People of Munster who made out of the territories of Spain incursions into those of Holland. It shews by an example that military expeditions out of the territory of a neutral Power cannot rightfully be made by a Power at War & that if permitted the Neutral Nation is answerable. A fortiori The means of such expeditions cannot be prepared in a neutral territory.\nA H", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0125", "content": "Title: Cabinet Meetings. Proposals Concerning the Conduct of the French Minister, [1\u201323 August 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, August 1\u201323, 1793]\nAt meetings of the heads of departments & the Attorney General at the President\u2019s on the 1st. & 2d. of Aug. 1793. On a review of the whole of mr Genet\u2019s correspondence & conduct, it was unanimously agreed that a letter should be written to the Minister of the US. at Paris, stating the same to him, resuming the points of difference which had arisen between the government of the US. & mr Genet, assigning the reasons for the opinions of the former, & desiring the recall of the latter: and that this letter with those which have passed between mr Genet & the Secretary of state, & other necessary documents, shall be laid by mr Morris before the Executive of the French government.\nAt a meeting of the same at the President\u2019s Aug. 15 the rough draught of the 2d letter having been prepared by the Secretary of state was read for consideration, and it was agreed that the Secretary of the treasury should take measures for obtaining a vessel either by hire or purchase, to be sent to France express, with the dispatches when ready.\nAt a meeting of the same at the President\u2019s Aug. 20. the 2d: letter was read & corrected by paragraphs & finally agreed to.\nAt a meeting of the same at the President\u2019s Aug. 23. it was agreed that the preceding letter should bear the date of the last document which is to accompany it, to wit, Aug. 16 & the draught of a second letter to our Minister at Paris was read & unanimously approved, & to bear date this day. Stated & signed this 23d. day of Aug. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson\nAlexander Hamilton\nH Knox\nEdm: Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0126", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Abijah Hammond, 1 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Hammond, Abijah\nPhiladelphia August 1. 1793\nSir\nPlease to pay to Jonathan Burrall Esquire or order on demand One Thousand Eight hundred and Eleven Dollars and ten cents for so much due me by the Society for establishing useful manufactures.\nYour obedient servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nAbijah Hammond EsquireCashier of the Society for establishinguseful manufactures.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0128", "content": "Title: Conversation with George Hammond, [2\u201310 August 1793]\nFrom: Hammond, George,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, August 2\u201310, 1793]\nThe executive government, though it will feel itself strengthened by, had not waited for, this approbation of the influential members of the community. It had long before been sensible of the necessity of immediately pursuing vigorous measures, and had been convinced that delay would confirm its opponents, and might probably commit, to the hazard of the contest, the preservation of its tranquillity internal as well as external, and even the duration of its existence. Your Lordship will collect from a letter of Mr. Jefferson\u2019s, dated the 12th of July, that the judges were convened by the President, for the purpose of consultation. But these gentlemen refused to give any opinion on questions of a political nature. The members of the Cabinet have therefore been left to form their own decisions, and I have now learnt from a confidential quarter, (which your Lordship will easily conjecture) the final and unanimous result of their discussions. It has been determined to prepare, an ample and complete reply to all Mr. Genet\u2019s memorials and an exposition of his proceedings ever since his arrival in this country\u2014to apprize him that the privateers, which had been fitted out in the ports of the United States, would be excluded from future asylum in them, and, if they attempted to return to any of them, would be expelled by force. And that for any prizes, which they had made or might happen to make subsequently to the 5th of June (the period at which the Charleston privateers were ordered to depart) the United States would, if they were not restored by the captors, allow full compensation to the owners of them out of the sums due to France\u2014and it has been farther determined to inform Mr. Genet that his conduct has been so exceptionable, as that this government can tolerate him no longer, and that his constituents will be immediately informed of this determination, accompanied by a request that they would recall him without delay. In the mean time, in consideration of his distance from home, his functions would not be entirely suspended, but that he would still be allowed to make any communications, in writing on ordinary business.\nWith respect to the resolution of excluding the privateers from these ports, and of compensating for the prizes taken by them\u2014your Lordship will see the proof of it, in a letter to me from Mr. Jefferson upon the subject. And as to the determination of applying to France for Mr. Genet\u2019s recall\u2014exclusive of the information I have received, I have reason to imagine that a very fast sailing vessel is now preparing for the purpose of conveying this requisition to that country, and will be ready to sail in the course of a few days.\nShould the national convention determine to support its minister, whose conduct indeed seems to be but consentaneous with the practice of his employers, be unwilling to submit quietly to the dereliction of the advantages, which it expected to derive from the circumstance of the ports of this country being open to French privateers, or, in this instance alone, forgo those immediate schemes of rapine and plunder, which, in every other instance of inability to bend a neutral power to its views, it has uniformly practised\u2014this order of things must issue in a war between France and this country, an event, to which I know this government looks forward, as neither improbable nor distant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0129", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Etienne Dutilh and John G. Wachsmuth, 2 August 1793\nFrom: Dutilh, Etienne,Wachsmuth, John G.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, August 2, 1793. On August 19, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Dutilh and Wachsmuth: \u201cI am to acknowlege the receipt of your letter of the 2nd instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0130", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Andrew G. Fraunces, 2 August 1793\nFrom: Fraunces, Andrew G.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, August 2, 1793.  Five o\u2019clock, P. M.\nSir,\nAs I informed you on the 30th. instant, I have written to the President, and have stated the claim I hold upon the public, on account of the Treasury warrants presented by me to you for acceptance, to which I have received no answer. I now inform you that I shall, unless I receive a more satisfactory answer than I have from you (seeing I have received none from the President) state every thing I know relative to the affair to the People\u2014the Umpire\u2014who are to judge of the conduct of their servants, and by whose decision I will only abide.\nP. S. By the bearer I expect an answer.\nI am Sir, your obedient servant,\nAndrew G. Fraunces, Filbert-Street. \nMr. Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0131", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Andrew G. Fraunces, 2 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Fraunces, Andrew G.\nPhiladelphia, August 2, 1793.\nSir,\nI have received your letter of this date, at which I am astonished more than I can express. Do you imagine that any menaces of appeal to the people, can induce me to depart from what I conceive to be my public duty!\nAs to what you call the affair of the Umpire, I cannot even divine what you mean by it. But whatever it may be\u2014whatever guilty project you may have entered into, to better your condition by defaming me\u2014I set you and all your accomplices at defiance. Begin as soon as your please; but beware of what attempt.\nA. Hamilton\nMr. Andrew G. Fraunces.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0132", "content": "Title: Notes for a Letter to Gouverneur Morris, [2\u201316 August 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, August 2\u201316, 1793]\n  explanation of fitting out privateers Charlestown put on footing of their being no law\n  II\n  Letter persisting in objection to it\n  III\n  reclaims Gideon Henfield\n  IV\n  very moderate answer that Courts will do right\n  Concerning Sloop Republican\n  Issuing Commissions a mere consular act\u2014\n  II\n  insists on right of army for defence\u2014\n  III\n  speaks of Treaty permitting to enter\n  IV\n  armed\u2014to equip themselves\u2014\n  France always in practice of issuing Commissions\n  VI\n  Will give orders to consuls to take precautions to respect our Territory & political opinions of President\u2014\n  VII\n  Insists on right of arming vessels\u2014abandonning unworthily its friends\u2014in waiting till the Representatives of the sovereign had resolved to adopt or reject\u2014\n  VII\n  Complaint of proceedings of District Court, against the William\u2014persons labour secretly to have misunderstood\u2014\n  VIII\n  Letter concerning Debt accomplish informal system since the f\u0153derel Govt. without consulting Congress\n  IX\n  Awkwardness Governor avails himself of political opinions\n  Letter\u2014opinions private & public of President\u2014 on j\u2019est empress\u00e9 tu Je ne scais sous quelles influence\u2014empressions etrangers complains of obstruction to consular jurisdiction\n  Letter concerning Ship William requiring relinquishment\n  XI\n  Letter concerning another Vessel on same situation\n  XII\n  Letter concerning Little Democrat\u2014taken on account of the State to augment the marine of France\u2014Commission &c\n  Blamed in a conversation the judicial proceedings of the Consul\u2014Ought only to have made a ministerial Inquiry\u2014\n  Case of the Swallow", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0133", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [2 August 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, August 2, 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor respectfully to submit to the President the enclosed communication from the Commissioner of the Revenue, accompanied with a Contract for the Stakeage of the shoals in Cape Fear river.\nIt appears to the Secretary that a ratification of the Contract would be for the interest of the Public service.\nA Hamilton\nTreasury Depmt.  2d. August 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0134", "content": "Title: Cabinet Meeting. Proposed Rules Governing Belligerents, [3 August 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, August 3, 1793]\nAt a Meeting of the Secretary of State The Secretary of the Treasury The Secretary at War and the Attorney General at  the .\nThe following rules were agreed to\u2014\nI\nThe original arming and equipping of vessels in the Ports of the UStates, by any of the belligerent parties, for Military service offensive or defensive, is deemed unlawful.\nII\nEquipments of Merchant vessels by either of the belligerent parties in the Ports of the UStates, purely for the accommodation of them as such is deemed lawful.\nIII\nEquipments in the Ports of the UStates of vessels of war in the immediate service of the Government of any of the belligerent parties which if done to other vessels would be of a doubtful nature, as being applicable either to Commerce or War, are deemed lawful; except those which shall have made prize of the subjects people or property of France coming with their prizes into the Ports of the UStates pursuant to the 17th article of our Treaty of Amity and Commerce with France.\nIV\nEquipments in the Ports of the UStates by any of the parties at war with France of Vessels fitted for Merchandize and War, whether with or without Commissions, which are doubtful in their nature as being applicable either to commerce or war are deemed lawful; except those which shall have made prize &c\nV\nEquipments of any of the vessels of France in the Ports of the UStates which are doubtful in their nature, as being applicable to Commerce or War, are deemed lawful\nVI\nEquipments of every kind in the Ports of the UStates of privateers of the Powers at War with France are deemed unlawful.\nVII\nEquipments of vessels in the Ports of the united States which are of a nature solely adapted to war are deemed unlawful; except those stranded or wrecked as mentioned in the 18th. Article of our Treaty with France the 16th of our Treaty with the United Netherlands the 9th of our Treaty with Prussia and except those mentioned in the 19th article of our Treaty with France the 17 of our Treaty with the UNetherlands the 18th of our Treaty with Prussia.\nVIII\nVessels of either of the parties not armed or armed previous to their coming into the ports of the UStates which shall not have infringed any of the foregoing rules may lawfully engage or inlist therein their own subjects or citizens not being inhabitants of the UStates; except privateers of the Powers at War with France and except those vessels which shall have made prize &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0135", "content": "Title: Cabinet Meeting. Opinion on the Fitting Out of Privateers in the Ports of the United States, [3 August 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, August 3, 1793]\nThat The Minister of the French Republic be informed that the President considers the UStates as bound pursuant to positive assurances; given in conformity to the laws of neutrality, to effectuate the restoration of, or to make compensation for, prizes which shall have been made of any of the parties at war with France subsequent to the fifth day of June last by privateers fitted out of their ports.\nThat it is consequently expected, that he will cause restitution to be made of all prizes taken and brought into our Ports subsequent to the abovementioned day by such prizes privateers; in defect of which The President considers it as incumbent upon The UStates to indemnify the Owners of those prizes\u2014the indemnification to be reimbursed by the French Nation.\nThat besides taking efficacious measures to prevent the future fitting out of Privateers in the Ports of The UStates, they will not give asylum therein to any which shall have been at any time so fitted out, and will cause restitution of all such prizes as shall be hereafter brought within their Ports by any of said Privateers.\nThat instructions be sent to the respective Governors in conformity to the above communication.\nThe foregoing having been duely considered and being now unanimously approved they are submitted to The President of The United States August 3, 1793.\nTh: Jefferson\nAlexander Hamilton\nH Knox\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0136", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Andrew G. Fraunces, 3 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Fraunces, Andrew G.\nPhiladelphia, August 3, 1793.\nSir,\nI find on a second reading of your letter yesterday, that I mistook the expressions contained in it, and was led to give to it a meaning which is entirely foreign to it.\nI hasten to correct my error, and to assure you, that I am extremely pained at the harsh inference I was led to draw and to express. I feel myself bound without loss of time to apologize to you for it, and to declare to you my sincere regret. You will receive in the course of the day another answer to your letter.\nI am Sir, your obedient servant,\nAlexander Hamilton.\nMr. Andrew G. Fraunces, Filbert-Street.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0137", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Andrew G. Fraunces, 3 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Fraunces, Andrew G.\nPhiladelphia, August 3, 1793.\nSir,\nYour letter of yesterday I received last night. The contents of it surprize me. Could you imagine that the menace of an appeal to the people, would induce me to swerve from what I thought my public duty?\nIf you believe that it will be of any advantage to you, I have no objection to your making it, whenever you think proper.\nThe President has put into my hands your letter, in order that I may give him information upon the subject of it. This will be done as soon as more urgent official concerns will permit; and his decision will of course govern me.\nI do not think it proper to notice to you any thing in that letter, except the part by which you seem to insinuate, that some sinister motives, known only to a few, have produced my refusal to pay for the present, the warrants. If this be your meaning, it is incumbent upon you, and I call upon you to declare what those motives are, and the evidence you have of them.\nI am, Sir, your humble servant,\nAlexander Hamilton.\nMr. Andrew G. Fraunces,(to be left with his Father, at the Presidents\u2019.)", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0138", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Rufus King, 3 August 1793\nFrom: King, Rufus\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York Saturday 3d. Augt. 1793.\nThe french fleet from the Chesapeak arrived here yesterday, and are in the north river above the Battery. The Ambuscade also arrived last Evening and her accounts, confirmed by those of many Spectators of the combat, have no doubt of the Flight of the English Frigate.\n(You will have seen in our news papers, an invitation for a meeting in the Fields to address Mr. Genest who is daily expected here. This business originated with M. Smith Gelston, Osgood, B. Livingston, Nicholson, and others of like political Character; between two & three Hundred Persons assembled, and I am told, they were generally antifederal. Nicholson was in the Chair, an Address was produced, & adopted, and a Committee of thirty or Forty Persons appointed to present it.) These Gentlemen will not be stopped by Trifles, they already affirm that the Cause of France is that of america, that it is time to distinguish its friends from its Enemies, that in respect to the rumour of Mr. Genest\u2019s appeal to the People from the Decision of the Executive the people are competent Judges of their own Interest & obligations, that there can be no Danger to them from the free exercise of their Judgment on so great & interesting an Occasion. True it is that their Decision may displease men in high Authority, but that will not prove their Judgment to have been erroneous. Nay some of these Gentlemen go further, and not only excuse, but applaud, the Decree of the french Convention, which not only contravenes our Treaty of commerce, but grossly violates the best established Rules in the law of Nations. In short my friend, unless the Executive will quickly & vigorously exercise its powers in checking the influence of Mr. Genest, it may experience the mortification of seeing them perish in its hands. Our Chamber of Commerce will on Tuesday pass Resolutions, approving the Proclamation &c, and we are resolved to try the Citizens for the like Purpose. But this is altogether wrong. We have with great Trouble established a Constitution which vests competent powers in the hands of the Executive\u2014it is the duty of that department to see that the Laws are executed, & the peace and order of the Community preserved. It was never expected that the executive should sit with folded Arms, and that the Government should be carried on by Town Meetings, and those irregular measures, which disorganize the Society, destroy the salutary influence of regular Government, and render the Magistracy a mere pageant.\nThis decree of the french Convention has thrown the mercantile people into the greatest embarrassments\u2014insurance on american Vessels & Cargoes cannot be made without paying war Premiums. I am told that where four & five per Cent was given, Eighteen & twenty are now required.\nAdieu \u2003 yours &c\nR King.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0139", "content": "Title: George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, Henry Knox, and Edmund Randolph, [3 August 1793]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander,Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund\n[Philadelphia, August 3, 1793]\nGentlemen,\nFresh occurrences, but communicated thro\u2019 private channels, make it indispensable that the general principles which have already been the subject of discussion should be fixed, & made known for the government of all concerned, as soon as it can be done with propriety.\nTo fix rules on substantial ground, conformably to treaties & the Laws of nations, is extremely desireable.\nThe verdict of the late Jury, in the case of Henfield, & the decision of yesterday, respecting the French Minister, added to the situation of Indian Affairs\u2014& the general complexion of public matters induce me to ask your advice, whether it be proper, or not, to convene the Legislature at an earlier day than that on which it is to meet by Law? And, if it be thought adviseable, at what time?\nGo Washington\nPhiladelphia3d: Augt. 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0140", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, [3 August 1793]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, August 3, 1793]\nDr. Sir,\nMotives of Justice, friendship & candour induce me to send the enclosed for your perusal. Let me know the truth of this matter. What answer is proper to be given to it, and by whom.\nThe writer is urgent to receive one, having called once or twice since the delivery of it, for This purpose.\nI am &c.\nGo. Washington\nPhilada. 3d. Augt. 93.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0141", "content": "Title: George Washington to Andrew G. Fraunces, 3 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fraunces, Andrew G.\nPhila. Augt. 3d. 1793\nSir\nI have received your Letter of the 30th. of July. The matter of it being of a serious nature I have directed the Secretary of the Treasury to report to me in writing how far the Representation is founded in fact and the reasons on his part for declining the payment of the Warrants. But I do not expect that he can, consistently with objects of a more general concern, make his report \u2019till some time in the ensuing week; in the course of which you will be informed of the result of your application.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0142", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Andrew G. Fraunces, 4 August 1793\nFrom: Fraunces, Andrew G.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, August 4, 1793.\nSir,\nMy father delivered me this morning your letter of yesterday, which is the third I have received in answer to mine of the 2d. instant. On mature consideration, I find myself warranted in deferring as particular an answer as might be given to them. It is not my intention to make any communication to you, but in your official capacity, and it appears to me these are considered by you as private. When I am assured you have meant them as official, and after your report which you are directed to make to the President; I shall fully and pointedly endeavor to clear up every hint and direct assertion given or made in my letter in question, of the 30th. ultimo.\nI enclose you a copy of the information I have received from the President, and conclude with observing, that whether I better my situation or not, at the present moment, from an appeal to the people, I shall at least prove among the rest\u2014that you have not acted in your official capacity, with that uniformity of conduct which might have been expected.\nI am, Sir, your obedient servant,\nAndrew G. Fraunces.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0143", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 4 August 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nPhiladelphia, August 4th, 1793.\nSir,\nIt appearing that repeated contraventions of our neutrality have taken place in the ports of the United States, without having been discovered in time for prevention or remedy, I have it in command from the President, to address to the collectors of the respective districts a particular instruction on the subject.\nIt is expected, that the officers of the customs in each district, will in the course of their official functions have a vigilant eye upon whatever may be passing within the ports, harbours, creeks, inlets and waters of such district, of a nature to contravene the laws of neutrality, and upon discovery of any thing of the kind will give immediate notice to the governor of the state and to the attorney of the judicial district, comprehending the district of the customs within which any such contravention may happen.\nTo assist the judgment of the officers on this head, I transmit herewith a schedule of rules, concerning sundry particulars, which have been adopted by the President, as deductions from the laws of neutrality, established and received among nations. Whatever shall be contrary to these rules will, of course, be to be notified, as abovementioned.\nThere are some other points, which, pursuant to our treaties and the determinations of the executive, I ought to notice to you.\nIf any vessel of either of the powers at war with France should bring or send within your district a prize made of the subjects, people or property of France, it is immediately to be notified to the governor of the state, in order that measures may be taken, pursuant to the 17th article of our treaty with France, to oblige such vessel and her prize, or such prize when sent in without the capturing vessel, to depart.\nNo privateer of any of the powers at war with France, coming within a district of the United States, can, by the 22d article of our treaty with France, enjoy any other privilege than that of purchasing such victuals as shall be necessary for her going to the next port of the prince or state, from which she has her commission. If she should do anything beside this, it is immediately to be reported to the governor and the attorney of the district. You will observe by the rules transmitted, that the term privateer is understood not to extend to vessels armed for merchandize and war, commonly called with us letters of marque; nor, of course, to vessels of war in the immediate service of the government of either of the powers at war.\nNo armed vessel which has been or shall be originally fitted out in any port of the United States by either of the parties at war is henceforth to have asylum in any district of the United States. If any such armed vessel shall appear within your district, she is immediately to be notified to the governor and attorney of the district; [which is also to be done in respect to any prize that such armed vessel shall bring or send in.] At foot is a list of such armed vessels of the above description as have hitherto come to the knowledge of the executive.\nThe purchasing within, and exporting from, the United States, by way of merchandize, articles commonly called contraband (being, generally, warlike instruments and military stores) is free to all the parties at war, and is not to be interfered with. If our own citizens undertake to carry them to any of those parties, they will be abandoned to the penalties which the laws of war authorise.\nYou will be particularly careful to observe, and to notify as directed in other instances, the case of any citizen of the United States, who shall be found in the service of either of the parties at war.\nIn case any vessel shall be found in the act of contravening any of the rules or principles which are the ground of this instruction, she is to be refused a clearance until she shall have complied with what the governor shall have decided in reference to her. Care, however, is to be taken in this, not unnecessarily or unreasonably to embarrass trade or to vex any of the parties concerned.\nIn order that contraventions may be the better ascertained, it is desired that the officer who shall first go on board any vessel arriving within your district shall make an accurate survey of her then condition, as to military equipment, to be forthwith reported to you, and that prior to her clearance a like survey be made, that any transgression of the rules laid down may be ascertained.\n[But as the propriety of any such inspection of a vessel of war in the immediate service of the government of a foreign nation is not without question in reference to the usage of nations, no attempt is to be made to inspect any such vessel till further order on the point.]\nThe president desires me to signify to you his most particular expectation that the instruction contained in this letter will be executed with the greatest vigilance, activity, care and impartiality. Omissions will tend to expose the government to injurious imputations and suspicions, and proportionably to commit the good faith and peace of the country; objects of too much importance not to engage every proper exertion of your zeal.\nWith consideration, I am, Sir \u2003 Your obedient servant,\nA Hamilton\nList referred toCitizen GenetSans CulottesVainquer De Bastille\nFitted out at Charleston\nPetit DemocratCaramagnole\nPhiladelphiaDelaware", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0144", "content": "Title: Cabinet Meeting. Opinion Respecting Certain French Vessels and Their Prizes, [5 August 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, August 5, 1793]\nAt a meeting of the heads of departments & the Attorney general at the Secretary of state\u2019s office Aug. 5. 1793.\nThe case of the Swallow letter of marque at New York, desired to be sent out of our ports, as being a privateer. It is the opinion that there is no ground to make any order on the subject.\nThe Polly or Republican, in the hands of the Marshal at New York, on a charge of having been armed in our ports to cruize against nations at peace with the US. It is the opinion there is no ground to make any new order in this case.\nThe Little Democrat, the Vainqueur de la Bastille, the Citoyen Genet, & the Sans Culottes. A letter to be written to mr Genet as was determined on the 3d. instant, and an instruction in conformity therewith be given to the governors. Mr Hammond to be informed thereof & to be assured the government will effectuate their former resolution on this subject.\nThe Lovely Lass, the Prince William Henry, & the Jane of Dublin, prizes to the Citoyen Genet. Mr Genet to be written to as was agreed on the 3d. inst.\nThe brig Fanny and Ship William reclaimed as taken within the limits of our protection. As it is expected that the court of Admiralty may very shortly reconsider whether it will take cognisance of these cases, it is thought better to take no new measure therein for the present.\nThe Schooner fitting out at Boston as mentd. in a letter of mr Gore to mr Lear. The Governor of Massachusets to be written to to suppress her.\nMr. Delany\u2019s letter of the 24th. of July on the question whether duties are to be paid on prize goods landed for sale. It is the opinion the duties are to be paid.\nA letter from mr Genet of the 4th. of Aug. informing the Secretary of state that certain inhabitants lately arrived from St. Domingo are combining to form a military expedition from the territory of the US. against the constituted authorities of the sd island. It is the opinion that the Governor of Maryland be informed thereof (because in a verbal communication to the Secretary of state mr Genet had named Baltimore as the place where the combination was forming) and that he be desired to take measures to prevent the same.\nTh: Jefferson\nAlexander Hamilton\nH Knox\nThe Secretary of State and Attorney General are of opinion that Mr. Hammond be informed that measures are taking to procure restoration of the prizes the Lovely Lass The Prince William Henry and the Jane of Dublin, and in case that cannot be effected that Government will take the subject into further consideration.\nThe Secretaries of the Treasury and of War are of opinion that Mr. Hammond be informed that measures are taking to effect the restoration of the prizes The Lovely Lass, The Prince William Henry and the Jane of Dublin; that in case this shall not be effected the President considers it as incumbent upon the UStates to make compensation for those Prizes; and that prizes in similar circumstances which shall be hereafter brought into the Ports of UStates will be restored.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0145", "content": "Title: No Jacobin No. II, [5 August 1793]\nFrom: \u201cNo Jacobin\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, August 5, 1793]\nThe next charge of breach of Treaty exhibited by the Jacobin against the Executive of the UStates, is to use his own language\u2014\u201cthe seizure of prizes made known to the Agents of the French Republic at the moment those prizes were held up for sale\u2014the orders given to the Military to take possession of a French Vessel without previous complaint explanation or communication with the Agents of the French Republic.\u201d\u2014said to be contraventions of the XVII article of the Treaty of Commerce; by which it is provided \u201cthat it shall be lawful for the Ships of War of either party and privateers freely to carry whithersoever they please the ships and goods taken from their enemies, without being obliged to pay any duty to the officers of the admiralty or any other Judges; and without those vessels or their prizes entring into the Ports of the one party or the other, being liable to be arrested or seized; nor can the Officers of the places take cognizance of the validity of the said prizes; which may go out and be conducted freely and in all liberty to the places expressed in their Commissions, which the Commanders of the said vessels shall be obliged to shew &c.\u201d\nIt is presumed that the facts complained of are more particularly applicable to the case of the Ship William arrested in this Port; though it is understood, that the same proceedings with some small difference of circumstances took place in the case of another Vessel at New York.\nTo judge of the propriety of the complaint in each case it is necessary to attend to the following particulars. According to the general laws and usages of Nations, the jurisdiction of every country extends a certain distance into the sea along the whole extent of its coast. What this distance is remains a matter of some uncertainty; though it is an agreed principle that it at least extends to the utmost range of cannon shot, that is, not less than four Miles. But most nations claim and exercise jurisdiction to a greater extent: Three leagues, or nine Miles, seem to accord with the most approved rule; and would appear from [Martin] a French author to be that which is adopted by France; though Valin another French author, states it at only two leagues or six miles.\nWithin this distance of the coast of a neutral Country all captures made by a power at War upon its enemy are illegal and null\u2014on the principle of its being a violation of the jurisdiction and Protection of the neutral Country. This is principle founded upon the most evident \u27e8reas\u27e9on, asserted \u27e8by\u27e9 all Writers, \u27e8and\u27e9 practiced upon by all Nations.\nEvery Nation has a right to prevent a violation of its jurisdiction, and consequently to prevent the making of captures within that jurisdiction. A right to redress if such captures be made, is a necessary consequence.\nA neutral nation is bound to prevent injuries within its jurisdiction to a Power with which it is at peace, by any other power. In other words it owes safeguard & protection to the citizens & subjects of every power with which it is at Peace. It is therefore bound to exert itself to prevent captures, within the limits of its protection, of the subjects or Property of one power by another power and if any such capture happens to avail itself of its own right of redress against the power making it for the purpose of effecting a restoration of the person or thing captured.\nThis is too plain to be denied\u2014but it is pretended that the redress of the injury is to be sought through the channel of negotiation only, and not by the immediate exertion of the authority of the neutral Nation to cause restitution to be made in the first instance either by means of its Courts of Justice or by the use of the public force.\nIt may boldly be affirmed, that this position is founded neither on principle, on the opinions of writers, nor on the practice of Nations; not on principle, because it is unreasonable to suppose that a Nation ought to pospone the opportunity of redressing itself and of doing justice to another, upon the uncertain issue of a negotiation of which it cannot foresee the success. When the object is out of its reach, the way of negotiation ought to be pursued for the alternative then is to negotiate or go to war; and a due moderation requires that a preference should be given to the milder course; but if the object to which the injury relates is within its power, the most prudent as well as the most dignified and efficacious course, is to embrace the opportunity of rectifying what has been done amiss; for this serves to terminate the affair and avoid the controversies and heats too often incident to negotiation.\nThe position in question is not founded on the opinions of Writers; for these establish a contrary doctrine; as may be seen in Bynkershock\u2019s quaestiones Publici Juris Book [I] Chap. [8. Vatel book 2. Sect. 84, 101, 102 and 289. 2. R. inst. 587\u2013589. Leoline Jenkins life and papers 1 vol. xcv. 2 vol. page 727: 733: 751: 2. 754. 755. 780. Woodesons lectures page 443 \u2014Douglass Rep. 595.\u2014Lee on captures ch: ix.] nor in the practice of Nations, for this is in favour of summary prevention & redress, as may be seen by the examples which those writers quote and as is within the experience of individuals among ourselves. A neutral fortress never scruples to fire upon the Vessel of any Power which attempts to commit a hostility against another Power within the reach of its Cannon; nor a neutral sovereign or magistrate to prevent or restore captures made within his jurisdiction.\n   Indeed our treaties with several Powers oblige us to this conduct. In the 5 Article of that with Holland the 2 of that with Sweden the 7th of that with Prussia the UStates, in affirmance of the general doctrine of the law of Nations, bind themselves \u201cto endeavour, by all the means in their power to defend and protect all vessels and other effects belonging to the subjects and inhabitants of those Powers respectively in their ports, roads, havens, internal seas passes Rivers and as far as their jurisdiction extends at sea, and to recover and cause to be restored to the true proprietor all such vessels and effects, which shall be taken under their jurisdiction\u201d; a plain indication, there being no saving clause in favour of our treaty with France, that our then Negotiation & Government never dreamt of the newly invented construction of that Treaty.\nThese observations will lead to a right judgment of the merits of the complaint which is made.\nEach of the vessels in question is understood to have been taken, within a distance short of the least of the two distances which have been mentioned as forming the rule observed by France; one of them within less than three Miles; the other within less than five Miles.\nIt may therefore be affirmed that both these captures were made within the limits of the protection of the UStates and in violation of their jurisdiction; and it will follow from the principles which have been maintained that the UStates have a right and are bound to cause restitution of those prizes.\nTo this conclusion is opposed that provision of the article of the Treaty which declares that the local officers cannot take cognizance of the validity of the prizes which are carried by one party into the harbours or Ports of the other.\nBut there is no better established rule of interpretation with regard either to laws or Treaties than that general expressions shall never be so understood as to involve unreasonableness or absurdity. According to this rule The General Expression\u2014\u201cthe local Officers (les officiers des lieux) cannot take cognizance of the validity of the prizes\u201d must naturaly be understood with reference to prizes made on the high seas, without the jurisdiction of the party into whose harbours or ports they are brought; not in reference to prizes taken within the protection and jurisdiction of such party. The following qualification is from the nature of things implied in the general terms (to wit); provided the prizes have not been taken within the jurisdiction of the party in whose ports they shall be.\u201d An interpretation so extensive as to embrace Prizes made within the jurisdiction of such party would lead to a consequence no less absurd than this\u2014a vessel of the UStates might be taken by a French Privateer in the Port of Philadelphia, and there would be no power to question the validity of the prize or enforce restitution. Such a consequence is too violent to be admissible and a position which includes it refutes itself. It can never be imagined that any Nation could mean to tie up his hands to such an extent.\nIf then prizes of vessels belonging to the US or their Citizens must be excepted it will follow that the clause cannot in this respect be taken in a literal sense; and if it is to be taken in a rational not a literal sense, it will admit the exception of all prizes taken within the jurisdiction or protection of the party within whose territories they are found, being at peace with the Nation of whom or of whose citizens they are made: For a state owes protection not only to its own citizens but to the citizens of every other Nation, with which it is at peace, coming within its jurisdiction for commerce or any other lawful cause. Nor can it even be supposed, upon the strength of mere general expressions that it has meant to exchange the right of affording protection & security by its own power and authority, for that of negotiating with another Nation the reparation which may be due to a violation of its jurisdiction. So essential an alienation of Jurisdiction could only be deduced from precise and specific as well as express terms.\nBesides, such an inference is broader even than the letter of the clause. Tis only to the officiers des lieux, the local Officers or officers of the harbours, ports, or places, to which the prizes are brought, that the cognizance of their validity is forbidden\u2014tis not to the general Judiciary Tribunals or to the general executive authority of the country that such cognizance is denied. The expressions officers des lieux are not of a nature to comprehend them. They therefore are under no prohibition by the Treaty, and consequently, as far as consists with the jus gentium, or law of nations, are at liberty to interpose.\nAnd the rule of the law of Nations is this\u2014That a Neutral Nation shall not interpose to examine the validity of prizes made by a Power at War at any place, except one which is within the jurisdiction of such Neutral Nation. It is of the essence of Jurisdiction to redress all wrongs, which happen within its sphere. Powers at war have no rights, in derogation from the peculiar purisdiction of a neutral Nation. That jurisdiction therefore is in the same force against them, as against Powers at Peace. What would be a marine Trespass in the one case is so in the other. A capture within the protection or jurisdiction of a neutral State is not a lawful act of war but a mere trespass; of course within the competency of the neutral state to redress it.\nIt is clearly demonstrated by what has been said that the Government of the UStates had an undoubted right to interpose coercively, not by mere negotiation, to effect the restoration of the Ships in Question to their original owners; and that the doing so either by a direct exertion of the public force or by means of Judicial process is consistent both with the laws of Nations and with the true meaning of our treaty with France. It therefore gives no handle to the the complaint of breach of Treaty.\nTo what department of the Government it most regularly belongs to effect the requisite redress\u2014whether to the Executive or to the Judiciary or to both indiscriminately is not yet settled in this Country; nor is it material to any foreign Nation. It is a mere question between the Departments of our own Government. So long as nothing is done which is contrary to the laws of Nations or to Treaty, a foreign Power can have no ground of complaint.\nAs to the point of previous application to the Agents of the Foreign Nation concerned, this belongs to a mere question of civility not of right. There being in every such case a direct responsibility on the part of the Neutral Nation to the Power whose citizens or property may have been captured, the Power making the capture cannot justly be dissatisfied if the surest method of performing its duty is adopted by the Neutral Nation. This is to take the prize in the first instance into custody, till a fair and full examination can be had into the fact, with regard to the place of Capture; as was done in the instances in question.\nThis course too would naturally obtain till some arrangement should have been concerted between the Government and the Agents of the powers at War, and is the only one which can be observed at places where there are no such Agents. And it would seem from what took place in the case of the William immediately after her seizure that such an arrangement has been subsequently agreed upon; which is a proof that the course pursued was not the effect of unkind disposition.\nBut if there had been a disposition to proceed with strictness and rigour, it will be shewn as the sequel, that it was fully warranted by the very disrespectful treatment we have experienced from the Agents of France\u2014who have acted towards us from the beginning more like a dependent Colony than like an Independent Nation! a state of degradation to which I trust the freedom of the American Mind will never deign to submit.\nNo Jacobin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0146", "content": "Title: Philo Pacificus, [5 August 1793]\nFrom: \u201cPhilo Pacificus\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, August 5, 1793]\nMr. Dunlap\nYour correspondent the old Soldier has given us a long string of quotations from Vatel & Burlamqui\u2014to prove what?\nWhy, that the keeping of promises is of great importance to Nations and to Individuals.\nThat real Treaties are binding upon Nations notwithstanding changes in the form of Government.\nAnd this parade of authorities is offered against something that Pacificus is pretended to have advanced; who indirectly is honored by this learned and good natured Writer with the Epithets Highwayman Villain &c.\nWhat are we to think of the understanding or Candor of this Old Soldier, when the fact is that Pacificus has not uttered a syllable tending to draw into question either of the propositions which the authorities quoted tend to establish.\nThe reasoning of Pacificus throughout not only admits the sacredness of Treaties but proceeds upon the ground, that the Treaties both of Alliance and of Amity and Commerce, between the UStates and France, are still in full force between the two Nations, notwithstanding the change which has happened in the Government of France.\nAll that he says turns upon an examination of the true meaning of the engagements contained in those Treaties, not upon the obligatory force of the Treaties themselves.\nIt follows, that all the extracts quoted by your correspondent are intirely foreign from the purpose.\nTo contest the meaning of a promise is certainly a very different thing from disputing its validity or obligation.\nBut the Old Soldier, besides quoting authorities to prove what has not been denied, has been guilty of shamefully mutilating the strongest of those he has quoted, in a manner very material to its sense.\nThe intire passage is found in Vatel Book II Chapter XII Section 197 in these words\u2014\n\u201cIf the Nation has deposed its King in form, if the people of a Republic have driven out their Magistrates and set themselves at liberty, or acknowleged the authority of an usurper either expressly or tacitly; to oppose these domestic regulations, by disputing their Justice or Validity, would be to interfere in the Government of a Nation and to do it an injury. The ally remains the ally of the state notwithstanding the change that has happened. However when this change renders the alliance useless dangerous or disagreeable it may renounce it: for it may say upon a good foundation that it would not have entered into an alliance with that nation had it been under the present form of Government.\u201d\nThis last clause, which contains a very important qualification of the general principle, not being to the purpose of the old soldier was bravely discarded.\nIt shews that the UStates, before they gave effect to their treaties with France under the new \u27e8regimen,\u27e9 might have waited to see what government she would establish in place of the old (for as yet she has no constitution) in order that they might first judge whether a continuance of the alliance under the new form would or would not be useless dangerous or disagreeable to them.\nBut this course it is generally understood & it appears from official communications was not pursued. On the contrary, the Executive has evidently proceeded upon the principle of giving immediate operation to the Treaties with France; and its measures give rise to no question but about the true meaning of those Treaties under the circumstances of the case.\nThe vindication of those measures on a different ground would therefore have been absurd, and has not been attempted by Pacificus.\nDoes the Old Soldier probably a mercenary as well as a Veteran, think to deter by his vociferations Pacificus or any other Independent Man from defending against him and his accomplices the rights the peace the dignity and the Independence of the Nation? If he does, he is grievously mistaken. \u27e8The real patriots of the country will not be less ready to withstand the encroachments of the agents and myrmidons of France, than they were to resist those of GreatBritain. Their country is to them every thing, and they disdain to bend their necks to the yoke of any foreign nation. \u2003 Philo Pacificus.\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0148", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John M. Taylor, 6 August 1793\nFrom: Taylor, John M.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, August 6, 1793. On this day Hamilton wrote to Taylor: \u201cI have received your letter of this date.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0152", "content": "Title: No Jacobin No. III, [8 August 1793]\nFrom: \u201cNo Jacobin\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, August 8, 1793]\nAnother accusation against the Executive of the UStates preferred by the Jacobin is derived from this circumstance\u2014That while by the Treaty between the UStates & France the goods of her enemies on board our Ships are exempt from capture; the goods of France on board our Ships are subject to the depredations of her enemies; without any \u201cSteps being taken by the Executive to cause French property to be returned and to prevent similar hardships being in future imposed.\u201d\nThis has, if possible, still less color than either of the others.\nBy the general law of Nations, as laid down by all writers and practiced upon by all Nations previous to the late War between the UStates & Great Britain, this principle was clearly and fully established\u2014That the goods of an enemy in the Ships of a friend (that is of a neutral power) are lawful prize and that the goods of a friend in the Ships of an enemy (those called contraband excepted) not lawful prize; subject only to such exceptions as are introduced by particular treaties.\nDuring the war between the UStates and Great Britain certain Powers who associated under the denomination of the armed neutrality set up a rule the reverse of that which had before prevailed, and which has been stated. But this association made with a view to the then existing War, terminated with it. The UStates, though they approved the new principle; never acceded to that association.\nThey contented themselves with introducing it into their Treaties with such Powers, with whom they formed treaties. Accordingly it is to be found in our Treaties with France Holland Sweden & Prussia.\nGreat Britain on her part, [it is understood, has not acceded to that principle, which she regarded as originating in hostility to \u27e8her\u27e9 except in the single instance of her late Treaty with France.] And there are several other powers of Europe who did not originally unite in the attempt to introduce it and who are not known to have since done any act amounting to an adoption of it.\nAn established rule of the law of Nations can only be deemed to be altered by agreements between all the civilized powers or a new usage generally adopted and sanctioned by time.\nNeither having happened in the present case, the old principle must be considered as still forming the basis of the general Law of Nations; liable only to the exceptions resulting from particular Treaties.\nWith France Holland & Prussia, three of the belligerent parties, we have treaties containing the new principle, but with Russia Spain Portugal Austria Savoy we have no treaties whatever. Against the former powers therefore we have a right to claim the new principle. Between us and the latter powers the old rule must govern, unless a departure from it can be regulated by mutual consent.\nAs we cannot of right assert the new principle against those Powers with whom we have not established it by Treaty so neither can we in prudence or good policy insist upon it under the circumstances of the case. There is not a doubt that all the powers who are at liberty to pursue the old rule will do it. In a war of opinion and passion like the present, concessions to ill founded or doubtful pretensions are not to be expected. Nor are the UStates in a condition to attempt to enforce such claims.\nBut it seems the not having hitherto manifested a disposition towards this species of Knight errantry is an injury and offence to France. The Jacobin deems it a breach of our Treaty with her that we do not quarrel with other nations for an object which we can claim of them neither by the law of Nations nor by Treaty.\nIt appears that the Jacobin is ready enough to insist upon, and even to enlarge constructively, all the peculiar advantages which our Treaty with France gives to her; but any circumstance of supposed inconvenience to her is in his eyes a sore grievance.\nThis very reasonable Gentleman ought to remember that if the property of the enemies of France in our Ships is protected by our Treaty with her, the property of our Citizens in the Ships of those enemies lose by that treaty the munity or security to which they would otherwise be intitled, and he ought to remember that the Citizens of France have already enjoyed the sweets of this at the expence of our Citizens.\n   Note *This happened in the case of the Brig Little Sarah on board of which was a quantity of flour belonging to Citizens of Philadelphia. This flour was considered and treated as lawful prize.\n He ought also to remember that it is at best problematical whether the citizens of the UStates have not more property afloat in the bottoms of the Powers at War with France than the Citizens of France have afloat in bottoms of the UStates\u2014and consequently whether the ballance is not in favour of France.\nWhat is there in our history that can authorise our being degraded with the supposition that we are ignorant both of our duties and our rights?\nNo Jacobin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0153", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Nourse, 8 August 1793\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Register\u2019s Office, August 8, 1793. Sends \u201can Estimate of the Pro[ba]ble Amount of Rations which have been and which may be issued from the 1st. January 1793 to the 30th. September following by Messrs. Elliot & Williams Contractors for supplying the Western posts with Provisions.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0154", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Robert Troup, 8 August 1793\nFrom: Troup, Robert\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York 8 Augt 1793\nMy dear Sir\nWe are all alive here. Perhaps this day will be distinguished by the most respectable meeting for numbers\u2014character\u2014& property\u2014ever assembled in this City. The object is to express our warm approbation of the proclamation of neutrality & our determination to support peace. We have by pursuing a bold & manly line of conduct effected a complete consolidation of parties in favor of the great object of neutrality.\nYou cannot concive how different the feelings of the Federalists are from those they had a few days since. We shall inform you after the meeting of particulars.\nGenets reception was noisy\u2014but contemptible to an extreme. His conduct has excited general indignation. If the president pursues the manly & dignified conduct he has marked out for himself he will secure the continuance of that respect & veneration for him which reign in the hearts of all reflecting & good men.\nWe can & will support him with success. We never will suffer a competition to exist between him & the Minister of any country. Be prudent\u2014steady\u2014manly\u2014and firm\u2014and we shall triump over all enemies both domestic & foreign. I am in great haste. Never were men more industrious & determined than we are. The meeting will take place at 12 o\u2019Clock.\nGod bless you\nRob Troup\nA Hamilton Esq\nI send you this as the harbinger of good news\nRT", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0155", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, [8 August 1793]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, August 8, 1793]\nYou having stated to me that there will be due & payable on the first of June next on account of the Loans heretofore made by the United States in Holland, the sum of one million of Florins.\nI do therefore hereby direct & require that you will take measures for procuring in due time by way of Loan the said sum of one million of florins, to be applied to the payment of the aforesaid installments.\nProvided always that the terms & conditions of the said Loan or Loans be according to Law.\nGiven under my hand at Philada. the Eighth day of August 1793.\nGo. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0156", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, [8 August 1793]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, August 8, 1793]\nThe present being, & being likely to continue for some time a favorable season for purchases of the Public Debt, and as it appears that the whole, or the greatest part of the unexpended monies of the foreign loans heretofore made, will be requisite for satisfying the approaching installments of our Debt to France, which it has been judged expedient to pay without deduction for any prior advance. It appearing moreover from the statements submitted by you to my consideration, that the sum authorised to be borrowed by the Act intitled \u201can Act making provision for the reduction of the public debt,\u201d there may still be procured for the purpose of that act the sum of one million five hundred & fifteen thousand & ninety eight Dollars & Eleven cents:\nI do therefore direct & require that you take immediate measures for obtaining a Loan or Loans to the extent of the sum aforesaid, to be applied to purchases of the public debt pursuant to the provisions of the act above mentioned.\nProvided always that the terms & conditions of the said loan or loans shall be according to Law.\nGiven under my hand at Philada. the Eighth day of Augt. 1793.\nGo. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0157", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Charles Fran\u00e7ois Bournonville, 9 August 1793\nFrom: Bournonville, Charles Fran\u00e7ois\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, August 9, 1793. On August 10, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Bournonville: \u201cPursuant to your letter of yesterday.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0159", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 9 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury DepartmentAugust 9, 1793\nSir,\nI have the honor to transmit herewith the Copy of a letter from the Comptroller of the Treasury of the 7th instant. containing substantially the information requisite to a judgment of the motives which determined the Treasury to persist in declining for the present the payment of the warrants stated by Mr Fraunces to be in his possession.\nThese principally turn upon the following considerations\u2014\nI \u2003 That there appears to heve been an extensive and complicated agency on the part of Mr Duer for the late Board of Treasury, respecting the negotiation, exchange and payment of sundry kinds of papers, including warrants of the nature of those in question, which, the various accounts respecting it not having been finally settled at the Treasury, renders it impossible for the present officers of the Department to pronounce with certainty what of those warrants are rightfully outstanding and a just claim upon the public.\nII \u2003 That there are other kinds of Public paper in a similar predicament.\nIII \u2003 That there is a presumption that the particular warrants in possession of Mr Fraunces may have been once taken up and satisfied by Mr Duer as a Public Agent out of Public funds, though afterwards thrown into circulation for private purposes.\nIV \u2003 That Mr Fraunces before he became possessed of them knew the facts, which support that presumption; and consequently became possessed of them mala fide, as a speculation upon what he supposed to be the strictness of public obligation.\nV \u2003 That from this state of things, it is unsafe for the public to an unknown extent to continue to take up and satisfy public paper of the description comprized in Mr Duer\u2019s agency; and that in the particular case, it is very questionable whether a Court of Justice would support the claim of Mr Fraunces even on rigid principles of law.\nThe following circumstances will evince still more clearly the impropriety of Mr Fraunces\u2019s pertinacity on the occasion.\nMr Fraunces was a Clerk of the Board of Treasury during the greatest part, if not the whole period, of the transactions in question, and was in a situation to be well acquainted with their Course.\nMr Fraunces being found a Clerk in the Treasury, at the time of the commencement of the present administration of it, was continued in it \u2019till some time in March last; and well knew before his departure that objections were made at the Treasury to the payment of the still-outstanding warrants, \u2019till further light could be obtained.\nWith all this knowledge to guide him, he ventures upon the speculation, and plunges himself into the embarrassment in which he alleges himself to be.\nThere is therefore the reverse of reason for a departure from the rule of conduct, which has been a considerable time since adopted at the Treasury, in his favour.\nMr Fraunces endeavours to derive a topic of censure on the refusal to pay the warrants from the circumstance of a very considerable sum of those warrants having been previously discharged by the present Department, which he represents as an inconsistency in its conduct.\nA short history of the business will be the best answer to this insinuation.\nOne of my first acts, upon coming into my present Office, was to ascertain what demands upon the Treasury, requiring immediate payment in specie, existed; in order to laying before Congress an estimate for an appropriation. My call for this information was addressed to the Register of the Treasury, who had been in that office under the old establishment, and whose province it was, both from the nature of his Office and the usage of the Treasury, to furnish information of that sort.\nHe accordingly reported to me among other things a statement of warrants which had been issued by the late Board of Treasury and which appeared to be still outstanding and unsatisfied. This statement formed a part of an estimate submitted by me to the House of Representatives on the 19th of September 1789, which was the foundation of an appropriation of 190,000 Dollars for satisfying warrants of the above description.\nOn the 28th of July 1790, the Register reported to me, a further statement, which was also communicated to the House of Representatives; from which it appeared that some of the warrants deemed outstanding in the first statement had been satisfied and that others not mentioned in it were outstanding; but as the sum of the warrants omitted was less than that of the warrants which had been included in the first statement though satisfied, the matter was left on the basis of the first appropriation, which appeared sufficient to cover all the warrants really outstanding.\nThe reason assigned by the Register for this inaccuracy and which appears to have been the true one was\u2014\u201cThat the Accounts of the Treasurer and Receivers of Taxes had not yet been adjusted at the Treasury; which prevented his having a certain guide to ascertain the particular warrants, that formed the agregate of the excess of warrants drawn by the late Board beyond the actual receipts of monies into the Treasury.\u201d\nBut during this period and for a long time after, I was ignorant of the existence and extent of Mr. Duers Agency for the Board of Treasury. No circumstance in the course of the immediate business of my Office led to the discovery, and no person who had been in the way of knowing it had informed me of it.\nOf the Officers of the Treasury under the old establishment, none remained, but Mr. Duer and the Register. Mr. Duer probably from the difficulty of rendering a prompt and satisfactory account of his Agency kept it out of sight; and the Register either perhaps not acquainted with it, as having been pretty much seperated from the active operations of the Department, or from a Character naturally reserved and inofficious said nothing about the matter.\nOne Occurrence only led me (some time after my coming into Office but the particular period is forgotten) to a partial knowledge of the transaction. Some Certificates of pay due to the Officers of South Carolina were presented at the Treasury for payment and upon enquiry I was told by Mr. Duer that the Board had put into his hands funds for the payment of Certificates of that kind, that the greatest part of them had been satisfied and that as the residue occurred the holders might be referred to him and he would take them up.\nBut this as stated appeared to be only a particular provision, commensurate with a particular case. The general subject of the agency was kept out of view until a long time afterwards, as the progressive settlement of Public Accounts unfolded the transactions of the late Board.\nThe accounting officers of the Treasury first and successively acquired the information in the course of official business, which was successfully inparted to me, but it was not till after the present Comptroller came into his present Office, that I became apprized of the extent of the thing.\nEarly and great pains were taken to bring the late Treasurer to a settlement of his Accounts, but it was for a long time eluded under different pretexts: he continuing in Philadelphia and his papers remaining in a private House at New-York; till owing to an anxiety about their situation and the danger to the Public if an accident should happen to them, I caused them to be seized under the direction of the then Comptroller and placed in the Bank of New-York carefully packed up and sealed for safe Custody.\nIt was not however, till after our arrival at this place that a material progress could be made in the settlement of these accounts. Much has been done in it; but questions connected with Mr. Duers Agency still postpone its final completion.\nThe settlement of the old Accounts of the Commissioners of loans has also been pursued with diligence and with success; though they were unavoidably delayed by their connection with the Treasurers accounts and Mr Duers Agency.\nAs these settlements proceeded, that Agency became more and more devellopped. But it was not till late in the year 1791, that an adequate idea of it was obtained.\nIt appears by recurrence to official records that from the 23d of November 1789 when the Treasury began to be in a situation to make payments on that account to the 23d of November 1790 there had been paid in discharge of warrants issued by the late Board of Treasury 157630 Dollars & 94 Cents; that subsequent to this period there have only been paid of those warrants on the 6th of July 1791 to Abijah Hammond 150 Dollars on the 12th of October 1792 to Henry Knox 33 Dollars & 33 Cents.\nDuring the whole of the period when the payments were made except the last mentioned trifling one, I was altogether ignorant of the general considerations which have latterly operated against a continuance of those payments; which sufficiently accounts for the difference of conduct.\nBut those general considerations have been strengthened by the following more particular ones.\nThe warrants now outstanding lay dormant, from the time the appropriation was made for their payment till after the time of Mr Duer\u2019s late failure (an interval of more than two years) when they began to make their appearance at the Treasury.\nConsidering that the appropriation for these warrants was so long a matter of general notoriety, and that money during the whole period was in great and universal demand, the reflection naturally pressed itself upon the Treasury, that some great peculiarity must have attended those so long kept back, and no sufficient solution appeared but in the supposition that they might have been taken up by Mr Duer in the course of his agency. The appearance at the Treasury about the same time of paper of other kind which had been understood to be absorbed, served to strengthen and extend the alarm.\nThese circumstances at any rate were of a nature to enforce the propriety of caution; and a resolution was accordingly taken to make no further payments till further light could be obtained and further legislative precautions could be established to guard the public, as far as possible, against the danger of suffering by any abuses, which might have been committed.\nAccordingly in consequence of suggestions from the Treasury, the law mentioned in the close of the comptrollers letter was passed during the last session; which provides that all claims upon the united States for services or supplies or for other cause matter or thing furnished or done previous to the 4th day of March 1789, whether founded upon certificates or other written documents from public officers or otherwise, which had not already been barred by any Act of limitation and which should not be presented at the Treasury before the first day of may 1794 should forever after be precluded from settlement of allowance; with the exception only of loan office certificates, certificates of final settlement, indents of Interest, balances entered in the books of the Register of the Treasury, certificates issued by the Register of the Treasury commonly called Registered certificates loans of money obtained in foreign countries and certificates issued pursuant to the Funding Act. Neither of which exceptions covers either of the species of Paper, to the discharging of which Mr Duer\u2019s agency appears to have extended.\nThe claims presented under this Act are to be received and recorded by the Auditor; and the accounting officers of the Treasury are to make Report to Congress upon all such of them as shall not be allowed to be valid according to the usual forms of the Treasury.\nThe plain design of this act is to fix a period, when all claims which admit a suspicion of abuse shall cease to bind; so that there may be an ultimate term to the dangers to the public in this way, which from the former loose and irregular manner of conducting the public business have been great\u2014that in the interim whatever is doubtful may be held suspended, till the issue shall discover and set bounds to the extent of the mischief, if any, which exists; holding individuals who may have been accessory to any abuse during this time, under the check of that suspence, and of an investigation which is to continue open till the expiration of the term limited for presenting claims; and reserving to Congress the ultimate judgment in those cases where conflicting considerations may render the course which ought to be pursued doubtful.\nUnder this very necessary and prudent law the Department now acts, and being in the dark about the true situation of the warrants in question refers the holders of them to that ultimate justice, consistently with the security of the public, which this law contemplates.\nOther holders more meritorious than Mr Fraunces as well as himself have been referred to this issue. They have acquiesced; he has appealed.\nThe most scrupulous maxims of good faith will, it is presumed, justify a Government, under circumstances so peculiar, in forbearing to admit claims, till it shall have taken precautions to ascertain the ground. It is probable that the nicety of public credit will require in the end some sacrifices of Interest, which strict justice would not dictate; but prudence requires that the extent of such sacrifices should be first known.\nMr. Fraunces refers to a letter as inclosed which shews (says he) that \u201cwhat is now known at the Treasury has been long since known\u201d I find no other letter inclosed than that from Mr Taylor which only traces the knowlege of the Treasury back to the 26th of last month.\nThe circumstance mentioned in that letter proves to be a mistake, as will be seen by a certificate of the Register herewith transmitted.\nBut if it had been true, it would have furnished a very strong objection against paying the warrants; for to consider a paper which has been once satisfied and stolen off a public file, as an existing claim will not easily find principle or precedent to support it; and if a practice so alarming had been detected it would have afforded a very powerful motive for additional caution.\nMr Fraunces mentions a conversation with me, in which I had stated that the public might have a claim upon the warrants as Mr Flint had promised a payment in such warrants on account of his Tobacco contract; and it was possible those presented by Fraunces might have been a part of those promised by Flint.\nIt is true that something of this kind was dropped by me in the course of one of the interviews which Mr Fraunces importunately pressed upon me.\nThe facts are as follow and were referred to in that sense.\nMr Flint owes a sum of money to the united States for a parcel of Tobacco which he purchased of the late Board of Treasury. He had in his possession warrants issued by the Board which he produced to the officers of the Treasury, declaring they were reserved for a payment on account of the contract when the monies became due. It was cursorily remarked to Mr Fraunces among other things, but without much stress being laid upon it, that it might appear upon more full inquiry that the warrants he held were part of those promised by Mr Flint and that it might then be a question whether the united States would not have a right to claim a set off against them of an equal sum of their debt from Mr Flint.\nI added that this might be the better done as it was a serious question whether the warrants were in their nature negotiable.\nTo this Mr Fraunces replied that their negotiability could not be objected to as it had been the practice of the Treasury to pay them to the holders upon a blank endorsement. I answered that this was not conclusive, because it was known that Bonds under seal were not in strictness negotiable; yet if an obligee of mine should endorse my bond and deliver it to another I should without scruple pay the amount to him upon the strength of such endorsement if I had no valid set off against it, as the property of the prior owner; but if I had such set off, I should refuse payment and should expect to be Justified by law.\nBut I added withall that this was a circumstance I had only mentioned incidentally; that my reasons for refusing payment were of a more cogent nature, immediately relative to the security of the Public.\nThe truth is, that I did not care to go into a particular explanation with Mr Fraunces, but chose rather to deal in general expressions. Not Mr Duer only but the members of the late Board of Treasury and the late Treasurer are more or less implicated in the affair. What degree of culpability falls upon either of these parties is not yet definitely ascertained; and I have considered it as most equitable and delicate not to make, what is hitherto supposed, a matter of public eclat; until at least it shall be better understood. Another reflection has also had some influence in producing reserve. It is this that Mr Duer if not rendered desperate by a disclosure, may in order still to preserve some public character exert himself to recover paper which may have improperly escaped him as the means of liquidating the demands which the united States at present have upon him, and of avoiding a disgraceful promulgation. Indeed there is reason to infer from some thing which in my last conversation but one with Mr Fraunces fell from him, that this is now the case. Mr Duer was endeavouring to get back the warrants; suggesting that they had been only pledged by him for a part of their value.\nI think it proper to observe that my letter to Mr Fraunces which he has recited at length was prior to those disclosures of his which have tended to place his claim in a still more unfavourable light.\nAs to his having danced attendance at the Treasury for near two months (as he expresses it) the blame is wholly with himself. He was told in his first interview with me most explicitly that the warrants would not be paid for the present; and was advised on that ground to notify his claim to the Auditor. He nevertheless persevered in importuning me hoping perhaps to interest my humanity against my judgment and counting something upon a disposition on my part to serve him which it now clearly appears he never merited.\nI thought it incumbent upon me to ask an explanation of that part of his letter in which he seems to impute to me some undue motives; but he hitherto evades it.\nWith the most perfect respect I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most obdt & humble Servt\nAlex Hamilton\nThe President of The United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0161", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Charles Fran\u00e7ois Bournonville, 10 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Bournonville, Charles Fran\u00e7ois\nTreasury Department Aug 10th 1793\nSir\nPursuant to your letter of yesterday I had examination made, respecting the funds in the hands of the Collector of Norfolk\nIt appearing however that all the monies at present in his hands have been drawn for I have to regret that the draught requested cannot be furnished.\nI am Sir with consideration \u2003 Your obedt Servt\nAlexander Hamilton\nMr BournonvilleSecretary to the French Embassy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0162", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jedediah Huntington, 10 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Huntington, Jedediah\n[Philadelphia, August 10, 1793. The dealer\u2019s catalogue description of this letter reads: \u201cacknowledging draft of $2000.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0163", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Rufus King, 10 August 1793\nFrom: King, Rufus\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, August 10, 1793. On August 13, 1793, Hamilton wrote to King: \u201cThe Post of to day brought me your letter of the 10th.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0165", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 10 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia Augt. 10th. 1793.\nDear Sir,\nI thank you for giving me the perusal of the letters to you, which are herewith returned. And I pray you to draught, on my behalf, what you may conceive to be a short, but proper & respectful response to the letter of the Chairman\u2014or to the resolves\u2014or to both as you shall judge best (for they come in a form so unusual that I scarcely know the mode that will be most eligable) and let me be furnished therewith tomorrow evening, or early on Monday morning.\nQuere\u2014If the introduction of G\u2014\u2014 C\u2014\u2014 in the resolutions, affords a good occasion to notice the promptness & efficacy of this aid\u2014and that of all the Governors (as far as facts are known to me) where there has been occasion for their exertion\u2014would it not be good policy to make proper mention thereof?\nYours always\nGo: Washington\nColo. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0169", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 12 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTreasury Department August 12th 1793\nGentlemen\nI have lately the pleasure of your letters of the 22d of April and first of may.\nThe last was particularly acceptable, as it removed all anxiety about the June payment, in a mode quite satisfactory to me.\nThe low prices at which our stocks have been for some time past, owing to the state of affairs in Europe (which has tended to lower them in two ways, by lessening the foreign demand, and by opening new channels for the more beneficial employment of our domestic capital) indicate the expediency of extending the purchases of Stock, on account of the Government, which at present yields a very considerable advantage.\nUpon this ground it is judged adviseable to endeavour to obtain a loan in Holland for three millions of florins; though better terms should not be obtainable than five per cent interest and four per cent charges.\nNot expecting that Mr Short will be in Holland when this letter reaches you and having full confidence in your pure zeal for the Interests of the united States, I have concluded to address an instruction for the above purpose immediately to you.\nIn the event therefore of Mr Short\u2019s not being in Holland when this letter is received, you will take measures of yourself to obtain a loan for the above sum, within the limit above specified.\nI count nevertheless upon your zealous exertions, if the state of the market should possibly admit of it, to obtain the loan at a lower rate of Interest. The success of your endeavours for that purpose will be particularly gratifying to me, and will be in more than one way useful to our affairs.\nIt is important too that I should receive the earliest advice of what you shall do.\nThe enclosed letter for Mr Short advises him of the present arrangement and desires him to cooperate in whatever may be necessary to give the business due form.\nWith great and real consideration & esteem \u2003 I am Gentlemen Your obedt Servt\nAlexander Hamilton\nMessrs Wm & J. Willink N & J van Staphorst & Hubbard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0170", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Charles Fran\u00e7ois Bournonville, [13 August 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Bournonville, Charles Fran\u00e7ois\n[Philadelphia, August 13, 1793]\nMr. Hamiltons Compliments to Mr. Bournonville. The last return from The Collector of Norfolk shews a sum of 2500 Dollars in his hands subject to future disposition. If this sum can be of any convenience to Mr. B for the purpose lately mentioned it will be at his command.\nAug 13th.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0171", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas FitzSimons, 13 August 1793\nFrom: FitzSimons, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAugust 13, 1793. \u201cI am informed (by a letter Just now received) of the death of Mr Ballard Surveyor of Baltimore, and am strongly Urged by some Respectable people there to apply for your Interest for a Mr Robert Walsh of that Place as his Successor \u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0172", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, [13 August 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, August 13, 1793]\nThe Secretary of The Treasury proposes to the Secretary of State a Meeting of the Trustees of the Sinking Fund at the Office of the Secy of State the day after tomorrow twelve oClock. If convenient to him he will please to give notice accordingly to The Atty General. If the Sy of the Treasury hears nothing to the contrary he will attend of course.\nTuesday Aug 13th 1793", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0176", "content": "Title: No Jacobin No. V, [14 August 1793]\nFrom: \u201cNo Jacobin\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, August 14, 1793]\nFor the American Daily Advertiser.\nThe observations hitherto made, have been designed to vindicate the Executive of the United States from the aspersions cast upon it by the Jacobin. Let us now examine what has been the conduct of the Agents of France.\nMr. Genet, charged with the commission of Minister Plenipotentiary from the French Republic to the United States, arrived first at Charleston, in South Carolina. Instead of coming immediately on to the seat of Government, as in propriety he ought to have done; he continued at that place, and on the road so long, as to excite no small degree of observation and surprize.\nHere at once the system of electrifying the people, (to use a favourite phraze of the Agents of France) began to be put in execution. Discerning men saw from this first opening of the scene, what was to be the progress of the drama. They perceived, that negotiation with the constitutional organs of the nation, was not the only mean to be relied upon, for carrying the points, with which the Representative of France was charged; that popular intrigue was at least to second, if not to enforce the efforts of negotiation.\nDuring the stay of Mr. Genet at Charleston, without a possibility of sounding or knowing the disposition of our government on the point, he causes to be fitted out two privateers, under French colours and commissions, to cruise from our ports against the enemies of France. Citizens of the United States are engaged to serve on board these privateers, contrary to the natural duties of humanity between nations at peace, and contrary to the positive stipulations of our treaties with some of the powers at war with France. One of these privateers makes a prize of an English vessel, brings her into the port of Charleston; where a Consul of France proceeds to try, condemn and sell her; unwarranted by usage, by treaty, by precedent, by permission.\nIt is impossible for a conduct less friendly or less respectful than this to have been observed. To direct violations of our sovereignty, amounting to a serious aggression, was added a dangerous commitment of our peace; without even the ceremony of previously feeling the pulse of the Government.\nThe incidents that attended Mr. Genet\u2019s arrival here, previous to his reception, though justly subject to criticism, shall be passed over in silence. Breaches of decorum lose their importance, when mingled with injuries and outrages.\nThis offensive commencement of his career was not made an objection to his reception; though it would probably have been so, in any other country in the world. It has not been alleged either, that there was any want of cordiality in that reception. We shall see what return has been made to this manifestation of moderation and friendship. Knowing, as we do, the opposition of the government to the pretension of fitting out privateers in our ports it cannot be doubted, that an early opportunity was taken to make known its disapprobation to the French minister. Nor is it possible, that the executive of the United States can have neglected to remonstrate against so improper an exercise of consular jurisdiction, as that which has been mentioned: yet we have seen, that the practice of fitting out privateers has been openly persisted in. Their number has been so increased, and their depredations have been so multiplied, as to give just cause of alarm for the consequences to the peace of this country. It is also matter of notoriety, that the consuls of France have gone on with the condemnation of prizes; that one of them has had the audacity, by a formal protest to the District court of New-York, not only to deny its jurisdiction, but to arrogate to himself a complete and exclusive jurisdiction over the case.\nThe aggravating circumstances which attended the fitting out the Little Democrat at this port under the very nose of the government; the means which were used to obtain a suspension of her progress until the return of the President to the seat of government; the refusal which those overtures met with; the intemperate and menacing declarations, which they produced on the part of the French Minister, have been the subject of general conversation.\nHow much more there is in the case\u2014what further contempts of the government may have succeeded the return of the president, can only be matter of conjecture. We know, however, that the Little Democrat proceeded to sea; and we conclude from the known consistency of our chief magistrate, that this could not have been with his consent.\nProsecutions have been instituted and carried on against some of our citizens, for entering into the service of France. It is known, that Mr. Genet has publicly espoused and patronised the practice; even, as is asserted, without contradiction to the seeing of counsel for carrying on the defence of the guilty; and we see but a few days since, an advertisement from the consul of France at Philadelphia inviting to enter into her service not only her own citizens but all Friends in Liberty including of course the citizens of the United States.\nWe read of cases in which one nation has raised men for military service in the dominions of another with the consent of the nation in whose territories they were raised; but the raising of men, not only without the consent, but against the will of the government of the country in which they are raised, is a novelty, reserved for the present day, to display the height of arrogance on one side, and the depth of humiliation on the other.\nThis is but a part of the picture.\nNo Jacobin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0177", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 14 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt. Augt. 14. 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor respectfully to communicate to the President of the United States the copy of a letter which has this moment been received from the Collector of this port, informing of the arrival of two prizes sent in by the privateers Citizen Genet & Carmagnole.\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0179", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Benjamin Lincoln, 15 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTreasury Department August 15th 1793\nSir\nThe office of discount and deposit at Boston, having at my request paid draughts of sundry Collectors for bounties to Fishing Vessels to the amount of 32,970 Dollars and 47 Cents, I am to request that you will as fast as you shall be in cash on account of the duties on imports and Tonnage replace that advance to the above amount; taking duplicate receipts for each payment according to the form at foot, and transmitting one of each with your Quarterly Accounts.\nYou will also note each payment in your weekly returns so as to specify its object.\nI am Sir with consideration \u2003 Your obedt Servt\nForm of Receipt\nReceived, Boston the  day of  1793 of Benjamin \u27e8Lincoln\u27e9 collector the sum of  Dollars  being on account of advances made at this office for bounties on Fishing Vessels upon draughts of Sundry Collectors.\nBenjamin Lincoln Esqr, Collector Boston.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0180", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Peter R. Livingston, 16 August 1793\nFrom: Livingston, Peter R.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nManor Livingston [New York] 16 Augt. 1793\nMy Dear Sir\nI thank you for your favr. in answer to mine of the 12t Ulto. and am happy the contingency did not take place as was then by all conjectured it would.\nI must now my Friend ask the favor of you if any thing else should turn up that you judge will answer for me so that I can once more return with my family to the City and live, that you would be so kind as to have my name putt upon the list to be presented to the Worthy President and assist with such assistance only as will be consistant with your Station.\nIf you have any Vacancy in your Office that will answer for my Son James that is intirely out of business as a young man, or any other place that you judge will answer shall thank you to think of him. Our most Affectionate Regards Attend You and yours.\nYour friend and Hub. Sevt.\nPeter R Livingston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0181", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Lynch, 16 August 1793\nFrom: Lynch, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, August 16, 1793. Asks to be appointed surveyor of the Port of Baltimore to succeed Robert Ballard, \u201cAs that Gentleman has deceased.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0183", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 17 August 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, August 17, 1793. On January 20, 1794, Hamilton wrote to George Washington: \u201cI have the honor to send herewith a letter to me from the Commissioner of the Revenue of the 17 of August 1793.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0184", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Samuel Smith, 17 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Smith, Samuel\n[Philadelphia, August 17, 1793. On August 20, 1793, Smith wrote to Hamilton: \u201cYours of 17 Inst. I have recd.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0185", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Wray, 17 August 1793\nFrom: Wray, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[August 17, 1793. On January 29, 1794, Wray wrote to Hamilton: \u201cIn a letter bearing date Augt. 17th 1793 I wrote to You.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0186", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Etienne Dutilh and John G. Wachsmuth, 19 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Dutilh, Etienne,Wachsmuth, John G.\nTreasury Department August 19th. 1793\nGentlemen\nI am to acknowlege the receipt of your letter of the 2nd instant informing me that you are the holders of the following bills of Exchange drawn by the Administration of St Domingo on the late Consul General of France; and which remain unpaid.\nDolls\nVizt.\nNo\nfor\nEscalins\n\u2014 do.\nMaking in the whole, Sixteen thousand, four hundred, seventy four Dollars and fourteen Escalins.\nI have therefore to inform you, that if the Minister of the French Republic does not discharge the said Bills before the third of September next, they will then be paid at the Treasury of the United States upon application being made for the purpose.\nI am Gentlemen \u2003 Your obedt. Servant\nA Hamilton\nMessrs E. Dutilh & WachsmuthPhilada.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0188", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, 19 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\nTreasury Department August 19th 1793\nSir\nI have to reply to your letter of the 26th ultimo.\nI take it for granted the parties alluded to will not on reflection do what is expected; because it is not certain that they will find the judicial construction as favourable as that of the Treasury, with which it is a rule, in a doubtful case, to lean in favour of the Merchants and because also, they might be sensible that the most convenient rule is to exclude retrospection, whether for or against the Government.\nIf suits shall be brought, you will make it known to the Attorney of the District, in order that measures be taken to a proper defence; giving me notice of it at the same time.\nwith consideration \u2003 I am Sir \u2003 Your obedt Servt\nA Hamilton\nJere Olney EsqrCollector Providence", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0190", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Fitzgerald, 20 August 1793\nFrom: Fitzgerald, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAlexandria [Virginia] August 20, 1793. Acknowledges receipt of Hamilton\u2019s \u201cCircular letter to the Collectors of the Customs of the 4th. Instant.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0192", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Samuel Smith, 20 August 1793\nFrom: Smith, Samuel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBalte. 20th. Augt. 1793\nSir\nYours of 17 Inst. I have recd. The late proceedings of the Executive give satisfaction to every Body. It is only Askd\u2014why was not this done sooner to which I have answerd\u2014that the President had promised lenient Measures & depended on the promise of Mr Genet respectg. the Vessells Commissiond in America being orderd off not to return & that he had pledgd his Honor to grant no New Commissions. This satisfies within the Circle of my Information but the same question will be Ask\u2019d every where for the present proceeding on what all said Ought to be done & places the Business in such Point of View that all may understand\u2014the fear is\u2014is it not too late? The Govr. is at the springs. He is right I am Certain but the seat of Government being from the seat of Trade he is not So well Informd as you are. There are Some wrong headed Englishmen here as well as at New York who by meddling (for People do not like anything that has the Appearance of Brittish Interference) make Enemies to their Nation & resist the friendship which is due from America to the French Nation, in doing which People do not always distinguish well between the Minister & the Nation\u2014however, here, we are all right & the Name of Genet begins to be detested. I am amazd that the story of the Rendezvous house should be Continued; there was no foundation for it. An Irishman desirous of Custom hung out the 17 July the National flag but finding he Could not attract the French to his House he pull\u2019d it down. On the Drum beating, my Brother Robert\u2014Capt. Stricker & two Magistrates went to the Point & made full inquiry (for It was determin\u2019d to stop it) & they found there was no foundation for the report. The Englishmen here know it & yet they will be foolish enough to repeat the subject still. Mr. Thornton has bad Advisers & he is too Apt to believe. There is one Privateer here she arriv\u2019d with the fleett & has Clear\u2019d. She was seizd a few Days past by Mr. Kilty One of the Govs Council\u2014but on inquiry It was Clearly provd that she had only the same Arms which were on Board on her Arrival. The Captain behavd politely & he was dischargd. He is taking off the French that are a burthen to us at present & one solitary Young Irish Man. The Consul went on Board the fleet from ship to ship & Such as Chose to Man the ships of War steppd out Volunteers & have been sent off by the Way of Philad. It is Conjectur\u2019d by some they are destined for Providence\u2014but It never has been declard publickly & there has been no Rendezvous houses. The Captains of the ships were Calld to the Consul\u2019s House & Consult\u2019d before the Application was made to the sailors. I forgot to mention that Mr. Kilty was here five Days, by order of the Council making inquiry relative to Vessells Arming, that he Could recieve none that he went thro the Shipping to satisfy himself\u2014that he then applied to Mr Thornton who Could give him no Information only that he had heard Such things. Mr. Kilty then applied to Mr. Jas. Buchanon (a Violent Scotch Man) who could give him no Information but rather offered Insult. Where there is So large a fleet & So many Sailors there will be many appearances which Men badly Advisd, I mean factiously Advis\u2019d & will take for facts. Be Assurd that this state is right & except half a dozen fools of no Consequence at Chester will Act right. I write in Confidence & am\nDr sir \u2003 Your Obedt servt\nS. Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0193", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Charles Fran\u00e7ois Bournonville, 21 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Bournonville, Charles Fran\u00e7ois\nTreasury DepartmentAugust 21st 1793\nSir\nI am to inform you that the two Bills in favor of Messrs. Cunningham & Nesbit for Twenty five thousand five hundred Dollars have been registered at the Treasury in order to be comprised in the payment on the 3d of September next.\nThis operation will no doubt be confirmed by Mr Genet.\nI am Sir with consideration \u2003 Your obedient Servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nMr. BournonvilleSecretary to the Embassy of France", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0194", "content": "Title: Conversation with George Hammond, [21\u201330 August 1793]\nFrom: Hammond, George,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, August 21\u201330, 1793]\nThe additional instruction to British Ships of war and privateers, which your Lordship has been pleased to communicate to me, had reached this country two or three weeks antecedently to the arrival of the packet, and had excited considerable alarm both in the merchants and in the members of the government. A day or two after the receipt of it, I had a conversation with Mr. Hamilton, who regarded it as a very harsh and unprecedented measure, which not only militated against the principal branch of the present American exports but from the exception, in one case, in favor of Denmark and Sweden, appeared to be peculiarly directed against the commerce and navigation of the United States. For these reasons it would be incumbent upon this government, to make a representation on the subject to the Court of London. In the mean time, he earnestly desired me, if I received any exposition of it from your Lordship, to state it to the American administration, as a timely explanation might remove the unfavorable impressions it had made. In my answer I defended it, as well as I was able, on the ground of expediency, and of its not being contrary to the Law of nations, and on the conviction that the exception in favor of Denmark and Sweden arose solely from the stipulations of particular treaties. I however perceived that he was not convinced by my reasoning.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0195", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Mifflin, 21 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Mifflin, Thomas\nTreasury DepartmentAugust 21. 1793.\nSir\nI have had the honor of your letter of the 29th of July last, which the press of business has prevented my sooner answering.\nThe Certificates to which you refer have not been admitted upon the Loan proposed by the Acts of Congress payable in evidences of State debt.\nThe following circumstances have attended the case.\nCertificates of the description of those called New Loan Certificates of Pennsylvania, to the amount of 65,210 Dollars and 28 Cents, were offered for subscription under the Act entitled \u201cAn Act supplementary to the Act for making provision for the debt of the United States.\u201d\nIt appeared (a circumstance which had not come to my knowledge \u2019till after those certificates were so offered) that there was a law of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania which rendered it questionable whether they could legally be considered as a subsisting debt of the Commonwealth, a quality necessary to their being assumeable; and an opinion of the Attorney General of Pennsylvania was communicated to me, shewing that he did not view them as a subsisting debt of the Commonwealth.\nThis led me to state the case for the consideration of the Attorney General of the United States, who gave me an opinion that the Acts of the Pennsylvania Assembly of the 27th of March 1789, and of the 30th of March, and 1st of April 1790 abolished the Certificates in question as debts of the State, except for the purpose of being re-exchanged for continental Certificates; and therefore that the former, as wanting the due recognition from that State, could not be legally received upon loan.\nTo this opinion I was about to conform and to direct the rejection of the Certificates offered to the Loan.\nBut having learnt that there was a probability of a judicial investigation of the point, I forebore to give a final instruction concerning it and left the matter suspended.\nWhen the Commissioners were about to close the settlement of Accounts between the United and Individual States it became necessary to certify to them the amount of the debt of this Commonwealth which had been admitted upon Loan. The course pursued was to certify absolutely the sum which had been subscribed and finally admitted and to state in a note the amount and situation of the Certificates in question which had been offered to the Loan and not admitted. It is understood that this amount was not embraced in the statement of the Commissioners.\nThere has been no suspension of the Interest on so much of the debt of this Commonwealth as was subscribed and admitted upon the loan.\nThese circumstances amount to a virtual rejection of the Certificates to which your enquiry is understood to have reference.\nI state them particularly, that the precise course of the business may be accurately seen.\nWith the greatest respect, \u2003 I have the honor to be Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obed\u2019 and humble Servant.\nAlexander Hamilton\nHis Excellency, The Governor of Pennsylvania.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0196", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John M. Pintard, 21 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Pintard, John M.\n[Philadelphia, August 21, 1793. On the cover of a letter from Pintard, dated July 4, 1793, Hamilton wrote: \u201cAug. 21. Wrote him with thanks informing of my declining the Wine.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0197", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Bush, 22 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Bush, George\nTreasury Department.August 22d. 1793.\nSir,\nI received your letter of the 20th. instant, communicating to me the arrival of the Privateers, Petit Democrat and Caramagnole, with the Ship Ann & Susan from Londonderry.\nOne of the duties enjoined upon the collectors of the customs in my circular instructions of the 4th instant was that they are immediately to notify the arrival of such vessels, or Prizes taken by them, to the Govenor and Attorney of the District. This instruction ought to have been strictly observed, and the Govenor is to be notified whether sick or well.\nAn entry of the said Ship and her Cargo is not to be permitted, while she remains in possession of the captors: but if an entry has been made (as would appear from your letter) you will prevent the landing of any goods from on board of her. Should they be landed without your permit the provisions of the 26th. Section of the collection law are to be enforced.\nIt will be proper to have affidavits taken before the District Judge, or before a magistrate, setting forth the declaration which you mention to have been made by the Captain of the Democrat\u2014and to send those affidavits to the District Attorney.\nI am Sir, \u2003 Your Obedient Servant.\nA Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0198", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Lovell, 22 August 1793\nFrom: Lovell, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Boston, August 22, 1793. On November 29, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Lovell: \u201cVarious circumstances have prevented an earlier answer to your letter of the 22d of August last.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0199", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Nicholson, 22 August 1793\nFrom: Nicholson, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, August 22, 1793. On August 26, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Nicholson: \u201cI received your letter of the 22d instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0201", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 22 August 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury DepartmentAugust 22, 1793.\nSir,\nThough it was not expressly said, yet I presume it will have been understood, as clearly implied in the instruction contained in my circular of the 4th instant, that the liberty to enter vessels and their cargoes, brought in as prizes, by the armed vessels of France, was not, after the receipt of that letter, to include vessels and cargoes taken and brought, or sent in, by armed vessels originally fitted out in the ports of the United States, while remaining in possession of their captors.\nIt will follow, that if an attempt should be made, to land goods from on board such vessels, they are to be seized, and proceeded against as directed by the 26th section of the Collection Law. Lest the implication above-mentioned should not have been obvious to all, I have concluded to give this further explanation.\nI \u27e8am, with considera\u27e9tion, \u2003 \u27e8Sir\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0202", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 22 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department, August 22, 1793. Encloses \u201cfor the perusal of the President, the copy of a communication which has just been receiv\u2019d from the Collector of Wilmington in the State of Delaware.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0203", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Weld, 22 August 1793\nFrom: Weld, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Boston, August 22, 1793. On November 5, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Benjamin Lincoln: \u201cI had prepared an answer to a letter from your Deputy of the 22d of August last.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0204", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 22 August 1793\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nI have the honour to enclose a copy of a Letter recd. in this office from the Sec. of War, the object of which is, that provision be made for discharging at the Office of the Accountant some part of the pay due to the Commissd. & Non Commissd. officers, and Privates of the Army.\nThere is nothing in the Law which contemplates an arrangement of this kind; but in case it can be carried into effect without risque to the public, it may perhaps be considered as susceptible of executive modification. There is no doubt that it would in many instances afford an essential accomodation to the Army.\nTo attempt any thing of the kind in favour of the non commissd. officers & privates would however occasion such intricacy in the details & so expose the public to the risque of making double or improper payments, that in my opinion, however desirable the object may be in some points of view, it ought to be abandoned as impracticable. With the Commissd. Officers, the inconveniences would not be equally great, and with respect to them I take the liberty to submit the following plan for consideration.\nLet the Officers who wish to be availed of the arrangement, execute an instrument according to the form (A) to be lodged with the Pay Master of the Army. And let the Pay Master of the Army, grant a Certificate according to the form (B) to be lodged with the Accountant of the War Department with a power of Attorney from the Officer.\nThe Accountant on receiving these Papers may then proceed to discharge the sums relinquished, for such subsequent Periods as the Officers shall appear from the Muster Rolls, to be transmitted, to remain in the public service.\nThere is no mode, which can be proposed that will not increase the business of the public Officers & render the accounts more intricate, but this plan is as free from objections as any that I have been able to devise.\nI have &c\nHon A H.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0205", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Isaac Hazlehurst, [23 August 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Hazlehurst, Isaac\n[Philadelphia, August 23, 1793]\nDr. Sir\nBe so good as to let me know whether a person has been engaged for the purpose we conversed about yesterday Morning.\nYr. very obed servant\nA Hamilton\nAug 23d\nIsaac Hazlehurst Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0209", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 23 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Dept. Augt. 23d. 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to the President a communication from the Commissioner of the revenue relating to contracts for the stakage of the shoals and channels of No. Carolina. He agrees in opinion with the Commissioner that it will be expedient to refuse No. 1. and ratify the others. It may even be better in the end, if a more eligible contract cannot be effected, to adopt some mode, though at greater expence to the public, to have the business done by a person employed at wages for the purpose. In such cases where, from local situation, few can conveniently undertake, which begets a disposition to exact, it is sometimes adviseable at a present sacrifice to demonstrate that the public will at no rate submit to unreasonable terms.\nA. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0210", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 23 August 1793\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nT. DC. Off Aug: 23d. 1793\nSir,\nI have the honour to submit to your consideration, a draft of a Letter to the Contractors of the Army, respecting the payment of Subsistence to Officers\u2014and a proposal for an alteration in the form of the Abstract of Rations issued, which will be particularly necessary in case the proposed arrangement is adopted.\nIt has occurred as a question whether the third section of the Act making alterations in the Treasy & War Depts. does not require that when the Subsistance of Officers is discharged in money, that payment should be made, by the P M of the Troops\u2014if this should be unsuited as the case the proposed arrangement must be abandoned. In case the plan is adopted, I take the liberty to submit whether the communication to Contractors should not be made from your Office.\nI am\nA H.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0211", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Bard, 24 August 1793\nFrom: Bard, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew york Augst. 24 1793\nDear Sir\nI cannot help offering you my sincere Gratulations, on an event which lately happened here which you have been acquainted with. There never could have been a more compleat Tryumph, than this City felt at our late numerous meeting, Numerous beyond Example on any former Occasion within my rememberance: and in this numerous and most respectable meeting of our Citizens, not one Dissenting Voice, but every one with uplifted hands gave the most strong and lively consent to the resolutions drawn up upon this popular and Virtuous occasion. The little feeble asemblage of our Malcontents which preceded this general and generous declaration of our Citizens, Sunk into nothing; and now they make a virtue of Necessity, and Affect to join the general Voice on this subject; some of them may be Converted. It must be a pleasing reflection to you, as it is to your Friends, to find the public prints from one end of the union to the other, teem with the most heartfelt approbation and Sanction of our Illustrious Presidents Proclamation, enjoining a perfect Nutrality. Your Publications on this, as on former Important and great Occasions, have brought Irresistable conviction to every discerning and Impartial mind; and have and will prove a Tower of strength on which we may rely, to repell the Efforts of a restless, Spirited Faction, Enemies to our peace, Security, prosperity and Happiness. Accept Sir, amidst the approving Voice, of our whole Common Country, this sincere offering of a private Humble Friend who will ever be ambitious of being known to Coll Hammilton among his most Faithfull Friends & Admirers.\nI am Sir with ye most perfect affection \u2003 yours\nJno. Bard Senr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0212", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Stephen Higginson, 24 August 1793\nFrom: Higginson, Stephen\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston Augt. 24. 93\nDr Sir\nI have thought that in the present state of things it may be useful for you to know what has been done here relative to the french Claims of a right to fit out privateers in our ports, & the feelings & conduct of people this way on that Subject. Upon inquiry I can not learn that you will have received any farther information than what the news papers will give you but from them you will not learn all that may be useful. Upon this Subject there is but one opinion in every part & throughout this State, except in this Town; there there are but a few who advocate the french Claims, & these are made up of inveterate Antifederalists & men desperate in their circumstances. The former will join any party, & pursue any measures to embarrass the union; & among these are Our Governor, Lt. Governor & some others in public Life, together with some of the principal officers in your Department, employed in the Customs. These have thrown every obstacle in the way of the merchants & others who have endeavoured to check the Spirit for privateering which appeared among our Citizens; & they encouraged the french Consul & his partizans in fitting our Cruizers, by advocating openly their right to do it, & by more privately advising them how to conduct. Mr. Gore has exerted himself much to restrain them; but he has derived no Aid from the Custom house\u2014he has found it difficult to make them act even where the line of duty was too clear to be contested; & where it was not so clear they have declined moving at all. Their whole weight indeed has been obviously in favour of the french Claims & against Government. Some of them have so conducted from habit & inclination, having been always connected intimately with the disaffected & Opposers of all Government, whether of this State or the Union; others may hereafter appear to have had a particular Interest in promoting the business. Nor will the Executive of our Government afford more Aid to the union. Memorials were presented to the Govr. by the merchants & mr. Gore, when the Privateers were fitting out, stating the facts supported by Evidence. This led him to call on the Attorney General for his Opinion, who replied in writing that the french had no such right by Treaty. But the weight of his privy Counsellors overbalanced, aided by his own feelings, every thing else; & they were permitted to go out, & cruize at the mouth of our harbours. Fair promises were made of doing what should appear to be proper; but no decission was ever had on any Question, & the french Consul met with no interruption from our Governmt.\nIn a few days two prizes & the privateer arrived here, on the day when your circular Letter made its appearance in the papers. One of the prizes was replevied by the marshal, he took possession of her but the  Consul with an armed force from the frigate dispossessed the marshal, & carried the prize under the Stern of the frigate, & gave the Captain of the frigate written orders to protect her from any Arrests. The marshall remained on board in appearance a prisoner, & for three days. Memorials & remonstrances were made during this time to the Governor, the Consul & the Capt of the Frigate to no purpose. The former would not move in the business\u2014the Consul would not order her to be released; & the Capt. said that he could not release her by his instructions without an order from the Consul, but added that the latter was a fool & blockhead so to conduct. Thus they remained \u2019till this day when the Capt of the Frigate provoked & tired of his situation went to Sea, leaving the prizes behind, when the marshal again got possession of the prize & has brought her to the wharfe. The other prize, American property, was ordered two days ago to be also replevied, & this precept given to the Sheriff, a Governors man, who went to ask leave of the Consul to take possession. He was refused leave, & has not dared to do it till after the Frigate was gone when he ventured on board, but was soon dispossessed by some armed men, or rather prevented taking possession, under the orders of the Consul.\nThus has a small privateer been fitted out agt Law, under the Eyes of the Custom house Officers & the Government of the State. She has sent in prizes which have remained here three days without any Steps being taken. Our Laws have been trampled on, & our Executive Officers, the marshal & Sheriff, been prevented by force from doing their duty, by the orders of a french Consul & the Capt. of this same privateer. The privateer is again equipping & when ready will proceed on a new Cruize. The Spirits of the people in Town are inflamed, in other Seaports they blaze, & in the Country they begin to wax warm. It would be easy to destroy the Privateer prizes & Crew, but the Laws ought to have their course, & no disorders should be committed by the people. But the operation of the Laws must be slow & interrupted when those whose official duty it is to execute do themselves obstruct them.\nThere certainly is not a hundred men in this Town who are even indifferent on this Subject; but a full half of them, & the most zealous against Government, are men in public Office either under the Union or the State Government. Strange as it may seem, the most violent Antis that We have are men who eat the Bread of the public; & this is the effect in most cases of that accomodating principle of bribing off opposition by Offices.\nI have taken the liberty of giving this short view of what has passed that you may see how far you may rely on the energy of men in Office to execute the Laws, from a Sense of duty & upon general principles. Those of the Union, some of them, will go no farther than the clear Letter of instructions will oblige them. They like their Offices too well to hazard them by disobeying position & clear Orders; but these they will execute with a slow & heavy movement and where there is a doubt they will certainly obstruct. Nor will our State officers, who reside here, give you more aid. They are in the Vortex of the Govs. influence, & to this They owe their offices. If any thing is to be done by the Officers here of either set, there must be the full force of clear & positive direction; & this involves in it some difficulty. It is now said in excuse for the Gov~. &cs that they have no directions, & there being no Laws positive, the path of duty is obscure, they must wait explanation. But if directions are given them by dictating you offend the Sovereignty of the State. They are d\u2014\u2014d Crew, & they will impede all they can.\nI think you ought to know your ground to stand firm, & I have given you not a heighthened view of it. My motive is friendly both as to you & the public, & I am with truth & respect yours &c.\nStephen Higginson\nMr. Gore has behaved well certainly. I shall be kept out of sight I know by you as I wish unless some good will come of appearing openly.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0213", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, Henry Knox, and Edmund Randolph, [24 August 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund\n[Philadelphia, August 24, 1793]\nTh. Jefferson submits to the Secretaries of the treasury & War & the Atty Genl. some sketches of Notes to be signed for the President. As they are done from memory only, they will be pleased to insert whatever more their memories suggest as material. Particularly, the final conclusion as to the express-vessel will be to be inserted, which is most accurately know to the Secy. of the Treasury. When completed, a fair copy shall be made & sent for signature.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0215", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 26 August 1793\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newport, Rhode Island] August 26, 1793. \u201cI have received your Circular Letter to the Collectors of the Customs containing an Instruction concerning contraventions of our neutrality, which instruction I shall cause to be executed in this District, as far as it is in my power with the greatest vigilance activity, care and impartiality. I have written to the Surveyors in this district and shall send them copies of your letter and of the Rules adopted by the President of the United States. Inclosed is a copy of a letter I wrote to the Collector for the District of Newyork on the 23d. of July last respecting the Brig Enterprize of Bristol Samuel Slocum formerly commander, also copies of the same papers of which I transmitted copies to him.\u2026 I have recd. a letter from Col. Lamb dated 21st Augt. 1793 in which he writes that \u2018In consequence of the information contained in your letters respectg. the conduct of the former owners, and the Captain of the Brigantine Enterprize of Bristol, I have seized the Vessel, and I wish to be informed as early as possible, in what manner the charge of smuggling goods from on board the said Brigantine can be supported, and the delinquency proved.\u2019 I have written to him by this Post and the substance of my letter is that I expect the person who copied the account of the Cargo returned in the Enterprize, a copy of which copy I had transmd. to him will swear that his copy was a true one of the original acct.\u2026 and that the date of the Acct. would show that the articles therein mentioned were impd. in the Brig Enterprize in 1790. That I had sent him a copy of the Dec\u0360n of William Barker, who sailed for the West Indias a few days after I obtained it, and who I am informed will swear to it upon his return, and that his testimony would corroborate the evidence that the Account would afford and put the matter out of doubt. That in order to take the deposition of the person who copied the Acct. of the Cargo of the Enterprize it was necessary that I should be furnished with a copy of the Libel.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0216", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John E. Howard, [26 August 1793]\nFrom: Howard, John E.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Baltimore, August 26, 1793]\nDr. Sir\nI received a letter, without date, from you respecting the recommending a character as Collector of the port of Annapolis, which I delayed answering in expectation of seeing some person from that place who could give me information as to the persons most likely to accept.\nThere are many proper persons in that place, but I am doubtful whether any one of them would accept of the appointment.\nMr. Carroll in conversation a day or two ago, mentioned his having received a similar letter from you and that he had recommended Mr. John Randall, but he did not know that he would serve. If Mr. Randall will serve I will join in recommending him, for he is a man of business and I believe of strict integrity.\nYou will have no difficulty in finding a Surveyor for this Port, for I am told there are 30 candidates.\nYour late instructions to the Collectors which have been published, relating to privateers and their prizes, and the Arming of Vessels in our ports, have given great satisfaction to many persons, and I believe to the people generally in this place. Some there are of very different politics, and if reports are to be depended on, it is not very surprizing that they are so, for it is said that out of only two dutch vessels & their cargoes, condemned as prizes, the agents will make \u00a310,000, and the French Consul is to have one fifth for his trouble in condemning the vessels & cargoes. It will readily be supposed that many persons become interested either as agents or purchasers, if not as owners of the privateers.\nThe resolutions of the City of Richmond & the address of the City of Hartford, with the resolutions of other Towns must satisfy Mr. Genet that he will get nothing by appealing to the people from any determinations of the executive.\nSome publications in the Philadelphia papers, particularly those under the signature of Pacificus, have satisfied the doubts of many with respect to the taking part with France in the war. So much for french affairs\u2014and the conduct of the English privateers in stopping our vessels makes it much to be wished that Peace in Europe, at least between England and France, may soon take place.\nI am Dr Sir \u2003 with great respect \u2003 Yr. Obed. Servt.\nJ E. Howard\nBaltimoreAugt. 26th. 1793", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0218", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Nicholson, 26 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Nicholson, John\nTreasury Department August 26th 1793.\nSir\nI received your letter of the 22d instant with its enclosures.\nI herewith transmit for your information the Copy of my letter to the Governor of Pennsylvania on the subject of the New Loan Certificates, by which you will perceive the light in which the matter stands at the Treasury.\nI am Sir \u2003 with consideration \u2003 Your obedt Servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nJohn Nicholson EsqrComptroller General of Pennsylvania", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0219", "content": "Title: No Jacobin No. VIII, [26 August 1793]\nFrom: \u201cNo Jacobin\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, August 26, 1793]\nFor the American Daily Advertiser.\nIt was intimated, in the commencement of these papers, that Mr. Genet had threatened to appeal from the President of the United States to the people. The fact, tho\u2019 understood from its source in this city, has of late acquired more formal authenticity.\nA declaration of this nature demonstrates a total ignorance of the genius and character of the citizens of this country, as well as an intire want of delicacy and decorum in its author. The people of the United States are a people equally sober and enlightened; their notions of liberty are rational and orderly; they know, that true liberty can only be supported on the basis of government and law\u2014that the magistracy must be duly respected\u2014that the officers whom they elect are the representatives of their power and dignity\u2014that disrespect to these is offence to them\u2014that an attempt by any foreign agent, to sow discord between them and those to whom they have committed the guardianship of their interests, is an enterprize against their tranquility and honour, as affrontive as it is dangerous. It supposes nothing less than that they are capable of arranging themselves under foreign banners, to countroul and overturn the constitutional authorities they have themselves created.\nWhen Mr. Genet conceived and expressed the idea of appealing from the President to the people, he must have considered the latter as light, vain and precipitate; as likely to be governed by impulse more than reason; as susceptible of being flattered by a seeming deference to their authority into an approbation of a direct and contemptuous breach of it in the person of their executive representative; into measures inconsistent with their dignity, their interest, their peace and their safety.\nTo endeavour, by a lengthy comment, to display the impropriety of this conduct would be to weaken the force of the fact. It speaks for itself. There is something in it which comes directly home to the feelings of every man whose feelings are truly American, who possesses and cherishes a becoming pride of national character; producing at once a spontaneous and unqualified indignation.\nYet there are men among us, who call themselves citizens of the United States, degenerate enough to become the apologists of Mr. Genet. He is (say they) a foreigner, not well acquainted with our language; his meaning may have been different from his expression; by the people, he may have intended their representatives in Congress. These are the best of the excuses offered for him.\nBut it happens, that the only one of these suggestions which has the colour of truth is, that he is a foreigner; one of the grounds of his culpability.\nHe understands our language remarkably well, as he has proved by correct extemporaneous answers to popular addresses; and was not at all likely to have used expressions materially foreign to his meaning. He understands too well the distinction between the people and their representatives, to have confounded the one with the other\u2014to have intended Congress when he mentioned the people. Mr. Genet would blush to make such excuses for himself.\nBut there are not wanting persons who take a bolder flight, and rejecting the humble stile of apology, assume the haughtier tone of justification. Why, say they, should not Mr. Genet talk of appealing from the President to the people? Is the president an absolute sovereign, or is he only the temporary agent of a free nation? If the latter, if the people are the sovereign, why should not an appeal be carried from him to them?\nThe answer to this rant is obvious and conclusive.\nThe general security of nations has established it as a sacred and inviolable maxim, forming an essential bulwark of their internal tranquility, that no agent of a foreign sovereign shall, on any pretext, attempt to create a schism between the citizens and the rulers of a state, whatever be its form of government, whether despotic or free, monarchical or republican. The interest of every nation is to every other always distinct, frequently rival. In the intercourses between nations, each can bring to the aid of its views all the influence of its power and wealth: If it were permitted to add to this potent agency, regularly exerted, the free employment of the means of cabal and sedition, every government would be in constant danger of being convulsed and subverted by every other. And as none would in practice tolerate a pretension so hostile to its safety, the admission of it in principle could only serve to multiply tenfold the occasions of war, between nation and nation. The peace and safety of states therefore require, that all pretence of right in the missionaries of one nation to influence the citizens of another, to overrule the decisions of their own government, should be rigorously excluded. This exclusion is the common interest of nations and of governments.\nThe right of appealing from the rulers of a nation to the nation itself, as far as it has foundation in truth, belongs exclusively to the members of that nation. By them alone can it be safely exercised. Their weapons must be those of reason and argument. They must rely wholly on convincing the judgment and conciliating the affections of the people. They must confine themselves within the limits of the laws, or the laws will punish them. They have no armies, no fleets, to second or enforce their logic.\nBut the case would be widely different with the representative of a foreign power. His appeal would be backed with all the strength, wealth and weight of the nation to which he belonged. He would have in his hands powerful means of corrupting and intimidating; his harangues, delivered under the muzzles of the cannons of his ships, might have a force much greater than they could derive from their eloquence. Exempt by his character from the animadversion of the laws, he might boldly hazard what private persons could not attempt. After having in vain endeavoured to convince a majority of the nation, and having only been able to seduce to his views a profligate and unthinking minority, he might then bring to the aid of his friends the purse and the sword of his own country. The calamities of a foreign might be added to the horrors of a civil war to accomplish what his appeal had fruitlessly essayed.\nWhat an immense difference then between the appeal of the representative of a foreign nation and that of private citizens! What treason against the tranquility of nations, to vindicate the propriety of such an appeal! What baseness, what prostitution in a citizen of this country, to become the advocate of a pretension so pernicious, so unheard of, so detestable! Language is too poor to give a name to so abandoned a renunciation of principle!\nNo Jacobin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0220", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 26 August 1793\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, August 26, 1793. \u201cI have recd. your circular Letter of the 4th. Instant, relative to \u2018contraventions of our neutrality.\u2019 You may rely upon my particular and vigilant attention to the Instructions therein contained.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0221", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Theodore Sedgwick, 26 August 1793\nFrom: Sedgwick, Theodore\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nStockbridge [Massachusetts] 26. Augt. 1793.\nMy dear sir,\nThe inclosed will give you some pleasure as an indication of public opinion. It was delivered to a very large assembly comprehending almost every man of influence in the county, nineteen twentieths of whom approved the sentiments expressed in the apostrophe to Lewis.\nWe are confidently told that Congress will assemble before the constitutional period. I hope not, because it would evince the influence of the infamously seditious publications, which have abounded in your papers. If indeed the question whether this country was under obligation to observe a neutrality in the present war was a doubtful one, and the Executive wished information from congressional investigation, the Presidents proclamation should not have preceded that event. I have another motive which induces me to wish this measure may not be adopted. However reluctant I was, not to be elected a member of the present house, and some part of that reluctance you was at the time acquainted with, I should now much regret its not being in my power to attend; and at present it would be altogether impossible. Mrs. Sedgwick I have reason to hope is now recovering from a most deplorable state of illness. Should my hopes be gratified, I will not desert my post.\nWilliam Lyman is elected a member. He now professes himself federal. I hope Neglect will not make him otherwise. Mr. Wolcott whom he highly respects, is well acquainted with him. I wish he might know this circumstance. On second thoughts I will not give you this trouble. I will write to him myself.\nWith great esteem & affect. regard, \u2003 I am dear sir, \u2003 your friend & most obedt. Servt.\nTheodore Sedgwick.\nThe Hon Mr. Hamilton.\nP. S. what is the report of the Commissioners on the public accts?; or is that report a secret?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0222", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Samuel Smith, 26 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Smith, Samuel\n[Philadelphia, August 26, 1793. On September 30, 1793, Oliver Wolcott, Jr., wrote to Robert Elliot and referred to \u201cA Copy of a Letter from the Sec. of the Treasy. to Samuel Smith Esq dated August 26th. 1793.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0223", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to David Henley, 27 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Henley, David\nTreasury DepartmentAugust 27th 1793.\nSir\nThe Secretary at war having informed me that he had appointed you an Agent for his department to reside in the Territory South West of the Ohio\u2014I have concluded to commit to you the making of the contract for the supply of the Rations which may be wanted in that Quarter during the year 1794. Inclosed is an advertisement for receiving proposals, which, immediately upon your arrival at Knoxville, you will cause to be inserted in the Gazette at that place.\nIf an offer should be made, which, upon full enquiry into the prices of provision and cost of transportation in that quarter, should appear to you reasonable, you are at liberty to close the contract, provided the Offerer can give good security for the performance on his part.\nThe rule is to take the lowest offer of any person who can give satisfactory security. There must be not less than two sureties.\nYou will avail yourself as to all these things of the advice of Governor Blount and other respectable Characters on the spot.\nShould no offer, of the reasonableness of which you are fully satisfied, be made, you will forward all the offers to me by express, with such remarks as occur to you, and you will wait my determination.\nIn the meantime you will make such temporary arrangement with the present Contractors or otherwise for the supply of the Troops in service as you shall think advisable, so that they may not suffer.\nAt foot are the prices of the Contract for the present year. They appear to me high, though I have not sufficient knowledge of local circumstances to judge with accuracy. They are given to you by way of information.\nI rely on your caution and circumspection in this affair. The object may prove of consequence, and it therefore merits great care and attention.\nI doubt not the like care will extend to all the objects of public supply which will fall under your charge.\nWith consideration and esteem, \u2003 I am, Sir, \u2003 Your Obedt Servant.\nAlexander Hamilton\nThe price of rations per contract of James King for the present year is twelve cents per ration throughout, at any place within the limits of the Territory south of the river Ohio; at the respective places of rendezvous, and on the march\u2014with a proviso in regard to Captain Kerrs company, that they do not cross the Tenessee or clinch River.\nFor the cavalry per ration including forage twenty three cents.\nDavid Henley Esq.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0224", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Medad Mitchell, [27 August 1793]\nFrom: Mitchell, Medad\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, August 27, 1793]\nTo the Honorable the secretary of the Treasury.\nSir\nHaving returned from a Voyage to the mississippi, wish to lay before the secretary what information I\u2019ve been able to obtain, Relative to the Strength and Situation of the Country through which I have traveled, likewise the Policy pursued by the Spanish Government, towards the Citizens of the United States, and the Savages, inhabiting the Southern Territories thereof. I have not Vanity enough to suppose myself equal to the Subjects, on which I shall attempt to treat, I only hope that the information, my Ideas and opinions, which I shall communicate, may coroborate, with others who may have done it before me. Should any thing which I advance, appear to the secretary improbable, I hope he will do me the Justice to believe that I think so myself, nor that I advance a falsehood intentionally.\nI shall in the first place, point out the Strength and Situation of\nNew Madrid,\nSituated 45 Computed Miles below the Ohio, on the West bank of the Mississippi River. It has a weak, tho regular built fortification, mounting ten pieces of Cannon, chifly Nines and Sixs\u2014is Garisoned by a Captain and Seventy Privates, there is 160 Militia at this post, chiefly Canadian Traders, I was told that 2000 Indians received their supplies at New Madrid.\nThe next post the Spaniards have on the Mississippi is the Walnut Hills, Situated 542 Miles below the Ohio, and 108 above the Natches, here has been no expense spared to fortify it well, Yet from what I coud observe their works were contemptible, tho the natural strength of the plan is very considerable, when I was there last March, they were building a Battery at the Landing, when compleated, will mount upwards of 20 pieces of heavy Cannon. I could not learn their strength. I only saw about 50 on fatigue.\nTheir next post is the Natchez, their fortifications at this place are in good repair, with plenty of heavy Artillery, A New fort was erecting when I was there, about 100 Artificers and Slaves are continually employed in the Kings Works\u2014\nAmericans are frequently taken up at the Natches for spies, I descended the River from New Madrid to that place, with the commodore of the Kings Gallies, by his request I took the bearings of the Mississippi and a particular Survey of the Chicasaw Bluffs, after ariving, was introduced to his Excellency, who speaks English well, he requested me to draw my plans at his house, and in every respect, used me like a Gentleman, during this time I was employed, when I had compleated 1 plan of 650 Miles of the Mississippi, three of the Chicasaw Bluffs, and one of the Iron Banks, he enclosed them to his Excellency at New Orleans, and confined me to an officers Room 18 Days, tried me for a Spy from the United States, and then sent me to New Orleans, under care of an officer, who had once served the United States\u2014during the time of my confinement, his Excellency treated me exceeding well. As soon as I arived at the Orleans, his excellency dismissed me, with a feint promise of employment, I soon found that the Americans were suspected by the Government, and that the price of informers was too high, I trembled for my safety, solicited for a Passport, and returned, as you see, to the United States. Many Americans are taken up, in that country, put in close confinement several months, merely upon suspicion of being Spies from the United States, very seldom they get a hearing, or are even told what they suffered for.\nNo American Citizen is allowed to trade with the indians on the Mississippi river, An American Boat stopped at the Chicasaw Bluffs, last May, and sold a few bushels of indian Corn, to the chicasaw indians, A Spanish emissary residing in the Town, gave information of this commerce to the Commanding officer at Walnut Hills, when the Trader arived, he was put in close confinement, and gained his Liberty some few days afterwards by the Sacrifice of his property. Spanish Agents and emissaries reside in every principal Town of the Chicasaws Chactaws, and Creek Nations. A Treaty was holding last July, at the Walnut hills, with these last mentioned Tribes, it was currently reported that it was for the purpose of purchasing the Chicasaw Bluffs, and to bring about a peace between the Chicasaw and Creeks, who had lately commenced hostilities.\nLast April three Gallies loaded with warlike stores and Soldiers, had arrived at the Walnut Hills, 100 fresh Troops had arived at the Natches, and 400 at New Orleans from the Havanna. On the approach of War, the Gallies were ordered to the Billisi, the Troops at the Natches were ordered blow, and those which had arived from the Havanna, were Shipped on the 16th of last July onboard two Ships, bound to the place from whence they came.\nNew Madrid was reinforced with some heavy cannon, and other warlike Stores last February. The inhabitants were told that a reinforcement of 100 Men woud arive in the course of the Spring, A Galley was to have been placed at the mouth Of Ohio, to prevent any dry goods being smuggled into New Madrid.\nI mentioned in a Former part of this paper, that 2000 Indians received their Supplies at New Madrid. The tribes which those savages belong to are, Shawonee, Deleware, and Cherokee, they keep runners from and to Detroit, and whenever a Campaighner goes out, I was informed, these savages joined their Countrymen. They frequently make excursions into Cumberland and return to this market with their plunder, I have seen them bring in horses, to New Madrid, which they had taken from the Settlement on Cumberland River, I have seen the Commanding officer purchase them, as well as others, I have heard them exult in their success, and receive applause for their conduct.\nAt New Madrid also, Deserters from the American Army, find assistance, they are allowed the priviledge of becoming Citizens there, with the Kings allowance, or are furnished provisions to any part of his Majesties dominions. They disarm them when they arive, and from what I coud Learn, have about 400 Arms, belonging to the United States, the Commandant had said, that if they were applied for by the authority of the United states, that he shoud give them up. Every American is examined very strictly by the Commanding officer of the last mentioned place, concerning the movements of the American Army, its strength &c &c, whether this is to assist the Savages, or to transmit to his Master below, I cannot say, But I believe both parties are informed of every inteligence \u27e8which\u27e9 he gains. From what I have observed, respecting the Conduct of the Spaniards, towards both Americans and savages, I  cannot but believe, that they wish to fix the Indians as a barrier between the United states and them, by their excluding all Americans from having any intercourse with them, and drawing them over to themselves by presents, and a display of their power, certainly indicates nothing favorable to us.\nFrom the anxiety which I discovered in his Excellency at the Natches, to have the bluffs drawn with accuracy, I was led to believe, that he thought them of great consequence, And from the Gallies ascending the River, Troops ariving from the Havanna &c, I also think they intended to fortify the Chicasaw Bluffs this Summer, The War in Europe, obliged them to recall their Troops, or perhaps they did not wish to awaken the Jealousy of the United states, at such a critical Juncture. Their continuing to fortify the Walnut Hills with so much industry, and at such a vast expence, does not appear probable, that they intend to give them up, and the Walnut Hills being of little consequence to them if the Americans had the Bluffs, is another reason why I believe that they intended to make sure of them so soon. From every appearance, they dread the Americans, they are convinced that the Mild and equitiable Laws of this Country, woud induce the subjects of his most Catholic Majesty, to quit his Banner, to remove under them, whenever it may be in their power. There is not a Man of Common sense, in the Province of Louisania, who does not despise the Government under which he lives, the Americans who live in the Province, are, either too poor to return, or have committed crimes in the United States, for which they dare not return, of this last description, the Spaniards seem very fond.\nThe Frenchmen groan beneath their Yoke, nor only stay because they cannot realize their property so as to remove it, They flatter themselves that the Americans will soon erect the Standard of freedom upon their shores, and rescue them from a state of Slavery, as abject as can possibly be conceived. They are not allowed to be seen speaking publicly together, nor to walk the streets after sun down. Many people of property are sent out of the province, to Slavery, without being told why or wherefore. Seventy five people of Property, who woud not take the oath of Allegiance to his Most Catholic Majesty, were permitted a Short time to Sell their property, Nor then allowed to bring cash, and go on board a Snow bound to Phila. They made a Sacrifice of some thousand Dollars, by being permitted so little time to prepare. After onboard, even sent to havanna, and it was the general opinion of people in New-Orleans, that the Moreu Castle woud bring them up, by their not ariving, there remains not the least doubt of it.\nThe Mississippi is settled along its banks 150 Miles above New Orleans, and about 30 below. The Annual incomes of Plantations in the compass mentioned is very considerable, when the French had the Liberty of Trading to that Country, some Estates cleared 20,000 Dollars pr. Annum, and many upwards of 10.000. No country can be better calculated for rice and indigo. I cannot give any idea of the Number of Militia, below the Natches, at Point Couper, a single settlement intirely french, I was told they had 300 Whites and 1200 Blacks. At the Natchez they reckon 66 White Militia. At the Walnut hills none are allowed to settle, That shoud the Americans take possession of them, they may not find any assistance from fresh provisions. Having given every Nessesary information that I am capable of, Shall draw this inference from the conduct of the Spanish Government, which has come to my knowledge, partly from experience, and partly from information.\n1st. that they intend to Monopolize the Indian Trade upon the Mississippi, and to Aleniate the affections of the Savages from the Citizens of the United States, and to fix them as a Barrier between us and them, to present as much as possible the rapid population of our frontiers, while they gain time to fortify the River, so that nothing but a successful war can ever wrest it from their hands. 2nd. That they intended to fortify the Chicasaw Bluffs, this Summer, from their strengthening all their out posts, from the reinforcement ariving at the Natches, and New Orleans, and their Gallies moving up the River; no other conclusion can be drawn. And lastly, By their holding a Treaty with the Savages inhabiting the Southern Teritories of the United States, it appears highly probable to me, that they have already purchased the Chicasaw Bluffs. The same right existed, to purchase those Bluffs, as there did, to purchase the Walnut Hills. They treat with those Savages, as sovereighn independent states, who have a right to dispose of Their Teritories, as they think proper.\nThe Chicasaw Bluffs being the only high land, between the Iron Banks and walnut Hills, makes them of consequence to the Spanish Government, to command the River, And being well acquainted with the Value of the Indian Trade, most certainly will not omit securing them, whenever it lies in their power so to do.\nWhen I returned from the Illinois Country, I was convinced that the Trade was beyond the common Calculation of the people of the United States, impressed with this Idea, I ventured to give the Secretary my opinion of it, and of its consequences. Since that time I have been able to obtain better information on that Subject, and shall venture upon the Secretaries patience, to lay it before him. The Amazing extent to which the Canadian Trapper is carried is almost incredible, From the Source of the Mississippi to the Arkansaw. The Arkansaw, which is Navigable about 900 Miles, St. Francis River Navigable about 600, the White River Navigable about 400, the Missouri whose extent is not known, are all supplied from Canada. The Ohio as far as the Wabash, the Wabash River and the Tenessee are Supplied from the Same Sources. Post St. Vincennes, it is true is not intirely Supplied by foreighners, yet the hunting Camps below are. I have seen a store of Canadian Merchandize at the Rapids of Ohio, when I descended the River last fall. The Spaniards of themselves are not able to furnish Merchandize sufficient for the consumtion of this Vast extent of Teritory. the Creeks, Chacktaws, and Chicasaws, on the American side, and the Indians of red River, and appalusia are all they supply. The many obstacles the Government throws in the way of commerce, and at every post the commandant, who is the Law, is a Trader makes it difficult, to become a competitor, and his Merchandize, if bought at New Orleans, comes higher, to the Trader, at any place above the Natches, than when bought in Canada, besides the duties laid upon furrs of all kinds at the Orleans, nearly, or quite, compensates for his expence in ascending the River. European Goods are cheaper in Lexington, Kentucky, than at New Orleans, And can be furnished at the Natches 25 pr. Cent cheaper, from the United States, than, any other way.\nNo people under heaven, are so capable of Trading with Savages, as those Canadians. They are habituated from their infancy to live like them, They understand their different Tongues, Their various wants, their Manners and customs, hence they are enabled to carry on those distant Voyages, and make immense profits, when an American with the same chance woud sink his capital. The Canadian has more influence with the Savages, than any other people or Government whatever. An Indian is sensible that he cannot live without them, is never known to treat them ill. The Canadians I speak of are those, who to gain permission to trade on the Rivers within the Spanish Territory, have taken the oath of Allegiance to his Most Catholic Majesty\u2014and are held in high Estimation by the spaniards, as influential Characters amongst the Savages.\nThe pernicious consequences arising from a foreighn Commerce being carried on with those Savages on the frontiers of the United States, cannot be unknown to the secretary, but having an opportunity of seeing some of those consequences, and from information have formed a Judgement conformable to the Opinions of many others, shall not hesitate to communicate my thoughts on the subject to the Secretary, so far at least, as it effects the imediate Tranquility of the Southern frontiers of Kentucky.\nThe Cherokees, a very numerous warlike nation, are now at war with the United States. The Chicasaws are divided, The Creeks are daily Commiting hostilities upon the Southern States. The Spaniard can ascend and descend the Tenessee Ohio and Wabash, with as much safety, as an American can the Deleware. The Spaniard Supplies the savage with every instrument of Death, and urges him on to acts of barbarity. He congratulates him upon his Success, buys his plunder, While the Savage giddy with Success, recounts the many Scalps he has taken from defenseless Women and Children who has fell in his way, and imagines every one a fresh Laurel to his brow. The Savage knows no other way to acquire fame, but by War, he wants no pretext for that, but ability.\nThe Settlement on Cumberland, feel every Calamity, that Savage Cruelty can inflict, her bravest men have fell in the defence of their Country. While the Spaniards at New Madrid render every assistance to enhance their Suffering.\nThere is a Gentleman now in Phila. a Man of Veraicity, who is well acquainted with the conduct of the Spaniards. To him I will refer the Secretary for the proof of what I here assert, he likewise will be able to give full information of the policy pursued by the that Government, in a manner more Satisfactory than myself, having resided long in that Country.\nThe Chicasaws altho inclined to be friendly to the United States at present, are under the nessesity of getting their Supplies of our Enemies, he sees the Citizen of the United States drove from their shores like robbers, he finds that an American is not permitted to sell a Bushell of Corn to him, What Idea can he form of the power of this Country? An indian generally sides with the Strongest party, he cannot consider us in that Light, on the contrary, he will naturally conclude that we are a people unable to protect ourselves, nor extend protection to him.\nThe Spaniard makes a display of his Master\u2019s Power to those sons of Nature, who are credulous enough to believe to be Superior to any other on earth.\nIn proportion as the Spaniards have gained the affections of the Savages, in the same proportion the United States have Lost their friendship. Their influence is so great at this moment, that I dont believe, any thing short of the interposition of Government can check it. They have prohibited the Citizens of this Country from holding any commerce with them, which is the only method that possibly can be adopted to conciliate the affections of Savages. They have Monopolized their Trade, and with it their friendship, and while it continues to be the case Peace can never be expected with them. A Savage Judges from external appearances. When once they behold the flag of the United States displayed on the Banks of the Mississippi he will then respect it. The impotent imperious spaniard, will then be obliged to act with more precaution.\nSince I have exposed the Villainy of the spaniard, as much as lay in my power, I shall without apology proceed to give the Secretary a short description of Fort Massac, Iron Banks and the Chicasaw Bluffs. I think it the more nessesary, as they are the only land below the Tenessee, that Towns or fortifications can be erected upon, as far as Walnut Hills on the Mississippi.\nFort Massac, or old Cherokee fort lies eleven Miles below the Mouth of Tenessee, on the North bank of the Ohio, it is a high Commanding Situation, extends along the River about two Miles, The fort with some inconsiderable expense woud be much the strongest on the Ohio. The Iron Banks is situated 15 Miles below the Ohio on the East Bank of the Mississippi, it seems formed by nature to be the Strongest place, I ever saw in the Western World. They rise very fast as you approach them on the North side, about 4 or 500 feet, they butt upon the River nearly parpendicular, and continue along it for about 300 yds when they fall suddenly about 200 feet, upon another Bank, called from its whiteness, the Chalk Banks, they continue along the River, parpendiculur about 200 feet high, Nearly 400 yds when they leave the River at nearly right angles. The Chicasaw Bluffs, as near as I can recolect, lie about 200 Miles below the Ohio on the East side of the Mississippi. The first part of them extends about 1 Mile along the River, generally 150 feet above the Water, they are also parpendicular, 18 Miles below the first, they come upon the River, not so high as the former, but extend about the same distance along the river, About 20 Miles from the second part they again form another bank upon the River about 100 feet high, and extend the same distance along the River as the former. Above these last mentioned bluffs A River empties into the Mississippi about 200 yds wide, it is called on Hutchins Map \u201cMargot River,\u201d but the Comodore requested me to call it De Las Casas River upon my Map, after the name of the Governor of the Havanna. Below those Bluffs is a river of about 150 Yards wide which leaves the Mississippi and Joins the Yazous. This I was directed to Call Carondelet River, after the Govr. of New Orleans\u2014or more properly, the Governor of the Province of Louisania. I wish to be understood, that these last mentioned Bluffs, are the distance mentioned below the Ohio. These Bluffs and the Iron Banks, being the only places left the United States below the Ohio, on the Mississippi, to build Towns, or to fortify upon must make them valuable, in case the Western Country is supposed to be of any importance to the Union. If the United states take possession of them, they command the trade of a great part of the Mississippi. They check the growing insolence of the haughty Don, they will then have it in their power to curb the Licentiousness of the Savage, And Secure the Depedence of the Western World.\nI hope the Secretaries patience may not be exhausted with the Length to which I have carried this paper to, And altho I have attempted to give every description of the Mississippi Country And the Policy of its Government, in as clear a manner as possible, I do not expect that credit, that a man of education and character might have, not acquainted with the Language suitable to address distinguished Characters, nor of communicating my ideas with any degree of perspecuity, renders it nessesary that every allowance shoud be made for my temerity.\nI shall transgress but a few minutes more at this time, by giving my opinion of the method that might be taken to Settle Any of those places which I have mentioned as suitable for fortifying &c.\nNo hunters ought to be admitted on any pretence, they are, with few exceptions, a licentious set of Men, which no Laws can restrain. The Farmer, by cultivating the Soil woud make the Savage Jealous that the forest, by which he gets his Subsistance, woud be soon converted into a field, he must nessesarily be exposed to their avarice, more than any other set of men, and by protecting him and his property, woud be carrying on a sort of hostility, which must naturally withdraw that mutual confidence which ought to subsist between both parties. Many of the Traders at New Madrid Might be drawn over to the interest of the United States, by suitable encouragement, each one of those Traders, woud, in my humble Opinion, be more serviceable to the United States than 100 Continental Troops.\nDisciplined Troops, with those Canadians, woud be sufficient for every purpose of making a Settlement on the Mississippi.\nShoud an attempt to take possession of any part of the Mississippi be thought, at this time impolitic, Measures might be taken, at a very small expence, to put a stop to the Canadian Trade into the Ohio. A single Armed boat, placed between the Tenessee and the Mississippi, woud effectually prevent them from carrying on a Trade with the Cherokees, or the Wabash Indians. The Cherokees woud be obliged, either to carry their peltries upwards of 100 Miles by Land or submit to be Supplied by the Americans.\nAs I have observed before, that the only method that can be taken to conciliate the affections of those savages, it to oblidge them to take supplies from Traders friendly to the United States, whatever method that can be adopted to obtain this point, matters not, if once effected, it must restore peace to a great part of the Western Country, and prevent the Spanish Emisary from disturbing the Tranquility of the Southern frontiers of the United States.\nWith due respect \u2003 I beg leave to subscribe myself the Secretaries most Obedient and most Humble Servant.\nM. Mitchell\nPhila. August 27th 1793.\nTo the Honble.The Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0226", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 27 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhilada. Augt. 27th. 1793.\nDear Sir,\nYou would oblige me by draughting an answer to the enclosed Address from Richmond (Virginia). If you can conveniently do it, to go by the Post of tomorrow, it would be wished; if not, it will do very well against Friday\u2019s Post.\nIf you are not engaged & will take dinner with me today I should be glad of your Company. Govr. Blount & Genl Pickens will be here.\nYours always & sincerely\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0228", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 27 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nTreasury Department August 27th 1793\nSir\nI enclose you the copy of a Petition from a Mr Salomon to the District Judge of maryland, respecting a certain quantity of Coffee, which has been seized in your Port.\nI request that you will state to me the appearance of the affair in your view and inform me at the same time if any thing has been done with the Schooner; in regard to which there is at least a strong presumption of improper intention; such as to render a strict investigation, and probably the enforcement of penalties necessary and proper.\nwith great consideration \u2003 I am Sir \u2003 Your obedient Servant\nA Hamilton\nOtho H. Williams EsqrCollector Baltimore", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0229", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Lloyd, 28 August 1793\nFrom: Lloyd, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nChestertown [Maryland] August 28, 1793. Again applies for the position of surveyor at the port of Baltimore.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0230", "content": "Title: No Jacobin No. IX, [28 August 1793]\nFrom: \u201cNo Jacobin\u201d,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, August 28, 1793]\nFor the American Daily Advertiser.\nMr. Dunlap,\nTwo Letters have just made their appearance, respecting the threatened appeal from the President of the United States to the people, one from Mr. Genet to the President\u2014Another in answer to that from the Secretary of State.\nIt is understood, that these letters have come to the public eye, through the channel of Mr. Genet.\nWhat he could have meant by the promulgation, is truly a matter of curious speculation.\nDid he intend by it to have it believed, that he had not made the declaration which is ascribed to him?\nIf this was his object, he has totally failed in it. His letter contains no direct denial of his having made such a declaration; though by an affected circumlocution, he endeavours to have the air of doing so. And his appeal to the President is artfully confined to the question, \u201cwhether he had every intimated to him an intention to appeal to the People?\u201d He may never have expressed such a threat to the President\u2014and yet he may have done it more exceptionably to others. Indeed it has not been asserted, that it was addressed immediately to the President\u2014The contrary has been a matter of notoriety from the beginning.\nWhat answer does the Secretary of State on behalf of the President give to his inquiry?\nOne certainly the reverse of confirming what Mr. Genet endeavours to have believed. The President declines giving evidence against the declaration imputed to Mr. Genet\u2014with this reason for it, that whether made to him or others was perhaps immaterial; a clear indication of his belief that it was made to some body. Whoever knows the circumspection and delicacy, which are characteristic of the President, will conclude, without hestitation, that he would neither have entertained nor intimated such a belief without sufficient ground for it.\nDid Mr. Genet intend by his communication to remove all doubt from the public mind, about the reality of a serious misunderstanding between him and the government, and the want of respect in his demeanour towards it?\nIf these were his objects, his success has been complete.\nHis letter informs us in direct terms, that he has complained to the President, of the principles adopted by him\u2014has remonstrated to him against the decisions resulting from them\u2014has declared to him that far from manifesting a regard for the generous, friendly, and disinterested conduct of France, he had by his interpretation of the treaties between the two countries, sacrificed her interests to those of her enemies\u2014that his conduct did not appear to correspond with the views of the people of America, or with their desire to observe with fidelity their public engagements, or with their regard for the cause of Liberty.\nFrom this sample of the language used by Mr. Genet to the government, as avowed by himself, under circumstances which certainly did not lead him to exaggerate his own improprieties it is easy to discern what has been the true complexion of his deportment. It is easy to perceive, that it was more like that of an Eastern Bashaw to his slaves, than like that of the Minister of one, to the government of another sovereign and independent nation. It appears, that instead of endeavouring to convince the President of the supposed error of his construction\u2014he has preferred the stile of complaint, remonstrance and unhandsome imputation. Want of regard to France, and a sacrifice of her interests to those of her enemies are petulantly charged; and Mr. Genet, willing to become the instructor of the government, undertakes to lesson the President about the views, the desires, and the regards of the people.\nAfter all this he has the modesty to call upon the President to attest \u201cthat a difference in political sentiments has never betrayed him to forget what was due to the character and reputation of the President.\u201d\nWhat is the answer to this? None. A profound and expressive silence gives an unequivocal negative to the assertion.\nThe people of the United States can now be at no loss to determine, that they have been insulted and affronted by this foreign Agent, in the person of their Chief Magistrate.\nNo Jacobin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0231", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 29 August 1793\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nThe original papers of which I herewith enclose Copies, were a few days since recd. from the Accountts Office as Vouchers for accounts transmitted by Mr. Swan Pay Master of the Troops & for which he claims credit. The indications which they contain, that the instructions which were transmitted by the Treasury have not been pursued, render it my duty to submit the case to your consideration.\nBy the Act making alterations in the Treasy. & War Departments, the following duties are enjoined upon the P Mr. of the Troops.\nFirstly. To receive the Pay Abstracts of the Pay Master of the several Regts. or corps & compare the same with the Returns or Muster Rolls which shall accompany the said Pay abstracts.\nSecondly, To certify accurately to the Commanding Officer, the sums due to the respective Corps which have been examined as aforesaid.\nAnd Thirdly to transmit to the Accountant of the War Department, copies of all Reports to the Commanding officers & of the Warrants issued them.\nIt clearly appears to be the design of the Law, that all monies destined for the pay of the Army, should be placed in the hands of the Pay Master of the Troops, there to remain, untill the Muster Rolls & Pay Abstracts have been recd. & exd. & the sums due, certified to the Commandg Officers; And that the Pay Masters of the several Regts. & Corps should be responsible to the Accountant of the War Department, for the distribution of the money among the Troops, according to the rule given in the Rolls on which the advances are made.\nTo this arrangement of duties, the instructions were confirmed, & unless they are strictly observed by the P M. of the Troops, it is evident that no check can be maintained on the expenditures.\nIt however appears from the enclosed papers that larger sums have been advanced on vague estimates, when no pay Rolls, & only partial muster Rolls had been exhibited. As this practice if continued will subvert the system for adjusting the Accounts of the Army, I take the liberty to request that some measures may be taken to arrest its progress.\nHon A H", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0232", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Knox, 29 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Knox, Henry\nTreasury DepartmentAug 29. 1793\nSir\nI have received a letter from the Comptroller of the Treasury of this date of which the inclosed is a copy. The practice therein mentioned, illustrated by the papers to which it refers, is directly in the face of law and instructions\u2014absolutely inconsistent with order and due responsibility in the public expenditures\u2014and consequently both inadmissible and inexcuseable.\nI must therefore request of you Sir to require of Mr. Swan a full explanation of the reasons which could have led him to so great an irregularity and to interpose the most precise and peremptory directions to whomsoever it may concern to avoid a repetition of the like procedure and to conform to the plan which has been marked out. The Treasury cannot discharge the Pay Master from his responsibility for the money committed to him upon such a mode of disbursement. Nor can it continue to advance money for the pay of the troops under so improper an application of it.\nIf there be any of the details of the plan, which has been transmitted, difficult of execution, the difficulty ought to be clearly and particularly stated\u2014when the representation will be duly considered and any alteration which shall appear necessary will be made. But instead of pursuing this course, there has been a total and unparalled disregard of law and instruction.\nI have the honor to be very respectfully \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most Obedt & humble servant\nThe Secretary at War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0235", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Watson, 30 August 1793\nFrom: Watson, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York Augt. 30th. 1793\nSir\nA publication appeared sometime since in Greenleaf\u2019s paper, charging you with having moved in Convention, that the Government of the United States should be by a King, Lords, & Commons. I took some pains to discover the author of that piece, but without success. But a conversation lately happened between Comodore Nicholson & Mr. Leonard Bleeker, in the hearing of others, in which the Commodore said, he had read the peice before alluded but doubted the truth of it untill it was lately confirmed by Mr. Abraham Baldwin, who was also a member of the Convention. This Mr. Baldwin did publicly in a pretty large company at the Commodore\u2019s own Table. He said your motion was seconded by Mr. Gover. Morris & that you was so chagrined when it failed that you left the House in disgust; That you returned however on a subsequent day, delivered your sentiments in writing, & Came off to New york, declaring you [would] intermeddle no farther in the matter. Notwithstanding you returned, & assented to the Constitution as it is. This writing he suggested contained your Ideas of the kind of Government proper to be adopted. In repeating from other persons, words are often changed; but the foregoing is the substance of what the Commodore reports Mr. Baldwin to have said. I leave to yourself the expediency of taking any notice of it. Indeed I should not have troubled you with mentioning it were it not for the michevious assiduity of mankind which improves occasions more than things to make ill impressions. As there are evidences enough of the foregoing, it will be needless to use my name in the matter. I will never refuse it however to honest men for honourable purposes.\nI am with Real esteem \u2003 Your Huml. Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0238", "content": "Title: Cabinet Meeting. Opinion Respecting the French Consul at Boston, [31 August 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, August 31, 1793]\nAt a meeting of the Heads of departments & Attorney General at the President\u2019s on the 31st. day of Aug. 1793.\nA letter from mr Gore to mr Lear, dated Boston Aug. 24. was read, stating that the Roland, a privateer fitted out at Boston & furnished with a commission under the government of France, had sent a prize into that port, which being arrested by the Marshal of the district by process from a court of justice, was rescued from his possession by M. du Plaine Consul of France with an armed force from one of the ships of his nation, it is the opinion that the Attorney of the district be instructed to institute such prosecution as the laws will authorize against the said du Plaine; and to furnish to the government of the US. authentic evidence of the facts beforementioned, whereon if it shall appear that the rescue was made by the sd Duplaine, or his order, it is the opinion that his Exequetur should be revoked. Also that the Attorney of the district be desired to furnish copies of his applications or other correspondence with the governor of Massachusets relative to the several privateers & prizes which have been the subjects of his letters to mr Lear.\nA letter from mr Maury Consul of the US. at Liverpool dated July 4. 1793. was read, covering an inauthenticated copy of certain Additional instructions from the court of St. James\u2019s to the Commanders of their ships of war dated June 8. 1793. permitting them to stop the vessels of neutral nations laden with corn, flour or meal & bound to any port of France, & to send them into British ports, from whence they are not to be permitted to proceed to the port of any country not in Amity with Gr. Britain. Whereupon it is the opinion that mr Pinckney be provisionally instructed to make representations to the British ministry on the sd instruction as contrary to the rights of neutral nations, and to urge a revocation of the same, and full indemnification to any individuals, citizens of these states, who may in the mean time suffer loss in consequence of the sd instruction. Also that explanations be desired by mr Pinckney of the reasons of the distinction made in the 2d. article of the sd instructions between the vessels of Denmark & Sweden & those of the US. attempting to enter blockaded ports.\nInformation having been also received thro\u2019 the public papers of a decree passed the National assembly of France revoking the principle of free ships making free goods & enemy ships enemy goods, and making it lawful to seize neutral vessels bound with provisions to any other country & to carry them into the ports of France, there to be landed & paid for, & also of another decree excepting the vessels of the US. from the operation of the preceding decrees, it is the opinion that mr Morris be provisionally instructed, in case the first mentioned decrees have passed & not the exceptions, to make representations thereon to the French government as contrary to the treaty existing between the two countries & the decree relative to provisions contrary also to the law of nations & to require a revocation thereof and full indemnification to any citizens of these states who may in the mean time have suffered loss therefrom, & also in case the sd decrees & the exceptions were both passed that then a like indemnification be made for losses intervening between the dates of the sd decrees & exceptions.\nA Letter from the Governor of Georgia of the 13 instant covering the proceedings of a Council of War relatively to an expedition against certain towns of the Creek Nation was communicated for consideration.\nIt is the opinion that the Governor of Georgia be informed that the President disapproves the measure as unauthorised by law as contrary to the present state of affairs and to the instructions heretofore given and expects that it will not be proceeded in\u2014that requiring the previous consideration of Congress it will be submitted to them at their ensuing session, if circumstances shall not then render it unnecessary or improper: that the Governor of South Carolina be also informed that the cooperation desired of him by the Governor of Georgia is not to be afforded and that the Agent for procuring supplies of provisions for the service of the United States in Georgia, be instructed that no provisions are to [be] furnished on their account for the purpose of the said expedition.\nTh: Jefferson\nAlexander Hamilton\nH Knox\nEdm: Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0240", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, 2 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, September 2, 1793. On November 30, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Jefferson: \u201cI have taken the opinion of the Attorney General in the case of the St Domingo vessels, mentioned in your letter of the 2d of September last.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0241", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 2 September [1793]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMonday Morning 2d Sepr. [1793]\nDear Sir,\nInterwoven in the enclosed Address, are Sentiments as difficult to answer, as it would seem odd to pass unnoticed\u2014believing, as I do, that they are the sentiments of a large part of the people of this Country.\nI would thank you for making such alterations in the expression of the draft of an answer (enclosed) as in your judgment will make it palatable on all sides, or unexceptionable. The bearer will wait, as I wish to return the answer by the Mail of today.\nYours always\nGo: Washington\nNo matter how rough the answer comes to me, so it can be read.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0243", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Nourse, 3 September 1793\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Register\u2019s Office, September 3, 1793. \u201cI request that a Warrant may issue\u2026 for one Hundred dollars\u2026 for Contingent Expences\u2026 in stating the public Accounts for the year 1792 which Statement is directed by an order of the House of representatives of the 30th: December 1791.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0244", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Nourse, 3 September 1793\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, September 3, 1793. \u201cWrote 3d. Sepr. 1793 to the Secretary of the Treasury requesting that a Warrant for twelve hundred dollars might issue in my favor for the purchase of Wood and other incidental Expences of the several Offices of the Treasury Department.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0245", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Wadsworth, 3 September 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Wadsworth, Jeremiah\nPhilada. Sept 3rd. 1793\nMy dear Wadsworth\nShortly after I came into Office I remember your having told me that Glauback (whom you represented as a worthless and ungrateful fellow) was indebted to General Greenes estate, I think for money lent him, and that it was your intention to endeavour to effect a purchase of his public claim & allowing him some part of it for his immediate \u27e8necessities\u27e9 letting the residue be an indemnifi\u27e8cation \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 estate\u27e9 or in other words go to the \u27e8\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013\u27e9 that he would \u27e8\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013\u27e9 something to the \u27e8\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013\u27e9 you left the City that you had left the business in charge with Flint.\nThe \u27e8purchase\u27e9 of the claim was afterwards made through a \u27e8second\u27e9 hand and it appears in fact that Mrs Greene has had the benefit of it.\nFraunces lately a Clerk in my Department prompted partly by resentment and partly I believe by some political enemies gives out that I assisted in this affair as a speculation and to prove it shews the draft of a power for assigning the claim with some corrections which are said to be in my hand writing.\nWhether this be so or not, I really do not now recollect, but I think it very possible, that having understood the matter in the light I have stated from you and viewing the transaction \u27e8\u2013 \u2013 \u2013\u27e9 to eye from my regard to Mrs Greene \u27e8\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013\u27e9 a power having been \u27e8\u2013\u27e9 to me \u27e8\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013\u27e9 it would be \u27e8\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013\u27e9 some \u27e8\u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013 \u2013\u27e9 with precision the course of the transaction as it stands in your recollection particularly what passed between you and myself in the first instance. If not inconvenient to you I should even be glad that you would attest to it.\nYrs Affectly\nAH\nJereh Wadsworth Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0247", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 5 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, September 5, 1793. On September 6, 1793, Washington wrote to Hamilton: \u201cThe inclosed was written & sent to your office yesterday.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0248", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Willcocks, 5 September 1793\nFrom: Willcocks, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York.Sepr: 5th. 1793\nSir\nIn going this Morning to the Gaol, I met with Mr. Francis\u2014asked him to let me \u27e8see\u27e9 the pamphlet he had written against Col: Hamilton: this he refuses to do, but read to me a Correspondence between the President, You, and himself, on the subject of the warrants he holds against the U. S.\nThe burden of his story is this\u2014That he has certain warrants for money agt. the United States. That you have at times, flattered him with the payment thereof and as often disappointed his expectations, Although part of the money has been advanced. That he applied to the President\u2014Who gives him no satisfaction.\nThat he is not only, not paid, but that tho\u2019 particularly requested, neither the President, nor You, will assign him any Reason. I told him, I supposed he was entitled at least to some reason, for the delay of payment\u2014that I should expect it myself; and so I should, or most certainly make a damn\u2019d noise about it.\nAs to the Affair of Glausback, he does not pretend that you had any interest, but on the contrary he knows, that the negotiation was solely for the benefit of Mrs Greene. But he reasons thus; that as he knows that you interested yourself, on that occasion to promote the interest of a third Person, from that, & the other \u27e8circum\u27e9stances of the Warrants, he concludes, that he has \u27e8a\u27e9 right to presume that you in this instance, mean to advance the interest of some third person, at his expence. He says he has in his possession the draft in your hand writing, of a power for the purpose of transfering Glausbacks right.\nYou have inclosed Mr Flints recollection \u27e8of\u27e9 the subject. Col: Duer desires me to inform \u27e8you that he\u27e9 could only certify that the facts in that \u27e8\u2013 are\u27e9 substantially true\u2014but that if you wish info\u27e8rmation as\u27e9 to any particularly points in which his mem\u27e8ory\u27e9 serve him, he shall be glad to oblige you.\nSlander is gratifying to the evil dis\u27e8position\u27e9 of mankind and you may rest assured, \u27e8that as in\u27e9 all other instances, so in this, nothing to your disadvantage is lost in the course of circulation. The Idea was, that Mr Francis can substantiate some official criminallity against you, of a very serious nature. And yet no one pretends to any precision.\nThus as you have written\u2014The throat of your political reputation is to be cut, in Whispers.\nMr Francis must be made to come out.\nYours &c\nWm Willcocks\nCol: Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0249", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 6 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia Septr. 6th 1793\nMy Dear Sir\nWith extreme concern I receive the expression of your apprehensions, that you are in the first stages of the prevailing fever. I hope they are groundless, notwithstanding the malignancy of the disorder is so much abated, as with proper & timely applications not much is to be dreaded.\nThe inclosed was written & sent to your office yesterday, with direction if you were not there, to be brought back. And it would be a very pleasing circumstance if a change so entirely favourable as to justify it, would permit your attendance, & to bring Mrs. Hamilton with you, to dine with us at three o\u2019clock.\nI am always & affectly. \u2003 Yours\nGo: Washington\nColo. Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0250", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Robert Affleck, 7 September 1793\nFrom: Affleck, Robert\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNyork 7 Septr. 1793\nSir,\nA Mr. G: Frances, lately from your Office, waited on Thas. Basen, and asked him if he recoleted any thing of a Certificate he had bought of him about two years ago. Basen Answered he did. Frances told Basen he was employed by you to purchase, & that he had of you 50 Dolls. for his trouble And that you then said the profits was to be applied to the benefit of the widow Green, but that you applied them to your own emolument. Two or three days after this interview Basen was waited on by a Lawyer from philadelphia, who put to Basen nearly the same questions as Frances had done, adding \u201cthat Basen would recollect himself for that he would be called upon next session.\u201d On Tuesday last a printed pamphlet Containing 23 pages Octavo was handed to Basen by Frances desiring him to peruse it till that day, when Frances returned and presented a paper to Basen to Sign, but Basen declined signing it, for the fact is he can neither read nor write. The Pamphlet was given to me to peruse, by a Neighbour, but being sent in a few minutes I had not leisure to examine it. I have tried to get it since but cannot.\nI have mentioned the affair to Mr. E: Benson\u2014And I doubt not but he has Notified you by this time.\nMy Sole motive in troubling you with this Communication is to put you on your guard, that you may be able to thwart the efforts of Malice envy and treachery, which Generally & particularly in this Case are Combined against uncommon abilities and worth.\nWith great respect, I am \u2003 Sir, your humbe. St.\nR: Affleck\nIf my Services Can be of any use in this business you may command them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0251", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Duer, 7 September 1793\nFrom: Duer, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York Sept. 7th. 1793.\nSir\nI have perused the Letter of this Date which Mr. Hall has addressed to you; and in justice to him am obliged to declare that, at my Desire he visited several Places in the State of New Jersey, previous to the Act of Incorporation of the Manufacturing Society, in order to ascertain the most Eligible Situation for the Seat of that Establishment. Exclusive of this he attended the Legislature at Trenton at my Request during the whole Time the Bill was in Agitation, and rendered essential Service in forwarding it. Whether these Services, and Employment of Time Entitle him to Compensation the Directors can best determine. For my own Part I do not hesitate to declare that If I had any Influence in the Determination, the Claims of Mr. Hall on this Account, would have their Weight.\nI am Sir, with Sentiments of Esteem Your Obet. Hle. Sert.\nWm. Duer\nAlexr. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0253", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Nourse, 7 September 1793\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury DepartmentRegisters Office 7th. Septemer. 1793\nSir,\nApplication has been made to me by several of the Clerks in this Office to be absent under an apprehension that the malignant Disease (now in the neighbourhood of the Treasury) renders their attendance dangerous to themselves and their Families. I have been reluctant to comply with their request from a persuasion that if this is granted to one it would be a precedent to all, and the State of the records will not admit (whilst the other offices are continued open) a suspension. There is indeed some part of the Current business of this Office that could not well be delayed, such as forming the Dividends of Interest becoming due the 30th. Instant & the forwarding of Marine Papers to the Collectors; this however might be transacted in a suitable house could one be procured in a part of the City not dangerous from Infection. The Comptroller of the Treasury in a Conversation with him on this subject desired me to acquaint you herewith so that on your coming to Town tomorrow such an arrangement: might be made as under every Consideration might be deemed expedient.\nI have the Honor to be sir \u2003 Your most obedient & most Humble servant.\nHonble: Alexr: Hamiltonsecy. of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0254", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Peter Colt, 8 September 1793\nFrom: Colt, Peter\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPaterson [New Jersey] 8th Sepr. 1793\nSir,\nYesterday Mr. Binks handed me your favour, without date, accompanied with one from Mr. Cay of the 2d Instant. That to me had been broken open & Sealed again, which did not give me a very favourable impression of the bearer. Mr. Binks claims to have been at the head of a considerable Business, and to have received three Guineas \u214c Week as a compensation in England. He had formed expectations of geting better pay here. It appears to me that the Society have no means of employing, usefully, Such a person as Binks claims to be without Mr. Pearce or Mr. Marshall as discharged. The other two Men I supposed might have been usefull to Marshall; as one was a white Smith, & the other a Carpentiere\u2014the smith is much wanted at this time, as the one Marshall has hitherto employed has left him the week past. I sent them with a note to mr Marshall, who unfortunately was unwell & did not see them. He called early this morning at the Tavern where they put up & they were all gone for New York.\nWe are pushing forward the work at the Canal & dam as well as Marshalls Mill. Yesterday we put the Flood Gates in the Rock at Garritse\u2019s Gap\u2014& I think the canal thro\u2019 the rock will be compleated before the end of this month. We have the dam at the highth of the proposed Canal from thence to the mill\u2014that is to the bottom of the Canal. I hope by the end of the month to compleat the dam & the Canal to No. 14. We shal then only have to carry it along the side of the hill to the Mill; which will be a work of no great expence, as it respects either time or Money. If the person who has engaged to Staunch the dam & Canal does not deceive me as to his abilities & knowledge in this particular Business, I feel confident we Shall get full possession of the waters of the Passaick this fall.\nI am with the greatest consideration \u2003 Sir \u2003 your most obt. & very humb Servt\nP. Colt\nAlexr. Hamilton Esquire", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0255", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the College of Physicians, [11 September 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: College of Physicians\n[Philadelphia, September 11, 1793]\nGentlemen,\nMotives of humanity and friendship to the Citizens of Philadelphia, induce me to address to you this letter, in the hope that it may be in some degree instrumental in diminishing the present prevailing calamity. It is natural to be afflicted not only at the mortality which is said to obtain, but at the consequences of that undue panic which is fast depopulating the city, and suspending business both public and private.\nI have myself been attacked with the reigning putrid fever, and with violence\u2014but I trust that I am now compleatly out of danger. This I am to attribute, under God, to the skill and care of my friend Doctor Stevens, a gentleman lately from the island of St. Croix, one to whose talents I can attest, from an intimate acquaintance begun in early youth, whose medical opportunities have been of the best, and who has had the advantage of much experience both in Europe (having been in Edinburgh some years since, when the same fever raged there) and in the West-Indies, where it is frequent. His mode of treating the disorder varies essentially from that which has been generally practised\u2014And I am persuaded, where pursued, reduces it to one of little more than ordinary hazard.\nI know him so well, that I entertain no doubt, that he will freely impart his ideas to you, collectively or individually, and being in my own person a witness to the efficacy of his plan, I venture to believe, that if adopted, and if the courage of the Citizens can be roused, many lives will be saved, and much ill prevented. I may add, that as far as can be yet pronounced, its efficacy has been alike proved on Mrs. Hamilton, who is now in the disorder, contracted from me, with every favourable appearance.\nIn giving you this information, Gentlemen, I have done what I thought discharging a duty. I only add, that if any conference with Doctor Stevens, is desired, that he is going to-morrow to New-York, from which journey he has been detained several days, on my account.\nI am, Gentlemen, with respect, \u2003 your obedient servant,\nA. Hamilton.\nSeptember, 11.\nHe lodges at Mrs. William\u2019s, corner of Spruce and Third-Streets.\nCollege of Physicians", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0256", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Jefferson, 12 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia Sep. 12. 1793.\nSir\nI have the honor to inclose you a paper delivered me by mr Bournonville on the part of the Minister of France reclaiming against the demand of tonnage on the vessels which came hither from the West Indies in their late calamity. It is urged that they were driven out of their harbours by superior force, & obliged to put to sea without water or stores, & therefore to make the first ports where they could be relieved, which constitute in their opinion those circumstances of distress and necessity which exempt vessels from the payment of tonnage. This case belonging to your department, I take the liberty, in the absence of the President & to save time, to transmit it to you directly, for your consideration.\nI have the honor to be with great respect \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson\nThe Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0257", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Henry Vandyke, 13 September 1793\nFrom: Vandyke, Henry\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBurlington [New Jersey] Septr. 13th. 1793.\nMy Dearest Sir,\nPermit me to join with All ranks in the general Joy diffused upon hearing of your safe recovery from the present Malignant complaint which prevails in Philadelphia and hath proved fatal to so many of its Inhabitants.\nBlessed be God for His rich Mercy in preserving you & yours from the impending Judgment. May we seriously and with the most fervent gratitude offer up our United praises to the Supreme Disposer of All Events, for this fresh instance of His Divine Favor toward these United States in sparing your Valuable Life to your Country, your Family, and Friends. Accept, My dearest Sir, of this tribute of congratulation, from your ever obliged friend, who with the most heartfelt sensibility, offers his unfeigned thanks to Heaven for your recovery. May Heaven long preserve you and yours and give you its choicest Blessings. Mrs. Vandyke and all my Children who have lately experienced your benevolence join me in United Praises to the Almighty from whom cometh every good gift and from whose Hands alone are the Issues of Life & Death for this great Mercy vouchsafed to you and yours. Heaven will accept\u2014Heaven will still continue to Bless preserve & keep you\u2014so most devoutly prays:\nMy Dearest Sir, \u2003 Your ever Obliged; & Most Obedt. Servant,\nHenry Vandyke\nP.S. It may be useful to know the manner in which you was treated by your Physician under the disease\u2014as soon as you can without fatigue give the Communication directed to me at Burlington where I now reside it would greatly Oblige Us here.\nThe Honl Alexander Hamilton Esquire", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0258", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Wadsworth, 13 September 1793\nFrom: Wadsworth, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nHartford Sepr. 13th 1793\nDear Sir\nI was out of town when your letter reached this place and have this moment returned. Glaubeck when under the Command of General Green persuaded the General to endorse his Bills which came back protested, and when Glaubeck made application to Congress for Compensation, I opposed his claim, and considered him what General Green calld him in his letters to Congress then on file (an imposture) when he had obtained a Grant he promised to apply some of it to the discharge of General Greens demand, but he avoided me. I went to your Office and finding he had actually taken out his Certificates, and not finding him at his lodgings I returned to the Office and Mr. Nourse showed me the Books, & that some foreign Officers debts had been transfered, I went directly to you & asked your Aid, as I was satisfied Glaubeck intended to sell his certificate and fly the Country. According to the best of my recollection you drew me a power, but Glaubeck got information that I was after him & kept concealed. Being obliged to leave New York I employed Mr. Flint Who told me he could find him, but he sold the Certificate I think to Francis who Mr. Flint purchased it of, and Mrs. Green actually had it. I have no doubt Mr. Flint can give full information. How Francis came by the power I know not, but believe he was directed to Copy it. When I accounted with Mr. Flint for the purchase I charged the Money to Mrs. Green as it had cost so much I did not think it an Object for the Estate, she has since repaid me. I am Dear Sir Your Humb. Servt \nJere Wadsworth\nAlexander Hamilton Es", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0261", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Steele, 17 [September] 1793\nFrom: Steele, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSalisbury [North Carolina] 17th. [September] 1793\nSir,\nApologies are always unpleasant, and if they were not, I am vain enough to hope that you wou\u2019d consider one for this intrusion, superfluous.\nTo a delicate and cultivated mind it is painfull to write or speak of One\u2019s self, to me it is peculiarly so, and nothing cou\u2019d have surmounted my reluctance on this occasion, but the perfect respect which I feel for your character, and an entire confidence in the generosity of your disposition.\nA great mind scarcely capable of doing wrong itself readily overlooks the weaknessess and imperfections of another, and it is a characteristic, not the least amiable, of such a mind, to inspire respectfull confidence while it represses, even the appearance of impertinence.\nWithout trespassing further upon your time give me leave to inform you, that I am extreemly desirous to be employed in some respectable situation by the Executive of the united States, and to solicit your interference in my favor is the principal object of this letter.\nDisclaiming any sort of vanity which might be supposed to spring up in a young mans mind from such a reflection, I am conscious that at the next elections I could be placed in either house of Congress. But this would not suit my circumstances, still less my disposition. Some reasons on this head I have detailed in a letter to Mr. Coxe, which he is at liberty to shew you if required.\nDiffidence respecting a voluntary offer of my services to a government in which I am scarcely known, and living in a state unfavorably situated, deterred me from making this application sooner; but such scruples have at length given way to a conviction that I coud be instrumental in promoting the public interest, and perhaps never more essentially than during the next sessions of Congress.\nThat I possess the disposition to be so, need not be added. To support a constitution which has cost the best people in the Union so much pains to establish, to counteract the nefarious designs of its enemies, and to rally round the Federal government as a Standard where our most precious interests are well secured, is the duty of men who possess talents, property, reputation, or influence. Of this, if ever I doubted, my doubts have been removed by late political occurrences, none of which are more alarming to the friends of systematic and stable government, than the unwise, indecent, and poisonous opposition, to the declaration of neutrality. The decided and patriotic part which the President took on that subject, has raised him some enemies here as well as in Philada. but it has encreased the veneration and love of all the sober minded, welwishers of National prosperity. Our state elections are over, I have accepted a seat in the Assembly, Colo. Davie whom you have often heard me speak of, is also in, and if there can be a necessity for such a measure, or if it wou\u2019d be even satisfactory, I am sure the Legislature woud express in decided terms an approbation of the wisdom which dictated that Proclamation. Though I am sure that success woud attend such a motion through both houses, yet I cannot help questioning the propriety of an individual state interfereing at all, either to approve or censure the administration of the general Government.\nNo step shall be taken in relation to it without due deliberation, and advice wou\u2019d not be unacceptable. Neutrality is the wish of every good man in this State who has sense enough to know his country\u2019s solid interest, and the President may be assured of this, without our troubling him to answer a profusion of addresses.\nIf you will take the trouble to read the latter part of the inclosed, you will percieve in fewer words than I cou\u2019d express it, what we think of a certain man and some of his transactions in the diplomatic line. Such a consummate instance of Jacobine impudence, must forever remain unparalelled in the annals of this country.\nI have the honor to be, \u2003 Sir \u2003 With perfect respect \u2003 Your most humble Servant\nJno. Steele\nColo. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0262", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 23 September 1793\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNewport [Rhode Island] September 23, 1793. \u201c\u2026 The Office of District Attorney for this District has become vacant by the death of Mr. Channing. After having been confined to his house between two and three months he died last Saturday morning. I make this early communication; because the Interest of the United States may require that the vacancy should be soon filled.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0263", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Munson, 23 September 1793\nFrom: Munson, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New Haven, Connecticut, September 23, 1793. On November 11, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Munson: \u201cYour letters of the 23d, 28th, 30th of September \u2026 have been duly received.\u201d Letter of September 23 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0264", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas L. Ogden, 26 September 1793\nFrom: Ogden, Thomas L.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[September 23, 1793. On September 26, 1793, Oliver Wolcott, Jr., wrote to Ogden and referred to \u201cYour Letter to the Secy. of the Treasury dated Sept. 23d. 1793.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0265", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 23 September 1793\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCustom HouseDistrict of Providence 23rd. Septr. 1793\nSir\nI have experienced Great anxiety on account of your late alarming indisposition but am now happily relieved in perusing your Letter of the 11th Instant addressed to the Medical Society, announcing your recovery from the malignant Fever prevalent in Philadelphia to which many worthy Citizens have Fallen victims. Permit me Sir to congratulate you on the happy recovery of your Health, an event so Deeply Interesting to america & respectfully to assure you, that I most Sincerely hope a Life so distinguished and essentially usefull to the Nation (as your\u2019s has proved) may under Divine providence be long very long preserved. I regret Sir, the necessity I am under of Acquainting you, that Mr. Channing, the District Attorney Deceased on Friday evening last, after a long & Distressing Illness\u2014in him the Public have lost a Worthy and usefull member of Society, and to his Family it is irreparable.\nThe Suits of Welcome Arnold and Edward Dexter now pending before the Superiour of this State against me in the Case of the Brigantine Neptune, will be brought before the adjourned Court which meets in this Town on the ninth day of Octr. next, but the unfortunate event of Mr. Channings Death, will induce me to move for a Continuance of the Suits to the Term in March next, as I do not think myself (Under the present Circumstances of the Case) Authorized to engage new Councill and to Enter upon a Defense of those Suits without your particular advice on the Subject.\nI am &c.\nJ. Olney Collr.\nAlexander Hamilton Esqr.Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0266", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the New York Office of Discount and Deposit of the Bank of the United States, 25 September 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the New York Office of Discount and Deposit of the Bank of the United States\nAlbany September 25. 1793\nGentlemen\nThe necessity I have been under of travelling for the more speedy recovery of my strength, impaired by a late fit of illness, will prevent my making arrangements in the usual mode for the payment of the ensuing quarter\u2019s Interest on the Public Debt payable in the City of New York.\nI am therefore to request that you will cause the Quarter\u2019s Interest to be paid in the accustomed manner, notwithstanding the want of form. And upon my return to Philadelphia, which I expect will be in a fortnight, I will put the business in order. Do me the favour to make known to the commissioner of loans that you are prepared to proceed in the payment as usual.\nWith respect \u2003 I am \u2003 Gentlemen \u2003 Your obedient servant\nAlex Hamilton.\nThe President & Directorsof the Office of Discount &Deposit of the Bank of the UStatesNew York", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0267", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 25 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nMount Vernon Septr 25th: 1793\nMy dear Sir \u2003(Private)\nI congratulate you & Mrs. Hamilton very sincerely on your recoveries from the malignant fever which prevailed in Philadelphia; and hope you are both restored to perfect health, and that no other of the family has been siezed with the disorder. In these sentiments Mrs. Washington cordially unite with me.\nFrom Mr. Jefferson who has just passed this\u2014from Genl Knox who has set out for Boston\u2014and from the accts. published in the Gazettes\u2014I conceive, that under the most favourable change that can reasonably be expected, the first of November is as soon as business can, with safety, be transacted in the City of Philadelphia; but it appears necessary, at all events, that the heads of Departments should assemble\u2014if not at that place, yet in the vicinity of it (say Germantown) at that time; where I also shall be, if well.\nMy compliments to Mrs. Hamilton, & respects to Genl. Schuyler & family if you are with them. I am always with much truth\nYour Affecte.\nGo: Washington\nColo. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0268", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Abraham Yates, Junior, 26 September 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Yates, Abraham, Jr.\nAlbany Sept. 26. 1793\nSir\nGeneral Schuyler shewed me yesterday a letter which he had received from you. It was then for the first time, I understood, that\nI had come to this place upon conditions; which General Schuylers paternal anxiety led him to submit to, but which are of a nature too derogatory to my rights, as a citizen of this State, to be permitted by me to continue in force. I feel that by doing it I should betray those rights, and none of the principles which have hitherto governed my Conduct will allow me to be accessory, by my acquiescence, to so improper a sacrifice.\nAs I desire most sincerely to avoid misunderstanding with the Magistracy or Citizans of this place, I think it proper to place before you in the first instance certain facts, to the exact truth I pledge my Honor.\nI undertook the journey to this place, upon the urgent advice of my Phisician accompanyed with his assurance that I might do it with perfect safety to myself and to others. I began it, for greater caution, two days later than he had recommended. We left our own house on Sunday morning the 15 instant, after haveing previously taken the air for two or three days successivly in our Carriage.\nOur intention was to pass the River at Kings Ferry, but when arrived there we found there were no adequate means of taking over our Carriages which led us to take the rout th[r]ough the Clove and by way of New Burgh. These circumstances renderd our journey more than usually irksome and fatiguing. We travelled different times till Eleven OClock at night, and the day of our arrival at the ferry opposite to this City, we came no less a distance than sixty four Miles. The obstacles which induced us to remain there through the night, ill enough accommodated, certainly not of a very restorative nature; and yet with all this fatigue and embarrasment Mrs Hamilton and my self are at this moment in better Health than before we were attacked with the desease which is the Subject of so much alarm.\nMoreover, as well for our own safty as from an unwillingness to spread a dangerous desese through the Country\u2014we were particularly carefull in leaving be hind us every article of Cloathing which had been on us or near us from the Earliest approach of the Complaint, except perhaps some washed linen which was first thoroughly washed. With the exception of washed articles, neither of us has brought a single thing, which from its nature or situation, could possibly have imbibed infection. Indeed all such of my Cloathing as were capable of conveying infection were adapted to the Summer; those I brought with me are suited to Winter.\nWith regard to the washed articles common sense will at once pronounce that there can be no possibility of danger.\nThis detail is of a nature to remove from every reasonable mind all apprehension concerning us.\nEither we have had the desease, or our Phisicians and ourselves have mistaken something else for it.\nOn the first Supposition, it is obvious, after all that has taken place, that no particle of infection can remain about us; on the second, it must be equally obvious that none can exist, when I inform you that our Summer residence has been two Miles and a half out of Philadelphia and that it is upwards of three weeks since either of us has been in that City. In the first case, what ever infection may have existed must have been compleatly discharged. In the last, the lapse of time concurring with the fatigue of so long a journey proves that none can have existed.\nWith regard to our servants it was my original intention (to avoid multiplying causes of inquietude to our particular connections or the citizens at large) to leave them at some place on the other side of the River where they now are and will remain long enough to dispel all apprehension on their account and give intire satisfaction. My carriages also are and will continue there. But we cannot conveniently be here without our cloathing; and as to being ourselves confined under the eye of a guard or exposing the family of General Schuyler to the mortifying situation of being cut off from their usual intercourse with the Town & their friends, it is absolutely inadmissible.\nI hope I shall never be wanting in due consideration for the feelings of any community. I am sure that my regard for the citizens of Albany predisposes me to every reasonable accommodation to their wishes; and when at my own command I trust they will have no cause to think that I have slighted the indications of their present state of mind. But there are bounds to every thing. I can make no concessions inconsistent with due attention to my own delicacy or to my rights as a Citizen.\nI am far from disapproving in the Magistracy or Citizens of Albany a careful attention to their own preservation from a contagious disease. But permit me to say they are both under an indispensable obligation to regulate their precautions by the rules of reason moderation & humanity. They are not at liberty to sport with the rights and feelings of a fellow Citizen. They are not at liberty to adopt a principle of conduct which if generally pursued in the full extent of its consequences would expose him to perish in the fields without subsistence & without shelter.\nIn our case there is the fullest evidence from the circumstances that there is no just ground of apprehension. The Physicians of your City have confirmed this inference by their unanimous testimony. This is and ought to be sufficient.\nI am therefore Sir to declare to you that after the present day all stipulations which are said to have been made by General Schuyler will be considered as at an end. And we shall all think ourselves free from any other restraints than our own decisions and prudence shall dictate.\nIf I hear nothing from you in the course of the day I shall take it for granted that this declaration is not unsatisfactory. If I am told the contrary I propose tomorrow to recross the River with Mrs. Hamilton in order to put every thing where it was before any stipulations were made. I shall then repass the River with her to proceed to her Father\u2019s House.\nThe result will determine whether from causeless apprehension, in violation of law & right, of that protection which is the primary object of Society\u2014citizens are to be excluded from an asylum in the bosom of their family; in other words whether a Citizen has rights or not; and whether a public Officer who persevering in a faithful discharge of his duty, undeterred by considerations of personal hazard has happened to contract a contagious disease is, in return, when perfectly recovered to be deprived by arbitrary and tyrannical means of the essential rights of a member of the Society\u2014merely because it has been his lot to have had a dangerous disease.\nIn the execution of this plan, which force alone can interrupt, I count equally on the exertions of the Magistracy to prevent lawless violence and on the good dispositions of the body of the Citizens, who will respect their own security & rights too much to permit those of a fellow Citizen to be violated. With respect\nI am Sir \u2003 Your Obedient serv\nAlex Hamilton\nAbraham Yates EsqrMayor of the City of Albany", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0269", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Abraham Yates, Junior, 27 September 1793\nFrom: Yates, Abraham, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nA[l]bany Septr. 27th. 1793In Common Council\nSir\nYour Letter of yesterday has been received and the Common council have requested me to make to you the following Observations.\nYou must have misapprehended facts and circumstances, for otherwise it is impossible to account for the complexion of your Letter, it is therefore necessary briefly to remind you, that for reasons which still appear, to be sufficiently weighty the Common Council have entered into certain Resolutions, for the purpose of preventing an introduction into this place of the Contagion which has proved so destructive in Philadelphia. Among other matters it was Ordered that no person Appearing on Examination to be infected, or coming from an infected place should be permitted to enter this City, those Measures were taken prior to any Report here of your Journey to this place, and therefore could not possibly have aimed at you in particular. When the report of that sort Arrived, a letter was addressed to one of your nearest connections with a request that you should as early as possible be informed of our determinations, in Order that you might be Apprised thereof in time to make arrangements accommodating to yourself, on the occasion. This we considered as an act of civility partial to you, by which perhaps we for once transgressed the direct line of duty which we as a Body ought to pursue for it is doubtfull whether in Similar instances the same attention to others woud have been paid. The respect due to you[r] high character can only be our Apology.\nThe certificate given to you by the Physicians was inadequate under our regulations to give you admission into the City, for we are not informed by it that you did not come from a place infected with the Contagious disease. This was made an essential requisite. The permit given by the Mayor did not release Genl. Schuyler from his engagements with respect to an intercourse with the Town. On the contrary it ought to have been presumed that an unreserved reliance on those engagements were the reasons which induced the granting of the permit.\nWe have not been informed till the receipt of your letter of the peculiar circumstances which you have stated to us as a rational plea why you ought to be a subject of exemption from the force of our Regulations; We take it for granted that you had timely notice of our Resolves and must have seen that your case came within the purvieu of them. Had you Sir at first pointed out to us your peculiar circumstances and Solicited the Corporation for an Act in your favour, there is no doubt that the Altercation which has taken place, and which cannot be more disagreeable to you than it is to us would have been avoided, for the Common Council are always disposed to act with reason and Moderation.\nThe Common Council cannot suffer the indignity of seeing their Laws transgressed with impunity, much less Sported with, nor can it be expected that they should relax in favor of any man, before sufficient reasons are furnished to induce them so to do, and we trust that as we are but the representatives of the City that the exertions of the Citizens may at all times be commanded to enforce obedience to the Acts of the Corporation and to Support its dignity.\nWhether our Acts are proper Objects of legal defiance from any man, may be made, by those who choose it, a Subject of after consideration, but you may rest assured that those are absolutely mistaken who may concieve that intimations of this nature and menaces can prevent us from fulfilling our duties to our constituents, or divert our Attention from the welfare of our Citizens.\nA Step on our part Originally intended solely for your Accomodation has unavoidably involved us in an irksome correspondence, of Which it is desired this may be the End, as we trust that the cause thereof is removed by the inclosed Resolution.\nI am Sir \u2003 with due respect \u2003 your most obedt. Servt.\nAbm: Yates Junr Mayor\nAlexander Hamilton Esquire", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0270", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Munson, 28 September 1793\nFrom: Munson, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New Haven, Connecticut, September 28, 1793. On November 11, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Munson: \u201cYour letters of the 23d, 28th, 30th of September \u2026 have been duly received.\u201d Letter of September 28 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0271", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, 29 September 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\nAlbany Sepr. 29. 1793\nGentlemen\nAt my departure on the journey which brought me hither I requested the Comptroller of the Treasury to arrange with you the payment of any monies which should appear to him indispensable to the public service; with an assurance that I would ratify what was done and on my return cover it in due form. My confidence in your disposition to facilitate the operations of the Department and a persuasion that you would have intire reliance on any communication of Mr. Woolcott on my part led me to yield the more readily to the considerations, which after my late illness dissuaded me from business; and accordingly I omitted at that time any written communication.\nI have however thought it adviseable to confirm to you by letter the arrangement then made and to request the continuance of your cooperation.\nIf my health remains as good as it now is, I expect in a fortnight from this time to be at my post in Philadelphia.\nWith respect I have the honor to be \u2003 Gentlemen \u2003 Your obedient servant\nA Hamilton\nThe President Directors & Co.of the Bank of The United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0273", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Commissioners of Loans, 30 September 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department\nTo: Commissioners of Loans\nAlbany, September 30, 1793.\nSir,\nA short absence from the Seat of Government, for the Recovery of my Health, renders it impossible to conduct the Transfers of Stock, from office to office, as heretofore: I am, therefore, to request, that you will consider Warrants, without my Signature, countersigned by the Comptroller, with the usual authentication of the Register, or one of his Clerks, on his behalf, and accompanied with the usual Certificate of the Commissioner of Loans, from whose office the Transfer is to be made, as equivalent, till further order, to Warrants signed by me, and, in other respects, in due form.\nI am, with consideration, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your obedient servant,\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0274", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 30 September 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nAlbany, Sepr. 30. 1793\nSir\nI have thought it adviseable to establish during my absence a substitute for the mode of transferring Stock from Office to Office heretofore in practice at the Treasury. The inclosed letters by duplicates to the respective Commissioners of Loans from Jersey inclusively to Georgia specify it. Please to have the blanks filled with the names of those Commissioners severally and have the letters forwarded. I shall myself forward similar letters by duplicates to all the states North of Jersey.\nYou will observe the object is to have as little departure as possible from the accustomed process. With this view, if a competent Clerk of my immediate Office can be commanded, it will be well for the warrants to originate there, to be authenticated by such Clerk at foot of the place destined for my signature & leaving a sufficient space for it.\nWith consideration & esteem \u2003 I am Sir \u2003 Your obedient servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nP.S. Transfers to and from the clerk of the Treasury will of course follow a Regimen.\nOliver Woolcott Esqr\nComptroller", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0275-0001", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Andrew G. Fraunces, 1 October 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Fraunces, Andrew G.\n[Albany, October 1, 1793]\nContemptible as you are, what answer could I give to your last letter?\nThe enclosed is a copy of what will shortly appear in one of the Gazettes of the city of New-York.\nA. Hamilton\nAlbany, October 1, 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0276", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Dewhurst, 2 October 1793\nFrom: Dewhurst, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[London, October 2, 1793. On April 1, 1794, Dewhurst wrote to Hamilton and referred to \u201cmy letter of the 2 Octr.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0277", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 4 October 1793\nFrom: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Amsterdam, October 4, 1793. On October 15, 1793, Willink, Van Staphorst, and Hubbard wrote to Hamilton: \u201cWe beg leave to refer You to our last Respects of 4 Instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0279", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 7 October 1793\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nCustom HouseDistrict of Providence 7th Octr. 1793\nSir\nThe Office of District Attorney for Rhode Island being vacant by the Death of William Channing Esqr. and some of the Merchants having recommended to the President of the United States, David Howell Esqr. to Succeed to that Office, and knowing him to be very much under the Influence of those Characters who have long and with violence, opposed me in a Just Execution of the revenue laws\u2014I have considered it my Duty to State in the Enclosed Letter, to the President, this Circumstance in the Hope that it may (with other Information he may receive on this Subject) prevent an appointment so much desired by those who have recommended him\u2014and which I fear would very much endanger A due Collection of the revenue, for it is more than probable he would embarrass rather than Support the officers of the Customs in a Just Discharge of their Duty.\nI have taken the Liberty to recommend to the President, David Leonard Barnes Esqr. of this Town attorney at Law, as a gentleman well Quallified to fill the Office of District of Attorney. He is a Person of Fair Character and Deportment in life and is deservedly Esteemed for his independent Principles and Tallents in the Law. Should the President not make the Appointment before you See or hear from him\u2014you will Sir render a Service to the Nation by mentioning this Gentleman as a Suitable Person for the District Attorney, and who I am pursuaded will do honor to the Appointment should he be so fortunate as to obtain it\u2014and he will I firmly believe Co-opperate on all occasions with the officers of the Customs in a faithfull execution of the revenue Laws, so Essential to the support of the National Government, and may I be allowed to say, its Existance.\nI have the Honor to be &c.\nJereh. Olney Collr.\nP. S. Mr. Howell is Attorney against me in the Suits of Messrs. Arnold & Dexter.\nSecretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0281", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tobias Lear, 10 October 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York October 10th: 1793\nDear Sir\nI shall sail from this place for London early in November, and if before that time you can find it convenient to give me the letters which you had the goodness to promise I shall esteem it a mark of peculiar favor. I shall go from London to Amsterdam and letters to our Bankers or other respectable Characters in the latter place might greatly facilitate my business, by shewing them that I am not an unknown adventurer.\nI have just come to this place from New Hampshire and I can assure you that in every part of New England where I have been, there appears the strongest marks of attachment to our Government and the estimation in which they hold you individually has lately been proved by the deep regret & unfeigned sorrow which appeared on a report of your death\u2014and the marks of joy & satisfaction exhibited when the report was known to be unfounded. That you may be long preserved in health & usefulness to your Country is the earnest prayer of your fellow Citizens.\nPlease to make my best respects acceptable to Mrs. Hamilton and receive my sincere wishes for the health & happiness of yourself and of those in whom your happiness depends.\nWith sincere respect & attachment \u2003 I am, Dear sir, \u2003 truly your\u2019s\nTobias Lear\nColo. Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0284", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 15 October 1793\nFrom: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAmsterdam 15 October 1793.\nSir!\nWe beg leave to refer You to our last Respects of 4 Instant, since when we have received Your esteemed favor of 12 August, authorizing us to open a Loan for the United States, of Three Millions of Florins, provided it should be obtainable at Five per Cent Interest and Four per Cent Charges.\nWe are happy, that all our late advices, will have anticipated to You the impossibility of succeeding to raise a Loan here at almost any rate, during the present critical situation of the Politics in Europe. The progress made in placing the Bonds of the Loan for the Bank of the United States, of which You will doubtless have been regularly informed, must have Convinced You too strongly of this Truth, not to have prevented Your making any Reliance upon such a Loan, to face the large Payments the United States have to make here in January next and the successive months: For which we in consequence expect Your remittances.\nPermit us Sir, to suggest to Your most serious Consideration, whether in times like the present, It is prudent by Your limitations of the Charges, to run the risque of defeating an important Loan, which might be practicable at a somewhat higher rate of Charges, that is but an allowance in the first Instance.\nIn the actual Case no disappointment has been occasioned, because the Business is not at all feasible: But we dare say You would have been sorry if the matter had miscarried merely because You had limited the Charge one per Cent too low.\nShould any favorable Circumstances occurr, to render the loan You direct, obtainable at Your Limitations we shall eagerly avail ourselves of same, and experience infinite pleasure in giving You the most early Intelligence of our successs.\nWe shall in consequence of Mr Short\u2019s orders, duly honor Mr. deWolf of Antwerp his drafts on us, for payment of the Interest due there by the United States the 1 December next, for which He drew last Year Hd. Cy. f 88,841. 9.\u2014. A sum exceeding the Monies of the United States in our hands.\nWe are &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0285", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Pierre Charles L\u2019Enfant, 16 October 1793\nFrom: L\u2019Enfant, Pierre Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew york October 16. 1793.\nDear sir\nI this moment receive a letter from Colt of paterson on the subject of my account with the society. He Inclose to me a late resolve on the same, together with a bill of charges against me both which Evince the already manifested Intent to Wrong and speculate of my own Expences.\nIn the account I am charged with articles I had nothing to do with and the better in order to reduce the Ballance due me. I am worried that an objection may be made to my having right to the amount of a full year of Sallery as had been agreed and colt Further observe he believe I am not to Expect being pay of the Ballance which may be acknowleged to be due to me Because says he\u2014the Cashier will refuse my draft for the said unless he has first obtained from me Certain plans, which by the by, I never have been Engaged to make and much beg to leave in other people hands for to Execute.\nPrivy as you have been with my Engagements in the First Instance of the business you will recollect I never would have concerned myself in it had it not been that I ceeded to your wish and trusted on your friendly Support. Therefore after the manner thing are turned out you will not find it amiss I Should avail of your visit to this place in requesting you to see about this affaire so that matter may be settled right. My only wish is, I will own it to you, that it should be done without need of my meeting any of the persons of whom depend the settlement, as after the manner them and two or three more of the directors have used with me this meeting may prove disagreeable to some of us if not to both parties.\nI join here copies of the accounts above mentioned and in order to Enable your jugement I have added some observation respecting those articles I have objection to be charged with as also the reasons for the reclamation I make. It is indeed with reluctance I do this and I should more Chearfully have given up all my just claims were it not, first, that my Circumstance cannot admit of this and, next, that supposing it should such mark of desinterestedness would be here mispalced, & if I have willingly been the dup of my Zeal in several Instances my motives may be accounted for and you know well the considerations which then determined me but now you will agree with me that generosity should be madness.\nI must observe that I directed the surveyor and overseer at paterson to demand from Colt a state ment of all Expences of the work performed under me which I wished to prove I have not caused much above of 20,000 dollars Expences to the Society and that out of that sum all the materials he has since made use of had been paid for\u2014which is one amongst the many rascally trick he use to make his labour appear more Economique\u2014he possitively refused giving such an Extract and would not permit anyone to look in the Book on my account. Excuse me long letter and believe me\nwith great respect \u2003 your most obedient humble servant\nP Charles LEnfant\nAlexander Amilton secretary of the treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0286", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Hugh Williamson, 16 October 1793\nFrom: Williamson, Hugh\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York 16th Octr: 1793\nDr: Sir\nAt my Lodgings in Philada., Francis\u2019s Hotel, I left three Trunks vizt large Trunk, flat Top. 1 small Trunk, portable in the Hand, both Philada made. & 1 middle sized Trunk, french manufacture, cover\u2019d as I believe, with Hogs Skin. In this middle sized Trunk are many valuable Papers to which it may be necessary I should have access by some Friend. The Trunk has two Locks of which the Keys are inclosed. The large Lock, the Pipe being broken, can only be opened by holding the Key close to the front as it turns. You was so good as to propose taking the Care of that Trunk with the Papers. Inclosed are the Keys. Mr Francis will deliver the Trunk to any Person who may call for it at my Request. My Name I believe is on the Trunk in Ink on a Piece of Wood that passes along the Top.\nInclosed is a Line for Mr Francis. His Wife can read. \u2003 I am  With great Respect: yours\nHu Williamson\nAlexa. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0287", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Gouverneur Morris, 17 October 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nParis 17 October 1793.\nMy dear Sir\nMr. Moscow Livingston delivered to me yours of the 25th. of July. He says that you alone gave him an Idea of this Country like the Reality. His Astonishment proves that he did not beleive you and would you hear him you might in your Turn be astonished to find that your sound Understanding while it grasp\u2019d the future Event had never contemplated the progressive Circumstances. I leave to others the painful Task of drawing Pictures which to resemble the Truth must like an indian Warrior be painted red and black. It is in your Character of Financier that I transmit the annexed Report which suspended for a few doubtful Days the Weight which with crushing Force falls on the monied Men. Early in 1789 I ventured to declare, from what I then observd, that the Laws of Property being violated all would in their Turns be sacrificed on the same alter. Already the Church the Magistrature the Nobility have passed away. Bankers Merchants and Manufacturers are now in the Crucible. I leave to your algebraic Science to resolve the Problem of how long a supposed Society can exist after Property shall have been done away. Perhaps you may be too busy to form Equations and may reply as a Statesman that Government being instituted to protect Property is respected only in Proportion to the Fulfillment of that Duty and durable only as it is respectable. I respect you too much to contradict your Opinions and therefore confine myself to the more agreable Task of assuring you that I am\nmy dear Hamilton \u2003 very truly yours\nGouv Morris\nAlexander Hamilton EsqrePhiladelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0288", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Pinckney, [17 October 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\n[New York, October 17, 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his compliments to the Minister Plenipotentiary of the united States at the court of Great Britain and requests the favor of having the inclosed letter transmitted to our Bankers at Amsterdam.\nNew York Octobr 17th. 1793", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0290", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Stephen Moylan, 21 October 1793\nFrom: Moylan, Stephen\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nChester County [Pennsylvania] October 21st. 1793\nDear sir\nBy a late offer made me by the President thoro the Secretary of State to appoint me Marshal for the Pennsylvania district, I was much pleased to find I was not out of his remembrance. I gave him such reasons for not accepting that office as I presume must be Satisfactory. An opportunity now offers of effectually Serving me, the Naval office being as I am informed Vacant by the death of Mr. Phile. I have this day wrote to the President, that it was an Office I shoud be proud to fill. If my application is back\u2019d by your interest with him, I shall have great expectation of success. Will you my Dear sir write a few lines to the President in my favor? It will Serve a brother in War and your real friend.\nStephen Moylan\nHonble A Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0292", "content": "Title: Conversation with George Hammond, [24 October 1793\u201322 February 1794]\nFrom: Hammond, George,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, October 24, 1793\u2013February 22, 1794]\nAs I imagined it probable that from the circumstance of a part of the proscribed privateers having been either captured by his Majesty\u2019s cruizers or disarmed by order of this government, occasion might be taken to detract from the urgency of attending to my remonstrances I deemed it incumbent upon me to specify particularly the proscribed privateers which were at that time either within the American ports or cruizing in the adjacent seas. In this number is the privateer le Citoyen Genet which, though as I informed your Lordship in my dispatch No. 19 on the authority of Mr. Hamilton, she had been allowed to return to this port under the express condition of being dismantled, has since recommenced her depredations. Upon my requesting from Mr. Hamilton some explanation of this circumstance he acquainted me that the fact was at the time precisely as he had stated it to me, but that the commander of this privateer, profiting of the confusion created by the sickness at Philadelphia had broken the stipulation into which he had entered, and sailed from the port in the intention of proceeding to Martinique which island according to some late accounts it appears that she has since reached in safety.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0293", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 24 October 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n2\u00bd Miles from PhiladelphiaOctobr. 24, 1793.\nSir,\nI arrived at my own house yesterday evening, where I found your letter of the 14 instant; having previously received that of the 25 of September, by the circuitous route of Albany, the evening before my departure from New York.\nAs to the right of the President to convene Congress out of the ordinary course, I think it stands as follows\u2014\u201che may on extraordinary occasions convene both houses of Congress or either of them.\u201d These are the words of the Constitution. Nothing is said as to time or place\u2014nothing restrictive as to either. I therefore think they both stand on the same footing. The discretion of the President extends to place as well as time. The reason of the thing as well as the words of the Constitution, would extend it to both. The usual seat of the Government may be in possession of an enemy\u2014it may be swallowed up by an earthquake.\nI know of no law that abriges in this respect the discretion of the President\u2014if a law could abrige a constitutional discretion of either branch.\nBut the doubt with me is whether the \u201cextraordinary occasion\u201d mentioned in the constitution be not some unforeseen occurrence in the public affairs, which renders it adviseable for the public service to convene Congress at some time different from that which the Constitution or some law has established\u2014in other words, to anticipate their ordinary meeting\u2014to have a special session, for a special object of public business out of the pre-established course.\nI doubt therefore whether the circumstance of a contagious disease existing at the seat of Government be a constitutional ground for convening Congress at another place, but at the same time, they had premeditated.\nAnd I know that there are respectable opinions against the power of the President to change the place of meeting in such a case; so as I think to render it inexpedient to take the step.\nBut the President may recommend a meeting at some other place, as a place of preliminary rendezvous for the members of the two houses, that they may informally concert what further the exigency may require\u2014and my present opinion inclines in favor of such a measure.\nThe question them would be, what place is the most eligible? Obvious reasons render it desireable that it should be as near Philadelphia as may consist with the motive for naming such a place (to wit) the safety of the members. I\u2014Innovation upon the existing arrangement with regard to the seat of Government, ought to be avoided as much as possible. II. Congress may think it necessary for regularity to go within the limits of the City (tho\u2019 but for an hour) to give legality by some summary act to another place of Meeting\u2014and with this view it will be convenient to meet at no great distance from the City. III. The place recommended may influence the place of session. The President and heads of Departments ought to be near Congress, but they cannot be long remote from their offices, and a removal of the public offices for one session would be in many ways an evil. Lastly\u2014The less the President in such case departs from the preestablished course, the less room there will be for cavil.\nAll these reasons would operate in favor of Germantown, if competent only to the momentary accommodation of Congress. Mr. Peters & some other gentlemen affirm that it is. I have myself great doubt on the point, and I have not had time to examine, but I cannot help paying deference to the opinion of those who assert it\u2019s competency.\nThere is, however, another consideration not unworthy of attention. Experience seems to decide satisfactorily that there would be due safety at Germantown; but it is very probable, this would not appear to be the case to the members generally. The alarm appears to be greatest in proportion as you go furthest from the seat of the disease. Yet I should hope the Presidents recommendation stating the fact as evidenced by experience would appease the apprehensions of the parties concerned.\nIf Germantown should not be found adequate, on the score of accommodation, Trenton, Reading, Lancaster & Wilmington are the places which present themselves to choice as most eligible. Nothing more notherly or southerly ought to be thought of. A place in Pennsylvania will best please the Pennsylvanians. They would be very jealouse of Trenton, and they would have some, tho\u2019 less jealousy of Wilmington. Lancaster would afford better accomodations than Reading. Wilmington would I apprehend be the most agreeable of these places to Congress.\nBut I am, upon the whole, of opinion that it will be best to make Germantown do if possible. It will be time enough to decide when you arrive\u2014and the interval will be employed to examine the ground.\nMrs. Hamilton & myself are very sensible to the obliging interest you have manifested in our recovery. Exercise & Northern air have restored us beyond expectation. We are very happy that Mrs. Washington & yourself escaped.\nI have the honor to remain &c.\nA. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0295", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 26 October 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTreasury DepartmentOctober 26, 1793.\nMessrs Willink & Van Staphorst\nGentlemen\nAn attack of the malignant fever which has of late afflicted the City of Philadelphia has occasioned me to be for some time absent from that City for the recovery of my strength. Just returned to my house in its vicinity I find here your letter of the 1st of July last with its enclosures in duplicates.\nA letter from me previous to my late journey will have assured you of my satisfaction at the step you had taken with regard to the June installment. I shall only add for the present that you may depend upon the greatest caution on my part not to risk any future embarrassment in faceing the payments which shall become due.\nThe state of my health and my absence from the seat of Government have prevented my giving heretofore any special instruction respecting the payment of the years interest on the Antwerp loan becoming due the first of December next.\nI however take it for granted that the payment will be duly made out of the funds in your hands by direction of Mr. Short pursuant to the general authority vested in him.\nWith true consideration and esteem \u2003 I am Gentlemen \u2003 Your Obedient Servant\nP.S. The letter is committed to the care of Tobias Lear Esquire, lately secretary of the President, who goes to Europe to concert arrangements with reference to a private house of Commerce of which he has become a Member. I can truly announce him to your friendly Offices as a man of undoubted worth, of prudence, good sense, industry and pure integrity.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0296", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Winthrop Sargent, 28 October 1793\nFrom: Sargent, Winthrop\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York 28th. October 1793\nSir\nAgain I presume to solicit your attention to my petition refered to you by Congress, in their session of 1790 for report. My Distresses from the Delay in this Business have been considerable, from calculating upon an Addition of Salery I have accumulated Expenses in the Discharge of my public Duties trusting to that Provision, which I flattered myself would long since have been made therefor. I have always believed in a favourable issue to my Expectations from the Opinions of my Friends; your own Sentiments if I mistake not were propitious thereto, but as Colo Lawrence and several other members of Congress to whom I had fully explained myself upon the Subject were often absent there may possibly exist Difficulties in the Completion of my receivable Expectations notwithstanding you may be fully convinced of the propriety of my Application as I think you were when I had the pleasure to converse with you upon the Subject.\nWith Sentiments of much respectful Esteem \u2003 I have the honour to be \u2003 your most obedient humble servant\nWinthrop Sargent\nHonble Colo Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0297", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Gouverneur Morris, 29 October 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nParis 29 October 1793.\nMy friend Colo. Hamilton will thank me for procuring him the acquaintance of Mr. DeVolney the Gentleman who will deliver this Letter. A Splendid reputation in the literary world will command his ready admittance to all good Company his agreable qualities will render him a desireable guest and a valuable acquaintance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0298", "content": "Title: Cabinet Meetings. Opinions Concerning the Relations of the United States with Several European Countries, [1\u201322 November 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Germantown, Pennsylvania, November 1\u201322, 1793]\nAt sundry meetings of the heads of departments & attorney general from the 1st. to the 21st. of Nov. 1793. at the President\u2019s several matters were agreed upon as stated in the following letters from the Secretary of state. to wit.\nNov. \nCircular letter to the representatives of France, Gr. Brit. Spain & the U. Netherlands, fixing provisonily the extent of our jurisdiction into the sea at a sea-league.\nCircular do. to the district attornies, notifying the same, & committing to them the taking depositions in those cases.\nsame date.\nCircular to the foreign representatives, notifying how depositions are to be taken in those cases.\nThe substance of the preceding letters were agreed to by all, & the rough draughts were submitted to them & approved.\nNov.\nto mr Hammond, that the US. are not bound to restore the Roehampton. This was agreed by all, the rough draught was submitted to & approved by Colo. Hamilton & mr Randolph. Genl. Knox was absent on a visit to Trenton.\nletters to mr Genet & Hammond, & the 14. to mr. Hollingsworth for taking depositions in the cases of the Coningham & Pilgrim.\ndo. to Genet, Hammond & mr Rawle for deposns in the case of the William.\ndo. to Hollingsworth to ascertain whether mr Moissonier had passed sentence on the Roehampton & Pilgrim.\nThese last mentd. letters of the 10th. 14th. & 15th. were as to their substance agreed on by all, the draughts were only communicated to mr Randolph and approved my him.\nNov.\nto mr Hammond. Enquiry when we shall have an answer on the inexecution of the treaty. The substance agreed by all. the letter was sent off without communication, none of the gentlemen being at Germantown.\nto mr Genet. Returning the commissions of Pennevert & Chervi because not addressed to the Presiden.\nsame date. \nto do. enquiring whether the Lovely lass, Prince William Henry & Jane of Dublin have been given up, and if not, requiring that they be now restored to owners.\nThese were agreed to by all as to their matter, and the letters themselves were submitted before they were sent to the President, the Secretary of War & the Attorney General, the Secretary of the Treasury absent.\nsame date. \nto mr Gore for authentic evidence of Dannery\u2019s protest on the President\u2019s revocation of Duplaine\u2019s Exequatur. The substance agreed to by all. The letter sent off before communication.\nTh: Jefferson\nH Knox\nEdm. Randolph\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0299", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Caleb Lownes, [2 November 1793]\nFrom: Lownes, Caleb\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, November 2, 1793]\nRespected Friend\nI should not have delayed \u2019till this time complying with thy request but from a desire of affording a more satisfactory account than was in my power at the time it was requested. The Mayor having written that morning, and Colonel Pickering obtained the fullest account, in the power of the Committee to give, any communications from me could only be a duplicate of what was then conveyed.\nI have now the satisfaction of not only confirming their information but of furnishing a statement of the deaths to this time, the decrease of the disease, and of handing the information of several eminent physicians, and others conversant in the business; which will fix incontestably the information which we have generally handed the public, through the medium of the Papers; and be a means of removing the doubts that must remain on the minds of those who have not had the opportunity of being as well informed upon this interesting subject as some of us have.\nInclosed is a little publication upon the disorder and its effects; with an Account of the deaths, which, though not perfect is nearly so, & will convey an Idea of our loss, and of the decrease of the disease to which I have added the number of deaths in a few of the principal burying Grounds in this city, as well as the daily deaths in all.\nDoctor Samuel Duffield has not a patient in the disease. Doctr. Hodge has not had an application for Six days past, and has but few in it, having discharged the greater part several days since, & those under his care generally on the recovery. And I am informed that this is the case of most of the Physicians in the City. We have not heard, in the Committee, of any New Cases for near a week past; though there has been a few instances of Deaths happening in the disease in that time; but they are few and the persons who have died have been closely connected either with diseased persons, or infected places.\nWhilst we console ourselves with the pleasing reflection, that the disease has assumed a less alarming type; and has almost intirely disappeared, we cannot but believe that there are traces of it yet in the City, and will yet prove fatal to the imprudent. Yet, upon the closest scrutiny, we are quite of the opinion, that there will be no danger to those who inhabit well aired houses and live in a temperate manner, should they instantly return.\nThe fears of many who have not had an oppor\u27e8tunity\u27e9 of just information may occasion improper doubts, and create alarms which otherwise would not exist: but to my nearest connections, who are desirous of returning to the City, I know no just cause to delay their coming. And from the appearance, and information that has come to the knowledge of the Committee, we do not apprehend the most remote danger after a week or ten days of clear cool weather.\nWe have not sent more than one person a day, for a week past, to the hospital\u2014and but two of them that was supposed to be affected with the malignant fever. Four days of the early part of the week, the Carts of the Committee were quite unemployed; the rest of the week we have buried five, and but one that was suspected of having had the disease.\nI was at the Hospital yesterday and was happy to find the Sick generally on the recovery. There are 105 Sick and 56 Convalescent. But one person had died the last 24 hours, and this one of the flux.\nThere has died at the hospital in the severest period of the disease from 20 to 28 of a day\u2014the last 10 days about 4 of a day upon an average. Many who go to this hospital are afflicted with other diseases. The Pennsylvania Hospital & Almshouse being shut against the Poor, we are obliged to admit the afflicted of every description, which greatly encreases the appearance of of the disease\u2014our deaths and number of Patients from this cause, is much greater than otherwise would have been.\nOur prospects are so far encouraging that we have this day discharged a Number of our nurses and attendants; and are about taking measures for to enable the Committee to return to their private concerns; and placing the hospital upon such a footing as to enable a few to perform the duties of it, which has now become very moderate.\nThe last 24 hours there has not been a single death\u2014and for three days past but two of the Malignant disease. These circumstances with the opinion of the Physicians and others conversant in the business confirms us in the belief, that the Calamity has nearly subsided\u2014and that a few days will put a final period to the dreadful Scene that we have been so closely engaged in, and which has deprived this City of so many useful Citizens.\nSincerely wishing this to be the Case and a happy restoration of Health and order I shall only add that I am\nvery respectfully \u2003 Thy Friend\nCaleb Lownes\nCity Hall Novr. 2 1793", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0301", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 4 November 1793\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newport, Rhode Island] November 4, 1793. \u201cInclosed is a statemt. of the case of Caleb Brown owner and master of the Sloop Deby. Her License issued from the Custom house in this Port before the new Coasting Act took place, and on the second day of last March, She saild from the Port of Pawcatuck on her fishing voyage, but had no permit separate from her Licence.\u2026 He has paid the duties on the Salmon and Mackrel, and the fees and entry as if from a foreign port, and left his Licence in my office. I have not prosecuted him for going to a foreign port with his License, because I was in doubt on the subject and was unwilling to put him to expence, but have referred the whole matter to your decision.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0303", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Nourse, 5 November 1793\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Register\u2019s Office, November 5, 1793. Requests \u201cthat an Estimate of the Monies that may be requisite to defray the Expenses of your Department for the ensuing Year be made out and transmitted as early as convenient, for the purpose of forming a General Estimate of the expenditures of the United States for the year 1794 to be laid before Congress at their next meeting.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0307", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jeremiah Olney, 7 November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Olney, Jeremiah\nTreasury Department, November 7, 1793. \u201c\u2026 It is of importance to the public service that the suit of Messrs Arnold & Dexter should be well and effectually defended. You will therefore engage such counsel as you can intirely confide in for the purpose.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0308", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Otho H. Williams, 7 November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Williams, Otho H.\nTreasury Department November 7th 1793\nSir\nMr Delaporte of Baltimore has communicated to me, that about Twelve months ago, he received some Furniture and wearing apparel belonging to Mr. Gimat, late Governor of St Lucia; upon the entry of which at the Custom house, he gave his Bond, with condition to be cancelled, in case Mr Gimat should arrive within a Twelve month, and take the oath of his intended residence in the United States, as required by law.\nAs the time is said to be nearly expired, and Mr Gimat is still expected, I would request that proceedings upon the Bond may be suspended till further information shall be received on the subject; [unless there are circumstances not known to me which induce you to think a contrary course requisite.]\nI am Sir with consideration \u2003 Your obedient Servant\nAlex Hamilton\nOtho H. Williams EsqrCollector Baltimore", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0309", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Philip Schuyler, 8 November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Schuyler, Philip\n[November 8, 1793. On November 17, 1793, Schuyler wrote to Hamilton: \u201cThe mail \u2026 brought your favor of the 8th Instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0310", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Fenno, 9 November 1793\nFrom: Fenno, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhila. Nov. 9. 1793\nSir,\nAfter struggling for four years & an half with a complication of difficulties in supporting my publication, difficulties which no industrious person has perhaps been called to encounter since the organization of the general Government, I am reduced to a situation so embarrassed, as incapacitates me from printing another paper, without the aid of a considerable Loan. The Types, which I informed you, I had wrote for are arrived\u2014they amount to upwards of 500 Dollars. Debts, which I cannot any longer procrastinate payment of amount to 1000. It will require 500 to procure the necessary Stock of paper &c to recommence business. A Loan of Two Thousand Dollars therefore would relieve me & not only so but place me in a situation which would supercede probably the necessity of any future application of a similar kind. By the above statement you will perceive that matters are not altered for the better since the time I submitted a schedule of my Debts & Credits to you\u2014which was last Spring. Tho I have incessantly importuned my distant Subscribers & agents to make payment, since the 18 Septr. I have recd. only 35\u00bc dollars\u2014tho\u2019 accounts to the amount of 1500 Dols. have been forwarded during the period that has elapsed since. I therefore conclude that tho I have more than 4000 dols. due, there is no dependance to be placed on a fund so wretchedly precarious.\nI have reserved myself to renew my business\u2014several eligible births have been attainable in the Bank of the United States\u2014these are now filled. There are yet some vacancies in the Bank of Pennsylvania. Mr Fox is about leaving the Office of Cashier & the place of First Accountant is to be filled. I wish Sir, for your Counsel & Advice. If the plan you suggested some time since of a Subscription can be carried into effect\u2014or if a Loan can [be] made\u2014all may be well. If not\u2014my career as a printer is closed.\nFour Years & an half of my Life is gone for nothing; & worse, (for I have a Debt of 2500 Dols. on my Shoulders) if at this crisis, the hand of benevolence & patriotism is not extended.\nOf the use of the word patriotism, no man can judge with so much propriety as yourself\u2014for no man is so well acquainted with the Springs & motives of my conduct. Wishing Sir, that your health may be firmly reestablished\u2014and apologizing for this intrusion, which nothing but the urgency of the Case can justify at this Crisis\nI am Sir, most respectfully \u2003 Your ever devoted & most humble Servant\nJohn Fenno", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0311", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Edmund Randolph, 9 November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nT.D. November 9th 1793\nSir\nThe following case has arisen upon the representation of different Collectors. There have arrived in several Ports of the UStates vessels belonging to citizens of France with Cargoes on board, which were obliged for safety to quit the Island of St Domingo a French Colony, in consequence of civil commotions existing in the Island, and under that species of necessity proceeded to the UStates as the most convenient asylum in the first instance.\nA question has been made whether these vessels are subject to a duty of Tonnage, or whether they are exempt from it as falling within the purview of the 38 Section of the collection law.\nOn this point I request your opinion as speedily as may be.\nVery respectfully I have the honor to be \u2003 sir Yr Ob servt\nThe Attorney General of the USt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0315", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Governors of the States, 13 November 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Governors of the States\nTreasury Department November 13th 1793\nSir\nThe Commissioners for settling the accounts between the united States and the Individual States having made their final report to the President, dated the 29th of June 1793 I am to announce to Your Excellency, that a Balance of [Seventy five thousand and fifty five Dollars] has been reported by the said Commissioners in favour of the State of [New Hampshire.]\nI have the honor to be with respect \u2003 Your Excellency\u2019s \u2003 most obedient Servant\nAlexander HamiltonSecretary of the Treasy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0316", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Cochran, 15 November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Cochran, John\nTreasury Department, November 15, 1793. Requests \u201camount of the last quarters dividend paid by the office of Discount & Deposit, in order that a warrant may issue to cover the same.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0318", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edmund Randolph, 15 November 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nGerman Town [Pennsylvania] November 15th 1793\nSir\nYour letter of the 9th instant was delivered to me yesterday.\nIt is a desireable thing, for the cause of humanity, that the vessels, therein described should be exempted from Tonnage. But this must be the act of the Legislature; and cannot arise from the construction of the collection-law; the cause of their quitting the Island of St. Domingo, not being the Species of necessity contemplated by that act.\nI have the honor, Sir, to be \u2003 with esteem & respect \u2003 Yr. mo. obedt Servt.\nEdm. Randolph\nThe Secretary of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0319", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Jenkins, 16 November 1793\nFrom: Jenkins, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNovember 16, 1793. \u201cPermit me to offer my services for a clerkship in your Office vacant by the decease of Mr. Laurence.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0320", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Philip Schuyler, 17 November 1793\nFrom: Schuyler, Philip\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAlbany Sunday Novemr 17th 1793\nMy Dear Sir\nThe mail which brought your favor of the 8th Instant, had already returned before I received your letter.\nIt is very natural that you and my Dear Eliza Should be anxious to have your children with you, but in this instance I apprehend your prudence has given way to your feelings, the fatal disorder which has so severely been experienced at Philadelphia, may have abated, or even for the present apparently subsided, but many months must elapsed before it can be determined that the dreadful Scene will not be renewed, under this persuasion, super-added to the anxiety we feel from your and Eliza\u2019s being so near the scene of distress, and the additional anxiety both you and we should experience should the disorder again become prevalent (as I am informed Doctor Stevens apprehends It will) and your Children as well as yourselves exposed to Its Influence, I have concluded that It would be improper to Acceed to your wish, If however after some farther experience you shall Judge that all danger is past, I will either carry down the little one and his nurse, or send them in charge of my son Rensselaer, but the others we all agree must remain until Spring. Indeed this would be proper, danger from Infection a part, should you find yourself under the necessity of adhering to the resolution you mentioned to me when home; The children are all in perfect health, so happy and docile and afford us so much pleasure and real satisfaction that we should part with them with infinite reluctance, you must not therefore Insist upon depriving us of them. They all Join us in love, to you & Eliza.\nI am my Dear Sir \u2003 Most affectionately Yours\nPh: Schuyler\nHone Alexander Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0322", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 18 November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Deparmt. Novemr. 18. 1793\nThe Secretary of the Treasury respectfully submits to the consideration of the President of the United States, a communication from the Commissioner of the revenue of the 6th instant, transmitting two proposals respecting the masons work for repairing the Tybee Lighthouse in Georgia.\nFrom the measures, which have been taken, it appears improbable that better terms are obtainable, and from such means as are possessed, of judging, there is no reason to conclude that they are not reasonable. Under these circumstances, and considering the distance, it is submitted, as the opinion of the Secy, expedient to close with the proposal of John Armour.\nA. Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0323", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 18 November 1793\nFrom: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n(Duplicate)\nAmsterdam 18 November 1793\nSir!\nConfirming our last Respects of 14 Ultimo, we have now but to announce to you, that immediately upon learning from Mr. Short the passage thro\u2019 the Straights of an Algerine Fleet of cruizers against the Vessels of the United States We communicated same to the Masters of the American Ships here and likewise to the Minister at Paris and consul at Bordeaux, for the information of the Captains who might be in any of the Ports.\nWe are extremely sorry for this Event, as it will deprive the united States in a great measure of the Benefits their Trade and Navigation derived from the observance of Neutrality in the Present War, and it besides tends to decline the Prices of their Bonds here, which are now selling by small Parcels, at 99\u00bd \u00e1 \u00be for the Five Per cents and 89 for the four Per cents. It is much to be wished on all Accounts that a small Fleet of Frigates or Stout Privateers wel armed, could be stationed between Cadiz and Cape Finisterre to protect your Commerce from the Depredations of those Pirates!\nWe are Respectfully. \u2003 Sir! \u2003 Your most obd. hble Servt.\nWilhem & Jan Willink\nN & J. Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nAlex: Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0325", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to \u2014\u2014\u2014, [20] November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nPhilade November [20,] 1793\nDr. Sir\nSome embarrassment has arisen on the subject of a fit person for District Attorney of Rhode Island. Mr. Howel has been strongly recommended on the one hand and positively objected to on another\u2014and Mr.  has been proposed in opposition. Your opinion does not appear on either side.\nThe President is desirous of further information and I have undertaken to procure it for him. In addressing myself to you on the point, I proceed on an assurance of your judgment and candour. I request your ideas of the candidates fully and freely\u2014promising that it shall not in any shape compromis you. Be so good as to state not only the qualifications of each\u2014but the collateral circumstances affecting the public service which will be likely to attend the appointment of either.\nIt is regretted that the affair has assumed too much a party complexion. This suggests an inquiry whether there be not some third character competent eligible, & who would not be liable to a similar difficulty. The more speedy your answer the more it will oblige.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0326", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Fitzgerald, 20 November 1793\nFrom: Fitzgerald, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAlexandria [Virginia] Novr. 20th. 1793\nSir!\nThe Surveyor of this District having some time ago sent in his resignation to the President and a few days since gone to live out of the District, I found myself under the necessity of making a temporary appointment, and have accordingly nominated Mr. Vincent Gray to act until your instructions arrive, which I flatter myself will not be disagreeable to you.\nThe President will of course have some conversation with you on the subject of filling up this vacancy. Mr. Gray has been strongly recommended for that purpose; as you must have a knowledge of his talents and assiduity for some years past, I shall only assure you, that, in my opinion, the appointment of him will not only tend to give general mercantile satisfaction here, but also to the stability and perhaps the increase of Revenue.\nI have the honor to be Sir! \u2003 Your most Obedt. Servt\nJohn Fitzgerald", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0327", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 21 November 1793\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, November 21, 1793. \u201cI have received your Letter of the 7th instant. As soon as I have knowledge of the appointment of a District Attorney for this State, I will consult him relative to engaging other Counsel in the Suits of Mesrs. Arnold and Dexter; and I will endeavor to have them effectually defended.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0328", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Seton, 21 November 1793\nFrom: Seton, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York 21 Novr. 1793\nDear sir\nThe Bearer Mr. David Maitland is a partner in my House of Commerce & my particular friend he solicits the honour of being known to you, and I trust you will excuse the liberty I take in introducing him. Mr. Maitland wishes to become a Citizen of America & I have heard that there is a shorter way of getting at this benefit, than an absolute residence of two years in the Country, if such exists you will oblige me infinitely in pointing it out to Mr. Maitland.\nThe price of Bank Stock has never yet admitted of my making any investment for Mr. Church\u2014of which I have regularly advised him at every opportunity. The present price is about 16 \u214c Cent. I have the honor to be with the highest respect & esteem\nDear Sir \u2003 Your obliged Obedient Humble Servant\nWm Seton\nAlexander Hamilton Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0329", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 22 November 1793\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nIt appears from accounts depending in the Treasury & unsettled, that very considerable Supplies were furnished by the United States to the Marine of France in the years 1778 1779 & 1780, under the Agency of John Holker Esq late Consul general.\nThe payments made by Mr. Holker on this account, were in Continental bills long after the Supplies were furnished, & when the currency was greatly depreciated in value. A claim appears to have been made on the part of the United States, but circumstances have hitherto prevented a liquidation with Mr. Holker or the French government.\nThe balance due to the United States as stated by the late Accountant of the Treasy exceeds 140.000 Dolls exclusive of Interest; whether the statement which exhibits this balance is accurate, I cannot determine, it may however be safely presumed that a considerable sum is justly due.\nI have thought it my duty to apprise you of this claim of the United States, that it may be duly considered, whenever a liquidation of the payments to France shall be proposed.\nI have the honor to be with the greatest respect &c.\nHon A H", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0330", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Gardner, 23 November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Gardner, William\n[November 23, 1793. \u201cThe Secretary of the Treasury by letter of the 23d Novr. 1793, informed William Gardner, Commissioner of loans for New Hampshire, that the Treasurer had been directed to furnish him with a draught upon the Collector of Portsmouth, for five thousand dollars, to enable him to discharge the interest due on the stock standing on his books, on the 31st. December.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0331-0001", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [23 November 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[November 23, 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the President. He regrets extremely that the state of his health does not permit him to attend the President today. He has the honor to enclose a report on two of the letters to Mr. Genet, & would have embraced the third respecting the protested bills, if it had been in his power. But no inconvenience can in this case ensue, as the supposed mistake with regard to the funds already promised has been adjusted, and the enclosed report embraces and answers the question of advance upon a future fund. The report would have been more full & precise, if my situation had permitted, but my frame is so disordered as almost to unfit me for business.\nNovember 23d. 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0331-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: [Report on Letters to Edmond Charles Genet], 23 November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nThe Secretary of the Treasury upon two Letters from the Minister plenipotentiary of France to the Secy. of State severally bearing date the 11. & 14 of November inst. respectfully reports to the President of the United States as follows.\n1. The object of these Letters is to procure an engagement that the bills which the Minister may draw upon the sums, which according to the terms of the Contracts respecting the French debt would fall due in the years 1794 and 1795, shall be accepted on the part of the United States, payable at the periods stipulated for the payment of those sums respectively.\nThe following considerations are submitted as militating against the proposed arrangement.\n1. According to the view entertained at the Treasury of the situation of the account between France and the UStates, adjusting equitably the question of depreciation, there have already been anticipated payments to France equal or nearly equal to the sums falling due in the course of the year 1794.\nII. The provision by law for discharging the principal of the French debt contemplates only loans. Of those, which have been hitherto made, the sum unexpended is not more than commensurate with a payment which is to be made on the first of June next upon account of the Capital of the Dutch Debt. It is possible that a fund for this payment may be derived from another loan; but it is known to the President that from advices recently received full reliance cannot be placed on this resource; owing to the influence of the present state of European Affairs upon the measures of the UStates for borrowing. It need not be observed that a failure in making the payment referred to would be ruinous to the credit of the UStates.\nThe acceptance of the bills of the Minister of France would virtually pledge the only fund, of which there is at present a certainty, for accomplishing that payment. And as this is a matter of strict obligation, directly affecting the public credit, it would not appear adviseable to engage that fund for a different object, which if the ideas of the Treasury are right, with regard to the state of our account with France, does not stand upon a similar footing.\nIt would be manifestly unsafe to presume upon contingencies, or to enter into engagements to be executed at distant periods when the means of execution are uncertain.\nBut as there appears to be a difference of opinion between the Minister of France and the Treasury with regard to the state of the account between the two countries, it is necessary that something on this head should be ascertained. With this view the Secretary of the Treasury will proceed without delay to take arrangements for the adjustment of the account.\nAlexander HamiltonSecy of the Treasy.\nTreasury Department.Novemr. 23. 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0332", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from John Habersham, 25 November 1793\nFrom: Habersham, John\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Savannah, November 25, 1793. On January 16, 1794, Habersham wrote to Hamilton: \u201cIn my letter to you of the 25th November last.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0333", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Thomas Marshall, 25 November 1793\nFrom: Marshall, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPaterson [New Jersey] Novr. 25th. 1793\nSir\nOur Brass Founder, Richard Wittingham, is now on his road to Wilmington to recover of Mr Hall and Mr Pearce a Considerable Sum they stand Indebted to him for Castings, and taking the Oppertunity of his Conveyance to Philadelphia, I beg leave respectfully to Submit the following (as Concisely stated as possible) to your Approbation. From the length of time I served this Society at a low Salary, I was thrown behind hand in my Finances; which you generously in part did away by a Twelvemonth advance in Salary\u2014but I have never been able to Overcome that advance. The Directors are Chiefly Strangers and an Appeal to them perhaps would only be attended with Eneasiness & I have therefore presumed to trouble you and if you will be so Obliging as to lend me One Hundred Dollars, I will send you my promisory Note to repay you in One Twelvemonth. But Although I am much in want of Cash to Answer my present Exigencies, & therefore Solicit you to honor me with it by the Bearer, I shall take the Oppertunity of coming to Philadelphia as soon as possible to lay before you proposals for Countenancing my Exertions in the Establishment of the Ginn for Cleaning Seed Cotton, for I give you my word and honor you shall be made acquainted with every particular and the Option of a first refusal. I Never should have made any proposals to you Sir or any other Gentleman, independant of Mr Pearce, had his Conduct not been too highly reprehensible for me to have any further Connextions with him. About the latter end of this or beginning of Next year I will wait on you with an Explanation of my \u27e8\u2013\u27e9 on the Subject of the Ginn, but if you in the \u27e8mean\u27e9 time require any Information by Letter \u27e8I\u27e9 will Immediately send it you, hoping you will honor me so far with your Confidence as to remit by the Bearer, (as the post is uncertain hither) the loan I have respectfully Solicited, I remain\nYour Most Obedient \u2003 Humble Servant\nThomas Marshall\nHonble: Alexander Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0334", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Mordecai Sheftall, 25 November 1793\nFrom: Sheftall, Mordecai\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Savannah, November 25, 1793. On January 23, 1794, Hamilton wrote to Sheftall: \u201cI have received your letter of the 25th of November last.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0335", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Bartholomew Dandridge, 26 November 1793\nFrom: Dandridge, Bartholomew\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nGermantown [Pennsylvania] 26. Nov. 1793.\nSir,\nBy the President\u2019s command I have the honor to enclose herewith two proposals made for repairing the masons work of the Tybee Lighthouse, & the letter of the Commissioner of the Revenue which accompanied them. Also two proposals for doing the wood work of the said Lighthouse, with the Commissioner of the revenue\u2019s letter accompanying them\u2014and to inform you that the President thinks it proper that the proposal of John Armour for doing the masons work, & that of Adrianus Van Denne for doing the wood work, with the plain Stair Case, should be accepted.\nI have the honor to be, Sir, \u2003 Your most Obt. Servt.\nBw. Dandridge\nThe Secy. of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0337", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Edmond Charles Genet, 26 November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTreasury DepartmentNovember 26. 1793\nSir\nIt appears indespensable to adjust disagreeing Ideas with regard to the State of the Account between France and the UStates, that as much as shall be found practicable should be done without loss of time towards a settlement of it. With this view I have instructed the Accounting Officers of the Treasury to proceed in the business as soon as there shall appear some person on your behalf to cooperate in it. And I shall be in other respects ready to concur with you in the requisite means of fulfilling the object. With respect\nI have the honor to be \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedient servt\nAlex HamiltonSecy of the Treasy\nMinister Plenipotentiaryof The Republic of France", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0341", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Seton, 26 November 1793\nFrom: Seton, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York 26 Novr. 1793\nDear sir\nI took the liberty of writing you a few lines by my friend Mr. Maitland\u2014who this day informs me of your exceeding kind & polite attention to him for which I beg you to accept my most gratefull thanks.\nThis day United States Bank Shares began to decline & I presume in a day or two I shall be able to purchase for Mr. Church under your Limits of 15 \u214c cent\u2014but it strikes me that as this Stock has lately been as Low in London as \u00a399 to 100 Stg that he may have purchased there. I therefore feel loth to enter into the Market without further orders from you, and at the same time I think you will not blame me for making this further observation; Mr. Church\u2019s circumstances and responsibility I am totally ignorant of, \u00a310,000 is a very large Sum to run the risk of even a 20 \u214c Cent damages upon; now My dear sir for you or under your absolute guarantee of course I would commit myself for any Sum; but I must confess to you sincerely that unless I had you to look to, I should deem myself unjustifiable to my family to enter into this Negotiation. You I am sure esteem me too much, not to excuse my plain honesty on this point. Exchange is 5 \u214c Cent above par & I believe during this week the price of Shares will be 12\u00bd to 13 \u214c Cent. If you say I shall purchase & draw, I will do it immediately, for I desire nothing more than to shew a readiness of compliance with every thing that you can wish of.\nDear sir \u2003 Your obliged Obd Hl St\nWm Seton\nAlex. Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0342", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 26 November 1793\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBaltimore, November 26, 1793. \u201c\u2026 Inclosed is a copy of a letter received from the Captain of the Revenue Cutter respecting the Lieutinant. I wait your instructions how to proceed or what proceeding there are to be in that most disagreeable business.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0343", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, [26 November 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\n[November 26, 1793. On February 24, 1794, Willink, Van Staphorst, and Hubbard wrote to Hamilton: \u201cWe \u2026 have now to acknowledge Receipt of the Triplicate of your esteemed favor of 26 November last.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0344", "content": "Title: Alexander Hamilton and Henry Knox to John Jay and Rufus King, 27 November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry\nTo: Jay, John,King, Rufus\nPhiladelphiaNovember 27. 1793\nGentlemen\nWe have received your Letter of the 26th instant.\nWe take to day to revise it and tomorrow or the day after we expect to hand it to some Printer for publication with our Certificate.\nWe are with respect and esteem \u2003 Your obedient servants\nA Hamilton\nH Knox\nJohn Jay\nEsquires.\nRufus King", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0345", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Walter Stewart, [27 November 1793]\nFrom: Stewart, Walter\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[November 27, 1793. \u201cThe Secretary of the Treasury sent for my information a letter to him from General Stewart, of 27. Nov. stating that in his present situation he doubted whether the law constituting the office of Surveyor, woud allow him, being concerned in commerce vessels &c. to hold that office\u2014says, however, if he can be allowed to act in that office now, he can he thinks acquit himself of all mercantile concerns in about 7 months. Promises to make no new engagements in trade, & to wind up the old ones as soon as possible.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0346", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Richard Morris, 28 November 1793\nFrom: Morris, Richard\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nScarsdale Westchester County [New York]Novr. 28th. 1793\nMy Good Sir\nI am Ashamed I have not before this performed my promise in proposing some Amendments to the Excise Law; had I not promised I Should not Have troubled you on the head, for tho I think Amendment necessary, difficulties Arise that I cannot gett over. I have Several times Satt down to Reduce my Amendments in form to a Law. I am Stoped almost in the first Sentence. I shall therefore Only Inclose you the Heads of my proposed Amendments. The great Difficulty, Expence, and prospect of Increasing Expence, in the Execution of the Excise law, Arises from the Country Distilleries. They are Generally Remote from one Another, do but Little and therefore it is difficult to find Collectors who for the Recompense will Attend them And unless great care is taken in the Appointment the dutys are at Risque in their Hands none but Indigent persons will Accept. To Remove these Difficulties I send the Inclosed, which when I first Resolved them in my mind I was Really pleased with and thought they would Do, but I now think otherways much Doubting whether they will Effect any good End, and nothing but my promise has induced me to put them on paper. However youl See my design was a Collection from the Country Distilleries for Less than two pr Cent. If Any thought in it Should at any future Day be of any Use to the Genl Govt. it will give me pleasure. My best Respects Await your Lady. With Sincear Wishes for the Health of your Selves and Children I am Good Sir with Real Esteem and all Due Respect your Obliged friend and\nVery Hum Servt\nRcd Morris\nAlexander Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0348", "content": "Title: Statement by Alexander Hamilton and Henry Knox on Edmond Charles Genet\u2019s \u201cAppeal to the People\u201d, 29 November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry\nTo: \nPhiladelphia, November 29, 1793.\nWe the subscribers, certify that we did severally communicate to the abovementioned John Jay and Rufus King, the particulars contained in the foregoing statement. That such of them as are therein mentioned to have been reported to Governor Mifflin by Mr. Dallas, were communicated by the Governor to each of us, as having been received by him from Mr. Dallas. That such of them as respect Mr. Jefferson, including the information to him from Mr. Dallas of Mr. Genet\u2019s having said \u201cthat he would appeal from the President to the People,\u201d were communicated to us by Mr. Jefferson.\nAlexander Hamilton,\nH. Knox.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0350", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to James Lovell, 29 November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lovell, James\nTreasury Department November 29th 1793\nSir\nVarious circumstances have prevented an earlier answer to your letter of the 22d of August last.\nThe question referred to having been stated to the Attorney General, you will receive a copy of his opinion herewith enclosed, in which I concur.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your obedient Servant\nJames Lovell EsqrNaval OfficerBoston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0351-0001", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Nourse, 29 November 1793\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury DepartmentRegisters Office 29th: Nov: 1793.\nSir,\nI have the Honor to Enclose my Certificate in Relation to the Payment of the Claim of the Baron De Glaubeck and sundry other Papers thereunto belonging.\nI am Sir, \u2003 your mo: ob: & mo: hb Serv.\nJoseph Nourse Rgr\nHon: Alex: Hamilton Esqr.Secy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0352", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edmond Charles Genet, 30 November 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew york 30 9bre 1793.L\u2019an second de la R\u00e9publique fse.\nMonsieur,\nJ\u2019ai re\u00e7u la lettre que vous m\u2019av\u00e9s fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019ecrire Le 26. de Ce mois et Je me Suis empress\u00e9 d\u2019Envoyer au Citoyen Bournonville secretaire de la l\u00e9gation de la R\u00e9publique les authorisations n\u00e9cessaires pour mettre En r\u00e9gle le Compte de la france avec les Etats unis conjointement avec les personnes que vous nommer\u00e9s \u00e0 cet effet. \u00c0 mon retour \u00e0 Philadelphie je prendrai connaissance de Ce travail et Je me concerterai ensuite avec vous Sur les moyens de conclure cette op\u00e9ration Et d\u2019Etablir la Balance entre nos deux pays.\nAgr\u00e9es mon respect\nGenet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0355", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 30 November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department, November 30, 1793. Encloses \u201ca letter \u2026 received from General Stewart on the subject of his proposed appointment.\u201d Thinks \u201cit consistent with a reasonable construction of the general interest of the Law to allow the indulgence which his situation requires.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0356", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Otho H. Williams, 30 November 1793\nFrom: Williams, Otho H.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Baltimore, November 30, 1793. On January 22, 1794, Hamilton wrote to Williams: \u201cI have before me your letter of the 30th of November last.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0357-0002", "content": "Title: Outline for George Washington\u2019s Fifth Annual Address to Congress, [November 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nObjects to be communicated in Speech & Messages\nI\nProclamation\nII\nEmbarrassments on carrying into Execution the principles of neutrality; necessity of some auxiliary provisions by law\nIII\nExpectation of indemnification given in relation to illegal captures\nIV\nState of our affairs with regard to G Britain\nto Spain\nto France\u2014claim of Guarantee\n\u2014propositions respecting Trade\nV\nIndian affairs.\nfailure of Treaty\u2014state of expedition under Wayne prospects with regard to Southern Indians.\nVI\nPrudence of additional precautions for defence; as the best security for the peace of the Country\nfortification of principal sea ports\nCorps of efficient Militia\nVII\nCompletion of settlement of Accounts between the United and Individual States: Provision for ballances\nVIII\nProvision for a sinking fund\nIX\nOur revenues in the aggregate have continued to answer expectation as to productiveness but if the various objects pointed out and which appear to be necessary to the public Interest are to be accomplished it can hardly be hoped that there will be a necessity for some moderate addition to them\nX\nProlongation of the Dutch installment by way of Loan\u2014terms.\nXI\nProvision for the second installment due to Bank of UStates\nXII\nfor interest on the unsubscribed debt during the present year. Qu\u00e6re\nXIII\nCommunication of the state of cessions of Light Houses. The Cession in various instances has not been intire; it has reserved a partial right of jurisdiction for process; consequently is not strictly conformable to law\nXIV\nCommissary to receive issue & account for all public stores would conduce much to order & \u0153conomy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0358", "content": "Title: Draft for George Washington\u2019s Fifth Annual Address to Congress, [November 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Washington, George\nTo: \n[November, 1793]\nIt is greatly to be lamented, for the sake of humanity, that the flame of War, which had before spread over a considerable part of Europe has within the present year extended itself much further; implicating all those powers with whom the United States have the most extensive relations. When it was seen here, that almost all the maritime Nations either were, or were likely soon to become parties to the War, it was natural that it should excite serious reflections about the possible consequences to this Country. On the one hand, it appeared desireable, that no impressions in reference to it should exist with any of the powers engaged, of a nature to precipitate arrangements or measures tending to interrupt or endanger our peace. On the other, it was probable, that designing or inconsiderate persons among ourselves might from different motives embark in enterprizes contrary to the duties of a nation at peace with nations at war with each other; and, of course, calculated to invite and to produce reprisals and hostilities. Adverting to these considerations, in a situation both new and delicate, I judged it adviseable to issue a Proclamation (here insert the substance of the Proclamation). The effects of this measure have, I trust, neither disappointed the views which dictated it, nor disserved the true interests of our Country.\nThe Commissioners charged with the settlement of Accounts between the United & the Individual States completed that important business within the time limited by Law; and the ballances which they have reported have been placed upon the Books of the Treasury. A copy of their Report bearing date the  day  last will be laid before congress for their information.\nThe importance of the object will justify me in recalling to your consideration the expediency of a regular and adequate provision for the Redemption and Discharge of the Public Debt. Several obvious considerations render the \u0153conomy of time in relation to this measure, peculiarly interesting and desireable.\nIt is necessary, that provision should be also made for paying the second installment of the loan of two Millions from the Bank of the UStates agreeably to the terms of that loan; the first having been paid, pursuant to the provision for that purpose made during the last session.\nOn the first day of June last an installment of 1000000 of florins became payable on the loans of the UStates in Holland. This was adjusted by a prolongation of the period of reimbusement, in nature of a new loan at an interest of 5 per Cent, for the term of ten years. The charges upon this operation were a commission of three per Cent. It will readily be perceived that the posture of European affairs is calculated to affect unfavourably the measures of the US for borrowing abroad.\nThe productiveness of the public Revenues hitherto has continued to equal the anticipations which were formed of it; but it is not expected that it will prove commensurate with all the objects which have been suggested. Some auxiliary provisions will therefore, it is presumed, be requisite; but these it is hoped can be made consistently with a due regard to the convenience of our citizens, who cannot but be sensible of the true wisdom of encountering a small present addition to their contribution for the public service, to avoid a future accumulation of burthens.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0359", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Angelica Hamilton, [November 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Hamilton, Angelica\n[Philadelphia, November, 1793]\nI was very glad to learn, my dear daughter, that you were going to begin the study of the French language. We hope you will in every respect behave in such a manner as will secure to you the good-will and regard of all those with whom you are. If you happen to displease any of them, be always ready to make a frank apology. But the best way is to act with so much politeness, good manners, and circumspection, as never to have occasion to make any apology. Your mother joins in best love to you. Adieu, my very dear daughter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0362", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 2 December 1793\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nColles Offe. [Newport, Rhode Island] Dece. 2nd 1793\nSir\nThe last proviso of Sec: 66 of the Colln. Law runs thus \u201cAnd provided, That no action or prosecution shall be maintained in any case under this Act; unless the same shall have been commenced within three years next after the penalty of forfeiture was incurred.\u201d On this proviso questions have arisen, concerng. which I request your opinion.\n1st. Whether the issuing a Writ within three years next after the penalty of forfeiture was incurred, would be a commencement of an Action or prosecution, although the Writ should be returned non est, or, in case of a direction on the back of the Writ to attach to any value, the Writ should be returned neither body nor goods to be found?\n2. Whether if a Writ being so issued and returned be a commt. of the action or prosecution, Writs may not be successively issued against the person who has incurred the penalty until a service shall have been made?\nBy Stat: 21. James chap 16.13., introduced into this State, all Actions of the case &c. shall be brought within six years next after the cause of such actions or suits and not after. Upon this Statute the construction has been that by bringing a Writ within the six years, and upon its being returned non est, the bringing another within six years next after the purchase of the first, and so on, the demand may be kept alive until a writ shall be served.\nIf a construction like this should not be put upon the cited Proviso, the penalty incurred may be avoided; for the Collector may not be informed of the transgression of Law until the three years shall have nearly expired, and then the transgressor may be at Sea and so continue until three years from the time the penalty was incurred shall have run out as is the case of Samuel Slocum who was master of the Brig Enterprize which is seized at New york, and about which I wrote you on the 26th. of last August. I issued a Writ against him before the three years had expired, and directed the Marshall to attach to any value. He returned the Writ neither the body nor the goods & chattels of the within Samuel Slocum to be by me found within this District. Or the transgressor may abscond, or conceal himself as Samuel Townsend, Master, and Samuel Pitman mate of the Schooner Hannah are said to have done. Against each of them I have issued Writs with similar directions, which I expect will be returned in the same manner. Of my seizure of the said Schooner I informed you in my letter of the 11th of the last month. Imaginining that if no service of the Writ is made before the expiration of the three years they shall be safe they abscond or conceal themselves and they place their attachable property out of the reach of the Marshall. I have consulted Pierpont Edwards the District Atto. for the District of Connecticut and it is his opinion that if a writ issues within three years next after the penalty was incurred, and is returned non est or neither goods, nor chattels to be found, it is a commencement of the Action or prosecution according to the meaning of the Proviso, and that thereafter writs may be issued against the transgressor until a service shall be made.\nThe form of the Writ prescribed by the Law of this State commands the Sheriff &c to arrest the body  and for want of the body to attach  goods & chattels and  or them in safe custody to keep &c &c. and a Law of this State enacts that \u201cwhere the Plt. or his Atty shall by writing on the back of such Writ give order to attach to any value or to a small value: And where an attachment shall be made in consequence of such order the same shall be sufficient to bring the cause to trial.\u201d As early an answer to this letter as you can make convenient is desired by\nSir, Yr. most obedt. servant\nWm Ellery Colle\nA Hamilton Esqe.Secry Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0364", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, [2 December 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, December 2, 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury on the letter from the Minister plenipotentiary of France to the Secretary of State of the 15 instant, respectfully makes the following report to the President of the United States.\nIt is true as alleged by the Minister, that certain drafts of his on the Treasury have not been admitted.\nSome of them were predicated upon the fund engaged to him in November; but one of them for twenty thousand dollars was expressed to be upon the funds which should be at the disposal of France in Jany. 1794.\nWith respect to the first kind of an accidental error occasioned the temporary exclusion of some drafts, which were within the proper limit. The Clerk charged with registering the bills as presented had noted one as for Forty thousand dollars, which was afterwards found to be for only fourteen thousand; whereby the fund stipulated appeared to have been exceeded, when in fact there was yet a balance. But as soon as the error was discovered, the consequences were rectified.\nThe draft expressed to be upon funds to be at the disposal of France in January 1794, was refused, because it was not warranted by any previous arrangement, or even notice.\nThe funds by arrangement put in the disposal of the Minister were definite, vizt., one million and five hundred thousand livres payable on the third of September last, deducting Ninety four thousand five hundred six dollars and ten and a half Cents to be paid for bills drawn by the Administration of St. Domingo, and one million of livres payable on the fifth day of November following. The precision given to this arrangement will be seen by the copy of my letter to him of the 24. of July last, herewith communicated. No other arrangement was made.\nThe Minister ought not to have operated upon the necessary fund of interest, for two reasons\u2014first, because the terms of the arrangement with him did not include it. Secondly, because it could only have been properly considered as payable of course if it had been mutually understood as absolutely becoming due, unaffected by any antecedent payment; whereas the Minister had been informed, that the advances which had been made were supposed to have exceeded the sums due, according to the stipulated course of payment.\nIt need only be added that to preserve order in money transactions it is essential to proceed with regularity; that an unauthorized latitude of drawing upon the Treasury could not without impropriety & inconvenience be countenanced by it, and that it was reasonable to expect that Mr. Genet, being at no greater distance than New York, would not have undertaken to exceed the limit concerted with him without previous notice & consent.\nAlexr. HamiltonSecy. of the Treasy.\nTreasury Dept.Decemr. 2d 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0365", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Francis Douthat, 3 December 1793\nFrom: Douthat, Francis\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nStaunton [Virginia] Demr. 3rd 1793\nDr. Sir\nI have wrote three letters to you by hand Informg. you that My brother & I have made a few Pieces of Be Cloth in this Town But labour being dear & no wooll in any quantity to be got Set aside his Idea of entering largely into the buysness not Having receivd. more wooll than made four half Pieces. I have allso informd. you of many other Material circumstances relative to this buysness which I shall be allway glad to do every occasion you think Proper. I don\u2019t know if the commit. of The Jersey Manufactery mean to give me any incouragemt. To settle at the falls. They desired me to make application this fall But my distant situation makes it very inconvent. & except you Should Oblige me so far as to let me know their intention I know Not how to apply, I hope you will Kind enough as you are well Acquainted with the govourner &c, you may depend on it there Is not a man in America better informd. Nor more able to facilitate Such an undertaking having brought over all the Plans of machinery which is the only expectation there is to make clothe come cheaper & Expedite the buysness. My brother here has great expectations that I Shall make money of two pieces of machinery which is the Setting the sheers going by water & a rowing machine for laying on a most beautifule & Soft grain on all Kinds of woolin goods by water. Which I mean to undertake for the Publick use Provided I can Procure a Pattent\u2014these things are very usefull to the Poorest Fuller on the continent & no country in the world better adopted For them as every fuller or manufactery has a fulling Mill & on the Same Shaft & wheel I can sett the Sheers & rowing Machine going by water which conveniency will make them Come cheap to those who please to have them. It will be of the greatest, publick, advantage, if I can be so happy as to procure a pattent for them. I have no other hopes but from yr. friendship Which I have no reason to doubt & more especially when the Good of yr. Infant country is at stake in question. If you will be Kind enough to let me know the expence I will have it remitted To You with the ten Dollrs. I Owe You before I recive the Pattent.\nYr. Obligg. me Sir will for ever lay me under the greatest Obligations To You & Shall Allways be acknowledgd. with gratitude by Sr. Yr Most Obedt. & most Hum Servt.\nFrans. Douthat\nSince I wrote the above I think it wd. be better to apply to Congress for a premium, however I Shall be advised by yr Opinion which of the two Modes is the best for me to persue. These Machinese are beyond all Doubt of the greatest utility for the Improvement. & advantage of the Woollen Manufactery.\nI have allso Struck Out a more Short & effectual mode for the Improvemt. of the woollen buysness than the one I have laid down to you whereby it can be improved without any money advanced. It is allso a more General one as It will at once reach to the most distant parts of America & raise an emulation in thousands to employ In the buysness on their own Acct. I hope Sr. I Shall have the pleasure of a line from You to Know how to proceed for which I Shall be very thankfull.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0366", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Henry Kuhl, 4 December 1793\nFrom: Kuhl, Henry\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhilada. December 4: 1793\nSir\nI have frequently applied to you for advice, and flatter myself, that it was always given with cheerfulness: I therefore do not now hesitate to trouble you again on my own account.\nThe office of Commissioner of loans for Pennsylvania has become vacant by the death of Mr Smith which happened yesterday. It is an office which probably will not continue vacant a long time, for which reason those who mean to be candidates ought not to delay making application.\nFrom a conviction that I can perform the duties of the office with credit to myself and advantage to the public, and from other considerations which I will take the liberty of stating I have concluded to ask your advice whether I ought to apply for the office and whether in that case I may count upon your support\u2014without it I am satisfied there will be no success.\nLong and faithful services constitute a substantial claim. I have served the United States upwards of eight years; vizt. four years to the late Treasurer of the United States\u2014yourself, with little interruption from October 1789 to October 1791, and the Comptroller of the Treasury since that time, and have had the satisfaction of enjoying the confidence of my employers.\nOn these occasions I am aware, that family connections are also taken into account. Mine are by no means disreputable. My father has uniformly been a friend to the liberties of this Country, and has filled several stations in the public councils of this State, during the late war and since. He was a member of the first Convention, of the Council of Safety, of assembly &c and is now of the Common council. By the war he also sustained losses, in consequence of the depreciation of the paper currency, the credit of which, during its circulation, he always endeavoured to support. The losses arose from receiving it in exchange for specie for the use of the U: S: and for old debts, the payment of which he might easily have avoided.\nA good private character is also a material requisite\u2014of mine, which is well known to you, it is scarcely necessary to make an observation. To say anything to its prejudice, I may set the world at defiance. And this character I shall always boast of as part of my inheritance.\nUnder the late Government, integrity & services alone even in Foreigners, were good titles to Offices. Of the promotions of clerks on these accounts, (which were I believe numerous) I at present recollect, Fox, Bindon & Burrall, appointed Commissioners for settling accounts under the administration of the Superintendent of Finance. If the principle of advancement is adhered to under the present Govt. I have, in addition to services and integrity, good family connections, and am also a native of Pennsylvania. The good effect of a principle of promotion in public service is well known to you.\nFrom an expectation of promotion, I have been prevented from applying for an appointment, either in the Bank of the U: S, or that of Pennsylvania, in which I could not have failed of success. It is true, there is rather more confinement, but the business is simple & the salaries far beyond the additional service required, and I believe the same restraint is not laid on the Clerks as on those of the Treasury.\nBut notwithstanding my services, family, character and place of birth, with the other observations on my situation, I would not ask for the office, if I were not well satisfied, that I can perform its duties with advantage to the public and credit to myself.\nIf therefore you advise me to apply, and will favour me with your interest, I do not doubt of success. If I should fail in this instance, perhaps not another opportunity will offer before you leave the service of the public, a circumstance which the real friends of this country fear is too near at hand. With that event my hopes and expectations will vanish.\nSuffer me to request your opinion immediately, that I may know how to act.\nI have the honor to be with the greatest respect \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedt. Servt.\nThe Honorable A: H.Secy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0369", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 5 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] December 5, 1793. States \u201cthat he has reason to believe General Stewart has removed the obstacles to his appointment.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0371", "content": "Title: Cabinet Meeting. Opinions on Relations with France and Great Britain, [7 December 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Randolph, Edmund,Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, December 7, 1793]\nAt a meeting of the heads of departments & Atty genl. at the President\u2019s on the 7th. of Dec. 1793.\nMr. Genet\u2019s ltre of Dec. 3. questioning the right of requiring the address of Consular commissions to the President was read. It is the opinion that the address may be either to the US. or to the President of the US. but that one of these should be insisted on.\nA letter from James King was read, dated Philadelphia Nov. 25. 1793, complaining of the capture of his schooner Nancy by a British privateer & carried into N. Providence, and that the court there has thrown the onus probandi on the owners, to shew that the vessel & cargo are American property. It is the opinion that mr King be informed that it is a general rule that the governmt. should not interpose individually till a final denial of justice has taken place in the courts of the country where the wrong is done; but that, a considerable degree of information being shortly expected relative to these cases, his will be further considered and attended to at that time.\nThe Secretary of state informed the President that he had received a number of applications from mr Genet on behalf of the refugees of St. Domingo who have been subjected to tonnage on their vessels & duties on their property on taking asylum in the ports of this country, into which they were forced by the misfortunes of that colony. It is the opinion that the Secretary of state may put the petitions into the hands of a member of the legislature in his private capacity to be presented to the legislature.\nTh: Jefferson\nEdm: Randolph\nA Hamilton\nH Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0372", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Charles Fran\u00e7ois Bournonville, [8 December 1793]\nFrom: Bournonville, Charles Fran\u00e7ois\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[December 8, 1793. On December 10, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Bournonville: \u201cI have this moment received your letter of the 8th instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0373", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Henry Marchant, 9 December 1793\nFrom: Marchant, Henry\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNewport, Rhode Island, December 9, 1793. \u201cBy the last Post I was honored with your confidential Communication of the 20th. of Novr. From Appearances here I was fearful some Embarrassment might arise on the Subject of a fit Person for District Attorney for this District. Wishing to be as happy as possible with the Person who should be appointed, and not knowing that my Sentiments might be expected, or to whom I might with Propriety address them,\u2026 I did not interfere my opinion.\u2026 Where other Circumstances are equal, or the Merits of Candidates nearly so; it were to be wished the Atty. of the U.S. might reside near the Judge of the District; especially in Times like the present. It is to be lamented that Mr. Channing was the only Gentleman, in or near Newport whose years and Experience were sufficient for so important an Office. The other Gentlemen of the Profession here have so lately entered into Practice, that They had neither the Expectation or Wish of a Recommendation at present. With Respect to the two Gentlemen recommended, Mr. Howell and Mr. Barnes, I have not the least personal Predeliction.\u2026 Mr. Howell I have been many years acquainted with, and ever on good Terms.\u2026 There is no Doubt of His Learning and Abilities sufficient for the Exercise of the Office of an Atty. of the U. S.\u2014nor has His Integrity, to my Knowledge, ever been questioned. It has been frequently lamented that His political Conduct has been unsteady, and supposed to be too much lead by Motives of perfect Applaudits: And He has accordingly never been so happy as to retain them long in any Plan or Station. He does not appear to me possessed of those easy and accomodating Manners, which consistant with Integrity and Justice to Our own Opinions, are essential to gain and preserve Esteem and Confidence. Sanguine and persevering at the Moment, He yet wants Steadiness and Prudence. I wish He was of a Temper more pleasing to the Courts and at the Bar; and more acceptable at large than I conceive Him to be. But who is there without His Foibles and Faults?.\u2026 Mr. Barnes I have known but for about three years. He was I think educated at Cambridge College near Boston, regularly studied with one of the first Law Characters in Boston, settled in Practice at Taunton in Massachusetts.\u2026 He appears to have studied closely, and to be well read, speaks well and with Ingenuity. He is very industrious and indefatagable.\u2026 It has been objected to Him, that He has but lately settled in this State.\u2026 It is true Mr. Howell has been many years in this State; but He was born and educated in the Jerseys.\u2026 Perhaps under the Idea of f\u0153deral Citizenship such Objections ought not to have much Weight.\u2026 It is indeed to be regretted that this Affair should assume a Party Complection. To this part of the State, I am confident Mr. Howell would not be agreeable: nor are they Sanguine in Behalf of Mr. Barnes. They have not I believe thought it proper to interfere. I am convinced however, They would be more happy if on Enquiry, a third Character could be found competent and elibible. Upon the Decease of Mr. Channing Our Thoughts turned upon Mr. Benja. Bourne and Mr. Ray Green, as there was a handsome opening for two Gentlemen of the Profession It was with Pleasure we heard, both those Gentlemen had Thoughts of coming here. We believe the Idea still dwells on Their Minds.\u2026 Mr. Ray Greene is the Son of William Greene Esqr. of Warwick about the Center of this State.\u2026 He has grown fast in His Profession and in the Estimation and Confidence of the People. At the first meeting of the Genl. Assembly soon after the Decease of Mr. Channing, He was appointed without opposition to the Office of Atty. Genl. for the State.\u2026 It may be thought exceptional that one Gentleman should hold the Office of Atty. for the U. S. and the like Office for the State: and some Inconvenience might perhaps arise. This State however could not object with Propriety for after the President had appointed Mr. Channing, not then the Atty. of the State, The State immediately after and repeatedly appointed Him Their Atty. and He held both till His Death.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0375", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Abishai Thomas, 9 December 1793\nFrom: Thomas, Abishai\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhilad. 9 Decr. 1793\nSir\nBy an act of the Legislature of the State of North Carolina I am directed to make a return of all the settlements of Army accounts which hath been made in the State; designating by whom the claims of the Officers & Soldiers had respectively been drawn, in effecting this I have had recourse to the original Vouchers which were deposited with the Commissioners of accounts, & are now in the Treasury, but a difficulty has occur\u2019d which the Comptroller has refer\u2019d to your decision. In order to make my return compleat so as to answer the purpose of the Law I have requested permission to take up the powers, orders or assignments on which the claims have been drawn, because otherwise my report will contain evidence on one side of the question only, for instance the claim of A is receipted for by B & the order in favor of B is filed with the statement of the claim. A complains of fraud, institutes a suit against B my book is admitted as testimony for the plaintiff and poor B is legally convicted of the fraud when perhaps he might clearly prove his innocence in case the authority on which he settled & drew the claim could appear in his behalf, or the fraud be more amply detected if the authority was a forgery. These orders I do not consider by any means as necessary to be filed with the accounts, the proofs of payment by the state are unconnected with them, and where they have been deficient the Commissioners in no instance ever called on me to produce one, & this I consider as ample proof that they were not considered by the board as necessary to accompany the vouchers, indeed while the Vouchers were with the Commissioners I had permission to withdraw several orders of the description in question. I therefore presume to hope that on considering the grounds of my proposition you will concur with me in opinion, and give consent to my withdrawing the papers in question.\nWith much respect \u2003 I have the honor &c\nA T", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0376", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 9 December 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury Department December 9th 1793\nSir\nFrom your weekly statement of Cash I calculate that you will have sufficient funds in your hands to discharge the allowances to fishing vessels, which will become due in your District on the 31st instant. You will therefore pay those allowances agreeably to the instructions heretofore given for that purpose.\nI request however that you will furnish me with an estimate of the sum which will be required, in order that I may regulate future drafts on the Treasurer accordingly.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your obedient Servant\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0377", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Charles Fran\u00e7ois Bournonville, 10 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Bournonville, Charles Fran\u00e7ois\nTreasury Department December 10th 1793\nSir\nI have this moment received your Letter of the 8th instant, and have instructed the Comptroller of the Treasury to proceed in cooperation with you, as speedily as possible, in the adjustment of the Account between France and the united States.\nAny question arising in the course of the business which may require my special attention will immediately receive it.\nWith consideration and esteem \u2003 I have the honor to be \u2003 Sir Your obedient Servant\nAlex Hamilton\nMr BournonvilleSecretary of Legation of the Republic of France", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0379", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Knox, 10 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Knox, Henry\nT. D. December 10th 1793\nSir\nAn arrangement has been made in consequence of your representation to the comptroller of the Treasury, of the 13th of August last, for discharging at the office of the accountant such part of the pay due to the Commissioned officers of the Army as they may desire to have paid here. The following plan has been devised for the purpose:\nLet the officers who wish to be availed of the arrangement, execute an instrument, according to the form (A), to be lodged with the Pay master of the army; and let the Pay master of the Army grant a certificate according to the form (B) to be lodged with the accountant of the war department, with a power of Attorney from the officer.\nThe accountant on receiving these papers may then proceed to discharge the sums relinquished for such subsequent periods as the officers shall appear from the muster Rolls, to be transmitted, to remain in the public service.\nAn attempt to extend the accommodation hereby intended, to the non commissioned officers & Privates of the Troops, must be abandoned as impracticable because it would occasion too much intricacy in the details and perhaps expose the public to the risk of making double or improper payments.\nI have the honor to be very respectfully \u2003 Sir \u2003 Your obedt Servt\nThe Secretary at war", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0380", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, [11 December 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, December 11, 1793]\nMr. Hamilton presents his Compliments to Mr. Jefferson. He has a confused recollection that there was something agreed upon with regard to prizes about which he was to write to the Collectors but which his state of his health at the time put out of his recollection. If Mr. Jefferson recollects it Mr. H will thank him for information.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0382", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 11 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia 11th. Decr. 1793.\nDear Sir,\nI was led the other day to reflect, whether I had ever put into your hands the last, as well as the first letter, which A. G. Frauncis wrote to me concerning the Warrants. Finding no trace of any remarks from you to me, I take it for granted, that I omitted to do with respect to the last, what I had done with respect to the first. But being uncertain, how far the new matter, which is suggested, may be thought worthy of your attention, I have concluded to forward it to you; and when you have read it, you will return it to\nDear Sir \u2003 Yours sincerely\nGo: Washington\nColo. HamiltonSecy. of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0384", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Philip Schuyler, 15 December 1793\nFrom: Schuyler, Philip\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAlbany Decr. 15. 1793\nMy Dear Sir\nI am happy that the children are safely arrived with you, I hope they you and my Eliza are in health.\nThe presidents message of the 5th has reached us I am rejoiced that he has been so explicit relative to the french Anarchist. The Antis here who had boldly aserted, that the Imputation of an appeal to the people was a fabrication to injure the french cause, stand abashed, and I am persuaded that Genets intemperance has served the f\u0153deral interest, instead of Injuring It.\nWe are all in health and Join in love. My Angelica is perfectly happy, And very lively.\nAdieu Yours Affectionately\nPh: Schuyler", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0385", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 16 December 1793\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNewport, Rhode Island, December 16, 1793. \u201cI received your private and confidential letter of the 20th. of Novemr. last on the seventh of this month, and should have answered it by the last post, but I wished for time to discover if I could whether a third person I had in view would accept if he should be appointed District Attorney. I have avoided taking any part in the contest for that Office, because I thought it would be imprudent to interfere, and I now give you my ideas of the Candidates because I cannot refuse your request. Formerly, by being a Colleague in Congress with Mr. Howell, I became well acquainted with him, but since that time I have not often seen him. He has for some years studied and practised Law, and his professional knowledge may be competent to the business of District Attorney; but it is apprehended, if he should be appointed to that Office, and a dispute should arise between the United States and certain mercantile houses in Providence, his connections by marriage, and the patronage and encouragement he has received from them, might give him a biass to their side. In a similar case the Merchants in Newport might not hope to receive any favour from him. His temper and manners are not of the gentlest sort. He is unpopular.\u2026 And although in disposition tenacious enough, yet he is said some times to have changed his sentiments or appeared to have changed them with the party or political Gale. With Mr. Barnes I have but a slight acquaintance. He married into a respectable family in Providence where he resides; but it is not probable that he would be biassed by his connections in that town to the disadvantage of the United States.\u2026 He is assiduous in business.\u2026 His political character is fair and steady. Without saying any thing more of either of the Candidates, and perhaps I have said too much already, in my candid opinion Mr. Barnes is preferable. But as this affair having assumed a party complexion, has suggested an inquiry, whether there may not be a third character competent, eligible, and who would not be liable to a similar difficulty, I would mention our Senator Bradford and our Representative Bourn, was I not informed that neither of them would accept the Office. There is a young Gentleman, Mr. Ray Greene, who I think would be agreeable to both parties.\u2026 By postponing writing to this time I have discovered that Mr. Greene if he should be honoured with the appointment will accept of it.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0386", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Lamb, 16 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lamb, John\nTreasury Department December 16th 1793\nSir,\nThe enclosed paper is the Charter party of the Swedish Ship Maria, which was chartered by our Consul at Lisbon to carry certain dispatches hither for our Government.\nI request that you will pay to the Captain one half of the freight as stipulated in the said Charter party, and that you will endeavor to procure for him a frieght back to Lisbon. It will be desireable, that this be done with all possible expedition in order to save to the public the charge of Demurrage. In the management of this business it may be useful to consult Mr. Seton.\nNo charge is to be made in your accounts for the present of the above mentioned payment, but it will be noted at foot of your Weekly return.\nWith great consideration \u2003 I am Sir, \u2003 Your Obedient Servant\nJohn Lamb EsquireCollector New York", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0388", "content": "Title: Report of the Commissioners of the Sinking Fund, [16 December 1793]\nFrom: Adams, John,Commissioners of the Sinking Fund\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, December 16, 1793]\nThe Vice President of the United States and President of the Senate, The Chief Justice, The Secretary of State, The Secretary of the Treasury, and the Attorney General, respectfully Report to Congress as follows,\nThat pursuant to the Act intitled \u201cAn Act making provision for the Reduction of the Public Debt\u201d and in conformity to Resolutions agreed upon by them and severally approved by The President of the United States they have since their Report of the 17th. of November 1792. caused purchases of the said Debt to be made through the Agency of Samuel Meredith and Jonathan Burrall respectively to the amount of five hundred twenty three thousand seven hundred and thirty five dollars & twenty one Cents in Stock for which there have been paid in Specie four hundred twenty six thousand eight hundred and forty two Dollars and seventy five Cents.\nThat pursuant to the Act intitled \u201cAn Act supplementary to the Act making provision for the Debt of the United States\u201d and in conformity to resolutions agreed upon by them and severally approved by the President of the United States they have also caused purchases of the said Debt to be made subsequent to their said Report of the 17th. of November 1792 to the amount of one hundred [and twenty two thousand five hundred and thirty Eight Dollars and fourteen Cents] in Stock, for which there have been paid [Seventy five thousand six hundred and sixty Dollars and Eighty seven Cents] in specie.\nThat the several Documents accompanying this Report marked (Aa) B, A and No 1. to 7 with their Inclosures shew the aforesaid purchases generally and in detail including the places where, the time when, the prices at which, and the persons of whom they have been made.\nThat the purchases now and heretofore reported amount together to two million & nineteen thousand one hundred & ninety three dollars & ten Cents in Stock for which there have been paid one million three hundred ninety four thousand six hundred sixty four dollars & forty Cents in Specie as will be more particularly seen by the Document aforesaid marked (Aa).\nPhiladelphia 16th. December 1793.\n[On behalf of the Board]\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0390", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Oliver Wolcott, Junior, 17 December 1793\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury DepartmentComptrollers Office Decr. 17th. 1793\nSir\nI herewith transmit an Account of the Receipts & Expenditures of the United States for the year 1792, stated from the Records of the Treasury Department pursuant to the permanent Order of the House of Representatives of the 30th. of December 1791. It will be observed that the statement of appropriations & Expenditures now presented, varies in the detail of the Arrangement, from that which was exhibited to Congress in February last; all the entries in the public books necessary to this arrangement, not having been compleated when that statement was made. It will however be found, that the amounts of Receipts & Expenditures, and the balance in the Treasury at the end of the year, correspond exactly with the exhibits then made, except, that the sum of 4,772, 5/100 Dolls is deducted in the present statement, both from the aggregate of payments & rects. reported by the Treasurer. The particular sums which compose this amount are Stated, and will be found to consist of certain unexpended balances of monies advanced to sundry persons, which were repaid into the Treasy. during the year, and which are to pass to the Credit of the funds from which the advances were made. This arrangement being a mere matter of form, has no effect upon the resulting balance. In the general statement of appropriations & Expenditures, the balances unexpended at the close of the year 1791, are brot. forward from the account rendered to that period; to which are added, the appropriations, in relation to which expenditures were made at the Treasury during the year 1792. To these sums, there remain to be hereafter added, the Interest on that portion of the domestic debt, which was not subscribed to the loan, or registered at the Treasury so as to be subject to the payment of Interest in Specie; also the Installments of principal & the Interest of the Foreign Debt to the close of 1792, the accounts of which have not been difinitively settled: Though the amot. of both these objects may be estimated with considerable certainty, yet they have been purposely omitted in the accot. now rendered; as it is presumed to have been the intention of the House, that ascertained results, shou\u2019d alone be presented in the annual statements, which are directed by their permanent Order, to be framed.\nThis construction has been the more readily adopted, as by this means, the annual Statements wou\u2019d be preserved free from those errors which must necessarily attend documents founded on estimates, and render them, a series of compendious & as is presumed, satisfactory histories, of the transaction of the Treasury, for those periods to which they relate. The accounts which respect the foreign Debt are now in a train of settlement; they would have been compleated before this time, had not the public business been unexpectedly interupted the past season; in case the settlements are speedily consummated, as it is expected will be the case, the foreign accounts will form a proper supplement to those now exhibited.\nThe balance of the Appropriations unsatisfied at the end of 1792, with the additions before referred to, remain a charge against the domestic revenue, except the sum stated as part of the debt to France & the debt due to certain foreign Officers; which sums are payable out of the proceeds of the foreign Loans; & except certain surplusses which will remain, after satisfying the objects for which the appropriations were made\u2014these surplusses may be estimated with tolerable precision, but it is necessary that great care & accuracy shou\u2019d be observed in closing the Accounts in the public books; the sums are therefore for the present Stated according to the Acts of Congress.\nI cannot forbear to suggest, that it is a matter of importance, both in respect to the utility of the information to be communicated, & to the reputation of the Officers concerned, that these documents should be printed with accuracy; and in these points of view it would be satisfactory, if the House would direct them to be referred for the purpose of being printed under the superintendance of the Treasury; in case they are pleased so to direct, a suitable number of the annual statements can be hereafter printed & laid before the House in the month of December annually; for the accuracy of which the Treasury Department will be responsible.\nI have the honour to be with great respect, Sir, your obedt. servt.\nThe HonorableAlex: Hamilton EsqrSecy of the Treasy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0392", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 18 December 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, December 18, 1793. On December 23, 1793, Hamilton wrote to George Washington: \u201cThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit \u2026 a communication from the Commissioner of the revenue, dated the 18th of December respecting Mr. James Collins.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0393", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tench Coxe, 18 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Coxe, Tench\nTreasury Department December 18 1793\nSir\nIt is my desire that you proceed immediately in the plan of purchasing, for the account of the United States, Spirits lawfully distilled in the western Surveys of Pennsylvania and Virginia, and in Kentucky, in the manner which was directed upon the last occasion. A fund of Ten Thousand Dollars in addition to the former sum of ten thousand Dollars may be applied to the purchases at proper places. The Spirits are to be drawn, so far as practicable in proper proportions from the several surveys abovementioned. When purchased they are to be sent to the most convenient ports on the River Ohio, to be delivered for safe keeping to the Quarter Master with the knowledge and under the direction of the Commandant of the Post. The money to be expended in purchases of the Citizens of Pennsylvania will be paid at the Treasury upon regular and proper Orders of the persons employed and Authorized. The remainder of the Sum of Ten Thousand Dollars you will cause to be extracted from the public Monies in the hands of the Supervisor of Virginia. The Spirits to be purchased are destined as before for the use of the Army.\nWith great Consideration \u2003 I am Sir \u2003 Your Obedt Servant\nA H\nCommissioner of the Revenue", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0394", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, 18 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTreasury Department Decmr. 18th1793\nSir,\nI am to acknowledge the receipt of an extract of a letter from you to Mr. Hammond of the 5th. of September 1793.\nAs a preliminary however to the Instructions to be given to the Collectors, it will be necessary that you inform me, whether Mr. Hammond has assented to the proposed arrangement as well as the number and names of the prizes that come within the description.\nI have the Honor to be \u2003 with great respect \u2003 sir \u2003 Your Most Obedient servant\nA HamiltonSecy of the Treasy\nThomas Jefferson EsquireSecretary of State", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0395-0001", "content": "Title: Report on an Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of the United States for the Year 1792, 18 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\nTreasury Department,December 18th, 1793.[Communicated on December 19, 1793]\nSir,\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nI have the honor to transmit herewith, an account of the receipts and expenditures of the United States for the year 1792, pursuant to a resolution of the House of Representatives, of the 30th of December, 1791, accompanied with an explanatory letter to me, from the Comptroller of the Treasury.\nI trust the House will consider the interruption to business, occasioned by the late calamity in this City, as a sufficient apology for the short delay which has attended the presenting of the statement.\nWith perfect respect, I have the honor to be, \u2003 Sir, Your most obedient Servant.\nAlexander HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury.\nThe HonorableThe Speaker of the House of Representatives.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0395-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure: [Monies Received into the Treasury], [18 December 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\nA Summary Statement of Monies Received into the Treasury  of the United States, in the Year 1792.\nFrom the Collectors of Imports and Tonnage, Agreeably to the Preceding Statement:\nOn warrants passed to the credit of the respective collectors in the year 1791, which are included in the treasurers accounts for the year 1792.\nOn warrants included in the treasurers accounts for the year 1792, which are passed to the credit of the respective collectors in the year 1793.\nOn warrants included in both the accounts of the treasurer, and of the respective collectors for the year 1792.\nFrom the Supervisors of the Revenue, Agreeably to the Preceding Statement.\nOn warrants included in both the accounts of the treasurer, and of the respective supervisors for the year 1792\nOn warrants included in the treasurers accounts for the year 1792, which were paid by supervisors, whose accounts are not finally adjusted\nFrom Clement Biddle marshal for the district of Pennsylvania, for fines and forfeitures arising under the act entitled \u201cAn act for the punishment of certain crimes against the United States\nFrom Samuel Hodgdon for arms and accoutrements sold out of the public stores, for the use of the state of South Carolina, by direction of the President of the United States\nFrom the president directors and company of the bank of the United States, for the excess of the first half yearly dividend on the capital stock held by the United States, beyond the interest payable on the loan of two millions of dollars, obtained from the said bank\nFunds Arising from Ballances Found due On Accounts, Which Originated Under the Late Government.\nFrom David Trumbull, on his lottery agency\nJames Watson, in the quarter masters department\nSamuel Davidson, in the department of the commissary of hides\nJohn Richards agent for John Moland, in the department of the deputy commissary general for the state of Connecticut\nHenry Hollingsworth, late deputy quarter master general\nWilliam Shippen, late director general of military hospitals\nForeign Loans.\nFrom the president directors and company of the bank of New-York, for the produce of bills of exchange drawn on the agents for negotiating the loans in Hol-land\nFrom the president directors and company of the bank of North America, for the produce of bills of exchange drawn on the said agents\nFrom John Kean cashier of the bank of the United States for the amount of bills of exchange drawn on the said agents, for the purpose of effecting the subscription to said bank, on behalf of the United States\nDomestic Loans\nFrom the president directors and company of the bank of the United States, to replace the like sum which was drawn from the funds arising from foreign loans, to effect the subscription to said bank\nFrom the president directors and company of the bank of the United States, on account of the loan of 523,500 dollars, made by said bank, pursuant to the act entitled \u201cAn act for raising a farther sum of money for the protection of the Frontiers, and for other purposes therein mentioned\u201d\nFrom the president, directors and company of the bank of North America, for a loan made by said bank, without interest\nRepayments of Monies Previously Advanced from The Treasury.\nNo. 1. By Jeremiah Olney, agent for paying military invalids\n2. Joseph Nourse, register of the treasury\n3. Jonathan Trumbull, speaker of the house of representatives\n4. Abraham Hunt, agent for purchasing horses for the army\n5. Henry Knox, secretary at war\nFrom which deduct the amount of the said repayments No. 3, 4 and 5, being also deducted in the account of expenditures; page 24 and 41.\nAmount carried to a general account of receipts and expenditures, in page 59.\nNote\u2014The above mentioned repayments No. 1 and 2, were deducted from the expenditures ending December 31st, 1791.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0395-0004", "content": "Title: Enclosure: [Expenditures], 15 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\nFor Discharging Warrants Issued by the Late Board of Treasury.\nOctober 12. To Henry Knox, assignee of Michael Hillegas, for the amount of a warrant No. 485, dated the 9th, May 1789, drawn by the late board of Treasury on William Imlay receiver of continental taxes for the state of Connecticut, Warrant No. 2156\nPayments for the Support of the Civil List.\nTo the President of the United States, on Account of his Compensation.\nJanuary\nWarrant No.\ndo.\nFebruary\ndo.\nMarch\ndo.\ndo.\nApril\ndo.\nMay\ndo.\ndo.\nJune\ndo.\ndo.\nJuly\ndo.\ndo.\nOctober\ndo.\ndo.\nNovember\ndo.\ndo.\nDecember\ndo.\nTo the Vice President of the United States, on Account of his Compensation.\nDecember\nWarrant No.\nFebruary\ndo.\nApril\ndo.\ndo.\nAugust\ndo.\nDecember\ndo.\nJudiciary Department.\nFor compensations to the Judges, the Attorney General, the Marshals, including Jurors Witnesses and certain contingent expenses, the district Attornies, the Clerks of the several Courts, and for the expense of keeping prisoners, committed under the authority of the United States.\nTo John Jay, Chief Justice of the United States.\nJanuary\nWarrant No.\nApril\ndo.\nAugust\ndo.\nOctober\ndo.\nTo James Iredell, one of the Associate Judges of the Supreme Court.\nJanuary\nWarrant No.\nApril\ndo.\nJuly\ndo.\nOctober\ndo.\nTo John Blair, one of the Associate Judges of the Supreme Court.\nJanuary\nWarrant No.\nApril\ndo.\nJuly\ndo.\nOctober\ndo.\nTo James Wilson, one of the Associate Judges of the Supreme Court.\nJanuary\nWarrant No.\nApril\ndo.\nJuly\ndo.\nOctober\ndo.\nTo Thomas Johnson, one of the Associate Judges of the Supreme Court.\nFebruary\nWarrant No.\nApril\ndo.\nAugust\ndo.\nOctober\ndo.\nTo William Cushing, one of the Associate Judges of the Supreme Court.\nFeb.\nWarrant No.\nApril\ndo.\nAugust\ndo.\nOctober\ndo.\n    To the Clerks of the Supreme Court.\n    May\n    John Tucker, late Clerk, warrant No.\n    Samuel Bayard, clerk do.\n    District of Maine.\n    To David Sewall, Judge, warrant No.\n    April\n    Novemb.\n    Decem.\n    To Henry Dearborn, marshal, warrant No.\n    June\n    Decem.\n    William Lithgow Jun. Attorney, warrant No.\n    Henry Sewall, clerk do.\n    District of New-Hampshire.\n    To John Sullivan, Judge war. No.\n    April\n    July\n    October\n    Novem.\n    Daniel Warner, deputy mar  do.\n    Decem.\n    Nathaniel Rogers, marshal  do.\n    Jonathan Steele, clerk  do.\n    District of Massachusetts.\n    To John Lowell, Judge warrant No.\n    April\n    Sept.\n    Jonathan Jackson, late marshal, do\n    District of Rhode-Island.\n    To Henry Merchant, Judge, war No.\n    April\n    July\n    October\n    June\n    William Peck, marshal do.\n    Decem.\n    Edmond T. Ellery, clerk do.\n    May\n    District of Connecticut.\n    To Richard Law, Judge, war. No.\n    April\n    October\n    Novem.\n    May\n    Philip B. Bradley, marshal, do.\n    Novem.\n    Decem.\n    Simeon Baldwin, clerk do.\n    May\n    District of Vermont.\n    To Nathaniel Chipman, Judge, war. No.\n    April\n    July\n    October\n    June\n    Lewis R. Morris, marshal, do.\n    July\n    June\n    Stephen Jacob. attorney, do.\n    May\n    Frederick Hill, clerk do.\n    June\n    District of New York\n    Decem.\n    To James Duane, Judge, war. No.\n    May\n    William S. Smith, late mar. do.\n    June\n    Richard Harrison, attorney, do.\n    District of New Jersey.\n    February\n    To Robert Morris, Judge, war. No.\n    April\n    July\n    October\n    Decemb.\n    Thomas Lowrey, marshal, do.\n    May\n    Decemb.\n    Robert Boggs, clerk, do.\n    May\n    June\n    May\n    Andrew Kirkpatrick, late clerk,\n    District of Pennsylvania.\n    To William Lewis, late Judge war. No.\n    July\n    Richard Peters, Judge, do.\n    October\n    Decemb.\n    Clement Biddle, marshal, do.\n    Decem.\n    Samuel Caldwell, clerk, do.\n    District of Delaware.\n    January\n    To Gunning Bedford, Judge, war. No.\n    July\n    Decem.\n    To Allen McLane, marshal, war. No.\n    January\n    George Read, attorney, do.\n    May\n    Matthew Pearce, clerk, do.\n    April\n          Alexander Harvey, gaoler,for subsisting a prisoner,\n    District of Maryland.\n    January\n    To William Paca, Judge, warrant No.\n    April\n    July\n    October\n    Decem.\n    Nathaniel Ramsey, marshal, do.\n    August\n    District of Virginia.\n    January\n    To Cyrus Griffin, Judge, war No.\n    April\n    July\n    October\n    February\n    Edward Carrington, late marshal,\n    July\n    David M. Randolph, marshal,\n    Decem.\n    William Marshal, clerk, do.\n    July\n    District of Kentuckey.\n    February\n    To Harry Innes, Judge, war. No.\n    April\n    To Harry Innes, Judge, warrant, No.\n    July\n    October\n    May\n    Samuel McDowell, marshal,\n    October\n    May\n    Thomas Todd, clerk do.\n    District of North Carolina.\n    January\n    To John Sitgreaves, Judge, war. No.\n    April\n    July\n    October\n    December\n    John Skinner, marshal, do.\n    May\n    July\n    November\n    December\n    William Hill, attorney, do.\n    May\n    December\n    Abner Neale, clerk, do.\n    April\n    May\n    October\n    District of South Carolina.\n    January\n    To Thomas Bee, Judge, war. No.\n    April\n    July\n    October\n    February\n    Isaac Huger, marshal, do.\n    August\n    December\n    Thomas Hall, clerk, do.\n    District of Georgia.\n    January\n    To Nathaniel Pendleton, Judge, war. No.\n    July\n    October\n    March\n    Robert Forsyth, marshal, do.\n    June\n    October\n    August\n    Matthew McAllister, attorney, do.\n    May\n    Venables Bond, clerk, do.\n    Septem.\n          Abrham Legget, for fitting up a temporary goal,\n    Edmund Randolph, Attorney General of the United States.\n    Warrant No.\n    1429 for salary\n    April\n    July\n    Octob.\n    2188 for expenses incurred\n    attending a circuit court held at York Town in Pennsylvania, by order of the President of the United States\nLegislative Department.\n    For compensations to the Senators and Members of the House of Representatives, their Officers and Clerks, and for the contingent expenses of both Houses.\n    Continuation of the First Session of the Second Congress:\n    To Samuel A. Otis, to enable him to pay the compensation due to the Senators.\n    Warrant No.\n    March\n    April\n    May\n    Advanced him previously to the last day of December 1791, the expenditure of which was not accounted for in the statement to that period\n    Advanced him since the first of January 1792\n    For which he has accounted by payments to the following Senators, viz.\n    To Richard Bassett,\n    Stephen R. Bradley\n    Aaron Burr\n    Pierce Butler\n    George Cabot\n    Charles Carroll\n    Philemon Dickinson\n    Oliver Ellsworth\n    William Few\n    Theodore Foster\n    James Gunn\n    Benjamin Hawkins\n    John Henry\n    Samuel Johnston\n    Ralph Izard\n    Rufus King\n    John Langdon\n    Richard H. Lee\n    James Monroe\n    Robert Morris\n    George Read\n    Moses Robinson\n    John Rutherford\n    Joseph Stanton, Junior\n    Roger Sherman\n    Caleb Strong\n    Paine Wingate\n    Second Session of the Second Congress.\n    To Samuel A. Otis, to enable him to pay the compensation due to the Senators.\n    Warrant No.\n    Decem.\n   The expenditure of this sum will appear in the next statement.\n    To William White, Chaplain to the Senate.\n    May\n    Warrant No.\n    To Samuel A. Otis, Secretary of the Senate.\n    Warrant No.\n   In these warrants the salaries of the clerks, door-keeper and messenger, are included.\n    April\n    April\n   In these warrants the salaries of the clerks, door-keeper and messenger, are included.\n    May\n   In these warrants the salaries of the clerks, door-keeper and messenger, are included.\n   For so much paid by him to James Mathers door-keeper, for his services during the recess between the second and third session of the First Congress.\n    July\n    Octob.\n    To Robert Heysham, principal Clerk to the Secretary of the Senate.\n    July\n    Warrant No.\n    To James Mathers, Door-keeper to the Senate.\n    March\n    Warrant No.\n    July\n    Octob.\n    To Cornelius Maxwell, Assistant Door-keeper to the Senate.\n    July\n    Warrant No.\n    To Samuel A. Otis, on account of the Contingent Expenses of the Senate.\n  Jan.\n  Warrant No.\n  May\n  do.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n    Continuation of the First Session of the Second Congress.\n    To Jonathan Trumbull, Speaker of the House of Representatives, to enable him to pay the compensations due to the Members, the Officers and Clerks of said House.\n    Warrant No.\n    April\n    May\n    From which deduct this sum repaid into the Treasury per warrant on the Speaker in favour of the Treasurer, No. 68 dated May 10, 1792\n    Advanced him previously to the 31 of December 1791, the expenditure whereof was not accounted for in the statement of that period\n    Ditto, since January 1st, 1792,\n    For which he has accounted by the following payments.\n                To Nicholas Gilman, one of the Members of said house\n          Samuel Livermore do.\n          Jeremiah Smith do.\n          Fisher Ames do.\n          Sheerjashub Bourne do.\n          Eldridge Gerry do.\n          Benjamin Goodhue do.\n          Theodore Sedgwick do.\n          George Thatcher do.\n          Artemas Ward do.\n          Benjamin B. Bourne do.\n          James Hillhouse do.\n          Jonathan Sturges do.\n          Jonathan Trumbull, Speaker\n          Jeremiah Wadsworth, Member\n          Amasa Learned do.\n          Nathaniel Niles do.\n          Israel Smith do.\n          Egbert Benson do.\n          James Gordon do.\n          John Lawrence do.\n          Corne. C. Schoonmaker do.\n          Peter Sylvster do.\n          Thomas Tredwell do.\n          Elias Boudinot do.\n          Abraham Clark do.\n          Jonathan Dayton do.\n          Aaron Kitchell do.\n          Thomas Fitzimmons do.\n          William Findley do.\n          Andrew Gregg do.\n          Thomas Hartley do.\n          Daniel Hiester do.\n          Israel Jacobs do.\n          John W. Kittera do.\n          F. A. Muhlenberg do.\n          John Vining do.\n          Philip Key do.\n          William Vans Murray do.\n          John F. Mercer do.\n          Joshua Seney do.\n          Upton Sheredine do.\n          Samuel Sterrett do.\n          John Brown do.\n          William B. Giles do.\n          Samuel Griffin do.\n          Richard B. Lee do.\n          James Madison do.\n          Andrew Moore do.\n          John Page do.\n          Josiah Parker do.\n          Abraham Venable do.\n          Alexander White do.\n          John Babtist Ashe do.\n          William B. Grove do.\n          Nathaniel Macon do.\n          John Steele do.\n          Hugh Williamson do.\n          Robert Barnwell do.\n          Daniel Huger do.\n          Wiliam Smith do.\n          Thomas Sumpter do.\n          Thomas Tuder Tucker do.\n          Abraham Baldwin do.\n          Anthony Wayne do.\n          Francis Willis do.\n          John Beckley, clerk of the house for his own and clerks compensations\n          J. Wheaton, Sergeant at arms\n          G. Dally, Doorkeeper\n          T. Claxton, Messenger\n          Samuel Blair, Chaplain\n      Second Session of the Second Congress.\n      To Jonathan Trumbull, Speaker of the House of Representatives, to enable him to pay the compensations due to the Members, the Officers and Clerks of said House.\n      Warrant No.\n   The expenditure of this sum will be accounted for in the next statement.\n      To John Beckley, Clerk of the House of Representatives.\n      Warrant No.\n   For compensation due to Bernard Webb principal Clerk in his Office.\n      July\n      Warrant No.\n   For his own and Clerks salaries.\n   For compensation due to Reuben Burnley engrossing clerk.\n      Octob.\n      To Gifford Dally, Door-keeper to the House of Representatives.\n      July\n      Warrant No.\n      Octob.\n      To Thomas Claxton, Assistant Door-keeper to the House of Representatives.\n      July\n      Warrant No.\n      Octob.\n      To John Beckley, on account of the Contingent Expenses of the House of Representatives.\n      Warrant No.\n      March\n      April\n      June\nTreasury Department.\n  For the Salaries of the Officers, the Clerks and Messengers, and for the contingent expenses of the Department.\n  To Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, his Assistant, Clerks and Messenger.\n  Jan.\n  Warrant No.\n  April\n  do.\n  May\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Octob.\n  do.\n  To Oliver Wolcott, Jun. Comptroller of the Treasury, his Clerks and Messenger.\n  Jan.\n  Warrant No.\n  April\n  do.\n  May\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Octob.\n  do.\n  Sept.\n  To Edward Rutledge Administrator, to the estate of Nicholas Eveleigh, late Comptroller of the Treasury, deceased; warrant No. 2076\n  To Richard Harrison, Auditor of the Treasury, his Clerks and Messenger.\n  Jan.\n  Warrant No.\n  April\n  do.\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Octob.\n  do.\n  To Samuel Meredith, Treasurer of the United States, and his Clerks.\n  Jan.\n  Warrant No.\n  April\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Octob.\n  do.\n  To Tench Coxe, Commissioner of the Revenue and his Clerks.\n  July\n  Warrant No.\n  To Joseph Nourse, Register of the Treasury, his Clerks and Messengers.\n  Jan.\n  Warrant No.\n  April\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  To David Henley and Isaac Sherman, Clerks employed to count bills of credit of the old and new emissions, and indents of interest.\n  Jan.\n  Warrant No.\n  do.\n  April\n  do.\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  do.\n    For the Contingent Expenses of the Treasury Department.\n    To Joseph Nourse, Register, war. No.\n    Henry Kuhl, do.\n    Joseph Nourse, Register, do.\n    Samuel Meredith, Treasur. do.\n    April\n    Joseph Nourse, Register, do.\n    May\n    June\n    Samuel Meredith, Treasur. do.\n    July\n    Joseph Nourse, Register, do.\n    Sept.\n    Samuel Meredith, Treasurer do.\n    Joseph Nourse, Register, do.\n    Samuel Meredith, treasurer do.\nDepartment of State.\n    To Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State, for his own, his Clerks and Messengers salaries, and the rent of his Office.\n    Warrant No.\n    April\n    July\n    Octob.\n    For the Contingent Expenses of his Office.\n    Warrant No.\n    April\n    July\n    Department of War.\n    To Henry Knox, Secretary at War, for his own, the Clerks of his Office and Messenger\u2019s salaries.\n    Warrant No.\n    April\n    July\n    Octob.\n    To Joseph Howell, Accountant to the Department of War, for his own and Clerks salaries, and the Contingent Expenses of his Office.\n    July\n    Warrant No.\n    To Joseph Howell, for the salaries of sundry Clerks employed in arranging the accounts of the late Paymaster General and Commissioner of Army accounts, and for sundry contingent expenses relative thereto.\n    Warrant No.\n    April\n    July\n    Octob.\n    To William Irvine, John Kean and Woodbury Lang Don, Commissioners for Adjusting the Accounts Between the United States and Individual States, for their own, their Clerks and Messengers Salaries, and the Contingent Expenses of their Office.\n    Warrant No.\n    April\n    July\n    Octob.\n    For the Contingent Expenses of the Office.\n    Warrant No.\n    April\n    Sept.\n    To Tristram Dalton, Treasurer of the Mint, for the Use of that Establishment.\n    July\n    Warrant No.\n    August\nGovernment of the Western Territories.\n  District North West of the River Ohio.\n  For the compensations of the Governor, the Judges and the Secretary of the North western Territory.\n  Jan.\n  To Arthur St. Clair, Gov. War. No.\n  May\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Octob.\n  do.\n  Jan.\n  George Turner, one of the Judges,\n  April\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Octob.\n  do.\n  Nov.\n  John Cleves Symmes, one of the Judges, War. No.\n  May\n  do.\n  Jan.\n  Cromwell Childs, administrator to the estate of James M. Varnum, late one of the Judges deceased, Warrant No.\n  April\n  Rufus Putnam, one of the Judges,\n  July\n  do. do.\n  Nov.\n  Winthrop Sargent, Secretary, do.\n  District South of the River Ohio.\n  For the compensation of the Governor, the Judges, the Secretary, and the contingent expenses of the Governor\u2019s Office.\n  Jan.\n  To William Blount, Governor, War. No.\n  April\n  do. do.\n  July\n  do. do.\n  Oct.\n  do. do.\n  Jan.\n  Joseph Anderson, one of the Judges,\n  April\n  do. do.\n  July\n  do. do.\n  Oct.\n  do. do.\n  Jan.\n  David Campbell, one of the Judges,\n  April\n  do. do.\n  July\n  do. do.\n  Octob.\n  do. do.\n  April\n  John McNairy, one of the Judges,\n  July\n  do. do.\n  Octob.\n  do. do.\n  Jan.\n  Daniel Smith, Secretary, do.\n  April\n  do. do.\n  July\n  do. do.\n  Octob.\n  do. do.\n  Jan.\n        The Governor, for the contingent expenses of his Office.\n  April\n  do. do.\n  To the commissioners of loans, for their own, and clerks salaries, and for the authorized contingent expenses of their several offices.\n  Jan.\n  William Gardner, for N. Hampshire,\n  Feb.\n  do.\n  Feb\n  Nathaniel Appleton, for Massachusetts,\n  May\n  do.\n  May\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  Aug.\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  Jan.\n  Jabez Bowen, for Rhode Island, No.\n  April\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  March\n  William Imlay, for Connecticut,\n  April\n  do.\n  April\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  Jan.\n  John Cochran, for New York,\n  April\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Octob.\n  do.\n  Feb.\n  James Ewing, for New Jersey,\n  Feb\n  do.\n  do.\n  April\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  August\n  do.\n  Nov.\n  do.\n  Jan.\n  Thomas Smith, for Pennsylvania,\n  April\n  do.\n  April\n  do.\n  April\n  do.\n  April\n  do.\n  May\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Octob.\n  do.\n  Feb.\n  James Tilton, for Delaware,\n  Feb\n  do.\n  April\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  May\n  John Hopkins, for Virginia,\n  do.\n  May\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  Jan.\n  William Skinner, for North Carolina,\n  April\n  do.\n  May\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  Jan.\n  John Neufville, for South Carolina,\n  April\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  Jan.\n  Richard Willy, for Georgia,\n  Feb.\n  do.\n  April\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  For pensions annuities and grants allowed by sundry acts of congress.\n  To John Jordon, per act of Sept. 15, 1783.\n  Jan.\n  Warrant No.\n  April\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  To John Paulding, per act of November 30, 1780.\n  Jan.\n  Warrant No.\n  May\n  do.\n  Nov.\n  do.\n  To Frederick William de Steuben, per act of June 4, 1790.\n  Jan.\n  Warrant No.\n  April\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Octob.\n  do.\n  To Dominique l\u2019Eglize, per act of August 8, 1782.\n  Jan.\n  Warrant No.\n  April\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  To James McKenzie, per act of September 15, 1783.\n  Feb.\n  Warrant No.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  To Elizabeth Bergen, per act of August 24, 1781.\n  Feb.\n  Warrant No.\n  May\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Nov.\n  do.\n  To Joseph Traversie, per act of August 8, 1782.\n  Feb.\n  Warrant No.\n  Aug.\n  do.\n  Octob.\n  do.\n  To David Williams, per act of November 3, 1780.\n  Mar.\n  Warrant No.\n  To Joseph Brussells, per act of September 15, 1783.\n  April\n  Warrant No.\n  To Lieutenant Colonel de Touzard, per act of the 27 of October 1778.\n  May\n  Warrant No.\n  Aug.\n  do.\n  To Isaac Van Wart, per act of November 3, 1780.\n  June\n  Warrant No.\n  To John Warren, Guardian to the youngest children of the late Major General Joseph Warren, per act of the first of July 1780.\n  July\n  Warrant No.\n  To Richard Gridley, per acts of the 17 November 1775, and the 26 Feb. 1781.\n  July\n  Warrant No.\nPayments on Account of the War Department.\n  To Joseph Howell, for the use of the Department of War.\n  Jan.\n  Warrant No.\n  Jan.\n  do.\n  Feb.\n  do.\n  Feb.\n  do.\n  Feb.\n  do.\n  Feb.\n  do.\n  Feb.\n  do.\n  Mar.\n  do.\n  Mar.\n  do.\n  Mar.\n  do.\n  April\n  do.\n  April\n  do.\n  April\n  do.\n  April\n  do.\n  April\n  do.\n  May\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n   The amount of this Warrant was advanced to Joseph Howell, by the Bank of North America, pursuant to an arrangement made by the Secretary of the Treasury, in the following sums, and at the following periods, viz.\nSept.\nDec.\nOct.\nNov.\nJan.\n  To Samuel Meredith, on account of the pay of the army, the subsistence and forage of Officers, the bounties to Soldiers, the expenses of the recruiting service, and the incidental and contingent expenses of the Department of War.\n  May\n  Warrant No.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  do.\n  August\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Nov.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  To James O Hara, Quarter-Master General for the Army, for the use of his Department.\n  May\n  Warrant No.\n  do.\n  Aug.\n  do.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  Octob.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Nov.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  To Thomas Harwood, as Agent for the late Maryland line, for the purpose of enabling him to discharge a balance of pay due to the non commissioned Officers and privates of said line.\n  June\n  Warrant No.\n  do.\n  To William Blount, Governor of the Territory South of the Ohio for the use of the Department of War, within the said Territory.\n  Oct.\n  Warrant No.\n  Nov.\n  do.\n  To Sundry Contractors, for supplies of different kinds furnished for the use of the Army.\n  William Hill, for clothing.\n  Jan.\n  Warrant No.\n  do.\n  Thomas Billington and Charles Young, for clothing.\n  Mar.\n  Warrant No.\n  April\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  May\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  do.\n  Aug.\n  do.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  Nov.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  William Young, for Boots\n  April\n  Warrant No.\n  May\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  John Shepherd and Robert Smith, for clothing.\n  April\n  Warrant No.\n  do.\n  May\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Peter Nagle and Philip Zieber, for Hats.\n  April\n  Warrant No.\n  May\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Aug.\n  do.\n  Nathaniel Beach and Abiel Canfield, for shoes.\n  April\n  Warrant No.\n  Aug.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Robert Elliott and Elie Williams, for supplies furnished on the western frontiers.\n  Jan.\n  Warrant No.\n  Mar.\n  do.\n  April\n  do.\n  do.\n  May\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Aug.\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Nov.\n  do.\n  Melancton Smith, for supplies furnished in the state of New-York.\n  Feb.\n  Warrant No.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Mar.\n  do.\n  do.\n  April\n  do.\n  do.\n  May\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Aug.\n  do.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Chauncey Whittelsey, for supplies furnished at Middletown in Connecticut.\n  July\n  Warrant No.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  Daniel Hale, for supplies furnished at Albany.\n  Aug.\n  Warrant No.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  John Habersham, for supplies furnished in Georgia.\n  Aug.\n  Warrant No.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  James Roberts, for supplies furnished at Richmond in Virginia.\n  Aug.\n  Warrant No.\n  Nov.\n  do.\n  Jacob Dickert, Peter Gonter and John Groff, for Rifle Guns.\n  Sept.\n  Warrant No.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  Nov.\n  do.\n  Clement Biddle, for supplies furnished in Philadelphia.\n  Oct.\n  Warrant No.\n  Nov.\n  do.\n  John G. Mayer, for supplies furnished in South-Carolina.\n  Mar.\n  Warrant No.\n  May\n  do.\n  Tench Francis, Agent for procuring certain supplies.\n  Sept.\n  Warrant No.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  do.\n  April\n  To Stephen Bruce, for supplies furnished at Boston, Warrant No.\n  William Smith, for do. at Springfield\n  May\n  Charles McClure, one of the executors of James Smith, deceased, for supplies furnished at Carlisle,\n  Squire Grant, for do. at Louisville\n  Elijah Craig, for do. at Lexington\n  June\n  Robert Seagrove and co. for do. in Georgia\n  Speirs McLeod and co. for do. in do.\n  Abraham Hunt, for Horses\n  Elias B. Dayton, for supplies furnished in New Jersey\n  Aug.\n  Robert Trout and James Tylee, for inspecting shoes\n  Stephen Hays, for packing shoes\n  Jonathan Andress, for boxes, for do.\n  Sept.\n  Samuel Hodgdon, Commissary of military stores, to be applied in paying for sundry articles of ordnance and ordnance stores,\n  Jacob Welshans, for rifle guns,\n  William Dean, for levelling instruments\n  Samuel Hodgdon, late Quarter master general of the army, for expenditures which were incurred in his late department\n  Godlove Heiskell, for supplies furnished at Fredericksburg in Virginia\n  Oct.\n  William Allen, for horsemens swords\n  Samuel Hewett, for supplies furnished at Elkton\n  Abraham Millan, for do. at Bridgetown\n  Nov.\n  Matthew Harvey, for do. at Fincastle\n  Alexander Scott, for do. at Lancaster\n  Alexander Humphreys, for do. at Staunton\n  Benjamin Conner, for do. at Exeter\n  Adam Anstate, for rifle guns\n  John McIntire, for rations issued to the militia of Ohio county in Virginia\n  John Nicholson, for rifle guns\n  John Miller Junior, for inspecting clothing\n  Dec.\n  Gabriel Blakeny, for rations to militia of Washington county in Pennsylvania\n  Solomon Maxwell, for supplies furnished in the state of Delaware\n  Clement Biddle, for rations issued by the state of Pennsylvania, to the militia raised for the protection of its frontiers\n  John Stewart, for supplies furnished to the riflemen raised in Virginia\n  Aron Robinson, for supplies furnished at Bennington\n    Indian department.\n    To William Blount, Governor of the territory south of the Ohio for sundry expenditures at a treaty held with the Cherokee nation in July 1791; War. No. 1510\n    May\n    Elijah Craig, for rations issued to Indian prisoners \u2003 War. No. 1744\n    Sept.\n    Tench Francis, agent for procuring certain Indian supplies, 2044 \u2003 6,000.\u2007\u2007\n    Clement Biddle, for supplies furnished to Joseph Brandt, chief of the six nations of Indians; War. No. 2244\n    Israel Chapin, deputy temporary agent to the five nations of Indians, for expenses incurred by him on account of the said Indians; War. No. 2258\n    James B. Smith, for three large wampum belts \u2003 War. No. 2259\n    James Seagrove, agent for Indian affairs in the southern department, on account of certain incidental and contingent expenses of the department of War War. No. 2278\n    Nicholas Hoffman, for the purpose of purchasing certain Indian supplies, War. No. 2299\n    From this deduct, the amount of repayments into the Treasury, by the following persons being so much unexpended of monies previously advanced to them, for the use of the department of war.\n    By Abraham Hunt, agent for purchasing horses for the army, on warrant No. 75, in favor of the Treasurer\n    By Henry Knox, Secretary at War, on warrant No. 83, in favour of the Treasurer\n  To the following agents for paying pensions due to military invalids.\n  State of New-Hampshire.\n  Feb.\n  Wm. Gardner, War. No.\n  Aug.\n  Joseph Whipple, do.\n  Sept.\n   Wm. Gardner, do.\n  State of Massachusetts.\n  Feb.\n  Nathaniel Appleton, War. No.\n  May\n  Benjamin Lincoln\n  Aug.\n  Nathaniel Appleton\n  State of Rhode Island.\n  Feb.\n  Jabez Bowen, War. No.\n  Aug.\n  do. do.\n  State of Connecticut.\n  Jan.\n  Jedediah Huntington, War. No.\n  Feb.\n  Wm. Imlay, do.\n  Sept.\n  do. do.\n  Nov.\n  Jedediah Huntington\n  William Imlay, do.\n  Dec.\n  do. do.\n  State of Vermont.\n  Aug.\n  Noah Smith War. No.\n  State of New-York.\n  Feb.\n  John Cochran; War. No.\n  Aug.\n  do. do.\n  Nov.\n  John Lamb, do.\n  State of New-Jersey.\n  Feb.\n  James Ewing; War. No.\n  Aug.\n  do. do.\n  State of Pennsylvania.\n  Feb.\n  Thomas Smith; War. No.\n  Sept.\n  do. do.\n  State of Delaware.\n  Feb.\n  James Tilton; War. No.\n  Aug.\n  do. do.\n  State of Maryland.\n  Feb.\n  Th. Harwood; War. No.\n  Sept.\n  do. do.\n  Nov.\n  Otho H. Williams,\n  Dec.\n  The state of Maryland,\n  State of Virginia.\n  Feb.\n  John Hopkins; War. No.\n  Nov.\n  do. do.\n  do. do.\n  Dec.\n  do. do.\n  do. do.\n  State of North-Carolina.\n  Aug.\n  Wm. Skinner; War. No.\n  State of Georgia.\n  Feb.\n  Richard Wylly; War. No.\n  Sept.\n  do. do.\n  Dec.\n  do. do.\n    Ministers, &c. of the United States at Foreign Courts.\n    For the support of Ministers of the United States at Foreign Courts, pursuant to the act, entitled \u201cAn act providing the means of intercourse between the United States and Foreign nations.\u201d\n    To Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of state, War. No.\n    Revenue cutters. certain debts contracted by colonel timothy pickering. towards building and equipping revenue cutters.\n    To Jacob S. Howell, for sundry articles of ship chandlery purchased for the use of the Cutter at Washington in North-Carolina; war. No. 1582\n    Towards discharging certain debts contracted by colonel Timothy Pickering, late Quarter Master General; for services performed and supplies furnished in the Quarter Masters department, under the direction of the said T. Pickering.\n    April\n    To David Hobby, Warrant No.\n    Hendrick Wyckoff, do.\n    Wyckoff and Currie, do.\n    June\n    Martin Post, late guide to the army, do.\n    July\n    John Buchanan, do.\n    Leonard D. Nicoll, do.\n    Elijah Hunter, assignee of Gilbert Deane.\n          John Wright, assignee of Lynde Catlin, Attorney for Jonathan Heart,\n          Peter Anspach, late assistant quarter master, under Timothy Pickering,\n  Interest on the domestic debt.\n  For discharging the Interest which became due on the different species of stock standing on the books of the several Commissioners of Loans, and the funded and unfunded registered debt, on the books of the Treasury.\n  To William Gardner, Commissioner for the state of New-Hampshire.\n  Feb.\n  Warrant No.\n  May\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  Aug.\n  do.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  Nov.\n  do.\n  To Nathaniel Appleton, Commissioner for Massachusetts.\n  Mar.\n  Warrant No.\n  do.\n  May\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  do.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  do.\n  To Jabez Bowen, Commissioner for Rhode-Island.\n  Mar.\n  Warrant No.\n  June\n  do.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  do.\n  To William Imlay, Commissioner for Connecticut.\n  Jan.\n  Warrant No.\n  Mar.\n  do.\n  do.\n  May\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  Nov.\n  do.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  do.\n  To John Cochran, Commissioner for New-York.\n  Jan.\n  Warrant No.\n  Mar.\n  do.\n  April\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  do.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  To James Ewing, Commissioner for New-Jersey.\n  Mar.\n  Warrant No.\n  June\n  do.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  To Thomas Smith, Commissioner for Pennsylvania.\n  Mar.\n  Warrant No.\n  June\n  do.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  To James Tilton, Commissioner for Delaware.\n  Mar.\n  Warrant No.\n  June\n  do.\n  To Thomas Harwood, Commissioner for Maryland.\n  Feb.\n  Warrant No.\n  Mar.\n  do.\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  Nov.\n  do.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  To John Hopkins, Commissioner for Virginia.\n  Feb.\n  Warrant No.\n  do.\n  Mar.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  May\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  do.\n  Aug.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Nov.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Nov.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  To William Skinner, Commissioner for North-Carolina.\n  Feb.\n  Warrant No.\n  July\n  do.\n  Aug.\n  do.\n  To John Neufville, Commissioner for South-Carolina.\n  June\n  Warrant No.\n  July\n  do.\n  Aug.\n  do.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  To Richard Wylly, Commissioner for Georgia.\n  Jan.\n  Warrant No.\n  June\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Aug.\n  do.\n  Nov.\n  do.\n    For the interest payable at the treasury.\n    On the Funded Debt.\n    To George Lewis,\n    War. No.\n          John Kean, cashier of the Bank of the U. States,\n    June\n    Sept.\n  On the Unfunded registered debt.\n  Jan.\n        To Tench Francis, cashier of the bank of North America.\n  War. No.\n  May\n        John Kean, cashier, of the bank of the U. States.\n  do.\n  June\n  T. Francis, cashier, &c.\n  do.\n  July\n  John Kean, cashier, &c.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  For discharging Unclaimed dividends.\n  Feb.\n        To John Kean, cashier of the bank of the U. States,\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Mar.\n  do.\n  do.\n  April\n  do.\n  do.\n  May\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Aug.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Nov.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  For Paying Bills of Exchange Drawn on the Late Commissioners at Paris, in Discharge of Interest Due on Loan Office Certificates.\n  April\n  To Benjamin Goodhue,\n  War. No.\n  Fisher Ames,\n  do.\n  May\n  Joseph Nourse, assignee of T. Tredwell,\n  do.\n  July\n        Cornelius Ten Broek, Executor to the estate of Jacques Voorhese,\n  do.\n  John Wilcocks, agent for R. Colston,\n  do.\n  Sept.\n  Jonathan Williams, Junior\n  do.\n  William Bell,\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  John Templeman,\n  do.\n  For the Support of Light Houses, Beacons, Buoys and Public Piers.\n  Aug:\n  To Joseph Whipple, superintendent of the Light House, on the Island of New Castle, in the state of New Hampshire, War No. 1985\n  Nov.\n  Benjamin Lincoln, superintendent of the Light Houses in the state of Massachusetts, War. No. 2242\n  Dec.\n  William Ellery, superintendent of the Light House on James Town Island, in the state of Rhode Island, War. No. 2342\n  Nov.\n  Jedediah Huntington, superintendent of the Light House at New-London, in the state of Connecticut, War. No. 2245\n  Thomas Randall, superintendent of the Light House at Sandy Hook, in the state of New-York.\n  Feb.\n  Warrant No.\n  April\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  William Allibone, superintendent of the Light House at Cape Henlopen, and of the Beacons, Buoys and Public piers in the Bay and river Delaware.\n  Feb.\n  Warrant No.\n  April\n  do.\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Aug.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  Nov.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  To John McComb, Junior, for erecting the Light House on Cape Henry, in the state of Virginia.\n  Feb.\n  Warrant No.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  Tench Coxe, for oil purchased for the use of said Light House, War. No. 2183\n  Nov.\n  Henry Drinker, for three sinkers, for the beacons directed to be stationed in the bay of Chesapeak; War No. 2261\n  To Sundry Persons, on account of the Light House at Bald Head, and the navigation of the River Cape Fear, in the state of North Carolina.\n  Sept.\n  William Allibone, for his services and expenses on a visit of examination and survey thereof, War. No. 2074\n  Oct.\n  Christian Lybrant, for bricks, do. \u2003 2194\n  Peter Bob. for do. do. \u2003 2195\n  Dec.\n  David Ridgway, for do. do. \u2003 2273\n  To Edward Blake, superintendent of the Light House, Beacons, Buoys and Public Piers, in the state of South Carolina.\n  May\n  Warrant No.\n  July\n  do.\n  do.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Sept.\n  James and Shoemaker, for buoys with their appurtenances for the harbour of Charleston in South-Carolina. \u2003 War. No. 2049\n  For Defraying the Contingent Charges of Government.\n  April\n  To Sarah Westphal, administratix of the estate of Nicholas Ferdinand Westphal, deceased, pursuant to the act entitled \u201cAn act for the relief of certain widows, orphans, invalids and other persons,\u201d passed the 27th, of March 1792, War. No. 1673\n  Dec.\n  James Poupard for one silver and twelve brass seals, engraved by direction of the Secretary of state, for the use of the public offices of the territory north west of the Ohio, War. No. 2292\n  Tobias Lear, Secretary to the President of the United States, being so much paid for an express from Mount Vernon to Monticello, in September, 1792, War. No. 2296\n  For Purchases Made of the Domestic Debt.\n  To Samuel Meredith, Treasurer of the United States.\n  Mar.\n  Warrant No.\n  June\n  do.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  To William Seton, Cashier of the Bank of New-York.\n  June\n  Warrant No.\n  Payments on Account of the French Debt.\n  To Monsieur Jean de Ternant, Minister Plenipotentiary of France.\n  Feb.\n  Warrant No.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  To Monsieur Antoine R.C.M. de la Forest, Consul General of France.\n  Feb.\n  Warrant No.\n  Mar.\n  do.\n  May\n  do.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  Nov.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Dec.\n  do.\n  Payments Towards Discharging the Debt Due to Certain Foreign Officers.\n  Oct.\n  To Abraham Wilt, attorney, for Major de Bert de Majan, a foreign Officer late in the service of the United States, War. No. 2180\n  Reed and Forde, assignees of Capt. John Sharp, a foreign Officer late in the service of the United States, War. No. 2187\n  Dec.\n  Monsieur Jean de Ternant, a foreign Officer late in the service of the U. States, War. No. 2302\n  For Compensation to the Marshals of the United States, and their Assistants, for Taking the Enumeration of the Inhabitants, within their Respective Districts.\n  Dec.\n  To Henry Dearborn, marshal for the district of Maine, and his assistants, War. No. 1391\n  John Parker, marshal for the district of New Hampshire, and his assistants, War. No. 1390\n  Mar.\n  William Peck, marshal for the district of RhodeIsland, and his assistants, War. No. 1597\n  Dec.\n  Philip B. Bradley, marshal for the district of Connecticut, and his assis-tants, War. No. 1408\n  Lewis R. Morris, marshal for the district of Vermont, and his assistants.\n  Jan.\n  Warrant No.\n  do.\n  Feb.\n  William S. Smith, marshal for the district of NewYork, and his assistants, War. No. 1540\n  Mar.\n  Thomas Lowry, marshal for the district of New Jersey, and his assistants, War. No. 1588\n  Dec.\n  Clement Biddle, marshal for the district of Pennsylvania, and his assis-tants, War. No. 1386\n  Allen McLane, marshal for the district of Delaware, and his assistants, War. No. 1405\n  Nathaniel Ramsey, marshal for the district of Maryland, and his assistants, War. No. 1384\n  Edward Carrington, marshal for the district of Virginia, and his assistants.\n  Jan.\n  Warrant No.\n  do.\n  Samuel McDowell, Junior, marshal for the district of Kentucky, and his assistants.\n  Jan.\n  Warrant No.\n  Feb.\n  do.\n  April\n  do.\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Dec.\n  To John Skinner, marshal for the district of North Carolina, and his assistants, War. No. 1398\n  Isaac Huger, marshal for the district of South Carolina, and his assistants.\n  Mar.\n  Warrant No.\n  April\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  May\n  do.\n  do.\n  June\n  do.\n  July\n  do.\n  Aug.\n  do.\n  do.\n  do.\n  Oct.\n  To Robe[r]t Forsyth, marshal for the district of Georgia, and his assistants, War. No. 2174\n    For Five Thousand Shares Subscribed on Behalf of the United States, To the Capital Stock of the Bank of the United States, Pursuant to the Eleventh Section of the Act For Incorporating the Subscribers to the Said Bank.\n    June\n    To the President, Directors and company of the bank of the United States, War. No. 1859\n    July\n    To Replace the Like Sum Drawn (For the Purpose of Effecting the Subscription on Behalf of the United States) from the Monies Borrowed by Virtue of the Respective Acts, the One Entitled \u201cAn Act Making Provision for the Debt of the United States\u201d And the Other Entitled \u201cAn Act Making Provision for the Reduction of the Public Debt.\u201d\n    June\n    To John Kean, Cashier of the Bank of the United States, Warrant No. 1860\n    July\n    For Discharging a Claim of Oliver Pollock, Late Commercial Agent of the United States, At New Orleans for Supplies of Clothing, Arms and Military Stores, During the Late War.\n    To Oliver Pollock, Warrant No. 1551\n    April\n    To Don Joseph de Viar, and Don Joseph de Jaudens, commissioners of his most Catholic Majesty, War. No. 1566\n    For Satisfying Miscellaneous Claims.\n    To David Allison agent for Robert King and Richard Fields, for going express to the Chiefs of the Cherokee Nation, in October 1788, Warrant No. 1503\n    Antoine R.C.M. de la Forest, Consul General of France, for the balance of an account due to the French Government, for supplies furnished in the West-Indies by the Navy department, to sundry ships of war of the United-States, from 1781 to 1783, Warrant No. 1512\n    Joseph Nourse Register of the Treasury, for the expenses incurred in removing the books, papers and furniture, of the several offices of the Treasury Department, from New-York to Philadelphia, in October 1790, War. No. 1587\n    May\n    Francis Bailey, for eight reams of post paper, and for printing two hundred and thirteen reams of blank certificates, for the Register of the Treasury, and the commissioners of loans for the several states, Warrant No. 1745\n    George Walker, for his services and travelling expenses going to, and returning from Edenton in the state of North-Carolina, for the purpose of assisting the commissioner of loans for the said state, in the execution of his office, Warrant No. 1748\n    Joseph Howell, assignee of Benjamin Hawkins one of the commissioners for treating with the southern Indians, for a balance due to the said Benjamin Hawkins and other commissioners appointed under an act of Congress of the 15 of March 1785, War. No. 1759\n    May\n    To John Cleves Symnes, and George Turner, Judges of the North western territory, for expenses incurred by them in purchasing a boat, to go the circuit in the year 1790, W. No. 1763\n    William Peery late one of the commissioners for treating with the southern Indians, for his attendance as commissioner aforesaid at Charleston South-Carolina, in the year 1785, Warrant No. 1794,\n    Israel Ludlow, for executing surveys of the north west and east boundary lines of the tract of land in the western territory, contracted for by Cutler and Sargent, agreeably to the directions of the Secretary of the Treasury, W. 1802\n    June\n    Conyngham, Nesbitt and co. for fify Hydrometers, with Thermometers, &c. imported by them for the use of the officers of the revenue, by direction of the Secretary of the Treasury, Warrant No. 1827\n    James Ewing commissioner of Loans for New-Jersey, for sundry acts of the state of NewJersey, furnished by him, for the use of the Treasury Department, by direction of the Comptroller of the Treasury, War. No. 1829\n    John Brown Cutting, for certain expenditures pursuant to the act of the 8th of May 1792.\n  Warrant No.\n  Sept.\n  do.\n  July\n  Samuel Emery, attorney for Richard Howes, administrator to the estate of Elisha Cesar deceased, late a boy on board the frigate Alliance, for the said Elisha Cesar\u2019s proportion of the prizes captured by the squadron under the command of John P. Jones, in the north seas, War. No. 1977\n  William Irvine, attorney for Ann Gibson widow and sole executrix of the last will and testament of Colonel George Gibson deceased, pursuant to an act of Congress passed the 8th of May 1792, Warrant No. 1980\n  Aug.\n  Arnold Welles, for a balance due on a bill of exchange in his favor, drawn by William Thompson, William Irvine, Christopher Green, Timothy Biglow, John Lamb and Daniel Morgan, dated Quebec August 5, 1776, on Meredith and Clymer, Warrant No. 1999\n  Israel Ludlow, for surveying the west, south and east boundary lines of the Miami, making maps of the same, and for making certain calculations and maps of tracts of land contracted for with the Ohio and Scioto companies War. No. 2023\nA General Statement of Certain Appropriations Made by Law, Including the Balances Unexpended on the 31 Day of December 1791, of Those Comprized in the Statement Rendered to the House of Representatives on the Tenth Day of November 1792, Exhibiting Also the Expenditures of the United States for the Year 1792, on Warrants Issued by the Secretary of the Treasury, and the Unexpended Balances of the Said Appropriations, Which Are to be Accounted for in the Next Annual Statement.\nDates and Titles of the Acts of Appropriations\nFor discharging Warrants issued by the late Board of Treasury.\nFor the support of the Civil List.\nFor the support of the Army, &c.\nFor paying Pensions due to Military Invalids.\nFor defraying the expenses of Negotiations or Treaties of Peace with the Indian Tribes.\nFor paying interest on temporary Loans obtained by the Secretary of the Treasury.\nFor the support of Ministers of the United States at Foreign Courts, and maintaining intercourse with Foreign Nations.\nFor effecting a negotiation of the Treaty of the United States with the new Emperor of Morocco.\nFor the building equipment and support of the Revenue Cutters.\nTowards discharging certain debts contracted by Abraham Skinner, late Commissary of Prisoners.\nTowards discharging certain debts contracted by Colonel Timothy Pickering, late Quarter Master General.\nFor Interest payable on the Domestic Debt in the year 1792.\nBalances unexpended on the last day of Dec. 1791, of the appropriations comprized in the statement rendered to that period.\nAn Act providing the means of intercourse between the United States and Foreign Nations.\nAn Act making provision for the debt of the United States.\nAn Act to incorporate the subscribers to the bank of the United States,\nAn Act making appropriations for the support of government for the year 1792,\nAn Act for finishing the light house on Bald Head at the mouth of Cape Fear river, in the state of North-Carolina.\nAn Act establishing a mint and regulating the coins of the United States,\nAn Act to compensate the corporation of trustees of the public grammar school and academy of Wilmington in the state of Delaware for the occupation of and damages done to the said school during the late war,\nMay \u20072.\nAn Act for raising a further sum of money for the protection of the frontiers and for other purposes therein mentioned,\nAn Act supplementary to the act making provision for the debt of the United States,\nAn Act making appropriations therein specified.\nAn Act to compensate the services of the late colonel George Gibson,\nAn Act concerning the claim of John Brown Cutting, against the United States,\nAmount of the appropriations, and unexpended balances before recited,\nAmount of the expenditures for the year 1792,\nBalances unexpended, transferred to the statement for the year 1793.\nDates and Titles of the Acts of Appropriations.\nFor discharging bills of exchange drawn on the Commissioners at Paris, for Interest due on Loan-Office Certificates.\nFor erecting, repairing and supporting Light Houses, Beacons, Buoys and Public Piers.\nFor defraying the contingent charges of Government.\nTowards the Reduction of\nFor defraying the expenses of the enumeration of the Inhabitants of the United States.\nFor effecting the subscription on behalf of the United States, to the bank of the United States.\nFor the purpose of replacing monies drawn from the funds arising from certain Foreign Loans.\nFor discharging a claim of Oliver Pollock, late Commercial Agent of the United States at New-Orleans.\nFor satisfying Miscellaneous Claims.\nTotal Amount.\nThe Domestic Debt.\nThe French Debt\nThe Debt due to certain Foreign Officers.\nBalances unexpended on the last day of Dec. 1791, of the appropriations comprized in the statement rendered to that period.\nAn Act providing the means of intercourse between the United States and Foreign Nations.\nAn Act making provision for the debt of the United States.\nAn Act to incorporate the subscribers to the bank of the United States,\nAn Act making appropriations for the support of government for the year 1792,\nAn Act for finishing the light house on Bald Head at the mouth of Cape Fear river, in the state of North-Carolina.\nAn Act establishing a mint and regulating the coins of the United States,\nAn Act to compensate the corporation of trustees of the public grammar school and academy of Wilmington in the state of Delaware for the occupation of and damages done to the said school during the late war,\nMay \u20072.\nAn Act for raising a further sum of money for the protection of the frontiers and for other purposes therein mentioned,\nAn Act supplementary to the act making provision for the debt of the United States,\nAn Act making appropriations therein specified.\nAn Act to compensate the services of the late colonel George Gibson,\nAn Act concerning the claim of John Brown Cutting, against the United States,\nAmount of the appropriations, and unexpended balances before recited,\nAmount of the expenditures for the year 1792,\nBalances unexpended, transferred to the statement for the year 1793.\nA\u2014The Amount of interest payable on the domestic debt in the year 1792, agreeably to the dividend accounts settled at the treasury.\nB\u2014The estimated amount of four millions of livres, decreed by the national assembly of France on the twenty-sixth of June 1792, for the use of the colony St. Domingo; for the payment of which, arrangements have been made at the treasury.\nC\u2014The Sum actually advanced from the treasury, for the use of the mint establishment, during the year 1792.\nD\u2014The Amount of dividends of interest to the first of January 1793, on the stock purchased in behalf of the United States, by the commissioners authorized for that purpose; and on the stock paid into the treasury in satisfaction of debts due to the United States; the application of which will be shewn in the statement of expenditures to be rendered for the year 1793.\nE\u2014Amount of the debt due to certain Foreign Officers, viz.\nPrincipal, payable at the treasury,\nInterest, payable at the treasury, by desire of the creditors,\nDo. payable at Paris, pursuant to the certificates granted,\nGeneral Account of the Receipts and Expenditures of the Public Monies in the Year 1792.\nDr.\nCr.\nTo Amount of Expenditures in the year 1792, as stated in page 57,\nBy Balance on hand the last day of December 1791, agreeably to the adjustment of the Treasurers Accounts, to that period,\nBalance in the Treasury on the last day of December, 1792,\nBy Amount of Receipts in the year 1792, as stated in page 12,\nTreasury Department,REGISTER\u2019s OFFICE, December 15th 1793.\nStated from the Records of the Treasury.\nJoseph Nourse, Register.\nCOMPTROLLER\u2019s OFFICE, December 15th 1793.EXAMINED BYOliv: Wolcott, Junior, Comptroller.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0396", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 18 December 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury DepartmentDecember 18th 1793.\nSir\nIt has been made a question whether by the sixth section of the Act entitled \u201cAn Act for raising a farther sum of money for the protection of the frontiers and for other purposes therein mentioned,\u201d the allowance to one fishing vessel is still restricted to the sum of one hundred and seventy Dollars for one season, as prescribed by the preceding Act concerning fisheries of the United States &ca.\nFrom the construction of the Act above recited, the restriction being considered as still to operate, I have to request that you will for the present conform to that construction, and not exceed the sum of One hundred and seventy Dollars in the allowance to any one of the fishing vessels for one season.\nI am Sir \u2003 Your Obed Servant.\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0397", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from George Washington, 18 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] December 18, 1793. \u201cPay to the Director of the Mint, for the purposes thereof, two thousand five hundred and forty four Dollars, and thirty seven Cents, on account.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0398", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Edward Carrington, 19 December 1793\nFrom: Carrington, Edward\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Richmond, December 19, 1793. On June 24, 1794, Hamilton wrote to George Washington and referred to \u201cAnother letter from mr Carrington of 19th. of December last.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0399", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Richard Bland Lee, 19 December 1793\nFrom: Lee, Richard Bland\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, December 19, 1793. Oliver Wolcott, Jr., referred in an undated memorandum to \u201cthe Honble. Mr. Lees Letter to the Secretary of the Treasury dated the 19th. Instant (December 1793).\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0400", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Richard Bland Lee, [19\u201327 December 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lee, Richard Bland\n[Philadelphia, December 19\u201327, 1793]\nI believe it would be adviseable to confine the provision to Loan Office Certificates & final settlements. They may be thus described \u201cCer[ti]ficates of unsubscribed debt commonly called Loan Office Certificates, and final settlements.\u201d With regard to Register\u2019s Certificates as well as those issued under the Funding Act the existing practice of the Treasury affords the desired relief. The reason of a distinction in their favour is that the Public books are in respect to them the Evidences of the Debt and the final resort in case of Dispute, (the Certificates granted being only memorandums of what they contain) and no transfer being valid but when consummated upon the books. But in regard to the other kinds they were negotiable of course & are the titles of the holders.\nAs to Indents of Interest it would be best to avoid them, because they were a species of money & admit of less adequate Checks.\nAs to Quarter Masters Certificates &c they are but vouchers without checks which it would be dangerous to supply by other proof.\nFor the second clause in the bill begining \u201cThat application be made to the Secretary &c.\u201d I would propose the following substitute viz\n\u201cThat application be thereafter made to the Department of the Treasury by the person claiming such renewal producing to the same the news papers containing the advertisement aforesaid and the proofs of the destruction alleged to have happened, whereupon the Accounting Officers of the Treasury, if the proofs which shall have been produced shall appear to them sufficient, shall proceed to adjust and settle the claim of the party applying in like manner as other claims upon the UStates are now settled at the Treasury and to issue therefore certificates of the nature of those called Register\u2019s Certificates or of those issued pursuant to the Act making provision for the Debt of the UStates, at the option of the claimant, equivalent to the certificate or certificates destroyed; but no such settlement shall be made nor certificate granted in lieu of any alleged to have been destroyed till after the  day of  next nor then till there shall have been an examination to ascertain whether the certificate or Certificates so alleged to have been destroyed have not been subscribed or otherwise surrendered and satisfied.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0401", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from James Lingan, 19 December 1793\nFrom: Lingan, James\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nGeorge Town [District of Columbia] 19th Decr 1793\nSir,\nA vessel coming up the river is about to enter at this office under the following circumstances. She is a french vessel, captured by a British privateer, condemned in the British Courts of Admiralty, and sold accordingly. After which she was purchased by Joshua Johnson Esquire, Consul of London, is navigated by citizens of the United States. The property is fully proved by papers now lodged in this office of her being wholly owned by a citizen of the United States. For the satisfaction of Mr Johnsons agent here, as well as those concerned in the cargo, which she has on board, I wish to be informed by you whether she is entitled to any further benefit, more than the granting her a sea-letter, on clearance, agreeably to a letter of 15th August last, recieved from the Treasury Department.\nYours &c\nJ. M. Lingan\nA. Hamilton Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0402", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Stephen Moylan, 19 December 1793\nFrom: Moylan, Stephen\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, December 19, 1793. Encloses \u201cBond with sureties for the faithfull discharge of the Duties annexed to the Office of Commr. of Loans.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0404", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Joseph Nourse, 20 December 1793\nFrom: Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Register\u2019s Office, December 20, 1793. Encloses \u201cthe estimates of the Expences of the Civil List and War department for the ensuing year, together with an additional estimate and invalid Pensioners.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0405-0001", "content": "Title: Report on Estimates for the Year 1794, 21 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n[Philadelphia, December 21, 1793 Communicated on December 23, 1793]\n[To the Speaker of the House of Representatives]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury respectfully reports to the House of Representatives the Estimates herewith sent marked A, B & C.\nThe first relating to the civil list (or the expenditure for the Support of Government during the Year 1794) including the incidental and Contingent expenses of the several Departments and Officers, Amounting to,\nDollars\nThe second relating to certain deficiences in former Appropriations for the Support of Government, to a provision in aid of the fund heretofore established for the Compensation of certain Officers of the Courts, Jurors Witnesses &c. to the Maintenance of Light-Houses, Beacons Buoys and public Piers, and to certain other purposes therein specified\nThe third relating to the Department of War comprehending the probable expenditure of that Department for the Year 1794 including certain extraordinaries for Buildings, repairs, Arms and military Stores amounting to 202,783 dollars and 34 Cents, and a Sum of 80,239 dollars and 55 Cents for pensions to Invalids.\nAmounting together to\nThe funds out of which Appropriations may be made for the foregoing purposes are 1st. the Sum of 600,000 dollars reserved annually for the Support of government out of the Duties on Imports and Tonnage, by the Act making provision for the Debt of the United States, and which will accrue in the Year 1794. 2nd. The Surplus of Revenue and Income beyond the appropriations heretofore charged thereupon, to the end of the same year 1794. The Statement D herewith submitted shews a surplus to the end of 1793 of 1,118,584 dollars and 19 Cents which, it is believed, may be relied upon.\nThe product of the Duties on Imports and Tonnage for the present Year, is estimated according, to the ascertained Amount in the preceding Year. This Estimate is justified by the Abstract E herewith also submitted, exhibiting the product for the two first Quarters of the present year, as founded on Returns received at the Treasury, being 2,568,870 Dollars and 22 Cents. The product for the two remaining quarters is not computed as high as that of the two first; because Circumstances and information render it probable, that it will be less, and that the drawbacks payable within the last will be more considerable than those payable within the first half year. The ascertained product of 1792 (the rates of duty being the same) is deemed the safest guide. Some Savings upon the sum appropriated for different purposes may render this estimated Surplus more considerable than is stated; but while the extent of these Savings cannot be deemed very great their amount (these purposes not being yet fully satisfied) cannot be pronounced. If the product of the year 1794 should equal that of the present year, the fund will be more than sufficient for the appropriation proposed to be charged upon it. If this cannot entirely be counted upon, it is hoped that a reliance may be entertained of its proving at least adequate.\nBut there is a provision also to be made for the payment of Interest on the balances found by the Commissioners for settling accounts between the United and individual States, in favour of certain States. The annual Sum of Interest upon these balances is 128,978 dollars and eight Cents, computed according to the proportions by which Interest is adjusted on the assumed Debt.\nIf Congress shall think proper to make the requisite provision out of the duties on Imports and Tonnage, it will be necessary to its efficacy that a priority be secured to it: an object which will require attention in making the Appropriations above contemplated. It is confided that there will be still no hazard of deficiency, and if there should be any, it would seem most proper, that it should fall on the appropriation for the current Service, to be supplied till further provision can be made by a Loan.\nA provision for paying, during the year 1794, Interest on such part of the domestic debt as may remain unsubscribed, will come under a like Consideration. It appears proper, likewise, to remind the House that no provision has yet been made for paying the yearly Interest on the Two Million loan had of the Bank of the United States. The Bank has hitherto discounted the Amount of that Interest out of its dividends on the Stock belonging to the United States, but for want of an Appropriation the business cannot receive a regular Adjustment at the Treasury. An Appropriation of so much of the Dividends as may be necessary towards the payment of the Interest will obviate the difficulty. The second Instalment of that Loan has not been comprized in the foregoing View; because it is imagined that Congress may judge it expedient to provide for its payment out of the foreign fund, as they did with regard to the first Instalment.\nThe Statement F herewith also communicated, exhibits the present situation of that fund, shewing a balance unexpended of Five hundred and Seventy Seven thousand, two hundred and eighty four Dollars and 56 Cents liable to the Observation at foot thereof. But in judging of the expediency of making the provision intimated, it is necessary to take into consideration, that on the first of June next, a second instalment of 1,000,000 of Florins of the Capital of the Dutch Debt will become payable; for which, by the last Advices it appeared problematical, owing to the Situation of the Affairs of Europe, whether provision could be made by a further Loan.\nThis Circumstance is an obstacle to the immediate Application of the Residue of the foreign fund according to its destination\u2014that being the only resource yet provided, out of which the instalment of the Dutch Debt can be paid, if a further Loan cannot be procured in time. More decisive information on the point may every day be expected.\nIn the mean time, no inconvenience can ensue from applying a portion of that residue to the payment of the instalment of the two Million Loan; the degree in which it will entrench upon the Means in possession for satisfying the ensuing instalment of the Dutch Debt being easily susceptible of a Substitute. And there will be time enough for providing one, if a Loan should not be obtained.\nBy an arrangement made with the Bank, the Interest of the first instalment ceased the last of December 1792, though the payment could not legally be consummated \u2019till July following.\nA provision for payment of the second instalment at the end of the present year will continue this desirable course and work a public Saving. The House will readily perceive, that owing to the long Credits given for the duties, Anticipations of their proceeds, by temporary Loans, will be necessary to the being prepared for the exigencies of the Current Service.\nThe Statement G shews the expenditure upon a Sum appropriated by the \u201cAct making certain Appropriations\u201d therein mentioned passed the 28th. February 1793 toward discharging such demands on the U. States not otherwise provided for as should be ascertained and admitted in due course of Settlement at the Treasury and which should be of a Nature according to the Usage thereof to require payment in Specie.\nAll which is humbly submitted\nAlexander HamiltonSecy. of the Treasury\nTreasury Department December 21st: 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0405-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure A: [Estimate of the Expenditure for the Civil List of the United States for the Year 1794], 20 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\nEstimate of the Expenditure for the Civil List of the United States, Together with the Incidental and Contingent Expenses of the Several Departments and Offices, for the Year 1794.\nFor compensation to the President of the United States\nThat of the Vice President\nCompensation to the Chief Justice\ndo. of five associate Judges, at 3,500 dollars \u214c annum, each\ndo. of the Judges of the following Districts, vizt.\nMaine,\nNew Hampshire\nVermont\nMassachusetts\nRhode Island\nConnecticut\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nKentucky\nNorth Carolina\nSouth Carolina\nGeorgia\nAttorney General\nMembers of the Senate and House of Representatives, and their Officers.\nCompensation to the Members of Congress, estimating the attendance of the whole number for Six months\u2014\nSpeaker of the House of Representatives, at twelve dollars per day\nOne hundred and thirty four Members, at Six dollars per day\nTravelling expenses to and from the Seat of Government\nSecretary of the Senate, for one year\u2019s Salary\nAdditional Allowance estimated for Six months at two Dollars per day\nPrincipal Clerk to the Secretary of the Senate, for 365 days, at 3 dollars per day\nTwo engrossing Clerks to the Secretary of the Senate, at two Dollars per day each, for 365 days\nChaplain to the Senate, estimated for Six months, at 500. dollars per annum\nDoor-keeper to the Senate, one year\u2019s Salary\nAssistant Door-keeper do, do.\nClerk to the House of Representatives, one year\u2019s Salary\nAdditional Allowance, estimated for Six Months, at two dollars per day\nPrincipal Clerk in the Office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives, for 365 days, at three dollars, per day\nTwo engrossing Clerks at two dollars per day each, for 365 days\nChaplain to the House of Representatives, estimated for Six Months, at 500 dollars per annum\nSerjeant at Arms for same time, at four dollars per day\nDoor-keeper to the House of Representatives, one year\u2019s Salary\nAssistant Door-keeper do. do.\nTreasury Department.\nSecretary of the Treasury\nTwo principal Clerks, at 800 dollars each\nFive Clerks, at 500 dollars each\nMessenger and Office Keeper\nComptroller of the Treasury\nPrincipal Clerk\nThirteen Clerks, at 500 dollars each\nMessenger and Office Keeper\nTreasurer\nPrincipal Clerk\nTwo Clerks, at 500 dollars each\nMessenger and Office Keeper\nAuditor of the Treasury\nPrincipal Clerk\nFourteen Clerks, at 500 dollars each\nSalary of the Messenger\nCommissioner of the Revenue\nPrincipal and Six other Clerks, on the business of the Revenue, Light-houses, general returns and Statements, &ca.\nMessenger and Office-Keeper\nRegister of the Treasury\nThree Clerks on the Impost, Tonnage and Excise accounts\nTwo ditto, on the Books and Records relative to the receipt and expenditures of public monies\nTwo ditto, on the duties assigned to the Register, by the Acts concerning the registering, and recording, enrolling and licensing Ships or Vessels\nThree Clerks for drawing out, checking and issuing, and taking receipts for certificates of the domestic and assumed Debts\nThree ditto, on the books of the general and particular Loan Offices, comprehending the Interest, Accounts and unclaimed dividends at the several Loan-Offices\nSix ditto on the Books and Records which relate to the public Creditors, on the several descriptions of Stock and transfers\nTwo ditto on the Books and Records of Registered debt, including the payment of its interest\nOne ditto, to complete the arrangement of the public Securities in books prepared for their reception in numerical order\nTwo ditto on the Books of the late Government\nOne transcribing Clerk\nTwo Office-keepers, incident to the several Offices of Record, at 250 dollars per annum, each\nDepartment of State.\nThe Secretary of State\nChief Clerk\nFour Clerks at 500 dollars each\nClerk for Foreign Languages\nOffice-Keeper and Messenger\nMint of the United States.\nDirector of the Mint\nAssayer\nChief Coiner\nEngraver\nTreasurer\n* Three Clerks at 500 dollars each\n* The Director observes that three Clerks are estimated to provide against a Contingency; but of the three estimated for last year, only one had been employed, and that at 400 dollars per annum, excepting three Months last Winter, for which one other was paid at the rate of 500 dollars per Annum. The Director estimates ten or twelve Workmen at about 65 dollars per Week\nDepartment of War.\nThe Secretary of the Department\nPrincipal Clerk\nSix Clerks, at 500 dollars each\nMessenger and Office Keeper\nAccountant to the War Department\nSeven Clerks, at 500 dollars each\nLoan Officers.\nFor New Hampshire\nMassachusetts\nRhode Island\nConnecticut\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nNorth Carolina\nSouth Carolina\nGeorgia\nGovernment of the Western Territory.\nDistrict North-West of the River Ohio.\nGovernor, for his Salary as such, and for discharging the duties of Superintendant of Indian Affairs Northern Department\nThe Secretary of the said district\nThree Judges at 800 Dollars each\nStationary. Office Rent &ca.\nDistrict South-West of the River Ohio.\nGovernor, for his Salary as such, and for discharging the duties of Superintendant of Indian Affairs, Southern Department\nSecretary of said District\nThree Judges at 800 Dollars each\nStationary, Office Rent, &ca.\nPensions Granted by the Late Government.\nIsaac Van Voert John Paulding, David Williams,\nEach a pension of 200 Dollars per annum, pursuant to an Act of Congress of 23d November, 1780\nDominique L\u2019Eglise, per act of Congress of 8th. August, 17[8]2\nJoseph Traverse, per ditto\nYoungest Children of the late Major-General Warren, per Act of the 1st. July, 1780\nSamuel McKenzie, Joseph Brussells, John Jordan,\nper Act of 10th September, 1783, entitled to a pension of 40 dollars each per annum\nEliz: Bergen, per Act of 21st. August 1781\nJoseph De Beauleau, per Act of 5th. August 1782\nRichard Gridley, per Acts of 17th. November, 1775, and 26th. February 1781\nLieutt-Col. Touzard, per Act of 27th. October, 1788\nGrant to Baron Steuben.\nHis annual Allowance per Act of Congress\nAnnual Allowance to the Widow and Orp[h]an Children of Col: John Harding, per Act of 27th. February 1793\nAlso to the Orphan Children of Major Alexander Truman, per same Act\nAnnual Allowance for the Education of Hugh Mercer, Son of the late Major-General Mercer, per Act dated 2d. March, 1793\nFor the Incidental and Contingent Expenses Relative to the Civil List Establishment.\nUnder this head are comprehended fire-wood, Stationary, together with printing Work, and all the contingent expenses of the two Houses of Congress, rent and Office expenses of the three several Departments, viz. Treasury, State and War, and also for the Mint of the United States.\nSecretary of the Senate, his Estimate\nClerk of the House of Representatives, his do.\nTreasury Department.\nSecretary of the Treasury, per estimate\nComptroller of the Treasury, per do.\nTreasurer, per do.\nCommissioner of the Revenue, per do.\nAuditor of the Treasury, per do.\nRegister of the Treasury (including Books for the public Stocks) per do.\nRent of the Treasury\nDitto of a House taken for a part of the Office of the Register\nRent of a House for the Office of the Commissioner of the Revenue, and for part of the Office of the Comptroller, and part of the Office of the Auditor\nDitto of a House for the Office of the Auditor, and a small store for public papers\nWood for the Department (Treasurers excepted) Candles, &ca.\nDepartment of State.\nIncluding the expense which will attend the publication of the Laws of the first Session of the third Congress, and for printing an edition of the same to be distributed according to Law.\nMint of the United States.\nThe Director estimates for the several expenses of the Mint, including the pay of a refiner, when employed, for Gold, Silver and Copper, and for the Completion of the milling furnaces\nDepartment of War.\nSecretary at War, per Statement\nAccountant to the War Department\nJoseph Nourse, Register.\nTreasury Department,Register\u2019s Office, 20th. December, 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0405-0004", "content": "Title: Enclosure C: [Estimate of Expenses of War Department, 1794], 14 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\n  Estimate of the Expenses of the War Department, for the Year One Thousand, Seven Hundred and Ninety Four.\n  The Legion of the United States\n  Pay.\n  General Staff\u2014to wit.\n  Dollars per Month\n  Major General at\n  Brigadier-Generals\n  Major Commandant of Artillery\n  Major of Dragoons\n  Quarter-Master\n  Pay-Master at Head-quarters\n  Adjutant to do the duty as Inspector\n  Chaplain\n  Surgeon of the Staff\n  Deputy Quarter-Master\n  Aids-de-Camp to the Major General, in addition to their pay in the Line\n  Aids-de-Camp, one for each of the Brigadiers, in addition to their pay in the Line\n  Surgeon\u2019s Mates for the Hospitals for the Western and Southern Frontiers\n  Principal Artificer\n  Second Artificer\n  First Sub-Legion.\n  Field. Dollars per Month.\n  Lieutenant-Colonel-Commandant at\n  Majors\n  Staff.\n  Sub-legionary Pay-Master\n  Sub legionary Quarter-Master\n  Battalion Quarter-Masters\n  Adjutants\n  Sub-legionary Surgeon\n  Battalion Surgeon\u2019s Mates\n  Sergeant-Majors\n  Quarter-Master-Sergeants\n  One Company of Artillery.\n  Captain\n  Lieutenants\n  Sergeants\n  Corporals\n  Artificers\n  Privates\n  Musicians\n  One Troop of Horse.\n  Captain\n  Lieutenant\n  Cornet\n  Sergeants\n  Corporals\n  Farrier\n  Sadler\n  Trumpeter\n  Dragoons\n  Eight Companies of Infantry.\n  Captains\n  Lieutenants\n  Ensigns\n  Sergeants\n  Corporals\n  Senior Musician\n  Musicians\n  Privates\n  Four Companies of Riflemen.\n  Captains\n  Lieutenants\n  Ensigns\n  Sergeants\n  Corporals\n  Buglers\n  Privates\n  Amount of the Pay of the Legion of the United States\n  General Staff\n  The First Sub-Legion\n  Second Sub-Legion\n  Third Sub-Legion\n  Fourth Sub-Legion\n  Subsistence.\n  Rations.\u2007\u2007\n  Major-General\n  Rations per day\n  Brigadier-Generals\n  Lieutenant Colonels commandants\n  Majors\n  Adjutant\n  Pay-Master at Head-quarters\n  Quarter-Master\n  Deputy Quarter-Master\n  Surgeon to the Staff\n  Surgeons\n  Surgeons Mates\n  Surgeons Mates for Garrison\n  Principal Artificer\n  Second Artificer\n  Captains\n  Lieutenants\n  Ensigns\n  Cornets\n  Money in lieu of rations, as by law, at the Option of the Officers, at the Contract price, at the Post respectively, where the rations shall become due.\n  Privates and non-commissioned of the Artillery,\n  Non-commissioned and Privates of the Cavalry,\n  Non-commissioned and Privates of the Infantry,\n  Men\n  at 1 Ration\n  Rations\n  2,083,785 Rations, at 15 Cents per ration, is\n  Dollars\n  Forage.\n  Staff. Dollars per Month\n  Dollars\n  Major-General\n  Brigadier-Generals\n  Lieutenant-Colonels Commandant\n  Majors\n  Pay-Master at Head-Quarters\n  Adjutant-General\n  Quarter-Master-General\n  Deputy-Quarter-Master General\n  Aids-de-Camp\n  Brigade-Majors\n  Adjutants\n  Surgeon to the Staff\n  Surgeons\n  Surgeon\u2019s Mates\n  Surgeon\u2019s Mates for Garrisons\n  Pay-Masters\n  Quarter-Masters\n  Cavalry.\n  Major\n  Captains\n  Lieutenants\n  Cornets\n  Privates\nCloathing.\n\u2007240 Non-Commissioned and Privates Artillery\n\u2007320 Non-Commissioned and Privates Cavalry\n4,560 Non-Commissioned and Privates Infantry\n\u2007 480 Contingencies\nDollars.\u2007\u2007\n5,600 Suits at 20 dollars per Suit\nEquipments for the Cavalry.\nDolls: Cts\nDoll: Cts\n\u200713 Officers Equipments\n320 Saddles\n320 Briddles\n320 Cartouch Boxes\n160 Sword Belts\n\u2007\u20076 Bugle Horns\n320 Pair of Holsters\n320 Bags\n160 Swords\n160 Pair of Pistols\n320 Horseman\u2019s Caps\n320 Pair of Boots and Spurs\nHorses for the Cavalry.\n160 Horses to replace those which may die, or become unfit for Service, at 100 dollars\nDollars\nBounty.\nTo complete the Number in lieu of the discharged Soldiers, those rendered unfit for duty, and deserters, in 1793 and 1794\nDoll:\nHospital Department.\nFor Medicines, Instruments and Stores for the Hospital for the Garrisons and Posts on the Western and Southern Frontiers, also the Subsistence of a purveyor, Assistants and Nurses in the Hospital, and examination of Invalid pensioners\nDollars\nOrdnance Department.\nFor the Salaries of Store-keepers at the different Arsenals.\nSpringfield, Massachusetts\nDeputy Store-keeper\nWest-Point, New-York\nDeputy Store-keeper\nAlbany, New-York\nFort Rensselaer and its dependencies, do.\nTrenton, New Jersey (to be established)\nCommissary of Military Stores at\nPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania\nCarlisle, \u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003 do.\nFort Pitt \u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003 do.\nNew-London, Virginia\nManchester, \u2003\u2003 do.\nCharleston, South-Carolina\nRents\nPhiladelphia\nNew London\nManchester\nLabourers at the different Arsenals\nCoopers, and Armourers, and Carpenters, occasionally employed\nTwo Conductors of Military Stores\nAn Appropriation will be Requisite for the Following Enumerated Buildings, Repairs and Articles, Directed to be Made and Purchased by the President of the United States.\nThe Expenses of new Carriages for 230 pieces of Brass Field Artillery, at the different Arsenals of the United States, averaged at 140 dollars each\nThe expenses of New Carriages for 134 Iron Cannon with Garrison Carriages, averaged at 50 dollars each\nThe expense of 20 Mortar Beds, at 40 dollars each\n    Repairs of 14,000 Arms, at 2 dollars each\n    Cleaning of 12,000 \u2003 do. \u2003\u2003 25 Cents\nIn the different Arsenals\nRepairs of Fortifications at West-Point\nThe expense of casting 50 Brass Field Pieces out of the useless Mortars\nOne hundred Tons of Lead, at 8\u2154 dollars per hundred\nSeventy-five Tons Gun-powder, at 20 dollars per hundred\nOne Thousand rifled Muskets, at 12 dollars each\nEquipments for Cavalry.\nFive hundred equipments, consisting of Saddles with girths, surcingles, pads and Stirrups, holsters, bridles, halters, mail pillions and Straps, valices, Horseman\u2019s Cartouch Boxes, nose-bags, and horseman\u2019s Swords with belts and Scabbards, at 16\u00bd dollars, each\nTen thousand knapsacks, at 50 Cents each\nTen thousand Cartridge Boxes, at 1 dollar each\nTwo thousand tents, at 10 dollars each\nOne hundred Horseman\u2019s tents, at 20 dollars each\nTwenty Officers Marquees, at 150 dollars each\nFor a Magazine and buildings proper to constitute a Magazine and Arsenal above Albany, in the State of New York\nFor the purchase of  Acres of ground for ditto\nFor the same objects a suitable position above the falls of Delaware\nDollars\nDefensive protection of the Frontiers\nDollars\nFor the year 1792 there has been paid, for the defensive protection of the Frontiers, the following Sums; all accounts for the Year 1793 have not yet been presented or adjusted.\nPennsylvania\nVirginia\nTerritory N.W. of the Ohio\nDitto, \u2003 S.W. of the Ohio\nGeorgia\nFor 1792, Dollars\nFor Scouts\nDollars\nThe great pay allowed the mounted Dragoons, enhanced exceedingly the amount of expences for the defensive protection of the frontiers for the year 1792, and from the present disposition of the Indians, North of the Ohio, and contiguous to the South-West Territory and Georgia, will require an equal or greater Sum for the year 1794 than was paid in the year 1792.\nIndian Department.\nFor defraying the Expenses of the Indian Department\nDollars.\u2007\u2007\nQuarter-Master\u2019s Department.\nWaggons and Horses, and forage tents, boats &ca. also the transportation of the recruits, ordnance and military Stores, and all the Articles of the Quarter-Master\u2019s Department, the purchase of Axes, Camp-kettles, pack Saddles, Iron, fuel, boards, nails, paint, company books, Stationary, &ca. Also the pay and subsistence of all Clerks, and of the Artificers employed in said Department\nDollars\nThe Advances made to the Quarter-Master\u2019s department, during the present year, amount to Dollars\nAppropriation this Year 100,000.\nForage 34,856.\nDeficiency Dollars\nContingencies of War Department.\nFor Maps, hiring Expresses, allowances to Officers for extra Expenses, printing, loss of Stores of all kind, advertising and apprehending deserters\nDollars\nInvalid Pensioners.\nFor the annual allowance to the Invalids of the United States, from 5th. day of March, one thousand Seven hundred and ninety four, to the fourth day of March, one thousand Seven hundred and ninety-five, inclusively.\nDoll: Cts.\nDoll: Cts.\nNew Hampshire\nMassachusetts\nRhode-Island\nConnecticut\nVermont\nNew York\nNew Jersey\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nNorth Carolina\nSouth Carolina\nGeorgia\nRecapitulation.\nPay of the Legion of the United States\nSubsistence\nForage\nCloathing\nEquipments for the Cavalry\nHorses for the Cavalry\nBounty\nHospital Department\nOrdnance Department\nRepairs and Articles directed to be made and purchased by the President of the United States\nDefensive protection of the Frontiers\nIndian Department\nQuarter-Master\u2019s Department\nContingencies of the War Department\nInvalid Pensioners\nDollars\nOne Million, four hundred fifty-seven thousand, nine hundred thirty-six dollars, One Cent.\nWar Department, 10th. December 1793.\nH. Knox, Secretary at War.\nTreasury Department, Register\u2019s Office, 14th. December, 1793.\nI Certify the foregoing to be a true Copy of the Original on file, in this Office.\nJoseph Nourse, Register.\nTotal Dollars\nDeduct Invalid pensioners\nLeaves Dollars", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0405-0006", "content": "Title: Enclosure E: [Net Amount of Duties on Imports and Tonnage], 2 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\nAbstract of the Net Amount of Duties on Imports and Tonnage, Which Have Accrued in the United States, During the First and Second Quarters of the Year 1793.\nStates.\n1st Qr. ending 31st March, 1793. Dolls. Cents.\n2d Qr. ending 30th June. Dolls. Cents.\nTotal amount. Dolls. Cents.\nNew-Hampshire\nMassachusetts\nRhode-Island\nConnecticut\nVermont\nNew-York\nNew-Jersey\nPennsylvania\nDelaware\nMaryland\nVirginia\nKentucky\nNorth Carolina\nSouth-Carolina\nGeorgia\nDeduct New Hampshire\nVermont\nNet amount\nTreasury Department, 2d December, 1793.\nAlexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0405-0007", "content": "Title: Enclosure F: [State of Monies Transferred to the United States], 21 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Nourse, Joseph\nTo: Speaker of the House of Representatives\nDr.\nState of Monies Transferred to the United States, Out of the Proceeds of Foreign Loans\nCr\nDollars Cents\nDollars Cents\nTo this Sum paid to France for the Use of St. Domingo\nBy this Sum drawn by the Treasurer on the Commissioners in\n\u201c payment to France of 3 Millions of Livres pursuant to an Agreement with M. Ternant\nDollars\nAmsterdam\nFlorins\n\u201c ditto for miscellaneous purposes paid to Mr. Ternant\nFrom which deduct the Amount of Bills sold to the Bank of the United States, but afterwards surrendered\n\u201c Instalment due to France, September 3d. 1793\u20141,500,000 Livres\n\u201c ditto\u2003due \u2003 Novem. 5th. \u2003\u2003 do. \u2003\u2003 1,000,000 livres\nOn which there has been paid\nDollars\nBy this Sum applied in Europe to the payment of Interest, for which provision was made out of Domestic Funds, and thereby virtually drawn to the United States, vizt.\nBalance to be paid\n\u201c Payments made to Foreign Officers\nDollars\nInterest from the 1st. of February 1791 to the 1st. of December 1793, paid and to be paid\u2014 Florins\u20032,940,790.13\nReserved to be paid\nFrom which deduct this Sum remitted from hence\n\u201c This Sum expended in purchases of the public debt\u2014Vizt.\nFlorins\n1793 February 4th.\nDollars\nDollars\nTreasury Department, December 21st, 1793\n\u2007\u201c \u2003 Septem. 2d.\nAlexander Hamilton\n\u201c Instalment to the Bank of the United States\nSecy. of the Treasury.\n\u201c Balance subject to further disposition\n* The precise amount of Sum thus paid for Interest cannot be definitively pronounced till the Completion of Settlements of Foreign Accounts now going on at the Treasury.\nDollars\nA.H.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0406", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newport, Rhode Island] December 23, 1793. \u201cI have recd. your letter of the 9th of this month. The sum wh. will probably be required to Discharge the allowances to fishg. vessels \u2026 will amount to about fifteen hundred Dollars.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0408", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, [23 December 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, December 23, 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his Respects to The Secretary of State requests he will favour him with copies of all his communications to Mr. Genet in answer to applications concerning the Debt. They will be necessary to complete a Report on his last. Mr. Hamilton having acted from his knowlege of them in some instances without having them before him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0409", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Jeremiah Olney, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nProvidence, December 23, 1793. \u201cI have received your Letter of the 9th instant. There is only One Vessel, belonging to this District, which has been employed in the Cod-Fishery the last Season, and no regard having been paid to the requisites of the Law, she is not entitled to any Allowance.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0410", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Philip Schuyler, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Schuyler, Philip\nTreasury Departmt Decemr 23. 1793.\nSir\nI herewith transmit you a list of Indian goods, intended to be presented to the Six Nations for the services rendered by them to the United States, in the late attempt to make peace with the hostile Indians.\nConsidering that it may be precarious, on account of the season being so far advanced, to have the goods shipped from New York, and judging that the articles may be equally as well obtained in Albany, I have concluded to request you to engage a trusty Person, who will execute the business in a satisfactory manner and consistently with the public interest. Mr Daniel Hale has been heretofore employed by the Public. By mentioning his name I do not however mean to confine your choice exclusively to him, should you think of a person better competent to the object.\nIn case any of the articles or a proper substitute for them cannot be got in Albany, recourse must be had to Mr Nicholas Hoffman, in New York, who will procure them.\nThe goods are to be delivered to General Chapin, who will give duplicate receipts for them; one of which is to accompany the account to be transmitted to the Treasury for settlement. Receipts must also be taken from the Persons of whom the goods are purchased, as vouchers to the general account. A commission of 2\u00bd per Cent will be allowed to the Agent on the amount of the goods.\nThe purchases are to be made for Cash and with an eye to \u0153conomy\u2014and for this purpose a Credit for a sum not exceeding 3500 Dollars has been opened at the Office of Discount and Deposit in New York, for which drafts may be made and the money applied to the payments in question.\nI am, Sir, very respectfully, \u2003 Your Obedt Servant,\nAlexander Hamilton\nGeneral Schuyler,Albany.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0412", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Depmt. Decr. 23d. 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to the consideration of the President a communication from the Commissioner of the revenue, dated the 18th of December respecting Mr. James Collins, Inspector of the Revenue for Survey No: 2 of the District of Pennsylvania. It has at length become certain (what has been for some time feared) that Mr. Collins is incapable of executing the duties of the office and that the good of the public service requires his removal.\nAlexander HamiltonSecy. of the Treay.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0415", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Isaac Hazlehurst, 26 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Hazlehurst, Isaac\nTreasury DepartmentDecember 26. 1793\nSir\nOn a review of the Papers which you furnished me respecting the Sloop Hannah, I observe no charge for Insurance. Concluding therefore that none was made upon her, I request that you will be good enough to take the further trouble of having it done. The errand she went upon need not be declared. Some inconvenience might still arise from its being known, that this particular vessel was the bearer of the Dispatches, which she carried. With much consideration & esteem I am Sir Your obedient serv\nA Hamilton\nIsaac Hazelhurst Esqr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0416", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Philip Schuyler, 26 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Schuyler, Philip\n[Philadelphia, December 26, 1793. On January 5, 1794, Schuyler wrote to Hamilton: \u201cnor are we without apprehension on your Account, from what you say in Your letter of the 26th. ult:\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0417", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Philip Schuyler, 26 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Schuyler, Philip\nTreasury Department Decemr 26. 1793\nSir\nIt being intended to establish immediately a recruiting rendezvous at Albany, I take the liberty to request you, to engage a Person who will furnish the necessary Supplies; informing me of what has been done.\nThe rations to be supplied are to consist of the following Articles Vizt\u2014\n\u2003\u20031 lb of Bread or flour\n\u2003\u20031 lb of beef or \u00be lb of pork\n\u2003\u2003\u00bd jill of Rum, brandy or Whiskey\n1 Quart of Salt\nper 100 rations\n2 Quarts of Vinegar\n2 lb Soap\n1 lb of Candles\nIt is conformable to usage to contract for the rations at a fixed price, which has been of late about 10 Cents. For Quarter Masters articles and Medical Assistance (if there is no Doctor belonging to the Troops present) which are also to be provided by the Contractors he will be allowed a Commission of 5 per Cent upon his actual expenditures.\nThe Provisions must be furnished upon returns of the principal Officer, Specifying the Number of Men for whom rations are required, and a receipt upon the returns at each delivery for the number of rations delivered must be obtained from the same Officer. Should a Non commissioned Officer only be at the rendezvous, when any delivery is made, the Commissioned Officer charged with the recruiting service must afterwards examine and certify it. Similar receipts and certificates must be obtained for all other issues, specifying particulars as accurately as the nature of the case admits, and the accounts must be finally settled at the Treasury, which may be done quarterly. It has been mentioned to me that Mr Daniel Hale has on a former occasion performed this Service, with propriety.\nGeneral SchuylerAlbany", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0418", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Ebenezer Stevens, 26 December 1793\nFrom: Stevens, Ebenezer\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, December 26, 1793. On January 5, 1794, Hamilton wrote to Stevens: \u201cYour letter of the 26 of December is received.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0420", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Daniel Brent, 27 December 1793\nFrom: Brent, Daniel\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhiladelphia, December 27, 1793. \u201cI think it necessary to inform you that it is my intention to give up my station in the Treasury Department in the early part of next month.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0421", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Angelica Church, 27 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Church, Angelica\nPhiladelp 27 Dec1793\nI embrace this opportunity, My Dear Friend, by Mr. Marshall, to tell you that my health which had suffered a severe shock by an attack of the malignant disease lately prevalent here is now almost completely restored. The last vestige of it has been a nervous derangement; but this has nearly yielded to Regimen, a certain degree of exercise and a resolution to overcome it.\nThe political Campaign, which is just opening, and which no doubt in the course of it will present some volcanic exhibitions, will put every good man\u2019s fortitude and patience to a severe trial. I have hitherto found that a certain elasticity of constitution and temper reacts with a degree of vigour at least proportioned to the pressure\u2014I hope it will be so still.\nBut how oddly are all things arranged in this sublunary scene. I am just where I do not wish to be. I know how I could be much happier; but circumstances enchain me. It is however determined that I will break the spell. Nothing can prevent it at the opening of the Spring, but the existence or the certainty of a war between this Country and some European Power\u2014an event which I most sincerely deprecate but which reciprocal perversenessness, in a degree, endangers.\nHow long Dr Sister are the best friends to be separated! This is the question which Eliza and myself frequently ask in reference to you and Mr. Church. But the fates leave us still in the dark without diminishing our ardent & affect wishes. Adieu\nA H", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0422", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Wilhem and Jan Willink, Nicholaas and Jacob Van Staphorst, and Nicholas Hubbard, 27 December 1793\nFrom: Willink, Wilhem,Willink, Jan,Van Staphorst, Nicholaas,Van Staphorst, Jacob,Hubbard, Nicholas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAmsterdam 27 December 1793.\nSir!\nOur last respects were of 1 Instant, since when we are deprived of your esteemed favors.\nThe Five per Cent Bonds of the United States having almost entirely reached the Coffers of our Money Lenders, who do not bring them upon the market, we availed ourselves of this Circumstance combined with that of the money that will be let loose by sundry Reimbursements and the payment of large sums of interest at this season, to propose and urge the undertaking of a Loan for the United States at Five per Cent Interest, agreeable to the Instructions in your Letter to us of 12 August last, and have the pleasure to announce to you, that after having had the greatest difficulty, to persuade our undertakers to assume any Engagement whatever in the present situation of affairs in Europe, which have forced the Emperor and Russia to authorize their Agents, to seize the first favorable Moment, to raise monies for them at enormous premiums or douceurs, We have succeeded to open a Loan here for the United States of Three Millions of Florins, to be dated the 1st. January 1794, at Five per Cent Interest per Annum, reimbursable in Five payments of 600 Bonds annually, commencing the 1 January 1805, and ending the 1 January 1809, And to have f 1,235,000 already undertaken of said Loan, with the hope of carrying the subscription to f 1,500,000.\nIn vain did We strive to stipulate, a Right for the United States, to reimburse the Principal or a Part of it, at their pleasure; The Condition was positively and absolutely objected to.\nThe Undertakers are obliged to receive their Bonds in the course of the Five following months, One Fifth each month, and would not assume the Engagement, without expressly reserving unto themselves, the faculty at any time until after the 1 Day of May 1794, to call for and have a like number of the remaining Bonds, as they have in the first instance positively engaged to take, An Attraction for them, to subscribe, that We judge proper to accede to; because if the Bonds of the United States shall be demanded, the Undertakers will call for the Shares they have in option, with equal Alacrity, as if they had positively purchased them, and if they should not be of ready sale, We can make no use of the Unsubscribed Half previous to the first day of May next, when those 1500. Bonds or such part of them as shall not then have been delivered, will remain at the free disposal of the United States.\nThe Undertakers have as usual the Priviledges to fulfill their Engagement so soon as they please, and those who furnish their monies before the 1 January will be entitled to One months Discount.\nOn forwarding the Monthly Accounts of the united States, We will take care to advise you particularly the number of Bonds, We shall have delivered, over & above those absolutely undertaken for your Government, in making disposals upon us, or calculating the monies in our hands.\nBy the Mail of this Day via England, We inform Mr. Short of this Loan being launched upon the Market, and transmit him a Model of the Power He is to pass, to authorize us to sign the Bonds, conformable to your instructions to us of the 12th. August.\nYou will naturally conceive Sir, that in the Circumstances We actually labor under, evinced in the strongest and most indisputable Light, by the slow progress of the Loan for the Bank of the United States, notwithstanding the Charges allowed for it are Five per Cent; and the Impossibility to obtain a larger undertaking than f 1,235,000. of the present Loan for the United States, and which there is no prospect of soon being relieved from, nor even that they will be speedily mitigated, it has not been practicable to effect this Business, at the Charges you limited us to: The least they ought to be is Five per Cent, and We have built most confidently upon the hope, that on receipt of our letter to You of 15th October, You will have extended them to that rate, or that you will not hesitate doing so, upon learning and taking into Consideration what We have had to combat and vanquish to have this Loan undertaken, and the great Douceurs We have been obliged to give to ensure our success. We do assure you Sir, that had We confined our Ideas to your allowance for Charges, We should have been deterred from pushing the Business at the present moment, and thereby probably, have suffered to pass by unimproved, the only favorable Instant, that may occur for a long space of Time to raise a Loan here for the United States: But our Zeal and activity to promote to our utmost Ability, their Interests, and the accomplishment of your Wishes, did not permit our advantage to enter into any the least Competition, against the risque of not being able to fulfill them, had the loan not been urged forward, at this very juncture.\nWe feel and freely confess, that We have no strict or positive Right, to more than Four per Cent Charges; and should you after all due Consideration of the matter, determine not to allow us more, We must submit, and have recourse for our Comfort to the pleasing reflexion, of our having resolved, rather to transact a Loan for the United States, at One per Cent Charges less than they ought to have been, than to suffer the only probable moment of procuring it for them to pass by unimproved, at a period and under Circumstances, that could but render same highly beneficial and pleasing to them, in every point of view: Such Return for our Devotion We cannot dare not expect to meet, after the flattering experience We have had of their readiness to acknowledge our services and to recompense them, when former Events tempted us likewise, to assume more than We were specifically authorized to do, in order that their Interests might be promoted, all that was in any wise possible.\nWe are with great Regard and Esteem &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0423", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 28 December 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTreasury Department, Revenue Office, December 28, 1793. Asks that a warrant for three hundred and ninety-two dollars be issued in favor of William Allibone to enable Allibone \u201cto discharge the accounts falling due in the quarter ending the 31st December instant.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0424", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Ellery, 28 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Ellery, William\n[Philadelphia, December 28, 1793. On January 14, 1794, Ellery wrote to Hamilton: \u201cI am much obliged by \u2026 your letter of the 28th of the last month.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0425", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Knox, 28 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Knox, Henry\n[Philadelphia, December 28, 1793. On December 30, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Knox and referred to \u201cMy Letter of the 28 instant.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0426", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from William Ellery, 30 December 1793\nFrom: Ellery, William\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Newport, Rhode Island] December 30, 1793. \u201cThe Schooner Hannah is condemned. The Evidence was so strong against her, and the Vessel is of so little value that the Owners did not think proper to put in claim.\u2026 I shall pursue the Capt. & Mate with writs, continue my endeavours to find out the vessel, which received the Rum out of the Schooner, and who were employed in that business; and do every thing in my power by detection to break up the infamous practice carried on by the Company of Bourne & Wardwell of Bristol. The condemnation of the Brig Enterprize seized at N york for running goods while they were part owners of her would give them a considerable check. There is no doubt but that goods were run out of that Vessel to the value of four hundred dollars and upwards; but the proof of it, as in such cases, will almost always be attended with difficulty. In my letter to you of the 26th. of August last, I gave you a history of this transaction. On the 11th of Nove. I wrote a letter to Col. Lamb urging him to send me a copy of the Libel and claim in order that evidences might be taken which might be legally used on the trial of the Enterprize.\u2026 On the 9th of this month I repeated my request that he would send me a copy of the libel, and a copy of the claim, adding that the District Judge had informed me that it was absolutely necessy. that the Parties to the suit should be known, in order that deposits. should be taken so as to be legally used at the trial, informed him that Wm. Barker had been tampered with, had secreted himself or absconded.\u2026 I since wrote to him on the 16th of this month \u2026 but no answer has been obtained from him.\u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0427", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Henry Knox, 30 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Knox, Henry\nTreasury DepartmentDecember 30. 1793\nSir\nI am content that the Post of Fort Franklin be supplied with Whiskey for the time mentioned in Major Craigs letter on the account of the Contractors and upon the terms mentioned.\nMy Letter of the 28 instant marks out generally the plan to be pursued with regard to the supply of the army with Whiskey. You will perceive that the places of Deposit are Forts Washington Steuben & that lately established at the Mouth of Wheeling; where the spirits will be ready to be delivered over to the order of the Quarter Master General to be issued under his direction to the Troops as the course of service may require.\nIn this operation the Quarter Masters of the several Regiments will be of course auxiliary to him.\nIf you can indicate the proportions that it may be adviseable to place at the respective deposits it may facilitate a proper arrangement in the first instance.\nI have the honor to \u2003 be very respectfully Sir \u2003 Your very obedient servant\nThe Secretary at War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0430", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Benjamin Lincoln, 31 December 1793\nFrom: Lincoln, Benjamin\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nBoston, December 31, 1793. \u201cIn your circular letter under the date of Decr 20th Instant You request that all my acct to the end of the year should be promptly rendered. Those for the third quarter will be presented herewith, the fourth will follow some time in Jany. The reasons why we are so late with our third quarter arise from the sickness of my Clerks one of which is yet confined and probably will never be able again to attend the Office.\u2026 I was in hopes that I should have received your remarks on my last quarterly account while these were in my possession as it is much easier to correct the errors in the second which were committed in the first. Can you not permit us in future to retain the succeeding untill we receive your remarks on our preceeding quarterly account? \u2026\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0431", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Willing, 31 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Willing, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, December 31, 1793. \u201cThe Secretary [of the Treasury] in a report to the House of Representatives of the 21st. December 1793, submitted a proposition for making provision for the second instalment. None having been made, he by a Letter to the Bank of the 31st. December 1793, informed that the Legislature not having yet had leisure to provide for the second instalment of the two Million loan, he had concluded to suspend calling into the Treasury the last installment of a Loan of 800,000 dollars which had been contracted with the Bank, and that that Sum would remain in deposit as an offset against the first mentioned instalment \u2019till provision should be made by Law.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0432", "content": "Title: List of French Distressed Persons, [1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, 1793]\n  Madame Le Grand with two Children lives near the little Market at the house of Mr. Peter French Hatter in the greatest Indigence\n  Madame Gauvin second street North No. 83 with three Children equally destitute\n  Madame Demarie blind with a daughter who is a widow and a little Child No. 19 Cedar Street in dreadful distress\n  Madame Noel 7 Children and an orphan of whom she took charge. Mulbery Street No 223\u2014has not yet experienced so great extremity as the former but is at present without money and owes 26 Dollars\n  Madame Robard with 4 Children Madame Benoit with two, both in the greatest indigence. Their residence at present unknown.\nSubscriptions for the Relief of the foregoing persons\u2014viz\nMary Morris.\u201410 dollars\nEliza Hamilton\u201420 dollars\nTh Cazenove\u2014Ten dollars\nSusan Kean 5 Dols.\nCash\u201410 dollars\nDl: Huger 5 Dollars 50\nAnn H Livingston 3 dollars\nD Stewart. Five dollars\npaid L Knox Ten Dollars\npd. Wm. Smith\u2014five Dollars\npd T Dalton five Dollars\npd. J Williams five Dollars.\npd. Cash 5 Dollars\npd. H. Breck ten Dollars\npd. R. Izard Five Dollars. 50\npd. C. Lagarinne five Dollars\u201450\npd YZ\u2014fifteen Dollars\npaid\u2014Cash\u20145 Dollars\nPaid\u2014Eliza. Powell 10 Dollars\nPaid\u2014TF.\u20148 dollars 46\npaid Eliza. Cabot 5 Dollars\u2014RK\nR King 5 Dollars\u2014paid. RK\nO. Ellsworth 5 dolls\u2014paid RK\nP Butler 5 Dol\u2014paid R\u27e8K\u27e9\nM. Coxe 3 dollars paid\nJ Whitesides 5 Drs\nJohn Guest jun 10 doll\nMrs. Nixon\u20148\nMr. Ross\u20145\nMrs. Livingston\u20145", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-15-02-0433", "content": "Title: On the Rise of a War Party, [1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, 1793]\nEvery new political occurrence renders it more and more apparent, that there is a description of men in this country, continually on the Watch to defame and if possible to convulse the Government of the UStates. No important measure of that government from whatever quarter it proceeds, can escape their malevolent vigilance. Tis a consolation, however, that by overacting their part, they betray their real character, in spite of the mask of superior patriotism, under which they endeavor to seduce the public judgment. In the paroxisms of their phrenzy, they tear aside the viel of their own hypochrysy; and unfold themselves to the public eye and indignation and incorrigible adversaries of National Order and Prosperity. It was once the wish and the hope of moderation, that time reflection and experience would mitigate, if not cure their enmity. But this hope can no longer be indulged with safety. Tis a deceitful one, that must be discarded as tending to render virtuous men the dupes of a perpetual and implacable conspiracy against the general weal. It has become necessary to the security of the essential interests of the Union that all true patriots, all sincere lovers of peace all real friends", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-16-02-0105-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: William Short to Diego de Gardoqui, 30 November 1793\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Gardoqui, Diego de\nMadrid Nov. 30. 1793.\nSir\nI do myself the honor of inclosing Y. E a bill of exchange for D 1276.3. 1 drawn by Jacob Dullofels on Messieurs Vercruys & freres which I have this moment received from the bankers of the U. S. at Amsterdam. This they inform me is the complete balance due by the U. S., on their debt specified by their obligation in the Royal treasury of Spain.\nI hope therefore Y. E. having examined & found this to be just will direct the obligation to be returned to me & a proper release given to the U. S. for that debt that I may transmit it to the secretary of the Treasury of the U. S.\nI have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect respect Your Excellency\u2019s \u2003 most obedient & most humble servant\nW Short\nHis Excy.Dn. Diego de Gardoqui, Minister of finance &c. &c. &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-16-02-0105-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Diego de Gardoqui to William Short, [7 December 1793]\nFrom: Gardoqui, Diego de\nTo: Short, William\n[San Lorenzo, December 7, 1793]\nCon el papel de VS. de 30 de Noviembre ultimo he recivido la letra de cambio qe. me dirige de DS 1276.3. 1 \u00e1 cargo de Vercruysse Herms. \u00e1 cuenta de la deuda que los Estados unidos de America tienen \u00e1 favor de la Rl. Hazda. de Espa\u00f1a, con cuia cantidad me dice VS. queda completo el pago de dha deuda, pero sin embargo de que aun no me han llegado las noticias totales para acreditar la mencionada deuda, peudo asegurar \u00e1 VS. es mucho mayor de lo que expresa. Lo que participo \u00e1 VS. en contestacion \u00e1 su citado oficio.\nDios gue a VS. ms. ans. \u2003 Sn Lorenzo 7 de Dizre. de 1793.\nDiego de Gardoqui\nSr. dn Guillermo Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0372", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Bank of the United States, [10 January] 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Bank of the United States\n[Philadelphia, January 10, 1793. Letter listed in dealer\u2019s catalogue. Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0373", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Theodosius Fowler, 2 February 1793\nFrom: Fowler, Theodosius\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York Feby 2. 1793\nrespected Sir\nI have observed lately in the public prints another Report of a Committee of Congress on the failure of the Expedition under the Comd of Genl St Clair.\nI take the liberty of writing to you in Confidence and beg you to favor me with the particular situation of the Contract that Mr William Duer acted under, whether he has fulfilled on his part and if he has produced Vouchers and other documents sufficient to cover the advances made him by the Public. Do pray write me on this Subject and let me know how the Matter stands for I am distressd beyond description about this afair\u2014tho I am an inocent person in the whole of this Transaction, which no doubt you are perfectly senciable of. My dr Sir permit me to say I must look up to you as my friend and protector in this Business for if I am made an inocent Victim of it [it] will be a most cruel fate to me and my family for ever.\nI hope my particular situation in this Business will be a sufficient apology for my taking the liberty of writing to you on this Subject.\nBelieve me to be with perfect respect & Esteem your most obt & very Humble Sert.\nT. Fowler", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0375", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to William Hull, [28 February 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Hull, William\n[Philadelphia, February 28, 1793. \u201c\u2026 The issue is contrary to expectation and is matter of regret. The best, however, must be made of circumstances. The object of your mission being at an end, I am to request that \u2026 you will return to this place.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0376", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to the President and Directors of the Office of Discount and Deposit, Baltimore, 2 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: President and Directors of the Office of Discount and Deposit\nTreasury Department, March 2, 1793.\nGentlemen:\nI find that my letter of the 23d ultimo, (which was written in haste,) proposing an arrangement for the accomodation of merchants who are indebted to the custom-house, does not correctly express the idea which was contemplated.\nI therefore request that the following mode may be pursued: The directors are to judge of the safety of the notes which may be presented for discount for the respective sums due to the custom-house, and to take the risk of non-payment upon themselves. When the notes are accepted, the proceeds are subject to checks in favor of the collector only, which checks the bank receives for the collector as cash.\nIf the arrangement should be found necessary, it will be proper that this explanation be communicated to the collector.\nI have the honor, &c.\nA. H.\nThe President and Directors of the Office of Discount and Deposit, Baltimore.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0378", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, [30 March 1793]\nFrom: Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Charleston, South Carolina, March 30, 1793. Letter listed in dealer\u2019s catalogue. Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0379", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Kean, 4 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Kean, John\nTreasury DepartmentApril 4 1793\nSir\nIf you have any Treasurer\u2019s Drafts on the Bank of Providence I request they may not be disposed of till you hear further from me and shall be glad to know their amount. With consideration & esteem\nI am Sir \u2003 Your obedient servant\nA Hamilton\nJohn Kean EsquireCashier of the Bank of the U States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0380", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, [13 April 1793]\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, April 13, 1793]\nDear Sir\nNotes for discount are to be presented to the Bank of the U. S. on Mondays. There will be wanted 2500 Drs. to make up the Sum, which was noted for this week\u2014and any part of the remaining sum of 3000 drs. proposed to be paid in April, which may be convenient. The third sum of 3500 Drs. will not be necessary, but in the course of August. That is the proportion, which was noted as to be paid by the first of September.\nI have recd. an answer from the gentleman to whom the prior offer of 4000 As. was made. He decides to take that quantity, which being out of Ball & Smith\u2019s contract leaves 1000 Drs. to be yet laid out. This of course will also diminish the August payments, and bring the further sum of 1000 Drs. (in lieu of a part of those payments) into the provisions to be made in April current.\nyr. mo. respectful serv.\nTench Coxe\nApril 13th. 1793\nA. Hamilton Esqr. Atty. for J. B. Church Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0381", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Henry Marchant, 13 April 1793\nFrom: Marchant, Henry\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNewport [Rhode Island] Apl. 13. 1793\nSir,\nI was last Evening honored with yours of the 30th ult. whereby I am informed of the Arrangement which has been concerted for the Accommodation of the public Officers &c; inclosing also a blank Power of Atty and Form of Drafts. I enclose with my Power of Attorney my signature on several pieces of Paper as requested. As I have for some time past found myself happily relieved from Expence or trouble by a regular Remittance of my Salary by the kindness of the Cashier thro\u2019 the post office\u2014It will still be most agreeable to me that the Cashier of the Bank remit as heretofore the Monies drawn on my Account (for which He now has my Power) either in Bank Post Notes payable to me or Order, or Drafts on the Collector of the Revenue in Newport when such Drafts shall be at the disposal of the Bank. I have drawn my Power to the President &c of the Bank to receive, all such Sums of Money as shall become due to me after the last day of March last. As I presume my last Quarters Salary due the last Day of March last may be on the Way, remitted by the Cashier of the Bank by my former arrangment with Him, I presume upon Your Indulgence that the Cashier will have the Knowledge of this Letter, and that any further Communication by me to him, will not be necessary to induce him to remit my Salary as usual upon the Power he has by the first Post after the ten days are elapsed necessary after my Compensation falls due for settling the accounts at the Treasury and placing the money to my Credit at the Bank. If any thing further should be necessary I hope the Cashier of the Bank will give me notice by Post. I feel myself much obliged by the arrangement the Secretary has kindly effected for the public officers\u2014And with sincere Esteem and best Respects,\nI am \u2003 Sir \u2003 your much obliged and humble Servt.\nH M\nThe Honbl Alexander Hamilton Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0382", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tench Coxe, [15 April 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Coxe, Tench\n[Philadelphia, April 15, 1793]\nDr Sir\nI send you 800 Dollars in Bank bills & my note for 1500 to be presented to the Bank. You may either send it yourself or I will as you think best. Yrs.\nA H\nApril 15", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0383", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Joseph Whipple, 15 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Whipple, Joseph\nTreasury Department April 15. 1793.\nSir\nYour letter of the 5th of February was duly received.\nIt is my wish that the journals of the Revenue Cutters be regularly transmitted to me.\nI am, with consideration, \u2003 Sir, \u2003 Your Obed Servant\nA Hamilton\nJoseph Whipple Esq.Collr Portsmouth, N H.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0385", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tench Coxe, 19 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Coxe, Tench\n[Philadelphia] Apl. 19. 1793\nwith 1500 drs. in lieue of the Note for 1500 Drs. in Mr. H.s last letter\u2014I having retd. that Note to him to procure Discot.\n(see Letter B)", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0386", "content": "Title: Treasury Department Circular to the Collectors of the Customs, 23 April 1793\nFrom: Treasury Department,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Collectors of the Customs\nTreasury Department, April 23, 1793\nSir:\nYou will find enclosed the copy of a proclamation lately issued by the President of the United States, respecting the war at present existing between certain Powers of Europe therein named.\nThe preservation of the peace of the country is so very important to its interests, and that must depend so materially upon the conformity of the conduct of our citizens to the spirit which is manifested by the proclamation, that it is deemed particularly interesting to receive the earliest and most exact advice of every appearance in any quarter which may seem to contravene the intention of the Government in this respect.\nI therefore request that you will keep an observant eye upon whatever passes in your district having reference to the object of the proclamation; and if any thing comes under your notice inconsistent with it, that you will immediately communicate it to the Attorney of the United States for the judicial district comprehending your district, and to me.\nThe building of vessels calculated and fitted for war is a circumstance which will merit particular attention, as much danger may be apprehended from that quarter.\nI am, sir, &c.\nAlexander Hamilton.\nThe Collectors of the Customs", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0387", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Thomas Jefferson, [9\u201314 May 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia, May 9\u201314, 1793]\nA \u2003 Perhaps the Secretary of State, revising the expression of this member of the sentence, will find terms to express his idea still more clearly and may avoid the use of a word of doubtful propriety \u201cContraventions\u201d\nB \u2003 \u201cbut be attentive\u201d\nC \u2003 \u201cmere\u201d to be omitted\nD \u2003 Considering that this Letter will probably become a matter of publicity to the world is it necessary to be so strong? Would not the following suffice as a substitute?\n\u201cbut our unwillingness to believe that the French Nation could be wanting in respect or friendship to us upon any occasion suspends our assent to and conclusions upon these statements \u2019till further evidence.\u201d It will be observed that the words \u201cconclusions upon\u201d are proposed to be added to indicate that some further measure is contemplated, conformably to the declaration to Mr. Hamm\u27e8ond \u2013 \u2013 \u2013\u27e9 measures will be taken \u27e8\u2013 \u2013\u27e9 may be in lieu of General Knox\u2019s amendment.\nE \u2003 Suppose the words \u201cbay of\u201d were omitted\nF \u2003 \u201cExpectation\u201d is proposed to be substituted to \u201cdesire\u201d\nG \u2003 For the sentence between ( \u2003 ) It is proposed to substitute this\u2014\n\u201cThey consider the rigorous exercise of that virtue as the surest mode of preserving perfect harmony between the UStates and the Powers at War\u201d\nA HamiltonEdm Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0388", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tench Coxe, [17 May 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Coxe, Tench\n[Philadelphia, May 17, 1793]\nDr. Sir\nAbove is a Check for five hundred Dollars. Tomorrow I will make an arrangement for 1000 more. I did not receive your Note till this moment Quarter past two.\nYrs.\nA H", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0389", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jonathan Jackson, [18 May 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jackson, Jonathan\n[Philadelphia, May 18, 1793. \u201cFor a Journey from Newburyport to Wiscasset & back performed this month at the request of The honorable A Hamilton Secretary of the Treasury signified by his letter of May 18th. 1793 to J Jackson.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0391", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tench Coxe, [3 June 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Coxe, Tench\n[Philadelphia, June 3, 1793]\nD Sir\nI send you a check for 700 Dollars another for 200. To day I am to pay off the note for 1500 which you endorsed for me & I do not know exactly how I stand in Bank. I believe however there will be enough left to pay both checks\u2014tomorrow the proceeds of the enclosed which I request you to endorse & send in for discount will give you the remainder & leave a sum at my disposal for another purpose.\nYrs.\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0392", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 5 [\u20138] June 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia] June 5th. [\u20138] 1793\nDr. sir\nThe following is a Note of all the payments made by you to me in part for the lands purchased by me of Messrs. Pattersons & Stroud, W. Steedman & Ball & Smith for the joint account of John B. Church esqr. & myself being forty three thousand Acres\u2014That is to say\n  x x x\n  as \u214c my letter of the 10th & the\n    postscript Note thereto of the 11th. April last.\n  x x\n  x x\n  x x\n  June 3 -\n  5th\nretained out of Note of 800 Drs the rest being repaid\n  Dollars\nThis sum of six thousand five hundred dollars, includes all the payments, which have been made to me on the account of Mr. Church, or the purchases of Lands Some of them appear in my former Correspondence with you.\nMy Check is inclosed for the Sum of 495 47/100 Drs. the overplus of your Note discounted, which makes every thing square so far as the installments are due, and untill August.\nI have the honor to be \u2003 your most obedt. Servant\nT. C\nHon. Alexr. Hamilton, Esqr.\nThe Check was deld. in person on the 5th instant.\nT. Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0393", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Tench Coxe, [14 June 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Coxe, Tench\n[Philadelphia, June 14, 1793]\nDr. Sir\nInclosed is my Note for 600 Dollars. I will thank to you the needful as to discount.\nYrs.\nA Hamilton\nT Coxe Esq", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0394", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Robert Troup, [15 June 1793]\nFrom: Troup, Robert\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, June 15, 1793. On June 20, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Troup: \u201cYour letters of the 15 & 18 of June have been received.\u201d Letter of June 15 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0395", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Robert Troup, [18 June 1793]\nFrom: Troup, Robert\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[New York, June 18, 1793. On June 20, 1793, Hamilton wrote to Troup: \u201cYour letters of the 15 & 18 of June have been received.\u201d Letter of June 18 not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0396", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Robert Troup, [20 June 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Troup, Robert\n[Philadelphia, June 20, 1793]\nDr Robert\nYour letters of the 15 & 18 of June have been received.\nThe ideas you express in the former appear to me just. But I hope to God you have been able to find the means of instituting prosecutions before this, against the Offenders. The ferment you mention to have been excited is an additional reason for it. Tis indispensable in such cases to take a decided and imposing tone.\nIf there are unwilling or timid persons, whom you have reason to believe are acquainted with facts, why not bring them by process before the Magistrate to give their testimony? Have you seen the letter from the consul to the Governor? Mention is there made of the person who was to command. Does not Alderman Randall know persons? Let me intreat you\u2014probe the affair with zeal and decision.\nFitsimmons & myself have adjusted what relates to Mr Church. He informs me that instructions will go from the Fishers to Bogert to stop the proceedings. See Bogert if you please for greater caution & know if he has received instructions.\nThere is an account between Cock & me for Chancery fees. Do me the favour to adjust the matter with him according to the best materials in your power & pay him what appears to be due, for which draw upon me, if you are not otherwise in Cash on my account.\nYr. Affectionate\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0397", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John B. Church, [6 July 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Church, John B.\n[Philadelphia, July 6, 1793]\nto Angelica & yourself.Adieu My Dear Sir\nA Hamilton\nP. S. The deed for the land is in your name\u2014and in case you decline you will have to reconvey or to convey to the son.\nJuly 6th.\nI send you a duplicate of the bill.\nJ B Church Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0399", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John Cochran, 13 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Cochran, John\nTreasury Department, August 13, 1793. \u201cI have directed the Treasurer of the United States, to furnish you with a draught on the Office of Discount & Deposit at New-York, for Seven Thousand Nine Hundred and Eighty five Dollars; for the purpose of enabling you \u2026 to discharge a half years pension which will become due to the Invalids of the United States on the 5th of the ensuing month.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0400", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to John A. Chevalli\u00e9, [14 August 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Chevalli\u00e9, John A.\n[Treasury Department, August 14, 1793. \u201c\u2026 Every thing with regard to Mr. Beaumarchais\u2019 accounts is as far advanced as circumstances now permit.\u2026\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0403", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Abraham Yates, Junior, 26 September 1793\nFrom: Yates, Abraham, Jr.\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nAlbany Sept. 26. 1793in Common Council\nSir\nYour Letter of this days date has been recd\u2014& laid before the Com. Council who have given me in charge to acquaint you that the same will be taken into consideration by them Tomorrow.\nI am Sir \u2003 with due respect \u2003 your most obedt. servt\nAbm. Yates Junr. Mayor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0405", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, 16 November 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nPhilada. Novemr. 16. 1793\nSir\nMr. William Steedman of Northumberland County from whom I made the purchase of eight thousand Acs. mentioned in my letter to you of the 10th of April last, has informed me verbally that he has completed the Surveys of about five sixth parts of the whole quantity out of which the part purchased for John B. Church Esqr and myself is to be drawn by lot: he added that he was going on to complete the remainder. As this was some weeks ago I have not the least doubt that the whole quantity out of which our purchase of 8000 acres is to be taken, are surveyed.\nMy brother John D. Coxe who lately returned from Northampton County informed me, that he saw (at a Tavern near to the lands bought of Pattersons & Stroud) Mr. Joseph Burr whom I employed to inspect the 23000 As. which I bought of those Gentlemen agreeably to my said letter of 10th. April for Mr. Church & myself. Mr. Burr told my brother that all the surveys were completed, & wished to know where I was that he might make his report.\nI have written to the sellers under the two contracts above mentioned to attend in Philada. for the division of the parts of the lands bought of them respectively.\nOf the Execution of Ball & Smith\u2019s Contract, which after deducting the reserved 4000 Acres remains for Mr. Church & myself to the Amount of twelve thousand Acres, I have no advice: but have written urgently to them.\nI am sir with great respect \u2003 yr. most obedient Servant\nT. C.\nAlexr. Hamilton, EsqrAtty. of John Barker Church, Esqr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0408", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Walter Livingston, 30 November 1793\nFrom: Livingston, Walter\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nNew York Nov 30 93\nDr. Sir\nMrs. Livingston has requested me to send to your care the enclosed letter for her Son, and will thank you for forwarding it to him agreeably to your polite offer.\nAlexr Hamilton Philadelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0410", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, [13 December 1793]\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, December 13, 1793. In an undated letter written sometime in 1797 to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., Coxe reviewed his correspondence with Hamilton concerning the execution of the revenue laws in Pennsylvania. In the course of this letter Coxe wrote: \u201cIn my letter of the 13 Decr. 1793, I suggest numerous amendments of the Revenue laws for consideration, plainly or expressly to the end of a complete execution of the Revenue laws in Pennsa.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0411", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, [17 December 1793]\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, December 17, 1793. In an undated letter written sometime in 1797 to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., Coxe reviewed his correspondence with Hamilton concerning the execution of the revenue laws in Pennsylvania. In the course of this letter Coxe wrote: \u201cOn the 17th. Decr. 1793, the letter from this office with those it enclosed, represented the condition of the service in Pannsa. to be very uncomfortable as to embarrass \u27e8\u2013\u27e9, accounts, and revenue.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0414", "content": "Title: To Alexander Hamilton from Tench Coxe, [20 December 1793]\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, December 20, 1793. In an undated letter written sometime in 1797 to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., Coxe reviewed his correspondence with Hamilton concerning the execution of the revenue laws in Pennsylvania. In the course of this letter Coxe wrote: \u201cThe Letter of the 20th. December 1793, gives similar information, urges particular attention to the bad state of things in Pennsa. and presses an early movement on the part of the Secy.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0415", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Daniel Brent, [26 December 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Brent, Daniel\n[Philadelphia, December 26, 1793. On July 16, 1798, Brent wrote to Hamilton and referred to \u201ca letter which I had the Honor of receiving from you, dated the 26th of December 1793.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Hamilton/01-26-02-0002-0416", "content": "Title: From Alexander Hamilton to Jabez Bowen, [1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Bowen, Jabez\n[Treasury Department, 1793. The description of this letter reads: \u201cDischarging the interest on certain stocks.\u201d Letter not found.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0360", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Arthur Campbell, 1 January 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Campbell, Arthur\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Arthur Campbell, 1 Jan. 1793. Tobias Lear wrote Henry Knox on 30 Jan. that he had \u201cthe honor to transmit . . . a letter from Arthur Campbell to the President, which was brought here this morning.\u201d The entry for 30 Jan. 1793 in GW\u2019s executive journal\nrecorded the receipt of a letter \u201cfrom Arthur Campbell, dated Washington Jany. 1st. 1793\u201d (JPP,Dorothy Twohig, ed. The Journal of the Proceedings of the President, 1793\u20131797. Charlottesville, Va., 1981. 39).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0361", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 1 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Jany 1st 1793\nAfter reading the enclosed letter return it to me. My sentiments on the general principle your are acquainted with\u2014With the one handed, under this cover, do as shall seem best to you in the case before us, & let me know the result; or, if you chuse it, I am ready to confer further with you on the subject. I am always Your Sincere frd & sr.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0362", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 1 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Jan. 1. 1793.\nI have duly considered the translation of the letter of Dec. 27. from M. de la Forest stating that the French Consuls here have a right to recieve their salaries at Paris, that under the present circumstances they cannot dispose of their bills, and desiring that our government will take them as a remittance in part of the monies we have to pay to France. no doubt he proposes to let us have them on such terms as may ensure us against loss either from the course of exchange of cash for cash at Philadelphia, Amsterdam & Paris, or from the difference between cash and assignats at Paris, in which latter form they will probably be paid. I do not observe any objection from the treasury that this channel of remittance would be out of their ordinary line and inadmissible on that account. taking it therefore on the ground merely of an advance unauthorised by the French government, I think the bills may be taken. we have every reason to believe the money is due to them, and none to doubt it will be paid, every creditor being authorised to draw on his debtor. they will be paid indeed in assignats, at the nominal value only, but it is previously understood that these will procure cash on the spot of the real value we shall have paid for them. the risk, if any, is certainly very small, and such as it would be expedient in us to encounter in order to oblige these gentlemen. I think it of real value to produce favorable dispositions in the agents of foreign nations here. cordiality among nations depends very much on the representations of their agents mutually, and cordiality once established, is of immense value, even counted in money, from the favors it produces in commerce, and the good understanding it preserves in matters merely political. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect respect & attachment, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0363", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to George Meade, 1 January 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Meade, George\nDear Sir,\n[Philadelphia] January 1st 1793.\nThe President wishes to get from Ireland about 30 lb. or 40 lb. of the seed of the French Furze, which he is told may be had in Cork. The person who procures it must be careful not to get the seed of the Irish Furze which is vastly inferior to the French.\nYour politness in offering to have the above mentiond seed imported for the President will apologize for the trouble of this\u2014The price of the seed the President understands is about 1/ sterling per pound & he had directed me to send the money therefor which you will find enclosed (one ten dollar bill). With great respect & esteem I am Dear Sir, Your most Obet st\nT. Lear", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0366", "content": "Title: William White to Tobias Lear, 3 January 1793\nFrom: White, William\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nSir,\n[Philadelphia] Jany 3. 1793.\nIn Regard to the benevolent Design of the President, communicated to me by you the other Day, I have to inform you, that were I to attempt to furnish a List of the proper Objects, it would necessarily be a more contracted Application of the Bounty, than is intended: For altho, like other Citizens, I have Applications from Persons of different Communions, yet an annual Duty lying on me of paying special Attention to the poor of the Churches under my perochial Care, occasions my having a Knowlege of a much greater Number of one Denomination, than of all the others.\nIn consideration of this & of what I have occasionally learned of the Duties of the Overseers of the poor, I beg leave to suggest for your Consideration, whether it might not be best to deposit the Money with the Treasurer of that Body, giving Notice of it to the Board? The Mode of doing this I can communicate to you.\nEvery one of these Overseers has a certain District; the poor of which are committed to his Charge. The most of them have a weekly Allowance: But I am told, that besides these, the Overseers have always a Knowlege of Families, who are driven by present Distress to solicit Charity; but would be above becoming constant Dependents on it.\nAny further Information you may desire I shall have an Opp[ortunit]y of giving you in Person; I am, in the mean Time, Your very humble Servt\nWm White", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0368", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 4 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt January 4th 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to the President of the United States two Communications, one of the 13th & the other of the 21st of December last, suggesting certain alterations in the arrangement heretofore made, within the Revenue, District of North Carolina. These communications are accompanied with some supplementary documents, explanatory of them. The arrangement suggested in the last appears to me the most adviseable which present circumstances will permit\u2014with this exception only, that the salaries proposed for the Inspectors of Surveys No. 2 and 5. be inverted; allowing to the former 100 Dollars, and to the latter 120 Dollars. The consideration that the Inspector of No. 2. is also a Collector of the Customs, dictates this suggestion.\nAlexander HamiltonSecretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0370", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Lewis, 4 January 1793\nFrom: Lewis, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nHond Uncle,\nThe Exchange Fauquier County [Va.]January 4th 1793.\nYour letter of the 23d ultimo with one inclosed of the same date, came duly to hand this day. The contents I have noted well, and shall sett off the day after tomorrow for the purpose of carrying into effect your instructions with respect to the purchasing of Major Harrisons tract of Land in Fairfax County adjoining your Mill tract. Should we bargain (as I expect we shall) no time shall be lost ere I inform you of it, and the particulars of our agreement.\nI know nothing of your land individually, but was I to judge of its quality from the lands in that vincinity (which I am tolerably well acquainted with) I should not suppose that Major Harrison would have the conscience to ask more than 20/ or twenty six Shillings per acre at most. If he does, there must be improvments to enhance its value. I shall endeavor to get it upon the lowest terms I can without higgling.\nThe Horse which you have been so good as to give me, (I am convinced), will be very valuable in this part of the Country, and, I trust, no small addition to my little income. I have therefore to thank you for your kindness, and to assure you that I am gratefull. Mrs Lewis joins me in love to you and my Aunt. I remain your Affectionate Nephew\nRobt Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0372", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Samuel Powel and the Members of the Pennsylvania Senate, 5 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Powel, Samuel,Members of the Pennsylvania Senate\n[Philadelphia] January 5th 1793\nThe President of the United States requests the pleasure of the company of the Speaker and members of the Senate of the State of Pennsylvania to dine with him on Saturday the 12th of January, at 4 O\u2019clock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0373", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Harriot Washington, 5 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, Harriot\nTo: Washington, George\nFredericksburg [Va.] January 5 [1793]\nI hope my dear Uncle will excuse my troubleing him again, Aunt Lewis has desired me to ask you for a little money there is\na few thing\u2019s I want, that I would be much obleiged to you for, she say\u2019s if you will send me some she will keep it, & I shall not get any thing but what I really want, I hear the Birth night is to be kept, and as every one is a going here and as I should like to go I will thank my dear Uncle if he, will be so good as to send me enough money, to get me a \u27e8s\u27e9lite Lutestring or something, of that kind, as there is some very pretty one\u2019s here, Aunt Lewis will get it for me and I will take great care of it I had a violent pain and inflamation in my jaw last week I was obleiged to have my tooth drawn, and the Doctor charged two dollar for it, Colonel Ball was here yesterday he said he had heard, from the major lately, & that he was no better. If you please to give my love to Aunt Washington. I am my dear Uncle Your affectionate Neice\nHarriot Washington\nP.S. Aunt Lewis desirers me to give her love to you and say\u2019s she would have wrote to you but she had not time.\nH.W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0374", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Green, 6 January 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Green, Thomas\nLetter not found: to Thomas Green, c.6 Jan. 1793. On 6 Jan., GW wrote Anthony Whitting: \u201cYou will See by the enclosed to Thomas Green (which Seal before you send it to him) on what footing I have placed his continuance, or discharge.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0375", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, 6 January 1793\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nRichmond January 6th 93\nPermit me my dear president to offer my congratulations on the late unanimous renewal of affection & confidence on the part of your fellow-citizens, & to pray that the auspicious event may be attended with the happiest effects to you and to them.\nCol. Basset died on the fourth instant in consequence of a fall from his horse\u2014Your amiable nephew at Eltham continues to linger without the smallest chance of recovery, and Mrs Washington enjoys a tolerable state of health in the midst of calamity\u2014this information I have from Doctor Mcclurg who attended Colo. Basset during his illness.\nI beg leave to present my respects to Mrs Washington & to assure you of the entire respect & attachment with which I have the honor to be Your most ob: sert\nHenry Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0376", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Betty Washington Lewis, 6 January 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Betty Washington\nLetter not found: to Betty Washington Lewis, 6 Jan. 1793. On 29 Jan., Betty Lewis wrote GW: \u201cYour letters of Januy the 6the and 14the of this Month came duly to hand.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0377", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Lewis, 6 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Robert\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia Jan\u27e8y\u27e9 6th 1793\nEnclosed are copies of letters written to you agreeably to their dates. They are sent on the possibility that the originals may have miscarried, although the probability, I hope is much against it.\nIn a late letter to Mr Whiting, at Mount Vernon, I have directed him not to sell the Stud horse, but to deliver him to your order. The sooner you send for him the better.\nYour Aunt unites with me in best wishes for yourself and Mrs Lewis, and with sincere regard, I am\u2014Your Affectionate Uncle,\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0379", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 6 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting,\nPhiladelphia Jany 6th 1793\nYour letter of the 2d instant with its enclosures came to hand yesterday\u2014and I am glad to find by it that Mr James Butler had arrived safe for I began to apprehend that he might have fallen sick on the Road, as he had not reached Mount Vernon at the date of your former letter of the 26th Ulto.\nIf this person performs all the duties I have Suggested to you as proper for him to be employed in, with intelligence & zeal, I shall excuse him readily from Manual labour. And as you will Soon discover of what turn of mind he is\u2014whether inclined to industry, or to indulgence, Whether his knowledge of Farming is real or pretended only (from the clearness & precision with which he may discourse with you on topics relating to it), Whether his dispositions are good or bad; and whether he has a head capable of arrangements or not\u2014I should be glad to be informed, when\nyou shall have formed a judgment of them yourself. His character as handed to me, stands exceedingly fair on the Score of Sobriety & honesty, by those with whom he has lived in this Country; and the enclosed certificate (which deposit along with his agreement) testifies to his conduct in Ireland. Mr Keating is a Clergyman of respectable character\u2014& Major Butler (who appears on the Back of the certificate) is one of the Senators in Congress. My apprehensions of James Butlers fitness, proceed from a doubt that he may want activity; & my only reason for so doubting, is founded on his clumsy appearance, and age: and again, that he will be at a loss in the management of Negros\u2014as their idleness & deceit, if he is not Sufficiently cautioned against them, will most assuredly impose upon him. I have told him that he must Stir early & late, as I expect my people will work from day-breaking until it is dusk in the evening; and, that the only way to keep them at work without Severity, or wrangling, is always to be with them.\nYou will See by the enclosed to Thomas Green (which Seal before you send it to him) on what footing I have placed his continuance, or discharge; and I do hereby authorize you to Act accordingly. I need not observe to you, however, that it is necessary before the latter takes place to consider how the business can be carried on without him, or some other White-man; and where, & on what terms, such an one can be had; for I am Sure, none of my Negro Carpenters are adequate to the framing, & executing such a Barn as I am about to build at D: Run.\nSpeaking of this Barn, Let me know when it is probable it will be set about\u2014Whether the Scantling (Oak excepted) and Plank, is actually engaged\u2014And when to be expected? Never having been fully possessed of the poor Major\u2019s view (if he ever contemplated his disorder as fatal) in this building, I am absolutely at a loss what to say to you respecting the materials for it. My own judgment is decidedly against expending his money for this purpose, in the hopeless state of recovery in which he is represented by his Physicians, and all who have seen him to be. On the other hand, as he seems so sollicitous to have it carried on, he must either think differently of his disorder from others, or his object is unknown to me. Under this view of the Subject my advice to you is, to purchase such parts of the Scantling only as are most essential & which will be first wanting by the workmen in carrying on\nthe building, & this, without cutting it to waste; but by no means to hurry the work until matters are brought more to a crisis & certainty. I could not, before he left Mount Vernon, tell him that his case was (by every one) thought desperate; but advised him (except what could be done by his own people) to let the matter rest till the Spring\u2014and then he should have the aid of all my people\u2014As well Carpenters as Bricklayers, to hasten it on.\nIf there was an absolute necessity for refraining from Fishing with my own People, or Postponing my Hedging operations another year, I should not hesitate a moment in giving up the first; for I would make every thing yield to the latter; but I do not see the thing in this light. I expect the Hedging and every thing belonging thereto (except ditching where necessary) whether done this year, next year, or at any time thereafter, will be performed at each Plantation by the hands belonging to it. And that the proper time for this work is now, and in all weather, when the earth can be moved, between this and the budding of Spring. In a ride I took yesterday, I saw thousands of the cuttings of Willow setting out; and upon enquiry was told it was the best season to do it: if it suits one sort of cuttings, more than probable it will suit another; I therefore request this work may not be delayed a moment. It is not like fencing, grubbing, &ca that may be executed at all Seasons of the year. For this reason I should have derived more Satisfaction from reading the reports, to have found that the hands of the Ferry &ca, & the hands of Muddy hole had been employed in preparing the ground along their cross fences for the reception of Cuttings, and Seeds (if you have any to put in) than in grubbing places which could be done as well hereafter for the Crops which are to follow, or even to have omitted them if they could not as now. If under these ideas you can carry on Fishing (with my own people) and Hedging both, it will be most agreeable to me; but if one only can be done, I had rather Rent the Landing for what it will fetch, & stick to Hedging. In the first case\u2014that is doing both\u2014It is very probable Mr James Butler will be a proper person to Superintend the Fishery, as I presume all his hands must go to that business; with aid from other quarters.\nI should be glad to know how far you have advanced in your clearing at the Mansion house? The point between the Road leading to the Wharf, & Hell-hole, ought to be well grubbed,\ncleaned, smoothed, & well sprinkled with Timothy\u2014I mean all that part which lyes with out the fence of the old clover lot, quite up to the Vineyard Inclosure: the same also on the other side of the Road, between that and the cross fence by the Vault & old hound kennel.\nIf the Wool is all spun up, in what manner do you mean to employ the Spinners? They must not be idle; nor ought the Sewers to have been so when they were out of thread: If they can find no other work, let them join the out door hands. Myrtilla & Delia had better, I conceive, do this altogether, as their will be enough without them for all the purposes of Spinning & Sewing.\nMore than an hundred bushels of Buck wheat will, I should Suppose, be nearly or quite adequate to all your wants. If it is sown in good season, and the ground is well prepared, three pecks to the Acre will be enough, of Seed that is fresh & good.\nIf you think the Wheat in No. 2, at Muddy hole, will not be too much injured by turning the young Mules on it, I do not object to the measure; and with respect to the young Jack, it is my earnest wish that he may be fed high\u2014Winter & Summer\u2014to see to what size he can be made to grow.\nAs I have promised the stud horse to Mr Robt Lewis, I would not have him disposed of otherwise. I shall write to him by this opportunity to send for the horse.\nI Suppose Mr Hooe receives my flour upon the same terms he Stores other goods; No other I have a right to expect; but I conceive that he ought to insure it against embezzlement\u2014or waste, occasioned by improper usage in tossing it about. However, if you Store up on the Same terms others do, I can expect no more.\nWhen you are well informed of the conditions on which Majr Harrison lets his Land to Pool &ca I shall be better able to decide upon the propriety of becoming the purchaser of it. My opinion of its being under lease was occasioned by the New building I discovered on it, but this was no more than conjectural evidence of the fact. I remain Your friend & Welwisher\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0380", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Stuart, 7 January 1793\nFrom: Stuart, David\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nGe: town 7th Jany 93\nAgreeable to your request in your late letter to me, I now send you a list of all the sales both public & private, which have been made in the city of Washington. The persons whose names are opposite to the red crosses, bid at our desire: these lots of course remain with us\u2014The square bought by Mr Blodget, was in the same situation, \u2018till his last visit here, when he agreed to take it on himself, and gave us reasons to expect he would set about improving it immediately\u2014It is yet doubtfull, whether he may not allso take those opposite to N:B: in red\u2014It was my wish to have sent you the list at the first of our meeting; but our Clerks have been so much engaged, that I have not been able to get it made out sooner. I am with the greatest respect Your affecte Servt\nDd Stuart.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0381", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 8 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Jan. 8. 93.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President 3. copies of the papers on the subject of the coins. he does not see however that it is necessary to send one to the Senate; unless usage has rendered it so.\nhe has retained the Directors original statement, thinking it ought to be of record in his office, as it may be the foundation of a law.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0382", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Moultrie, 8 January 1793\nFrom: Moultrie, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nCharleston [S.C.] 8th January 1793\nAgreeably to a resolve of the Legislature of this State, I have the honor herewith to transmit to you, a copy of an Oath made by Benjamin Cleveland respecting the murder of some Cherokee Indians. I have the honor to be, with great respect, Your most Obt hume Servt\nWillm Moultrie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0384", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 9 January 1793\nFrom: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWashington 9th Jany\u20141793\nAfter closing our Letter of the 5th we wrote Majr Ellicott\u2014a copy is sent, to which we soon received the inclosed answer\u2014We feel a strong disinclination to go into discussions before the public and believe we shall not be led or drove into it. We are Sir with the greatest respect & esteem Your Obt hble Servts\nTh. Johnson\nDd Stuart.\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0385", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 9 January 1793\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nHonrd Sir\nMount Vernon Jany 9th 1793\nYour Letter of the 30th of Decemr I had the Honor to receive, in my last I mentioned Mr Butlers being at Mount Vernon he seems a well inform\u2019d man & may be a Good Judge of farming but I find he like all others first from Europe thinks Great improvements may be made in agriculture he has been with the hands while Grubbing on the side of hell hole Swamp & he Got a Spade & tried the Soil of the Swamp & told me at Dinner there was some fine manure there he seemd to think it a Great acquisition and I believe would wish to see it all hauld out on the Land I had the same ideas when I came first to this Country.\nI have perticularly examined the Ground from the Wharf to the Visto since the receipt of your Excellencys Letter which Containd a Sketch of what was intended, & still think the Collection of water from the different Springs to front of mansion house will be very difficult, there are many hollows to pass three of Which I think at least five feet lower than the banks on each side\nof them. if the water Should be carried across them in a trunk it would then deprive me of the water running down them which is the most considerable & should the drain be cut deep enough to collect that water (which certainly ought to be Collected) it must in many places as above be at least five feet deep and not less then three or four in every part whether you Sir supposed this to be the Case I dont know. I still think it is not impossible but are of the same way of thinking I was, that it will take an immensity of Labor I have examined the Paint & Oyl the latter of Which is now nearly exhausted I found in the Store 3 Small kegs of red paint very dry & hard which I believe had been there some years we Soften\u2019d it by boiling it in the Oyl and have used the Greatest part of it the roofs of the houses take a Great deal of paint The Salt house & 3 Garden houses out of 4 are finishd & the Smoke house allmost done we Shall want a bll of Oyl & a keg of red paint & it must not be a small one to finishd the Other houses & five or six kegs of White to go over what has been only primed & it would look well if the Cornice of Smoke & Salt houses was painted over now the roof is new painted Indeed there is a Great deal of painting wanting the pillars of the Piazza are very naked, & many other places are wanting paint So that if your Excellency Chuses to have them done there is no danger of sending too much White Lead\u20144 or 5 of the small kegs which white paint is Generally put in will do What has been began & not finishd abt the [slave] Qu[arte]rs Green house &c. perhaps Salt & Smoke house. The Piazza roof has not leakd since it was Covered.\nThe Old Clover Lot at Mansion has been Several weeks plough\u2019d. The brick yard inclosure I think will be the better for lying \u2018till spring as it now is as buck Wheat leaves the Land very light & I much question but it will be more mellow in Spring then if it had been turnd up to have been beat with the rains & run to Gether by frosts The Lucerne Lot I think I will plough (if the weather continues fine) to morrow as from its being Stony & Gravelly the above case will not happen. The Lots abt mansion house I will sow with Clover myself and am persuaded I can sow it as regular as any machine ever made use of One may notwithstanding be made for the use of Others places as no dependence can be placed in the Overseers Sowing regular.\nDoll at Ferry has been Sick some time past has lately been Swingling flax but as I took her of the report nothing has been\nsaid of her work or Sickness I have this morning had her brought in a Cart to mansion house & intend her to be learn\u2019d to knit there wants more knitters the plaid Stockings Given to the people wont last them more then two or three weeks & I could wish them to have all knit Stockings.\nMr Robt Lewis Sent yesterday for the Horse Sampson I have this morning sent him he requested his boy to have him Shod if he had no Shoes on, the Smiths being only just finishing there kiln I had to send for some Coal & had him Shod this morning.\nYesterday Visited Mount Vernon Lord Galloway Son of the Earl of Galloway in Scotland he has been it seems thro Nova Scotia & the thirteen States is at present at Alexandria Mr Willm Wilson came with him to Mount Vern. he is Going to the Northwd & will I expect call on your Excellencys in passing he was highly delighted with the Situation of Mount Vernon but much surprized at the number of Acres in Cultivation he ask\u2019d me what number of ploughs we work\u2019d I told him about thirty he said it far exceeded any number he ever knew off.\nI have sent a 100 blls of flour to Alexa. this week but we have a Great deal of trouble of Getting it from the mill I am forced to send the Waggon & Carts to haul it to the Oyster Shell Landing & then each bring a Load to the Old fish house below Bishop\u2019s the tides have been very low but the Weather fine for Getting it away I have allways met the Boat in Town \u2018till this day When it is Gone alone with 50 blls I wrote to Smith to inspect it as it comes out of the boat we had part of our Load on Monday not inspected I Got him to inspect it as we unloaded it & it passed with Credit I hope it will do the same to Day. flour is worth abt 1/6 \u214c bll more then last week three Brigs have past this morning up, so that I hope it will not be worse in price.\nThe Clover seed & every thing mentioned in the Bills of Lading & invoices have come safe to hand.\nThe fences at River plantn are a Serious matter and I hardly know where timber is to be found for the repairs of them By some means however they must be made Good for I cannot bear to see such fences, there hands (men) must be now Constantly employd in this business & women likewise as soon as rails can be Got in putting them up Mr Stewart & myself have been all thro the woods he seems to think the timber not so very Scarce but he has lived in a part Where it is Generally so which makes\nhim think more favorable of them woods I have signified to him a desire of having the fences all put in repair for such is there present situation that no hog can hardly be kept in any field\u2014the post & rail fences around the Clover Lot will let a hog thro half Grown, Your Excellencys was mentioning that Gang might come over to mansion house Grubbing but I had rather see there fences put in Good order if you Sir have no Objections they have a Good winters work there to compleat this & I most heartily wish it may be done. I am Honrd Sir Your Obdt Servt\nA. Whitting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0386", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Uriah Forrest, 10 January 1793\nFrom: Forrest, Uriah\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nGeorgetown 10th January 1793.\nHaving at heart the growth & prosperity of the federal City I have for many months made it a point to promote all in my power whatever appeared to be the views of those directing its improvement even in instances where my judgement could not be convinced the measures were quite proper[.] Because from the altercation which took place betwixt the commissioners and major L\u2019enfant and in which I with other proprietors interfer\u2019d perhaps improperly but certainly too intemperately I was led to reflect perhaps more than I had otherwise done & from that reflexion & from observation I am convinced the City has infinately more to dread from the discord and want of Union in its friends than from all the power of its Enemies[.] Thus impressed you will not wonder at my endeavouring to heal the breach between the Commissioners and mr Ellicot on the first intimation I had of it[.] I suggested to one of the commissioners it was better to overlook any waste of time or trifling expence of money which I understood was objected to the Surveyor than to suffer him to be discontented much less that it should be generally known there existed new differences between those directing & executing the business of the City and to Mr Ellicot I urged every thing in my power[.] But on Tuesday I heard with great concern it had been ineffectual for on the morning of that day it was pretty generally spoken that He intended to attack their conduct in the public prints and had given them notice to provide a successor.\nHe had left Town before I received this information and I therefore sent out to the City to try and dissuade him from it[.] I inclose herein copy of his answer[.] I understand several letters have passed between the commissioners & him[.] I have not\nseen any of them nor have I been particularly informed the contents more than that in general they contained much acrimony.\nI consider the Event and particularly the Time of it as very unfortunate and have thus early troubled you respecting it in the hope that some expedient may be fallen on to effect an accommodation or if that cannot be brought abou\u27e8t\u27e9 to guard as much as possible against any ill effects from i\u27e8t\u27e9.\nI confidently trust You will accept of the Motives which have induced me to trouble you on the occasion as a sufficient apology for the freedom I have taken and pray you to beleiv\u27e8e\u27e9 that of the whole number of those who respect & esteem you there is not one more sincere than Sir Your most Obedient very humble Sert\nUriah Forrest", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0389", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Gouverneur Morris, 10 January 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Washington, George\n(private) \nMy dear SirParis 10 January 1793    \nAs I have good Reason to beleive that this Letter will go safely, I shall mention some Things which may serve as a Clue to lead thro Misteries\u2014Those who plannd the Revolution which took Place on the tenth of August sought a Person to head the Attack, and they found a Mr Westermann whose Morals were far from Exemplary. He has no Pretensions to Science or to Depth of Thought, but he is fertile in Ressources and endued with the most daring Intrepidity. Like C\u00e6sar he beleives in his Fortune\u2014When the Business drew towards a Point, the Conspirators trembled; but Westermann declard they should go on. They obey\u2019d because they had trusted him too far. On that important Day his personal Conduct decided (in a great Measure) the Success. Rewards were due, and military Rank with Opportunities to enrich himself were granted.\nYou know Something of Dumouriez. The Council distrusted him. Westermann was commission\u2019d to destroy him, should he\nfalter. This Commission was shew\u2019d to the General. It became the Band of Union between him and Westermann\u2014Dumouriez open\u2019d Treaty with the King of Prussia. The principal Emigrants, confident of Force and breathing Vengeance shut the royal Ear. Thionville was defended because a Member of the constituent Assembly saw in Lafayette\u2019s Fate his own. Metz was not deliver\u2019d up because Nobody ask\u2019d for the Keys, and because the same Apprehensions were felt which influenced in Thionville. The King of Prussia waited for these Evidences of Loyalty untill his Provisions were consum\u2019d. He then found it necessary to bargain for a Retreat. It was worth to Westermann about ten thousand Pounds. The Council, being convinc\u2019d that he had betray\u2019d their bloody Secret, have excited a Prosecution against him for old Affairs of no higher Rank than petit Larceny\u2014He has desir\u2019d a Trial by Court Martial.\nYou will judge whether cordial Union can subsist between the Council and their Generals\u2014Verniaux[,] Guadet &ca are now I am told the Intimates of Dumouriez, & that the present Administration is to be overturn\u2019d, begining with Pache the Minister of War\u2014You will have seen a Denunciation against these Members of Assembly for a Letter they wrote to Thierry the King\u2019s Valet de Chambre. This Affair needs Explanation, but it can be of no present Use.\nThe King\u2019s Fate is to be decided next Monday the fourteenth. That unhappy Man conversing with one of his Counsel on his own Fate, calmly summed up the Motives of every Kind and concluded that a Majority of the Convention would vote for referring his Case to the People and that in Consequence he should be massacred\u2014I think he must die or reign. yours always and truly\nGouvr Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0391", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Cincinnatus, 11 January 1793\nFrom: Cincinnatus\nTo: Washington, George\nSIR,\n[11 January 1793]\nYOU have not often been troubled with anonymous addresses, it may therefore be thought proper, that some apology be made you for the obtrusion of this; but the novelty of the measure must be justified by the necessity of the case, and by that claim which your injured companions in arms have to your patronage and protection,\u2014derived from those professions and promises made to them by you when their commander in chief. They then respected you as they ought, as soldiers they gloried in you, as friends they loved you; they once thought their affections for you reciprocal, and would even now reluctantly give up that belief.\nMy address to you will be in plain republican language. I do not pretend to understand those prudent forms of decorum, those gentle rules of discretion, which courtly softness may prescribe.\nNo man knows as well as you the services, sacrifices and sufferings of the late army; your tribute of acknowledgements is on record,\u2014it does justice to your head and heart; but Sir, by what fatality has it happened, that your countenance, which once delighted and animated them, is now withdrawn from their support?\u2014There was a time, when the army never would have believed, that you could be at the head of government for four years, without making one effort,\u2014without expressing a single wish for a retribution of their services. Can it be possible, Sir, that you have abandoned the known rules of right, to adopt the quibbling distinctions of the Treasury? The army have now come forward, quasi un\u00e2 voce, and have thrown themselves on the justice, the humanity and gratitude of Congress\u2014to ask that as a gratuity which they ought to receive as a right.\u2014Such men, struggling with adversity, must always be an interesting scene to them;\u2014at sight of so much virtue in distress your natural benevolence will take the alarm and anticipate their acts of humanity.\nThe individuals of the late army thought themselves interested, and were therefore active, in the change that effected the present government. The languor and inability of the old one deprived them of their stipulated wages; but the change has been the reverse of their expectations; for they are not only not benefited, but really injured by it, inasmuch as they not only do not receive any of their own dues, but are compelled to contribute to pay those very dues to others, without any sort of equivalent or compensation paid to them. If they were justifiable in overturning the old government, because it could not do them justice, how much less reason have they to support the present one which does them injustice.\nThe present government has been liberal to the late army in nothing but neglect and contempt. It may be worth while to pause a little and reflect on the probable effects of a continuance of these measures.\u2014If nothing shall now be granted them, they will feel cut off from all hopes of redress,\u2014and in that you lop off their attachment to government\u2014methinks I see you startled at the idea of so extensive an amputation.\nSir, the salus reipublic\u00e6 might again require a practice of those lessons, the army learnt in their youth before they are too old:\u2014now is the time to purchase the exclusive right to their tactical knowledge\u2014it may be had at the low price of paying them their\nhonest demands;\u2014it will infuse a portion of new health into the government and enable it to bear its infirmities.\nA single ray of well directed sympathy from you will dissipate a cloud which is overshadowing your own honourable fame.\nI have addressed myself to the individual members of Congress, through the same channel, on this subject, with such arguments as, to my understanding, are unanswerable.\nCINCINNATUS", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0393", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 11 January 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] Friday January 11th 1793\nT. Lear is ordered by the President of the U.S. to transmit to the Secretary of State a letter and its enclosures, together with a draft of the survey of the federal district, which he has received from the Commissione[r]s.\nThe President requests that the Secretary will take this matter into consideration and report to the President his opinion whether it should be laid before Congress or not.\nTobias Lear.Secretary to the President of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0394", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 11 January 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nMy dear Sir.\n[Philadelphia] Jany 11. 1793.\nWill you please to submit to the President of the United States the enclosed letters from major general Wayne, and to inform him that as the paymaster has arrived at head quarters, pay, to complete the army for the last year, will be prepared, and forwarded instantly. I am, dear Sir, Yours sincerely\u2014\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0395", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 13 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Sunday Jan. 13. 93.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to send to the President a sketch which he has submitted to a gentleman or two in the legislature on the subject of Indian purchases.\nhe sends him also two letters recd last night from mister Gouverneur Morris. the correspondence referred to in one of them, is in French, and being improper to go into the hands of a clerk, Th: J. is translating it himself for the use of the President. it is lengthy, and will require a good part of to-day to do it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0397", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Bee, 14 January 1793\nFrom: Bee, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nCharleston [S.C.] 14 January 1793.\nThe Office of Surveyor of the Customs for this Port being vacant by the death of Mr Weyman\u2014I have presumed once more to trouble your Excellency & to Sollicit you, in favor of my Brother Joseph Bee, who has by the Events of the War lost the greatest part, if not the whole of a very handsome property, and has now a Wife and three Children to support\u2014he was one of those who was captured at the fall of Charleston in 1780, & from his known Opposition to the British, sent among others to St Augustine, after his Exchange, he joined the Southern Army as a Volunteer in Col. [William] Washingtons Cavalry, where he continued in constant service, until the Evacuation of this Town.\nMr Izard & major Butler will be able to give any further information that may be deemed requisite, with sentiments of the greatest Esteem & respect I remain your Excellencys most Obt & very hume Servant\nTho. Bee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0398", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 14 January 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nUnited States [Philadelphia], January 14th 1793\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to return to the Secretary of State the letter to the Minister of France, relative to the supply of money to pay certain Bills drawn by the administration of St Domingo, which has been submitted to the President; and to inform the Secretary, that the President, presuming that the contents of said letter is conformable to the arrangements made on that subject, approves of the same.\nTobias Lear.Secretary to the p[r]esident of the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0399", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Betty Washington Lewis, 14 January 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Betty Washington\nLetter not found: to Betty Washington Lewis, 14 Jan. 1793. On 29 Jan., Betty Lewis wrote GW: \u201cYour letters of Januy the 6the and 14the of this Month came duly to hand.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0401", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jonathan Rhea, 14 January 1793\nFrom: Rhea, Jonathan\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nMonmouth County New Jersey January the 14th 1793\nIf my zeal and I hope faithfull services during the late Revolution, my exertions in detecting the treachery of Depeyster, and what I then and still do believe to have been an intended assassination, entitules me to the liberty of recommending, or the soliciting a favor, if it can be granted with propriety, I shall beg leave to ask the appointment of my brother James Rhea to the commission of an Ensign in the now standing army, I wish not to deceive nor to recommend improperly, my brothers character during the late war, was that of a good soldier, he was young but in the Militia of this county, he was a volunteer in the late unfortunate action under General St Clair with the Indians, and from the information of some of my old brother officers he there behaved well. I have the honor to be with the most affecte regard & respect Your Obdt Servt\nJonathan Rhea", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-11-02-0403", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 15 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Jan. 15. 1793.\nOn further consideration I have thought it may be as well to omit the proposition for making any addition however small to the foreign fund, till the next session of Congress, by which time it will be more evident whether it is necessary or not. I have the\nhonor to be with the greatest respect Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0002", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Johnson, 16 January 1793\nFrom: Johnson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nsir.\nFrederick [Md.] 16 January 1793.\nThis incloses a Resignation of my Commission of Judge: it would have better suited with my Inclination and my Ideas of propriety to have held it till after the next supreme Court but I am not very well and a Journey now to Philadelphia would be at least disagreeable.\nOn my first reading the Judiciary Act it appeared to me rather an Essay and I had no Doubt but that there would have been an Alteration as soon as the Attention of Congress could be again drawn to the Subject: The Experience we have had of the little that has been or could be done under the present System though excessively fatiguing to the Judges would I thought have insured their Discharge from Circuit Duty\u2014I am not conscious of being greedy of the Profits of Office and would voluntarily have given up part of the Salary as I believe all my Brethren would have done But I am informed the Judges of the supreme Court are still to go the Circuits with an Increase of power to one eventually.\nI have not Self consequence enough to blame others for not thinking as I do or to wish Arrangements for my Accomodation\nI have measured Things however and find the Office and the Man do not fit\u2014I cannot resolve to spend six Months in the Year of the few I may have left from my Family, on Roads at Taverns chiefly and often in Situations where the most moderate Desires are disappointed: My Time of Life Temper and other Circumstances forbid it.\nI am truly sensible to the good Opinion and Confidence you have so often shewn towards me\u2014and with best wishes and Sentiments of perfect Esteem I remain sir most respectfully Your obedt Servant.\nTh. Johnson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0003", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John C. Ogden, 16 January 1793\nFrom: Ogden, John C.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPortsmouth [N.H.] Jany 16th 1793\nThe rapid decline in the health of that firm patriot, and excellent Soldier Judge Sullivan, will shortly remove him to another world.\nWith this in expectation, the People of New Hampshire are generaly anxious, as to his Successor. Their eyes and hearts are set upon The Honble Mr Pickering\u2014a Gentleman of known learning and abilities, of stern integrity, and pure morality, A man who has no enemies because he is an universal friend. In\nhim our country will find more qualities to give dignity and importance to the place of District Judge, than any other man in this State. Mr Livermore alone is his rival. This I say not of my own thought alone, it is the general voice of our citizens. Sensible how much the liberty and happiness of my country men, family and myself, as well as that of posterity depends upon promoting and rewarding virtuous men, I cannot as a citizen and clergyman forbear saying the above. Not that The President of the United States is ignorant of that gentlemans merits\u2014but, that you probably are not possessed of the sentiments of our citizens\u2014this I have learned from a large acquaintance and late extensive circuit through the State.\nThe People and Legislature were greatly worr[i]ed when Mr Woodbury Langdon, was called to a continental employment, at the time, when he was under an impeachment for neglect of duty. Their hearts for a moment, revolted against the continental government, He sent them an insolent letter. they have since seen him, making a job of his place, by protracting the commissioners business, and frequently returning home. They repeat his equivocal revolution principles at the beginning. his offer to British administration, to assist in reducing the country to its former obedience during the war\u2014His breach of parole with the Commissary in New York\u2014and plots against the property & prosperity of individuals as well as The Church.\nIt ought ever to be remembred that in New Hampshire, party and family influence have artfully and assiduously endeavoured to secure public emoluments to themselves without in return, extending the more general good. European customs on this head, and the practice of the royal government, have not evaporated from the atmosphere of this Town & State. The Langdon party have had the success to absorbe governmental favors at present from Congress, among themselves. Good policy appears now to dictate, that, others share also. Mr Pickerings appointment, will be as acceptable, as was that of Mr Sullivan. and Your Excellency must be sensible, that nothing was more generaly pleasing, than the appointment of the latter\u2014particulary to members of the late army.\nA Clergyman is a citizen, and while he obeys government, and wishes to be extensivly useful, must endeavor to guard the republic.\nI have preserved no copy of this\u2014my request is that it may be\ndestroyed, as soon as it is read. I am Sir with every impression of unalterable reverence and fidelity your obedient servt\nJohn Cosens Ogden", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0004", "content": "Title: John Stagg, Jr., to Tobias Lear, 16 January 1793\nFrom: Stagg, John Jr.\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nSir.\nWar-department, Jany 16th 1793.\nI have the honor to transmit you, enclosed, by order of the Secretary of War, and which he requests may be laid before the\nPresident, a letter just received from brigadier general Wilkinson of the 11th December 1792, with several enclosures. I am Sir, with respectful consideration, Your obedt Servt\nJno: Stagg JunrChf Clk", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0006", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Daniel Byrnes, 17 January 1793\nFrom: Byrnes, Daniel\nTo: Washington, George\nEsteemed Friend George Washington\nNew Winsor [N.Y.]1 month 17th 1793\nI have Some matters of Concern to me which I wish very Respectfully to Lay before thee for thy Consideration in the year 1777 I was owner of and Lived at them Mills in the State of Dallaware on the Side of white Clay Creek abought two Miles north of Christiana Bridge at the time the English Army Lay betwen my Mills and the head of Elk and the American Army Some of them on the Hill by white Clay Creek Bridge in Sight of my House & Mills and Some of them nearer to Newport. thus was I with my Famely Situated betwen the two Contending Armies and on the 7th Day of the week Clement Biddle an officer as I Supose in thy Army Came to my House and informed me that General Woshington had Sent him to let me know that the wheat & Flour in my Mills must be Removed and told me that thou Said the English\nArmy wod be quite likly to Come that way and wod Distroy what I had but that thou wod take it and I Should be paid for it I Did then belive thou intended it as a favour to me as I was not Looked on as an Enemy to my Countery and therefore I Could Do no other thing but Submitt to thy orders accordingly he Sent that Day twenty Wagons and Load them with Wheat and Flour and next Day being first Day of the week came twenty more Wagons and Loaded (while I was at Meeting) with wheat and Flour the also that Day took Eight Large Cheese away which was put in the Mill to be out of the way of the Flies they Laft with Some of my young men Recipts for the Wheat & Flour but not for the Cheese they ware to Come again the Next Day being the Second Day of the week for more wheat & Flour as there was Some Still Lafft but that Day the English Army Crossed white Clay creek 2 or 3 miles above my Mills and thy Army moved away I Saw Clement Biddle that Day on Horse back he told me he wod pay me but the Army was moving and all Seemed in a hurry I Supose he had not time and want away with out paying after that time there was Much Difucalties with the Army I knew not whare to apply for pay and Did not apply any where but Some time after Tobias Rudulph who was my particuler Friend Call\u2019d at my House and finding I was not paid told me if I wod Give him the Recipts he wod Get the Money for me accordingly I gave him the Recipts and he applied Several times but Could not obtain it untill the fore part of the year 1779 and then Owen Biddle who Lives in Philadelphia paid Tobias Rudulph for the 1151 Bushels of wheat @ 8/6 pr Bushel Contanental Dollars Some time after that he got the pay in the Like money for the 81 Barrels of Superfine Flour from Some other pay master whose name I Do not Remember @ 22/6 pr hundred thus I was paid for 1151 Bushels of wheat which I had purchesed when money was Suposed to be good and had been Considerable time in my Mills for which I Gave 8/3 pr Bushel\n            81 Barrels 162.0.0 Superfine Flour @ 22/6 pr Cnt\n            81 Casks @ 2/ the Common price in hard money\n            the money when paid was at Least 10 for 1 which is in hard money ondly\n            and wheat was then abought \u00a310 pr Bushel\n            So that the whole money when paid would have purchesed abought 60 or 70 Bushels of wheat besides 8 Cheeses wod have waighed at Least 160 lb. @ 6d\n            So the Scale wod make the Ballence\n            which is Less then it aught to be in Justice Intrust on the Ballence from the 7th month 1777 to the 7th month 1792 being 15 years @ 6 pr cent is\nI cannot be cartain abought the wt of the Flour as I Do not know that it was weighed but 2.00 Nt Used to be abought the wt of Barrels\nthe above is nearly I belive a true Represantation of the Case in which I have been a very great Sufferer for had the money been paid when the property was taken as it was proposd to be I Could have Replacd the wheat at the price given I am now at a Loss to know how to Get Justice Don me by any other way but applying to thee as thou was the Man that ordered my propperty taken I Supose thy influence with Congress wod Do much in my favour I belive no man Can think it Right that one man Should Suffer So much by the publick the Army had my property to Live upon and I think the States aught in Justice to pay me a Reasonable price for it I have not Run hastily as many others have but have waited with patience untill I Supose the United States are able to Do me Justice without feeling it I am now in an advanced Age not far Short of Seventy my Losses Last war beside the above was So great that I was under a necessaty to Sell them Mills at white Clay Creek and have Sence purchesed Governer Clintons mills by New Winsor which I have put in Good order but I have not money Suficient to Carry them on and if I Could have Justice Don me in this matter I belive it wod Set me above the World once more but Considering my poverty and thy Exalted Station I assure thee it is not pleasent to me to Trouble thee with this affair but beliving thou art a man of Sencable feeling for those that Suffer and that thy influence wod be of Singuler Service to obtain Justice for me and I Desire nothing but Justice and if thou will be So kind as to Do Some thing for me in this affair in the way thou may think best it will be by me GreatfuUy acknowledged\nand Let me know thy mind by a Line Directed to the Care of Robert Bowne in Newyork as my Son Lives with him it will Soon be Sent to me if thou Should want any farther information Clement Biddle Can give thee Some. in hopes that the above Communication will not be Disagreable to thee I Remain as I have ever been Sence I knew thy Corrector [character] thy Respectfull Friend and well wisher\nDaniel Byrnes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0007", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Parker, 17 January 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Parker, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Thomas Parker, 17 Jan. 1793. GW wrote Parker on 7 Feb., \u201cI have received your letter of the 17th of January.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0010", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 19 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt 19th Jany 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to transmit herewith to the President of the United States three provisional Contracts made by the Collector of Washington in North Carolina, for the stakage of the shoals, sounds &c. within that State, north of the District of Wilmington, accompanied with a letter from the Commissioner of the Revenue relative to the subject.\nThe Secretary, from considerations suggested by the Commissioner, and relying on the care that will hereafter be taken to reduce the terms as far as shall be found practicable, respectfully submits to the President the ratification of the present Contracts.\nAlexandr HamiltonSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0011", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Uriah Forrest, 20 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Forrest, Uriah\nSir\nPhiladelphia Jany 20th 1793.\nPrevious to the receipt of your letter of the 10th inst. enclosing a copy of Mr Elli[c]ott\u2019s answer to the attempt wh. you made to dissuade him from quitting the business in wh. he is engaged, I had learnt, with concern, that there had been some altercation between him & the Commissioners of the federal District, relative to the time & money which had been expended in running & marking the lines within the City; and indeed, as I passed through George Town last fall, I understood that some of the proprietors expressed a dissatisfaction at the tardiness with which that business appeard to be executing. I was then in hopes, that there might be no substantial cause for complaint on that score, but that the dissatisfaction arose more from the impatience of those persons who were interested in the completion of the business, than from any improper delay or tardiness on the part of Mr Ellicott; and I flattered myself that I should never hear more of the subject. But sorry I am to find that I have been disappointed in this hope, and that the matter has occasioned a serious difference between the Commissioners & Mr Ellicott.\nI perfectly agree with you, Sir, \u201cthat the City has infinitely more to dread from the discord & want of union among its friends than from all the power of its enemies\u201d\u2014and am therefore persuaded, that every considerate person, who is interested in its establishment, will use his influence to heal differen[c]es & promote\nharmony among those engaged in the execution of the work.\nThe dispute between Mr Ellicott & the Commissione[r]s is, I beleive, but little known at present out of the circle of George Town, and I am therefore convinced, that if Mr Ellicott\u2019s sole object is to make its merits known, as far as a knowledge of its existance extends, he could do it as well, or better, by other means than he could by a news paper publication, which would only tend to promote personal disgust and hurt the progress of the City. And if Mr E. is serious in the declaration of his attachment to that spot, as the permanent seat of Government, he cannot but give up a determination which will be manifestly productive of much detriment to the establishment. With great esteem I am Sir, Your most Obedt Set\nGo: W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0012", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Lee, 20 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lee, Henry\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia Jany 20th 1793.\nI have been favored with your letter of the 6th instant, congratulatory on my re-election to the Chair of Government. A mind must be insensible indeed, not to be gratefully impressed by so distinguished, & honorable a testimony of public approbation & confidence: and, as I suffered my name to be contemplated on this occasion, it is more than probable that I should, for a moment, have experienced chagreen if my re-election had not been by a pretty respectable vote. But to say I feel pleasure from the prospect of commencing another tour of duty, would be a departure from truth; for however it might savour of affectation in the opinion of the world (who by the bye can only guess at my sentimts as it never has been troubled with them) my particular, & confidential friends well know, that it was after a long and painful conflict in my own breast, that I was withheld (by considerations which are not necessary to mention) from requesting, in time, that no votes might be thrown away upon me; it being my fixed determination to return to the walks of private life, at the end of my term. I am sorry to be informed by your letter, that death has snatched from us my old acquaintance &\nfriend Colo. Bassett. The manner of it, adds to the regret. We shall all follow; some sooner & some later; & from accounts, my poor Nephew is likely to be amongst the first.\nMrs Washington joins me in wishing you the return of many new & happy years. With very great esteem & Regard I am\u2014always Your Affecte Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0013", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 20 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting,\nPhiladelphia Jan. 20th 1793\nYour letter dated the 16th instant, enclosing the Reports of the preceeding week, came duly to hand. and the parts requiring it, will be duly noticed.\nEnclosed you have a list of Paints Oil &ca which left this yesterday morning; and may, possibly, be at Alexandria (if the Vessel is not detained at Norfolk where she is to call) nearly as soon as this letter may reach Mount Vernon.\nIt might be well, if there is nothing to prevent it that I am unacquainted with, for Davis to finish the Painting mentioned in your last, without delay; that this work may be accomplished before the Season shall arrive for making, or laying Bricks. The Paint by advice of the maker of it, is put into small kegs, that it may not waste by drying; and it is proper whenever one of them is opened, to stick to that work until the contents therein are all used, for the same reason.\nYou will see by the enclosed Invoice, that two Ropes for the Well by the Quarter are sent\u2014that is, one of hair, & the other of\nHerba: use which ever is best, and take good care of the other and of the old one also.\nI hope every attention has, and will be paid to the Meat, otherwise the warm weather may taint & spoil it.\nHow does the Wheat stand this open weather, & look? As an interesting period for it is coming on, give me notice from time to time of the changes it may undergo: & embrace the best season, & weather, for sowing clover on such of the Wheat fields as are intended to receive it. Let it be done by the machine mentioned in Mr Bordleys Pamphlet, and at the rate mentioned in some of my letters to you, formerly.\nI should not incline to hire white Carpenters; and I know not where those of another description are to be had: and if to be had, numbers would afford little aid if they are not well attended to; and where a person is to be found that would do this, is yet more difficult than the other. If the number I have would work as men ought to do, the buildings you describe as wanting, would require no great time to erect. I wish Richards house was removed to Muddy hole, for I think the one in which Davy now lives is dangerous. This I expected would have been amongst the first things done after I left home. I hope too, that the gates will be put up as soon as they can be with convenience; and furnished with such latches as are to the white, & other gates on the Road; and not such as is on that which opens into the fields at the Ferry; which was a plague to all that entered it. My object in keeping the Carpenters as much together as the nature of the work would admit, was, that they might be under Greens own eyes, and thereby kept to their duty: but if he skulks from work himself, & is not attentive to theirs, they may as well be any where else as with him.\nIn my last, if I recollect rightly, or in some late letter to you, I gave it as my opinion that materials for the Majors building should be laid in as fast as the work could be carried on, without waste; and if it was not so understood, by you, I now repeat it. By this mode of proceeding, the house will meet no delay; nor will materials be provided unnecessarily. In the meanwhile, his situation and views will more & more unfold themselves.\nI have Six quarts of Honey locust Seeds which, by mistake, did not get on board Captn Ellwood in time; but they shall be sent by the next Vessel\u2014or by Post in season for Spring sowing: (the\nground in the meanwhile to be well prepared for them)\u2014If there is more of the French Furze seeds to be had in Alexandria, and you have any good reason to suppose it not bad, I would advise you to provide more of it, notwithstanding I have just sent to Ireland by the advice of Mr James Butler, for 30 or 40 lbs. of it. And if, upon enquiry of any of the Merchants in Alexandria, who may have shipping of their own, coming from England, you could import at a proper Season, the English thorn, I would have you engage ten or 12,000 of them. Do not, however, let this prevent Mr Butler from making experiments with the Berries of the White thorn in this Country; Nor suspend any other projects (for hedging) which you may have in contemplation. The manner of doing these things I leave to you. To get them done is the interesting part to me. A slight Watling, where there are no Hogs, would, I should conceive, answer all the purposes of preservation; and if done with Split Stakes, can not last less than 4 or 5 years. Dunging, if you have means to do it, will certainly facilitate the growth of the plants; & I should recommend it accordingly. I very much question whether the Seeds of the Honey locust which were put into the ground last Spring and are not yet up, will ever vegitate (because the ground was not properly prepared for them) but if hope remains, I am willing to trust to the issue of it; especially as I have no prospect of obtaining a large supply of them.\nEnclosed you have some Seeds of the (blew) Maliga grape, which give to the Gardener. Those sent last were of the white kind\u2014in other respects the same.\nIf you can do without the fence that Runs from No. 1 (Dogue Run) to the Mill Race I would not have it moved; because I prefer grass lots of 20 or 25 Acres to those of double the size notwithstanding the expence of fencing\u2014and this for a variety of reasons wch\u2014will readily occur to you; whether for Mowing or graising, or both alternately\u2014And would have the Ditches which divide them, planted with Willow (either the Weeping, yellow, or even those common in the Swamps) for hedges; as hath been frequently mentioned; the ground being first well hoed & cleansed for the Reception of them; otherwise the labour and the plants (as was the case last year) will be thrown away: for plants will come to nothing if choaked, & stifled with grass & weeds.\nI am persuaded (as I observed to you in my last) that fencing\nat the River Plantation will be an expensive, and labourious job: and if it shall be thought safe to entrust No. 4 to the security of Water fences I shall not object to one of the Carpenters assisting Mr Stuart in building a Batteau for the erection of them: but I have great doubts on this hd; and if Hogs cannot be kept from them I am sure they will not give security to the Crop that may be in it. The Shores are very shoal. The fences must be very extensive to reach beyond low water mark after a day or two of No. West Winds\u2014and if they do this, the high tides occasioned by Easterly Winds, are apt to overset them; & if this does not happen, Ice in the Winter scarcely fail to carry them off. However after giving this information I leave you to your own judgment.\nThe Cedars between No. 3 & 4 might be plashed\u2014laying them as the ditch Runs\u2014and Cedar berries previously sown between the present growing trees, to fill the Spaces. A hedge of this sort, against every thing but Hogs, is as formidadle, & perhaps as lasting a fence as can be made.\nIf you can manufacture Such Sein twine as will compleatly answer the purpose, it will, asuredly, be a very desirable thing; for there is, certainly, no proverb more true \u201cthan that a penny Saved is a penny got\u201d\u2014And as it holds good in one thing as well as another, I wish you would keep it always in view. Do what, upon fair calculation, shall appear best with the Shorts at the Mill, & I shall be satisfied with your decision on the occasion.\nShould there come a freezing spell, employ much force, and all your exertion to stock the Ice-house, if but partially. I am very well pleased at your furnishing Doctor Stuart with a plow for the use of the Estate on York River; as it is my wish to aid it in every shape I can.\nYour treatment of Charlotte was very proper\u2014and if she, or any other\u2014of the Servants will not do their duty by fair means\u2014or are impertinent, correction (as the only alternative) must be administered.\nAlthough I desired that the Ditch which was intended to conduct the Water from the Springs under the Hill to the Visto in front of the Mansion house might be suspended until I should be able to view the ground; I would, nevertheless, wish to have the Springs opened; first to see what quantity of water they will afford; and secondly, that it may be let off in its natural course,\nby small drains, so as to lay the boggy or Spungy ground which absorbs the Water, dry & smooth. It being my wish that all the ground, quite from the River bank up to that which has been sown with Lucern, should be laid down with grass Seeds of some kind or other, most congenial to the nature of the Soil, and the shade under which much of it, I presume, must grow. The same I would have done all round, from this Inclosure, by the Wharf to the line of locusts which Run down through the Vineyard, as soon as the ground is in order for it. Nay, quite up to the other fence when Grubbed & in readiness, notwithstanding it is a common at present, & should remain so. I remain Your friend & Well Wisher\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0015", "content": "Title: Executive Order, 22 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Philadelphia] 22 January 1793\nBy the President, of the United States of America.\nAn Act making alterations in the arrangements for the security & collection of the Revenue, in the District of No. Carolina.\nWhereas the arrangement of Surveys of Inspection in the District of North Carolina made by the Act of the President of the United States of the fifteenth day of March 1791 has been found on experience to require revision and alteration, it is hereby declared & established.\n1st\u2003That the several Counties of the said District originally & heretofore contained within the first, second & third Surveys shall be henceforth allotted into & contained in two Surveys; one of which (to be hereafter denominated the first) shall comprehend the Town of Wilmington and the Counties of Onslow, New Hanover, Bladen, Brunswick, Duplin, Anson, Richmond, Moore, Cumberland, Robertson [Robeson], Sampson, Craven, Jones, Lenoir, Glascow, Johnston & Wayne; the other of which (to be hereafter denominated the second) shall comprehend the Counties of Kurrituck [Currituck], Camden, Pasquotank, Perquimans,\nChowan, Gates, Hartford [Hertford], Tyrrel, Bertie, Carteret, Hyde, Beaufort & Pitt.\n2dly\u2003That the several Counties of the said District originally & heretofore contained within the fifth Survey of the District aforesaid, shall henceforth be allotted into & contained in two Surveys; one of which (to be hereafter denominated the third) shall comprehend the Counties of Mecklenburg, Rowan, Iredell, Montgomery, Guilford, Rockingham, Stokes & Surry; and the other of which (to be hereafter denominated the fifth) shall comprehend the Counties of Lincoln, Rutherford, Burke, Buncombe & Wilkes.\n3dly\u2003That the duties of Inspection of the Revenue in & for the third Survey, as constituted above, shall be performed, for the present, by the Supervisor.\n4thly\u2003That the compensations of the Inspector of the Revenue for the first survey, as above constituted, shall be a salary of Two hundred and fifty Dollars \u214c annum, & the Commissions and other emoluments similar to those heretofore allowed to the Inspector of the late first Survey, as it was originally constituted.\n5thly\u2003That the compensations of the Inspector of the Revenue for the second Survey shall be a salary of one hundred Dollars \u214c annum, and the Commissions & other emoluments heretofore allowed to the Inspector of the late third Survey, as it was originally constituted.\n6thly\u2003That the compensations of the Inspector of the Revenue for the 5th Survey, as above constituted, shall be a Salary of One hundred & twenty Dollars \u214c annum, & the Commissions and other emoluments similar to those heretofore allowed to the Inspector of the late fifth Survey, as it was originally constituted.\nGiven under my hand at Philadelphia on the 22d day of January in the year One thousand seven hundred & ninety three.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0016", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 22 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia 22d Jan. 1793\nNothing occurs to me as necessary to be added to the enclosed project.\nIf the Subscription is not confined to the members of the Philosophical Society I would readily add my mite to the means for encouraging Mr Michaud\u2019s undertaking\u2014and do authorize you to place me among, & upon a footing with the respectable sums which may be Subscribed. I am always Yours.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0018", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Charles Carroll (of Carrollton) and Charles Thomson, 23\u201331 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Carroll, Charles (of Carrollton),Thomson, Charles\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia Jan: [23\u2013]31st 1793.\nThe Western Indians having proposed to us a conference at Sandusky in the ensuing Spring, I am now about to proceed to nominate three Commissioners to meet and treat with them on\nthe subject of Peace. What may be the issue of the conferences is difficult to foresee, but it is extremely essential that, whatever it be, it should carry with it the perfect confidence of our Citizens that every endeavor will have been used to obtain peace which their interests would permit.\nFor this reason it is necessary that characters be appointed who are known to our citizens for their talents & integrity, and whose situation in life places them clear of every Suspicion of a wish to prolong the War, or say rather whose interest, in common with that of their country, is clearly to produce Peace. Characters uniting these desiderata do not abound, some of them too are in Offices inconsistent with the appointment now in question\u2014others under impediments of health or other circumstances so as to circumscribe the choice within a small circle.\nDesirous in the first instance that you should be in this Commission, I have mentioned these difficulties to shew you, in the event of your declining, how serious they are, and to induce you to come forward and perform this important service to your country\u2014a Service with which its prosperity and tranquility are intimately connected.\nIt will be necessary to set out from this place about the first of May: The route will be by the North River & Niagara. It will be safe, and the measures for your comfortable transportation & subsistence taken as effectually as circumstances will admit.\nWill you then permit me, Sir, to nominate you as one of the Commissioners, with a certain reliance on your acceptance? your answer to this will oblige Dear Sir Your Most Obedt and Very Hble Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0019", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Humphreys, 23 January 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir.\nLisbon Janry 23d 1793.\nBy my Dispatch of this date to the Secretary of State, you will perceive what measures I have thought it necessary to adopt respecting the subsistence of our Captives in Algiers; as also the reasons why I have judged it highly expedient to go myself to Gibralter to find and take care of the public property which must have been left there by the late Mr Barclay. I hope that these proceedings (which I am conscious were dictated alone from a zeal to subserve the public interest) may appear to you in the same light that they have done to me; and, in this case, that your approbation of them may be signified through the Secretary of State.\nThere seems to be a wonderful fatality attending all our attempts to treat with the Barbary Powers. It will doubtless be necessary some person should, at least, be named to receive & take charge of the property destined for the Morocco business. I conclude, therefore some appointments will soon be made. Whosoever the Person or Persons may be, should he or they come within the sphere of my Residence, you know how much I should be disposed to afford all the advice & assistance in my power. But in case of a war between England, France & other maritime Powers\n(an event sufficiently probable at this moment) it appears to me great embarrassments will occur in obtaining a neutral vessel which may carry with safety such a sum of money as will be wanted. I much fear, too, the limited sum (though to us considerable) will not be adequate to the intended purpose. How far this fact can be ascertained, that is to say, how far an ultimatum can be obtained without incurring much expence or ri[s]que, by having some intelligent & discreet Person sent to some neighbouring Port, you can decide better than any other. Had Mr Barclay procured the money he was authorised to draw for, and (after setting out with a single Servant) had he died as suddenly as he did, might not the loss of the property have been considerably endangered? But I suggest these hints to yourself alone, with that freedom & under the sanction of that confidence, which you have had the goodness so many times to authorize me to make use of.\nI shall write to the Secretary of State again before my departure for Gibralter & enclose a Memorial & other Papers on the subject of American flour & grain.\nIn offering my most respectful Compliments to Mrs Washington & my kind remembrances to my other friends near you; I have the honour to be My dear Sir Your Most obedt & Most devoted friend & humble Servt\nD. Humphreys", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0022", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 23 January 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 23 Jan. 1793. On 27 Jan., GW wrote Whitting, \u201cYour letter of the 23d, and Reports came to hand at the usual time.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0023", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 24 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt January 24th 1793.\nAs the Law appropriating Ten thousand Dollars for the purpose of defraying the contingent charges of Government (tho\u2019 in that respect not very precise in it\u2019s terms) seems to contemplate the rendering an account from time to time of the disbursement of that sum; I have the honor to enclose three copies of a statement to the end of the year 1792, in order that if it be judged expedient, one may be sent to each House of Congress. With the highest respect and the truest attachment, I have the honor to be Sir, Your mo: Obedt Servt\nA. HamiltonSecy of the Treasy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0025", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 25 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\nGentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives:\nUnited States [Philadelphia] January the 25th 1793.\nI lay before you an official statement of the expenditure, to the end of the year 1792, from the sum of ten thousand dollars, granted to defray the contingent expenses of government, by an Act passed, on the twenty sixth of March 1790.\nAlso an abstract of a supplementary arrangement made in the district of North Carolina, in regard to certain surveys, to facilitate the execution of the law laying a duty on distilled Spirits.\nGo: Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0026", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 25 January 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 25 Jan. 1793. GW wrote Whitting on 3 Feb., acknowledging that \u201cYour letter of the 25th of Jany came duly to hand.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0027", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Members of the New Jerusalem Church of Baltimore, 27 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Members of the New Jerusalem Church of Baltimore\nGentlemen,\n[Philadelphia, c.27 January 1793]\nIt has ever been my pride to merit the approbation of my fellow citizens, by a faithful and honest discharge of the duties annexed to those stations in which they have been pleased to place me; and the dearest rewards of my services have been those testimonies of esteem and confidence with which they have honored me. But to the manifest interposition of an over-ruling Providence, and to the patriotic exertions of united America, are to be ascribed those events which have given us a respectable rank among the nations of the Earth.\nWe have abundant reason to rejoice, that in this land the light of truth and reason have triumphed over the power of bigotry\nand superstition, and that every person may here worship God according to the dictates of his own heart. In this enlightened age and in this land of equal liberty, it is our boast, that a man\u2019s religious tenets will not forfeit the protection of the laws, nor deprive him of the right of attaining and holding the highest offices that are known in the United States.\nYour prayers for my present and future felicity are received with gratitude; and I sincerely wish, Gentlemen, that you may, in your social & individual capacities, taste those blessings which a gracious God bestows upon the righteous.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0028", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Augustine Washington, 27 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, George Augustine\nMy dear George,\nPhiladelphia Jan: 27th 1793.\nI do not write to you often, because I have no business to write upon; because all the News I could communicate is contained in the Papers which I forward every week; because I conceive it unnecessary to repeat the assurances of sincere regard & friendship I have always professed for you\u2014or the disposition I feel to render every Service in my power to you and yours\u2014and lastly because I conceive the more undisturbed you are, the better for you.\nIt has given your friends much pain to find that change of Air has not been productive of that favorable change in your health, which was the wishes of them all\u2014But the Will of Heaven is not to be controverted or scrutinized by the children of this world. It therefore becomes the Creatures of it to submit with patience & resignation to the will of the Creator whether it be to prolong, or to shorten the number of our days. To bless them with health, or afflict them with pain.\nMy fervent wishes attend you, in which I am heartily joined by your Aunt & these are extended with equal sincerity to Fanny & the Children. I am always Your Affecte Uncle.\nG. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0030", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Carroll (of Carrollton), 28 January 1793\nFrom: Carroll, Charles (of Carrollton)\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nAnnapolis [Md.] 28th January 1793.\nI received the 25th instant, late in the evening, your letter of the 23d. Early in the morning of the 26th, the post left this place, so that I had not Sufficient time to make up my mind respecting the acceptance or refusal of the commission mentioned in your letter, nor to inform you by last Saturday\u2019s post of my determination.\nI have seriously weighed the reasons urged to induce me to accept the trust; I feel their force, and am sensible, that the number of citizens, from which characters in every respect proper for the intended negotiation can be selected, is unfortunately too circumscribed. No one more ardently wishes, than I do, for peace with the hostile Tribes, upon terms not dishonorable to our country. My time I would chearfully give, and I would endeavour to exert what talants I may possess, and should be extremely happy in being instrumental in accomplishing an object\nof such importance to the United States. But the length and unavoidable difficulties of the journey deter me from undertaking it. The infirmities of age are coming fast upon me; I do not think I could endure the fatigue of so long a journey, part of it thro\u2019 the wilderness, without imminent danger to my health. I am very liable to take cold in changing of my lodgin[g]s, and I never get cold without it affecting my breast, and leaving a troublesome cough, which I seldom shake off for a month or two afterwards: the anxiety too of mind I should experience from the responsibility of the station, & dread of not answering yours and the public expectation & wishes would also greatly contribute to derange my health, & really might disqualify me for the business[.] I hope these reasons which I have candidly assigned, will justify me, my dear Sir, in your opinion for declining the commission with which you wish to honor me. I am with Sentiments of the highest esteem and regard Dear Sir Yr affectionate & most hum. Sert\nCh. Carroll of Carrollton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0031", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 28 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate,\nUnited States, [Philadelphia]January the 28th 1793.\nI nominate Thomas Overton, to be Inspector of the Revenue for Survey No. 1 in the District of North Carolina; vice James Read, resigned.\nThomas Benbury, to be Inspector of the Revenue for Survey No. 2 in the District aforesaid; his Commission as Inspector of Survey No. 3. being vacated in consequence of an alteration in the Surveys.\nDaniel McKissack, to be Inspector of the Revenue for Survey No. 5. in the District aforesaid; vice Joseph McDowell, resigned; and\nHenry Voigt, of Pennsylvania, to be Chief Coiner in the Mint of the United States.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0032", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 29 January 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[Philadelphia] Jany 29 1793\nI have the honor to submit the inclosed list of names, which have occurred to me as most suitable as Commissioners for the proposed treaty. I am sir With perfect respect and attachment Your humble Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0033", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 29 January 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir.\n[Philadelphia] January 29. 1793.\nPlease to submit to the President of the United States the enclosed draft of a speech for the Wabash indians. Yours sincerely\u2014\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0034", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Betty Washington Lewis, 29 January 1793\nFrom: Lewis, Betty Washington\nTo: Washington, George\nMy Dear Brother\n[Fredericksburg, Va.] January 29the 1793\nYour letters of Januy the 6the and 14the of this Month came duly to hand, the enclosed letter to my son Robert met with a speedy conveyance the same day, the other with the Money for Harriot, which I shall see that no part of it shall be laid out but in those things that is really necessary, it is unfortunate for her\nmy living in Town for many things that could be wore to the last string in a Cuntry Place, will not do here, where we see so much Company, I must say less would be more agreeable to me.\nI must injustice to Harriot say she Payes the strictest regard to the advice I give her and really she is very Ingenious in makeing her Clothes and altering them to the best advantage, your letter of the 6th should have receiv\u2019d an earlier acknowledgment but my haveing business in Town to sell what little Wheat I had made my letter was not sent as I direct\u2019d, I wish Howell to give me some information what it sells for in Philadelphia and if it will rise or fall in the Price\u2014Harriot desir\u2019s me to thank you for your Kindness to her, and Joins me in returning your Compliment, by wishing you many happy New Years. I am with sincear love to you and my sister Your Affet. Sister\nBetty Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0039", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Washington, 30 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, William\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia Jan: 30th 1793\nYour letter of the 15th of October to my Nephew\u2014Majr G: Auge Washington\u2014after some forward & a retrograde movement found him at Colo. Bassetts in New Kent, Virginia; to which place for change of Air, and a warmer situation for the Winter,\nhe had embarked (by water) about the middle of that month\u2014so much reduced\u2014poor fellow! as to be hardly able to stand. From thence your letter was forwarded to me. By the last Post from Richmond we had accounts of his being then alive, but so low as not to be able, it was supposed, to survive many days.\nThe above detail will account for the lapse of time between the date of your letter to my Nephew, and this acknowledgment of it from me. To acknowledge it himself he could not.\nWhatever sum shall be found due to me on Acct of Royal Gift (after all the charges are paid, and such other deductions made as may be satisfactory for your expence & trouble in this business) I would thank you for remitting me in the manner most convenient to yourself\u2014perhaps none will be more so than in Bills from your Branch on the Bank of the U: States in this City.\nThe season is now so far advanced that there is no alternative with respect to Royal Gift. He must therefore remain with you another Covering Season; for besides the hazard of removing him in cold weather on frozen ground, he could scarcely arrive in time\u2014certainly not in order, for the Services that would be required of him next Spring at Mount Vernon. He is therefore committed to your care & management during that period.\nMy best wishes, in which Mrs Washington joins me, are presented to you and your lady\u2014and I am Dear Sir Your Most Obedt and Affectionate Kinsman\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0040", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 30 January 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 30 Jan. 1793. GW wrote Whitting on 10 Feb., \u201cYour letter of the 30th Ulto, enclosing the Reports of the preceeding week, is at hand.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0041", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jeremy Belknap, 31 January 1793\nFrom: Belknap, Jeremy\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBoston Jany 31. 1793\nI beg leave to lay before you a specimen of a monthly publication in which you will find an account of a new discovery in the pacific ocean, by one of our Citizens who has given the names of the principal Characters in the United States to several islands between the Tropics. It is a pleasing reflection that our Countrymen carry their zeal & patriotism into the most remote regions, and that the names of those who have been instrumental of establishing the Liberty of America will in future be inscribed on the map of the Globe. I am Sir with all due Respect yr most obedt Servt\nJeremy Belknap", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0043", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 31 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nGentlemen,\nPhiladelphia January 31st 1793.\nThe regular course which the affairs of The Federal City are likely to move in by the appointment of a Superintendant, who may relieve you from details, & from all sacrifices of time except your periodical meetings, enables me now to proceed, on more certain ground, to the subject of compensation. That a proper compensation should be made you, must undoubtedly be the public expectation as well as your own, although the Law is silent\nthereupon. In proposing the sum, I do not see that I can take a better guide than that of the Legislature, which in fixing the compensation for members of Congress has furnished a kind of standard to which services & qualifications in a certain line may be referred. I should therefore propose to you Six Dollars a day, for the days of actual service, & milage for travelling, in lieu of service and all expences to commence from the first day of the present year.\nWith respect to the past, I have more difficulty to name a sum, because I do not know the time you have actually sacrificed, & perhaps it would not be practicable for yourselves to state it. On the best judgment I am able to form of it, however, I should propose the sum of One thousand Dollars, each, for your services preceding the commencement of the present year; Should these propositions not exactly meet your own ideas, I shall be very happy to receive your observations on them. With great esteem, I am, Gentlemen, Your mo: obt Servt\nGo: Washington\nP.S. My meaning is, that the above sum of One thousand dollrs should be exclusive of your expencies.\nGo: W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0045", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jean-Baptiste Drouet, 31 January 1793\nFrom: Drouet, Jean-Baptiste\nTo: Washington, George\nGeneral\n[Paris] the 31 January 1793and the second of the french republic\nDaign to call to mind a french citizen who had the good fortune to fight for the conquest of liberty and the glory of your country. it is I who was groom to the M. de la Fayette and who was called Baptiste: you have not forgot General the important services which this young man has rendered to the united states of America, I have always fought by his side in every action where he was found, which began by the battle of Brandywine where he was wounded and where the crown of my hat was carried away by a ball. then from his glorious retreat of Barenhill to the battle of monmouth, Rhode Island, and finally to the taking of little york and the english army commanded by cornwallis.\nDesirous to continue to serve my country in the military line and to be employed in the armed men. I pray you General to send me an attestation or Certificate to prove that I have served in the armies of the united states in quallity of dragoon or hussar, from the beginning of the Campaign of 1777 to the end of that of 1781. this attestation will be of very great use in my advancement: & I dare flatter myself General that you will not refuse it; in rendering me this service you will add a ray of laurel to all those crowns which you have so gloriously deserved.\naccept I pray you the hommage, the respectful attachment with which I have the honnou\u27e8r\u27e9 to be General your very humble & very Obedient Servant\nDrouetsmy true name is John Baptist Drouets\nP.S. M. de la Fayette had promised me this attestation when he set out to command the army at Line, but the unhappy events which have happened since that time has put it out of his power to acquit himself of his promise.\nhere is my address\nto Mr Drouets french citizen, gauch\u00e9 street no. 610 at St germain\u2019s forest near paris. at St germain.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0046", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Thomson, 31 January 1793\nFrom: Thomson, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nHarriton [Pa.] Jany 31. 1793\nI am this moment honoured with the receipt of your favour of this day and rejoice to hear that the Western Indians have proposed a conference. I hope as well for their sakes as for that of our country that it will terminate in an honorable & lasting peace.\nShort as the time is I can be at no loss to return you a direct and possitive answer in regard to myself whom you have been pleased to think of nominating one of the commissioners for this business. Neither my age nor my health will admit of my undertaking it.\nYou are sensible of the confinement to which I have for many years been subjected. My constitution is delicate & unfit to encounter difficulties; and though by a strict regimen and constant care I at present, through the blessing of God, enjoy a tolerable share of health, yet with such a constitution and at this advanced age, being in my 64th year, I dare not undertake so long a journey notwithstanding I have no doubt of every measure being taken to render it as easy safe and agreeable as circumstances will admit. With sentiments of the truest respect I have the honour to be Sir Your most obedt humble Servt\nChas Thomson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0047-0001", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Nicholas Van Staphorst, 31 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Van Staphorst, Nicholas\nSir,\nPhiladelphia January 31st: 1793\nI wrote to you yesterday by the Ship Holland, and enclosed the first bill of Exchange for 2310 Guilders; At the same time, I observed, that if the vessel should not sail this day, as was expected, I would write to you further on the subject of the bill. Accordingly, I have now to request that you will be so good as to convey the enclosed letter to Madame L\u27e8a\u27e9 Fayette by some safe hand, if you know where she is to be found, and hold the amount of the bill remitted (2310 Guilders) subject to her Order.\nI have taken the Liberty, Sir, to trouble you on this business, as the place of Madame Lafayette\u2019s residence, since she quitted France, is entirely conjectural with me; but from the vague accounts we have had in this Country it is probable that if she should not be in Holland, it would be known there where she is to be found. I am Sir &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0047-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: To the Marquise de Lafayette, 31 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nMadame,\nPhiladelphia 31st January 1793\nIf I had words that could convey to you an adequate idea of my feelings on the present Situation of Mr de la Fayette, this letter would appear to you in a different garb. The sole object in writing to you now, is to inform you that I have deposited in the hands of Mr Nicholas Van Staphurst of Amsterdam, Two thousand three hundred and ten guilders holland currency, equal to two hundred guineas subject to your orders.\nThis sum is, I am certain, the least I am indebted for services rendered me by Mr de la Fayette, of which I never yet have received the account. I could add much, but it is best perhaps that I should say little on this subject. Your goodness will supply my deficiency.\nThe uncertanty of your situation (after all the enquiries I have made) has occasioned a delay in this address and remittance; and even now, the measure adopted is more the effect of a desire to find where you are, than from any knowledge I have obtained of your residence.\nAt all times, and under all circumstances, you, and yours, will possess the regard of him who has the honor to be Your most obedient & Most Hble Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0048", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Massachusetts Masons, January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Massachusetts Masons\n[Philadelphia, January 1793]\nTo the Grand Lodge of Free & accepted Masons, for the Commonwealth of Massachusetts.\nFlattering as it may be to the human mind, & truly honorable as it is to receive from our fellow Citizens testimonies of approbation for exertions to promote the public welfare; it is not less pleasing to know, that the milder virtues of the heart are highly respected by a Society whose liberal principles must be founded in the immutable Laws of truth and justice.\nTo enlarge the sphere of social happiness is worthy the benevolent design of a masonic Institution; and it is most fervently to be wished, that the conduct of every member of the fraternity, as well as those publications that discover the principles which actuate them, may tend to convince mankind that the grand object of Masonry is to promote the happiness of the human race.\nWhile I beg your acceptance of my thanks for the \u201cBook of Constitutions\u201d which you have sent me, & the honor you have done me in the dedication, permit me to assure you that I feel all those emotions of gratitude which your affectionate Address & cordial wishes are calculated to inspire: and I sincerely pray\nthat the Great Architect of the Universe may bless you here, and receive you hereafter into his immortal Temple.\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0051", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Townsend Hooe, 1 February 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Hooe, Robert Townsend\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Robert Townsend Hooe, 1 Feb. 1793. GW wrote Hooe on 7 Feb., \u201cI have duly received your Letter of the 1st instant.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0052", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 1 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Feb. 1. 1793\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to send to the President the speech of De Coin, written at length from his notes, very exactly. he thinks he can assure the President that not a sentiment delivered by the French interpreter is omitted, nor a single one inserted which was not expressed. it differs often from what the English Interpreter delivered, because he varied much from the other who alone was regarded by Th: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0053", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Johnson, 1 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Johnson, Thomas\nSir,\nPhiladelphia Feby 1st 1793\nWhile I acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 16th of January, I cannot but express the regret with which I received the resignation of your office of Associate Justice of the supreme Court, and sincerely lament the causes that produced it.\nIt is unnecessary for me to say how much I should have been pleased, had your health & other circumstances permitted you to continue in office; for, besides the difficulty of finding characters to fill the dignified & important station of Judge, in whom are combined the necessary professional, local & other requisities, the resignation of persons holding that high office, conveys to the public mind a want of stability in that department, where it is perhaps more essential than in any other. With sentiments of the highest esteem & regard & sincere wishes for your health & happiness I am &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0055", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Wabash and Illinois Indians, 1 February 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Wabash and Illinois Indians\nAddress not found: to the Wabash and Illinois Indians, 1 Feb. 1793. In recording the speech given by Kaskaskia chief Jean-Baptiste Ducoigne on 1 Feb., Thomas Jefferson wrote that Ducoigne spoke after GW had \u201caddressed the Chiefs\u201d (see Speeches of the Wabash and Illinois Indians, 1\u20134 February).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0056", "content": "Title: Speeches of the Wabash and Illinois Indians, 1\u20134 February 1793\nFrom: Wabash and Illinois Indians\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Feb. 1[\u20134] 1793.\nThe President having addressed the Chiefs of the Wabash & Illinois Indians, John Baptist De Coin, chief of Kaskaskia, spoke as follows.\nFather. I am about to open to you my heart. I salute first the Great Spirit, the master of life, and then you.\nI present you a black-pipe on the death of our chiefs who have come here and died in your bed. it is the calumet of the dead, take it and smoke in it in remembrance of them. the dead pray you to listen to the living and to be their friends they are gone, we cannot recall them, let us then be contented; for, as you have said, tomorrow perhaps it may be our turn. take then their pipe, and as I have spoken for the dead, let me now address you for the living. (he delivered the black-pipe.)\n(Here Three-legs, a Piankishaw chief, came forward and carried round a white pipe from which every one smoked.)\nJohn Baptist De Coin spoke again.\nFather. The sky is now cleared. I am about to open my heart to you again: I do it in the presence of the Great Spirit, and I pray you to attend.\nYou have heard the words of our father General Putnam. we opened our hearts to him, we made peace with him, and he has told you What we said.\nThis pipe is white. I pray you to consider it as of the Wiatenons, Piankashaws, and the people of Eel river.\nThe English at Detroit are very jealous of our father. I have used my best endeavors to keep all the red men in friendship with you: but they have drawn over the one half, while I have kept the other. be friendly then to those I have kept.\nI have long known you, General Washington, the Congress, Jefferson, & Sinclair. I have laboured constantly for you, to preserve peace.\nYou see your children on this side: (pointing to the friends of the dead chiefs) they are now orphans. take care then of the orphans of our dead friends.\nFather, your people of Kentuckey are like Musketoes, and try to destroy the red men: the red men are like musketoes also, and try to injure the people of Kentuckey. but I look to you as to a\ngood being. order your people to be just. they are always trying to get our lands. they come on our lands. they hunt on them; kill our game & kill us. keep them then on one side of the line and us on the other. listen, father, to what we say, and protect the nations of the Wabash & Missisipi in their lands.\nThe English have often spoken to me, but I shut my ears to them. I despise their money. it is nothing to me. I am attached to my lands. I love to eat in tranquility, and not like a bird on a bough.\nThe Piankeshaws, Wiatenons, Piorias and all the Indians of the Missisipi & Wabash, pray you to open your heart & ears to them, and as you befriend them, to give them Capt. Prior for their father. we love him, men, women & children of us, he has always been friendly to us, always taken care of us, & you cannot give us a better proof of your friendship than in leaving him with us.\n(here Three legs handed round the White pipe to be smoked.)\nDe Coin then, taking a third pipe, proceeded.\nThis pipe, my father, is sent you by the great chief of all the Wiaws, called crooked legs. he is old, infirm, and cannot walk. therefore he is not come. but he prays you to be his friend and to take care of his people. he tells you there are many red people jealous of you. but you need not fear them. if he could have walked he would have come; but he is old and sick & cannot walk. The English have a sugar mouth: but Crooked legs would never listen to them. they threatened us send the red men to cut off him & his people, and they sent the red men who threatened to do it unless he would join the English. but he would not join them.\nThe Chiefs of the Wabash, father, pray you to listen. they send you this pipe from afar. keep your children quiet at the Falls of Ohio we know you are the head of all. we appeal to you. keep the Americans on one side of the Ohio from the Falls downwards, and us on the other; that we may have something to live on according to our agreement in the treaty which you have. and do not take from the French the lands we have given them.\nOld crooked legs sends you this pipe (here he presented it) and he prays you to send him Capt. Pryor for his father, for he is old & you ought to do this for him.\nFather, I pray you to listen. so far I have spoken for others, and\nnow will speak for myself. I am of Kaskaskia, and have always been a good American from my youth upwards. yet the Kentuckians take my lands, eat my stock, steal my horses, kill my game, and abuse our persons. I come far with all these people. my nation is not numerous. No people can fight against you father, none but the Great god himself. all the red men together cannot do it\u2014but have pity on us. I am now old. do not let the Kentuckians take my lands nor injure me; but give me a line to them to let me alone.\nFather, the Wiatonons, Piankeshaws, Piorias, Powtewatomies, Musketons [Mascoutens], Kaskaskias have now made a road to you. it is broad & white: take care of it then & keep it open.\nFather, you are powerful. you said you would wipe away our tears. we thank you for this. be firm & take care of your children.\nThe hatchet has been long buried. I have been always for peace, I have done what I could, given all the money I had, to procure it.\nThe half of my heart, father, is black. I brought the Piorias to you, half of them are dead. I fear they will say it was my fault. but father, I look upon you, my heart is white again & I smile.\nThe Shawanese, the Delawares, & the English are always persuading us to take up the hatchet against you, but I have been always deaf to their words.\n(here he gave a belt.)\nGreat Joseph, who came with us, is dead. have compassion on his neice, his son in law, & his chiefs (pointing to them). it is a dead man who speaks to you, father, accept therefore these black beads. (here he presented several strands of dark coloured beads)\nI have now seen Genl Washington, I salute & regard him next after the Great Spirit.\nComo, a Poughtewatomy chief then said that as the President had already been long detained, and the hour was advanced, he would resume what he had to say to another day.\nShawas, the little Doe, a Kickapou chief, tho\u2019 very sick, had attended the Conference, and now carried the pipe round to be smoked. he then addressed the President.\nFather. I am still very ill & unable to speak. I am a Kickapou, and drink of all the waters of the Wabash & Missisipi. I have been to the Wabash and treated with General Putnam: and I came\nhere, not to do ill, but to make peace. send to us Capt. Prior to be our father, and no other. he possesses all our love.\nFather, I am too ill to speak. you will not forget what the others have said.\nFeb. 2. the day being cloudy, the Indians did not chuse to meet.\nFeb. 4. the morning was cloudy. they gave notice that if it should clear up they would attend at the President\u2019s at 2. oclock. accordingly, the clouds having broke away about Noon, they attended a little after two; except Shawas and another who were sick, and one woman.\nComo, a Powtewatomy chief spoke.\nFather, I am opening my heart to speak to you. open yours to recieve my words. I first address you from a dead chief, who, when he was about to die, called us up to him and charged us \u201cnever to part with our lands so I have done for you, my children, & so do you for yours. for what have we come so far? not to ruin our nation, nor yet that we might carry goods home to our women & children: but to procure them lasting good, to open a road between them and the Whites. sollicit our father to send Capt. Prior to us. he has taken good care of us & we all love him.\u201d\nNow, father, I address you for our young people. but there remains not much to say; for I spoke to you through Genl Putnam, and you have what I said on paper. I have buried the hatchet for ever; so must your children. I speak the truth & you must believe me. we all pray you to send capt. Pryor to us, because he has been so very kind to us all.\n(here he delivered strands of dark colored beads.)\nFather, hear me and believe me. I speak the truth & from my heart; recieve my words then into yours. I am come from afar, for the good of my women and children, for their present & future good. when I was at home in the midst of them, my heart sunk within me, I saw no hope for them. the heavens were gloomy & lowering and I could not tell why. but General Putnam spoke to us, and called us together. I rejoiced to hear him, and determined immediately to come and see my father. father, I am happy to see you. the heavens have cleared away, the day is bright, and I rejoice to hear your voice. these beads (holding up a bundle of white strands) are a road between us. take you hold at one end. I will at the other, and hold it fast. I will visit this road every day, and sweep it clean. if any blood be on it, I will cover it up; if\nstumps, I will cut them out. should your children & mine meet in this road they shall shake hands and be good friends. some of the Indians who belong to the English will be trying to sow harm between us: but we must be on our guard and prevent it.\nFather, I love the land on which I was born, the trees which cover it, and the grass growing on it. it feeds us well. I am not come here to ask gifts. I am young, and by hunting on my own land, can kill what I want and feed my women & children in plenty. I come not to beg. but if any of your traders would wish to come among us, let them come. for who will hurt them? Nobody. I will be there before them.\nfather, I take you by the hand with all my heart, I will never forget you; do not you forget me.\n(here he delivered the bundle of white strands.)\nThe Little beaver, a Wiatonon, on the behalf of Crooked legs, handed round the pipe, & then spoke.\nFather, listen now to me, as you have done to others. I am not a very great chief: I am a chief of war, and leader of the young people.\nfather, I wished much to hear you: you have spoken comfort to us, and I am happy to have heard it. the sun has shone out, and all is well. this makes us think it was the great spirit speaking truth through you. do then what you have said: restrain your people if they do wrong. as we will ours if they do wrong.\nfather, we gave to our friend (Pryor) who came with us, our name of Wiatonon, and he gave us his name of American. we are now Americans. give him then to us for a father. he has loved us & taken care of us. he had pity on our women & children & fed them. do not forget to grant us this request. You told us to live in quiet and to do right. we will do what you desire. then do you what we desire, & let Pryor come to us.\nNow that we are come so far to hear you, write a line to your people to keep the river open between us, that we may go down it in safety, and that our women and children may work in peace. when I go back, I will bear to them good tidings, and our young men will no longer hunt in fear for the support of our women & children.\nFather, all of us who have heard you, are made happy. all are in the same sentiment with me; all are satisfied. be assured that, when we return, the Indians & Americans will be one people,\nwill hunt, and play, & laugh together. for me, I will never depart one step from Pryor.\nWe are come from afar to make a stable peace to look forward to our future good. do not refuse what we sollicit. we will never forget you.\nHere I will cease. the father of life might otherwise think I babbled too much; and so might you. I finish then, in giving you this pipe. it is my own & from myself alone. I am but a warrior. I give it to you to smoke in. let it\u2019s fumes ascend to the great Spirit in heaven.\n(he delivered the pipe to the President.)\nThe wife of the Souldier, a Wiatonon, speaks.\nFather I take you by the hand with all my heart because you have spoken comfort to us. I am but a woman: yet you must listen.\nThe Village-chiefs, and Chiefs of war have opened their bodies & laid naked their hearts to you. let them too see your heart & listen to them.\nWe have come, men & women, from afar to beseech you to let no one take our lands. that is one of your children (pointing to Genl Putnam) it was he who persuaded us to come\u27e8.\u27e9 we thought he spoke the truth: we came, we hope that good will come of it.\nFather. we know you are strong. have pity on us. be firm in your words. they have given us courage. the father of life has opened our hearts on both sides for good.\nHe, who was to have spoken to you, is dead, great Joseph. if he had lived, you would have heard a good man, and good words flowing from his mouth. he was my uncle, and it has fallen to me to speak for him. but I am ignorant. excuse then these words. it is but a woman who speaks.\n(she delivers white strands.)\nThree legs, a Piankasha spoke.\nI speak for a young chief whom I have lost here. he came to speak to you, father, but he had not that happiness. he died. I am not a Village-chief, but only a chief of war.\nWe are come to seek all our good, and to be firm in it. if our father is firm, we will be so. it was a dark & gloomy day in which I lost my young chief. the master of life saw that he was good, and called him to himself. we must submit to his will.\n(he gave a black strand.)\nI pray you all who are present to say, as one man, that our peace is firm, & to let it be firm. listen to us if you love us. We live on the river; on one side, & shall be happy to see capt. Pryor on the other, and to have a lasting peace.\nHere is our father Putnam. he heard me speak at Au Poste [Vincennes]. if I am false, let him say so.\nMy land is but small. if any more be taken from us, I will come again to you & complain, for we shall not be able to live. Have pity on us father. you have many red children there, & they have little whereon to live. leave them land enough to labour, to hunt & to live on: and the lands which we have given to the French, let them be to them for ever.\nFather, we are very poor. we have traders among us, but they sell too dear. we have not the means of supplying our wants at such prices. encourage your traders then to come, & to bring us guns, powder & other necessaries: and send capt. Prior also to us.\n(he gave a string of white beads.)\nDe Coin spoke.\nJefferson, I have seen you before, and we have spoken together.\nSinclair, we have opened our hearts to one another.\nPutnam, we did the same at Au Poste.\nFather, you have heard these three speak of me, and you know my character. the times are gloomy in my town. we have no commander, no souldier, no priest. have you no concern for us father? if you have, put a magistrate with us to keep the peace. I cannot live so. I am of French blood. when there are no priests among us, we think that all is not well. when I was small we had priests. now that I am old, we have none. am I to forget then how to pray? have pity on me and grant what I ask. I have spoken on your behalf to all the nations. I am a friend to all, & hurt none. for what are we on this earth? but as a small and tender plant of corn; even as nothing. God has made this earth for you as well as us: we are then but as one family, and if any one strikes you, it is as if he had struck us. if any nation strikes you father, we will let you know what nation it is.\nFather. we fear the Kentuckians. they are headstrong, & do us great wrong. they are not content to come on our lands, to hunt on them, to steal & destroy our stocks, as the Shawanese & Dilawares do, but they go further & abuse our persons. forbid them\nto do so. Sinclair, you know that the Shawanese & Delawares come from the Spanish side of the river, destroyed our corn & killed our cattle. we cannot live, if things go so.\nFather, you are rich, you have all things at command, you want for nothing. you promised to wipe away our tears. I commend our women & children to your care.\n(he gave strands of white beads.)\nThe President then assured them that he would take into consideration what they had said, and would give them an answer on another day, whereupon the Conference ended for the present.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0057", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 2 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Feb. 2. 93.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose for the President\u2019s notice a small pamphlet sent to Th: J. by the author, containing some ideas which may merit attention, in due time, at the Federal city.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0058", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Henry Knox, 2 February 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Knox, Henry\nU.S. [Philadelphia] Feby 2d 93\nBy the Presidets Command\u2014T. Lear has the honor to transmit to the Secy of War, for his inspection, a lettr from Govr\nMoultrie, enclosing a deposition relative to the murder of certain Cherokee Inds by a party of Geo[r]gians in Oct. last. And a lettr from Colo. Mentges respectg his late office & desiring another appointmt.\nT. L.S.P.U.S", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0060", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Arthur St. Clair, 2 February 1793\nFrom: St. Clair, Arthur\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia February 2d, 1793\nI beg that you will be pleased to dispense with my Attendance with the Indians this morning. The Committee on the failure of the last Expedition have determined to report again on Tuesday or Wedensday next, and I have only a day or two to examine, and\nreply to, the length[y] Communications from General Knox and the late Quarter Master, which they have taken more than three Months to prepare\u2014and in which the Causes of that failure are represented, if not directly, at least by direct Inference as proceeding from me, and I cannot have access to them but in Congress Hours.\nMy want of punctuality Yesterday requires an Apology\u2014I was not apprised that the Indians were to be with until a few Minutes before the Hour, and I was then engaged with the Committee, when the Clerk of the War-Office called, and delivered a Message in your Name. I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedient Servant\nAr. St Clair", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0061", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 3 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] Sunday Morng 3d Februy [1793]\nThe enclosed, containing some things which are not in Gouvr Morris official letter, the President sends it for Mr Jeffersons perusal.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0062", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 3 February 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia] Evening of the 3d Feby 1793\nOf the numerous petitions referred by Congress to me, very few on the first blush, have the appearance of equity so strongly as the enclosed.\nIf the President would have the goodness to look at it, as his name is mentioned, he may perchance recollect something, which may be of service to a man, who states, that he did upon the strength of faith, perform good works for the United States, when they were in a weak and low condition. I am Yours affectionately\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0063", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 3 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting,\nPhiladelphia Feby 3d 1793.\nYour letter of the 25th of Jany came duly to hand; but the usual one, containing the Reports, is not yet arrived; detained, as is supposed with the Mail, by Ice in the Susquehanna.\nUnder cover with this letter you will receive some Lima Beans which Mrs Washington desires may be given to the Gardener;\nalso Panicum or Guinea Corn, from the Island of Jamaica, which may be planted merely to see the uses it can be applied to; & the white bent grass with the description of it by Mr Hawkin\u2019s (one of the Senators, who had it from Mr Bassett of Delaware State, another of the Senator). If the Acct of it be just, it must be a valuable grass; I therefore desire it may be sowed in drills, & to the best advantage for the purpose of Seed. These things which are intended for experiments, or to raise as much Seed from, as can be; shd never be put in fields, or meadows; for there, (if not forgot) they are neglected; or swallowed up in the fate of all things within the Inclosures that contain them. This has been the case of the Chicorium (from Mr Young) & a grass which sold for two Guineas a quart in England and presented to me\u2014And the same, or some other fate equally as bad has attended a great many curious seeds which have been given to, & sent home by me at different times\u2014but of which I have heard nothing more; either from the inattention which was given to them in the first instance; neglect in the cultivation; or not watching the period of their seeding, and gathering them without waste. The intention of the little garden by the Salt house &ca, was to receive such things as required but a small space for their cultivation. And what is called the Vineyard Inclosure, was designed for other articles of experiment, or for seed which required still greater Space before they were adopted upon a large scale; yet, the plants which are deposited there are, generally, so over-run with grass & Weeds as to be destroyed before a judgment can be formed of their utility. This, I know, has absolutely been the case with many things which have been given to me as curiosities, or for their value. From the fancy grass (of which I have (being told that both horses & cattle are fond of it) a high opinion) I have been urging for years (it being more than five since I sowed it my self) the saving of Seed; yet, it is almost in Statu quo; because the necessary measures have not been taken to propagate & save the Seed, & because it will not, I believe, be overcome by any thing else\u2014whilst other things not so hardy have been eradicated by the grass & weeds. I now desire that all these things may be attended to by the Gardener & those who are with him\u2014aided, if necessary, by the house gang. I will enquire if Orchard grass Seed is to be had here & will send some; but I must entreat you to save me, as much as possible from the necessity of purchasing\nseeds; for the doing it is an intolerable expence. I once was in the habit of saving a great deal of this & other Seeds annually; and this habit might easily have been continued, if measures had been taken in time for it.\nI am sorry to hear that you have so sick a family. In all cases that require it, let the Doctor be sent for in time. As I do not know what boy (before I get home) would be best to send to the Mill, the measure may be suspended until I arrive. If the Miller would be attentive (in time) to the wants of the Mill, there is certainly intercourse enough between the Mansion house and it, to obtain supplies witho\u27e8ut\u27e9 special messengers; & I know no Right he has to be sending my people on any other business.\nI have no doubt at all, of Wheat & flours bearing a good price this Spring; the causes that occasioned the rise in these articles still exist, & in a greater degree; but, that I may know when the price offered, comes up to my ideas, keep me regularly advised of the Alexandria Rates, the prices here of Superfine flour is 42/ & that of Fine 39/ pr Barrl of 196 lbs. Wheat 8/6 pr Bushl.\nIt appears to me, that it is scarcely necessary to put Tom Davis to the Saw so late in the season; the time is not far off when Brick laying\u2014preparing the foundation\u2014&ca must necessarily take him from it. Therefore, as he is better acquainted with the business than any of my people I should conceive he had better employ the interval in finishing the painting, unless you think (house) Frank could do it equally well. In that case, as it will probably be the last of March before I shall be at home\u2014for a few days\u2014he might be as advantageously occupied in that business as in any other.\nSpeaking of laying bricks (by which I mean the foundation for the Barn at Dogue run) it reminds me of asking again if the Bricks at that place have been assorted & counted; that the deficiency of the wanted number, if any, might have had the earth thrown up, from the foundation of the bu\u27e8ild\u27e9ing, in time to be ameliorated by the fr\u27e8ost\u27e9s of the Winter. Directions will forever escape you, unless you keep a pocket memorandum book to refresh the memory; and questions asked (in my letters) will often go unanswered unless, when you are about to write, the letter is then, not only read over, but all the parts, as you read on, is noted, either on a piece of waste paper, or a Slate which require to be touched upon in your answr.\nI hope the delivery to and the application of Nails, by the Carpenters, will undergo a pretty Strict comparative scrutiny, without expressing any suspicion, unless cause shall be given for it. I cannot conceive how it is possible that 6000 twelve penny nails could be used in the Corn house at River Plantn but of one thing I have no great doubt and that is\u2014if they can be applied to other uses\u2014or converted into cash, Rum, or other things, there will be no scruple in doing it.\nI can conceive no latch (sufficient to answer the purpose, & not always out of sorts) more simple or cheaper than those to the white gates, unornimented, which is unnecessary. a thin plate of Iron, kept in place by an old Iron hoop (of which I presume hundreds could be got in Alexandria for a mere song) & staple for it to catch in, is, in my opinion, as cheap as any thing that (will not always be a plague) can be devised. The advantage of this latch is, that let the Gate Swag as it may, it always catches. The top of the flat Iron ought to shew, that strangers may know how to open it on either side but there is not the least occasion for the round like that at the Gumspring\u2014nor of the Curl like those at the White Gates; nor is there any occasion to make the flat part longer, or stiffer than is necessary for the spring. Most other kind of latches after the gates settle are not only insecure but exceedingly troublesome; instance that at the ferry, which was vexing to every one who went in\u2014I was obliged always to dismount either to open or shut it. However, if you know of any other kind more simple than the above\u2014equally secure\u2014and which will not be troublesome to open, I have no objectn to the adoption.\nIt would be proper, I conceive, as the house people are under the care of Mr Butler, to entrust Will (Overseer as he is called) in preference to Davis, with the Command of the Boat, & such other out of sight Jobs, as may occur, and require confidence; and, as they do not agree, to let them interfere as little as can be avoided, with each other. The latter is high spirited, and in the instance you mention was disobedient to the other, whom he ought to have respected on two accts\u2014namely\u2014being his uncle, & having been an Overseer\u2014The former (Will) unless he feels hurt in being superceded in his Overseership, is entilled to more confidence; though, I believe, both of them will drink.\nSarah Flatfoot (you call her Lightfoot) has been accustomed\nto receive a pair of Shoes, Stockings, a Country cloth Petticoat, & an Oznabrig shift, all ready made annually, & it is not meant to discontinue them: you will therefore furnish them to her.\nAs the matter has been mentioned to Mr Chichester, I now wish you would see him yourself on the Subject of Major Harrisons land; and find out, if you can from him, the circumstances under which it is\u2014whether he seems to have any inclination to become the purchaser of it. At what price pr Acre, or otherwise, it was offered to him; and for what he thinks it could be bought; Intimating what you conceive to be my motives for making it\u2014if made at all by me.\nIf the Mail should arrive before this letter is closed, and I have time, I will acknowledge the receipt of it; if not, and nothing requires to be noticed sooner, I shall delay writing until this day week as usual. I am Your friend &ca\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0066", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 5 February 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 5 Feb. 1793. In his letter to Whitting of 17 Feb., GW acknowledged that \u201cyour letter of the 5th instt, covering the Reports of the week preceeding that, is at hand.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0068", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 6 February 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia] 6 [February] 1793\nPlease to submit the enclosed letters from Governors Moultrie and Blount to the President of the United States. Yours sincerely\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0072", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Keith, 7 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Keith, James\nSir,\nPhilada feby 7th 1793\nThe enclosed letter from Colo. Hooe, with a statement of Mr Bennett\u2019s claim against Colo. Colville\u2019s estate, will shew you how anxious he is to have that matter settled\u2014and you well know how extremely anxious I am to have all the business relative\nto that estate closed as soon as it can possibly be done. I must therefore beg, Sir, that no time m[a]y be lost in settling the matter with the assignees of Mr Semple, in conformity with the Judgement obtained against them, if an injunction has not issued to stay execution, which I was informed they would endeavour to obtain. Should an injunction have issued, the event of another suit must be awaited before there can be a settlement of Mr Bennett\u2019s Acot. And at any rate, it will be proper to investigate the particulars of Mr Bennett\u2019s Acot and compare them with the documents in your possession relative to Colo. Colville\u2019s estate; for I cannot trust to my memory enough to enable me to form an opinion of the particulars of it but do confess that it assumes a shape very different from the idea I retain of the legacy that was left him in the Will by the Testator.\nI have referred Colo. Hooe to you for information as to the state of the business with Mr Semple\u2019s assignees. And, at the same time, I must beg you will let me know as early as possible the situation of that matter, and inform me of the fees that have been paid or are due to the Lawyers who were engaged in that suit on the part of the Executors, with the other expenses incurred in that business that the whole may be laid before the Court & a final settlemt take place.\nI cannot close this letter, without repeating to you the anxiety I feel to have a final settlement of all matters relative to this estate, and the reliance I have on your attention & industry to leave nothing undone within your power to bring them to a speedy close. With esteem I am Sir &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0073", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Parker, 7 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Parker, Thomas\nSir,\nPhilada Feby 7th 1793.\nI have received your letter of the 17th of January, desiring to know the terms upon which I would dispose of a tract of land which I have in Glocester County: And in reply thereto, I can only inform you, that I received it on the 1st of October 1789 at a valuation of \u00a3800 Virga Currency, in part payment of a bond due to me, and that I am willing to dispose of it for the same sum, with interest from the said first day of Oct. 1789.\nIf this price should be agreeable to you, and the time of payment made convenient to me, the bargain may soon be closed. It would suit me to receive the money immediately on giving possession of the land; but if that should not comport with the convenience of the purchaser, the matter may possibly be accommodated by allowing a short time for the payment, letting the debt stand upon good security & with interest.\nShould you on this view of the matter incline to purchase the abovementioned land, you will be so good as to let me know your determination without delay, and the time in which you would propose to make payment. I am, Sir Your most Obedt Sert.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0074", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 8 February 1793\nFrom: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWashington 8th Feby 1793\nWe have received your favour of 31st January on the subject of the Compensation necessary to be made us for our part and future services as Commissioners, and requiring a candid communication of our Sentiments thereupon\u2014As it is both Interesting and delicate and withall one in which we are jointly concerned we hope it will be a sufficient apology for our not entering on it at present, that Mr Johnson is not with us, owing to indisposition\u2014From a letter just received from him, we expect him before we can possibly rise, when we shall give it very candidly.\nThe continuance of Mr Ellicott\u2019s ill humor with us on account of the opinion which his letter necessarily extracted from us at our last meeting has made the present a very disagreeable one to us\u2014We have done every thing in our power to pr[e]serve a good agreement for the time he is with us but in vain\u2014He refuses to give us any Account of the business of his department till he has finished in May[.] If he should persist in this opinion after reflection, it will be impossible for us to continue him even to that time As such an example cannot fail extending its influence to all others under our direction\u2014As the season is fast aproaching for commencing operations and we feel strongly the necessity of using every exertion in our power to inspire confidence which a spirited prosicution of the several objects of our\nemployment in the course of the Summer can give, we have to lament that only ten thousand Dollars have been yet received from Virginia on your second Draft\u2014We have written to the executive of that State requesting a payment of the ballance\u2014For fear we should not meet with sucess would it not be advisable to send your Draft on the Maryland treasury for the third Installment of that State. Our embarrassment will be very great if we cannot soon obtain money either from the one or the other. We are &c.\nDd Stuart\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0075", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Gordon, 8 February 1793\nFrom: Gordon, William\nTo: Washington, George\nMy Dear Sir\nSt Neots Huntingdonshire [England]Feby 8. 1793.\nI write, to testify the continuance of my affection; & to express my hopes, that before the receipt of this You will happily have entered into the 62d year of your age. I doubt not your having been re-elected to the Presidentship, & I most sincerely wish you may fill it the next four years with equal reputation, ease, & success: & if you are assisted with the joint abilities of the same vice-president, secretary of state, & secretary of the treasury, you will go near to do it, if health & strength are granted from Heaven, which I pray God may be the case. The flames of war are spreading in Europe. May they issue in the overthrow of civil & ecclesiastic tyranny, & in bestowing upon the inhabitants the liberties to which they are justly entitled, without destroying subordination! May the United States enjoy peace during the contest; & be thereby at liberty to supply their friends with provision &c! I suspect that Demourier is making forced marches for Amsterdam. Should he succeed, & possess himself of the naval stores &c. of the Dutch, it may produce a revolution in Holland, & introduce a form of government more favorable to the rights of all orders, than what has been for many past years. The present British war I consider as having in principles a great affinity to the last, & as entered into upon the like presumptuous hopes of being soon ended, from a confidence in the amazing power of the confederates. But the conquering event is not always to the strong. May it issue as the former, in liberating the human race from despotism! We shall rejoice in the reception of a few lines assuring us of your & your Lady\u2019s health. That the best of blessings may attend\nyou thro\u2019 life, & terminate in everlasting blessedness, is the earnest prayer of Mrs Gordon, & Your Excellency\u2019s most sincere & affectionate friend\nWilliam Gordon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0076", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Humphreys, 8 February 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Washington, George\n(Private & confidential) \nMy dear Sir.Gibralter Feby 8th 1793.    \nAn easterly wind having suddenly sprung up, I am obliged to leave this in an hour for the Port of Lagos, (not very distant from Lisbon) or run the risque of being detained here several weeks, or even perhaps Months. For information, I beg leave to refer you to my two last public letters, of equal date, to the Secretary State.\nMy design in writing this is only to suggest two hints, to be taken into consideration or laid aside without ceremony, as occasion may require. The first is whether you would chuse to make use of Mr Church (who is certainly on his way from Bourdeaux to Lisbon) in the Morocco business. This is merely in confidence, & lest no Person should occur.\nThe second suggestion is, that (if you can find no other person but myself to undertake the affair which was first committed\nto Admiral Jones & eventually to Mr Barclay) I will attempt the execution of the temporary Commission. And this upon the condition of having all the expences merely borne by the Public, and of having some Person sent by you or employed by me to do the writing & keep the accounts. For I had rather not accept, or even resign any appointment than be obliged to have public monies & perplexed accounts in my hands. I am determined never to be reproached for having in my possession public monies unaccounted for.\nI speak of the expences of the voyage &c. being defrayed, because I should be obliged to be at nearly the same expence at Lisbon for House Horses & Servants as if I remained there. You know me sufficiently to be persuaded, that I should not be profuse in the expenditure. And I now wish it to be understood, that I should only expect some trifling acknowledgement of the extra Service, by way of honorary Present, in case of success.\nAfter all, I declare, in the sincerity of my Soul, I propose myself not from a desire to be employed, but as a last expedient in case you should find no other Person ready to attempt the execution of this business. In the greatest possible haste I have the honour to be My dear Sir Your Affe friend & humble Servant\nD. Humphreys\nP.S. I pray you will have the goodness to present my best respects to Mrs Washington, & my Compliments to my friends with you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0077", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 8 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Feb. 8. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President a communication from mister Ternant with it\u2019s translation. he will have that of waiting on him on the subject tomorrow.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0078", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Peters, 8 February 1793\nFrom: Peters, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nI send you the best Answers I can make to Sr J. St. Clair\u2019s Queries. Had I supposed you wished them sooner I should have paid earlier Attention to them. I return the Book which I have not had Leisure enough to read with the Care it appears to merit. I have the Honour to be with the most respectful Esteem Your very obedt Servt\nRichard Peters", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0079", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Stuart, 8 February 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Stuart, David\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from David Stuart, 8 Feb. 1793. In his letter of 3 Mar. to Stuart, GW mentioned \u201cyour private letter\u201d written \u201cthe 8th of last Month.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0080", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Bushrod Washington, 8 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Bushrod\nDear Bushrod,\nPhiladelphia Feby 8th 1793.\nI am sorry to think I have cause to accuse you of inattention to my requests. When you were at Mount Vernon last, I told you I had been informed that, the Assignees of Semple, against whom\nI, as the Surviving Exr of Colo. Thos Colvill had obtained judgment on a Bond, either had thrown, or was about to throw the matter into Chancery; and I desired if this was, or should be the case that you would unite with Mr Chs Lee to bring the matter to issue as soon as possible: and at any rate, that you wd let me know the true state of the case. This you promised to do immediately upon your arrival in Richmond\u2014since which I have not heard a word from you.\nThe Affairs of this Estate have been a source of extreme trouble & vexation to me, and I am very anxious indeed, to have them brought to a close as soon as possible.\nMy love, in which Mrs Washington joins me, is offered to Nancy\u2014and I am always Your Affectionate Uncle\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0081", "content": "Title: Conversation with a Joint Committee of Congress, 9 February 1793\nFrom: Unknown\nTo: \n[Philadelphia] Saturday February 9th: 1793\nMr King & Mr Smith, members of a joint committee of Congress appointed to report a mode of examining the votes for President & Vice-President, and of notifying the persons who shall be elected, of their election\u2014and for regulating the time, place & manner of administering the Oath of Office to the President, called to advise, informally, with the President on the occasion, as some of the Committee had doubts of the propriety of the Oath being administered before the close of the President\u2019s present term. The President answered, that he had never bestowed any thoughts on the subject\u2014that being the first instance of the kind, a precedent ought to be established that would be proper\u2014that the President, as to himself, shd be satisfied with whatever was resolved on; but if anything shd occur to him he would inform them of it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0082", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 9 February 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir.\nWar department February 9th 1793.\nPlease to submit to the President of the United States, the enclosed proposed draft of a letter to Governor Blount. I am Sir Your humble servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0083", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Moultrie, 10 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Moultrie, William\nSir\nPhiladelphia Feby 10th 1793.\nI have been honored with your Excellency\u2019s letter & duplicate of the 8th ultimo, enclosing the deposition of Benjamin Cleveland respecting the murder of some Cherokee Indians, which was transmitted to me Agreeably to a Resolve of the Legislature of South Carolina.\nI cannot, on this occasion, forbear expressing to Your Excellency the extreme regret with which I learn that so cruel & unprovoked a murder has been committed by the white people, and particularly at this juncture. In vain may we expect peace with the Indians on our frontiers, so long as a lawless set of unprincipled\nwretches can violate the rights of hospitality or infringe the most solemn treaties, without receiving the punishment they so justly merit.\nSo deeply is the safety & happiness of every good citizen & industrious settler on our frontiers involved in these attrocious Acts, that unless they will exert themselves to prevent such outrages or to bring the perpetrators of them to condeign punishment, no treaties can secure them, neither will it be in the power of the Government of the U.S. to protect their persons or property from the depredations of the Indians. With sentiments of respect & great esteem I have the honor to be Yr Excellency\u2019s most Obed. St.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0085", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Gunn, 11 February 1793\nFrom: Gunn, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\n[Philadelphia] February 11th 1793\nAt the time, that Mr John Rutledge Was appointed Chief Justice of the State of South Carolina, I did myself the honor to address you on the Subject of filling his Vacancy, and I took the liberty of mentioning Mr John Houstoun, as a Gentleman whose Professional abilities warranted my recommending him for an Appointment in the Federal Judiciary; at that time, I did not know Mr Houstouns sentiments respecting a Federal Appointment;\nBut I have since Conversed with him, and find him Solicitous to fill an Appointment in the Judiciary; and I will add, that his declining to come forward as a Senator from the State of Georgia, was owing to a Wish of being Employed in the department suitable to his Profession: Being Informed of the Resignation of Judge Johnson, it is my duty, to repeat the Application, and as the President have seen Mr Houstoun, since my first, he will Judge of the Propriety of the present. I have the honor to be With the highest respect sir, Your Very Obedt servt\nJames Gunn", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0086", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 11 February 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia] Monday 11 Feby 1793\nColonel Louis of the Cagnahwagnas has come to town, he says with some information from Canada, which he is to let me know today. Shall I ask him to dine with the senecas, at the Presidents to day? Yours\nH. Knox\nI have just recd yours, and the speech shall be submitted.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0087", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Burnes, 12 February 1793\nFrom: Burnes, David\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Feby 12th 1793\nI Presume to Address you a second time on a Subject which materially concerns me and my famely\u2014I have applied to your Commissioners for redress to no purpose\u2014You informed my Son the Commissioners would do every thing that was right if they had done right in my opinion they would have paid me for the Presidents Square Octr 1st 1791 when they began Occupying the above mentioned Square and I deprived of the use of the Ground. The Sales have taken place pretty generally on my Ground, I therefore expect payment Immediately, for all the appropriated ground, otherwise I must bring Suit against the Commissioners in order to make them do Justice\u2014Mine is a peculiar case and requires Immediate redress\u2014I possess no other Lands than those in the Center of the City All cut up and rendered useless for farming\u2014I hope to be redressed through your interference and Procure from the Commissioners of the Federal City such assistance as the nature of the Original agreement and my exigencies render absolutely requisite. I have the Honour to be with great respect Your Obt & Hble Sert\nDavid Burnes\nP.S. I came to this City in order to Sell Lots but received no encouragement whatever I am Sir yr Hbl. Ser.\nD. Burnes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0089", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 12 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\n[Philadelphia] Feby 12th 1793\nTaking it for granted that the several matters enumerated in the Report, herewith returned, are supported by authenticated facts\u2014thoroughly investigated\u2014the statement of them, and the observations thereupon, accord with the sentiments of Dear Sir Yours &ca\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0091", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 13 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nPhiladelphia Feb. 13th 1793.\nArrangements may be made with the Secretary of the Treasury for the immediate payment of One hundred thousand dollars on account of the debt due from the United States to France.\nThe statement of the Account between these Countries will, it is expected, be compleated tomorrow; and the bal[anc]e up to\nthe last of December be ascertained; when the propriety of further, and to what extent advances shall be made will be the subject of further consideration.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury knows of no settlement between Mr Jay & Mr Otto in the year 1789; and conceives if such did take place the document respecting it must be in the Secretary of States Office.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0092", "content": "Title: George and Martha Washington to Samuel and Elizabeth Willing Powel, 13 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George,Washington, Martha\nTo: Powel, Samuel,Powel, Elizabeth Willing\n[Philadelphia] Wednesday 13th Feby [1793]\nGenl & Mrs Washington return Complimts to Mr & Mrs Powell, & beg leave to inform them, that they are engaged to Dine with Mr Jacob Morris on Saturday next\u2014where, in conformity to custom, they will be obliged to drink Tea, and consequently must be deprived of the pleasure intended them by Mr & Mrs Powell.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0094", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 13 February 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 13 Feb. 1793. On 24 Feb., GW wrote Whitting, \u201cYour letters of the 13th & 17th Instt have come duly to hand.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0095", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 14 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Feb. 14. 93.\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President sends him a letter from Mr Short.\nAlso a circular letter he has written to the foreign ministers at Philadelphia, in order to place his Report on commerce on safe ground as to them.\nAlso a copy of the statement of the French debt as furnished me by mister Ternant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0096", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 14 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Feb. 14. 93.\nTh: Jefferson presents his respects to the President & returns him the letters from the Commissioners. he does not recollect whether he shewed him his letter to Ellicot the only one he has written to him since last Summer. lest he should not have done it he now incloses it. he thinks it impossible that any thing in that could have produced ill humour in Ellicot towards the Commissioners & if the President should be of the same opinion, & could recollect it in answering Dr Stewart, he would be glad he should be informed so.\nTh: J. having a petition referred to him by the House of Representatives which renders it necessary for him to examine a little the extent of the claims of the 6. nations Southwardly, in former times, he will thank the President for an hour\u2019s use of Evans\u2019s analysis.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0097", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 14 February 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\nWar department February 14th 1793\nAs every thing explanatory of the disposition of the Northern and Western Indians is of importance at this moment, I submit to the President Colonel Louis\u2019s speech, and also Hendricks information to Colonel Pickering and the opinion of the Colonel thereon.\nI also submit to the President Brigadier General Putnams resignation. I am Dear Sir Your humble servant\nH. Knoxsecy of War.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0098", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Gouverneur Morris, 14 February 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Washington, George\nprivate \nMy dear SirParis 14 Feby 1793    \nI have receivd yours of the twentieth of October which was very long on its Way. You will find that Events have blackened more and more in this Country. Her present Prospects are dreadful. It is not so much perhaps the external Force, great as that may be, for there are always Means of Defence in so vast a Nation. The exhausted State of Resources might also be borne with, if not remedied. But the Disorganized State of the Government appears to be irremediable. The Venality is such that if there be no Traitors it is because The Enemy has not Common Sense.\nWithout the Aid of Venality there are not a few who from mistaken Zeal and from Ignorance contribute to the Success of those Powers who are leagued against France. Many also under the Garb of Patriotism conceal their Attachment to the former Government[.] in Short the Fabrick of the present System is erected on a quagmire. The new Constitution has not yet made it\u2019s Appearance but it is easy to conjecture what it will not be. In the mean Time I learn that the Ministers of War and Marine declare it impossible for them to go on. How all this will end God only knows but I fear it will end badly.\nI will not speak of my own Situation. You will judge that it is far from pleasant. I could be popular but that would be wrong. The different Parties pass away like the Shadows in a Magic Lanthorn, & to be well with any one of them would in a short Period become Cause of unquencheable Hatred with the others. Happy Happy America governd by Reason, by Law, by the Man whom she loves, whom she almost adores. It is the Pride of my Life to consider that Man as my Friend and I hope long to be honor\u2019d with that Title. God bless you my dear Sir and keep and preserve you. Your cool and steady Temper is now of infinite Consequence to our Country. As soon as I can see the Way open to any Thing decisive I shall inform you of it. At present I weary myself with unavailing Reflection Meditation and Conjecture. A Partition seems the most probable Event at present\u2014Adieu. I am truly yours\nGouv. Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0099", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 14 February 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia february 14. 1793.\nI have revolved with great attention the matter of the letter, which you yesterday did me the honor of confiding to my perusal.\nConvulsed as we are, I cannot but believe, that there is scarcely a man in the government, whom party will not sooner or later destine for an attack. A communication therefore, which seems even to be tinctured with particular objects, will naturally excite caution. I hope, however, that I shall not be understood to insinuate the most distant suspicion of that affectionate attachment, which is professed; for I am truly persuaded of it. I mean no more, than that kind of caution, which would prevent you from hastily acceding to, or rejecting propositions, so delicate in themselves.\nWhat is due to the French nation, up to the close of 1792, ought, if practicable, to be paid to the existing authorities of France. This can never be questioned, as to its validity, or propriety, let the shape of their government be what it will; nor can it give just umbrage to any member of the hostile confederacy.\nBut as this sum is probably far below the wishes of the French minister, it will be asked, whether the large advance of 3,000,000 tournois can be made; or if it can, ought it to be made?\nYou informed me, sir, that the ability of the treasury, to accomplish this, depended upon the success of a bill, now on its passage through the legislature. Of course the United States are not yet in a capacity of advancing, unless the other advice be followed, of scrutinizing the treasury-department, and thence discovering funds; or of instituting a new loan. The former is in a train of being executed, and could not now be quickened. Should the execution at this moment Originate a similar investigation, it might look like something more, than a neutrality between the parties. Possibly at a future day, when the result of the congressional inquiry shall be known, if it should not be satisfactory to you, you may deem it expedient to impart the nature of the information, referred to in the letter, to the secretary of the treasury\u2014In the meantime, while congress are still in motion of the subject of finance, I presume, that the proposed alternative of a loan must be suspended.\nLet me next suppose, that money, adequate to the advance,\nwas now in hand. Even then the situation of France with respect to other powers is serious and important. A voluntary payment of what is not yet due, carries with causes of jealousy. On the opposite side, the threatened famine will, if not attempted to be averted, rouse the zealous partizans of French politics in America. Perhaps too it may deserve consideration, how far the opportunity of forming a close connection with the French republic may be lost or weakened, by refusing to gratify it and how far it may spread a favorable impression of the f\u0153deral administration throughout the United States\u2014Again, should the advance be approved; the allied nations can well be told, if they remonstrate, that the danger of a famine was a leading motive. Should it be disapproved, the French will be conscious, that they have no right to demand it; and that money cannot be furnished in republics, at will, or in the same profusion, as in monarchies\u2014Upon the whole, I should be inclined to the advance, if it was easily within our reach. But I see no reason, nor a state of things, sufficiently ripe, for deciding the question at this instant.\nI take the liberty therefore of suggesting, whether Mr Ternant may not be informed, that the balance up to the end of 1792 shall be paid, and that a definitive answer as to the residue of the requisition will be given, as soon as the fiscal arrangements of congress shall be finished. Then and not \u2019till then, will you be possessed of the facts, necessary in such a case; then and not \u2019till then, will you be able to avoid the appearance of sheltering one officer, or of countenancing his adversary. Mr Ternant cannot but acquiesce in the fitness of the measure; and it will be seen by the gentleman, who wrote the letter, that while you will not precipitate yourself into the steps recommended, you have marked out in your own mind, a day, reasonably distant, for again calling the subject into view. I have the honor, sir, to be with the highest respect yr mo. ob. serv.\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0100", "content": "Title: John Stagg, Jr., to Tobias Lear, 14 February 1793\nFrom: Stagg, John Jr.\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nSir.\n[Philadelphia] Feb: 14th 1793.\nThe Secretary of War requests that you will please to submit to the President of the United States, the enclosed letter, received, yesterday, from Brigadier Wilkinson, dated 29th December 1792. I am, Sir, respectfully, Your obedt Serv\u27e8t\u27e9\nJohn Stagg Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0101", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Ephraim Blaine, 15 February 1793\nFrom: Blaine, Ephraim\nTo: Washington, George\nMuch Respected sir\nPhilada 15th Febry 1793a\nI take the Liberty of Adressing your Excellency and beging your influence in favor of a Young man who wishes to enter into the Army\u2014his name is John Connolly he is about 22 Years of age has some millitary Knowledge and is a handsome young fellow\u2014his father you Know by Character (if not Personally) which is not in favour of the Young man\u2014but I will Pledge my self for the\nSincearity of his Attachment to our Country\u2014if Vacancies and Consistant, would wish him Recommended for a Lieutennant, if Otherwise, an Ensign in the first Regiment, if Successful I hope he will do honour to the Appointment, I am with Perfect Respect, Your Excellencys Most Obdt Hble Servt\nEph: Blaine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0102", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 15 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Friday 15th feby 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to communicate, for the perusal of the President, a copy of his second Letter to the H: of Representatives; which he will be obliged, if not inconvenient, to the President, to have returned on Monday morning, to be then sent to the Senate.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0103", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Moultrie, 15 February 1793\nFrom: Moultrie, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nCharleston [S.C.] 15th February 1793.\nA spirit of emulation seems to be taking place rapidly among the Militia of this State, by forming themselves into Voluntier companies under respectable officers, & in neat uniforms, several of which are Artillery.\nWilling to promote a Spirit in itself so laudable, I beg leave to be indulged in the request of six brass three pounders from the Arsenal of the United States, this State becoming answerable for them, or to return them when required. I am Sir, with the greatest respect your most obedient & very humble Servant\nWillm Moultrie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0105", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 16 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Saturday 16th feby 93.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the President, and has the honor to enclose the statement respecting the\nFrench Debt. He hopes to be able to wait upon the President on Monday, when he will give a further explanation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0106", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 16 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Feb. 16. 93.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to send to the President the copy of a Report he proposes to give in to the H. of Representatives on Monday on the subject of a Petition of John Rogers referred to him.\nThe President will see by mister Hammond\u2019s letter now inclosed, that he has kindled at the facts stated in Th: J\u2019s report on commerce. Th: J. adds the draught of an answer to him, if the President should think that any answer should be given. it is sometimes difficult to decide whether indiscretions of this kind had better be treated with silence, or due notice. the former perhaps would be best, if it were not that his letter would go unanswered to his court, who might not give themselves the trouble of seeing that he was in the wrong. Th: J. will wait on the President immed\u27e8iately\u27e9.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0108", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Brown & Francis, 17 February 1793\nFrom: Brown & Francis\nTo: Washington, George\ndear Sir\nProvidence [R.I.] Feby 17. 93\nEnvelloped as you are at all times with public business, we would have avoided troubling you in the present instance, did not necessity oblige us to sollicit from you a protection of our property abroad which is so circumstanced that the Officers of the customs are not authorized by the laws of the U. States to furnish the requisite papers.\nCap: Tingey will have the honor of delivring this and will explain the particular manner in which we became sole owners of the Ship Eutrusco now Illustrious President in part pay for our Ship the President Washington of about 1000 Tons.\nMr. T. W. Francis sold the latter and purchased the former in Calcutta from whence she has sailed for Ostend without any American papers\u2014And as it is our intention to order her from thence to china and back to these States we deem it necessary she should be furnished with such papers as will authorize her wearing the American Flag, and protect her on the Seas and in port from insult and impositions.\nWe beleive all commercial nations except ours have provided for the security of the property of their Citizens when situated as ours is, we therefore are confident you will cheerfully afford us that assistance you have the power of granting in a case where the laws have been silent, we apprehend from want of recollection at the time they were made.\nIntreating your forgiveness for thus intruding on your time,\nWe have the honor of subscribing ourselves Dear Sir Your Most Obedt & Very Humle Servants\nBrown & Francis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0109", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Bryan Fairfax, 17 February 1793\nFrom: Fairfax, Bryan\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nMount Eagle [Va.] February the 17th 1793.\nAs I have always experienced the Sincerity of your Friendship and as on that Account I lay myself open to You more than to any man I now make a little Apology to you in order to make my Mind at ease in regard to a little Incident I am about to mention.\nSuch is my Regard that I have some times been uneasy lest you should be displeased with me. And I remember in particular about 10 or 12 years ago I was very much so; and as I believe that the Lord does sometimes make things known by a Dream, I am strongly inclined to believe that at that time I was in that manner relieved from the Uneasiness I was then under by a Dream, in which You appeared to be no ways displeased. But the Subject of this Letter is this. When You last departed from Mt Vernon You were so kind as to inform me of it by Your Servant, And as I am always slow in apprehending a thing suddenly, I did not perhaps take it right, when I concluded that You were then gone or going by; whereas You might have intended that I should have met You at the Road, which I thought afterwards when I considered the Message might have been the Case (for I could not, considering Your Station, notwithstanding Yr Friendship, suppose You would call at my House). This has made me a little uneasy at times, lest there should be the smallest Appearance of a Slight on my Part. And I mention it for my own Satisfaction, Hoping that You will not give Yrself the trouble even to write that You accept the Apology, because I am persuaded You will; being perfectly assured that You believe what I say.\nI sincerely condole with You on the death of Major Washington which I heard of yesterday\u2014For as I admired him, it must be an afflictive Loss to You.\nMy Respects to Mrs Washington, and I am with much Respect & Regard, Your obliged & Obedt Servt\nBryan Fairfax.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0111", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 17 February 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] Sunday February 17t: 1793\nThe President of the United States requests that the Secretary of State will write to the Governor of New York, by the post of tomorrow, for authenticated Copies, under Seal, of the several treaties between the Six Nations and the Governors of New York from the year 1683; and especially those with Colo. Dongan. They were preserved under the old Government of New York, in the Office of the Secretary for Indian Affairs.\nThe Attorney General of the United States having been directed by the President to go into an examination of the several treaties which have been made with the Northern & Western Indians, from the earliest period that they can be obtained, has desired that the foregoing application may be made to obtain a copy of those which are preserved in New York\u2014and the President conceiving it proper that the application should be made through the Secretary of State, has therefore sent him this request; and wishes that the Copies may be had as early as possible, that all arrangements necessary for the Commissioners should be made, if possible, before the Close of the present Session of Congress.\nIf, in the Secretary\u2019s opinion, the expense of taking said Copies should be paid in the U.S. he will let the Governor know that it will be done by them, that no delay or difficulty may arise from that source.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0112", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 17 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Feb. 17. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor with his respects to the President to communicate the answers he has received from the Representatives of France & Spain with his replies.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0114", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William McWhir, 17 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: McWhir, William\nSir,\nPhiladelphia 17th February 1793\nUntil I received your letter of the 5th Inst. it had not occurred to me that the absence of my Nephew would cause an infringement on the punctuality which has heretofore been observed in mak[in]g my annual payment for the support of the Poor School in the Alexandria Academy; and I thank you for reminding me of it. As it has been usual to make this payment to the President or Treasurer of the Board of Trustees for the Academy, I shall be obliged by your requesting one or the other of these Officers to draw upon Mr Lear, at sight, for the fifty pounds, (specifying in the draft the purpose for which it is made) as this mode will be safer & perhaps more convenient than to transmit the amount in Bank Bills, and especially as I should not know to whom to make the remittance, which is the reason for giving you this trouble.\nIt is with reluctance, Sir, that I decline a compliance with your wishes to give you letters to certain Gentlemen in Georgia. But I am persuaded, that when you recollect that I have had no opportunities of obtaining a personal knowl[e]dge of your talents & qualifications as a teacher, you will readily see the impropriety there would be in my undertaking to recommend upon these points where I am not qualified to judge, and will therefore impute my declining to comply with your request to its just cause. Wishing you success in your undertaking & a continuanc[e] of health I am Sir, Your most Obet. Set.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0116", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 17 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting,\nPhiladelphia Feb: 17th 1793.\nIt has again happened that, the Mail which ought to have been in yesterday from the Southward, and wch will (it is presumed) bring a letter from you with the Reports of the last week, is not yet arrived; but your letter of the 5th instt, covering the Reports of the week preceeding that, is at hand.\nAs I see no great prospect of procuring Orchard grass Seeds in this place, if you cannot obtain it in your own Neighbourhood, Sow the ground whenever it is in order, & the Season fit, (below the Lucern lot) with such other Seeds as you shall think best; and I shall be satisfied therewith. or cultivate it if better.\nWith respect to lime, I scarcely know what to say to you on the subject; & yet no time is to be lost in having the matter ascertained. Enquire on what terms the builders in Alexandria obtain it? from whence? and the cost by the quantity? for it will never do to purchase at the rate you have given for this article in retail. Nor indeed will it do to suffer Davis, & his attendance, to use it in the lavish manner he practices; 1st in proportioning of it to the sand; and 2d in the thickness of the Mortar joints. He has been accustomed to use Shell lime, & will not make the proper allowance for the difference in strength, between that & stone lime. Before he enters upon the business of Bricklaying next Spring, I wish you would learn from some skilful & candid workman\nin Alexandria, the proportions of Sand & lime he uses for different kinds of work; and whether a thick, thin, or midling joint of morter is best. In this place, the modern buildings have a thin joint. I shall by this days Post, write to Colo. Washington of Westmoreland County, reminding him of his promise to use his endeavors to have shells sent up to me; & to know what prospect there is of his success. I will also enquire on what terms it could be sent from Rhode Island, or Boston; But do not let this slacken your enquiries; nor prevent your giving me the result of them, as soon as possibly you can.\nI readily consent to the lot (in the River Farm) being first Seeded with Turnips, and folded with Sheep after the English method, before it is laid down in Clover. And I beg that fields No. 4 & 5 at that place, may, (as you have promised to do) have every possible attention paid to them; 1st to recover them, as far as it is in your power, from their present gullied state; and 2dly so to lay them down, as to prevent this evil, in future.\nI know nothing of Mr Hampsons Acct (which is herewith returned) but if the Major acknowledged it to be just\u2014or you have any reason to believe it is so\u2014it must be paid as soon as you are in Cash (from the sales of the Ship-stuff, or otherwise) to pay it. The Shingles sent by Mr Newton to Mount Vernon have long since been paid for at this place, to the order of Mr Cowper, of whom they were had.\nI am sorry to hear that the Itch is among the Negros in the Neck; & hope you have provided a remedy \u2019ere this. If it was caught in the way you describe, and justice could be done, Garner ought to pay for it. I am not less concerned to hear that a disorder has got among the Sheep at Union Farm. I hope every endeavor will be used to put a stop to it; as I really loose a great many of this valuable Species of Stock. I wish you would give each Overseer positive Orders to report every lamb that falls, and every one that dies; that I may be able to form a just opinion of the care & attention they pay to this business. The custom of striking a balance between the number yeaned and deceased in the week will not satisfy me. By this mode of reporting, there may appear an encrease of one lamb only in a week, when 20 have fallen; if 19 of those twenty have died. True it is that such a report shews the actual increase or decrease\u2014but it gives no idea of what ought to be either. and seems calculated for the express\npurpose of concealing their own want of care in the preservation of the Lambs.\nIt would, I conceive, have been better to have entrusted the cutting out of the Linnen to the Gardeners wife than to Caroline; who, was never celebrated for her honesty; and who, it is believed, would not be restrained by scruples of conscience, from taking a large toll, if she thought it could be done with impunity.\nA very heavy fall of Snow happened at this place on Monday night last; but the constant rain of last night & this day will, it is feared, carry it all off; under the unfavorable circumstances of high freshes & gullied fields, by the Sudden dissolution thereof. Wishing you well I remain Your friend\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0117", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 17 February 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\n Letter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 17 Feb. 1793. On 24 Feb., GW wrote Whitting, \u201cYour letters of the 13th & 17th Instt have come duly to hand.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0118", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Burwell Bassett, 18 February 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Bassett, Burwell Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Burwell Bassett, Jr., 18 Feb. 1793. GW wrote Bassett on 4 Mar., \u201cYour letter of the 18th Ulto, & its enclosure, came duly to hand.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0120-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: From Thomas Jefferson to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 18 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\nSir,\nPhiladelphia February 18th 1793.\nThe Commissioners of the Territory of the United States on the Potomac having, according to law, had the said Territory surveyed and defined by proper metes and bounds, and transmitted their report with a plat of the boundary, I have now the honor to lay them before you. As this work has been executed under the authority of the Legislature, I presume it would be proper to communicate the Report to them, and to submit the Plat also to their inspection, that they may be duly informed of the progress of the work.\nI have to add that these papers, being original, are again to be deposited with the Records in the Office of the Department of State. I have the honor to be, with Sentiments of the most perfect\nesteem and attachment, Sir, Your most obedient and Most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0121", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 18 February 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nWar department February 18th 1793\nIn considering the subject of promotion in the Legion of the United States the following previous questions arise.\nFirst. Shall the Sub Legions be commanded by Brigadiers General or Lieutenant Colonels Commandant?\nSecondly. If the latter shall the Lieutenant Colonels be taken from the line of Majors now in service?\nThirdly\u2014If this be decided in the affirmative shall a Brigadier General be appointed in the place of General Putnam and sought for among the Officers of the late army not now in service? or shall he be taken from the Officers at present in service?\nIn filling up the vacancies in the Legion the following cases occur.\nFirst. Several derangements of Officers took place during the late War, and by the act of Congress of the 7th of August 1782 the officers retiring under that resolution were if again called into service to possess their former rank. the question arises in arranging the relative rank of such Officers with others of the same grade now in service but who continued until they were discharged at the end of the War whether the relative rank which existed at the time of the derangement during the War shall govern?\nThe decision of this question affects a Major and Captain in the legion of the United States who were deranged the 31. December 1780 under the acts of Congress of the 3d and 21st October 1780.\nAnother question occurs Is it proper to promote an Officer while under suspension for a given period by a sentence of a Court Martial, or while under an arrest for alledged misdemeanors or Crimes?\nIf the promotions take place will it be proper to fill all the vacant Ensigncies.\nThe principles of promotion delivered to the Commanding General on the thirteenth day of July last\u2014are herewith submitted together with the formation of the Legion.\nBut it appears on experience that it will produce some confusion in the promotion if two Companies shall be transferred from the first and second sub Legions in order to make Room for two Rifle Companies\u2014It is therefore submitted that four Companies in said SubLegions be armed, accoutred, and disciplined as Rifle Companies and that a proportional reduction be made of those intended as Rifle companies; four of whom are to be armed with Muskets. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Your most obedt servant\nH. Knoxsecy of war", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0123", "content": "Title: Memorandum for Henry Lee, 18 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lee, Henry\nPhiladelphia February 18th 1793\nMemorandum for Govr Lee.\nG. Washington is one of a Company who took up, in or about the year 1762, all the ungranted land lying in the Great dismal Swamp; in the vicinity of Norfolk, Portsmouth & Suffolk; and holds two twenty one parts of the Interest therein.\nForty thousand Acres of the interior and richest part of this Swamp has been (as the Subscriber is informed) patented in the names of the Members of said Company; and probably, is all they will ever obtain, altho\u2019 it is far short of what they expected.\nThis swamp, in fertility of Soil, cannot be exceeded. It is covered with the finest Cyprus & Juniper, & other lofty Wood. Its undergrowth is luxurient Canes.\nIn the opinion of the Subscriber it may be easily drained; & when drained is equal to the richest Rice land of So. Carolina, which, in its unreclaimed State, sells from ten to fifteen pounds Sterling pr Acre; and from thirty to fifty when Reduced, and in order for cultivation.\nIts vicinity to the places abovementioned, & its contiguity to the fine Rivers of Nansemond & Elizabeth on which these places are, gives this tract advantages over almost any other of equal quantity in the United States; & the Canal which is now opening from Elizabeth River to Pasquetanck, a River of Albemarle Land, passing through the same, adds infinitely to its worth\u2014To describe all its advantages, would require more time than my hurry, & the few minutes you allow me, will enable me to do.\nThe Company have a Plantation, marked on the plat herewith, Dismal Plantation; which is seperate and distinct from the 40,000 Acres. On this there are, or were a number of Negros, as may be seen by the Agents (Mr Jameisons) letter to me\u2014besides some money in hand, or in the loan Office. the quantum I know not.\nFor the whole of this Interest, be it little or much, and it cannot\nbe less than 2/21, parts of 40,000 Acres, I will take Five thousand pounds Virginia Currency; estimating dollars at Six Shillings, and other Silver & gold in that proportion, provided the bargain is now struck; but shall not think myself bound by this offer if it is not.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0124", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Munson, 18 February 1793\nFrom: Munson, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew Haven [Conn.] February 18\u20141793\nI have Inclosed recommendations from a Number of Very respectable Characters Recommending me as a Candidate for the office of Surveyor of the Customs in this District.\nThe arrival of a number of Vessels in this port rendered it Necessary for me to attend to the Duty of my office as Inspector of the Customs prevented me from forwarding those papers Sooner and the Whole of them at the Same time.\nMy Earnest Desire of procureing the appointment I hope will be a Sufficient appology for troubleing the President of the United States on this Subject. I am most respectfully the Presidents most Obedient and Very Humble Serveant\nWilliam Munson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0125", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 18 February 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Feby 18. 1793.\nI have made the inquiries, which you suggested this morning, from men, well-acquainted with the three characters.\nMr Cook appears to possess integrity, industry, punctuality, and the qualities, suited to a collecting lawyer. Upon the scale of eminence, he has no just pretensions; altho\u2019 his vanity occasions him frequently to discover, that he conceives himself inferior to none of any bar.\nMr J. Chase has the reputation of being upright, laborious, of a sound judgment, but of indifferent elocution. His acquired knowledge in law, or other walks of literature, scarcely places him on the roll of real fame.\nMr Houston is not so absolutely within the scope of my researches. But if he exceeds the rank of a good county-court lawyer, I have been greatly misinformed.\nPerhaps then, the competition is reduced to Governor Paterson and Mr Potts. To the former, not a point can be objected, but his position, and the uncertainty of his connection with the land-companies, which are now in motion against particular states. The latter is known, but little in detail, altho\u2019 he carries with him universal esteem, as a valuable man, and a much approved practitioner.\nBut suffer me, sir, to submit to your view, what lies near to my heart. When I consider, how many decisions must be very grating to the states; I am afraid, that the dissatisfaction will be increased by a distrust of the abilities of some of our judges; nay I do not hold it impossible, that some of them may excite sentiments of a degrading Kind. If such an idea gains ground, the state judiciaries will inevitably make a stand against the f\u0153deral Bench. This temper has already broke forth; and can never be subdued but by preeminent talents.\nUpon the other subject, of a private nature, this has been the course of my reflection. To yield, what is useful in the discharge of your public functions, merely because they may be exhibited in print, in an uncomely attitude, is, I am sure, as little expected by the world, as it is repugnant to your sense of duty. To refuse to accept acts of compliment, as being capable of perversion, do probably & depend wholly on the disposition of the person, to whom they are offered. However, there may be situations, in which the forms of this city demand an abstinence from unnecessary crouds, and which, if not attended to, may be egregiously misinterpreted into a countenance of what you only acquiesce in, but do not approve. I may add, that if at a future day, you should think proper to repel this species of civility, the present circumstances produce an adequate opportunity of commencing a retreat from it. I have the honor, sir, to be with the highest respect yr mo. ob. serv.\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0126", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Stuart, 18 February 1793\nFrom: Stuart, David\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nHope Park [Va.] 18th Feby 1793\nAgreeable to the promise I made in my last, I now sit down to write you more fully on what I touched on at the conclusion of my letter: The information there alluded to, as it concerned Mr Ellicott, was recieved from our Secretary Mr Gantt. Mr Dermott it seems furnished him with the numbers of several squares, which have been divided with the Proprietors, and which he asserts\nwill be found erroneous, and to be laid out and divided on a larger scale than the ground will admit. This if true, would certainly be very serious, as it would render our sales uncertain and disputable. But I must observe, that Dermott and Ellicott have had a disagreement, so that there is no knowing at present, what credit to give to the information. I hope it will be found erroneous. But the jealousy Mr Ellicott has discovered towards him for some time, and his fears of his having too much communication with us, seem to justify some apprehension. You will see this jealousy fully displayed in a late attack upon us generally, and me more particularly, in a Ge: town paper. The general conjecture is, that he at least furnished the materials, tho\u2019 he thinks himself perfectly secure from all suspicion, from his strong declarations of his innocence. Feeling myself much hurt at the insinuations against me, I gave him my opinion of the Author and his Co-adjutors in the strongest terms. Among other reasons we had for not being dragged into a Public dispute with him, one was, that besides lasiness, we should probably have been led to prove from many instances, that he had not much regard to truth\u2014From the explanations between us at his departure, it would appear, that we had entirely mistaken each other in our several correspondences: but, I confess I am not sensible of any on our part.\nIt may be well as he is on the spot, to inform you, that Mr Young has renewed his application to us, to have the appropriations at his point on the Eastern branch, and at his cluster of quarters lessened\u2014He states as a reason for it, that they have been lessened in other places, from what they were originally designed; particularly at the mall, and the fort at Hamburg. The first he mentions to the best of my remembrance will include near 90 acres, and the second ab\u27e8out\u27e9 50, from a survey he has lately had made. They certainly appear to be large, and if they could be lessened without injury to the plan, would be a public saving. I expect his letter will be sent to you at the next meeting.\nI cannot conclude without observing, that I feel myself innocent of all the charges brought against me, by the writer in the Ge: town papers, and that I attribute the more pointed attack against me, partly to the well-grounded suspicion Mr E: entertains, that he is indebted for the letter he recieved from Mr Jefferson, to an opinion I might have given you of him; an opinion\nwhich he has found equally entertained by my Collegues, and to which all the Proprietors with whom I have conversed, will subscribe: and partly to my having engaged Dermott last Spring, in consequence of a letter from him, informing us that his Brothers would leave him, and wishing us if any one offered, that he might be engaged. I had never seen Dermott before, and have had litde or no communication with him since. By the Commissioners, he has never once been consulted on any subject whatever. That he is better qualifyed than anyone he has yet had under him, I have no doubt: and Mr E: has himself often mentioned him, as one of the best calculators he had ever met with. Notwithstanding this, there were circumstances in his character which would ever have rendered him in my opinion unfit to have been at the head of the department: and that we had no such prepossession in his favor as is represented, appears from our not making the smallest opposition to his dismission. I am with the greatest respect Your Affecte Serv:\nDd Stuart.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0127", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 18 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate.\nUnited States [Philadelphia]February 18th 1793\nI nominate\nSamuel Tredwell, to be Collector and Inspector of the Revenue for the Port of Edenton, in North Carolina, and Inspector of Survey No. 2. in the District of North Carolina; vice, Thomas Benbury, deceased.\nWilliam Munson, to be Surveyor of the Port of New Haven, in Connecticut, vice, Hezekiah Rogers, resigned\u2014and to be Inspector of the Revenue for the same; vice, Jonathan Fitch (the Collector) who was, through a mistake in transcribing the names, nominated and appointed Inspector, in the last Session of the Senate.\nEdward Weyman, to be Surveyor and Inspector of the Revenue for the Port of Charleston, in South Carolina, vice, Edward Weyman Senr\u2014deceased.\nGeorge Nicholas, to be Attorney for the United States in the Kentucky District; vice William Murray, resigned.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0128", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 18 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\nGentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives.\n\u27e8United States [Philadelphia] February 18th\u20141793.\u27e9\nI now lay before you a Report, and Plat of the Territory of the United States, on the Potomac, as given in by the Commissioners of that Territory, together with a letter from the Secretary of State which accompanied them. These papers being original, are to be again deposited with the Records of the Department of State, after having answered the purpose of your information.\n\u27e8Geo: Washington\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0130", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Peregrine Fitzhugh, 19 February 1793\nFrom: Fitzhugh, Peregrine\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nIndian Queen [Tavern, Philadelphia] Feby 19th 1793\nFrom the Friendship with which you have been pleased to honor me, and your well known regard for my Father and his Family, I should think myself unpardonable not to make an early and candid communication to your Excellency of the business which has been the occasion of my visit to this City\u2014You are Sir sufficiently acquainted with the circumstance of my having (shortly after parting with your Excellency at the seige of York) intermarried with a Daughter of the late Colo. Saml Chew of Maryland\u2014Not long after this period, at the particular instance of my Father in Law, and under assurances of every requisite support, which I have been deprived of by his sudden and unexpected death, I was induced to enter into a contract which has embarrass\u2019d me extreemely and which has ever since kept me in a state of painful and distressing anxiety\u2014I have now adopted an expedient for my relief, which I am endeavoring to execute, and the success of which so far has exceeded my most sanguine expectations\u2014To bring myself to this, I have had to struggle for several years with what your Excellency would probably call false pride or false delicacy; be this as it may, it has at length yielded to necessity & I have with candor, and without the suppression of a single fact, made known my real situation to my Friends and the public. Their returns have been flattering, and if in the commencement of the business my feelings were in some degree hurt at the necessity of adopting such an alternative, the consolation which I derive from a discovery of so many active and zealous Friends has made me most ample amends\u2014Their goodness has been unbounded, and the facility with which by far the greatest part of my Tickets have been disposed of, cannot but be evincive of a friendship which is as honorable as it is gratifying to me\u2014A list enclosed will shew the Gentlemen who patronized my Lottery at the City of Annapolis the first & second days after its appearance\u2014I sent to Baltimore Town 500 Tickets, which Major Swan informed me were all disposed of in less than three weeks after their arrival\u2014A Scheme of the Lottery is also covered to shew your Excellency the footing upon which I have placed the business and a Copy of a Letter which I addressed to my Friends in the different Counties of Maryland from whence I\nhave received every satisfaction to be expected in so short a time or even desired\u2014In a consultation with my honored Parent on the above business he observed that honesty would ever be found the best policy & that a candor and unreservedness with my Friends would at least be received kindly by them\u2014this advice I have endeavored implicitly to follow\u2014I have taken the Liberty Sir to make the above communications because I thought it my duty for the reasons stated in the beginning of my Letter. I beg your Excellency\u2019s excuse for troubling you & have the honor to be with every possible respect Your most affectionate and obliged Servant\nPeregne Fitzhugh", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0132", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 19 February 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nWar-department, Feb: 19\u20131793.\nColonel Louis, the Cagnawagna Chief, conceives himself entitled to some reward for his services last summer\u2014I have conceived it proper to give him one hundred dollars in full, which, if you approve the measure, will be satisfactory to him. I have the honor to be Sir, with great respect, Your obedt Servt\nH. Knoxsecy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0133", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Morris, 19 February 1793\nFrom: Morris, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York Feby 19th 1793\n  With the greatest Respect I take the Lyberty to inform you that on the Eighteenth of the Next month I shall perfect a year as Supervisor of the District of New York, and to Assure you I have the most gratefull Sence of the favour done me in Calling me to that Appointment (when I had not only been Neglected but Ungratefully treated by my own State) yet Sir the Emoluments Appointed to that Office tho Amply Sufficient at first View, After the deductions to pay Necessary Clerks, Office Keeper and Stamper of Certificates, Office Rent, fuel & &. leaves a Recompence Altogether unequal to the trouble, and Attendance, without any Recompence, for the Responsibility or for the Neglect, of my farm, and Mills, in the Country\u2014from this Consideration only, I am induced to Resign the Office, and to begg Such Arrangements may be taken, that I may on the first of April next which is a Quarter day deliver over to my Successor the Books & &: pertaining to the Office.\nI take the lyberty to send Inclosed, a State of my Receipts, and Expenditures Officially, for the two first Quarters I was Employd,\nto Enable you, to Judge of the Suffcy of the Recompence. I am Sir\u2014with the Greatest Deference and Respect your Most Obedient Humble Servant\nRid Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0135", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 19 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \nGentlemen of the Senate,\nUnited States [Philadelphia]February the 19th 1793.\nI nominate the following persons to be Consuls for the United States of America, at the places affixed to their names respectively.\nNathaniel Cutting, of Massachusetts, to be Consul of the United States of America, for the Port of Havre de Grace in France; and for such other parts of that Country as shall be nearer to the said Port than to the residence of any other Consul or Vice Consul of the United States, within the same allegiance.\nEdward Fox, native of Great Britain, to be Consul of the United States of America for the Port of Falmouth, in the Kingdom of Great Britain, and for such other parts of the said Kingdom as shall be nearer to the said Port than to the residence of any other Consul or vice-Consul of the United States, in the same Kingdom.\nJoseph Yznardi, native of Spain, to be Consul of the United States of America for the Port of Cadiz, in the Kingdom of Spain, and for such other parts of the said Kingdom, as shall be nearer to the said Port, than to the residence of any other Consul or Vice Consul of the United States, within the same allegiance.\nRobert Montgomery, of Alicant, to be Consul of the United States of America, for the Port of Alicant in the Kingdom of Spain, & for such other parts of the said Kingdom as shall be nearer to the said Port than to the Residence of any other Consul or Vice-Consul of the United States, within the same allegiance.\nJohn Parish, native of Great Britain, to be Consul of the United States of America for the Port of Hamburg, and for all other places within the same allegiance.\nHenry Cooper, of Pennsylvania, to be Consul of the United States of America, for the Island of Santa Cruz, & for all other places under the same allegiance in America as shall be nearer to the said Island of Santa Cruz than to the residence of any other Consul or Vice-Consul of the United States within the same allegiance; vice James Yard resigned.\nDavid Matthew Clarkson of Pennsylvania, to be Consul of the United States of America for the Island of Saint Eustatius, & for\nall other places under the same allegiance in America which shall be nearer to the said Island of Saint Eustatius than to the residence of any other Consul or vice-consul of the United States, within the same allegiance.\nBenjamin Hamnell Philips of Pennsylvania, to be Consul for the United States of America in the Island of Cura\u00e7oa, and for all other places under the same allegiance in America, which shall be nearer to the said Island of Cura\u00e7oa than to the residence of any other Consul or Vice-Consul of the United States, within the same allegiance.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0137", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 20 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Feb. 20. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson, with his respects to the President, has the honor of inclosing him a letter he proposes to send to the Speaker today, if approved by the President: also the translation of some papers\ngiven him by mister Ternant three or four days ago, which he has not before had time to prepare: also extract of a private letter from mister Short. Th: J. will have the honor of waiting on the President at one aclock on these subjects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0138", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Notes on a Conversation with Washington, 20 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n[Philadelphia] Feb. 20. 1793.\nI had 5. or 6. days ago received from Ternant extracts from the lettres of his ministers, complaing of both G. Morris & mister\nShort. I sent them this day to the Presidt with an extract from a private lettre of mister Short\u2019s justifying himself, & I called this eveng on the Presidt. he said he considd the extracts from Ternant as very serious, in short as decisive: that he saw that G. Morris cd be no longer contind there consistent with the public good, that the moment was critical in our favor & ought not to be lost: that he was extremely at a loss what arrangemt to make. I asked him whether G. Morris & Pinckney m[igh]t not change places. He sd that wd be a sort of remedy, but not a radical one. that if the French ministry conceved G. M. to be hostile to them, if they hd bn jealous merely on his proposing to visit London, they wd nevr be satisfd with us at placing him at London permanently. he then observed that tho\u2019 I had unfixed the day on which I had intendd to resign, yet I appeared fixed in doing it at no great distance of time: that in this case, he cd not but wish that I wd go to Paris, that the moment was important, I possessed the confidence of both sides & might do great good; that he wished I could do it were it only to stay there a year or two. I told him that my mind was so bent on retirement that I could not think of launching forth again in a new business, that I could never again cross the Atlantic: and that as to the opportunity of doing good, this was likely to be the scene of action, as Genet was bringing powers to do the business here, but that I could not think of going abroad, he replied that I had pressed him to a continuance in public service & refused to do the same myself. I said the case was very different; he united the confidce of all America, & was the only person who did so: his services therefore were of the last importance: but for myself my going out would not be noted or known, a thousand others could supply my place to equal advantage. therefore I felt myself free: and that as to the mission to France I thought Pinckney perfectly proper. he desired me then to consider maturely what arrangemt shd be made.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0140", "content": "Title: David Sewall to Tobias Lear, 20 February 1793\nFrom: Sewall, David\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nSir\nyork in the district of Maine Feby 20th 1793\nFrom some News paper publications, and which in this instance are probably true, Henry Dearbourn Esqr., the Marshall of this district, is Elected a Member of Congress, and should he accept, as there is no great doubt he will, if he is chose, That office will become vacant. The office is by no means lucrative: yet when offices of almost any kind are vacant, there are generally Persons enough seeking after them. And earnest seekers are not always the most suitable. I would mention Capt. John Hobby of Portland, as suitable to supply the place as any that has occurred to me. He is the principal deputy mr Dearbourne has; And has some acquaintance with the duties of the office\u2014is conveniently situated\u2014and is a Person of that activity, age, respe[c]tability &c. such a situation seems to require. Mr Dearbourne has performed the duties unexceptionably\u2014And this Communication is by no means intended, to militate with his reappointment at the expiration of the four years (which expires about Septemr next) should it be compatible with the constitution. All that is intended or Wished for, is, that in case of a Vacancy, Capt. Hobby may be brought into the Presidents recollection on the Occision. I am Sir your obedient Humble Servant\nDavid Sewall", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0141", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 20 February 1793\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nHonrd Sir\nMount Vernon Feb. 20th 1793\nYour Letter of the 10th reach\u2019d Alexandria on Sunday last came to hand by Peter on Monday. Was I imagine detain\u2019d from the waters being impassable I never saw the Land so wett as at present it raind the Whole Day Yesterday & last night or rather this Morning about two oClock we had the hardest rain I ever saw The Mill race is again broke The Roads allmost impassable The Whole surface where the Lands are flat covered with water in every field. I have not yet seen Tayler but shall the first Oppertunity & inform him what is mentioned in Your Excells. Letter, I believe him to be a man little to be confided in, for when a man will take advantages such as he has in keeping a horse since the absence of the Poor Major\u2014he only want oppertunities to take others of more Magnitude The Mill has not yet wanted Wheat 191\u00bd was sent from Union farm which will be seen in the reports last Reced & we are now delivering Wheat from the same place but such roads was hardly I believe ever seen\u2014I shall endeavour to Straighten the fence from Manleys Bridge towards the Mill as well as in my power without the inconvenience mentioned in Your Letter which I shall avoid as much as possible\u2014The Snow is pretty well Gone except by the fences being there drifted by the wind & is now at many places 3 feet thick but from the constant rains is Going fast\u2014It is now Clearing away wind N.W. The Snow Which fell on the 30th of Jan. begun to Go of on Saturday the 2d inst. was all Gone on Wednesday following it being a wet Day no frost happened to injure the Wheat after it And on Monday Evening the 11th it again began to Snow & Continued\nthe Whole Day on Tuesday\u2014it began to rain on Saturday last about Noon Raind most part of Sunday and all day Yesterday so that the last Snow is now all Gone & no injury as Yet to the Wheat which looks as well as it did before Christmas but the Ground being so remarkably full of Water if a frost Should now happen (which I hope will not) it will be a General covering of Ice. Very little work was done last Week feeding Cattle Getting wood &c. was the greatest part except those that could thrash The fencing is kept back & I shall not be able to Get the Gates hung which I wishd to do as soon as possible, putting them up While the Ground is so very Wet the posts cannot be made fast Tom Davis is now begining to work but cannot yet paint the buildings being so very Wett he has been mixing & preparing paint & I intend putting Frank with him to forward the work\u2014I will let Green have Corn agreable to Your Excells. request\u2014When Mr Burrel Basset was at Mount Vernon we was speaking of the poor Majors building he desired me not to Go on with it as he said Mrs Washington he expected would not Go to house keeping If I have not mentioned this before (which I really forget) should be Glad to be informd by Your Excelly your Opinion respecting it\u2014Two Ships are just passed up which I was very Glad to see As they will I expect take some flour from Alexa. I am Honrd Sir Your Obdt Servt\nA. Whitting\nP.S. Charles Toe is again Swelld & he very lame I sent for Dr Craik to come down as soon as the roads Get better for I am fearfull it will yet be to be taken off The bone was very Much Cut & I expect rotten.\nIn the Sewers reports Caroline will be seen Making a Shift this was for Sarah Flatfoot & two pr of Sheets which I was forced to Cut out of the Oznabuergh Linnen there being Only two pr & them allmost worn out & since Mr Butler has been here one of the two pr has been Given him So that there is no Change while they are Washing.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0142", "content": "Title: George and Martha Washington to Elizabeth Willing Powel, 21 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George,Washington, Martha\nTo: Powel, Elizabeth Willing\n[Philadelphia] Wednesday 21st February 1793.\nThe President and Mrs Washington offer the Compliments of the day to Mrs Powell. They sincerely wish her the return of many anniversaries of it. that with each her happiness may increase\u2014& the satisfaction of her friends thereby promoted.\nThe President and Mrs Washington would, with pleasure, have been of Mrs Powell\u2019s party on the present occasion, this evening, had it not been for the late event which has happened in their family.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0143", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 22 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, 22 February 1793]\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President, incloses him a letter he received from Mr Short yesterday, by which he expected to leave the Hague on the 12th of December: also the answers he has prepared to the two petitions from Post Vincennes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0144", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 22 February 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia february 22. 1793\nI do myself the honor of presenting to you some of those views, which the very delicate affair of the removal affords, and the result of a provisional inquiry, which I set on foot.\n1. The charges have come in an ambiguous form; half-private, half-public; and it must be uncertain, until the arrival of the new-minister from France, to what extent those charges are to be pressed. To seize so imperfect an opportunity for dismission, might argue an eagerness to get rid of the officer; and before such a stroke is given to the reputation of any man, ought he not to be heard?\n2. I understand, however, that a middle ground has been recommended; by exchanging the gentleman in question for another diplomatic resident. At first sight, this expedient has the advantage of being conciliatory; altho\u2019 even in this particular it may possibly fail. But what will be the reason, given out to the world, for such an alteration? I here take it for granted, that if\non any such occasion the cabinet can conceal the genuine motive; on this, it will be notorious. It will be known, in France, and throughout the United States, that the disgust of the French ministry at the hostility of our officer\u2019s politics was the leading cause of the decisive step. The people of the United States will immediately say, that he is not only protected in his misconduct; but that a partiality is discovered for his ideas on government, Against which they are eminently inveterate, from their real sympathy with the revolution of France. Again; it will be difficult to satisfy the people of France, that it was consistent with an affectionate regard for their welfare, to send a minister thus prejudiced against them, whom they assert to be \u201cdangerous from his talents,\u201d to the court of London, which has now probably become an avowed enemy to them.\n3. I doubt therefore exceedingly, whether any determination ought yet to be made; especially as during the recess of the senate you may remove, if you think proper. But I can scarcely doubt on the impropriety of the substitute proposed, considered relatively to the present time; altho\u2019 after-circumstances may perhaps require these sentiments to be revised.\n4. Supposing the ultimate possibility of a dismission, I have laboured (provisionally) to bring about the other arrangement. But I find this to be impracticable; the one gentleman being immoveable in the resolution which he expressed to you the other day; and the other gentleman being very explicit, that it is absolutely inadmissible in his mind to enter into the administration, under either of the aspects contemplated, or indeed under any other. I have the honor, sir, to be with the highest respect yr mo. ob. serv.\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0145", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 22 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate.\nUnited States [Philadelphia]February 22d 1793\nThe nomination of the following persons to fill up the existing vacancies of Ensigns are made provisionally, to be employed, or not, as the prospect of peace, by the proposed treaty, may render it expedient.\nIf upon a further view of the subject, it should appear probable, that the proposed treaty would issue in a peace the services of these provisional Ensigns would not be required, and of consequence the expences attending their employment would be saved\u2014But, if the war must progress, their services may be necessary, at a time when the Senate may not be in session, to advise and consent to their appointment; under these circumstances, I nominate the following persons to be Ensigns.\n            Levi House\n            John Lamson\n            New Hampshire.\n            Warham Woodward\n            Massachusetts.\n            Aaron Catlin\n            Connecticut.\n            Francis Johnson\n            Garret Voorhees\n            New Jersey\n            John Wallington\n            Pennsylvania.\n            George Baynton\n            Jesse Lukens\n            Charles Lewis\n            do\u2003Some of these\n            Levi McLane\n            do\u2003acting as\n            Richard Butler\n            William Davidson\n            Ferdinand Leigh Claiborne\n            Charles Turner\n            Charles Harrison\n            George Lee Davidson\n            North Carolina.\n            Howell Cobb\n            Edmund Taylor\n            Kentucky\n            John Bradshaw\n            Elijah Strong\n            John Brick\n            Serjeant Major: 1st Sub Legion.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0147", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Powell, 23 February 1793\nFrom: Powell, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Febry 23rd 1793\nI beg leave to apologize for thus Introducing myself to your Notice.\nHaving solicited the appointment to the Surveyors Office in the District, of New Haven, in the State of Connecticut, lately vacated by the resignation of Hezek. Rogers Esqr. and having faithfully performed the Duties of it for upwards of two Years, I have to lament the production of those further honorable testimonials, I had obtained in my favor from New Haven, too late for their use, I now beg leave to present them to you, to evince, my application for that Office had a respectable support, from men of the first abilities & of bussiness in that City\u2014and as my duty leads me shall endeavour to deserve that confidence. I am with the highest esteem and Respect Sir Your most humble and obedient Servant\nWm Powell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0149", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 24 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] Sunday 24th Feb. 1793.\nEnclosed is a letter from poor Madam La Fayette! How desirable it would be, if something could be done to relieve that family from their present unhappy Situation.\nColo. Smith, yesterday, gave me the enclosed extract of a Letter from the House of Warder & Co. to one of the Partners in this City. Whether it is founded in fact, or with design to affect the prices of provision in this Count[r]y\u2014I know not. Nor whether it was a Comm[unicatio]n for public or private information to myself, I am equally uncertai\u27e8n\u27e9.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0150", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to the Cabinet, 24 February 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Cabinet\nUnited States [Philadelphia] February 24th 1793\nThe President of the United States requests the attendance of the Secretary of State, at nine O\u2019clock tomorrow morning, at the President\u2019s House, on the subject of the note sent to the Secretary from the President, on the 17th Inst. and that the Secretary will bring with him such remarks as he may have committed to writing in pursuance of said note.\nAt the same time the President will lay before the heads of the Departments some communications which he has just received from General Hull.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0153", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 24 February 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[Philadelphia] 24[t]h Feby 1793\nI submit to your view a letter from General Hull dated at Niagara on the 6th instant together with certain enclosures relatively to the Western Indians.\nThe idea contained in the proceedings of the hostile indians, \u201cthat the demolition of our posts should be a previous step to the proposed treaty\u201d has also been conveyed by Capt. Hendricks. I have the honor to be sir with perfect respect Your humble Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0154", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 24 February 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia] 24 Feby 1793\nI will wait upon the President as directed. I now enclose a letter and its enclosure, from Genl Wayne dated the 16th instant, which has been just received. Yours sincerely\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0157", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion on a Proposed Treaty at Lower Sandusky, 25 February 1793\nFrom: Cabinet\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, 25 February 1793]\nThe President having required the attendance of the heads of the three departments and of the Attorney general at his house\non Monday the 25th of Feb. 1793. the following questions were proposed and answers given.\n1. The Governor of Canada having refused to let us obtain provisions from that province or to pass them along the water communication to the place of treaty with the Indians, and the Indians having refused to let them pass peaceably along what they call the bloody path, the Governor of Canada at the same time proposing to furnish the whole provisions necessary, Ought the treaty to proceed?\nAnswer unanimously, it ought to proceed.\n2. Have the Executive, or the Executive & Senate together authority to relinquish to the Indians the right of soil of any part of the lands North of the Ohio, which has been validly obtained by former treaties?\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary at war & Attorney general are of opinion that the Executive & Senate have such authority, provided that no grants to individuals nor reservations to states be thereby infringed. the Secretary of state is of opinion they have no such authority to relinquish.\n3. Will it be expedient to make any such relinquishment to the Indians if essential to peace?\nThe Secretaries of the Treasury & War & the Attorney general are of opinion it will be expedient to make such relinquishment, if essential to peace, provided it do not include any lands sold or reserved for special purposes (the reservations for trading places excepted) The Secretary of state is of opinion that the Executive and Senate have authority to stipulate with the Indians and that if essential to peace it will be expedient to stipulate that we will not settle any lands between those already sold or reserved for special purposes, and the lines heretofore validly established with the Indians.\nWhether the Senate shall be previously consulted on this point?\nThe Opinion unanimously is that it will be better not to consult them previously.\nTh: Jefferson\nAlexandr Hamilton\nH. Knox\nEdm: Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0158", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion on the United States Debt to France, 25 February 1793\nFrom: Cabinet\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Feb. 25. 1793.\nThe President desires the opinions of the heads of the three departments and of the Attorney General on the following question, to wit.\nMr Ternant having applied for money equivalent to three millions of livres to be furnished on account of our debt to France\nat the request of the Executive of that country, which sum is to be laid out in provisions within the U.S. to be sent to France, Shall the money be furnished?\nThe Secretary of the Treasury stated it as his opinion that making a liberal allowance for the depreciation of assignats, (no rule of liquidation having been yet fixed) a sum of about 318,000 Dollars may not exceed the arrearages equitably due to France to the end of 1792. and that the whole sum asked for may be furnished, within periods capable of answering the purpose of mister Ternant\u2019s application, without a derangement of the Treasury.\nWhereupon the Secretaries of State & War & the Attorney General are of opinion that the whole sum asked for by mister Ternant ought to be furnished: the Secretary of the Treasury is of opinion that the supply ought not to exceed the abovementioned sum of 318,000. Dollars.\nTh: Jefferson\nAlexandr Hamilton\nH. Knox\nEdm: Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0160", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 25 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Feb. 25. 93.\nTh: Jefferson, with his respects to the President has the honor to inclose him\n1. letters from mister Barclay.\n2. a letter from the Govr of N. York & an act of that legislature ceding certain lands on Montack point.\n3. Dr Smith\u2019s letter, against whom one of the Indians, in a peice read today, has entered a Caveat under the description of a Land-monger.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0161", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Smith, 25 February 1793\nFrom: Smith, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia February 25th 1793\nWith an Exultation of Heart, too ardent for the Powers of Language to express, I observe that your Excellency\u2019s Message, of the 19th instant, to the Legislature of the United States, announces a Prospect of Peace with the Hostile Tribes, North-West of the Ohio; and that a Treaty is soon to be held for that Purpose. May a gracious Providence render it sucessful; and may it become one Gem more (and one of the brightest) to adorn that Diadem of Honour, which the Voice of your Fellow-Citizens is daily weaving to crown your Labours in the Service of your Country! To a gracious Providence, in this Case, we may devoutly look up, when we offer ourselves as humble Instruments, toward the Accomplishment of its own eternal Purposes, in Making Wars to cease, turning \u201cSwords into Plow-shares,\u201d and extending Civilization, Humanity, and all the Blessings of rational Liberty, good Government, and Gospel-Light, to the utmost Ends of America; and binding its various Inhabitants & Tribes, of every Nation and Colour, into one Brotherhood, cemented by the indissoluble Ties of mutual Interest and Mutual Justice!\nThese Sentiments, and Prospects of future America, and of our Nation as its most conspicuous Part, are not new to You. At an early Period of my Life, and an earlier one of yours, (more than 36 Years ago) I found them congenial to your Own. I am now become almost Enthusiast in them, from the Countenance which your public Conduct has given to all who have been concerned\nin the Propagation of them, and to myself among others, during the various Vicissitudes in the Fortune of our Country.\nYour Magnanimity, which has inspired and directed the Councils of our Nation (however divided in local Views & Interests with Respect to Western Territory, or the Wrongs endured from hostile and Savage Tribes) to hold forth to them the Calumet of Peace in one Hand, although well strengthen\u2019d with the Sword in the other (and this under Circumstances which would have provoked the more ambitious, or less enlightened Policy of other Nations to hold forth the Sword only), must be approved in the Sight of God, and all good Men; and, in the Issue, it may be hoped, will either reconcile those Tribes to perpetual Amity; or justify and even sanctify War as the necessary Means of a just Accomodation. I trust the former will be the Case; and when that happy Day shall dawn, which will secure such a Peace, upon the Terms which your Excellency will direct, it may be recorded in our Annals, as another Birth-Day of all that is auspicious to the United States, and the Sword be eternally sheath\u2019d, or \u201cbeat into a Plow-share\u201d thro\u2019 every Part of our extensive Territory.\nConcerning that Territory, it would be equally needless and officious in Me to suggest, what is so well understood by your Excellency\u2014That it is amply sufficient to answer all the Purposes of the most rapid Population of the United States, for a Number of Years, without leaving the Shadow of Cause for Quarrel, or straitning those Tribes too much in their Grounds, according to their present Habits and Manner of Life, till, by the Introduction of new Habits and Civilization among them, they will be contented, and even solicitous, as Occasion may require, to part with their superfluous Lands, for the means of cultivating the Remainder, as a civilized People, subject to the Laws & Government of the Union. This happy Change can only be effected, by providing, with their own Consent, for the Instruction of their Youth especially, in the Arts of Agriculture and civil Life, with such a Measure of Gospel-Knowlege, in its primitive Simplicity, untainted by the Dogmas of Sects or Parties, as may be suitable to their Circumstances.\nThe ensuing Treaty, at which the United States, by their Commissioners and Deputies, will appear as Angels of Light, come to offer to those long bewildered Tribes, Peace, Safety, and the Means of Temporal, as well as Everlasting, Happiness, will furnish a glorious\nOccasion (nay it will be the very Crisis and \u00c6ra which seems pr\u27e8e\u27e9ordained by Providence) for commencing and carrying on this great Work of Civilization, till it shall become finally productive of all that Glory and Felicity to America which has been attempted (although but weakly) to be described, in the former Part of this Letter.\nI am charmed with the Idea, and rapturously anticipate the Success to be hoped for! Neither the Weight of Years, which begin to bear upon Me, nor the Distance of the Place of Negociation deter me from soliciting such Part of the Appointments your are to make for conducting the Treaty, as you may judge me capable to sustain. Commissioners, acquainted with the History of those numerous Tribes, and of their Connexions and Treaties, whether with the French or British Governments, prior to the Revolution, and with the Geography & Situation of their Country, for a clear and unequivocal Description of the Lands to be ceded, and the Boundaries to be agreed upon, who may have the Weight of public Character, joined to their other Qualifications, and no Interest, as they will have no Power, to depart from your Excellency\u2019s Instructions\u2014Such as these may be already in your View; whose Qualifications in all those Respects are superior to mine, and also a Secretary to record their Proceedings. But whatever Appointment you may think me worthy to sustain (if any), whether of a higher of lower Grade, my best Assistance shall be given to the great Work upon the purest Principles; and especially in digesting such a Plan for the future Instruction and Civilization of those Tribes, as your Excellency shall judge proper; to which a few practical Sermons on the fundamental Principles of the Christian Religion properly address\u2019d, and well interpreted, will add Weight, not to be diminished by the Gravity of Age, and the long Experience of a public Instructor.\nThe Emoluments of an Appointment, beyond a Provision for my personal Expences out of the public Stock, is no Object with me, in the present Case. If my Services should appear to deserve any Thing farther, your Excellency will be the true Judge.\nSome public Business allotted to my Care, under the Government of Pennsylvania, will lead me to Presqu\u2019 Isle on Lake Erie, early next Summer, if Hostilities cease, & Peace ensues; and an Attendance at the Treaty would be easily compatible with the other Duty, either in going out or returning Home. Added to\nthis, I have long desired, and can never expect another favorable Opportunity for procuring, Materials respecting the Country on the Lakes, & the Tribes inhabiting there, as a Part of the History which I have in Hand, under your Excellency\u2019s Auspices.\nI rely on your Excellency\u2019s Goodness to pardon the Trouble and Trespass on your Time, which this long Letter may Occasion. If what I have solicited be proper for you to grant, the bare Statement of my Wishes, to yourself alone, will be sufficient, without adding to that Trouble the further Solicitation of Friends; to none of whom have I communicated my Ideas, on the Matters submitted to You; leaving myself wholly at your own Disposal in that Respect. In what is Right, you need no Sollic[i]tations; in What is otherwise, of which you are the best Judge, all Sollicitations, however sanctioned by Custom, (especially if persevered in) are indelicate & Wrong; the Guilt of which, I trust, you will never have Occasion to ascribe to One, who is, with the most perfect Attachment and Esteem\u2014Your Excellency\u2019s obedient & humble Servant\nWilliam Smith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0162", "content": "Title: Alexander Hamilton to Tobias Lear, 26 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nSir,\nTrea: Depart. 26th feby 1793.\nI have the honor to enclose to you a small account against the United States, for a Seal for the use of the District Court of the State of Vermont.\nAs this article forms a charge against the Fund appropriated for the contingent charges of Government, I will thank you to obtain the President\u2019s permission for paying it out of the said fund. I am, etc:\nAlexandr Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0163", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 26 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nPhiladelphia Feb: 26th 1793.\nThe minister of France may, as soon as he pleases, make arrangements with the Secretary of the Treasury for the payment of Three million of Livres on account of the debt due from the U: States to France (including the one hundred thousand dollars already ordered, in part) agreeably to the requisition of M. Le Brun Minister for Foreign Affairs in that Country, & In such manner as will comport with the state of the Treasury.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0164", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 26 February 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] February 26th 1793\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to send to the Secretary of State a Copy of the proceedings to the Executive Department of the Government of the North Western Territory\u2014and a copy \u27e8of\u27e9 the laws passed there from the 1st day of July to the 31st of december 1792, which the President requests the Secretary to look over, and to report to him any thing that may therein appe[a]r to require the agency of the President, or that may be necessary to be known to him.\nThe President wishes to know whether Judge Turner has gone to the Territory or not. And if he should not be gone, that he may be pressed to go immediately.\nThe President likewise wishes to know when Governor St Clair intends to go to his Government, as he conceives it highly proper that he should repair thither without delay.\nTobias LearSecretary to the President of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0165", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 26 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Feb. 26. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President the Decypher of a Note from Mr Barclay expressed in Cypher.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0166", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Cabinet, 27 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Cabinet\nSir\n[Philadelphia] Wednesday 27th Feby 1793\nAs the day is near at hand, when the President-elect is to take the oath of qualification, and no mode is pointed out by the constitution or law; I could wish that you, Mr Jef. Gen. K. and Mr R., could meet to-morrow morning, at any place, which you may fix between yourselves; and communicate to me to the result of your opinions as to the time, place and manner of qualification.\nG. W\u2014\u2014n\nP.S. Mr Jefferson & Mr Randolph have suggested the idea of meeting at the War Office at nine oclock tomorrow morng. If this\nis conven[i]ent & agreeable to you, You will be there accordingly\u2014If otherwise, you will be so good as to let me know.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0167", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Gibbons, 27 February 1793\nFrom: Gibbons, John\nTo: Washington, George\nPhiladelphia, 27 Feb. 1793. Asks \u201cleave to approach Your benevolence . . . I am the Son of a respectable Merchan\u27e8t\u27e9, who lived many Years in Dublin . . . And in consequence of the insinuations of a certain publication which appeared there, of an Asylum to be found here for redressing the grievances of reduced Irishmen and their families, under the denomination of the Hibernian Society, which proves itself to be a great deception, by its inducing many to come a long distance in pursuit of that relief they cannot find.\u201d He came \u201cfrom Dublin last April, in hopes being encouraged as a School-master . . . Which Indeed was all the means left me (after having unfortunately lost one of my Legs a few Years ago) . . . But to my vexation and regret, cannot find an opportunity of getting into any business, Tho\u2019 I can produce good recommendations both from Dublin and from worthy Characters in this City.\u201d He is \u201cwithout a shilling, friends or employmt; after disposing of my Watch and Clothes for the necessary means of Life! A Situation pitiably aggaravating And as You are a Gentleman blessed with affluence, and iminent for act\u27e8illegible\u27e9 Philantrophy &c., it is therefore from the distresses I am exposed to, th\u27e8at\u27e9 I humbly venture to fly to Your Excellency for protection.\u201d Below his signature Gibbons added: \u201cN.B. If I am so happy as to be noticed by Your Excellency, any commands addressed to me at Mr John Barrys School-master in Union Street between 2nd and 3rd, will be most respectfully Reced with Gratitude.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0168", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Hewson, 27 February 1793\nFrom: Hewson, John\nTo: Washington, George\nA Citizen\nKensington [Pa.]\u2014February 27th 1793.\nPresents to the Consort of our most worthy President; a piece of elegant Chintz, the fabrick of which was imported from India, in an American bottom: and printed by the subscriber in his manufactory at Kensington, adjoining the Glass-house. It is presumed if the worthy person here address\u2019d, would honor the manufacture of our own country so far as to wear a dress made of the piece accompanying this; it might be a great means of introducing the like amongst the more affluent of our fellow citizens, and would help to remove the prejudice, that at present too much prevails, against American manufactures.\nThe subscriber is willing to risque his Reputation on the piece herewith presented, as the best performance ever exhibited on this Continent to the present day. The wholesale price is Nine Shillings Pr yd and upon strict enquiry, it will be found that no importer in this City can present a piece of equal fabrick and workmanship, from any part of the world at a less price.\nIf any thing appears improper in the freedom here taken, it is hoped that candor will cast a veil over it. From Citizen\nJohn Hewson\nP.S. The person who delivered this letter with the piece of Chintz will call for an Answer on saturday next.\nJ.H.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0172", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 27 February 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 27 Feb. 1793. In his letter to Whitting of 3 Mar., GW acknowledged \u201creceipt of\u201d a letter dated the \u201c27th of last month.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0173", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion on the Administration of the Presidential Oath, 28 February 1793\nFrom: Cabinet\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, 28 February 1793]\nIf the qualification is to be in private, T.J, A.H H.K and E.R, are of opinion, that Mr Cushing should administer the oath to the President at his own house, where such officers, or others, as He may notify, will attend. T.J. and A.H. think, that it ought to be in private.\nH.K. and E.R. on the other hand think, that the qualification ought to be in public: and that the Marshal of the district should prepare the house of Representatives for the purpose where Mr Cushing shall administer the oath. The Prest to go without form, accompanied with such gentlemen, as he thinks proper, and return preceded by the Marshall.\nMonday, 12 o\u2019clock, is presumed to be the best time. But as the mode will be considered by the public, as originating with the President, it is submitted to him for his decision.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0174", "content": "Title: Memorandum from Thomas Jefferson, 28 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] \u27e8Feb. 28. 1793\u27e9\nDemarara.\nSamuel Cooper Johonnet of Massachusets to be Consul for the U.S. at the port of Demarara and for all parts under the same allegiance in America as shall be nearer to the said port than to the residence of any other Consul or Vice Consul of the U.S. within the same allegiance.\nMalaga.   to be Consul for the U.S. at the port of Malaga in the kingdom of Spain, and for such other parts of the said kingdom as shall be nearer to the said port than to the residence of any other Consul or Vice-Consul of the U.S. within the same allegiance.\nthe Candidates are\nMichael Murphy (of Ireland). see letters of mister Viar mister Leamy.\nWm Kirkpatrick (of Scotland) see letter of mister Cabot\nWm Douglas Brodie see letter of Willing Morris & Swanwick\nThe President will be pleased to decide between the three above candidates for Malaga.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0175", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 28 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\n(Private) \nDr Sir.[Philadelphia] Thursday Morning Feby 28th 1793    \nIt is much to be regretted that the subject of Rations (encreased) had not been thought of and considered at an earlier period! It is to be feared a proposition at this time would be received with an ill grace. probably no attention paid to it. At the meeting you are about to have it might be well to mention the matter and know what the Gentlemen there would think of bringing the matter forward at a time so Mal a propos. Yrs\nGo. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0176", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 28 February 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir.\n[Philadelphia] Feby 28th 1793.\nI enclose you a copy of the President\u2019s Note of this morning, and also two letters from Governor Blount\u2014one dated the 24th of January, and the other the 1st of February, and also a letter from General Sevier of the 6th of February 1793. I am, Dear Sir, Your very humble Servt\nH. Knoxsecy of War.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0177", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, 28 February 1793\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n28th Feby 93\nI return my dear General the papers you gave me having laid the foundation of a future sale if agreable then to you.\nThe previous requisites are the possession of the other shares\nof the company and a law authorizing foreigners to hold real property in Virginia\u2014Both these can be effected in the course of the year.\nI would have called & taken leave of you & Mrs Washington, but did not like to interrupt your time by a regard to mere form. To her be so good as to present the most respectful homage of my heart & accept my best wishes for your health and happiness.\nThis is the prayer of my soul and can never forsake me but with life.\nShould you think proper to pursue any plan respecting Mr H. the sooner you write to me the better, as I am more desirous of getting to France since I saw Col. Smith than ever. with all respect & attachment I am ever yours\nH: Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0178", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edmund Randolph, 28 February 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nLetter not found: to Edmund Randolph, 28 Feb. 1793. In his letter to GW of 28 Feb., Randolph wrote that he \u201cdid not receive the letter, with which you honored me this morning, until my return from the Statehouse at 4 O\u2019clock this afternoon.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0179", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 28 February 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Feby 28 1793\nI did not receive the letter, with which you honored me this morning, until my return from the Statehouse at 4 O\u2019clock this afternoon. I determined last night, not to communicate with Mr H\u2014\u2014s; because I suspected his own opinion to have a wrong tendency; and I have not been always satisfied, that his conduct has not savoured of management or perhaps cunning.\nMr Madison, who knows the other gentleman well, describes him, as of moderate parts, questionable character liable to be caught by an address to his vanity, and easily moved to extreme measures by a passionateness of temper. Nor can I by any inquiry discover him to possess those qualities which attract public confidence.\nMr Brown, of Kentucky, means to go to Sandusky; and expressed a wish, that General Wilkinson and General Wood might be commissioned. I made no reply; as I remembered the principle, which would operate to the exclusion of the former, and doubted, whether you would nominate the latter, or he would accept the appointment, and vacate his seat in the Virginia council. Brown added, that a commissioner from Kentucky would be very pleasing to the people there, and that Colo. Benja. Logan would undoubtedly serve. I have the honor, sir, to be, with the highest respect Yr mo. ob. serv.\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0183", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion on the Administration of the Presidential Oath, 1 March 1793\nFrom: Cabinet\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] March 1. 1793.\nIt is our opinion,\n1. that the President ought to take the oath in public.\n2. that the time be on Monday next at 12 o\u2019clock in the forenoon.\n3. that the place be the Senate chamber.\n4. that the Marshal of the district inform the Vice-President, that the Senate-chamber, being the usual place of the president\u2019s public acts, is supposed to be the best place for taking the oath; and that it is wished, that the chamber be open.\n5. that it may be informally notified to the Vice President governor and foreign ministers, that the oath is to be taken at the time and place abovementioned.\n6. that Mr Cushing be requested to attend; and administer the oath.\n7. that the President go without form attended by such gentlemen, as he may choose, and return without form, except that he be preceded by the Marshal.\nH. Knox\nEdm: Randolph\nMy opinion given yesterday was founded on prudential considerations of the moment; though I think it right in the abstract to give publicity to the Act in question. If this is to be done on\nthe present occasion, I see no objection to the above form. I am not, however, satisfied that prudential considerations are not equally ballanced.\nA. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0184", "content": "Title: Circular to the United States Senators, 1 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senators\n(Circular)[Philadelphia] March 1st 1793.  \nThe President of the United States to  Senator for the State of .  \nCertain matters touching the public good, requiring that the Senate shall be convened on Monday the 4th instant, you are desired to attend at the Senate Chamber in Philadelphia on that day, then & there to receive & deliberate on such communications as shall be made to you on my part.\nGeorge Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0185", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 1 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] March 1st 1793\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to The President, and has the honor to transmit a communication this morning received from Colo. Smith: another from Mister Ternant; concerning both of which he will wait upon the President tomorrow.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0186", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 1 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\nUnited States [Philadelphia], 1 Mar. 1793. Nominates \u201cSamuel Cooper Johonnet, of Massachusetts, to be Consul for the United States at the Port of Demarara . . . Michael Murphy of Malaga in the Kingdom of Spain to be Consul for the United States at the said Port of Malaga . . . [and] James Greenleaf of Massachusetts to be Consul for the United States at Amsterdam in the United Netherlands.\u201d\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0189", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Harwood, 2 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Harwood, Thomas\nSir,\nPhilada March 2d 1793\nBe pleased to pay to Thomas Johnson, David Stuart & Daniel Carroll Esqr. Commiss[ioner]s of the Federal District, or to their Order, or to the Order of any two of them, Twenty four thousand dollars, being the third Instalment of the sum given by the Assembly of Maryland towards defraying the expenses of the public Buildings within that District.\nGo. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0192", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 3 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nGentlemen,\nPhiladelphia March 3d 1793.\nThis will be handed to you by Doctor Thornton of this City, who goes forward to lay before you a plan which he has prepared for the Capitol proposed to be built in the federal City.\nGrandeur, Simplicity and Convenience appear to be so well combined in this plan of Doctor Thornton\u2019s, that I have no doubt of its meeting with that approbation from you, which I have given it upon an attentive inspection, and which it has received from all those who have seen it and are considered as judges of such things.\nHow far the expense of such a building, as is exhibited by the plan, will comport with the funds of the City, you will be the best judges, after having made an estimate of the quantity of materials and labour to be employed in executing it. And to obviate objections that may be raised on this head, it should be considered, that the external of the building will be the only immediate expense to be incurred. The internal work\u2014and many of the ornamental parts without, may be finished gradually, as the means will permit, and still the whole be completed within the time contemplated by law for the use of the building. With very great esteem, I am, Gentlemen, Your most Obedt Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0193", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 3 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nGentlemen,\nPhiladelphia March 3rd 1793.\nI have to acknowledge the receipt of your letters of the 5th of January and 8th of february. The former enclosing a List of the squares actually divided &c.\u2014copies of two letters from Majr Ellicott; and a statement of your certain funds & probable expenditures for the year 1793.\nAltho\u2019 I have written to you since the receipt of your first Letter, yet, I have not \u2019till this moment had time to touch upon the several points therein mentioned, which seemed to require a particular answer.\nAs it is of importance that the squares should be divided & finished as soon as circumstances will admit, I trust that no time will be lost in obtaining a suitable & well qualified person to complete that business, if the services of Majr Ellicott cannot be counted upon to finish it.\nI think with you that the expence of surveying & marking the lines of the District should, & I have no doubt will be defrayed by the United States; but it was not thought best to lay the matter before Congress at this Session. In justice, the expence of surveying the City should be refunded from the same source, but on this point a question would be more likely to arise than on the former.\nThe Proprietor\u2019s claim of payment for a quantity of Land in the squares intersected by the two cross Streets &ca is a subject on which I am not qualified to give an opinion; but I should suppose a reference to the terms of agreement with those Gentlemen would decide the matter. If it should not, the mode which you mention of leaving it to proper & impartial Judges appears to be the best.\nWhen it was suggested to increase the dimensions of the President\u2019s House, one fifth, I had no idea that it would carry the expence of that building to any thing like the sum of \u00a377,900 Sterling, which is estimated by mister Hoben. And if that should be the case, I an decidedly of opinion that it would be best to take the plan on it\u2019s original scale as you mention. It was always my idea (and if I am not mistaken, mister Hoben coincided in the propriety & practicability of it) that the building should be so arranged that only a part of it should be erected at present; but\nupon such a plan as to make the part so erected an entire building\u2014and to admit of an addition in future, as circumstances might render proper; without hurting, but rather adding to the beauty and magnificence of the whole as an original plan. I was led to this idea by considering that a house which would be very proper for a President of the United States for some years to come, might not be considered as corresponding with other circumstances at a more distant period: and therefore, to avoid the inconvenience which might arise here after on that subject, I wished the building to be upon the plan I have mentioned. But I confess, that I cannot see how so great an increase of expence would arise from the small encrease of dimensions proposed; & am much mistaken indeed, if it does not far exceed any ideas he let out at the time his plan was adopted. However, as I do not profess to be an accurate Judge of these matters, I cannot undertake to say that the additional expence is inconsistent.\nIn order that no means in our power for raising a fund commensurate with the objects in view for the ensuing season, may be left untried, I enclose you a draft on the Maryland Treasury for the third instalment of that State, agreeably to the request in your letter of the 8th of february.\nIn looking over your statement of the \u2018certain funds\u2019 for the year 1793, I observe that after mentioning the sum \u201cnow in the Treasurer\u2019s hands\u201d, you say, \u201chis advances on account, as money has been wanted, not covered by warrants\u201d &c.\u2014it struck me on reading this, that it might be possible that some inconvenience might arise from having money paid without a special warrant. While the present Gentleman, who acts as your Treasurer, continues in that office, there can be no apprehension of any evil arising from having money paid without being covered by a warrant; but in the event of his death, or the death or withdrawing of the present Commissioners, might not some difficulty arise on that head? I merely suggest this for your consideration, as it struck me, without any intention of viewing the matter in a reprehensible light. I do not mean by special warrants, that the Treasurer should have a warrant for every trifling payment that may be made; but as you will probably have before you at stated periods, estimates of monies that may be wanted before the next meeting, a general warrant might be given to the Treasurer for the amot of the sum, accompanied with a copy of the estimate,\nunder cover of which he could make the payments. You will, however, consider this as a mere suggestion to guard against inconveniencies that might happen; but not intended by any means to dictate to you the mode of transacting your business. With great esteem, I am Gentlemen, Your mo: Obt Servt\nGo: Washington\nP.S. I enclose a small pamphlet which was handed to me by mister Jefferson, who observes that it contains some ideas which may merit attention, in due time, at the Federal City.\nG. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0196", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 3 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting,\nPhiladelphia March 3d 1793.\nI have now two letters of yours before me to acknowledge the receipt of\u2014viz.\u2014the 20th & 27th of last month.\nThe price of lime in Alexandria is so extremely high, that every practicable attempt ought to be made to procure shells\u2014one of which may be, by hiring a vessel by the day, and sending it to my Nephew Colo. Washington\u2019s in Westmoreland, near Mattox Creek with the enclosed letter. I persuade myself if this be done\nhe will not only furnish the Shells, but aid in loading the Vessel. It is left open for your perusal, to be sent, or not, as occasion may require\u2014Seal before sending it if it be forwarded at all.\nI am in sentiment with you that, such Bricks as my people make will never shew a thin, neat, & regular morter joint; and that the uneveness of the yard is one cause of it; and that another cause is\u2014not beating & tempering the Clay sufficiently: remedies for both these are simple, and easy; & I hope in the Bricks that are to be made, they will be applied. Make more bricks than are immediately wanting for the Barn; because they may be wanted for some other purpose, & because there must be a certain number to form the kiln for burning.\nI informed you in my last, that unless Mrs. F. Washington desired the building to be carried on, that my opinion was, it ought to be stopped: of course as she has also requested the discontinuance of the work, it must be no longer prosecuted. Let all the work that has been done, and the materials which have been provided for carrying it on, be preserved in security for further decision on this matter. And let the two Carpenters (Gabriel & Reuben) belonging to that Estate, if not otherwise disposed of by the orders of their Mistress, join mine under Green; and an account taken of the time it happens, that the said Estate may be paid for the hire of them.\nI am as apprehensive as you can be, that Green never will overcome his propensity to drink; that it is this which occasions his frequent sicknesses; absences from work, and poverty. And I am convinced, moreover, that it answers no purpose to admonish him. But if the work in hand cannot be carried on without a head to execute it\u2014and no other presents in whom confidence can be placed, there is no alternative but to keep him; unless he should get too bad to be longer borne with; and even then, a house so framed as the Dogue run Barn is intended to be ought not to be en\u27e8t\u27e9rusted to my Negro Carpenters or any other bungler.\nI hope all your Gates will be fixed before I come home, provided the ground is in such a state as to admit of being well rammed, but not otherwise; for it would be lost labour, & a continual plague if the posts should yield to the weight of the gate, or work loose in any other manner, if the earth around them is not dry enough to bear very hard ramming.\nHave you got the second Visto so much opened as to be able\nto form any opinion of the view, & how it will appear from the House?\nHampsons account must be paid as soon as you are in Cash from the sales of your Ship stuff &ca.\nHas the last spell of freezing weather (\u2014the ground being uncovered, and very wet\u2014) hurt the Wheat? If it escaped damage then, I hope there is no great danger to be apprehended from frosts after this. I see no account yet of Ice being stored: Snow well rammed would have been better than letting the house go empty.\nI am very sorry to hear that so likely a young fellow as Matildas Ben should addict himself to such courses as he is pursuing. If he should be guilty of any attrocious crime, that would affect his life he might be given up to the Civil authority for tryal; but for such offences as most of his colour are guilty of, you had better try further correction; accompanied with admonition and advice. The two latter sometimes succeed when the first has failed. He, his father & mother (who I dare Say are his receivers) may be told in explicit language that if a stop is not put to his rogueries, & other villainies by fair means & shortly; that I will ship him off (as I did Waggoner Jack) for the West Indias, where he will have no opportunity of playing such pranks as he is at present engaged in.\nThe first time you see Mr Hartshorn, ask if there now is, or soon will be, any thing due from me to the Potomac Company; and request him to send the acct of it to me. I remain Your friend and well wisher\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0197", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Burwell Bassett, Jr., 4 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Bassett, Burwell Jr.\n(Copy) \nDear Sir,Philadelphia March 4th 1793.    \nYour letter of the 18th Ulto, & its enclosure, came duly to hand.\nExpected as the death of my departed relation and friend was, I could not but feel sensibly when the news of it arrived. And I take the present occasion to offer you my condolence on the death of your father & my friend, Colo. Bassett, for whom, when alive, I had the sincerest regard.\nI wish some other more competent & active person than my situation will enable me to be, had been named as an Executor to the Will of my deceased Nephew. All the aid I can give by advice in the management of the Estate, & whatever else may respect it, would have been afforded without being appointed an Executor. More cannot be done by me from that appointment, if my situation wd allow me to qualify as one: which in fact it does not; or to incur responsiblity in the management of the Estate.\nThe time for proving the Will, and qualifying as an Executrix, must depend upon your Sister.\nI expect to be at Mount Vernon about the first week in April,\nand will make a point of it\u2014(if public duties does not forbid it)\u2014to be in the County on the Court day of that Month, which I believe happens on the 15th; provided she chuses to be up then, either permanently, or temporarily; and with much pleasure & satisfaction to myself will give her every aid in my power, to arrange the business of the Estate.\nMy second visit to that place will depend upon circumstances which are not always under my controul; and probably will not admit it befor July or August.\nWith these things be pleased to bring Fanny acquainted. Offer my love to her and the Children; my respects & good wishes to Mrs Bassett; and be assured of the esteem & regard with which I am\u2014&ca &ca\nGo: W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0198", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 4 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Mar. 4. 93.\nTh: Jefferson, with his respects to the President, incloses him a letter from the Van Staphorsts & Hubbard quieting our apprehensions for the fate of the first dispatches sent to mister Short\nrelative to our negociations with Spain. also another letter from mister Thatcher on the subject of the Marshal of Maine.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0199", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Mirabeau, 4 March 1793\nFrom: Mirabeau (pseudonym)\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nMarch 4th, 1793.\nYou are again called to execute the high and dignified trust of a first magistrate of a free people, and that by unanimous consent. This is the greatest homage that \u27e8ca\u27e9n be paid by freemen, and is the most flattering distinction which can be offered in a land of liberty.\u2014As the friend of freedom you were resorted to, and placed in a sphere which must communicate the most exquisite gratification to a mind that sympathizes in the happiness of man\u2014Participating in the general blessings which your services, aided by the exertions of the patriots of America, have dispensed, you have an opportunity of giving a zest to your portion of enjoyment by a rigid exercise of the duties which are annexed to your station, and an attentive guardianship over the privileges that the Revolution has bestowed\u2014your duties are important, your station is delicate, and your example of infinite consequence\u2014Americans have done ample justice to your merits and to your virtues; they have rewarded them with their affections, and have given you the first place among freemen; their affections and their gratitude will call forth the liveliest feelings to their interests and to their wishes, and preclude every exercise of superiority which can give disturbance to their confidence or tranquility\u2014Equality is the soul, & simplicity the ornament of a\nrepublican government; whatever has a tendency to affect the living principle or to deck it with false or fantastic ornament, must excite abhorrence in the man of the people. We have made an experiment in politics which is a phenomenon in the history of human nature, let us perfect our system and banish the fabric as well as the substance of governments founded on inequality, and give a lesson to the world of rulers and ruled being of one family, having one wish and one interest; and having no hostility but for the enemies of their country\u2014you have this day given a specimen of republicanism which will chase away every jealousy if persisted in, and as I have been the first to comment upon the assumption of distinction, in justice to you and to my own feelings, I will be the first to approve\u2014let not the freedom of the stile in which I address you be construed into presumption, it is the language of liberty, and cannot offend a freemen\u2014The soft accents of flattery belong to the eunuchs of a court, the republican mind knows not to cull the flowers from the green house of monarchy\u2014Tho\u2019 I disdain to flatter, it is a relief to my mind to give merit and virtue their due, after having arraigned their weaknesses at a bar not less scrupulous than that of Rhadamanthus, the bar of republicanism; and as I conceive it human to err, I should consider it as the error of a great mind if the specimen of this day should manifest itself in actions of another kind, and the beginning of your second administration should prove the end of every royal custom.\u2014Pomp, parade and fastidious distance are the ensigns of royalty to cover weakness, and very often vice; the mind fortified by virtue & dignified by intellect, needs not the trappings of a butterfly to command respect or administration; true worth encreases our respect and esteem the nearer we approach it, and the more we are familiarized to it: fictitious qualities alone should retreat behind ceremony and reserve, as a shelter from disgrace and contempt\u2014your fame can acquire no addition, your character no increase; already have they received their tribute even from the enemies of our country; nothing is therefore wanting to your glory, nothing is requisite to make you live in every American heart, but a deportment in unison with the principles of our government\u2014your conduct on this day has impressed me with this anticipation, that the simplicity which has heretofore marked your character will again manifest itself, and every jealous republican spirit will be hushed\ninto peace, by this accommodation to their feelings\u2014the splendour of a court suits not the meridian of the United States, and suits not the meridian of your mind, which delights in simplicity and tranquility\u2014Americans have emancipated themselves from the trammels of monarchical fashion, as well as from the trammels of monarchical government, and they would be inclined to suppose that every attempt to introduce the one, would be but as the harbinger of the other; they are therefore alarmed at every appearance of inequality\u2014In you, sir, their hopes, their affections, and their confidence center, and they feel a persuasion, that your heart will keep pace with their wishes, and your actions with their feelings.\nMIRABEAU.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0201", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Stuart, 4 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stuart, David\nDear Sir,\nPhila. March 4th 1793\nSince writing my letter of yesterday, I have recd the enclosed from Mr Jefferson, w[hic]h I send to you just as I recd it. I am Dr Sir &c.\nNote the enclosed was the copies of 2 letters writte[n] by Mr Jefferson to Mr Ellicott, w[hic]h he says is all that he has written to him in the years of 1792 & 93.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0204", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 5 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Mar. 5. 93.\nTh: Jefferson \u27e8w\u27e9ith his respects to the President is sorry to inclose him an account of mister Barclay\u2019s death in a letter to a mister Callahan of this place from his brother in Lisbon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0206", "content": "Title: John Stagg, Jr., to Tobias Lear, 5 March 1793\nFrom: Stagg, John Jr.\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nSir.\nWar-department, March 5. 1793.\nThe Secretary of War requests the favor that you will please to submit to the President of the United States, the enclosed draft of a letter, intended to be forwarded this day to major general Wayne. I am Sir, Most respectfully, Your obedt Servt\nJohn Stagg JunrChf Clk", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0208", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Craik, 6 March 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Craik, James Sr.\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from James Craik, Sr., 6 Mar. 1793. In his letter of 17 Mar. to Frances Bassett Washington, GW mentioned \u201ca letter which I received from Doctr Craik\u2014dated the 6th inst.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0209", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Bryan Fairfax, 6 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fairfax, Bryan\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia 6th March 1793.\nI have been favored with your Letter of the 17th Inst: & beg you to be assured that nothing was ever farther from my thoughts than taking amiss your not coming to the road to see me the day I passed by your House on my return to this City; as an unequivocal proof of this fact, I have only to assure you that I should not have been found there, had you come out to it; for it was not until I was opposite to your House, that I sent the Servant in, without making any halt myself, being in a hurry to meet & do some business with the Commissioners of the Federal District, at George Town, before Mrs Washington should come up, that we might proceed some miles on our journey (which we accordingly did) that afternoon. Motives of friendship & respect was all I had in view by sending in to know how you did as I was about to leave the Country and had it not in my power, for the reason just mentioned, to call upon you myself for that purpose.\nI thank you for your kind condolence on the Death of my Nephew. It is a loss I sincerely regret; but as it is the will of Heaven, whose decrees are always just & wise, I submit to it without a murmer.\nBefore I conclude, permit me to ask if any thing is done, or likely to be done in the Case of Savage. I am extremely anxious to see all matters in which I have had any agency, brought to a close, altho\u2019 the issue therof should be unfavorable, before I quit the stage of Life.\nMy best respects in which mistress Washington unites, are presented to mistress Fairfax, and your family; and, I am, with much esteem & regard, Dear sir, Your mot obt & affecte\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0212", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Dufouer, 7 March 1793\nFrom: Dufouer, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 7 March 1793\nHaving been informed that a supervisor for the District of New York is not at present fixed on I take the liberty of addressing you for that appointment.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury is acquainted with my conduct character & abilities in that line, to whom I beg leave to refer you. I have the honor to be sir Your most Obedt Servant\nHenry Dufouer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0213", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jacob Johnson, 7 March 1793\nFrom: Johnson, Jacob\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWyoming [Pa.] March 7th 1793\nI am one of the Sufferers\u2014In the late Wars\u2014Living on the Waters of the Susquehannah\u2014Exposd to the Invasion of the Western Enemies\u2014A Party of Indians and Tories under the Command of the (Indn Colo.) John Butler to the No. of Seven or Eight hundred came down upon us\u2014At which Time my House was burnt & all in it consumed\u2014My flocks & herds killd or carried off\u2014all my Labor\u2019s lost\u2014The whole Loss (at The lowest computation) more than Five hundred Pounds Pennsylvania currency\u2014My Selfe Wife & Family driv\u2019n away in a manner naked and Starving for a number of Days\u2014Nothing to Support me for two going on Three years but continental Bills which depreciated in my hands almost to nothing\u2014And when I came on again to these Waters on the Susquehannah\u2014My horses were Stole by the Enemy and carried off to Niagara\u2014My cows Swine &c. kill\u2019d\u2014House plunderd\u2014All Supports of Life taken away\u2014My two Sons carried off by the Enemy\u2014One of them from under the Doctors Care In the month of march a Cold & rainy Season\u2014Waded the Rivers Lay on the wet ground\u2014nothing to eat for 48 hours\u2014And then but a poor allowance for a Sick man Which threw Him into Such a disorderd State of body\u2014That He has never had a Well Day Since\u2014And never like to recover his health in this World Tho\u2019 much has been expended on Doctors & means but to no purpose\u2014Add to all this my mony to the amount of Several Thousand Dollers I put into the Loan Office\nto carry on the Wars Sunk down almost to nothing\u2014And finally I lost more than a Thousand Dollers.\nNow Sir for all these Sufferings & Losses (and much more not nam\u2019d) I have received no Consideration\u2014not to Say Compensation\u2014Altho\u2019 I have expended almost as much as any man in these States in carrying on the Late Wars\u2014And Sufferd & lost more than any one I know of on these Frontiers\u2014I do therefore prefer this Letter in way of Memorial to your Excellency to Lay before Congress\u2014Petitioning at least a Consideration if not a full Compensation for my Sufferings & Losses\u2014and that of my Sons &c. I am Sir with due Defference And great Respect Your Excellencys Sincere and most assured Friend &c.\nJacob JohnsonThe First Ordaind Ministerat Wilkesbarre on the Susquehannah\nN.B. The Revd James Sprout D.D. one of my Correspondents in Philadelphia\u2014And whom I have desird to wait upon your Excellency with this Letter can Inform & certefy of my Character & Sufferings\u2014If there be need of it.\nAs also Abraham Bradly Esq. (Judge of the quarter Sessions in the County of Luzern)\u2014now at Philadelphia at Col. T. Pickerin[g\u2019s] office.\nAnd also Col. Mats Hollenbeck\u2014(if yet in Philadelphia) can certify my Character & Sufferings\u2014For He was one of the Sufferers at the Same Time.\nThe above named with many more can attest to the Truth of my Sufferings and Losses if my Letter to your Excellency and memorial & Petition to Congress be not Sufficiently Satisfactory.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0214", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Keith, 7 March 1793\nFrom: Keith, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria [Va.] March 7th 1793\nA few days ago Colo. Hooe delivered me your Excellencys letter, which had been sent under Cover to him. Since the Receipt of it, I have made Enquiry, whether the Defendants have taken any Steps to procure an Injunction: I cannot learn that any thing has been done in that way as yet. When the Actions were tried at the May District Court, the Defendants again brought forward the plea formerly used by them when the Business was under Reference, that among the papers and Documents sent by them to Britain, at the Commencement of the American Troubles, some Vouchers might be found to prove the payment of these two protested Bills of Exchange, which had not been charged in the general Settlement made with Semples Trustees, for the Recovery of which one of the Actions had been commenced. Tho this protest had been formerly made Use of, and procured suficient time for making the necessary Enquiries, it was still likely to procure a new Indulgence. Under these Circumstances, it was thought more adviseable to let the Actions go to a Jury, with a promise of staying Execution till the first of April, than to suffer\na Continuance of the Actions untill the next term. This accordingly was done. The Events which have since taken place justify the measure, Mr Montgomery and Colo. Mason both died before the succeeding term, the Actions woud of course have abated as to them. The time is now nearly arrived when the Executions may issue, if not prevented by an Injunction, I shall be glad to have your Excellency\u2019s directions upon that head. The Fees which have accrued upon the Actions are two Fees apiece to Mr Lee and Colo. Simms, they were both employed, the Common Fees Two demanded by the Lawyers at the District Court I understand is an half Joe. In the Account transmitted you by Colo. Hooe he not only stated Mr Bennetts Claim as a Legatee of Colo. Thomas Colvill, but also his Claims, under the Will of Lord Tankerville, to the Ballance of the money arising from the Sale of the merryland Tract of Land, after discharging the Debts of Colo. John Colville. The Colo. has committed Some Errors with respect to the Interest, the Statement is otherwise right. Shoud things continue without an Injunction to alter the State of them, I expect early in the Summer to close the Settlement of the two Estates. I am with great Respect Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedeint humble Servt\nJa. Keith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0215", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Lewis, 7 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Robert\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia March 7th 1793.\nI have received your letters of the 4th & 9th of Jany in answer to mine of the 23d of Decr.\nI would not have you seek\u2014at least apparently\u2014Major Harrison; but if you should, or could conveniently fall in with him soon, and without forcing the conversation, talk to him again on the Subject of his land adjoining me, & extract any thing farther from him on the subject thereof that might be useful to me I should be glad to know it. The enclosed letter to Mr Whiting from Mr Chichester\u2014the only person except Thomson Mason his Son in law (who also has poor tenanted land adjoining Harrisons should become so) that can, in my opinion step forward as a competetor, Shews his ideas of the value of it: but altho\u2019 this may be the intrinsic worth, yet, circumstances considered, I would give more for it, if it is unincumbered with leases than what is there mentioned, or, I would give, by way of exchange, Lands in Ketucky for it.\nI expect to be at Mount Vernon before the 5th of April\u2014& shall, probably, take Fairfax Court (which I believe is on the 15th of that month) on my way back to this City. Between these dates, if Mr Harrison wd call upon me\u2014at Mount Vernon with his papers\u2014the bargain, if made at all, might soon be concluded.\nI cannot as I expect to take the meeting of the Commissioners of the Federal District at George Town (about the first of April) well be at home before the 5th of that month; nor will public business allow me to stay there longer than the 15th. The last being necessary on acct of the Will of my deceased Nephew Majr Washington; which, I expect, will be proved at that time. The first on the business of the New City. I shall come home alone, merely for the purposes abovementi[on]ed and to look into some matters of my own which Require attention.\nMy best wishes attend Mrs Lewis in which your Aunt joins me\u2014and I am\u2014Your sincere friend and Affectionate Uncle\nGo: Washington\nP.S. Return the enclosed Letter to me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0216", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Lowrey and Abraham Hunt, 7 March 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Lowrey, Thomas,Hunt, Abraham\nSir,\nPhiladelphia 7th March 1793.\nThe President wishes to procure a Studhorse, to put to such mares as may not prove with foal by the Jacks\u2014& to try Mares with that may be brought to the Jacks; as well as to ascertain, after they have been put, whether they are satisfied or not\u2014for it some times happens that they will refuse the Jack, when they will not a Horse. Conceiving that you may know of, or have an opportunity of meeting with such an one as would answer his purposes\u2014and believing in your readiness to oblige him in this instance, he has directed me to apply to you on the occasion.\nHe wishes him to be at least 15\u00bd or 16 hands high\u2014well formed\u2014of a handsome carriage\u2014not exceeding Eight years\nof age. a bay would be preferred. His Pedigree will not be considered as an object of much consequence, if it should be the means of greatly enhancing the price of such an horse; but at the same time the President would prefer one of some blood, if he cou\u2019d be obtained upon terms nearly equal to one destitute of that quality, but equal in other respects.\nFrom the above description you will see that the President is not disposed to give an extraordinary price for the Horse he wants; and relying upon your knowledge of & judgment in those animals, he thinks it unnecessary to be more particular in the description.\nIf such an Horse can be obtained for the President he must be here by the 22d or 23d of this Month, as the President intends going to Mount Vernon about that time, & will have him taken down there at the same time. You will therefore be so good as to let the President know as soon as possible, if you can get such an Horse as is mentioned, with his price & a description of him\u2014and the President will inform you immediately whether he shall be purchased or not. I am Sir, &c. &c.\nTobs Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0218", "content": "Title: John Stagg, Jr., to Tobias Lear, 7 March 1793\nFrom: Stagg, John Jr.\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir.\nWar-Office, 7th March 1793.\nPlease to submit to the President of the United States, the enclosed letter from Capt: Wm Buchanan dated 6th instant, offering his resignation. Yours most respectfully.\nJohn Stagg JunrChf Clk", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0219", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Frances Bassett Washington, 7 March 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Frances Bassett\nLetter not found: to Frances Bassett Washington, 7 Mar. 1793. Frances Bassett Washington wrote GW on 28 Mar., \u201cI have had the happiness to receive your favors of the 7th & 11th instants.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0220", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 8 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nUnited States [Philadelphia] March 8th 1793\nBeing desireous of having a full and accurate knowledge of such things as are required to be done by or through the President of the United States, by the laws passed during the late Session of Congress, and which are deposited among the Rolls in your Office\u2014I have to request, that the said laws may be examined for this purpose, and that you will furnish me with extracts of such parts or clauses of them as relate to, or require the immediate or special agency of the President of the United States.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0222", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Bowen, 9 March 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Bowen, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Thomas Bowen, c.9 Mar. 1793. Tobias Lear wrote Albert Gallatin on 11 Mar., that \u201cOn Saturday last the President recd a letter, wh. was enclosed in one to you from Mr Thos Bowen.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0223", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, Thomas Jefferson, and Henry Knox, 9 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander,Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry\nSir,\nUnited States [Philadelphia] March 9th 1793\nExpecting that my private Affairs will call me to Virginia on or before the 25th of this month, I have to request that you will lay before me, previous to that time, such matters within your department as may require my attention or agency before I set out; as well as those which might be necessary for me to know or act upon during my absence from the Seat of Government (which will be about four weeks) so far as such may come to your knowledge before my departure.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0224", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 9 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nPhilada March 9th 1793.\nThe enclosed from Messrs Johnson & Carroll have this instant come to hand. Along with them you will receive the letter (this\nday read) from Doctr Stuart, that the sentiments of all three of the Commrs may appear at one view.\nI pray you, before Mr Madison leaves town, to lay all three before him and the Attorney Genl; and give me a written Memo. of the measures which you, & they, shall think most advisable for me to pursue\u2014provisionally, or other wise, in this business.\nYou will all recollect the points that were touched upon today; I shall not, therefore, repeat them. I am always Yours\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0225", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 9 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Mar. 9. 93.\nTh: Jefferson presents his respects to the President & sends him a letter put into his hands by Govr St Clair. he also sends him Govr Clinton\u2019s answer, this moment received. he does not say how it happened that Th: J\u2019s letter of Feb. 17. did not get to him till Feb. 28. it was certainly put into the Post office here on the morning of Feb. 18. it must be presumed the Govr has been absent from New York.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0227", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 10 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Mar. 10. 1793.\nThe Secretary of state, according to instructions received from the President of the U.S., Reports That, for the information of the Commissioners appointed to treat with the Western Indians, he has examined the several treaties entered into with them, subsequent to the declaration of Independance, & relating to the lands between the Ohio & lake\u27e8s\u27e9; & also the extent of the grants, reservations, & appropriations of the same lands, made either by the United States, or by individual states, within the same period, & finds that the lands obtained by the said treaties & not so granted, reserved, or appropriated, are bounded by the following lines, to wit.\nNorthwardly. by a line running, from the fork of the Tuscarora\u2019s branch of the Muskingum, at the crossing place above Fort Lawrence, Westwardly (towards the portage of the Big Miami) to the main branch of that river, then down the Miami to the fork of that river next below the old fort which was taken by the French in 1752. thence due West to the river de la Panse, & down that river to the Wabash: which lines were established with the Wiandots, Delawares, Chippawas, & Ottawas by the treaty of fort McIntosh, & with the Shawanese by that of the Great Miami.\nWestwardly, by the bounds of the Wabash Indians:\nEastwardly, by the Million of acres appropriated to Military claimants by the resolution of Congress of Oct. 22. 1787. and lying in the angle between the VIIth range of townships counted Westwardly from the Pensylvania boundary, and the Xth range counted from the Ohio Northwardly along the said VIIth which Million of acres may perhaps extend Westwardly so as to comprehend the XIIth range of townships, counted in that direction from the Pensylvania boundary: under which view, the said XIIth range may be assumed for the Eastern boundary of the territory now under consideration, from the said Xth range to the Indian line.\nSouthwardly. by the Northern boundary of the said Xth range of townships to the Sioto river, and along the said river to what shall be the Northern limit of the appropriations for the Virginia line: (which two last lines are those of the lands granted to the Sioto company): thence along what shall be the Northern limit of the said appropriations of the Virginia line to the Little Miami, and along the same to what shall be the Northern limit of one million of acres of land purchased by John C. Symmes: thence due West along the said Northern limit of the said John C. Symmes to the Great Miami, & down the same to it\u2019s mouth: then along the Ohio to General Clarke\u2019s lands, & round the said lands to the Ohio again, & down the same to the Wabash or the lands of the Indians inhabiting it. Which several lines are delineated in the copy of Hutchins\u2019s map accompanying this report; the dotted parts of the delineation denoting that they are conjectural. and it is further necessary to apprize the Commissioners that, tho\u2019 the points at which these several lines touch the Ohio are taken from actual surveys, yet the country included by the said lines, not being laid down from actual survey, their lengths & intersections with each other & with the watercourses, as appearing in the map, are not at all to be relied on. No notice is here taken of the lands at the mouth of the Ohio appropriated for military bounties by the same resolution of Congress of Oct. 22. 1787. nor of the settlements of Cahokia, Kaskaskia, Post Vincennes &c. because these can concern no Indians but those of the Illinois & Wabash, whose interests should be transacted with themselves separately, and not be permitted to be placed under the patronage of the Western Indians.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0228", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 10 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Mar. 10. 1793.\nThe Secretary of state, according to the requisition of the President of the US. of the 8th instant has examined the laws passed during the late session of Congress and Reports That none of those laws relate to, or require the immediate or special agency of the President, except the \u201cAct regulating foreign coins & for other purposes,\u201d (a copy of which is hereto annexed) whereupon it would be proper to give in charge to the Director of the Mint to take measures for collecting samples of foreign coins, issued in the year 1792, of the species which usually circulate within the United States, to examine by assays at the Mint whether the same are conformable to the respective standards\nrequired, & to report the result, that the same may be made known by proclamation.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0229", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 10 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting,\nPhiladelphia March 10th 1793.\nI was very sorry to find by a letter which I received from Doctr Craik yesterday, that your old complaint had returned upon you again. I sincerely wish that it may go off easily, and that you may have no more returns. One means of preventing which, is to take care of yourself. That is, to attempt no more than the Doctor thinks you can accomplish without injury to your health; for you may be perfectly assured, that I not only do not desire you to attempt more than you can execute with ease and safety, but that it is my particular and earnest request that you would not; both on your own account and mine. A little nursing, with gentle exercise, may restore you to a good state of health. To attempt more may destroy it altogether, and place my business in a very unfavorable situation.\nBy this time you must have seen enough into Mr Butlers character,\nto determine whether, or not, he possesses skill, industry & integrity. If your impressions of him are favorable, throw a good deal of your own duties upon him; and in case they are not, save yourself notwithstanding, by making the Overseers come to you for, instead of your going to them with, orders respecting the Farms. Although you may not be able to see to the execution of matters, knowing what ought to be done, you can direct the Overseers as well as if you were actually on the Farms; and this I should greatly prefer to your running any hazard by a premature exertion.\nHaving nothing particular to write upon, I shall only observe that on the 7th instant I put on board Captn Ellwood for Alexandria, addressed to the care of Mr Porter of that place 13 quarts of Honey locust seeds; of which I pray you to cause the best use to be made this Spring.\nIf at any time you should be too much indisposed to take the weekly Reports, & on the usual day to transmit them, let Mr Butler do it; as I am disappointed always when they do not come to hand. I wish you the perfect restoration of your health and am Your well wisher & friend\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0230", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 11\u201312 March 1793\nFrom: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nGeorge Town 11[\u201312]th March 1793\nDoctor Thornton\u2019s Plan for a Capitol has been laid before us; the rooms for the different Branches of Congress and the Conference\nRoom, are much to our satisfaction and its outward appearance we expect will be Striking, & pleasing On the whole it gains our preference tho. we cannot but fear that several of the Small Rooms, of which there seems to us, there are more than necessary will want Light, perhaps by lessening the number of them the Objection may in some Measure be obviated\u2014We have no estimate Accompanying the Plan, nor can one be formed soon which could give much satisfaction: In our Idea the Capital ought in point of propriety to be on a grand Scale, and that a Republic especially ought not to be sparing of expences on an Edifice for such purposes, yet under the uncertain State of our funds depending altogether on opinion though the current Seems to be gaining Strength we cannot but feel a degree of anxiety for the Event of Expensive undertakings, when According to the Candor of the World our Charecters will be judged, not on present Circumstances but on efficiency or want of funds when the Fact is disclosed: However we are willing to Act on your and our Ideas of propriety Regarding the destined Use and Circumstances of the United States Risking in some measure the efficiency of the Funds. It has been our wish from the beginning that there sho[u]ld be an inspection of our management of the Money subject to our disposition at proper Periods, and that Desire is Strengthened by a late Attempt as we have heared, to get Commissioners appointed by an improper Authority\u2014We wish Investigations whilest Facts and Circumstances are Recent, and you therefore, greatly oblige us by Appointing Gentlemen to examine this subject and thereby open an Opportunity to Objections, to establish their Charges, or to us to close their Mouths\u2014The enclosed Copies of the Correspondence of the Commissioners at their last meeting with Major Ellicott, Manifest their dispos[it]ion and Intentions towards him the latter part of that sitting, he and Mr Briggs promised to be here agains the present meeting, but neither have yet come, and after being here a week we now (Monday) do not know whether to expect either of them to return again\u2014The Slow progress of the work gave us uneasiness, but making ourselves sure of its Accuracy we had patience, we are undeceived, for led by Information, which we did not invite, we have ordered a few of the Squares to be remeasured, it has been done by the Instruments used by Major Ellicott, for the like purposes, and the enclosed returns show the Result\u2014Mistakes of Distances might now and then happen accidentally,\nbut we can imagine nothing to excuse the certifying work as done, when it had not been done, when Confession and Embarrassment were so plainly to follow from it\u2014We shall discharge Majr Ellicott, if he has not already discharged himself, and making as little Noise as we can avoid Run over a good deal of his work, which maybe speedily done, with a Chain sufficiently accurate to detect great errors, and we are led to think it the more necessary as we are told the Instances are not few where Division have been prepared, and taken place without any Actual Measurement, on the ground\u2014We are truely sorry to find ourselves under a necessity to give you unpleasant Information so often but yet hope these errors may be set right without Remarking what has been marked out, for we are told that the Stakes appear to stand very well in the lines\u2014Monday night Mr Blodget has arrived we hear nothing farther of Majr Ellicott or Mr Briggs. We are Sir, with great regard and true esteem, your most Ob. Hble Serts.\nTh. Johnson\nDd. Stuart\nDan. Carrol\nP.S. we expect the work will go on.\nCon\u27e8\u2019d\u27e9 Tuesday Evening 12th.\u2003Just as we were going to close the foregoing about 8 OClock Yesterday Evening Majr Ellicott his Brother Benjn and Mr Briggs arrived in a Stage\u2014Anxious to get from here and determined to have an Intercourse with the Major in writing we wrote our letter to him enclosed, but before we could get it ready he had retired to Bed, tired we doubt [not] with his Journey, several letters, enc[l]osed passed between us to Day, on Receiving a Verbal message to the last of ours in effect that he agreed to every thing purposed, that he had not pen and Ink there, at Prout\u2019s House , and it would be 10 OClock Tomorrow before he could for a certainty, give an Answer, we rode there and obtained possession of the large Plat, our Conver[sa]tion has ceased, and the Chief Business we have to do here at present, is to put the Surveyors Department on a Satisfactory Footing which we hope to do in the Morning\u2014It is useless to trouble you with particulars of what past Verbally they cannot be collected to points.\nCommissioners", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0232", "content": "Title: Memorandum from Thomas Jefferson, 11 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Mar. 11. 1793.\nQu. 1?\u2003What sacrifice may be made to retain mister Johnson in the office of Commissioner for the federal territory?\nAnsw.\u2003for such an object it is worth while to give up the plan of an allowance per diem, to give, instead of that, a sum in gross, and to extend that sum to 500. Dollars per annum, and expences; the latter to be rendered in account.\nIf mister Johnson persists in resigning, as it is evident Dr Stewart will not continue even for the above allowance, & mister Carrol\ndoes not appear to make any conditions, the President will be free as to mister Carrol & two new associates to adhere to the allowance per diem already proposed, or to substitute a sum in gross.\nQu. 2?\u2003May new commissioners be chosen in the town?\nAnsw.\u2003it is strongly desireable that the Commissioners should not be of the town, nor interested in it; and this objection is thought a counterpoise for a sensible difference in talents. but if persons of adequate talents & qualifications cannot be found in the country, it will be better to take them from the town, than to appoint men of inadequate talents from the country.\nQu. 3.\u2003How compensate them?\nAnsw.\u2003if they come from the country, the per diem allowance is thought best. if from the town, a sum in gross will be best, and this might be as far as 300. D. a year, & no allowance for expences: if partly from the town & partly from the country, then 300. Dol. a year to the former, and the same with an allowance of expences to the latter.\nMr Madison, mister Randolph & Th. Jefferson having consulted together on the preceding questions, with some shades of difference of opinion in the beginning, concurred ultimately & unanimously in the above answers.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0233", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Robert Pollard, 11 March 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Pollard, Robert\nSir,\nPhilada 11th March 1793.\nThe President of the United States requests that you will transmit to him a statement of his accot with the James River Company, from it\u2019s first institution; in order that he may be fully acquainted with the payments which have been made on his account, as well as with what may be due from him.\nThe President\u2019s long absence from home, & the little attention that his public duties have permitted him to pay to his private Affairs, have prevented him from keeping so regular a statement of his Account with the Company as he could wish, and this is the cause of giving you this trouble. I have the honor to be, very respectfully, Sir, Your mo: obt Servt.\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0234", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Frances Bassett Washington, 11 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Frances Bassett\nMy dear Fanny,\nPhiladelphia March 11th 1793.\nOn the otherside, you will find the copy of a letter writtin this day week to your Brother Burwell. Since which, your letter of the 26th of February to your Aunt, informing her that you were about to leave Eltham, has been received; and is the cause as you might not be in the way of knowing the contents of my letter to your Brother of my addressing a copy of it to you; and requesting\nyou would by a line to be lodged in the Post Office in Alexandria \u2019till called for, inform me whether you will be at Mount Vernon before Fairfax Court in April, or not; because, although I would make a point of it to remain in the County \u2019till that time, if I was sure of your being up before it; yet, it might not be convenient for me to stay there so long, if the case should be oth\u27e8er\u27e9wise. For this re\u27e8a\u27e9son I request to be informed of your determination respecting this matter. With sincere and affectionate regard for you, and the Children, I am always\u2014Yours,\nGo: Washington\nP.S. If this letter should find you at Studley\u2014Pray present your Aunts & my Compts to Mr & Mrs Lyons.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0235", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 12 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt 12th Mar: 1793.\nBy an Act entitled \u201can Act providing for the payment of the first installment, due on a Loan made of the Bank of the U. States\u201d\u2014the President of the United States is authorised & empowered to apply two hundred thousand Dollars of the money which may have been borrowed, in pursuance of the 4th section\nof the Act entitled, \u201can Act making provision for the reduction of the public debt,\u201d in payment of the first installment due to the Bank of the United States, upon a Loan made of the said bank, in pursuance of the eleventh section of the Act for incorporating the subscribers to the said Bank.\nAs the installment above alluded to has been due for some time, I have to request your authority to issue a Warrant for the payment thereof, agreeably to the provision of the Law. I have the honor to be &c.\nAlex: HamiltonSecy of the Treasury", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0236", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 12 March 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar department March 12th 1793\nThe request made by the Indians of having some of \u201cthe friends\u201d called Quakers to attend the treaty at Sandusky seems to deserve consideration. I presume that some of those Citizens would chearfully accompany the Commissioners, provided their expenses were borne, and perhaps a small compensation made for their time.\nIt might also conduce considerably to the success of the treaty were Mr John Heckewelder to accompany the Commissioners.\nThis amiable and intelligent Man is a teacher of the sect called Moravians, and for several Years resided with the Indians belonging to that sect of the Wyandot and Delaware Tribes, who inhabited the Waters of Muskingum he well understanding their language\u2014The influence he will have with the said Tribes may be expected to be very considerable. He accompanied General Putnam who speaks highly in praise of his virtues and knowledge of Indian customs\u2014While employed on this business, independent of his expences he has been allowed two and an half dollars \u214c day as a compensation for his services.\nI have thought it my duty to suggest this subject to your consideration, in order that I might learn and execute your directions thereon. I have the honor to be with the highest Respect Your most obedient servant\nH. Knoxsecy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0237", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Marquise de Lafayette, 12 March 1793\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nChavanire near Brionde in the Departmt of the Upper Loire12th Ma[r]ch 1793\nThe Gazetts have announced to me that you are a second time chosen President of the U.S. and this good news a little revives my courage, which the silence of your nation put to a new & severe test.\nFor these six months that M. lafayette has been in the chains of the enemy, after the unheard of proscription which he experienced from his country, from which he was obliged to fly to prevent it from committing a crime, I have scarcely heard a word of any demonstrations of interest on the part of any americans.\nI had the honor to write to you, Sir, on the 1st of Octr 1792, when I was myself detained a Captive in France, by order of the Committee which governed the faction, who, after commanding me to Paris about the time of the Massacres, granted, nevertheless, to the administration of the department where I dwelt, permission to guard me themselves, under the responsibility of the municipality of my village. It was from thence I had the consolation of writing to you; I dared not sign my letter, nor even write it with my own hand. A young English farmer (M. D\u00e9sson) who had passed some time with us in our retreat\u2014took charge of it, to address a copy of it to you, and to certify it. Has this letter reached you? Was it necessary to excite your interest? I cannot beleive it! But I confess to you, Sir, that your silence\u2014and the abandonment of M. L. ft. & his family is perhaps of all our evils the most inexplicable to me. I hope it will not continue forever, and if I am ever to see his face again & to be reunited to him\u2014the hope of accomplishing it still rests upon your goodness\u2014and upon that of the U.S.\nThe public papers will have informed you that M. L. fte was transported from Wesel to Magdebourg about the latter part of december, with his unfortunate companions\u2014since which they say he has been transferred to Spandau. These movements have given me better hopes\u2014but nothing has confirmed them.\nAs to myself I am no longer a Captive to the municipality of my Village\u2014the particular orders with respect to guarding me have been revoked; but I am bound by laws of a more tyrannic & severe Kind\u2014One prevents emigration from the French territories\u2014others pronounce confiscation, and give to that law a retroactive effect, which makes them the Creditors of all the debts, contracted since the 9th feby 1792 by those who have emigrated since that period & who shall emigrate hereafter (The 7 lines following this\u2014T.L. cannot read correctly; but the purport of them seems to be, that she finds herself very much circumscribed in her circumstances in consequence of the fore mentioned laws).\nBut I can do nothing for him (M. Lafte) I can neither receive\na line from nor convey one to him; Such is the manner in which I am treated; but I shall take no step unworthy of him whom I love, nor of the cause of liberty to wh. he would have been faithful had not his fellow Citizens given proofs of their unworthy manner of defending it\u2014unworthy, at least for a long time, of being served by virtuous men.\nBe assured, Sir, that in the actual state of Europe & during the continuance of the war every thing is to be feared for M. Lafte. I shall add no more at present, but to repeat my confidence in M. Washington, in whom my whole hope is founded. I dare in offerg my homage of high esteem due to his Character & Virtues, yet promise that I shall preserve for him that of a tender respect with which I have the honor to be Sir, Your most humble & most Obedt Servt\nNoailles lafayette", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0238", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Brooks, 13 March 1793\nFrom: Brooks, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhilada March 13th 1793\nEmbolden\u2019d by the fame of Your excelency\u2019s complacent disposition, I have presum\u2019d (tho a poor Widow\u2019s son) to adress You with the utmost Respect, Yet without restraint.\nThe business upon which I have taken this liberty is, to beg that You may permit me to present a specimen of my abilities in Die sinking, which if found to contain suficient merit, and that my character with other requisites are Judg\u2019d suitable to the office of engraver in the Mint; that You would be pleas\u2019d to give my Aplication for it, a favorabl concideration. I have the honor to be with all dutifull respect Your most Obedient Humble Servant\nSaml Brooks.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0239", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 13 March 1793\nFrom: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nGeorge Town 13th March 1793\nThis day has been Cheifly spent in writing letter to Major Ellicott. those and his as well as his hand bill we enclose you\u2014We are vexed and tired by an Intercourse so triffling\u2014It may be proper to inform you, that when we were at Prouts House last night with Major Ellicott, he offered us the Platt of the Territory telling us he had received it from you, with Orders to make additions, we refused to receive it telling him we wished him to execute any Orderes he had from you\u2014We have nearly arranged the Surveying Business with Checks, and expect on trial it will produce dispatch\u2014We are Very respectfully your most obdt hble Servts\nTh. Johnson\nDd Stuart\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0240", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 13 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia 13th Mar. 1793\nThe returned draught of a letter to Mr Gouvr Morris accords with my sentiments. Taking it for granted, that the words \u201cWe suppose this will rather overpay the instalments & interest due on the loans of 18.6 & 10 Millions\u201d\u2014means all that could be demanded by the French Government to the close of last year. This being the idea I have entertained of the payments, & engagements to pay.\nIf it has not been done in a former letter, it would be very agreeable to me, that Mr Morris should be instructed to neglect no favorable opportunity of expressing informally the sentiments & wishes of this Country respecting M. de la Fayette. And I pray you to commit to paper\u2014in answer to the enclosed letter from Madame de la Fayette to me\u2014all the consolation I can with propriety give her consistent with my public character & the National policy; circumstanced as things are. My last, & only letter to her is herewith sent, that you may see what has been written heretofore. I am\u2014always Yours\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0241", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 13 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Mar. 13. 93.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President draughts of the instruments which he suggested as proper to be given formally to each tribe of Indians whose circumstances may call for such a manifestation of our views with respect to them. the first is a Letter of protection of the ordinary tenor, except that it declares a protection of the lands as well as the persons & other property, & would be signed by the President under the great seal. the second contains extracts from the late law of the U.S. and contains 1. those paragraphs which would shew to the Indians that our laws will punish injuries done them as if done to ourselves. 2. those paragraphs which may answer the purpose of directing those on the spot, when any injury is committed, how & where they are to proceed. if the furnishing such papers should be approved, it will be best to have them printed, on parchment, with the seal, and put into tin cases, so as to give them marks of solemnity which may strike those to whom they are given, or to whom they shall be shewn.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0242", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Pinckney, 13 March 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nLondon 13 March 1793\nM. de Noailles who is the bearer of this requires no introduction to you, his situation & services during the late War you witnessed, & are well acquainted with the subsequent events which have placed him in his present predicament. You will find him warmly participating in the anxiety we all feel for the welfare of our friend M. de la Fayette\u2014on this subject I have only to say that I have done whatever I thought consistant with propriety in an unauthorized, unofficial manner to alleviate his misfortune; and that I shall esteem myself peculiarly happy if I can be instrumental in testifying the gratitude of my country to one who has rendered it such eminent services, in any way that may be deemed expedient. With sincere affection & true respect I remain Dear Sir Your faithful & obedient Servt\nThomas Pinckney.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0243", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Rawle, 13 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Rawle, William\n[Philadelphia, 13 March 1793]\nWhereas it appears to me, from the representation of several respectable persons, and from sundry affidavits, that William Kerr and Alexander Beer, who were lately indicted in the circuit-court of the United States, holden in the town of York, in the state of Pennsylvania, for a riot, were innocent of the offence, with which they stand charged; and they may be exposed to great trouble and expence in defending themselves, unless the indictment be discontinued: I have therefore thought fit, to instruct,\nand I do hereby instruct you, forthwith to enter a nolle prosequi on the indictment aforesaid: and for so doing let this be filed, as your warrant. Given under my hand this 13t[h] day of March in the year of our lord 1793.\nG. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0246", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 14 March 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nWar department March 14th 1793\nI submit to your consideration a letter received from an Indian by the name of David Fowler who resides at Brotherton, near Oneida, who is at present in this City with his Son. This man has been introduced to me by Colonel Pickering and his request for the support of a School seems to deserve a favorable consideration. I beg leave therefore to submit the idea that fifty dollars \u214c Year be allowed for the support of the said School provided the Agent for the Indian department in that quarter should be of opinion that it would conduce to the general object of the United States, the information and Civilization of the Indians.\nAnd that a present be made to the said David Fowler and his Son of Thirty dollars to enable them to return home. I am Sir with respect Your humble servant\nH. Knoxsecy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0247", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Wilkinson, 14 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Wilkinson, James\n(private) \nSir,Phila. March 14th 1793    \nI had the pleasure to receive your polite letter of the 1st of Novr by the hands of Capt. Prior\u2014and shortly after the two Kegs of fish therein mentioned came safe to hand. They were truly a novelty here\u2014and if the Western Waters abound with such fine fish as these appear to be, it may be considered as no small addition to the many favours which nature has lavished upon that desireable Country.\nThis token of regard & attention is entitled to, and must receive the best thanks & acknowledgements of Sir Your most Obedt Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0248", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 15 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Mar. 15. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President, sends him the draught of a letter to Madame de la Fayette, as also the draught of a letter to mister Morris. if this be approved, he proposes to write a like one to mister Pinckney.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0249", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Moultrie, 15 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Moultrie, William\n(Private) \nDr Sir,Philada March 15th 1793    \nI was exceedingly pleased to learn from your letter of the 15th ultimo, that a spirit of improvemt in military knowledge was rapidly\ntaking place among the Militia of your State\u2014and I should be happy to give a mark of my approbation of so laudable an emulation, by complying with your Excellency\u2019s request, if it could be done with propriety. But applications of a similar nature having been heretofore made and refused, and it being thought proper to avoid complying with them, from a persuasion of the necessity of keeping the Artillery of the U.S. as much together as circumstances would permit, and from knowg that if the request was granted in one instance it could not be denied in any\u2014I am therefore under the necessity of declining to comply with the wish of Your Excellency for the loan of some brass field pieces from the Arsenal of the U.S. for the use of the Voluntier Companies of Artilly in Charlest.\u2014and I am persuaded you will see that my conduct in this respect is unavoidably the result of my duty to the public. I am Sir with very great regard Yr Excellency\u2019s most Obed. Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0250", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Sinclair, 15 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Sinclair, John\nSir,\nPhiladelphia March 15th 1793\nI hope you will have the goodness to excuse the delay which has taken place in transmitting Answers to your queries respecting the Sheep of this Country\u2014agreeably to the promise I made you in a letter which I had the honor of writing to you the 20th of October last. The Session of Congress which commenced the 5th of Nov. and did not close until the 3d of this month, is offered as the principal cause of the delay.\nThe Paper herewith enclosed is from one of the most intelligent Gentlemen farmers of this State (Pennsylvania) living not more than five miles from the City. His details respecting the Sheep of this State will apply without much variation to those of other States in the Union\u2014In the extremes, however, of which they are, I think, more indifferent\u2014and in Virginia & Maryland best of all both for Wool & mutton; & easiest raised on acct of the temperature of the climate.\nOn my own Farms, near the head Of the tide water of Potomac (which River divides the States of Virga & Maryland) I keep more Sheep than is usual in this Country (from Six hundred to a thousand head) and whilst I resided thereon and could attend to the management of them myself their fleeces averaged full 5 lbs.; & the Mutton from 18 to 22 lbs. a quarter. But this was the effect of care, and of the choice of good Rams from the English breed wch we now & then get over notwithstanding yr prohibitary Laws, or Customs. Mr Arthur Young with whom I have been in the habit of Corrisponding for 8 or 10 years on Agricultural Subjects and matters relative thereto requested a lock of Wool from my Sheep which was accordingly sent in an entire fleece of average weight & quality; on which I received the Observations which are contained in the enclosed extract from his letter.\nIn looking over the Pamphlet which you were so obliging as to send me, entitled \u201can Analysis of the political State of Scotland,\u201d which is a specimen of the useful information to be expected from your researches, I cannot but express myself highly pleased with the undertaking, and give my best wishes for its success: for I am fully persuaded, that when enlightened men will take the trouble to examine so minutely into the state of society as your enquiries seem to go, it must result in greatly ameliorating the condition of the people\u2014promoting the interests of civil society\u2014and the happiness of Mankind at large. These are objects truly worthy the attention of a great mind\u2014and every friend to the human race must readily lend his aid towards their accomplishment.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0251", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Rodolph Vall-travers, 15\u201329 March 1793\nFrom: Vall-travers, Rodolph (Rodolf)\nTo: Washington, George\nRotterdam, Netherlands, 1[5\u201329] Mar. 1793. Vall-travers wrote that this letter is being sent by the Hope commanded by James Miller, \u201cof and to Philadelphia . . . with Captn Benson Forster, Lieutt in your Nav\u00ff & Chevr de Limoges, as Passengers, & Bearers of m\u00ff Letters.\u201d\nHe reported that because of the recent expansion of the war in Europe \u201ca general Embargo on all Ships within these united States has been laid, & continues ever since the 22d of Febry. Not less, than eight Ships of N. American Construction & Property, commanded by, & manned with Citizens of the united american Free states, having been likewise detained, against the eighth Article of the Treaty of Amity & commercial Intercourse, concluded between the two Sister Republiks . . . and there being, at this Moment no legal Representatif of Your united States resident in this Republic, (on Account of the temporary Call of Mr Short to the Court of Spain; & Mr Dumas, your good old Agent, unfortunately obnoxious to this Government, as a Natif of, & strongly attached to France, having never been accepted & acknowledged as such;) no Remonstrance could take Place, with due Energy, in the Name of Your Commonwealth, against this public Infraction of your reciprocal Engagement, nor an immediate Redress & Satisfaction obtained, otherwise than b\u00ff a dilatory, formal, & expensive Application for Justice, by & in the Name of your Several Captains concerned, impeded in their respective Callings, and injured by their Detension.\u201d\nVall-travers reviewed his efforts to obtain the release of the American captains and their ships, including an audience with \u201cMr Fagel, the Secretary of State, at the Hague . . . [who] was pleased, to advise the American Captains: \u2018to apply to a constituted Procurator, or Attorny general, to give, in their Name & Behalf, a Petition, in the Dutch Language, on stamped Paper, in the usual Form, with his Signature, addressed\nto their Highmightinesses, the Lords of the general united free belgic States.\u2019 \u201d Val-travers then drew up the required petition, \u201cin English,\u201d had it signed by all the captains, and \u201cdelivered it to Mr Van Son, the appointed public Attorney of the general united States.\u201d\nHe wrote that \u201cthe final supreme Order for the American Captains free Departure was obstructed by the amiralty\u2019s evasive Construction of the clear Words of the Treaty. To clear these up, I repaired again to the Hague, attended by Captain Benson Forster of Baltimore, as Deputy of his Brother-Captains, the 13th instant; where, after a personal Interview & Consultation with Mr Van Son, we obtained, thro\u2019 his Recommendation a very amicable private Audience, from His Exccy Mr van der Spiegel, the Grand-Pensionary (High-Chancellor) of these 7. united States.\u201d As a result, \u201cMr Van Son has delivered to me, in Consequence, under his Signature, & in due Form, with Duplicates to each Captain, the inclosed Leave, of the 14th instant, as soon as assented to & found adviseable b\u00ff the Boards of amiralty, to Sail when they please, when favored by Wind & Weather; but, without, as \u00ffet, removing the Embargo.\u201d\nA short postscript dated 29 Mar. reads, \u201cLast Night I recd by an Express, Sent me by Mr Van Son, the Information, of their H. M. having resolved, to take off the Embargo from all foreign Vessels; after a Detention of 35. Da\u00ffs.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0252", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Nicholas Van Staphorst, 15 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Van Staphorst, Nicholas\nSir,\nPhilada March 15t[h] 1793\nBy the Brig Betsey, I have the pleasure to transmit to you triplicates of my letters of the 30th & 31st of January, and the third Exchange for 2310 Guilders. and am, Sir, with due consideration Yr most Obedt Ser.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0253", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Washington, 15 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, William\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia 15th March 1793.\nAs it is possible the Letter, of which the enclosed is a copy, may have met with some mis-chance, I send a duplicate thereof.\nMy Nephew (as I expected & intimated in my last letter to you) died about the first of February. With great regard, & best respects to your Lady, in which Mrs Washington joins me, I remain, Your Affecte humble Servant\nGeorge Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0255", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Marquise de Lafayette, 16 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nDear Madam\nPhila. March 16th 1793.\nI addressed a few lines to you on the 31st of January, in a state of entire uncertainty in what country or condition they might find you, as we had been sometimes told you were in England, sometimes in Holland, & at sometimes in France. your letter of Octob. 8. 1792. first relieved me from doubt, & gave me a hope that, being in France, & on your own estate, you are not as destitute, as I had feared, of the resources which that could furnish. but I have still to sympathize with you on the deprivation of the dearest of all your resources of happiness, in comparison with which, others vanish. I do it in all the sincerity of my friendship for him, and with ardent desires for his relief: in which sentiments I know that my fellow-citizens participate. the measures you were pleased to intimate in your letter are perhaps not exactly those which I could pursue, perhaps indeed not the most likely, under actual circumstances, to obtain our object. but be assured that I am not inattentive to his condition, nor contenting my self with inactive wishes for his liberation. my affection to his nation & to himself are unabated, & notwithstanding the line of separation which has been unfortunately drawn between\nthem, I am confident that both have been led on by a pure love of liberty & a desire to secure public happiness: and I shall deem that among the most consoling moments of my life which should see them reunited in the end, as they were in the beginning, of their virtuous enterprize. accept I pray you the same lively sentiments of interest and attachment to yourself & your dear Children, from, dear Madam, Your most Obedt & devoted Servt\nG. W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0257", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 17 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Mar. 17. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson with his respectful compliments to the President returns him Colo. Humphrey\u2019s letter & those from George town. the last are indeed disagreeable: yet there does not seem any room for the President\u2019s interposition. should Dr Stewart and mister Johnson persist in their idea of retiring, it seems really desireable that they should do it separately, leaving such an interval between the two resignations as that the public mind may receive no unfavorable impression.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0259", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Seagrove, 17 March 1793\nFrom: Seagrove, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDuplicate \nSirSt Mary\u2019s [Ga.] 17th March 1793    \nWhen I had the honor of addressing you on the 12th of December from Savannah, I considred all matters between the United States, and the Creek people on a favourable footing; and until the 11th Inst: had not the least reason to alter that opinion. You will be informed by my Letter of this date to the Secretary of War, the unfavourable change in matters, which I am fully persuaided is in consequence of the scandalous interferrence of the Spaniards. For whatever may be the declarations of that Nation to that of the United States; it is beyond a shadow of doubt, that the Governors of the Floridas, and those under them; have left no stone unturned to set the Savages upon us. The late murders I am convinced was at the immediate instigation of their trusty Agent Mr Panton\u2014as the whole of the Indians composing the party that did the mischief, are belonging to a Town where Panton has his chief influence; and where their matters are directed by a white Man in his employ, of the name of Burges\u2014who\u2019s Brotherinlaw (an Indian) and Burgeses Son commanded the party that committed the murder & robbery.\nIt appears to me, that the Spaniards finding matters going favourable between us and the Creeks, were determined to have bloodshed at all events; and for this reason employed those fellows\u2014I doubt not they have others employ\u2019d on different parts\nof our frontier, but cannot believe that the Nation know\u2019s of it, or that it is a general business. The declarations of the Chiefs who met me at Colerain, and which I forwarded you on the 30th of November last, I doubt not has satisfy\u2019d you as to the ill designs of the Spaniards. I now enclose you a positive proof from David Cornell on that head. It is not with me, to know the policy of my Country in hitherto observing so friendly a conduct toward those perfideous people\u2014be assured they have all along been using every base unwarrantable means to injure the United States in the opinion of the different Indian tribes. The Spanish Government have of late gon to an imense expence to engage the Savages in their favour; and there is reason to fear that they may succeed.\nI suggested to you in a former Letter my fears that the Spaniards would make use of Bowles against us\u2014I fear this will be verifyed\u2014The Indians are now in high expectation of his dayly return with large Cargo\u2019s of goods; and several hundreds of them are now down at the mouth of the Ockaluckney to receive him. The Spanish Governors of the Floridas endeavour to make all the Indians believe that we have cheated and robbed them of their Lands, by the runing of the boundary line from the Alatamaha to St Mary\u2019s\u2014this tho\u2019 not believed by the diserning part of the Nation, has the desired effect on the less informed of them.\nOn the day that the mischief was done at Traders Hill, upwards of Fifty Indians (men women & ch[i]ldren) were encamped at Colerain, and receiving Supply\u2019s of Corn\u2014This leads me to think that it is not a business of the Nation, or they would have been called in before hand. On[c]e the mischief being done they fled for fear of the resentment of the white people\u2014but declaring their total ignorance of it. Some of the Northern Tribes have lately been among the Creeks\u2014no doubt to stir them up to join them. In a few days I shall forward you copy\u2019s of Letters received from, and those sent by me to the Nation, which will further explain those matters.\nI hope some assistance will be given to this young defenceless frontier, it wants it much.\nI shall dispatch a trusty Indian into the Nation in a day or two for information. I was all ready to set off by the 10th of next month for the Nation, but shall now decline it until I hear further.\nMcGillivray is again with the Spaniards\u2014Time will not allow my adding at present more then that I am with the most profound respect Your Most Obedient Devoted Very Humble Sert\nJs: Seagrove Agt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0260", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Frances Bassett Washington, 17 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Frances Bassett\nMy dear Fanny,\nPhiladelphia Mar: 17th 1793.\nI have duly received your letter\u2014dated Hanover March 5th\u2014and was happy to hear that yourself and the Children were well.\nIt is not by any means a wish of mine that, you should come to Mount Vernon next Month on account of my short visit to that place. It was merely on your own account, and that of the Estate, that I suggested the measure; more indeed for consideration than by way of advice, for either of your brothers, or Mr Jno. Dandridge can speak to the latter with more propriety than I am able to do; as they know in what time, & in what manner the Will of our departed friend ought to be proved and the execution of the trust entered upon.\nMy last to you, enclosing the copy of a letter which I had previously written to your brother Burwell, would have convey\u27e8ed\u27e9 to you fully, my ideas on this subject; & to that communication I now beg leave to refer you.\nThe offer of a Residence at Mount Vernon, was made you with my whole heart; but it is with you to consider nevertheless whether any other plan will comport better with the views which my Nephew had, or with such as you may have entertained for your own ease, for the education of your Children\u2014or for the interest of the Estate. and your decision thereon will be perfectly agreeable to me; for I can assure you with much truth that\nI have no wish in the case beyond that of seeing you settled to your intire Satisfaction. The means for doing which either in Alexandria or elsewhere you have no doubt considered & calculated; for with the best \u0153conomy I conceive it must be expensive to purchase furniture & keep a house.\nThe Carriage which I sent to Mount Vernon for your use, I never intended to reclaim; and therefore, now making you a more formal present of it, it may be sent for whenever it suits your convenience & be considered as your own\u2014and I shall, when I see you, request that Fayette may be given up to me; either at that time, or as soon after as he is old enough to go to s\u27e8c\u27e9hool; This will relieve you of that portion of attention which his education would otherwise call for.\nIt is to be feared that your Overseer in Fairfax is neither the best of that descriptn\u2014nor the honestest of men. A month, or more ago, Mr Whiting informed me that this said Overseer had one, if not two horses of his own on the Plantation. (fed no doubt, [(]whatever his declarations to the contrary might be) at your expence.) I immediately directed Mr Whiting to go to him & in my name to order the horse or Horses (if more than one), to be sent away instantly; unless he could shew a written permission for their being kept on the place\u2014and to inform him moreover that if they were to be found on it when I came home I would not only send the horses off but himself along with them. Since then, some suspicions have also been entertained of his not dealing fairly by the Wheat, which, was under his care for Market. Such is the villainy of these sort of people when they have it in their power, as they conceive, to cheat with impunity. What has been done in either of these cases I remain unadvised; as poor Whiting, by a letter which I received from Doctr Craik\u2014dated the 6th inst. was then confined to his bed by a more violent return of his old disorder (Spitting blood) than ever. Since that date I have heard nothing from thence, which is presumptive evidence that he is not able to write himself; & Of this there is the evidence also of the Doctrs letter, pronouncing his case critical & dangerous. The effect of these\u2014to be avoided by extreme care only.\nFrom what Mr Bassett said to Mr Whiting, respecting the materials for the building which had been begun at your place, I directed him to have them put away securely\u2014& to let your Carpenters\nwork along with mine; keeping an Account of the time, that I might allow you the usual hire. There they may remain, unless you have other employment for them; as I have work on hand that requires dispatch, & I would, to facilitate the execution thereof hire others if I do not retain these. Your Aunt joins me in every affectionate regard for you & the Childn\u2014and in best wishes for the friends among whom you are. At all times, & under all circumstances I shall always remain Yr sincere frd\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0261", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 17 March 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nLetter not found: to Anthony Whitting, 17 Mar. 1793. In his letter of 27 Mar., Whitting acknowledged receipt of GW\u2019s \u201cLetter of the 17th.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0263", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 18 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Mar. 18. 93.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President the copies of the Algerine papers which have been made out to form the basis of instructions for the Commissioner to be appointed. the President will be pleased to consider whether he would chuse to have them altered in any particular.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0264", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 18 March 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\n Letter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 18 Mar. 1793. On 24 Mar., GW wrote Whitting, \u201cI have received your letters of the 18th & 20th instant.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0266", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Bryan Fairfax, 19 March 1793\nFrom: Fairfax, Bryan\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nMt Eagle [Va.] March the 19th 1793.\nI have received the Letter which You have done me the Kindness to write, tho\u2019 unexpected; and received it as another Instance of your long Friendship; and was also pleased at Your entire submission to the will of Heaven in Your late afflictive Loss, tho\u2019 it was no more than I expected. For having encountered & surmounted many & various Difficulties & disappointments, and believing in a superintending Providence, You will also bear with Patience those Afflictions which his Wisdom shall direct.\nWith respect to Mrs Savage\u2019s Affair, there has been another delay when least expected. When Mr Potts called on me last Summer on his way from Philadelphia to Georgia, it was agreed on between us, upon a Consultation which we had at Mr L. Lee\u2019s, that as Mr Mason\u2019s Executors or Admrs had pled, fully administered, and that there was no Prospect of getting any thing in Virginia, Mr Potts should institute a Suit in our Names in Carolina as he passed along, it being a fine Opportunity for the Purpose\u2014And I made no doubt but that the Suit was depending, till lately I received a Letter from Mr Potts informing me that he was returned again, or arrived again in America & desired to know whether I had received any thing upon the Accot of Mrs Savage.\nI have been preparing to get such a Suit commenced in Carolina, and intend to have it done as soon as I can.\nMrs Fairfax joins me in our Respects to You & Mrs Washington. I am Your obliged & Obedt Servt\nBryan Fairfax.\nThe Hope of being able to inform You what I had done towards the commencemt of a Suit has been the Cause of a few day\u2019s delay in writing this.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0268", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Hugh Williamson, 19 March 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Williamson, Hugh\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Hugh Williamson, 19 Mar. 1793. In his letter to GW of 20 Mar., Henry Knox mentioned Williamson\u2019s \u201cletter to you of the 19th instant.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0269", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 20 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nUnited States [Philadelphia] March 20th 1793.\nIt appears from your Report to me of the 18th instant, and the Statements accompanying it, that it will be proper to take measures for securing a Loan of Eight hundred thousand Dollars; as\nauthorised by the Act, entitled \u201can Act making appropriations for the support of Government for the year 1793.\u201d I have therefore to request that you will cause such a Power to be prepared for my signature as will be necessary for your authorization to effect said Loan in the time & manner stated in your Report.\nGeo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0271", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 20 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Mar. 20. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson, with his respect to the President incloses him the draught of a letter to mister Pinckney: also some Canada gazettes, with the letter from Colo. Fay accompanying them. he perceives from this letter that Colo. Fay had not awaited his approbation to make use of the name of Th: J. in the land-job. he thinks it possible the government of Canada may get hold of this, & perhaps make some use of it, if they should suppose any purpose may be answered by it. he is the more happy therefore in having made the first communication to the President, which, at that time had others only in view, and not all Th: J. himself.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0272", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 20 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nUnited States [Philadelphia] March 20th 1793\nI have to request that it may be given in charge to the director of the mint, to take measures for collecting samples of foreign coins issued in the Year 1792, of the species which usually circulate within the United States, to examine by assays at the mint whether the same are conformable to the respective standards required, and to report the result, that the same may be made known by proclamation\u2014agreeably to the Act entitled \u201cAn Act regulating foreign Coins, and for other purposes.\u201d\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0274", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Augustine Washington, 20 March 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, William Augustine\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from William Augustine Washington, 20 Mar. 1793. Writing from Philadelphia on 29 April, GW informed his nephew that\n\u201cWhilst I was at Mount Vernon in the early part of this month, I recd your letter of the 20th of March.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0275", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 20 March 1793\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nHonrd Sir\nMount Vernon March 20th 1793\nHave enclosed the last week report drawn of by Mr Butler. As I have not been able to answer your Excels. two last Letters shall now endeavor to make some reply to them\u2014It has not been in my power to Go to Alexa. to engage a Vessell to Go for Shells but shall as soon as I am able to ride there. Shells must be had for the price to us is so very different as to make it impossble to buy Stone Lime[.] Mrs F. Washingtons two Men are now with Green & I have had all there work put in the Spining house & Lockt up\u2014They began work with Green the 11th of March\u2014We shall fix the Gates at the different farms as soon as the weather will permit but the Ground must be dry or they will never be fast\u2014I have not Opened the Second Visto so as to se what Ground it will run over but could do it in a very few Days\u2014The Bill of Hampsons I will pay as soon as possible[.] The Wheat has as yet receivd no hurt from the winter and we may now suppose it out of Danger[.] Dogue run are two fine fields of Wheat. The River fields & indeed all the Wheat looks better now then it did in Novemr\u2014I will enquire of Mr Hartshorne if any thing is due on the Potowmac Compy & Get the Account forwarded[.] Ellwood is arrived in Alexa. Shall endeavor to Get the Honey Locus Seed home this Day\u2014I am just now able to walk a little am very much reduced & very weak\u2014I think the Gardener seems very backward in his work[.] I am fearfull he is not very industrious[.] Such a Spring as this he certainly ought to have had all his Ground dry & his Garden every way in forwardness but I see but very little done\u2014If I had been well I would have had the Ground in readiness for Sowing Grass seeds tho it is only just now in Good order having been rather wet[.] we shall Get them sown next week if the Weather permit which will be a very Good time\u2014I dont know the price of flour in Alexa. nor have I been able to find the worth of the Tobacco but as soon as I can ride to Town will inform myself & immediately let you know[.] I think it might be well to sell the Tobo this Summer for there may be a large Crop Growing\nnext year\u2014with respect to Ice no Oppertunity has ever offerd to Get any, Snow might have been put in but When the first Snow came I thought we should had a severe frost after it, & the putting Snow in a dissolving state is but of very little use as it would be all Gone by the last of June Which would have been before the family had come home[.] I hope Your Excelly will Give me Notice When you expect to be down at Mount Vernon for having no Oats there must be a Stock of Shorts & homony Laid in in readiness. I am Honrd Sir Your Obdt & Hble Servt\nA. Whitting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0276", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Arthur Young, 20 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Young, Arthur\nSir,\nPhiladelphia Mar: 20th 1793.\nHaving had occasion in some late communications to you, to speak of the District which has been decided on (under a law of Congress) for the permanent seat of the government of the United States; I do myself the pleasure of sending you a plan of the intended City, which is now laying out in the centre thereof.\nIt will serve to shew you, and such as may have the curiosity to look at it, that whatever our present condition is, we have vanity enough to look forward to a better. With great esteem & regard I am\u2014Sir Your Obedient Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0277", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Cabinet, 21 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Cabinet\n(Circular) \nGentlemen,United States [Philadelphia] March 21st 1793    \nThe Treaty which is agreed to be held on or about the first of June next at the Lower Sandusky of Lake Erie, being of great moment to the interests and peace of this Country; and likely to be attended with difficulties arising from circumstances (not unknown to you) of a peculiar and embarrassing nature; it is indispensably necessary that our rights under the Treaties which have been entered into with the Six Nations\u2014the several tribes of Indians now in hostility with us\u2014and the claims of others, should be carefully investigated and well ascertained, that the Commissioners who are appointed to hold it may be well informed and clearly instructed on all the points that are likely to be discussed: thereby knowing what they are to insist upon (with or without compensation, and the amount of the Compensation, if any)\u2014and what, for the sake of peace, they may yield.\nYou are not to learn from me, the different views which our Citizens entertain of the War we are engaged in with the Indians, and how much these different opinions add to the delicacy and embarrassments alluded to above\u2014nor the criticisms which, more than probable, will be made on the subject, if the proposed Treaty should be unsuccessful.\nInduced by these motives, and desireous that time may be allowed for a full and deliberate consideration of the subject before the departure of the Commissioners, it is my desire that you will, on the 25th of this month, meet together at the War Office\n(or at such other time and place as you may agree upon) where the principal documents are, with whatever papers you may respectively be possessed of on the subject, and such others as I shall cause to be laid before you, and then and there decide on all the points which you shall conceive necessary for the information and instruction of the Commissioners\u2014And, having drawn them into form, to revise the same and have them ready, in a finished State, for my perusal and consideration when I return\u2014together with a digest of such references as shall be adjudged necessary for the Commissioners to take with them.\nAnd, as it has been suggested to me, that the Society of Quakers are desireous of sending a deputation from their Body, to be present at the aforesaid Treaty (which, if done with pure motives, and a disposition accordant with those sentiments entertained by Government respecting boundary, may be a mean of facilitating the good work of peace) you will consider how far, if they are approved Characters, they ought to be recognized in the Instructions to the Commissioners\u2014and how proper it may be for them to participate therein or to be made acquainted therewith.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0278", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Dey of Algiers, 21 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Algiers, dey of\n[Philadelphia, 21 March 1793]\nBeing desirous of establishing and cultivating Peace and Harmony between our Nation and the Dey, Regency, and People of Algiers, I have appointed David Humphreys, one of our distinguished Citizens, a Commissioner Plenipotentiary, giving him full Power to negotiate and conclude a Treaty of Amity and Commerce with you. And I pray you to give full credit to whatever shall be delivered to you on the part of the United States, by him, and particularly when he shall assure you of our sincere desire to be in Peace and Friendship with you, and your People. And I pray God to give you Health and Happiness. Done at Philadelphia this Twenty first day of March 1793, and in the seventeenth Year of the Independence of these United States.\nGo: Washington\nBy the PresidentTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0279", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 21 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, 21 March 1793]\nFor carrying into execution the provisions in that behalf made by the Act, entitled, \u201cAn Act making appropriations for the support of Government for the year one thousand seven hundred & ninety three.\u201d\nI do hereby authorise you the said Secretary of the Treasury to agree and contract with the President, Directors and Company\nof the Bank of the United States for a loan or loans to the United States, of any sum or sums, not exceeding in the whole Eight hundred thousand dollars; to be advanced and paid in such proportions and at such periods as you shall judge necessary for fulfilling the purposes of the said Act. Provided that the rate of Interest of such loan or loans shall not exceed five per centum per annum, and that the principal thereof may be reimbursed at the pleasure of the United States; And I do hereby promise to ratify what you shall lawfully do in the premises.\nIn testimony whereof I have hereunto subscribed my hand at the City of Philadelphia the twenty first day of March in the year One thousand seven hundred & ninety three.\nGeorge Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0280", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 21 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Mar. 21. 93.\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President incloses him draughts of letters in the Algerine business. in that to Colo. Humphreys he proposes a modification of the former instructions in one point, on a presumption that the President will be disposed to approve it. he will wait on him to-day to know his pleasure, as also to submit to his consideration the question of Mr Genet\u2019s reception in case of his arrival during the absence of the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0281", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Cromwell, et al., 22 March 1793\nFrom: Cromwell, Richard,Bentley, John,Kiuckel, Jacob,Zellers, Jacob,Hebb, Richard,Berry, John G.,Dellahunt, William\nTo: Washington, George\nMaryland Washington County march the 22th 1793\nthe honourable to the president of the United states George Washington.\nWhereas a Certain Matthias Dych of the County and state aforesaid hath on the 6th of this instant Enlisted under Capt: Wm Lewis having a wife An four Small Children and Nothing to leave to maintain them; And being Desirious to be Releast: we therefore the hereunder mentioned subscribers do humbly petition to thee honourable president to shew mercy and have Compassion on the distressed family and Release the said Matthias Dych. from your Humble Petitioners\nRichard Cromwell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0282", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 22 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasy Departmt 22nd March 1793\nThe Secretary of the Treasury respectfully submits to The President of the U. States a Communication from the Commissioner\nof the Revenue, of the 18th instant; concerning certain proposals for the maintenance and repairs of Buoys moored at & near the entrance of Charlestown Bay in South Carolina.\nThe most favourable of the two offers, that of William Beedom, appears to the Secretary high; yet as a different conclusion is the result of the best lights at present to be had, it is submitted as adviseable to accept the offer. The contract being made only for one year, a more careful examination can be had in the mean time for future government. It seems expedient, as suggested by the Commissioner, to confine the agreement to the buoys already moored.\nAnother Communication from the Commissioner of the Revenue respecting a Clerical mistake in a late Act of the President concerning the revenue district of North Carolina is submitted; in order to his signature, if he shall see no impropriety in it.\nA. Hamilton.Secy of the Treasy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0284", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edmund Randolph, 22 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nSir\nUnited States [Philadelphia] 22d March 93.\nI send you a letter of the 26th Ulto from William Bingham Esquire to the Secretary of the Treasu[r]y together with the documents accompanying it.\nI desire your opinion on the following points arising upon these papers.\nI. Whether the proceedings heretofore by the U. States in Congress assembled have transferred from Mr Bingham to the public the consequences of the transaction in question so as to make the suit now depending properly an affair of the Government.\nII. Whether the Executive is competent to the requisite measures of defence and security against any unfounded pretensions of the claimants Plaintiffs or Prosecutors, or whether further Special provision by law is necessary.\nIII. If the Executive be so competent\u2014What is the proper course under the existing circumstances to be pursued.\nG. W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0285", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 23 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States [Philadelphia] March 23d 1793.\nPay, or cause to be paid to the Secretary of State or to his order, the sum of Thirty nine thousand five hundred Dollars, which, in addition to five hundred Dollars furnished to Colo. Humphreys on the 14th of Augt 1790, will complete the sum of forty thousand Dollars for the third year\u2019s allowance under the Act concerning intercourse with foreign Nations.\nGeo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0286", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 23 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt March 23d 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to The President of the United States the enclosed communication from the Commissioner of the Revenue.\nFrom the nature of the circumstances represented it appears to the Secretary advisable to embrace the offer which is made by Joseph Anthony & son.\nAlexandr Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0287", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Humphreys, 23 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Humphreys, David\nMy dear Sir,\nPhiladelphia March 23d 1793\nClosely engaged in the business incident to my office during the session of Congress, and as closely employed since, in making arrangements for carrying into effect the laws then passed\u2014and in discharging other public duties, I have not \u2019till this moment found myself enough at leisure to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 23d of July: and being now on the eve of setting out for Mount Vernon I shall be able to do but little more than barely acknowledge the rect of it\u2014and of your favors of the 23d of Jany, & 8th of feby, both of which have reached my hands within these few days.\nEven if I had time, it might not be proper for me to reply particularly to the several parts of your letters, especially that of the 23d of July; I shall therefore content myself at present, my dear Sir, with making a few general observations on the existing state of things, and rely upon your being assured, that however concise my letter may be, it does not become so from any diminution of my regard for you.\nIf it can be esteemed a happiness to live in an age productive of great & interesting events, we of the present age are very highly favoured. The rapidity of National Revolutions appear no less astonishing than their magnitude; and the consequences of them seem to baffle every calculation. In what they will terminate, is known only to the great Ruler of events; and confiding in his wisdom & goodness, we may safely trust the issue to him, without perplexing ourselves to seek for that which is beyond the human ken, only taking care to perform the parts assigned us, in a way that reason & our own consciences approve of.\nAll our late accounts from Europe hold up the expectation of a general War in that quarter. For the sake of humanity I hope such an event will not take place: But if it should, I trust that we\nshall have too just a sense of our own interest to originate any cause that may involve us in it\u2014and I ardently wish we may not be forced into it by the conduct of other Nations. If we are permitted to improve, without interruption, the great advantages which nature & circumstances have placed within our reach\u2014many years will not revolve before we may be ranked not only among the most respectable, but among the happiest people on this globe. Our advances to those points are more rapid than the most sanguine among us ever predicted. A spirit of improvement displays itself in every quarter\u2014and principally in objects of the greatest public utility\u2014such as, opening the inland Navigation, which is extensive & various beyond conception, improving the old roads & opening new Ones\u2014building bridges & houses\u2014and in short, pursuing those things which seem eminently calculated to promote the advantage & accommodation of the people at large. Besides these, the enterprizes of individuals shew at once what are the happy effects of personal exertions in a Country where equal laws & equal rights prevail.\nFor myself\u2014you see me again, entering upon the arduous duties of an important office, to which the unanimous voice of my Country has once more called me. To you, who know my love of retirement & domestic life, it is unnecessary to say, that in accepting this re-appointment, I relinquish those personal enjoyments to which I am peculiarly attached. The motives which induced my acceptance are the same which have ever ruled my decision when the public desire (or as my Country men are pleasd to denominate it good) was placed in the scale against my personal enjoyment, or private interest\u2014the latter I have ever considered as subservient to the former, and perhaps in no instance of my life have I ever been more sensible of the sacrifice than in the present; for at my age, the love of retirement grows every day more & more powerful\u2014and the death of my Nephew, the poor Major, will, I apprehend, cause my private concerns to suffer very much. This melancholly event took place on the 5th of last month at Colo. Bassett\u2019s, where he had gone hoping to benefit from a change of air & situation\u2014Altho\u2019 it had been long expected\u2014and indeed, to me, of late, appeard inevitable; yet I have felt it very keenly.\nYou will receive from Mr Jefferson every official communication necessary for your conduct\u2014together with the laws\u2014\npublic papers &c. He will also inform you that the Steps which you took in consequence of Mr Barclay\u2019s death met my entire approbation.\nI set out with intimating that my letter would be very short; but upon looking back I find it can hardly be said to have that fault; but lest it should partake of another at least as bad, I shall close it with assuring you that you have the best wishes for your health & happiness of Your Sincere frd & Affecte Servt\nG. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0288", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 23 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 23. 1793.\nBefore your departure, it becomes necessary for me to sollicit your orders on the Treasury for the third year\u2019s allowance under the act concerning intercourse with foreign nations. this act commenced July 1. 1790. two years allowance have been furnished and a sum of 500. Dollars over. nine months of the 3d year are now nearly elapsed, and according to an estimate I had the honor of giving in to you the 5 th of Nov. last, the expences to the 3d of Mar. last probably amounted to about 90,785.09 D. from which deducting the sums received, to wit 80.500. D. the bankers would be in advance at that day upwards of 10,000. D. and near 20,000. D. by the time this remittance can reach them. they could feel no inconvenience from this, because they had in their hands the Algerine fund. but now that\nthat is to be drawn for by Colo. Humphreys, it becomes necessary to pay up the arrearages of the foreign fund, & to put them moreover in cash to answer the current calls of our ministers abroad, in order to prevent any risque to the honor of Colo. Humphreys\u2019s bills. I must therefore sollicit your orders for 39.500. D. which will compleat the allowance for the 3d year, ending June 30. a summary view of the account is stated below. I have the honor to be with the most perfect respect & esteem, Sir your most obedt humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\n            Actual expences incurred from 1790. July 1. to 1792. July 1.\n            Probable do as by acct given in to 1793. Mar. 3.\n            1790. Aug. 14. Cash to Colo. Humphreys.\n            1791. Mar. 19. bill on the bankers in favr of Secy of state\n          do on do in favr of G. Morris\n         do on do in favr of J.B. Cutting\n         1792 Jan. 23. do on do in favr of Secy of state.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0289", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Leslie, 23 March 1793\nFrom: Leslie, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nPhilad. 23d Mch 1793\nSir when you resided at New York, I had the honour of reciving your subscription to the inclosed, but as my gowin to London, will provent me from compleating the design, and as I mean to return all the money that I have recived on that acount, I here send yours, with my sincearest thank, for the honou\u27e8r\u27e9 you have done me by subscribing to my undertaking, I am Sir with respect and gratitude, you humble Servent\nRobert Leslie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0290", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Oliver Pollock and John Nicholson, 23 March 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Pollock, Oliver,Nicholson, John\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Oliver Pollock and John Nicholson, 23 Mar. 1793. On 25 Mar., at GW\u2019s request, Tobias Lear sent to Henry Knox the draft of a letter for Knox to write to Pollock and Nicholson in answer to their letter to GW \u201cof the 23d inst.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0291", "content": "Title: John Stagg, Jr., to Tobias Lear, 23 March 1793\nFrom: Stagg, John Jr.\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nSir.\nWar department March 23d 1793.\nThe Secretary of War has directed me to transmit to you, for the President\u2019s perusal, the enclosed dispatches, just received from Brigadier Wilkinson and Governor Blount, dated the 12th ulto. I am Sir, Most respectfully, Your obedt Servt\nJohn Stagg JunrChf Clk", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0292", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Humphreys, 24 March 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Washington, George\n(Secret & confidential) \nMy dear Sir.Lisbon March 24th 1793.   \nI took the liberty of addressing a letter to you from Gibralter on the 8th of last month, which I hope will have come safe to your hand. I mentioned therein that my design in writing was only to suggest two hints, the first whether you would wish to make use of Mr Church in the Morocco business, as he was soon expected at Lisbon? The second, that (if you could not conveniently find any person but myself to undertake the affair which was first committed to Adral Jones, & eventually to Mr Barclay) I would attempt the execution of the temporary Commission: upon condition of having all the expences merely borne by the public, and of having some person sent by you, or employed by me to assist in doing the writing and keeping the Accts. I farther added, that although I thus proposed myself, it was not from a desire of having my services accepted under an idea of its being a gratification to me, but solely as a dernier resort in case no other or better expedient should occur.\nSince the date of that letter, the commencement of hostilities between France & England has rendered the process of the business considerably more difficult than before. And as most of the other maritime powers seem likely to be involved in the war, in that case the difficulty of transporting to the place of destination the necessary money, without hazarding its loss (that is to say, by chartering a neutral vessel) will become almost insuperable. I mention this, not for the sake of wishing to decline any service you may think proper to order, but with a view that, by\nbeing apprised of the circumstances, you may be able to take your measures & cause instructions to be given accordingly to the person who shall ultimately be employed on that business, whosoever he may be.\nIt was, my most beloved & most esteemed Sir, with a degree of satisfaction, easier conceived than expressed, that I heard of your unanimous re-election to the office of President. The same event having twice happened almost induces me to think that miracles have not yet ceased. The concentered Suffrage of four Millions of People in your favour, without a dissentient, is, at least, a novelty in the history of mankind. I will not, however, make use of the ordinary way of congratulating you, because you know sufficiently my heart, and the sincerity of my wishes & prayers for your long life & perfect happiness. But you will permit me to congratulate the Public & myself on an event which certainly gives more pleasure to every other individual in the Republic, than to yourself. Whatever at any former period I may have thought, whatever good you may have since done in a public character, I am now more than ever convinced that your services are still necessary for your Country. You know I am incapable of flattering, and therefore will believe me when I say, that although I am sensible the Government is very firmly established & the different parts of the Union better cemented than could possibly have been expected; yet I fully believe your influence, example & prudence are still requisite to place the national felicity on a basis so permanent as not to be shaken for ages to come. This idea ought to animate you through all your toils & sacrifices. And the certain knowledge you have that no human character ever enjoyed so much untarnished fame in his life time should more than compensate for any little perplexities, troubles & vexations you may encounter, & to which human nature in every situation is inevitably exposed. Nor can the unequivocal proof you have so lately had of the real sentiments of your Countrymen respecting your conduct be unacceptable to you. For you must be sensible that many of the most distinguished characters which have ever adorned the world, have in retaliation for the greatest services met with the blackest ingratitude. And indeed the instances have been innumerable in which the benefactors of mankind, after lives worn out in public services, have been obliged to appeal to Posterity for the posthumous fame they now enjoy. But Heaven be thanked! how different\nis your case? No person in existence, ought perhaps to be better acquainted with your real character than I am: and whatever merit I may be disposed to allow you (nor must you imagine me very niggardly in the allowance) for having acquired all this good will of Mankind at home & abroad, I cannot forbear believing you are, taking the circumstances together, the most fortunate man that ever existed: or in other, & more reasonable words, that you have, during your whole life, been under the peculiar favour & protection of a good Providence.\nIt is exceedingly pleasant to me, & ought to be infinitely more so to you, to look back upon the dark scenes of a military & political kind, through which our Country has passed to its present distinguished state of tranquility & happiness: and then to extend our views to the still brighter prospects of its improvements & greatness. No reasonable man could have been so sanguine as to have anticipated the one half of what has happend in our own times. And yet I am persuaded you will do me the justice to recollect, in the long & frequent conversations we had at Mount Vernon, respecting your accepting the Presidency, my opinions & anticipations came much nearer to the truth than your own. I even then believed entirely in the wonderfully happy effects of a free & energetic Government. Your Modesty led you to think too humbly of yourself & of the services you were capable of rendering your Country on that critical occasion. Had you persisted in that full determination you had positively adopted, of not accepting the Presidency, how unfortunately different might have been at this moment your Country\u2019s reputation & your own? Yet I know you were actuated by the best possible motives, & I am well assured the first conversation you ever had with any man living on that subject, would do you more real credit in the judgment of the impartial world & of Posterity, than any one of the most splendid actions of your whole life. For where a man unbosoms his inmost thought & sentiment to his friend, he is certainly displaying without ostentation the dictates of his heart: & if then he, as it were inadvertently, brings forth to light traits of character that tend to dignify the very race to which we belong, it is because those hidden qualities are really his own, & not because he wishes them to be seen or known of men.\nIf as a Member of the Community, & from public motives I have a right to rejoice in your continuing with the universal wishes of your Countrymen at the head of the Government; I\nought not perhaps to be less pleased on a personal & private account. While I may happen to remain in a public character abroad, it is certainly one of the most pleasant & useful circumstances possible for me to find a Person in that Station to whom I may, as an honest man, communicate every sentiment & feeling of the Soul without reserve. It may also be highly beneficial for the Public for me to be able on certain occasions to be able to disclose facts or projects with more freedom & in greater detail to you as Chief Magistrate, than it would be proper for me to do in an official letter to the Secretary of State, which letter must remain on the files of his office.\nApropos\u2014I have been most zealously exerting myself, for some weeks past to find out what to do, to induce this Government to act with liberality or even common justice in respect to our wheat trade. The measures they adopt in detaining our vessels are certainly highly impolitic, & the reasons they give are of a very singular, & (to me) unsatisfactory nature. If necessity obliges them to detain a supply of grain, they ought to pay for it at the highest price which could be obtained in the market to which it might have been carried. This, I believe, is practiced in every other Country under similar circumstances.\nThe refusal to admit our flour you will perceive is owing wholly to the prevalence of the aristocratic influence over the real interests of the People at large. These impolitic regulations they have a right to persist in, if they find it their interest so to do: but how far it may be in the power or policy of our Government to give greater facilities to the exportation of flour, than to the exportation of wheat, I know not. And whether, in that case, any exemption of duties on tonnage, or other measures operating in the nature of an encouragement or bounty to vessels employed in the exportation of flour should be able to give such an advantage over the exportation of grain in its unmanufactured state, as in a manner to compel it to be admitted here from motives of interest, I only barely suggest to your superiour information & discretion.\nI beg you will have the goodness to pardon this long letter, to offer my most affecte regards to Mrs Washington & the family, and to believe me to be, with the greatest truth & affection Your most grateful Serv. & faithful friend\nD. Humphreys", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0293-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael and William Short to be in cypher, 23 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William,Short, William\nGendemen\n[Philadelphia] Mar. 23. 1793.\nIt is intimated to us, in such a way as to attract our attention, that France means to send a strong force early this spring to offer independance to the Spanish American colonies, beginning\nwith those on the Missisipi: & that she will not object to the receiving those on the East side into our confederation, interesting considerations require that we should keep ourselves free to act in this case according to circumstances, & consequently that you should not, by any clause of treaty, bind us to guarantee any of the Spanish colonies against their own independance, nor indeed against any other nation. for when we thought we might guarantee Louisiana on their ceding the Floridas to us, we apprehended it would be seised by Great Britain who would thus completely encircle us with her colonies & fleets. this danger is now removed by the concert between Great Britain & Spain: and the times will soon enough give independance, & consequently free commerce to our neighbors, without our risking the involving ourselves in a war for them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0294", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 24 March 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia] Sunday Morng [24 March 1793]\nPlease to submit the enclosed letter, from Major Hamtramck previously to the Presidents departure. excuse my not endorsing them.\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0295", "content": "Title: John Stagg, Jr., to Tobias Lear, 24 March 1793\nFrom: Stagg, John Jr.\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir.\n[Philadelphia] Sunday\u2014March 24 [1793]\nPlease to submit to the President, the enclosed letter from general Wayne, received last evening. Your\u2019s respectfully\nJohn Stagg Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0296", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 24 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting\nPhiladelphia March 24th 1793\nI have received your letters of the 18th & 20th instant, and am very glad to find by them that you have got about again. Be careful not to do any thing that may occasion your disorder to return. It is not my wish that exertions in my business should bring on a relapse. Pursue the Doctors advice with respect to the quantum of exercise proper for you; and avoid night rides, which are very pernicious, even to a man in health.\nI shall leave this on Wednesday next, so as to be at George town on the monday following (the first of April); and if not detained there on business, shall be at Mount Vernon the day after. I shall take Osborne & the two Postilions with me; and eight horses; the last of which you will provide for in the best manner you can under the want of Oats. One bed will be sufficient for\nthe two Postilions; but they will make use of two, if two are in the room; for which reason let one of them be taken away and deposited in the Garret of the Great-House.\nThe Maltese Jack should be advertised for Covering\u2014On the same terms as last year\u2014the other, if his performances last year are approved, I shall keep for my own Mares. The Advertisements ought, by good right, to be in the Baltimore, Annapolis, Alexandria, Fredericksburgh & Winchester Gazettes. If I should, on my way down, meet with a stud horse that I think would answer the purpose you want, I will buy him. In that case he ought to be advertised for Covering also, & not to remain a dead charge upon me.\nIf you sow Clover Seed on no other field than No. 7 at Dogue run, it was unnecessary, & wrong to run me to the expence of purchasing as much as I did: as it will grow worse, if not get spoiled, before another Season. It is high time that the Spg Sowing was over.\nYou say Mrs Washington\u2019s Carpenters have been at Work with Green since the 11th of the Month, but in his Report of the 17th he takes no notice at all of them. and Mr Butlers Plantation Reports are such as I can neither make head or tale of. In some, no acct at all is given of the Stock; and in none is there any mention of the increase, or decrease. I return them\u2014wishing, if they can be made more intelligable & correct, that it may be done: for my reason for calling for these reports is not for the mere curiosity, or gratification of the moment; but that I may see into, and be informed of the State of things at any past period, by having recourse to them hereafter; as they are all preserved.\nI wish you would employ a few hands in opening the Visto, before I reach home; that I may be able to form an opinion thereof, immediately upon my arrival. I would not have the Gate Posts put in, until the ground is in perfect order for it. Nothing I presume is done towards removing the Houses at Union Farm, as nothing is said about them.\nAs I shall be at home So soon I shall add nothing more in this letter than my best wishes for the perfect restoration of your health\u2014and that I am Your friend\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0297", "content": "Title: Certificate for Tobias Lear, 25 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lear, Tobias\n[Philadelphia, 25 March 1793]\nI do hereby certify that I have examined the Accounts which have been kept by Mr Tobias Lear, on my behalf, from the commencement of my Administration of the Government of the United States down to the 31st day of December One thousand seven hundred and ninety two\u2014as will appear by the Journal & Ledger which contain them\u2014and that I am perfectly well satisfied with the clearness and justness of them.\nGiven under my hand in the City of Philadelphia this 25th day of March 1793.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0298", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 25 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Mar. 25. 1793.\nThe Director of the mint having given in to the Secretary of state a general statement of the monies hitherto received for the mint, to wit 15,000 Dollars from the Treasury, and 170.25 D. the proceeds of certain articles sold, as also of the expenditures of the mint amounting to 16,233.46 D. with an application for a further sum of 5000. Dollars the same are respectfully laid before the President.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0299", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 25 March 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] March 25th 1793\nThe President encloses a draft for the Director of the Mint to receive five thousand dollars for the purposes of that establishment\u2014likewise a letter for Mr G. Morris, which he requests the Secretary of State will be so good as to forward with the public dispatches he may send to that Gentleman.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0300", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Henry Knox, 25 March 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Knox, Henry\nU.S. [Philadelphia] Marh 25. 1793\nBy the Presdent\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to transmit to the Secy of War a lettr from O. Pollock & Jno. Nicholson Esqs. requesting to be furnished with copies of certain parts of the treaty lately made by Genl Putnam with the Illonois & Wabash Indians\u2014to wh. the President requests the Secretary will give an Answer to the effect of the enclosed sketch, wh. was intended to have been written by the Presidt; but upon reflection, he thot it wd be most proper that the Answr shd go from the Secy of War.\nT. L.S.P.U.S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0301", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Elihu Marshall, 25 March 1793\nFrom: Marshall, Elihu\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York March 25th 1793\nUnderstanding by Capt. Dennis that the Office of first-mate of the revenue cutter of this district was vacant\u2014I beg leave to solicit you for an appointment to fill the vacancy\u2014A few years past, I would not have accepted of such an Office\u2014I was in good circumstances\u2014but I have been unfortunate\u2014not long ago I was Shipwrecked on the Coast of Ireland which nearly ruined me\u2014and recently was upset at sea\u2014was four Days on the bottom of the wreck\u2014I lost my all except, a shirt & trowsers which I had on\u2014Since which I have plyed between this & Boston as a pilot\u2014the Business is small\u2014I have a large family\u2014we are reduced\u2014The Office I solicit will afford us a subsistance\u2014If nautical quallifications (for I was brought up to the sea) and a thorough knowledge of the coast\u2014If my former services in the army\u2014and my present necessities are sufficient recommendations I am confident I do not solicit in vain\u2014knowing your heart must ever dilate with infinite pleasure whenever you have it in your power to aleviate the sufferings of an old Soldier I am Sir with the greatest Esteem your most Obt Sert\nElihu Marshall\nP.S. Least you should not recognize me by my name I Just mention that I had a Company in Courtland 4 Regt & that in 78 & 79 I was Brigd. Majr to Genl Poor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0303", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 25 March 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Edmund Randolph, 25 Mar. 1793. GW wrote Randolph on 27 Mar., acknowledging \u201cyour letter to me of the 25t[h] inst.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0304", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 26 March 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt March 26th\u20141793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to the consideration of the President of the United States, a communication from the commissioner of the Revenue, relating to a Contract for the building of a Beacon-boat for the use of the River and Bay of Delaware. He can add nothing to what is suggested by the Commissioner; in whose view of the subject he concurs.\nAlexandr Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0305", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 26 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Mar. 26. 93.\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President, incloses a description of a new plan of a Capitol in which mister Hallet is engaged,\nwho has expressed very earnest wishes that the ultimate decision may not be pronounced till he can bring it forward.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0306", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Lewis, 26 March 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Lewis, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Robert Lewis, 26 Mar. 1793. An ALS of this letter was abstracted and offered for sale in 1906 in George H. Richmond, Autograph Letters, Manuscripts . . . , item 237. According to the catalog entry, which provides the date of 26 Mar. 1793, Lewis wrote: \u201cI have had uncommon good success among the tenants of this County the last fall in the collection way. They have one & all (with a few exceptions only) paid up.\u201d This is probably the same letter that sold in The Collector, vol. 33, item 6831, in February 1939. The catalog entry describes the contents of a\n3\u2013page ALS written in 1793 and docketed by GW: \u201cLewis was evidently looking after Mount Vernon during Washington\u2019s absence . . . [and] gives Washington an accounting and describes his success at collecting rents and settling various land claims. He speaks of joining Washington at Mt. Vernon, the latter being there on one of his brief visits.\u201d In GW\u2019s letter to Tobias Lear of 8 April 1793 from Mount Vernon, he wrote that Lewis had written him \u201cthat he shall be here with some Rents, & to settle other business with me.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0307", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 26 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nPhiladelphia, 26 Mar. 1793. Writes that \u201cSince writing to you yesterday I have bought a handsome . . . Enclosed you have the draught of an Advertisment which you may put into the Alexandria & Wincester. I have sent one to Fredericksburg\u2014& shall lodge others as I go, at Baltimore, Annapolis, & George Town.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0309", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to the Postmasters of Baltimore, Georgetown, and Alexandria, 27 March 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Postmasters of Baltimore, Georgetown, and Alexandria\nSir,\nPhiladelphia March 27th 1793\nThe President of the U. S. intending to set off for Mount Vernon this day, has directd me to request that you will retain any letters that may come to your office for him after you receive this and will take from the Mails going to Philada that may pass thro[u]gh your Office, such letters as are addressed to the President\u2014and cause them to be sent to him when he arrives in Baltimore. I am Sir &c.\nT. LearS. P. U. S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0310", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edmund Randolph, 27 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nSir,\nUnited States [Philadelphia] March 27t[h] 1793\nIn consequence of your letter to me of the 25t[h] inst. stating the opinion of the Secretarry of State, the Secretary of the Treasury and yourself, on the subject of a suit instituted against Mr Bingham\u2014and suggesting the propriety of giving instructions to the Attorney for the United S. in the Massachusetts Dist. to appear in behalf of Mr Bingham\u2014provided that Mr Bingham will execute certain engagements as mentiond in your letter aforesaid\u2014I do hereby direct you to take such steps in this affair as may be proper & for the Intere[s]t of the U. S. to pursue.\nG. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0311", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 27 March 1793\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nHonrd Sir\nMount Vernon March 27th 1793\nYour Letter of the 17th I had the Honor to receive, with respect to the Lucerne Lot (bottom part of) I have not yet had it Cleand up fit for Sowing Grass Seeds On\u2014Your Excelly will remember that it was your particular Orders that none of the Evergreens should be taken up, till you came home in consequence they are all still remaining & are at places very thick So that nothing can be sown, till they are Clumpd & left in single trees as you may think proper\u2014However it is as well to sow the Grass Seeds abt July or Augst as at this time & I dont know but better And While you are down they may be Laid of as may best please you The Potatoes shall be planted agreable to your request as far as the seed will admit of. But we Shall be Obliged to plant all Sizes but they may be kept Seperate to try the difference\u2014We began to Clean & Get ready the fishing Landing on Monday We haul the Shad Sein but as yet catch very few. They Catch Great plenty of Shad below & bring them up to Town in\nVessels they now sell at a half bit each\u2014My Herring Sein is not quite finish\u2019d but will be this Week we shall begin haul for herrings on Monday next. McGinnis disapointed me in knitting the Sein.\nMr Stuart has Got out all the Wheat at River farm & Crow will I believe finish thrashing this week there is now plenty of Wheat in the mill We had a fine Seasonable rain yesterday & this a very fine Day after it Yesterdays rain suits both farms & mill & will enable the miller to Carry on his manufacturing with out delay\u2014We are Listing every Where but Dogue run they are Sowing Oats & Grass seeds I have endeavor\u2019d to Get as much fencing done as possible a Great deal still remains to do before the fences will be in such order as I wish to see them There was not three Good fences on the Whole Estate.\nLynna (Boatswains Daughter) has had a remarkable bad breast after her Lying in[.] Docr Craik has attended her\u2014Blacksmith George has been sick this week past which is a Great Loss at this busy season I was forc\u2019d to take Gardener George into the Shop Yesterday morning this will be an excuse for the Gardr as I think he will require some I am Going to Town to morrow for the first time when I hope to receive Your Excelly Letter of the 24th I have a Great deal to do in Town Some Articles to prepare for fishing and some Bills to pay which have been contracted during my Sickness & some money I expect to receive of Jamieson for ShipStuff sold on 60 Days if so I intend paying Hampsons bill. I Get Strength very fast & on days past I could not walk without Assistance But I now Ride out every fine Day.\nWe have a report here and at Alexa. that Mrs Frances Washington is at Frederickburgh on her Road to mount Vernon. I am Honrd Sir Your Obdt Servt\nA. Whitting\nP.S. Greens Report is not come to hand he has been Sick several Days perhaps that Occasioned it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0313", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Frances Bassett Washington, 28 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, Frances Bassett\nTo: Washington, George\nDear & honord Sir\nStudly [Va.] March 28th 1793\nI have had the happiness to receive your favors of the 7th & 11th instants\u2014the first did not come to my hands, for near a week after the usual time\u2014Mr Dandridge was unacquainted with my short visit to Eltham, & sent my letters to this place, where I found them on my return\u2014I shoud be very much concernd\nfor this detention, if I had not reason to beleive that my last letters to my Aunt, woud leave you without a doubt of my intending to meet you at Mount Vernon, early in next month[.] My Brothers have told me, that they did not conceive, the situation of the estate required my immediate interferance & attention\u2014there is no debt against it, except a small one to Mr John Hopkins; but the property in Berkely has been left so long to the conduct of an ignorant Overseer, it may be supposed to have sufferd in some degree\u2014Mr Washington expected his crops up there, if well sold, woud amount to four hundred pounds, & Mr Packett was authorised & requested to dispose of them four months ago\u2014but in all this time I have never heard a sentence from him, or of the situation of the crops\u2014the Overseer in Fairfax, has I fear taken many unjustifiable liberties\u2014I have I beleive been too backward in not requesting your directions, with regard to the fishery on the place he lives; he is provided with a seine & boat, but I shoud conceive a man of his character, woud not conduct a business of that sort with much advantage to the proprietor\u2014I must now request the decision of your better judgement, if you have not already given him any orders respecting it\u2014Doctor Craik has I imagine disposed of the wheat & corn Taylor had for sale, which I hope has discharged his account against us\u2014The inclination I have indulged for living in Alexandria, has arisen cheifly from the desire I have to place my children (particularly Maria) in a situation that woud afford greater advantages of education, than I can possibly bestow\u2014whether this circumstance is sufficent to overbalance many, that woud urge me to accept your kind offer of a residence at Mount Vernon, I confess my judgement is not adaquate to determine\u2014I wait on this subject, my dear Sir, for yours, & my good Aunts guidance, which in many circumstances of my life has been a blessing to me\u2014I shoud not have hesitated to ask your leave; to continue in my service the Chariot at Mount Vernon, had you not been so kindly considerate, as to make it unnecessary\u2014My dear little Fayette shall be given up to your kind patronage, whenever you think proper; & I trust & hope Providence will reward your generous care of him, by bestowing on him every virtuous disposition\u2014I am concernd to hear of poor Mr Whitings situation, but hope he has been induced to take care of himself, & will again recover\u2014Never hearing particularly whether you woud be at Mount Vernon, the last of this, or the first week in\nnext month, I have declined setting out from this place untill monday. (the 1st of April)\u2014if I hear at Fredericksburg that you have arrived in Virginia, I shall endeavour to get up on wednesday\u2014in a letter some time past to my Aunt, I requested your permission to leave Harriot Washington with my Aunt Lewis, untill I made a visit to Berkely, which I wish to do immediately after you leave Mount Vernon, I mentiond this because I coud not carry her with me to Berkely, & knew not where to leave her when I went up\u2014my Brother Burwell is on a visit to Mr McCarty, & my Brother John so much engaged in business that he cannot leave home, I therefore accept the offer of Mr Joe Foster to go up with me to Mount Vernon\u2014The family here desire to be particularly rememberd to you, & I beg to be beleived my dear Sir, with every sentiment of gratitude, respect, & affection, ever sincerely yours\nFrances Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0314", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 29 March 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia March 29th 1793\nI have the honor to enclose a paper containing some seeds and a note from Mr Powel, which were sent here the evening after your departure.\nI called upon General Knox yesterday in order to communicate to him your observations and wishes respecting several matters mentioned in Genl Wilkinson\u2019s letters. I found the General much better than he had been for some days past; but he said he was not yet well enough to attend to business. With respect to commuting the smaller articles of the Rations for an increase of bread & meat, he observed, that he should take the earliest opportunity his health would admit of to confer with the Secretary of the Treasury (in whose department all the Contracts lay) on that subject\u2014and would inform you of the result: And in a day or two he would converse with me on the other points.\nThere has been no arrival here from Europe since you left us; but the merchants who have vessels ready to sail are under great apprehensions on account of the information brought by the Ship from Lisbon.\nI have the pleasure to inform you that Ms Washington and the family are all in good health\u2014and that you may enjoy the same with its best blessings\u2014is the sincere prayer of Your respectful & obliged Servt\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0317", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Tobias Lear, 30 March 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nLetter not found: to Tobias Lear, c.30 Mar. 1793. In a letter to Lear of 30 Mar., GW wrote that because \u201cthe trifling incidents wch happened to occur on the road being related in the enclosed letter, I shall conclude.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0319", "content": "Title: Broadside from William Hartshorne & Company, 1 April 1793\nFrom: William Hartshorne & Company\nTo: Washington, George\nGeorge Washington Esqr.\nAlexandria. [Va.] April 1, 1793\nwe request your attention to the foregoing circular from the late firm of HARTSHORNE and DONALDSON, and to assure you our best endeavours shall be exerted to merit the recommendation there given.\u2014Our Exports consist of Flour, Bread, Wheat and Indian Corn, these are the principal; besides these we have some Tobacco, Pine Plank, Shingles, Staves and Hemp. Flour and Bread may be had at all seasons; the time for shipping Wheat is generally from November till April; Indian Corn from January till December, when the new Crop is gathered, but not fit to ship.\u2014The articles imported here, that may be conveniently sold on Commission, are Sugar, Teas, Rum, Molasses, Coffee, Wines, Salt, Raw Hides, Tanned Leather, Sail Cloth and coarse Linens.\nAt foot are our different signatures to which only be pleased to attend.\nThe Signature of Thy respectful friend,\u2003Wm Hartshorne\nWm Hartshorne & Co.\nThe Signature of your most obedient servant, James Cavan\nWm Hartshorne & Co[mpan]y\nThe Signature of your most obedient servant,\u2003John Muir\nWm Hartshorne & Co.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0320", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 1 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 1. 1793.\nThe Report brought by a captain of a ship from Lisbon just in the moment of your departure that France had declared war against several nations, involved in that declaration almost every power of Europe. I therefore suspect that it has arisen from Kersaint\u2019s proposition to declare war against every nation, which a pilot may not have distinguished from a declaration. still I have thought it adviseable that Capt. Cutting should prefer going in an American ship. he therefore has written to know the precise day of sailing of two or three vessels bound from New York to London, & will go in the first. I am told that private letters from Gr. Britain render civil war a more probable thing there than would be concluded from the papers. I received from mister Sargent a letter complaining of the absence of the judges from the N. Western territory; and inclosed a copy of it in a letter from myself on the subject to Judge Turner. I have not yet any answer.\nGeneral Knox continues still too unwell to meet us on the subject of your circular letter. I have the honour to be with the most perfect respect & attachment Dear Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0321", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 1 April 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia April 1st 1793\nI know of nothing relative to public affairs that has transpired since your departure. In our domestic concerns we go on as usual.\nGeneral Knox is mending; but he has not yet been out of his room. I saw him yesterday, when he told me he had just received a letter from General Lincoln, and that he might be expected here about the middle of the present week. As General Knox observed that he was not yet well enough to attend to business, nothing was said on the points mentioned to him the day after you left the City.\nI shall this day inform Mr De Barth that I have his bond and am authorized to receive payment thereof; but I do not think there is any probability of his being as ready to produce the money; for there was hardly ever a more general complaint of the want of specie than at present. whether the scarcity is real or artificial is left to conjecture; but there are not a few who consider it as altogether of the latter complexion.\nThe Vessel on board of which the porter was shipped sailed on friday, and since that time the wind has been generally favourable for her.\nIf Mrs F. Washington should be at Mount Vernon I must beg the favor of having my best respects presented to her with the sincerest condolence for the loss of her dear friend\u2014and my best wishes for the happiness of herself & children.\nMrs Lear unites with me in sentiments of respect for yourself & in wishing that health & happiness may attend you. I have the honor to be, with the truest Attachment Sir Your obliged, faithful & Affecte Servt\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0322", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Burwell Bassett, Jr., 2 April 1793\nFrom: Bassett, Burwell Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPopescreek [Va.] April 2d 1793\nI am gretefully sensible of the friendly sentiments communicated in your favor of the 4th of March[.] The death of my dear father was rendered the more distressing as from the apparent strength of his constitution he had a right to expect to enjoy life for many years had not that fatal accident have happened. But humane expectations seems almost to be formed only for disappointment it is therefore wise to submit. Your communications respecting the will of our friend I made known to my sister she was extremely anxious to have her appearance in publick on such an occation postponed to a further day than the fifteenth of this month. I can myself see no objection to gratifying her in that respect as the regularity of the Majors affairs will I hope prevent any dispute at any time paticularly at an early period, and s[h]ould necessety require it an executrix can do almost any act before qualification. These considerations prevent Mr Dandridge and myself from being at the Fairfax april court agreable to the suggestion in your letter. Be pleased to give my love to my sister. With every sentitiment of regard and esteem I subscribe myself Your Obt Huml. Sert\nBurwell Bassett", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0324", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 3 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nGentlemen.\nMount Vernon April 3d 1793.\nOn my way to, and at the landing of George Town yesterday, I had a good deal of conversation with Major Ellicott\u2014who says, if you will give him an opportunity, he will make it appear to your satisfaction that there are not those errors in his work that have been reported; and that the work reported to have been done, and not actually executed he is persuaded he can expln to your entire satisfaction if you will afford him a candid & patient hearing as above. This I assured him you would do, as truth was the object you were in pursuit of.\nI took this occasion to repeat to him again in stronger terms than ever that I would not interfere between the Commissioners & the characters Subortinate to them; and that it was to them, and them only he was accountable for his conduct; because it was with them & them only I could or would communicate in future. He acknowledged the propriety thereof, but observed at the sametime, that he could not be responsible for any that he did not himself employ; adding that the whole of this uneasiness arises from one Dermot (I think he called him) whom he did not employ.\nI informed him moreover, in unequivocal language, that his conduct, as far as it had appeared to me from the corrispondance between you & him, was not respectful to you, when it ought to have been so & was always expected by the Employer from the employed\u2014He assured me he meant no disrespect; and declared in the most solemn terms, that he had endeavored to the utmost of his abilities to execute the work well\u2014& with all the dispatch the accuracy of it would admit\u2014adding, as his firm belief, that no work of the same kind & magnitude was ever performed with so few errors. he seemed as far as I could discover, to be inclined not only to stay until the first of May, but \u2019till the whole plan was compleated. I advised him to go to you, and in a proper manner, to make the above communications, & propose something agreeably thereto\u2014If he does, I submit, without giving an opinion, or wishing to interfere in your business, whether an accomodation under all circumstances is not to be preferred to an open breach; and a news paper justification which will inevitably follow.\nI ought also to mention (but this I do for your information, only) that I also had a conversation with Mr Stoddart after any I had with either of you Gentlemen on this Subject, in which he expressed an earnest desire that means could be devised to prevent the dismission of Mr Ellicot as he thot the event\u2014at this time\u2014would be attended with disagreeable consequences especially as Mr Ellicot wd be able he thought to prove the chargs unf[ounde]d\u2014My reply was that I would support the Commissioners. that it was painful to me, to see such interference of the Proprietors who, in my opinion, had no more to do with the conduct of them (farther than to receive their dues according to contract) than a Citizen of the State of New Hampshire or Georgia;\n& moreover, that they appeared to me to be acting the parts of suicides to their own interests, as far as their conduct could effect it. To all of wch he acquiesced.\nI thought it but right to make the Foregoing communication, that you might give it the consideration it deserved, and to add, that you may be assured, I am Gentlemen\u2014Yr Most Obedt & Very Hble Servt\nG. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0325", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 3 April 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia April 3d 1793\nI have been honored with your letter of the 30th ultimo, from Baltimore\u2014and was happy to learn that you had proceeded that far on your journey without any material accident.\nI have seen Mr De Barth, who informs me that he is not able to discharge his bond\u2014and that it is impossible for him to say, with any precision, when he shall be able to do it. The reasons which he offers for his want of punctuality\u2014and expectation of inability to comply with his engagement, at least for some time to come, are\u2014the numerous disappointments he has met with in his private affairs\u2014and the unsettled state of public matters in France, from whence he expected to draw the means of fulfiling his bonds. He appears to be much mortified at the circumstance\u2014and says he is ready, at any moment, to give up the contract on his part, if you should wish it, or should have an opportunity of disposing of the lands to any other person; he says likewise, that he has made no engagement whatso[e]ver respecting the land since his bargain with you, so that his giving it up, if desired, would not involve any third person in an inconvenience. I am informed that Mr Cazeneau is at present in New York on some business respecting lands. If he should return to this city before your arrival here, and a proper occasion shd occur, I will mention your lands on the Kanawa, in order to see if he has any inclination to purchase, should you be disposed to sell them to him.\nColo. Canon called here yesterday, and left with me the enclosed statement of the rents recd from your lands under his care. This Statement, you will observe, comes no lower than the end of the year 1789. On the first of April 1790, he says all the lands were leased anew for five years\u2014Since which time the rent which he has actually received is so trifling that it was hardly worth mentioning; but he says he has settled with all the tenants up to the first day of April last (two years from the commencement of their leases) and has taken their bonds with good security for the rent to that time, which he observes, he was obliged to do or drive the tenants off the land; for to have distressed them for the rent would have had that effect, as they were all poor\u2014and most of them had been at considerable expense in making improvements during the first year of their leases\u2014he shall however, as soon as he gets home, set about collecting the bonds\u2014as well as the rents due to the first of this month. The reason which he assigns for not having paid more than \u00a350\u2014of the \u00a3266 12s. 9d. which he acknowledges has come to his hands, is, that it was received in Produce, which he could not dispose of in the part of the Country where he lives\u2014and he had therefore sent it, with other produce, to New Orleans, and that he had not yet received the returns therefor, but expected to find them when he got home. He has stated the price of wheat @ 3/6, which he says will be found to be the average price of the three years in which the rents were received. I argued the justice of your receiving a share of the profits of sending the wheat to New Orleans\u2014or at least that you should receive Interest on the amount of it, from the close of each year to the present time of settling those accounts; but he observed, that if the first was attempted great difficulties would arise in the settlement of the Accts with respect to the expenses of carrying it to market\u2014risque\u2014& average loss. And that as he had received no benefit himself from having kept the rents in his hands, he could not see the justice of allowing interest; for altho\u2019 he has Stated the price of wheat @ 3/6\u2014yet that sum could not have been obtained for it in cash at any time\u2014it was the nominal price of the Country in the way of barter or upon long credit; he therefore thought he had acted most for your interest by managing it as he had done.\nFinding there was no probability of making things better by disputing\u2014and beleiving that you were desireous of having the\nbusiness settled in the best way that circumstances would allow\u2014I thought it would be placing the matter upon the best ground, to take his bond for the Balance of \u00a3266 12s. 9d. which I accordingly did, payable in six months from the date (apl 2d) for \u00a3266 12s. 9d. which I shall deliver into your hands on your arrival here. This settles the business up to the first of April 1790\u2014when the new leases commenced. He says he shall certainly pay the bond before the expiration of the six months\u2014and he hopes a good part of what has become due upon the new leases. I observed that there was no acct of any rent received from the lands in Fayette County for the year 1787. This Colo. Cannon says was occasioned by their having been leased by Majr Freeman on such terms as released the tenants from rents for that year\u2014for they were put on merely to take care of the tenements. Colo. Shreve appears to be three years in arrears as well as the others; the reason of which Colo. Canon says is that he has expended so much money in improvements on the land & in putting the mill in order that he has been unable to make his payment of Rent; but that he has his obligation among the others\u2014and is very certain he shall receive full payment as soon as he returns to that part of the Country.\nColo. Canon desired me to repeat to you the particular reasons which he assigned to me for not having come to any settlement before\u2014as well as his deep regret at having, as he has understood, incurred your displeasure in the management of the business, or rather in having so long neglected to come to a settlement. I assured him I would do it; but I must defer doing it until I am able to do it personally; for it would be too teadious to detail in a letter. He observes, upon the whole, that Shreve has made very great improvements on the land which he has taken\u2014by planting fruit trees\u2014building stables & barns\u2014and repairing the mill, which is now in as complet order as when she was first set agoing and is considered as one of the first mills in that part of the Country. He is confident the property is more valuable by \u00a3500 than it was before Shreve took it\u2014owing to his improvements. The property in Washington County, he says is likewise much enhaunced in its value by the improvements made by the tenants\u2014and that the whole property at the end of the five years for which it is leased, will be worth at least one thousand pounds more (owing entirely to the manner in which it has\nbeen managed) than it was when it came into his hands (exclusive of what may be the rise in the value of the land in common with others lands). He says he is extremely desireous that you should send some person out there to see the situation of the land & examine minutely into his conduct with respect to it.\nGeneral Lincoln arrived in this place on Monday\u2014and is closely engaged in examining the documents relative to the proposed mission.\nI met Governor St Clair yesterday, who told me he should set out for the Western Country in the course of a week from that time.\nThe public anxiety is great to hear from Europe and it cannot be long before it is gratified, as a large number of Vessels are expected every hour from thence.\nMrs Washington, Mrs Lear & the family are in good health\u2014and earnestly wish you may enjoy the same with every other blessing. With the truest & most respectful attachment I have the honor to be Sir Your obliged, faithful & affectionate Servant\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0326", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Humphreys, 4 April 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Washington, George\n(Secret & confidential) \nMy dear Sir.Lisbon April 4th 1793.    \nSince I had the honour of addressing you on the 24th Ultimo, I have seen two letters from Captn Obrian (the last of the 12th of February) to the Messrs Bulkeleys of this Town. In these he\nmentions, \u201cthat a Peace had been made by the instrumentality of Spain, between Prussia & Algiers for One hundred & forty thousand Mexico Dollars: Prussia to pay a Tribute every two years, & to send an Ambassador directly to Algiers.\u201d If this be a fact, the U.S. can hardly expect to obtain a Peace on lower terms.\nCaptn O\u2019Brian also says, \u201cwe received a remittance of Money last November in order to prolong life.\u201d From what quarter this should have come, I cannot conjecture, unless from the part of Mr Carmichael. But of this I am as uninformed as you can be (perhaps more so) since Mr Carmichael has never written a syllable to me in answer to the numerous letters I have written to him on the subject; as you will have found particularly mentioned in my Correspondence with the Secretary of State. Nor has Mr Carmichael ever drawn Bills upon me for that purpose, as he was often desired to do\u2014as my letters to the office of foreign affairs will abundantly shew. But I will not enlarge, the whole subject being before you. With every possible sentiment of affecn & respect, I have the honour to remain My dear Sir Your sincere friend & Most obliged, humble Servt\nD. Humphreys\nP.S. I will again ask the favour, of having my most affectionate regards presented to Mrs Washington & the family.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0327", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Lee, 4 April 1793\nFrom: Lee, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria [Va.] 4th april 1793\nThe objects which I have in veiw at this time will not permit me conveniently to continue in the Office of Collector at Alexandria which you were pleased to entrust to me. About the 12th of this month I shall have occasion to leave town and previously it is my wish to deliver up all my official books documents & papers to my successor and I am therefore to request that you will be pleased to make the appointment whenever it shall be found convenient, and until it be done the businss shall be transacted as usual.\nIt would make me happy to be succeeded by Col. Fitzgerald whose worth is well known to you and who is desirous of the appointment or by Mr Vincent Gray who has filled the office of deputy collector from the commencement of the new government, & has acquired a thorough knowledge of its functions, and who not only has conducted himself in a manner satisfactory to all that have had to do with the office, but has been exemplary in a diligent obedient and faithful discharge of the duties required of him.\nI return you my thanks for the trust you confided to me, and I remain with the most respectful consideration sir your most obet & hbl. servant\nCharles Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0333", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Tobias Lear, 5 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Aprl 5th 1793.\nFrom Baltimore I acknowledged the receipt of your letter of the 29th Ulto; as I am now about to do that of the first instant from hence.\nI had no idea of your obtaining money from Mr de Barth, if it was even more abundant than you represent it to be\u2014nor do I believe he had any expectation at the time we bargained to make the payments stipulated\u2014It was, I am satisfied, a Speculation on his part\u2014depending upon the chapter of accidents to comply with. Such was the opinion of others at the time\u2014and Such has his conduct evinced since. The disappointment to me is great, as I wanted to apply the money to particular uses. Public securities, (but of these I dare say he is as scarce, as he is of Cash) would do.\nLet me know in your next, after the receipt of this, what are the real selling prices of Flour in Philadelphia\u2014and the opinion of the knowing ones whether the probability is, that it will rise, fall,\nor remain where it is for any time. In this State it has fallen\u2014but the scarcity of Cash, and War, or the probability of one between France & G: Britain, are assigned as the causes\u2014together with the want of Vessels to export the produce of the Country.\nOffer my best wishes to Mrs Lear and our little friend Lincoln and believe me to be as I really am Your sincere friend and Affectionate Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0334", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Samuel Hanson (of Samuel), 7 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hanson, Samuel (of Samuel)\nSir,\nMount Vernon Aprl 7th 1793.\nA few days only before I left Philadelphia, your letter of the 22d of February came to my hands. Why it was so long on its passage I am unable to inform you.\nI have put my name to the Subscription paper therein enclosed, although as a common centre, I am applied to for aids beyond my means\u2014for in truth I escape few contributions to any thing of this sort\u2014or to public buildings\u2014such as Colleges Churches &ca &ca that are undertaken by Subscription within a circle of considerable extent around me. Were it not for these I wd have given a larger sum than is affixed to my name, as the measure is entirely approved by Sir, Your Most Obedt & very Hble Servant.\nG. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0335", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 7 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladephia Apr. 7. 1793.\nThe accounts of the last week from Lisbon, announcing an actual declaration of war by France against England & Holland, when applied to the preceding note of the British court ordering the French minister to leave London (which is generally considered as preliminary to a declaration of war), now render it extremely probable that those powers are at actual war, and necessary in my opinion that we take every justifiable measure for preserving our neutrality, and at the same time provide those necessaries for war which must be brought across the Atlantic. the British packet is arrived, but as yet we hear nothing further of the news she brings than that war is declared, & this is only a rumour here as yet. if any letters are come by her for me, they are not yet received. you will learn by this post that our intelligence from the South as to the Indians is discouraging. we met on Tuesday last on the subject of your circular letter, and agreed in all points, except as to the power of ceding territory, on which point there remained the same difference of opinion as when the subject was discussed in your presence. we have no further news of mister Genest. Mr Dupont leaves town for France on Wednesday next. by him I shall send my dispatches for mister Morris. stocks are down @ 17/10. we determined yesterday to\nlay out the interest fund (about 25,000. Dollars) the only money at our disposel. I have the honour to be with sincere attachment & respect, Dear Sir, your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0336", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Keith, 7 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Keith, James\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 7th April 1793.\nOn my way to this place, at George town on tuesday the 2. inst:, Messrs Wilson and Dunlap applied to me respecting the Judgments which had been obtained against the assignees of John Semple, in favr of Colvile\u2019s Estate.\nThe one for \u00a3748.17. currt money & costs, with the deduction of \u00a365.2.2 by consent, they are willing they say to pay immediately; and offered to discharge the balance on the other Judgment for \u00a31576 (Is this the amount of the Bond?) Sterling\u2014leaving the interest during the war to the decision of a Court of Chancery. My reply to them was, that I could receive nothing short of the whole balance, with interest complete; and that an injunction in my opinion would only effect delay, without affording them relief. in ten days they promised to give me a decided answer, whether they would pay the balance with interest, or enjoin; & requested execution might be stayed that time.\nAs they professed a readiness to pay the balance due on the Judgment for \u00a31576\u2014leaving the interest to be paid or not according to the decision of the Court of Chancery (in case of an injunction), I desired mister Dandridge on Saturday last, to ask you if it would be adviseable to receive it\u2014or to let the whole of that judgment remain until a final determination\u2014if the matter must go into Chancery. The latter he understood to be your opinion.\nWhatever may be the determination of those against whom judgment is obtained, my earnest request to you is, that no measure may be left unessayed on my behalf, to bring the matter to as speedy a close as possible; & the money (after paying the charges as mentioned in a former letter to you) paid to Colo. Hooe on accot of the claim of mr Bennett &c. I am Dr Sir. &c.\nGeo. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0337", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Oneida Indians, 7 April 1793\nFrom: Oneida Indians\nTo: Washington, George\nFather\nSchenectady [N.Y.] the 7 of April 1793.\nWe do not like to disturb You, unless we are forced to it, by our wants, or to obtain that Justice which by our services and sufferings we have a right to claim, and cannot in any other manner obtain, in such case we turn our eys to You for that which we cannot procure from any other\u2014We believe you will do Justice, and wish none of our Indian Nations to be wronged, nor that any individual among them should complain of not having been rewarded equally with others for services done to the United States.\nThe Oneyda\u2019s were the only Nation of Indians, who held fast the Covenant chain which was made between the five Nations and the people of the United States, all the others deserted or fought against You, in the late War\u2014You gave Coll Lewis Cook of the Caughnawags Tribe in Cannada, and a Number of our Oneyda Nation, Commissions to be Officers in the Army and service of Your people, of these last We are the remains, all the others are taken away by death.\nWe have suffered hardship, undergone fateagues, and have fought with and for You\u2014Because we held fast the covenant Chain with our Brethren of the United States our aged Fathers, our Wives and little ones, were oblidged for a time to remove from our lands, and frequently to suffer for want of necessarys\u2014\nWhen peace was restored we returned with them and waited for the reward of our services.\nWe acknowledge the goodness of our Brethren for what We have received, but have been informed that Coll Lewis Cook has also received commutation for half pay &c. This We have not received\u2014We know not the reason\u2014We impowered our trusty and good friend Cornelius A Van Slyke of Schenectady to transact our business for us, who informs us, that he has not yet been able to succeed\u2014We fear that evil disposed persons, have imposed upon You and us, or our calls would have been heard before now and Justice done to us as well as Coll Lewis Cook\u2014You know our willingness to serve our brethren of the United States\u2014We have but lately given a new proof of this and will do much more if required.\nFather  We have by this opened our hearts to You, We have strengthened the request of our friend Cornelius A Van Slyke made in our behalf\u2014And We now wish to open our ears to hear, and our eyes to read what Answer You shall give us on this subject. Your Children\nCapten\u2003X\u2003Hanjyrrie Thowaweh Thasogweh\nCapten\u2003X\u2003John Otaawiton\nLeutenant\u2003X\u2003Nicholas Kanatjogh\nLeutenant\u2003X\u2003Cornelius Kakeghdotxa", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0338", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 8 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia April 8[t]h 1793\nThe papers of to day, which I take it for granted are forwarded to you will inform you of a confirmation of the War between France England & Holland & of such other leading particulars, as are contained in the English Papers brought by the Packet.\nThe object of this Letter is merely to apprize you\u2014that the whole current of Commercial Intelligence, which comes down to the 11th of Februay, indicates, thus far, an unexceptionable conduct on the part of the British Government towards the Vessels of the U. States.\nThis information is received here with very great satisfaction\u2014as favourable to a continuance of peace\u2014the desire of which may be said to be both universal & ardent. With the highest respect & the truest attachment I have the honor to be Sir Your obedt & humb. servant\nA. Hamilton\nP.S. Lest the papers may not be regularly transmitted I inclose the two of this morning.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0339", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Keith, 8 April 1793\nFrom: Keith, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria [Va.] April 8th 1793\nWhen Mr Dandridge mentioned the propositions of Mr Wilson to me on Saturday, I understood that the proposition was to cancel absolutely the Interest during the War. This I was clearly of the Opinion that your Excellency coud not by any means accede to. The proposition as really made by Mr Wilson only tends to keep the Business in a State of Suspence. When the Judgments were obtained in May last, I then, in the most earnest manner, requested Messrs Montgomerie & Wilson, if they proposed to contest the Interest during the War, to take the proper Measures to bring that point immediately before the Chancellor. This they both promised to do. In October, finding that no Steps had then been taken, I again applyed to Mr Wilson and renewed the Request I had formerly made. he assured me that he woud not defer it any longer. As no Measures have yet been taken I am strongly inclined to beleive that they have not any serious Intention of applying to the Chancellor\u2014I applyed to Colo. Simms to order the Executions some time ago. I called upon him this Morning to know whether he had received them, and find that the Clerk has neglected to send them up, he promised me to write by Stage tomorrow for them\u2014as soon as they come to hand I will give the Credits and send them to the Sherif\u2014I find upon taking a Reveiw of the different Accounts that the smaller Judgment is for two hundred and odd pounds more than due I am at a loss to account for the Error. Colo. Hooe is at present out of Town, before any further payments are made to him, I think it will be necessary for your Excellency to have some Conversation with him relative to a Claim of a Mr Giles against the Estate of Colo. John Colvill. This Claim, it appears by Letters from Lord Tankerville, has been discharged by him but no Voucher has been transmitted to support the payment. As soon as Colo. Hooe returns to Town, I will mention this to him, and we will wait upon your Excellency to have that part of the Business put upon a proper footing. I am with Respect your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedt hble Servt\nJa. Keith\nthe Judgment is I find for the amount of the Bond. I mentioned on Saturday to Mr Dandridge, that the Claim was for a thousand\npounds more\u2014Speaking at that time from memory only, it was the Ballance, as struck by the Gent. who settled the Accounts, which at that time occurred to me, a thousand pounds of which was paid by the Trustees, and their Bond taken for the Ballance.\nJ.K.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0340", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 8 April 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nWar department, April 8. 1793\nI have the honor to submit a Copy of a letter from Major General Wayne dated the 30th of March and of my answer thereto of the 6th instant.\nThe great demand for subalterns seems to render it almost indispensible that some of the new Ensigns should be called into service\u2014I would therefore submit that the persons acting with the Army as Volunteers and who have been appointed should act as Ensigns\u2014The power is certainly vested in the President for this purpose and the good of the service demands it\u2014the further views relatively to the Indians both North and South may be deemed to be such as to justify the measure.\nIt is with pain I submit the enclosed from Mr Seagrove But from his letter to the Inhabitants which is enclosed he seems to exonerate the Creeks from the depredations. I imagine and hope that this will be found only a plundering party instigated probably by a rivalship in trade and that it will have no extensive consequences.\nMr Shaw, who was sent to the Cherokees is here. He has made some lengthy Reports relative to the dispositions of the Cherokees which will be reserved for your return. He thinks they may be quieted by some variation of the boundary but he says they certainly do not comprehend the Cumberland boundary as the treaty defines it.\nMy health is much mended\u2014and I consider myself as almost well. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Your most obed. servant\nH. Knoxsecy of war", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0341", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Tobias Lear, 8 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon April 8th 1793\nSince my last to you from this place, your letter of 3d instt has been received transmitting Colo. Cannon\u2019s Rental, and Mr de Barth\u2019s profession of inability to discharge his Bond. The latter seems to be a more candid acct than the former; but with both, I must be satisfied\u2014presuming, I shall never obtain better, from either.\nBefore you say any thing to Mr C\u2014\u2014with respect to the lands which Mr de Barth had of me, & is willing to relinquish; I beg you to have some conversation with the Attorney General on the subject he mentioned to me respecting Mr C\u2014\u2014which I did not very clearly understand at the time, & know less of it now. It seemed to squint (if I recollect rightly) at a sort of speculation which might implicate the Seller; but in what manner I know not. As I do not mean, however, to place it in the power of malice itself to charge me with any Agency in measures that can even be tortured into impropriety on this head, I wish the above enquiry to be previously made.\nIf it is not too late\u2014I mean if the Assembly of Pennsylvania has not risen, & the opportunity lost\u2014I wish you would enquire\nof Mr Gallitan, and others from the Western Country, into whose hands I could, to advantage, entrust the management of my business in the Counties of Fayette & Washington: for I am sure it will not do to leave it in the hands of Colo. Cannon; who, if nothing else is against him, is too dependent for his election as representative of the latter County to fix my Rents at a just medium; or to collect them in the manner he ought to do\u2014lest his popularity should be effected by it. And, if the rents are liable to be applied, (when under leases for five years, & after farms have been settled 12 or 15 years) towards repairs & improvements, I may bid adieu to any prospect of profit from them; as nothing can be easier than to balance the acct by fence rails\u2014and other such like improvements; which every man who ever had a farm, & expected to make any thing on it, always did, & for their own sakes ever will be obliged to provide for the security of their Crops at their own expence. It is usual when a tenant goes on a New place, and has every thing to provide, to allow him one, two, and sometimes (according to situation & circumstances) three years rent free; but I never heard before, of a continuance of it on farms so long settled as I have mentioned, & which have always been in occupation. nor is it to be suppo[se]d that a tenant will ever do any thing at his own expence, if, by agreement, he can charge it to the account of his Landlord.\nAs the Will of my deceased Nephew will not be proved at next Court for this County, I shall not, (unless obliged to wait for Mr Robert Lewis, who has written me that he shall be here with some Rents, & to settle other business with me) remain here till Monday the 15th\u2014but as I shall, (unless advices from Philadelphia or other occurrences unknown to me at present render it inconvt) go by the way I had contemplated to come, if the Roads would have permitted it; that is\u2014by Frederick town in Maryland\u2014Carlisle, Harrisburgh, the upper Canal, Reading and the lower Canal; it is not in my power at this time to name the day when it is probable I shall be in Philadelphia\u2014but at any rate, if no accident happens, nor my horses fail me, it will be by the 25th of the month at farthest.\nFanny Washington thanks you for your friendly remembrance of her & joins me in best wishes for yourself, Mrs Lear and Lincoln\u2014I am always and sincerely Yr Affecte friend\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0344", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 9 April 1793\nFrom: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nTo: Washington, George\nSr\nGeorge Town 9th April 1793\nWe have had explanations with majr Ellicott, there appears to us no occasion to tire you with particulars in general. He is to continue under a general Arrangement marked out which we flatter ourselves will spur to attention and activity platting and dividing, the Squares on Certificates from the head of the surveying department is to be the Work of a different person\u2014As we mentioned before, we believe the Staking out the work on the ground is accurate so that Revision of the whole will not cost so much time as is perhaps generally imagined; but the length of the line of some squares certainly Must be corrected and others probably necessarily must which i[n]volves in such instances, a necessity of replatting and Redividing such squares: however on the whole the publick mind need not be disturbed\u2014we inclose you majr Ellicotts\u2019 letter on narrowing the mall which we forgot to mention to you\u2014if it is to be done at all it must be before the sale of any Land near its sides\u2014Mr Blodget seems to think it may at least as well stand\u2014we have had enough to occupy our minds and but little reflection on this particular on which a settled oppinion of ours ought to have very little weight\u2014The spot for the Capitol is with us much more important, it is obvious that there will be a great difference of expence between the pitch of the hill and the high flatt\u2014Hoban in a loose way speaks of more than we had conjectured. Doct. Thornton threw out an idea that the Capitol might be thrown back to the desirable spot and the center ornamented with a Figure of Columbus\u2014The idea seems not to be disapproved by Mr Blodget, and Ellicot thinks there\u2019s room enough\u2014it does not seem to us that there\u2019s any Sticking impropriety and with that you could consider it on the spot where you could have the most perfect idea of it Mr Blodget thinks we have not missed it in the site of the Judiciary So much as we imagined and as some affirm, he and many others think the street running through that point and cutting the squares\nso small had better be struck out and two squares thrown into one we mention it just for your notice\u2014We have requested Mr Blodget to bestow attention to the Site for an exchange and bank so far as to be able to give his matured thoughts in favour of his Choice. We are &c.\nT. Johnson\nDd Stuart\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0345", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 9 April 1793\nFrom: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nTo: Washington, George\nSr\nGeo. Town 9th April 1793\nSince closing our letter of this date we have had conversation with Mr Blodget on the Subject of another letter The avidity\nwhich the Ticketts of the present have been bought up, the probability of the sale of Ticketts in the time of the drawing and the Sale of lots, and our being restrained by an Act of the Assembly of Maryland from raising a Lottery after the first of June, have induced us to agree to Mr Blodgets planning and publishing another if that Mason Should meet your approbation. We are &c.\nT. Johnson\nDd Stuart\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0346", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Craik, 9 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Craik, James\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon Aprl 9th 1793\nOn thursday, 1 Oclock afternoon, it is proposed to pay the last Office (in funeral obsequies) to my deceased Nephew; at which I should be glad to see you. The funerl Service will be in presence of a few friends only; & dinner for these will be ready at half after two Oclock; at which I shall expect you.\nMrs Washington mentioned Mr Porter (as an intimate of Her late husbd) and I should be glad to see him on the occasion\u2014I do not, as it is intended to be a private burial, go beyond this in\nformal invitations, but if you shd see Colo. Fitzgerald, Mr Herbert, & Colo. Gilpin, who, I believe, were among the first & most intimate, of his acquaintances, & would mention these circumstances to them I should be obliged to you and happy in seeing them. I am &ca.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0347", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Bryan Fairfax, 9 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fairfax, Bryan\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon April 9th 1793.\nAt One \u2019oclock afternoon on Thursday next, I mean to pay the last respect to my deceased Nephew\u2014by having the funeral obsequies performed.\nIf you will do me the favor to officiate on the occasion, it will be grateful to myself, & pleasing to other friends of the deceased. No Sermon is intended, and but few friends will be present; for these dinner will be ready at half after two Oclk, at which I should be happy & shall expect to see you.\nIf Mr Thos and Ferdinand Fairfax, or either of them are at Mount Eagle, I should be glad if they would accompany you. I am\u2014&ca &ca.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0348", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Stuart, 9 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stuart, David\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon 9th Apr. 1793.\nOn Thursday next at one o\u2019Clock, I mean to pay the last respect to the remains of my deceased Nephew, by having the funeral obsequies performed.\nMrs Fanny Washington & myself would be very glad to see you, mistress Stuart & the Girls here on that occasion; for this reason, & knowing they have not the means of getting down, a carriage is sent for them: and I believe it would be extremely grateful to Fanny if mistress Stuart would come down with out more delay than she can well avoid. The funeral will be in the presence of a few friends only.\nThe day following, that is on friday, if not unexpectedly prevented, I shall set off on my return for Philadelphia. Charles takes up a Box with some things for the Girls\u2014in which is some property of Austin\u2019s, not hard to designate, tho\u2019 hard in it\u2019s nature\u2014My love to mistress Stuart, & all the family. I am always, & sincerely Your Affecte Servant.\nGeo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0349", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 10 April 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia April 10th 1793.\nAgreeably to the wish expressed in your letter of the 5th instant, with which I have been honored, I have made enquiries respecting the price of flour &c. and find that superfine flour is now selling for forty three & six pence & forty four shillings per barrel, for the Cash\u2014and at forty five & forty six shillings, for notes payable in sixty days. Common flour is from 3/ to 3/6 less. For a week or ten days past I am informed that flour has been rather dull; but the Accounts from Europe being so much more favorable with respect to our commerce than was apprehended, will, it is thought, very much increase the demand for it. These accounts having arrived but yesterday, the effects of them do not\nyet begin to be felt. It is a general opinion that every article of our produce will rise very much within a month or six weeks\u2014flour particularly\u2014for this being the season when it is brought to market in the greatest abundance the price is always less than it is about the middle or latter part of may. Our neighbour Captain Anthony, who is ranked high among the most knowing ones on this subject, told me this morning that he was confident flour would be much higher to the Southward in a few weeks than it has been for some time past in that quarter. His opinion he says is founded on this ground that lately flour has been offered in Baltimore\u2014Alexandria & George Town in large quantities and at a low price, compared with the prices in Philadelphia\u2014that the reason of its being offered at that rate was to raise the Cash from it immediately\u2014the want of Cash has prevented those from purchasing who wished to do so, and were ready to give good bills at sixty days, this not suiting the owners of the flour it has laid on hand \u2019till the p[r]esent time. The probability of a great demand for this Article\u2014and a general knowledge of the circumstances above mentioned, will cause the purchasers of flour to send large orders to the Southward\u2014which will create a competition among them, and give the seller his own price. This reasoning appears to me to be good, but whether the circumstances from which it is drawn be justly stated or not is more than I can tell. Indeed it is not an easy matter to draw an unqualified opinion upon these subjects from persons who are often intersted in concealing their true sentiments upon them.\nFrom Mr deBarth\u2019s communication to me upon the subject of paying his bond\u2014I presume that he is as destitute of public securities as he is of Cash\u2014I will, however, take an occasion to ask him if he is able & willing to make payment in them at their current value.\nWe had three arrivals here yesterday from England, and the principal accounts brought by them will be found in the enclosed papers.\nGeneral Hull arrived yesterday from the Northward, and Genl Knox says he shall write to you by this post and mention generally the information which he brings from thence.\nMr B. Randolph has not yet arrived\u2014Mrs Washington, the young folks\u2014Mrs Lear & our little boy & all the family are in good health\u2014and unite in the best wishes for your health &\nhappiness & that of those with you, with\u2014Your obliged, faithful & Affecte Servant\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0350", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 11 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt 11th April 1793.\nI have the honor to enclose a communication of the 9th instant from the Commissioner of the Revenue, this morning received, transmitting a Contract with Abeshai Woodward as Superintendant of the workmen to be employed in completing the Lighthouse at Bald-Head.\nFrom what is said by the Commissioner of the Revenue, & information through other channels, I am of opinion, that a person\nin this character is necessary to be procured and sent, and the experiment has shewn that none on better terms has been obtainable. It is therefore submitted as appearing to be expedient to authorize the Contract. with perfect respect & the truest attachment I have the honor to be &ca\nA. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0351", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Fitzgerald, 12 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fitzgerald, John\nSir,\nMount Vernon 12th april 1793.\nEnclosed is an open Letter to mister Lee, Collector at Alexandria, requesting him to deliver up the Office books & papers to you; tho\u2019 it would be more regular, & in my opinion better that the matter should be suspended until I return to Philadelphia, (for which place I shall set out tomorrow) when a Commission will issue agreeably to Constitutional modes. I am Sir, &c.\nGeo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0352", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 12 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nDear sir,\nMount Vernon 12th April 1793.\nIn due course of Post I have received your Letters of the 5th and 8th instant. & thank you for the information contained in them.\nTomorrow I leave this for Philadelphia. the advices which I may receive this Evening by the Post, will fix my route by Baltimore (as usual)\u2014or by the one I intended to have come\u2014that is, by Reading, the Canals between the Rivers, Harrisburgh, Carlisle &a\u2014In either case ten day, I expect, will land me in the City.\nHostilities having commenced between France & England, it is incumbent on the Government of the United States to prevent, as far as in it lies, all interferences of our Citizens in them; and immediate precautionary measures ought, I conceive, to be taken for that purpose, as I have reason to believe (from some things I have heard) that many vessels in different parts of the Union are designated for Privateers & are preparing accordingly. The means to prevent it, and for the United States to maintain a strict neutrality between the Powers at war, I wish to have seriously thought of, that I may as soon as I arrive at the Seat of the Government, take such steps, tending to these ends, as shall be deemed proper & effectual. With great esteem, I am &c.\nGeo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0354", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 12 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon Aprl 12th 1793\nYour letter of the 8th instt with its enclosures came duly to hand. It is painful, after the exertions Government have made to keep the Southern Indians quiet, & the expence that has been incurred to effect it, to receive such unfavorable accts from that quarter as are contained in the letters of Mr Seagroves which you have forwarded to me.\nFrom Genl Waynes Representation of the want of Officers, I am of opinion that such of the Newly appointed Ensigs as are with the Army, ought to be Commissioned without delay\u2014the Commissioning of the other, provisional ones, may be suspended for further consideration.\nI shall set out to morrow for Philadelphia. The advices which I expect to receive by the Post this evening will decide whether it will be by the direct Rout, or by the way of Carlisle Harrisburgh & the Canals wch is opening between the Susquehanna & Schoolkill\u2014&c.\nAs I shall soon be at the Seat of government by either Rout, I shall only add that it is with pleasure I hear your health is restored, and that I am with Very great esteem & regard Dr Sir\u2014Yr Most Obedt Servt\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0356", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Keith, 13 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Keith, James\nDr Sir,\nMount Vernon Aprl 13th 1793.\nYour letter of the 8th has been duly received. You, better than I, can acct for the smaller judgment being for two hundred and odd pounds more than is due. Justice to all parties, & a speedy settlement of the whole, is all I am at. the latter, as I have often repeated, I am extremely desirous to have accomplished.\nWas I to see Colo. Hooe, which is not likely now to happen, as I am in the very act of Setting off for Philadelphia; I should be at a loss to know what to say to him respecting the charge on Acct of Giles. By the papers alone I could be governed in any conversati[o]n held with him and these you have. If my memory does not deceive me, however, (but on it I never rely)\u2014there is a particular statement of this matter in the Will of Thomas Colvill. If it is justly due to the Tankervilles, it ought undoubtedly to be paid, if it is not, I, as certainly ought not to allow it. I rely therefore on you to have the matter thoroughly investigated, either by yourself, or some other eminent in Law that I may act safely. for I have had too much trouble in this business already, to lay the foundation for more, by allowing a claim if it requires authentication.\nMessrs Wilson & Dunlap on Tuesday the 2d instt required only 10 Days to consider whether they would pay the judgment on the Bond with\u2014or without interest. This time is elapsed; & delay only can be their object if they have not announced to you (\u2014to me they have not\u2014) their determination thereupon. Of course no time should be lost in issuing the Execution. But who is it to be served upon? Cumberland Wilson they say, who has no interest at all in the business! As you are so much better acquainted with this business than I am\u2014& know my objects & wish, I shall, in one word, as I shall be out of the State in a few hours\u2014leave the accomplishment of them to you\u2014being Sir Your Most Obedt Humble Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0357", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 17 April 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 17 April 1793. GW wrote Whitting on 21 April that he had \u201cthis day received your letter of the 17th instant, with all the Reports of the two preceeding weeks, except those of the Gardeners & Spinners.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0358", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Cabinet, 18 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Cabinet\nSir,\nPhiladelphia April 18th 1793.\nThe posture of affairs in Europe, particularly between France and Great Britain, places the United States in a delicate situation; and Requires much consideration of the measures which will be proper for them to observe in the War betwn those Powers. With a view to forming a general plan of conduct for the Executive, I have stated and enclosed sundry questions to be considered preparatory to a meeting at my house to morrow; where I shall expect to see you at 9 \u2019oclock, & to receive the result of your reflections thereon.\nGo: Washington\nPhilada April 18th 1793.\nQuestion I.\u2003Shall a proclamation issue for the purpose of preventing interferences of the Citizens of the United States in the War between France & Great Britain &ca? Shall it contain a declaration of Neutrality or not? What shall it contain?\nQuestn II\u2003Shall a Minister from the Republic of France be received?\nQuest. III\u2003If received shall it be absolutely or with qualifications; and if writh qualifications, of what kind?\nQuest. IV\u2003Are the United States obliged by good faith to consider the Treaties heretofore made with France as applying to the present Situation of the parties. May they either renounce them, or hold them suspended \u2019till the Government of France shall be established. \nQuestn V\u2003If they have the right is it expedient to do either\u2014and which?\nQuestn VI\u2003If they have an option\u2014would it be a breach of Neutrality to consider the Treaties still in operation?\nQuest. VII\u2003If the Treaties are to be considered as now in operation is the Guarantee in the Treaty of Alliance applicable to a defensive war only, or to War either offensive or defensive?\nVIII\u2003Does the War in which France is engaged appear to be offensive or defensive on her part? or of a mixed & equivocal character?\nIX\u2003If of a mixed & equivocal character does the Guarantee in any event apply to such a War?\nX\u2003What is the effect of a Guarantee such as that to be found in the Treaty of Alliance between the United States and France?\nXI\u2003Does any Article in either of the Treaties prevent Ships of War, other than Privateers, of the Powers opposed to France, from coming into the Ports of the United States to act as Convoys to their own merchantmen? or does it lay any other restraint upon them more than wd apply to the Ships of War of France?\nXII\u2003Should the future Regent of France send a Minister to the United States ought he to be received?\nXIII\u2003Is it necessary or advisable to call together the two Houses of Congress with a view to the present posture of European Affairs? If it is, what should be the particular objects of such a call?\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0359", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 18 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] April. 18. 1793.\nThe Secretary of state thinking it his duty to communicate to the President his proceedings of the present year for transferring to Europe the annual fund of 40,000 Dollars appropriated to the department of state (a report whereof was unnecessary the two former years, as monies already in the hands of our bankers in Europe were put under his orders)\nReports\nThat in consequence of the President\u2019s order of Mar. 23. he received from the Secretary of the Treasury Mar. 31. a warrant on the Treasurer for 39,500. Dollars: that it being necessary to purchase private bills of exchange to transfer the money to Europe, he consulted with persons acquainted with that business, who advised him not to let it be known that he was to purchase bills at all, as it would raise the exchange, and to defer the purchase a few days till the British packet should be gone, on which event bills generally sunk some few percent. he therefore deferred\nthe purchase, or giving any orders for it till Apr. 10. when he engaged mister Vaughan (whose line of business enabled him to do it without suspicion) to make the purchase for him: he then delivered the warrant to the Treasurer, & received a credit at the Bank of the U.S. for 39,500. D. whereon he had an account opened between \u2018The Department of state & the Bank of the U.S.\u2019 that mister Vaughan procured for him the next day the following bills\n            Willing, Morris & Swanwick on John & Francis Baring & co. London\n            Walter Stewart on Joseph Birch\u2014mercht Liverpool.\n                  Robert Gilmer & co. on James Strachan & James Mackenzie, London, indorsed by Mordecai Lewis\naveraging 4s. 7 38/100 d. the dollar, or about 2\u00bd per cent above par, which added to the 1. per cent loss heretofore always sustained on the government bills (which allowed but 99 florins, instead of 100. d[itt]o. for every 40. dollars) will render the fund somewhat larger this year than heretofore: that these bills being drawn on London (for none could be got on Amsterdam but to considerable loss, added to the risk of the present possible situation of that place) he had them made payable to mister Pinckney, and inclosed them to him by Capt. Cutting, in the letter of Apr. 12. now communicated to the President, and at the same time wrote the letters of the same date to our bankers at Amsterdam & to Colo. Humphreys, now also communicated to the President, which will place under his view the footing on which this business is put, and which is still subject to any change he may think proper to direct, as neither the letters nor bills are yet gone.\nThe Secretary of state proposes hereafter to remit in the course of each quarter, 10,000 D. for the ensuing quarter, as that will enable him to take advantage of the times when exchange is low. he proposes to direct at this time a further purchase of 12,166.66 D. (which with the 500. D. formerly obtained & 17,333.33 now remitted, will make 30,000 D. of this year\u2019s fund) at long sight,\nwhich circumstance with the present low rate of exchange will enable him to remit it to advantage.\nHe has only further to add that he delivered to mister Vaughan orders on the bank of the U.S. in favor of the persons themselves from whom the bills were purchased, for their respective sums.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0361", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Conrad Zollickoffer, 18 April 1793\nFrom: Zollickoffer, John Conrad\nTo: Washington, George\nSir!\nBaltimore April 18th 1793.\nI had the Honour to forward to Your Excellancy, a Pakket which was sent to me by my Cousin Mr Rd. Walltravers, a Member of most all the Learned Societys in Europe, and Who is\nnow a Member of the Society in Philadelphia under the same Denomination.\nAs this Gentleman has much on He\u00e2lth, that none of his Letters (owns Escap\u2019d the Dangers of the Occean) should be Miscarried, recomand\u2019d me therefore very Particulary, the Dispatches destined for Your Excellancy, desiring me to forward them Personally; but Business Unexpected, and Unavoidable Called my presens at Annapolis at that time; was therefore out of my power to Satisfy the Desire of my Cousin [to] put it to the Post Office, but as yet uncertain if Said Packet is come into Your Excellancys possession, and wishing, to be able to give a Satisfactory answer to my sayd Cousin, that one of Your Excellancys Secretary would assure me the re[c]eipt thereof.\nMr Walltravers is a Man who possesses the knowledge of what he puts fort[h], and being not only a Republican by Sentiments (but by Bearth) like myself as Natifs out Swizerland, wishes to be Useful, most Particularly to this; as a New Country, in the way of his former Proposal made to Your Excellancy.\nAs my Desire is to be in any Way servisible to Mr Walltravers, I hope Your Excellancy will not take a Miss of my Zeel to request a few Lines Directed to said Gentleman, which I shall forward him, which Certainly will give new strenght to his Aged pen for the Use of the United States under Your Govern.\nMay the Lord bless Your Excellancys further Days in Everlasting Life, for the Hapyness of Your Poeple, with that sentimts; and of being much Attached to Your Auguste Person. I have the Honour to be with out Reserve Your Excellancys Most Humble, & most Obediant servant\nJohn Conrad Zollickoffer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0362", "content": "Title: Minutes of a Cabinet Meeting, 19 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, 19 April 1793]\nAt a meeting of the heads of Departments & the attorney General, at the President\u2019s april 19th 1793. to consider the foregoing questions proposed by the President: it was agreed by all on Quest. I\u2014(to wit, \u201cshall a proclamation issue\u201d &ca) that a Proclamation shall issue forbidding our Citizens to take part in any hostilities on the seas with or against any of the belligerent Powers; & warning them against carrying to any such powers any of those articles deemed contraband according to the modern usage of nations, and enjoining them from all acts & proceedings inconsistent with the duties of a friendly nation towards those at War.\nQuest. II. (to wit\u2014\u201cShall a Minister from the Republic of France be received\u201d?) agreed unanimously that he shall be received.\nThe remaining questions were postponed for further consideration.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0363", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alice Delancey Izard, 20 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Izard, Alice Delancey\n[Philadelphia] Saturday 20th April [1793]\nThe President presents his respectful compliments & thanks to Mrs Izard, for the information contained in the Charlston Gazette (herewith returned) of the arrival of M. Genet at that City.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0365", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Henry Knox, 20 April 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Knox, Henry\n[Philadelphia] Apl 20t[h 17]93\nBy the Presidts commd T. Lear has the honor to return to the Secy of War the letters & enclosures from Govr Blount and to inform the Secy, that the Presidt conceivg the information contained therein to be highly interesting to the U.S. requests the Se[c]y to take them into serious consideratn & report to him thereon as early as may be\u2014and at the same time to report on the letters from Governors Lee & Telfair wh. were yesterday submittd to the Presit. The P[r]esid. requests that Mr Shaw\u2019s conduct may be criticaly scrutinizd.\nT. L.S.P.U.S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0367", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Moultrie, 21 April 1793\nFrom: Moultrie, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nMr Genet minister from the French republick will do me the honor to present you with this; I embrace the opportunity of offerring you my most respectfull Compliments, and to assure you of my very great regard & esteem. I am dear & respected Sir Your most Obt & very humle Servt\nWillm Moultrie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0369", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Earl of Buchan, 22 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Buchan, eleventh earl of (David Stuart Erskine; 1742-1829)\nMy Lord,\nPhiladelphia April 22d 1793\nYou might, from appearances, suspect me of inattention to the honor of your corrispondence: and if you should, I can assure you it would give me pain. Or you might conceive that, I had rather make excuses than acknowledge, in time, the receipt of your favors, as this is the second instance of considerable lapse between the dates of them and my acknowledgments: this also would hurt me\u2014for the truth is, that your favor of the 22d of last Octobr, under cover of one from Doctr Anderson of the 3d of November, accompanying the 7th, 8, 9, 10 & 11th volumes of the Bee, did not come to my hands until the 18th of the present month.\nHaving by me the rough draught of the letter I had the honor of addressing to your Lordship in May, I do agreeably to your request, transmit a copy thereof. It is difficult for me, however, to account for the miscarriage or delay of the original, as it was\ncommitted to the care of Mr Robertson at his own request, to be forwarded along with the Portrait of me which (for the reasons therein assigned) a preference had been given of him to take for your Lordship\u2014both of which I expected you had received long since.\nThe works of Doctr Anderson do him much credit\u2014and when they ar\u27e8e\u27e9 more extensively known will, I am persuaded, meet a very ready sale in this Country. I have taken an occasion to mention his wish to a respectable member of the Philosophical Society of this City, who has promised to bring his name forward at the next meeting: entertaining no doubt of his being readily admitted; as his pretensions are known to stand upon solid ground.\nThe favorable wishes which Your Lordship has expressed for the prosperity of this young & rising Country, cannot but be gratefully received by all its citizens, and every lover of it. One mean to the contribution of which, and its happiness, is very judiciously portrayed in the following words of your letter \u201cto be little heard of in the great world of Politics\u201d These words I can assure your Lordship are expressive of my sentiments on this head; and I believe it is the sincere wish of United America to have nothing to do with the Political intrigues, or the squabbles of European Nations; but on the contrary, to exchange Commodities & live in peace & amity with all the inhabitants of the earth; and this I am persuaded they will do, if rightfully it can be done. To Administer justice to, and receive it from every Power with whom they are connected will, I hope, be always found the most prominent feature in the Administration of this Country; and I flatter myself that nothing short of imperious necessity can occasion a breach with any of them. Under such a system if we are allowed to pursue it, the Agriculture and Mechanical Arts; the wealth and population of these States will encrease with that degree of rapidity as to baffle all calculation\u2014and must surpass any idea your Lordship can, hitherto, have entertained on the occasion. To evince that our views (whether realised or not) are expanded, I take the liberty of sending you the Plan of a new City, situated about the centre of the Union of these States, which is designed for the permanent Seat of the Government. And we are at this moment deeply engaged, and far advanced in extending the inland navigation of the River (Potomac) on\nwhich it stands and the branches thereof through a tract of as rich Country\u2014for hundreds of miles\u2014as any in the world. Nor is this a solitary instance of attempts of the kind, although it is the only one which is near completion, & in partial use. Several other very important ones are commenced and little doubt is entertained that in ten years if left undisturbed we shall open a communication by water with all the Lakes Northward & Westward of us with which we have territorial connections; and an inland navigation in a few years more from Rhode Island to Georgia inclusively\u2014partly by cuts between the great Bays & Sounds\u2014& partly between the Islands & Sand banks & the Main from Albemarle sound to the River St Mary\u2019s\u2014To these, may also be added, the erection of bridges over considerable Rivers, & the commencement of Turn-Pike Roads as further indications of the improvements in hand.\nThe family of Fairfax\u2019s in Virginia\u2014of whom you speak\u2014are also related to me by several intermarriages before it came into this Country (as I am informed) and since; and what remain of the old stock are near neighbours to my estate of Mount Vernon. The late Lord (Thomas) with whom I was perfectly acquainted\u2014lived at the distance of Sixty miles from me after he had removed from Belvoir (the Seat of his kinsman) which adjoins my estate just mentioned; and is going to be inhabited by a young member of the family as soon as the house which some years ago was burnt can be rebuilt. With great esteem & respect I have the honor to be Your Lordships Most Obedt Hble Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0370", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Mordecai Hale, 22 April 1793\nFrom: Hale, Mordecai\nTo: Washington, George\n  New York, N.Y., 22 April 1793. Writes that \u201cBy the advice of a few respectable friends who are happy in being intimate with you, and from my acquaintance with your general disposition, to releive at all times those who have served and been disabled in the late war, I have been induced to address a few lines to you. . . . The Office of Supervisor to the district of New York, in consequence of the resignation of Richard Morris Esqr will shortly become vacant; To a man in my circumstances, surrounded by a small and increasing family, and in some measure disabled for many of the purposes of active life, in the late war, . . . I am urged to offer myself as a candidate for that office.\u201d\nHale continues: \u201cMy Character, and every particular respecting me, I trust the Secretary of the Treasury, to whom I have the honor of being personally known, will do me the honor to lay before you, together with the recommendations of such respectable characters, as have been so kind as to interest themselves in my favor.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0371", "content": "Title: Neutrality Proclamation, 22 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, 22 April 1793]\nWhereas it appears that a state of war exists between Austria, Prussia, Sardinia, Great-Britain, and the United Netherlands, of the one part, and France on the other, and the duty and interest of the United States require, that they should with sincerity and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial toward the belligerent powers:\nI have therefore thought fit by these presents to declare the disposition of the United States to observe the conduct aforesaid towards those powers respectively; and to exhort and warn the citizens of the United States carefully to avoid all acts and proceedings\nwhatsover, which may in any manner tend to contravene such disposition.\nAnd I do hereby also make known that whosoever of the citizens of the United States shall render himself liable to punishment or forfeiture under the law of nations, by committing, aiding or abetting hostilities against any of the said powers, or by carrying to any of them those articles, which are deemed contraband by the modern usage of nations, will not receive the protection of the United States, against such punishment or forfeiture: and further, that I have given instructions to those officers, to whom it belongs, to cause prosecutions to be instituted against all persons, who shall, within the cognizance of the courts of the United States, violate the Law of Nations, with respect to the powers at war, or any of them.\nIn testimony whereof I have caused the Seal of the United States of America to be affixed to these presents, and signed the same with my hand. Done at the city of Philadelphia, the twenty-second day of April, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three, and of the Independence of the United States of America the seventeenth.\nGo. WASHINGTON.\nBy the President.Th: Jefferson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0372", "content": "Title: Alexander Hamilton and John Armstrong, Jr., to Tobias Lear, 23 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Armstrong, John Jr.\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir,\n[Philadelphia] April 23d 1793\nDo me the favor to learn from the President, & inform me by the bearer, whether mister Lee\u2019s resignation was purely voluntary on his part, or was occasioned by any circumstance dissatisfactory to the President. The reason to the enquiry is that I may regulate my expressions to him accordingly. I presume no such circumstance has occured; but for greater caution I ask. Yrs &c.\nA. Hamilton\nJohn Armstrong Junior.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0373", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Hogan, 23 April 1793\nFrom: Hogan, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n  Loganian Library, Philadelphia, 23 April 1793. Writes that \u201cThe person who addresses you, wants a place as a Clerk, He is thoroughly acquainted with accounts, & is well recommended; He has been employed in a conspicuous station some months past, is now unemployed because a necessity for a person in the station wherein he had been engaged, does not at present exist:\u201d Hogan explains that \u201cthe necessity the writer is under of soliciting employment, as the only means left him of supporting a large family, impel him to make this application.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0374", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jacob Johnson, 23 April 1793\nFrom: Johnson, Jacob\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelpa April 23 1793\nWhen I wrote Your Excellency a History of my Sufferings and Losses I had no tho\u2019t or Expectation of Seeing Philadelphia\u2014By the Hand of God upon me I am now in the City\u2014Could wish were it consistent\u2014And by Your Excellenies Permission to be favord with a Short Interview\u2014To give Your Excellency Some further Relation of my Personal Sufferings and Dangers While Essaying to defend the Susqueha Frontiers\u2014and Propegate the glorious Gospel among the Six Nations of Indns. Your Excellencies Devoted Servt For Jesus Sake\nJacob JohnsonMinister of Christ at WilksbarreNow in Philada At the House of the Revd James Sproat D.D.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0375", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Adams, 24 April 1793\nFrom: Adams, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nQuincy [Mass.] April 24. 1793\nCaptain John \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 of Harvard in the Massachusetts, has been recommended to me, by So many respectable characters, and in Such handsome terms, that I cannot refuse his request of a Line to the President of the United States in his favour. He has the merit of long and early Services, though he is Said to have been lately unfortunate. As his application is entirely out of my Department, and to a Judge of his Pretentions both accurate and impartial I wish this Address from me, like all others in similar Cases, to be considered, as entirely Submitted to the Wisdom of the President, to whom I have the honour to be, with the highest Esteem and the strictest attachment the most humble & obedient Servant\nJohn Adams", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0376", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Ernst Frederick Gayer (Guyer), 24 April 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Gayer, Ernst Frederick\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Ernst Frederick Gayer (Guyer), c.24 April 1793. Thomas Jefferson wrote Gayer on 26 April: \u201cI have duly received your letter of the 24th inst. inclosing a Memorial to the President on the subject of an instrument and table of your invention for ascertaining the longitude at sea, and desiring that the patent-board might appoint a time for examining into the same\u201d and that the president was not \u201cauthorized to refer applications of this kind to any persons whatsoever\u201d (Jefferson Papers,Julian P. Boyd et al., eds. The Papers of Thomas Jefferson. 41 vols. to date. Princeton, N.J., 1950\u2013. 25:589\u201390).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0377", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Samuel and Elizabeth Willing Powel, 24 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Powel, Samuel,Powel, Elizabeth Willing\n[Philadelphia] Wednesday 24th Aprl [1793]\nThe President and Mrs Washington present their complimts to Mr & Mrs Powell\u2014and (agreeably to Mrs Powells request)\nhave the honor to inform them that Mrs Washington is so much indisposed with a cold as to make her fear encreasing it by going to the Circus this afternoon. The President & rest of the family propose to be Spectators at the exhibition of Mr Rickets.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0378", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 24 April 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 24 April 1793. GW wrote Whitting on 28 April, \u201cYour letter of the 24th instt with the weekly Reports\u2014except Greens\u2014which was not among them, came to hand yesterday.\u201c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0379", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Anderson, 25 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Anderson, James\nSir,\nPhiladelphia April 25th 1793\nIt was not until the 18th instant that I had the pleasure to receive your letter of the 3d of November, enclosing one from Lord Buchan, and accompanied by the 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th & 11th Volumes of the Bee\u2014and a copy of the pamphlet on Wool.\nWhile I beg your acceptance of my best thanks for the polite attention you have shewn in forwarding the several Volumes of the Bee\u2014and express my sincere wishes for the prosperity of that liberal and useful work, I must repeat my desire of being considered as a subscriber to it, and request to be informed to whom I shall make payment therefor.\nI have been hitherto prevented, by my numerous avocations\nof a public nature, from perusing the Volumes which you first sent me, with that care & regularity I wished; but such parts of them as I have had an opportunity of looking into, have convinced me that the work has been conducted with that view to a diffusion of useful knowledge upon which it was undertaken, and in such a manner as must meet the approbation of the friends of Science and those who wish to promote the best interests of mankind. I am persuaded that when the work becomes more generally known in this Country than it is at present, you will find a pretty considerable demand for it from this quarter; for I beleive I may say, without vanity, that my Countrymen are as eagar in the pursuit of useful knowledge as their circumstances & necessary avocations will permit; and as these are every day becoming more favorable to such acquirements, it will not be an unfounded calculation to count upon an increasing demand here for such publications as inform the head & improve the heart.\nI hope you will find it convenient to prosecute your proposed plan of publishing a periodical work on Agriculture, the utility of which pursuit is so abundantly evident, and in which, comparatively speaking, so little progress has been made, at least in this Country.\nI am pleased to learn that you have been so successful in the experiments to improve your wool. I have been always convinced that nothing more is necessary than an attention to the breed and management of sheep to produce the best wool in every Country that is suitable for tending them. I sincerely hope that Sir John Sinclair will meet the success which his exertions merit in this, as well as in his other laudable undertakings to promote the good of Society. I am, Sir, with consideration & esteem, Your most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0380", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 25 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasy Departt 25th Aprl 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to the President of the U. States, two communications from the Comissioner of the Revenue; one enclosing a Contract entered into by the Superintendant of the Delaware Lighthouse with Matthew Van Dusen, for a mooring chain for one of the floating beacons in the Delaware bay. the other transmitting an offer of Samuel Wheeler concerning two Iron Lanterns for the Lighthouses on Tybee & Cape Fear Islands.\nIt appears that due pains have been taken to place the business upon the best footing practicable for the U. States and that the terms are as reasonable as there is a prospect of obtaining. The objects are indispensable.\nAll wch is humbly submitted\nAlex: HamiltonSecy of the Treasury\nA House for the Keeper & an Oil Vault for the Bald house establishment will be finally necessary, & it will conduce to \u0153conomy to make them concurrent operations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0382", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 25 April 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia] 25 April 1793\nPlease to submit the enclosed letters from Governor Telfair, & Lt Governor Wood, to the President of the United States. Yours sincerely\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0386", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Washington, 26 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, William\nDear Sir,\nPhila. April 26th 1793\nAt the request of Mr David Clark, a Coach maker of this City, I inform you that he made the Carriage which I had with me at Charleston on my Southern tour, and which you saw there. I am told that this Carriage is pronounced a very handsome one in its\nappearance by persons of taste & judgement in that way, who have seen it & given an opinion upon it\u2014As to the goodness of the materials & workmanship I can pronounce with truth that they are equal to any I have ever met with\u2014and the Carriage has been put to a pretty severe test for the time I have had it.\nMr Clark says the reason of his wishing this information to be given you, is, that he understands you propose having a Carriage made in this City\u2014and he is very desirous of having the job\u2014not only on Acct of the advantage to be immediately derived from it; but he thinks it will prove the means of his getting more work from that quarter. With sincere regard I am Dear Sir Your Most Obed. Ser.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0387", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 26 April 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 26 April 1793. In his letter of 5 May to Whitting, GW acknowledged receipt of \u201cyour letters of the 26th of April and 1st of this month.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0388", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 27 April 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nPhiladelphia April 27th 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the President. The enclosed Letter just received from the Collector of Charleston contains information & raises a question, which are proper for the eye of the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0389", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 27 April 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia] 27 April 1793\nI submit to the President of the United States the enclosed draft of a message to the chickasaw Nation. If approved I propose to enclose it in a letter to General Wayne to go by the post this Morning. Yours\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0390", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Fitzgerald, 28 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fitzgerald, John\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia April 28th 1793.\nTwo or three days after my arrival in this City, I forwarded a Commission appointing you Collector of the Port of Alexandria; to be in force until the end of the next session of Congress, longer than which I could not issue one in the recess of the Senate but there is no instance of that body with-holding its consent to appointments thus made when offered to them for confirmation.\nI am now about [to] give you a little trouble on my private Account. In Alexandria, stored in the warehouse belonging to Colo. Hooe, I have 141 barls of Superfine, & 149 barls of common flour\u2014and at my Mill about an equal quantity of each sort, for Sale: and would thank you for letting me know the most that can be had for it on a credit of 40, 60, or even 90 days, in secure hands.\nIn the Tobacco Warehouses in Alexandria I have also 25 Hhds of Tobacco of (as I am told) the first quality\u2014being made of the sweet scented plant, little Fredk &c.\u2014tho\u2019 it stands in the notes as Oro[o]noko neatly handled, & dry\u2014& wish to know what could be had for this? I have held it a guinea pr Ct and am not disposed to take less. be\u27e8l\u27e9ow is a list of the Nos & weights of it. With great esteem & regard I am\u2014Dear Sir Yr Obedt & Affecte\nGo: W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0391", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 28 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 28. 1793.\nAccording to the intimation the other day, and indeed according to my own wish in a question, if not difficult, yet very important, I have the honor to inclose you a written opinion on the question Whether the U.S. ought to declare their treaties with France void, or suspended?\nThis contains my answer to the 2d 3d 4th 5th & 6th of the written queries.\nThe 1st had been before answered & acted on.\nThe 7th 8th 9th & 10th are questions on the Guarantee, which\nit may possibly never be necessary to answer; or if we should be called on, we may then take due time to give in the answer, which must always be framed in a considerable degree on the circumstances existing at that moment.\nThe 4th page of the inclosed contains my answer to the 11th.\nThe 12th I answer by saying that if the nation of France shall ever reestablish such an officer as Regent (of which there is no appearance at present) I should be for receiving a minister from him: but I am not for doing it from any Regent, so christianed, and set up, by any other authority.\nThe 13th has been decided negatively.\nI have the honor to be with the most entire respect & attachment, Sir, your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0392", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 28 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting,\nPhiladelphia April 28th 1793\nYour letter of the 24th instt with the weekly reports\u2014except Greens\u2014which was not among them, came to hand yesterday. With respect to the Sheriffs acct, given in by Chs Turner, it is my desire now (and was so expressed in my last) that you would enquire of some person well acquainted with the taxes, whether\nthe rates there charged are the legal ones? & by what authority, if the Parish tax was levied in Tobo, he has converted it into 4/2 cash? If it is an arbitrary act of his own, & you can discharge this tax by purchasing Tobo on more advantageous terms than he has charged it\u2014or, if he is not warranted in making such a charge I will not pay it\u2014because I am resolved not to submit to the impositions of such sort of people.\nUpon the back of each Clerks note I have directed what is to be done with them. Those which are to be paid by me, you are to settle for at 12/6 pr Ct; unless you shall be advised by those who are well knowing to these matters that they have a right to the Tobacco. This, I am sure, was the law formerly and I have no reason to believe it is altered since but have more reason to suspect these or some of them have been paid before: for it is very unusual for the Clerks & Sheriffs to let their fees lye over two or three years when there is a regular collection for them every year, or Officers whose business it is so to do. I wish also to know how it comes to pass that in Fairfax Parish I am charged for 376 Acres of Land seperately. I do not, unless I was at home & could have recourse to my Papers, know the agregate quantity of my land in that Parish\u2014but sure I am, I have no seperate tract in it of 376 Acres.\nI am very glad to find you have obtained a temporary supply of lime; but if you could get the Shells (even at 25/. pr Bushls) it would make that article come much cheaper than buying Shell lime at 9d.\u2014I think I have been told that one bushel of Stone lime will go as far as three bushels of that made from Shells\u2014but the quantity of either which it will take to lay a thousand Bricks, is more than I am able to inform. This knowledge you must learn from a comparison of different accts, to be obtained from the Bricklayers in Alexandria; as also the difference between the two kinds of lime; and the proportion of each to Sand; and make Davis conform strictly to it: without which he will (as he always has done) put a great deal more lime than is necessary. I once made an experiment of this sort (in the Wall which runs from the Stercorary to the Ice house) but have forgot the proportions, in the different parts of that wall, but recollect well that in some part thereof there was considerably more sand than usual, therein. When you know the kind of lime you are to use, & how much of it the laying of a 1000 Bricks will take, you can be at no\nloss for the total required; as the Plan gives the number of Bricks which the building will take. Of Shells you need be under no fear of an overstock; but of lime, if it grows worse by keeping, I would not procure much more than is sufficient for that work. The foundation of which I should be glad (now you have got lime) to hear was begun; I mean the Brick Work; that no delay may happen to the Carpenters work; The first of which that will be wanting, is the pieces for the sleepers of the lower floor to rest on; and next, the Windows. I request that, in laying out the foundation you will be present, and attend to the directions I have given; for I shall be mortified if any mistake happens: & I wish also, that particular attention may be paid to fastening the bars in the Cills of the windows; and that the ends of these window Cills may be worked into the pillers of the Wall: for on these two things the security of that apartment (with a good door & lock) absolutely depends.\nI am very glad to hear you have got part of the scantling; and of a good kind; and that you expect the rest without delay. Will you have shingles enough? Almost any kind will do for the top; as it will be pretty taunt, & when drawing to a point, will require narrow ones.\nIs all the Peoples cloaths made, that Charlotte should be out of Work? The Spinning in this case, or indeed in any case, ought to go on expeditiously; to provide for the Fall cloathing.\nMrs Washington informs me that her Overseer (Tayler) has applied for a Cart against Harvest; & requests that I would give such orders as I shall think proper concerning it. A Cart of some sort, I suppose is necessary; but as I know there is a pair of truck wheels belonging to the Plantation, a proper body put to them by her own people (an acct of the time they are about it to be rendered & deducted) might suffice; as the Wheat will not be to be drawn far. The Corn ground at this Plantation must be kept clean & well worked, that it may be laid in Wheat in Augest.\nI perceive by the Report from the River Plantation that some of the hands were engaged in gathering & Sowing Cedar berries\u2014which I was glad of\u2014but if the gum, or glutinous substance was not rubbed of before sowing, the time & labour spent in this business will have been all lost.\nThe late stormy weather has, I fear, not only checked your\nfishing, but in all probability, has put an entire stop to it\u2014as the season is now far spent.\nIt was not my opinion when I left Mt Vernon that the Coach Mare was with foal\u2014but I yielded it to that of others. Let her be put to Traveller.\nThe Gardener applied to me, & seemed earnestly to wish, that he might be removed from the House he now lives in, to that in which Mr Butler Sleeps, on acct of its having a room to lodge in above (which a decent Woman would require) and another below to Cook in, with a floor unsusceptible of fire. Had this request been made before Mr Butler went into it, I should have yielded to it without hesitation\u2014as well for the accomodation of the Woman as for that of Mrs Washington when she comes home, for she (the Gardeners wife) would be more at hand there, to receive her directions, & to do what might be required of her about the house than she could be at the other House; and I wish, even under this circumstance, the thing to take place. If Butler does not incline to go to the House where the Gardener at present lives in\u2014(which by the bye is a very proper situation for an Overseer to be, to keep order & quiet in the family)\u2014he might have Shoemaker Wills old apartment scoured up, & made a little decent & go into that, as he wants nothing more than a place to sleep in\u2014whereas the Gardener & his wife require for eating, washing & lodging more than one Room, to be decent, which the Woman seems to be. There is a very good room over the Kitchen where Fairfax (your predecessor) used to lodge\u2014but as the Major occupied it as a Store room\u2014I would not, if the things belonging to that estate are still in it, have them removed, lest it should be considered as a slight.\nIn looking over the last weekly report that has been forwarded to me, I perceive the allowance of Meal to Muddy hole is increased one peck\u2014Union Farm, & River farm two pecks each; and Dogue Run Farm three Pecks: Whether this addition, with what goes to their absent hands is sufficient, I will not undertake to decide; but in most explicit language I desire they may have a plenty; for I will not have my feelings again hurt with Complaints of this sort, nor lye under the imputation of starving my Negros and thereby driving them to the necessity of thieving to supply the deficiency. To prevent waste or embezzlement is the only inducement\nto allowancing of them at all\u2014for if, instead of a peck they could eat a bushel of Meal a week fairly, & required it, I would not with-hold or begrudge it them.\nMention every now and then how the wheat comes on and looks\u2014Oats, Buck Wht and the new sown grass also. I remain Your friend & Well wisher\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0393", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, 29 April 1793\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear President.\nRichmond [Va.] april 29th 93\nAs soon after my hearing of your return to Mt Vernon as I could, I sat out for a visit to you, but unfortunately your stay at home was so short that I could not see you.\nI had reached Stafford court house when I accidentally learned that you had departed on the previous sunday, and on knowing this I instantly turned back from whence I came.\nThis disappointment would have always been mortifying to me as it deprived me of the pleasure of seeing you, but it was uncommonly so then, as I had vast solicitude to obtain your opinion on a subject highly interesting to me personally.\nBred to arms I have always since my domestic calamity wished for a return to my profession, as the best resort to my mind in its affliction.\nFinding the serious turn which the French affairs took last year I interposed with the Marquis to obtain me a commission in their army & at the same time made the same application in another way. The marquis about the time he got my letr took the part which issued so unfortunately to him\u2014From him I had no reply\u2014But from the other source I am informed that a major generals commission will be given to me on appearence in Paris & that probably it would be sent to me.\nI have detailed thus to you, merely that your mind might be fully informed in as much as the step I may take will be to me all important.\nI am consequently solicitous for the best advice, and this I am persuaded you can give\u2014Should it be improper on your part, much as I want it, I must relinquish the hope\u2014But as your opinion to me will never be known but to myself, & as I ask your Council to your private character, I feel a presumption in favor of my wishes.\nIf fair war on terms of honor, with certainty of sustenan\u27e8ce\u27e9 to the troops & certainty of \u27e8accord\u27e9 among the citizens will & can be supported by France, I will embark.\nIf the reverse in any part is probable, to go would be completion of my lot of misery.\nYou see my situation, You have experienced my secrecy in my younger days & You know the inviolable affection I bear towards you.\nApprehend no improper effects of your full opinion to me\u2014Your letr shall be committed to the flames as soon as read.\nThe minds of the people of my acquaintance are much agitated by reports of privateeers being fitted out in some of our ports\u2014The considerate part of society hope for peace which can only be obtained by strict neutrality\u2014Do you not think your pro\u27e8c\u27e9lamation on this subject would be useful\u2014Pardon the suggestion, & regard it only as my opinion & you know how uninformed I must be on this subject.\nThe indians have shewn a temper of keen hostility this spring\u2014I fear the war will be furious & general, in spite of your efforts to produce peace.\nI have enclosed some additional information on this subject in my letr of saturday to the minister of the department of war which it is unnecessary here to repeat as you will from him know the result of those communications.\nFrom every quarter we learn of uncommon & early exertions by the Indians & our inhabitants exposed to their hostility in this state evidence very unusual alarm. wishing you every happiness & continuation of your exalted fame I have the honor to be your affec: h: sert\nHenry Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0394", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Lewis, 29 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Robert\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia April 29th 1793\nThe Land which was given to me by my mother, or as Heir at law I am entitled to without\u2014I do, as I told you at Mt Vernon, make you a present of. It lyes near the Accoceek old Furnace and about eight miles from Falmouth on the Road leading to it containing, as I have generally understood, about 400 Acres of the most valuable Pine in that part of the Country; but which, as I have been informed, has been much pillaged by Trespassers. When you can ascertain the bounds by a Survey thereof for I have no Papers to aid you in doing it I shall be ready to convey to you my Right.\nI repeat my wish that you would attend to that small tract of mine on Potomac, abt a dozn miles above the town of Bath; & to the lots which I have in that place. And whensoever you may be in Winchester, I request you will make particular enquiry into the condition of a lot which I have in that town, & an out lot belonging to it in the Common adjoining thereto; & know if some advantage cannot be made of them\u2014The Number of either I am unable to give, unless I was at Mount Vernon; but the enclosed letter contains the most recent information of the town Lot.\nDo you know whether Major Harrison went to Mount Vernon\nas you expected he would do? Or have you heard any thing further of his intentions, respecting his Land adjoining me. I do not wish you to appear forward in your Overtures to him, but wis\u27e8h\u27e9 notwithstanding to know what may be expected in this matter. Remember me to Mrs Lewis and be assured of the frien\u27e8d\u27e9ship & regard of Your Affecte Uncle\nGo: W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0396", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Augustine Washington, 29 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, William Augustine\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia April 29th 1793.\nWhilst I was at Mount Vernon in the early part of this month, I recd your letter of the 20th of March, and was in hopes it would have been followed by the Oyster shells you gave me reason to expect; but none had arrived the 24th, when I last heard from Mr Whiting. If I am to relinquish all expectation of getting them I wish to be informed thereof, that I may try, through some other source, to obtain a supply before my building is at a stand for want of the lime necessary to carry it on.\nThe other part of my letter to you\u2014respecting the practicability of hiring Negro Carpenters; the terms if to be had; and whether a white man of known industry and integrity could be had to look after them, and on what lay; you have not answered. Present my best regards to Mrs Washington and your family & be assured of the esteem & friendship of Your Affecte Uncle\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0397", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Joseph De Barth, 30 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Barth, John Joseph de\nSir,\nPhiladelphia April 30th 1793.\nAs there appears no prospect of your making the stipulated payments for the lands which you agreed to purchase from me, lying on the Kanawas &c. and the object of my disposing of them being thereby defeated\u2014I think it would be best that the bargain should be cancelled (as you expressed to Mr Lear a readiness to do it if required by me); for it would be an unpleasant thing for me to pursue rigorous measures to obtain payment of the Bonds.\nIf you think fit to comply with this proposal Mr Lear will deliver to you your several Bonds &c. upon receiving the writings &c. relative to that bargain, that it may be completely cancelled. I am Sir Your Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0398", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Hartshorne, 30 April 1793\nFrom: Hartshorne, William\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it Please the President\nAlexandria [Va.]30th April 1793\nSeeing some prospect of a call for Flour to Supply the French in Hispaniola, I beg leave to present the enclosed communications and if our Government should be Active in the business, to Offer the best services of my House here, for which I think we are well Qualified and I believe can give satisfactory security in Philadelphia for the performance of what we may undertake.\nThere is at this moment some difficulty in getting Vessells and the Freights on Americans to Europe have been as high as 6/6 Sterling \u214c barrell but Flour is generally half a dollar cheaper here than at Philadelphia and as to the Quality we can readily asscertain it, by sending Six or Eight barrells of Fine and Superfine from as many differant Mills, to be shewn in that City. If thy attention should be called to this Object and it is thought I can be useful therein, please to communicate thy Sentiments to me when convenient, which will much oblige Thy very Respectful Friend\nWm Hartshorne\n            S\u214cfine Flour \n            Indian Corn", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0399", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Simpson, 30 April 1793\nFrom: Simpson, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nGibraltar 30th April 1793\nI have the honor to inclose a Dispatch received lately from Mr Francis Chiappe for Your Excellency. I am with great Respect Sir Your Most Obedient & Most Hume Servant\nJames Simpson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0400", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, April 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n Letter not found: from Edmund Randolph, April 1793. GW wrote Tobias Lear on 12 April that the \u201cenclosed from the Attorney General I return to him through your hands.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0401", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Martha Washington, April 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, Martha\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Martha Washington, April 1793. On 12 April, GW wrote Tobias Lear, \u201cI was sorry to learn by a letter from Mrs. Washingn. that little Lincoln has been unwell.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0402", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Nathaniel Barber, Jr., 1 May 1793\nFrom: Barber, Nathaniel Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it please Your Excellency,\nSt Croix [Virgin Islands]May 1. 1793\nIt is with much pain & reluctance, that I trouble a Gentleman of your high Station & amiable Character. At this time, cruel necessity obliges me to do it, & I hope you will excuse me. I was in the Public service as Commissary of Military Stores, & Station\u2019d in Boston from the time the British evacuated that Town, to the 16 of April 1781. My resignation was Accepted by Congress the 5 of March. It was made known to me the 28, & I finished delivering the Stores which remaind in my care the 16 of April. I have pay & rations due to me for the last 3 mo. & 16 ds. of my service, & am in very great want of it\u2014I was unfortunate at home, for which reason, I came to this Country & have resided here near Seven years\u2014I have also been unfortunate here\u2014I have a Wife & Family, & am in the utmost distress\u2014I wrote General Knox so, last November, & enclosed him a petition to Congress\u2014The time was, when General Knox very frequently wrote me, often thankd me for my good conduct, & beg\u2019d me to continue in the service\u2014In one of his letters to me, he says, \u201cI have shewn your letter to His Excellency, & He is much pleased with it\u2014Go on Sir, in the great matters committed to your charge, & while you support the good character, which you have already obtain\u2019d, provided I have any influence, your interest shall be attended to.\u201d\nNow he neglects me\u2014It is no great that is due to me, I know, but small as it is, I can with truth inform your Excellency, that it would revive my spirits, for I am really in want. I have the honour to be with the greatest esteem, Your Excellency\u2019s, Most Obedient & very humble Servant\nNat. Barber", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0403", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 1 May 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 1 May 1793. In his letter of 5 May to Whitting, GW acknowledged receipt of \u201cyour letters of the 26th of April and 1st of this month.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0405", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 2 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] May 2d 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to enclose for the information of the President a Letter of the 26th of Feby from our Bankers at Amsterdam which came to hand yesterday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0408", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Nicholas Van Staphorst, 2 May 1793\nFrom: Staphorst, Nicholas Van\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAmsterdam 2 May 1793\nI have received the Letters, your Excellency did me the honour to address me under dates of 30 & 31 January, 4 February and 15 March, inclosing a Bill of Exchange drawn by George Meade on Henry Gildemeester for two thousand three hundred and ten florins Holld Currency, to be held subject to the order of Madam de La Fayette. Immediately on the arrival of the first of your favors I wrote to my Correspondent in London to acquaint me the Residence of Madame De La Fayette, and on receiving this Reply.\n\u201cMadame De la fayette est dans ce Moment dans sa Terre de Chauvaignac en Auvergne. Les lettres ne lui arriveroient pas \u00e0 droiture. Il faut chercher une occasion sure. Madame La Princesse d\u2019Henin, Amie intime de M. de la fayette, qui a deja re\u00e7ue une Lettre pour sa Femme, et qui vient de faire passer une Lettre d\u2019elle \u00e0 Magdebourg, offre de s\u2019en charger. Madame d\u2019Henin etant \u00e0 Londres, nous pourrons lui remettre la Lettre, dont vous nous parlez.\u201d\nI forwarded your Letter to Madame De la Fayette, inclosed in one from my self, informing her the money you desired me to hold at her Order, was subject to her disposal when, and in whatever manner she pleased. Offering at the same time, to remit it or to cause it to be paid to herself as she should prefer.\nBeing deprived of that Lady\u2019s Answer, notwithstanding I\nwrote her the Second day of April, I begin to grow fearful it may not have reached her. Wherefore I this evening forward to my Brother Jacob Van Staphorst, now in Paris, a duplicate of your Letter to Mrs La fayette, and of the one in which I inclosed it to her, requesting him to use every exertion to have it delivered, and to offer to pay her the money, in any manner most agreeable to her. I flatter my self soon to have the pleasure to announce to your Excellency the fulfilment of your desire on this Subject. And in the interim ever devoted to the Execution of whatever your Excellency may be pleased to commit to my management, I have the honour to be with the greatest Esteem and Respect of your Excellency the most humble & Obedient Servant\nNic: van Staphorst.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0409", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anonymous, 3 May 1793\nFrom: Anonymous\nTo: Washington, George\nSIR,\nPittsburgh May 3d 1793.\nI HAVE just seen your Proclamation, written with your usual propriety and delicacy. But I do not accord with your idea, that \u201cthe duty and interest of the United States require, that they should with sincerity and good faith, adopt and pursue a conduct friendly and impartial towards the belligerent powers,\u201d leagued against France. It is not their duty, because, though bound by no express contract, yet there is an implied obligation to assist the weak against the strong, the oppressed against the oppressor, on the same principle as in the case of an individual in a state of nature, who sees another attempt an unjust force upon a third, and ought to interfere to\npreserve right. The cause of France is the cause of man, and neutrality is desertion.\nIt is \u201cnot our interest\u201d; because despotism will give no thanks, and the republic of France which will assuredly triumph, will disdain her unfeeling Sister, who stood by with an unassisting hand, and saw her distress.\nBut how can we assist? We can make a push at one of her adversaries, England; and remove that power from Canada.\u2014The losing of foot hold any where will contribute to reduce her force [.] It will be self defence for ourselves, as it will relieve from the hostilities of savages.\nThe independence of the islands in our neighbourhood, will give an equal use of their productions, which at present, are engrossed by England.\nObjection: Our commerce in the mean time will suffer, and the imports be reduced. How so? instead of purchasing British cargoes, cannot we take them? If we have not the duties, we can have the bulks.\nIf it is referred to the great mass of the people, I doubt much whether it is \u201cthe disposition\u201d of the United States to preserve \u201cthe conduct you enjoin. It may be the disposition of those who draw from the funds; but of none else. The fact is, the American mind is indignant, and needs to be but roused a little to go to war with England, and assist France. Let all who think with me, SPEAK!", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0411", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Keith, 3 May 1793\nFrom: Keith, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria [Va.] May 3d 1793\nI had the Honor of your Excellency\u2019s Favor of the 13th Ult. by Mr Dandridge, respecting the Judgments of Colvill\u2019s Es[tate] against Semple\u2019s Trustees, and have now the Satisfaction to inform you, that Mr William Wilson called upon me, the monday following, and gave me his assurance that he would settle the Judgment upon the Bond and the whole of the Interest without contraverting any part of it\u2014he, at the same time, let me know that, the Judgment founded upon the supposed Error in the Settlement made between the Executors and Trustees, he considering as altogether unfounded, and that he intended to contest the same in the High Court of Chancery. I requested him to bring it forward immediately, that the final Settlement of those\nEstates might not be any longer delayed, he promised to do it in the course of a fortnight, and acquaint me with the Result of his application to the Chancellor. Since that, at his Request, I have had an interview with Mr Richard Brent his attorney, who, upon taking a full View of the whole proceedings has been fully convinced that the Judgment is just and properly founded. Mr Wilson, in consequence, has promised to settle that as well as the other in the above Judgment, the Settlement I only postpone, untill I receive your Excellency\u2019s directions, how to conduct myself with respect to Mr Bennetts Claim of the Ballance, remaining in your hands, of the money arising from the Sale of the merryland Tract of Land, after Satisfying the Debts of John Colvill\u27e8.\u27e9 Colo. Hooe as Agent to Mr Bennett, sometime ago, transmitted you a Statement of Mr Bennetts Claims upon the Estates of John and Thomas Colville. The Colo. agrees to take Mr Wilson for the payment of those Claims, whatever, upon a Settlement, they shall appear to be, and to give your Excellency proper discharges for their respective Amounts, Mr Wilson is to pay the Ballance immediately after those Claims are properly ascertained. I mentioned to your Excellency, in a former Letter, that I conceived it necessary, previous to the payment of the Ballance of the Merryland Tract to Mr Bennetts Agents, to have a Bond or some other Indemnification from the Claim of a Mr Giles against the Estate of John Colvill for one thousand pounds. The Claim was frequently made by Mr Giles to the old Lord Tankerville and Colo. Thomas Colville in their days, It was the Advice of Colo. Colville to his Lordship to settle that Claim himself to preserve the American Estate, which was a growing Interest, for his Family. This Advice was not followed by the old Lord, but I have Reason to think, from some Letters I have seen, that the present Lord Tankerville has satisfyed that Claim. I think, notwithstanding, that an Indemnification against that Claim is nec[e]ssary, before you pay that Ballance out of your hands. this I have mentioned at different times to Colo. Hooe, and he has promised me to write your Excellency fully upon that Subject. As soon as I am made acquainted with your Sentiments, I will proceed to a Settlement with Mr Wilson, and also with Colo. Hooe if you approve of the propositions made by him. If you direct the discharge of both Mr Bennetts Claims, I mean to transmit you, a Statement of the Settlement which I shall make, previous to the\nfull discharge of the Claims, that it may undergo your Inspection and Correction, wherever necessary. I have informed the Gentlemen employed in those Actions that I have your Orders to pay their Fees as soon as money comes into my Hands. they have intimated, that the Business being of magnitude, and part of it of great Intricacy, they expect more than common or legal Fees. your directions upon this head I coud wish to receive. I am with great Respect Your Excellency\u2019s most Obedient & most hble Servt\nJa. Keith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0413", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 4 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] May 4th 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the President. It has appeared to him that a circular letter of the enclosed form to the several Collectors would be a measure of utility. If not disapproved by the President it will be forwarded.\nThe enclosed paper is sent lest the President should not have received it otherwise. It contains intelligence critically important, tho\u2019 requiring confirmation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0414", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 4 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Depart: 4th May\u201493\nThe Secretary of the Treasury respectfully communicates to The President of the United States a letter of the 28th of April received yesterday from the Commissioner of the Revenue. In the early part of the ensuing week he will have the honor of waiting upon the President to submit his ideas on the several points raised, & take the President\u2019s orders thereupon.\nA. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0415", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 4 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] May 4. 93.\nTh: Jefferson presents his respects to the President and asks a dozen Passports for present use.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0416", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 4 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] May 4. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson having prepared a written opinion on the Question Whether Passports should be granted to vessels belonging to American citizens, but of foreign built, has the honor of inclosing it to the President as an explanation of the principles on which the affirmative was adopted yesterday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0417", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Noailles, 4 May 1793\nFrom: Noailles, Louis-Marie, vicomte de\nTo: Washington, George\nSaturday\u2014Seven [4 May 1793]\nWhen Viscount Noailles accepted the invitation of Mr President he expected early this morning the Papers and things he left in the new Pigou, he has been waiting this morning after them without Succ\u00e8s. as Soon as the visit of the officers will be Made aboard the Ship he will have the honour to wait upon M. President and inquire which hour he may be introduced.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0418", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Samuel Powel, 4 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Powel, Samuel\nDear Sir,\n[Philadelphia, 4 May 1793]\nBy one of the late ships from London, I have received from Mr Arthur Young two sets of his Annals\u2014numbered from 98 to 108 inclusively.\nAlthough no direction is given concerning them, I take it for granted that one set is intended, as usual, for the Agricultural Society of this City, and to you, as President thereof, I send them accordingly. With estem & regard I am\u2014Dear Sir Your Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0419", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Vaughan, 4 May 1793\nFrom: Vaughan, John\nTo: Washington, George\nDear sir\n[Philadelphia] Saturday 4th May [1793]\nI take the liberty of enclosing a letter I have just recieved from Carolina\u2014from a house of Character there, the perusal of which may not be improper at the present moment; I would not even wait to make the extract, which if your Excellency should wish can be done at any moment. I remain with the greatest respect\u2014Your obt Servt\nJn Vaughan\nA Vessel goes to Charleston on Tueday next.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0421", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Humphreys, 5 May 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Washington, George\n(Secret & confidential) \nMy dear Sir.Lisbon May 5th 1793  \nI wrote to the Secretary of State on the 29th Ulto by way of Boston. In that Dispatch, I mentioned having seen a letter of the 20th of March from Captn Obryen, on Algerine affairs. I now take the liberty of enclosing the copy of a letter from him to a\nGentleman in this city, for your information. I pretend to make no comments upon it, as you must know more of the subject than I do: and particularly whether any or what terms for a Peace had been transmitted on the part of the Dey to the United States in April 1792 . . . of which circumstance I do not recollect ever to have heard a syllable before. But from the ransom actually given for the redemption of George Smith, from the general tenor of intelligence, as well as from the facts relative to Holland mentioned in the enclosed, I should apprehend there is not the least shadow of probability that a Treaty can be formed, under the limitations specified in certain Papers, which you know came accidentally into my possession. And if it shall be judged there will be little or no chance of effecting that purpose upon those conditions, the wisdom of Government will have to decide on the nature & expediency of the measures still to be taken.\n  In the present circumstances of the naval war in Europe, the difficulty is very great (& perhaps will be almost insuperable) of chartering a neutral vessel & transporting a considerable amount of property in safety to a destined point. A Danish vessel bound from Lisbon to Genoa is taken & carried into Marseilles; and we have just now received certain advice that Captn Rodman, commanding a Ship belonging to a Citizen of the U.S., who sailed a few days ago from Lisbon for St Petersburg, has been captured by a French Privateer; recaptured by an English Frigate & sent into Bilboa. Other neutral vessels have been brought by British Cruizers into Gibralter. None of them had military stores. I understand the pretext, on one & the other side, is, to examine whether the property on board does not belong to Subjects of a Power with which their nations are at war.\n  By all accounts from France, it appears that the situation of that new Republic is very alarming indeed. Although we have no authentic details to be absolutely relied upon, yet there is little doubt that discord & treachery greatly prevail. The reports of the treasons of Dumorier & other Generals are too monstrous almost for credibility. God only knows how the confusions will end. Still I cannot believe that the antient order of things will be restored.\n  I hope soon to hear good news from America, & that the troublesome war of the Savages is terminated. In the mean time I pray you will offer my best Compliments to Mrs Washington, &\nour friends near you; and that you will be persuaded there is no one more sincerely attached to you, than your affte friend & Humble Servant\nD. Humphreys.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0422", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 5 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] May. 5. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President has the honour to inclose him the following papers.\n1. a letter from mister Pinckney with the papers it refers to, on the subject of mister Albion Coxe, employed as Assayer, who is arrived.\n2. a copy of the letter written to Mr Morris & mister Pinckney, on the subject of M. de la Fayette, copies of which were sent to Messrs Humphreys, Carmichael & Short. the two former were to act on the subject, because nearer the proper scene. the communication was made to the three latter merely for their information, and that they might know the views of the government in case they should have occasion to say or do any thing on the subject.\n3. Mr Fox\u2019s pamphlet.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0423", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Newton, Jr., and William Lindsay, 5 May 1793\nFrom: Newton, Thomas Jr.,Lindsay, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNorfolk [Va.] May 5\u20141793\nWe have taken the liberty, considering it a duty to give you information of two small schooner boats cruizing of[f] our Capes, as privateers under French Commissions, who are daily chasing vessels bound in & out to the great prejudice of our trade, & contrary to the Law of Nations, to be chasing & boarding vessels within our territories. one of these vessels is Called the San Calotte & commmanded by a mr Farre, the other called the Eagle, they are about the size of the largest pilot boats & rigged as they are. mounting four carriage Guns each & fitted from Charleston, by reference to Capt. Tuckers report you will find how the San Calotte is manned & from report of negro C\u00e6sar the pilot, the Eagle has but one Frenchman on board her, the others Americans & Englishmen. One of these vessels belonged to mr Hooper of Cambridge in Maryland. mr Hooper is gone with Capt. Tuckers vessel to that place, where his father lives & Capt. Tucker says he understood she was to be laid up in some creek thereabouts. from the circumstance of erasing the name out of her stern it appears as if some fraud was intended. we are with the greatest respect Yr Excys Obt Servts\nThos Newton Jr\nWm Lindsay\nI am sorry to inform your Excy that we have no kind of defence here, not a Gun mounted, nor the militia aranged as yet. I have seventeen 18 & 24 pounders on my land where fort Nelson stood belonging to the United States, some of them were spiked by the Brittish but coud soon be put in order. They are fine guns & never been used. I am respectfully Yr Excys Obt Servt\nThos Newton Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0424", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Thomas, 5 May 1793\nFrom: Thomas, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBaltimore May 5th 1793\nI had the Honor (through the recomendation of Capt. Barney) to be appointed Second Mate of the Maryland Cutter under the Command of Capt. Gross in Which capacity I acted until his Resignation, in July last\u2014Our first Mate Capt. Porter Was then promoted to the command Since Which time I have Done the Duty of first Mate and in fact have been the only Acting Mate on board As Mister Forbes our third Mate Was Suspended Soon After Capt. Porter Was Appointed to the Command\u2014the Duty of the Vessell in course has fallen perticularly hard on me and to be Allow\u2019d only Second Mates pay for Doing the Whole Duty of the Vessell is A hardship I hope your Goodness Will Redress.\nI Stated my Situation to the Secretary of the Treasury last Fall by letter but As ten Months has elaps\u2019d Without my being noticed I make bold to address you My Self in hopes you Will consider My perticula\u27e8r\u27e9 Situation and Allow me the compensation Due for my past Services\u2014I Am Sir your Most Obedient Servant\nWilliam Thomas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0428", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Lee, 6 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lee, Henry\n(Private) \nDear Sir,Philadelphia May 6th 1793.   \nOn Saturday last your favor of the 29th ulto was handed to me.\nMy visit to Mount Vernon (intended to be short when I set out) was curtailed by the Declaration of War by France against Great Britain and Holland; for I foresaw in the moment information of that event came to me at that place the necessity for announcing the disposition of this Country towards the Belligerent\nPowers; and the propriety of restraining\u2014as far as a Proclamation would do it\u2014our citizens from taking part in the contest. This Proclamation I presume must have reached you soon after the date of your Letter.\nIt gives me inexpressible pain to receive such frequent, and distressing accounts from the Western frontiers of this Union (occasioned by Indian hostilities)\u2014more especially as our hands are tied to defensive measures and little, if any thing more to be expected from the proposed Negotiation of Peace with the hostile Tribes to be assembled at Sandusky (tho\u2019 perhaps, it is best for me to be silent on this head) than, in case of failure, to let the good people of these States see that the Executive has left nothing unessayed to accomplish this desirable end; to remove those suspicions which have been unjustly entertained that Peace is not its object\u2014& to evince to them that the difficulties which it has had to encounter (from causes which, at present, can only be guessed) has been greater than was apprehended\u2014And lastly, if the Sword is to decide, that the arm of government may be enabled to strike home.\nI come now to a more difficult part of your letter.\nAs a public character, I can say \u27e8nothing\u27e9 on the subject of it. As a private man, I am unwilling to say much. To give advice I shall not. All I can do, then towards complying with your request, is to declare that if the case wch you have suggested was mine, I should ponder well before I resolved; not only for private considerations but on public ground. The latter, because being the first Magestrate of a respectable State, much speculation would be excited by such a measure; and the consequences thereof not seen into at the first glance. As it might respect myself only\u2014because it would appear a boundless Ocean I was about to embark on from\u27e8,\u27e9 from whence no land is to be seen. In other words because the Affairs of\u2014\u2014would seem to me to be in the highest paroxysm of disorder\u2014not so much from the pressure of foreign enemies (for in the cause of liberty this ought to be fuel to the fire of a patriot Soldier, & to increase his ardour) but because those in whose hands the G\u2014\u2014t is entrusted are ready to tare each other to pieces\u2014and will, more than probably prove the worst foes the Country has\u27e8.\u27e9 To all which may be added the probability of the scarcity of Bread, from the peculiar circumstances of the contending parties & which, if it should happen\nwould accelerate a crisis of sad confusion and possibly of entire change in the political system.\nThe enclosed came under cover to me by one of the late arrivals\u2014If the date of it is as old as the one to me which accompanied it, it can contain nothing New. although no name will appear to this letter I beg it may be committed to the flames as soon as it is read. I need not add, because you must know it that I am always Yours.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0431", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jonathan Hastings, 7 May 1793\nFrom: Hastings, Jonathan\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBoston 7th May. 1793\nI have just received the inclosed letter from London under Cover, and now improve the first Opportunity of forwarding it.\nWith Sentiments of Esteem and Respect, I am, your Excellency\u2019s most Obed. humb. Servant\nJona. Hastings", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0432", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Townsend Hooe, 7 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hooe, Robert Townsend\nSir,\nPhiladelphia May 7th 1793.\nYour letter of the 25 Ulto came duly to hand.\nThe enclosed to Mr Keith (which I take the liberty of putting under cover to you as there is no postage to pay, because as he does not seem to be in the habit of sending regularly to the Post Office letters to him sometimes sleep there) is expressive of my consent to his receiving from Mr Wilson, & paying to you on Acct of Mr Bennett all the money that propriety will admit\u2014for I can assure you, with much truth, that none of the parties can be more anxiously desirous of closing this business than I am\u2014Whatever is done therefore, by Mr Keith, will be agreeable to Dr Sir Yr Most Obedt Servt\nG. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0433", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 7 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] May 7. 93\nTh: Jefferson presents his respects to the President and incloses the draught of a letter to mister Pinckney in answer to one lately received from him. as Colo. Hamilton, the Attorney General & Th: J. had a meeting on another subject, Th: J. took the liberty of consulting them on it, and has altered it agreeably to their minds.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0434", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Chiefs and Warriors of the Wabash and Illinois Indians, 7 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Chiefs and Warriors of the Wabash and Illinois Indians\nMy Children\nPhiladelphia 7th May 1793\nChiefs and Warriors of the Tribes of Indians residi\u27e8ng\u27e9 on the Wabash and Illinois Rivers.\nAs you are now about to return to your own Country, I take you by the hand and wish you a pleasant Journey.\nWhen you arrived here I was glad to see you, because I believed your undertaking so long a Journey, was a Strong assurance of your disposition to Cultivate peace and friendship with the United States.\nYou have now been with us Several Moons during which time you have experienced various marks of friendship from us. These, I trust, have made an impression on your minds favourable to t\u27e8he\u27e9 United States\u2014I hope on your return to your coun\u27e8mutilated\u27e9u will communicate your good dispositions to your friends, and to all with whom you may have influence.\nMost of you have been a long Journey to the Eastward, where you have seen the numbers and Strength of a part of the United States. But you have only seen a part. The States which lay to the Southward of this, contain as many people as those you have seen\u2014Judge then, what the bad Indians may expect in the end if they will not hearken to the voice of peace!\nMy Children\nFrom what you experienced and seen among us, you must be convinced that we wish to live in peace with the Red people; but that we do not wish for peace, because we are not able to Carry on war\u2014We wish for peace because it is for the happiness of all Men and pleasing to the great Spirit.\nWe have lately sent some of our beloved men, as Comm\u27e8is\u27e9sioners\nto meet the hostile Indians at the Lower Sandusky, to endeavour to Settle all disputes, and form a treaty of friends\u27e8hip\u27e9 with them\u2014The Indians must believe what these Commiss\u27e8ioners\u27e9 say; for they will tell them the truth, and they will spea\u27e8k\u27e9 the sentiments of all the white people in the United S\u27e8tates\u27e9.\nI wish when you return home that you would \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 all your people and all other Indians with whom you may have any influence to listen to what our Commissio\u27e8ners\u27e9 Shall say; for they will only desire what is right and jus\u27e8t\u27e9 and for the happiness of the Red, as well as the white people to agree to, If we fail in this attempt to restore peace, we shall believe that the Indians never mean to live in friendship with us\u2014and in that Case it will be for our Interest to Carry on the War with mo\u27e8mutilated\u27e9r than ever, and the bl\u27e8ood\u27e9 which may be shed will \u27e8b\u27e9e on \u27e8the\u27e9 heads of the I\u27e8mutilated\u27e9.\nMy Children\nThe Secretary of War has, by my directions furnished you with Such presents for your Selves, your families, and the friends of your brothers who have died since you left home, as I hope are satisfactory\u2014and will be considered as an evidence of our desire to keep the Chain of friendship between us bright.\nas a further token of my regard for you, I present each with a Medal, which you must wear as a sign of your attachme\u27e8n\u27e9t to the United States.\nI also give you a parchment for each of your Tribe\u27e8s\u27e9 on which is written the wishes and Views of the United States with respect to them; and assurances of the protection of the United States. These are signed by me, and have the Seal of the United States affixed to them.\nMy Children\nI bid you farewell. I hope the great Spirit will preserve you through your Journey, and restore you in Safety to your families and friends.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0435", "content": "Title: Attachment: Letter of Protection, 7 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Chiefs and Warriors of the Wabash and Illinois Indians\n[Philadelphia, 7 May 1793]\nGeorge Washington, President of the United States of America, To all to whom these Presents shall come:\nKnow ye, That the nation of Indians called the Kaskaskia inhabiting the town of Kaskaskia and other towns, villages, and lands of the same community, are, in their persons, towns, villages, lands, hunting-grounds and other rights and property in the peace and under the protection of the United States of America: And all persons, citizens of the United States are hereby warned not to commit any injury, trespass or molestation whatever on the persons, lands, hunting-grounds, or other rights or property of the said Indians: And they and all others are in like manner forbidden to purchase, accept, agree or treat for, with the said Indians directly or indirectly, the title or occupation of any lands held or claimed by them; and I do hereby call upon all persons in authority under the United States, and all citizens thereof in their several capacities, to be aiding and assisting to the prosecution and punishment according to law of all persons who shall be found offending in the premises.\nGiven under my Hand and the Seal of the United States this Seventh day of May in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three and of the Independence of the United States of America the seventeenth.\nGo: Washington\nBy the PresidentTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0436", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Arthur Young, 7 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Young, Arthur\nSir,\nPhiladelphia May 7th 1793\nAt the request of several Gentlemen of my particular acquaintance in this City, I have taken the liberty of putting this letter into the hands of Dr Edwards, as an introduction of that Gent[l]eman to you.\nI am informed that Dr Edwards has two objects in view by going to Europe\u2014the establishment of his health\u2014and a desire of obtaining a knowledge of the agriculture of that part of the world. In order to facilitate the attainment of the latter object he is anxious to be made known to you\u2014and those Gentlemen who have requested this letter speak of him as one of the best farmers in this State. I am therefore the more inclined to give you the trouble of this letter, as I hope your communications with Dr Edwards on agricultural affairs will be mutually pleasing and beneficial. with very great esteem I am Sir, Your most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0437", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] 8th May 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to the consideration of the President of the U. States a communication from the Commissioner of the Revenue of the 6th instant\u2014respecting a contract provisionally entered into with Moses M. Hayes for a further supply of Oil for the Light Houses. It is respectfully conceived that the arrangement is in every view eligible.\nA: Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0438", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasy Departmt 8th May 93.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to lay before the President sundry papers relating to Ephraim Kirby, which is done merely on the score of propriety, as it is not perceived that any special provision in the case, can be consistently made.\nAlexandr Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0439", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Keith, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Keith, James\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia May 8th 1793.\nEnclosed is Colo. Hooes letter to me on the subject of Mr Bennett\u2019s claim on Colvils Estate. I can only again express my wish that you would do in this case what, in your own judgment, is perfectly legal & just; or in points which appear doubtful, that which able Council shall advice you to as proper. I want most exceedingly to close this business. and am perfectly willing that Mr Bennetts claim shd be fully discharged upon the conditions\u2014& principles above mentioned. But I know not to this hour, whether Messrs Wilson & Dunlap mean to Enjoin on one of the Judgments or Discharge it with interest agreeably to the Decree of the Court; altho\u2019 they promised on the first or 2d of April to let me know their decision thereon in ten days or a fortnight from that date. The ground for an inju[n]ction, if that is the result, is on the scrore of Interest during the War; consequently\u2014my allowing interest to Mr Bennett must depend upon the Decree of the high Court of Chancery in this case, (if the matter is carried thither)\u2014for the Estate of Colvill can only do, as it is done by. And, if the Judgment on the Bond is hung there, it will lye with you, as I have declared in a former letter or with your Council to say whether the case will be affected by receiving the principal due on the Bond\u2014or any part thereof whilst the interest the\u27e8r\u27e9eon is in litigation. In a word, whether they may not avail themselves of this circumstance as a plea to invalidate the demand of Interest. By all this, I mean no more than to express my wish to act circumspectly; keeping this then always in view, I can not too often repeat the earnestness of my desire to make a final settlement of this Administration. Whatever money you can receive properly\u2014& pay properly to Colo. Hooe on Acct of\nMr Bennetts claim, will be perfectly agreeable to me as I do not want to touch a Copper of it. & know of no othe\u27e8r\u27e9 claims to which it can be applied. I am Dear Sir Your Very Hble Servt\nGo: W\u2014\u2014n\nP.S. I had closed this letter when your favor of the 3d instant was handed to me. The Sentiments contained in mine, with the proposition of Messrs Hooe & Little\u2014go to your queries respecting a settlement with them as Agents of Lord Tankerville & Mr Bennett; & also (the controversy having ceased) to that of Mr Wilson. The account rendered by Colo. Hooe I transmitted to you some time since\u2014the regularity & equity of which you are to judge agreeably to the caution already given; \u27e8having every thing before\u27e9 you, \u27e8being better\u27e9 acquainted with the Subject, & more \u27e8leisure to do it than myself. Finally, if\u27e9 the Sum which shall be found due from Semple\u2019s trustees, on Settlement with Mr Wilson\u27e8,\u27e9 amounts to mor\u27e8e\u27e9 than the Ball[anc]e due to the Agents of Bennett &c. the application thereof shall be directed as soon as it is made known to me. On the other hand, if it should fall short, I will provide for the deficiency, as far as I have Assetts.\nThe trouble which the Attorneis have had in this business you are better acquainted with than I am\u2014& whatever you may think just\u2014I am willing to allow. I had not, however, thought their trouble uncommon\u2014one Suit being on a simple Bond\u2014the other on an acct prepared to their hands. But, as I have already said, I wish them to be adequately paid. Your trouble, I am well satisfied, has been great; and I have every disposition to reward it, as far as those who have had the matter before them formerly, or any others, may think me justified in allowing. I am as before Yours &ca\nGo: W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0440", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Madame de Mauduit, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Mauduit du Plessis, \u2014\u2014 Guyot de (Madame)\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nKingston Jamaica 8th May 1793\nThe widow of Colo. Mauduit duplissis, the french Officer who fought victoriously under your orders, and merited your eulogies, charges M. Pascalis Ouviere with this letter for your Excellency. This is not only to give him a title to your high protection, but it is likewise to have the opportunity of presenting to you my respectful homage. I flatter myself that this tribute will be acceptable to your Excellency, to whom is due the admiration & gratitude of all the family of Colo. Mauduit Duplissis.\nM. Ouviere who has been unfortunate in France & in St Domingo\u2014who had the friendship of my unfortunate husband\u2014who was a witness to his last efforts to preserve the Colony\u2014who has acquired all our esteem by his talents & his merit\u2014is obliged by the circumstances of the war to go from Kingston to Philadelphia. If I dared to contribute to that which he has the honor to present to your Excellency, I would leave it to your beneficient Virtues & to his own worth to obtain more.\nAs to myself, a refugee at Kingston with my uncle the Chevlr d\u2019aulnay, I wait for some event to put an end to the troubles of St Domingo & permit us to return to our own estate. If this hope should be frustrated, Illustrious General, I think to go to the dearest Country in the world\u2014that great Nation over which Your Excellency presides, that in which the life of my husband was honored & his death regretted. I am, with the most profound respect Your Excellency\u2019s most Hbe & Obet Sert\nGuyot Ve De Mauduit", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0441", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Taylor, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Taylor, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n  Philadelphia, 8 May 1793. Writes from \u201c134 South front Street\u201d that \u201cIn August 1791\u2014by the advice & Recommendation of several respectable Gentlemen in New York . . . I applied to the Secretrary of the Treasury, to be employ\u2019d in some department in the Mint, when it shou\u2019d be establish\u2019d, . . . at the same [time] the Secretary inform\u2019d me there would need possitive demonstration of my Abilities . . . The Secretary, furthermore assured Me that the Expences, I should be at would be reimburs\u2019d. On my return to New York, I employed an Ingenious Mechanic who with Myself completed a Set of Models of all such Machines & Apparatus, as were necessary for the Mint which Models have been seen & approved by Mr Rittenhouse & others.\u201d\nTaylor continues: \u201cWhen I waited on Mr Hamilton the 14 \u27e8o\u27e9f Octr 1791\u2014he was pleasd to shew much Satisfaction & by no Means discouraged Me, . . . he inform\u2019d Me he would take the earliest opportunity of informing you & that the Specimens & Papers should be conveyed to you as soon as agreable to You, (at the same Time he repeatedly assured Me I need give myself no further Trouble as he would write to Me when the Business was coming to a Conclusion), this perfectly Satisfied Me & I left the Models in his hands for that Purpose, after waiting a long Time & not recieving any account, I again came to Philadelphia & waited on Mr Rittenhouse who to my very great Surprise, had neither seen or heard of my Specimens & informd Me the Choice of Master Coiner was made before he heard of my Name . . . I was told by Mr Hamilton, (forgetting his promise) that my Expences could not be allow\u2019d & that If I \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 any Thing it would be entirely out of \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 Own Pocket for he could not charge the Tre\u27e8asu\u27e9ry therewith, from the above statement of Facts I am persuaded your Excellency will see I have been very Ill treated.\u201d Taylor concludes with an assertion that he was \u201cready to make an oath\u201d on the history of his mistreatment by Hamilton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0442", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 8 May 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 8 May 1793. GW wrote Whitting on 12 May, \u201cYour letter of the 8th with the Reports came duly to hand.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0443", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Herbert, 9 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Herbert, William\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia 9th May 1793.\nI have duly recd your letter of the 3d of this month with the Bill enclosed. In wch I do not perceive my name is inserted. If it had, the enclosed would have been my answer. But before It is exhibited or any use made thereof I pray that the Records of the Trustees of Alexandria may be thoroughly examined to see if any Act of mine shall appear thereon for my memory is too treacherous to place depend[enc]e on it in cases where accuracy is necessa[r]y. I am, with esteem & regard Dr Sir Yr Obedt Servt\nG. W\u2014\u2014n\nP.S. Upon considering my answr (unless I am mistaken in point of fact) I hope my name will not appear in the Bill, returned.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0444", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Hartshorne & Company, 10 May 1793\nFrom: William Hartshorne & Company\nTo: Washington, George\nRespected Friend\nAlexandria [Va.] May 10th 1793\nWe are much Obliged by thy favor of the 6th inst: should any provisions be called for by the French from this River and our Government undertake to pay their drafts for the Amount, we shall be happy to serve them.\nYesterday we made a Sale of 250 barrels Spfine Flour for 33/ \u214c barrel payable in Notes negociable at the Bank of Alexandria in 60 days\u2014we would have sold more but the Purchaser did not want it\u2014at present it seems uncertain whither the price will continue or not, as we are still scarce of Vessels and large parcells of Flour are expected from the Mills in the Country.\nOur Friend Robert Donaldson desired us to inform thee, he would take the Six hundred barrells of Flour thou has at thy Mill and at Col. Hooes Stores, at thirty three Shillings for Superfine and Thirty one Shillings for Fine, payable one half in Sixty and the other half in Ninety days. We are Respectfully Thy Friends\nWm Hartshorne & Co.\nWheat 6/3.\nCorn 16/ @ 17/ \u214c barrel", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0445", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 10 May 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nWar department May 10th 1793\nI have the honor to report to you, that a letter, of the purport of the enclosed, be written to Governor Lee in answer to his letter of the 2d instant relatively to the fortification of Norfolk\u2014I took the liberty of laying his letter before the other heads of departments and the Attorney General\u2014who were of opinion as stated in the proposed answer. I have the honor to be with the highest Respect your most obedt servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0446", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 10 May 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\nWar department 10th May 1793.\nBe pleased to submit to the President of the United States the enclosed letters from General Wayne and Major Gaither\u2014the former descended the Ohio on the 30th Ultimo and in all probability was at Fort Washington on the 6. instant. I am Dear Sir Your humble servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0447", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 10 May 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia] 10 May 1793\nMr Allison has just arrived from Governor Blount with the enclosed letters. He says he thinks the Governor may be here in about three weeks. Yours sincerely\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0451", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 12 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting,\nPhiladelphia May 12th 1793\nYour letter of the 8th with the Reports came duly to hand.\nFrom the constant Easterly Winds which have blown ever since I left Mount Vernon I expected the Fishery would end poorly, & therefore am not disappointed at your report on this head.\nThe Clerks notes, which I return, must be paid; That from the Clerk of the District Court at Dumfries, I presume, comes against me as Executor of Colo. Colvil; but that you may be sure of it, the first time you go to Alexandria, shew it to Mr Keith who will be able to decide whether the whole, any part, or no part, is on that account. If it is, the amount ought to be charged to that Estate; as also a note from the Same place sent to me some time ago \u201ccontinuances against Stuart &ca 90 lbs. Tobo\u201d\u2014And Fairfax Clerks note \u201c30 lbs. Tobo Recording Colvils Estate acct.\u201d If Mr Keith should require these, in order to introduce them into the general Settlement let him have them. What has been the issue of the Suit against Pool? I recollect to have heard that he was brot before the Court for something, & the Payment of 60 lbs. of Tobo agreeably to the enclosed note is I fear all I am likely to get by it\u2014that I know of.\nI know of no seperate tract of Land that my deceased Nephew Major Washington had in Fairfax Parish\u2014and I am much mistaken indeed if that where his Plantation is, has not always been included in the tract of which it is part. But I know of no remedy until I shall have leizure to examine my Papers & to correct many abuses which my peculiar Situation has involved me in.\nLet there be a half bushel\u2014no matter how rough, 4 boards\nnailed together will be as good as the best\u2014made for the morter maker; and, when you have ascertained from the best information, what is the best proportions of lime & Sand, order the Person who mixes them by no means to depart from it. From my own observation little or no attention has been paid to this hitherto, which, added to the Self will, and conceitedness of Tom Davis has been the occasion of an unnecessary use of lime. I would wish to know the exact quantity of Lime that is used in the building at Dogue run, as it will be a guide in future: & to come at this will be very easy\u2014as you know what was bought & can measure what remains\u2014when the work is compleated. Confine your purchase henceforward to shells, because they will receive no injury; whilst Lime would spoil by keeping.\nI will send you a pair of Scales capable of weighing 200 lbs. But what is become of the Scales which were in the Store? These for their size, were as good as could be made. Let me know what weights there are belonging to them. For weighing Yarn, wool to the Spinners, &ca &ca none, surely can be better than those.\nMedicines shall also be sent. I cannot get Clover Seed either at this place or New York under eight Dollars a bushel that can be warranted. but if that in Alexandria is European Seed, I would not be concerned with it; unless you are allowed to prove it. More than probable it is old, if it has escaped the heat of the Ships Hold.\nWhensoever the Superfine flour is delivered remember that as much (or Wheat to make it) be reserved as will suffice till the New comes in.\nI am glad to hear that the Grain and grass look well. inform me regularly how they come on. and do not suffer them to interfere with each other in cutting. The fields of Clover in the Vicinity of this City, exceed any thing of the kind I ever saw for luxuriency\u2014I am not less pleased to find by your acct, that the plants & cuttings which have been set out for the purpose of hedges are taking well; & am anxious to hear whether the Cedar berries are likely to vegitate. What appearance does the plashed Cedars make. Has many of them died?\nIf it is indispensably necessary to get a New Cart for Mrs Washington\u2019s Plantation I must direct it accordingly; but as it is uncertain what will be done with it after the present year, no expence that can well be avoided ought to be incurred on that\nplace. especially in this instance of a New Cart, as the Wheat wd be to be brought but a little way even if it comes to the old treading yard. If the Cart must be had, one for Oxen is preferable; and if I have any to spare they may go there & welcome.\nFrom what little I saw of Mr Butlar when I was at home, I fear he is not calculated for my business, or any other that requires activity & spirit. If upon further trial he should give stronger evidences of this, it may not be amiss to inform him in time that my purposes are not likely to be answered by his Services; & therefore it will be prudent for him to look out, against another year, for some other place; Nay, if he does not fulfil his agreement\u2014it must he done sooner. Let the exchange between him & the Gardener take place (if it has not already happened) immediately.\nHas any Mares been brought to the Jack, or stud horse besides my own? and in that case what number? If the horse is in good orde[r] it might not be amiss to shew him in Alexandria at Court, on Monday the 20th instt, it being Whitmonday also. Let me know if the Mare I left at home is in foal or not.\nIt is with extreme vexation I find my orders, which were given in the most explicit, & unequivocal manner, that the complaints of my Negros of the want of bread, are still suspended in the execution, or evaded as they have been, to the utter defeat of my intentions! which were prompted by motives of Justice in the first place\u2014& to avoid in the second, the imputation of withholding the needful support from them; thereby driving them to, or at least affording a pretence, for the Commission of thefts.\nMrs Washington desires you will direct old Doll to distil a good deal of Rose & Mint Water, &ca; and we wish to know whether the Linnen for the People is all made up?\nWas the Globe & Saddle sent from Mount Vernon to Alexandria? they are not yet come to this place. I remain your friend and Well wisher\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0453", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William McElhatton, 13 May 1793\nFrom: McElhatton, William\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it Please the President\nPhiladelphia May 13th 1793\nThe Subscriber having served during the late War as an Officer in the Army of the United States, and being wounded in the said service, has come from Kentuckey the place of his residence to the City of Philadelphia, in order to apply for to be placed on the Pension List agreeable to the Act of Congress in that Case made and provided, and having gone thro\u2019 his examination, a report is made to the Secretary of the United States for the department of War in his favour, for a full Pension, but as nothing further can be done until the Meeting of the next Congress, he is anxious to return to his Family again in Kentuckey but being entirely destitute of the means of returning home to his large Family for the want of Money, is under the necessity, of applying to your Excellency, whose humanity is well known, for a Loan of so much money as will bear his Expences to Kentuckey which when he receives his pension will be repaid. With greatest Gratitude and Thankfullness\u2014I am Sir with the highest Esteem Your Excellencys Obedient Hble servant\nWm McElhattonLate Cptn lt 6th pensylvny Rgt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0454", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 14 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] May 14th 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the President & sends for his information & direction two letters,\none from the Collector of Oxford, the other from mister Murray member from Maryland. The Secretary, if not directed otherwise, will by the post of tomorrow, desire the Collector to detain the prize until further order; lest not receiving early instruction he may surrender her to one or the other party, contrary to the final determination of the Executive.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0456", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 14 May 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] May 14th 1793\nThe President sends to the Secretary of State the enclosed Extract which he has just recd from a respectable Gentleman in this City\u2014who informs him that the writer is a person of respectability\n& good information in London\u2014The President wishes it to be shewn to the Gentlemen if they are still together.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0457", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 14 May 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir.\n[Philadelphia] May 14th 1793\nPlease to submit to the President of the United States the enclosed letter, just received from Governor Lee, dated the 7th instant.\nPlease to return it as soon as the President is done with it. I am, Your\u2019s sincerely\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0458", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Augustine Washington, 14 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, William Augustine\nTo: Washington, George\nMy D: sir\nHaywood [Va.] May 14th 1793\nYour favor of the 29th Ulto I recd by the last Post\u2014I should be very sorry that your Building should stop for the want of Lime, particularly, as you seem to have relyed on me for procuring it\u2014The person whom I informed you in my last had engaged to deliver a load of shell by the 15th Apl has delivered a load of Lime & at our last Court said he should immediately proceed with a Load of Shells, and continue carrying, untill you were supplyed, a Mr Rust also on Yeocomoco\u2014informed me he had about 3,000 Bushels of live Shells which he would carry up as soon as possible\u2014I had written twice to Colo. Gaskins, but never recd an answer to my letters\u2014The small Pox being in his Family and all thro\u2019 that Neighbourhood, I suppose is the reason that he has not answered my Letter, or engaged Craft to carry Shells\u2014I have now sent the Young Man who Lives with me, below, to see if Rust & Branson are carrying of Shells, and to engage others in the Business\u2014on his return I shall be able to give You better information\u2014and you shall hear from me by the next Post.\nYou suppose that you had written to me on the practicability of hiring of N\u27e8e\u27e9groes Carpenters\u2014you are mistaken my D. sir, there is nothing respecting it in your former Letter to me\u2014I fear it will be dificult at this time to procure them, most that were to hire with us, being engaged in Squaring Timber for the Federal Buildings\u2014But if you will be so kind in your next, as to mention the Number you want, the length of time to be employed, I will make the fullest enquiries and let you know.\nMrs Washington joins me in our best regards to you & Mrs Washington. and beleive me to be my Dr Uncle Your very Affectionate Nephew\nWm Augt. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0459", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Burrall, 15 May 1793\nFrom: Burrall, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nGeneral Post Office Philadelphia May 15th 1793.\nI think it my duty in the absence of the Postmaster General to inform you that Thomas Sloss Gantt who was imprisoned in Baltimor\u27e8e\u27e9 on a charge of robbing the Mail, has lately made his escape under such circumstances as to excite a suspicion, that the means of securing him hav\u27e8e\u27e9 been voluntarily neglected. I have the honor to enclose for your perusal a copy of the correspondence between the postmaster General and the postmaster at Baltimore, of the advertisement published by the Sheriff of Baltimore, and of a letter which I have written to the Attorney of the Disstrict o\u27e8n\u27e9 the occasion: And I respectfully submit to your consideration how far the aid of a reward offered by the Government is necessary, either to express the public indignation of the offence, or to ensure the retaking of the offender. I am, with perfect respect, Sir Your most obdt and most Humble servant\nChas BurrallAsst. Postmr Genl", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0460", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Moses Gill, 15 May 1793\nFrom: Gill, Moses\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it Please your Excellency\nBoston May 15 1793\nThe Barer, Capt: John Whitney, is a Gentleman who Served in the late Continental Army with Good Reputation; is now out of Business, and wishes to be imploy\u2019d in Some Service under your Excellency Control\u2014He is a Gentleman with Whom I have an\nAcquantence, and is a Person of Good Sence; the utmost Confidence may with Safety be Placed in his Conduct and engagements. I am with the highest Attachment to your Excellency Person & Family, your Excellency Most Obediant and Most Humble Servant\nMoses Gill", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0462-0001", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 15 May 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] May 15th 1793\nThe President of the United States approves of the enclosed Letter to Mr Hammond, and likewise of that to Mr Rawle.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0462-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure I: Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 15 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia, May 15. 1793.\nYour several memorials of the 8th instant, have been laid before the President, as had been that of the 2d as soon as received. They have been considered with all the attention and the impartiality which a firm determination could inspire to do what is equal and right between all the belligerent powers.\nIn one of these, you communicate on the information of the british consul at Charleston, that the Consul of France, at the Same place, had condemned, as legal prize, a british vessel, captured by a french Frigate, and you justly add, that this judicial act is not warranted by the usage of nations, nor by the stipulations existing between the United States and France. I observe further, that it is not warranted by any law of the Land. It is consequently a mere nullity, as such it can be respected in no Court, can make no part in the title to the Vessel, nor give to the purchaser any other security than what he would have had without it. In short, it is so absolutely nothing as to give no foundation of just concern to any person interested in the fate of the vessel, and in this point of view, Sir, I am in hopes you will see it. The proceeding, indeed, if the British Consul has been rightly informed, and we have no other information of it, has been an act of disrespect towards the United States, to which its Government cannot be inattentive. A just sense of our own right and duties and the obviousness of the principle are a security that no inconveniences will be permitted to arise from repetitions of it.\nThe purchase of arms and military accoutrements by an agent of the french Government, in this Country, with an intent to export them to France, is the subject of another of the memorials. Of this fact, we are equally uninformed, as of the former. Our Citizens have been always free to make, vend, and export arms. It is the constant occupation and livelihood of some of them. To suppress their callings, the only means perhaps of their subsistence because a war exists in foreign and distant countries, in which we have no concern, would scarcely be expected. It would be hard in principle, and impossible in practice. The law of nations, therefore, respecting the rights of those at peace, does not require from them such an internal derangement in their occupations.\nIt is satisfied with the external penalty pronounced in the President\u2019s proclamation, that of confiscation of such portion of these arms as shall fall into the Hands of any of the belligerent powers on their way to the ports of their enemies. To this penalty our Citizens are warned that they will be abandoned and that even private intraventions may work no inequality between the parties at war, the benefit of them, will be left equally free and open to all.\nThe capture of the British Ship Grange, by the French frigate l\u2019Embuscade, has, on inquiry been found to have taken place within the Bay of Delaware and Jurisdiction of the United States, as stated in your memorial of the 2d instant\u2014the Government is therefore, taking measures for the liberation of the Crew and restitution of the Ship and cargo.\nIt condemns in the highest degree the conduct of any of our citizens, who may personally engage in committing hostilities at sea against any of the nations, parties to the present war, and will exert all the means with which the laws and constitution have armed them to discover such as offend herein and bring them to condign punishment. Of these dispositions I am authorized to give assurances to all the parties, without reserve. Our real friendship for them all, our desire to pursue ourselves the path of peace as the only one leading surely to prosperity, and our wish to preserve the morals of our citizens from being vitiated by courses of lawless plunder and murder, may assure you that our proceedings in this respect will be with good faith, fervor and vigilance. Instructions are consequently given to the proper law officer to institute such proceedings as the laws will justify, for apprehending and punishing certain individuals of our Citizens suggested to have been concerned in enterprises of this kind, as mentioned in one of your memorials of the 8th instant.\nThe practice of commissioning, equipping and manning Vessels, in our ports to cruise on any of the belligerent parties, is equally and entirely disapproved, and the Government will take effectual measures to prevent a repetition of it. The remaining point in the same memorial, is reserved for further Consideration.\nI trust, Sir, that in the readiness with which the United States have attended to the redress of such wrongs as committed by their citizens, or within their Jurisdiction, you will see proofs of\ntheir justice and impartiality to all the parties, and that it will ensure to their citizens pursuing their lawful business, by Sea or by Land, in all parts of the world a like efficacious interposition of the governing powers to protect them from injury, and redress it, when it has taken place. with such dispositions, on both sides vigilantly and faithfully carried into effect, we may hope that the blessings of peace, on the one part, will be as little impaired, and the evils of war on the other, as little aggravated, as the nature of things will permit: and that this should be so is we trust the prayer of all. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of respect, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0463", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Eliakim Littell, 15 May 1793\nFrom: Littell, Eliakim\nTo: Washington, George\nNewark New Jersey 15th May 1793\nThe Memorial of Eliakim Littell.\nHumbly sheweth, That as early as the year 1776 Your Memoralist took an active part against the common enemy of this Country; by entering on board of the Schooner Putnam as sails Master, that in December of the same year, Your Memoralist Raised a Company of Rangers at my own expence; which proved of great Service to the County of Essex, N: Jersey.\n2ly\u2003That as early as the Year in April 1777. Your Memoralist\nReceived a Commission from Congress as a first Lieutenant in Coll Ogdens Regimt, Recruited fifty Six men for during the War, and continued with them untill after the Battle of Munmoth, at which time thro\u2019 the great fatigue I sustained, was obliged to Resign: (my health being So much impaired).\n3ly\u2003That your Memoralist in the year 1780 Commanded a Company of Militia Artilery which on the 7th June at the battle of Springfield, Your Memoralist Received your Excellency\u2019s Aprobation, together with General Daytons & many other field Officers.\n4th & lastly, That in the year 1791 Your Memoralist Received a Commission in the Levy service as a Lieutenant, under the Command of General St Clair against the Indians near the (Miamia Towns on the 4th of Novr 1791) Likewise carried with him one of his Sons at his own expence without pay or rations who Remained on the field of Action, & was one of the fiew who escaped, your Memoralist was one of the Last officers who left the field, which can be well Attested; That the fatigue and hardship your Memoral[is]t Sustained, impaired his health so much, as to desable him for some Time of even earning his Bread, which has greatly Reduced him & family.\nHowever, as your Memoralist is now thro\u2019 the assistance of Almighty God, quite Recovered, and is able & willing to Serve his Countrey, which was always his greatest Glory, And as the countrey Calls for a great number of Officers & soldairs to subdue the Savage\u2019s. He intrates your Excellency, to take his case into Consideration; and grant him a Commission to Raize a Company of Men; or any other Commission your Excellency, will be pleased to grant him being duly perswaded that he can raise the men, as Soon as any man in the state of New Jersey\u2014And your Memoralist in duty Bound will ever pray\nEliakim Littelllate Lt. in the Levy Service", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0464", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 15 May 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 15 May 1793. GW wrote Whitting on 19 May, \u201cYour letters of the 10th & 15th are both received.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0465", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Allen, 16 May 1793\nFrom: Allen, John\nTo: Washington, George\n  Gorey, Wexford County, Ireland, 16 May 1793. Writes that \u201cA sincere desire of benefiting the World . . . is the chief if not the only motive of this address and I am well assured . . . that any thing proceeding from such a principle will at least meet with your every attention.\u201d He received a bachelor\u2019s degree from the University of Dublin \u201cthe beginning of the year 1784 being about 22, from this time till the year 1790, when I got an appointment of about \u00a370 a year in the Church.\u201d\nAllen appeals to GW\u2019s \u201cliberal turn of mind\u201d and explains that \u201cduring the course of my studies in the university, perceiving the unfitness of all treatises of Geometry extant, for the education of Youth . . . I turned my thoughts to remedying these inconveniencies and . . . laid down a plan for the purpose and . . . set about putting it into execution . . . so that in a very short time I shall have the whole fitted for the Press, the advantage of which will be that all that is useful or at all necessary of the Elementary Works of Euclid, Archimedes and Apollonius &c. with improvements will be completed in one comprehensive and systematic View and adapted to the modern discoveries in Philosophy and chiefly Newtons Works.\u201d\nAfter mentioning several character references, Allen notes \u201cmy present property in the Church here with my Bishops intention of providing further for me will evince that this application does not proceed from interested or mercenary motives. . . . Now the following are some of the reasons why I apprehend my endeavours like to be more serviceable in the United States than here or any where else. In these European\nCountries the Heads of Universities are strongly attached to the old Plans and Systems . . . Your Country and Government on the contrary have plainly shewn the World a disposition . . . of taking things at once in an original and improved way, by which means though you may put yourselves for the present to some trifling inconveniences yet you put every thing in the most easy and beneficial way for posterity . . . it has been remarked that literature has from the earliest ages been making a regular progress from the East to the West, I cannot avoid having my hopes that they will arrive at a point of Perfection and Utility in your Country . . . Your Excellency by favouring them with your countenance and encouragement will . . . add one additional cause to the many others to make posterity bless and revere your memory with the highest gratitude.\u201d\nAllen concludes that the only remuneration he wants is \u201csome situation in a literary line or other comfortable provision that would afford an easy support for myself and family during the publication of the Work . . . if at the end of two or three years by which time I should have it published I should not be thought worthy of encouragement . . . I will on your signifying your wish . . . freely resign any appointment I may get and give sufficient security if necessary for so doing. . . . I request the favour of a speedy answer as if you thought fit to encourage me I would go to your part of the World next spring.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0466", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 16 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] May. 16. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson presents his respects to the President and submits to his approbation a letter to mister Ternant, in conformity\nto that to mister Hammond. it has been submitted to the Secretaries of the treasury & War and Attorney General, and corrected by them. if the President approves the letter he asks the favor of him to stick a wafer in it, & the bearer will proceed to deliver that & mister Hammond\u2019s at the same time, as Th: J. thinks they should be. he knows of the arrival of mister Genest, & thinks this letter had better be delivered to mister Ternant before Genest is announced, or several days delay, & a new moulding of the business, might take place. for this reason Th: J. thinking the letter might find the President at table, supposed the importance of the case would justify his desiring it to be opened even in that situation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0467", "content": "Title: Memorandum from Thomas Jefferson, 16 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] May 16. 1793.\nThe facts suggested, or to be taken for granted, because the contrary is not known, in the case now to be considered, are, that a vessel was purchased at Charleston & fitted out as a privateer by French citizens, manned with foreigners chiefly, but partly with citizens of the U.S. the command given to a French citizen by a regular commission from his government, that she has made prize of an English vessel in the open sea, & sent her in to Philadelphia. the British minister demands restitution, & the question is whether the Executive of the U.S. shall undertake to make it?\nThis transaction may be considered 1. as an offence against the U.S. 2. as an injury to Great Britain.\nIn the 1st view it is not now to be taken up, the opinion being\nthat it has been an act of disrespect to the jurisdiction of the U.S. of which proper notice is to be taken at a proper time.\nUnder the 2d point of view, it appears to me wrong on the part of the U.S. (where not constrained by treaties) to permit one party in the present war to do what cannot be permitted to the other. we cannot permit the enemies of France to fit out privateers in our ports, by the 22d article of our treaty. we ought not therefore to permit France to do it, the treaty leaving us free to refuse, & the refusal being necessary to preserve a fair and secure neutrality. yet considering that the present is the first case which has arisen, that it has been in the first moment of the war, in one of the most distant ports of the U.S. and before measures could be taken by the government to meet all the cases which may flow from the infant state of our government and novelty of our position, it ought to be placed by Great Britain among the accidents of loss to which a nation is exposed in a state or war, and by no means as a premeditated wrong on the part of the government. in this last light it cannot be taken, because the act from which it results placed the U.S. with the offended, & not the offending party. her minister has seen himself that there could have been on our part neither permission nor connivance. a very moderate apology then from the U.S. ought to satisfy Great Britain. the one we have made already is ample, to wit, a pointed disapprobation of the transaction, a promise to prosecute & punish according to law such of our citizens as have been concerned in it, and to take effectual measures against a repetition. to demand more, would be a wrong in Gr. Britain: for to demand satisfaction beyond what is adequate, is a wrong. but it is proposed further to take the prize from the captors & restore her to the English. this is a very serious proposition.\nThe dilemma proposed in our conferences, appears to me unanswerable. either the commission to the commander of the privateer was good, or not good. if not good, then the tribunals of the country will take cognisance of the transaction, recieve the demand of the former owner, & make restitution of the capture: & there being, on this supposition, a regular remedy at law, it would be irregular for the government to interpose. if the commission be good, then the capture having been made on the high seas, under a valid commission from a power at war with Gr. Britain, the British owner has lost all his right, and the prize\nwould be deemed good even in his own courts, were the question to be brought before his own courts. he has now no more claim on the vessel than any stranger would have who never owned her, his whole right being transferred by the laws of war to the captor.\nThe legal right then being in the captor, on what ground can we take it from him? not on that of right, for the right has been transferred to him. it can only be by an act of force, that is to say, of reprisal for the offence committed against us in the port of Charleston. but the making reprisal on a nation is a very serious thing. remonstrance & refusal of satisfaction ought to precede; & when reprisal follows, it is considered as an act of war, & never yet failed to produce it in the case of a nation able to make war. besides, if the case were important enough to require reprisal, & ripe for that step, Congress must be called on to take it; the right of reprisal being expressly lodged with them by the constitution, & not with the executive.\nI therefore think that the satisfaction already made to the government of Great Britain is quite equal to what ought to be desired in the present case: that the property of the British owner is transferred by the laws of war to the captor; that for us to take it from the captor would be an act of force or reprisal which the circumstances of the case do not justify, & to which the powers of the Executive are not competent by the constitution.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0468", "content": "Title: Memorandum from Henry Knox, 16 May 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] 16 May 1793.\nAt a meeting of the heads of departments and the Attorney General yesterday in pursuance of your direction an equal division of opinion took place upon the question herein stated.\nIt appeared that certain privateers commissioned on the part of the French Nation by Mr Genest at Charleston equipped and manned at that place partly by Citizens of the United States, have brought prizes taken from the British Nation into our ports.\nThe Question was\u2014Shall these prizes be delivered up, according to the requisition of the British Minister?\nThe Secretary of State and the Attorney General were against the restoration and the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of War were for it. This being the case it was agreed that each person should submit the reasons for his opinion to the President of the United States.\nIt is to be premised that in discussing the subject generally the following points were unanimously agreed to.\nFirst.\u2003That the Conduct of Mr Genest in issuing Commissions within the United States was highly improper.\nSecondly.\u2003That the equipping of privateers in any of the ports of the United States to cruise against any of the belligerent powers was incompatible with that neutrality which it was the duty of the United States to observe on this head.\nThirdly.\u2003That the United States ought to take effectual measures to prevent a repetition of such conduct in future.\nFourthly[.]\u2003That measures should be taken to punish such Citizens of the United States as should be found to have entered on board of the said privateers.\nIt is to \u27e8be\u27e9 observed that the highest duty of every nation is to take care of its own preservation and happiness. This duty may be qualified by the treaties and obligations by which the nation may have bound itself.\nNo stipulation however with France obliges us to permit that Nation to equip and man their privateers within the United\nStates. The manning of privateers or inducing our Citizens to enter on board of them may be considered of the nature of foreign powers inlisting men within the United States which would according to the laws of Nations be an high violation against our sovereignty even to such a degree as to justify a declaration of War unless satisfactory reparation be made\u2014Vattel is explicit upon this subject he says\u2014in Book 3. Chapter 2d Section 15. \u201cAs the right of levying soldiers belongs solely to the nation, so no person is to enlist soldiers in a foreign country, without the permission of the sovereign, and even with this permission none but volunteers are to be enlisted; for the service of the Country is out of the question here and no sovereign has a right to give or sell his subjects to another. They who undertake to enlist soldiers in a foreign Country without the sovereign\u2019s permission; and in general, whoever alienates the subjects of another violates one of the most sacred rights both of the prince and the State. It is the crime distinguished by the name of Plagiat or man-stealing, and accordingly is punished with the utmost severity in every policied State. Foreign recruiters are hanged immediately, and very justly, as it is not to be presumed that their sovereign ordered them to commit the crime; and if they did receive such an order they ought not to obey it: their sovereign having no right to command what is contrary to the law of Nature. It is not I say apprehended that these Recruiters act by order of their sovereign and usually they who have practised seduction only, are, if taken severely punished. If they have used violence and made their escape, they are claimed and the men they carried off demanded. But if it appears that they acted by order such a proceeding in a foreign sovereign is justly considered as an injury and as a sufficient cause for declaring war against him, unless he condescends to make suitable reparation.\u201d\nMr Genest had no right to issue within our territories the aforesaid Commissions\u2014Hence it would seem to follow conclusively that as far as relates to us, the operation of the said Commissions ought to be considered as null and giving no right to capture vessells and bring them into our ports for security.\nIf this should be the case, which it is according to my judgment it would appear to be the duty of the United States in order to avoid a participation in the war to endeavor that the prizes so\ncaptured and brought into our ports should be delivered up to their proper Owners.\nIn order to place this subject in a strong point of view let the following case be supposed.\nThat Mr Genest should issue Commissions to certain persons to raise Troops and make incursions into Canada and East Florida who should return within the United States with prisoners and booty in order to secure the same\u2014In this case it would seem that the United States would be bound to deliver up the booty and prisoners and punish the perpretators of the incursions or render themselves an object of a just War.\nWere the present case reversed and it supposed the British had fitted out privateers in the manner the french have done, and brought into our ports, a number of french East Indiamen or other very valuable prizes\u2014the justice of the United States, as well as the general feeling, would probably have constrained the government to interpose and endeavor to obtain a restoration of the prizes.\nIf so the French have no more right in the premises than the English, no such right having been stipulated by Treaty.\nHence it is the conviction of my mind that the prizes taken by the said privateers and brought into our ports ought to be delivered up, That if it be not done, or an attempt made for the purpose, we may justly be considered as having concurred in an injury to a friendly Nation, contrary to the professions of the Government and the laws of neutrality, and that our conduct in this respect may be the cause of Great Britain and the other belligerent powers declaring War against the United States. All which is humbly submitted to the President of the United States.\nH. Knoxsecy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0469", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Richard Peters, 16 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Peters, Richard\nDear Sir,\n[Philadelphia] May 16th 1793\nMr Young informs me, by a letter which I have lately received from him, that the accounts, relative to the state of agriculture, which I had collected from various quarters and transmitted to him last fall, have set him afloat on the High Seas of conjecture with respect to the Agriculture of this Country. The account which you had the goodness to prepare for me was among the number of those sent to Mr Young; And, as you had a hand in setting him afloat, it is but fair that you should lend your assistance to get him Landed again. I have therefore, my dear Sir, taken the liberty to send you the enclosed extracts from Mr Young\u2019s letter, and must beg you to have the goodness, when convenient, to give such answers to the queries\u2014& make such observations thereon as your knowledge of the subject may enable you to do. This is a common Cause\u2014and I shall therefore make no apology for troubling you with it\u2014The War he says, has prevented his taking a trip to this country that he might form from his own observation, an opinion of what is, and what might be done here in the Agricultural line. I am\u2014Dr Sir Yr Obedt Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0470", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Philadelphia Merchants and Traders, 16 May 1793\nFrom: Philadelphia Merchants and Traders\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia 16th May 1793\nSensible that nothing is wanting to the happiness of the People of the United States, but to continue in Peace, under their excellent Laws and Government, the Merchants and Traders of the City of Philadelphia beg leave to express to you the high sense they entertain of the wisdom and goodness which dictated your late Proclamation, declaring the Neutrality to be observed by the United States in the War, wherein several European Powers are now engaged; a War, which however it might serve the interests of their commerce for the time, they, as the friends of all men and of all nations, are bound to deplore.\nImpressed too with an opinion, that in an unoffending conduct towards all the world, consists the true policy of America; it is their determination, not only to pay the strictest regard to the Proclamation themselves, but to discountenance in the most pointed manner, any contrary disposition in others; examples of which, they are persuaded, will seldom occur; the Sentiments just expressed, being, as they have the satisfaction to find, the common language of the Citizens of Pensylvania.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0471", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Townsend Hooe, 17 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hooe, Robert Townsend\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia 17th May 1793.\nIf you are among the purchasers of Flour, be so good as to let me know what you would give for about 600 barrels\u2014nearly half, superfine, 290 of which are in your own Warehouse\u2014the rest at my Mill, but might be delivered as above. all of it, if reported to me truly, is of the best quality, of their respective sorts.\nI would allow a credit of Sixty days\u2014or, to enhance the price 90 days for the purchase money; and it is possible, matters might be so arranged as never to be drawn out of your hands by me, if the balance due from Wilson to Colville\u2019s estate is inadequate to the discharge of what shall be found due therefrom to mister Bennett, upon a final settlement, within the period above mentioned.\nI have been offered 33/. pr barl for the superfine. and 31/. for the fine; but these are so much below the market price here, that I must wait longer. 46/6 cash (this Curry) was, about four days ago, given for a load of superfine flour to be shipped from this port. I have no doubt of, & would thank you for a prompt & frank answer. & am Dr Sir &c.\nGo. Washington\nP.S. If you do not buy yourself, be so good as to let me know what price you think I could obtain for it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0472", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Peters, 17 May 1793\nFrom: Peters, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhilada Friday 17th May [1793]\nI was from Hence when your Letter enclosing Mr Young\u2019s Queries & Observations arrived or I should have acknowledged the Honour of recieving it. I will with Pleasure take an Opportunity\nof complying with your Request. I do not wonder that Mr Young is embarrassed in his Endeavors to account for the actual State of Things in the agricultural Branch in this Country. The Results are I believe pretty generally the same, of all the Enquiries I have made, throughout America, where the Stile of farming is similar. More Knowledge\u2014more Labourers\u2014more Capital, kept in Cash & not in Land; & more Time devoted to Preparations for Crops under better Systems may do Wonders\u2014but at present no European Calculator will succeed in applying his Theories or Experience to this Country\u2014Yet our Farmers\u2014I mean those who are merely so\u2014get rich, live well & farm ill\u2014It seems paradoxical but so it is\u2014An honest hearted Friend who got rich during the War, when every body wondered at it, told me that his Success was owing to his never troubling his Head about Calculations, but going on with his Bussiness while other People were casting Figures\u2014I know not how well or ill this will apply to Farmers, but I know that it is not those who are capable of Calculation that get the most by agricultural Operations\u2014Experto crede Roberto\u2014I am Sir with sincere Respect & Esteem your very hble Servt\nRichard Peters", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0473", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Philadelphia Merchants and Traders, 17 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Philadelphia Merchants and Traders\nGentlemen,\n[Philadelphia, c.17 May 1793]\nFully persuaded that the happiness and best interests of the people of the United States, will be promoted by observing a strict neutrality in the present contest among the powers of Europe; it gives me pleasure to learn, that the measure which I have taken to declare to the world their disposition on this head, has given general satisfaction to the Citizens of Pennsylvania. The friends of humanity will deprecate war, wheresoever it may appear;\nand we have experienced enough of its\u2019 evils in this Country to know that it should not be wantonly or unnecessarily entered upon. I trust therefore, that the good Citizens of the United States will shew to the world, that they have as much wisdom in preserving peace at this critical juncture, as they have heretofore displayed valour in defending their just rights.\nGeo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0474", "content": "Title: Memorandum from Edmund Randolph, 17 May 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] May 17. 1793.\nThe attorney general has the honor of submitting to the President the following opinion.\nIt appears, that a privateer has been equipped and commissioned at Charleston in South Carolina, under the authority of the French government; and was at the same time manned in part by American citizens: that on the high seas she captured an English vessel; and that both of them are now in the port of Philadelphia.\nRestitution is demanded by the British minister from the executive.\nIf this be considered as a contest between France and Great Britain upon a mere question of prize or no prize, the 17th article of our treaty with the former stands in the way of the inquiry; because it prohibits the officers of the U.S. from \u201cmaking examination concerning the lawfulness of such prizes.\u201d And indeed the duty of a neutral nation shuts up its courts against all such decisions.\nIt is therefore insisted, that some thing more, than a mere question of prize or no prize has arisen; namely, that as the commission was granted, and the privateer fitted out, and partly manned with American citizens, within the U.S., there is an obligation on them to restore.\nIs the commission void as to the enemy? No; because the etiquette\nof the place of granting it has never been heard of, as an available plea, in their mouths; and because, if had even been suspended during the stay of the vessel at Charleston, it became active and lawful at the very moment, that the privateer entered upon the high sea. This aspect then of the case presents no hope of restitution.\nLet it be supposed on the other hand, that the commission was absolutely void. Of course the capture would be annulled. But by whom? Not by the President; since the courts of the U.S. are competent to adequate relief; and proceeding according to the rules of the admiralty, they would consummate the business with no great expence of time.\nBut let a further supposition be made; that the commission was good in part, and bad in part; or in other words, that, while it would have authorized the capture, if only the enemy were concerned, it was an affront and injury to the U.S., to grant it without their leave in their territory; nay more, that the capture has been the consequence of this improper conduct in our own country, and of the inlistment of our own citizens.\nWhat relates to the dignity of the U.S. is not an affair of any foreign nation. If they thought proper to waive satisfaction to themselves for the affront and injury, they cannot be called to an account by any foreign power; and, if they do require satisfaction, its degree and kind depend upon their discretion. But it has been unanimously agreed to advise the President to direct a remonstrance to Mr Genet against what is past, and a repetition of it in future. So that the dignity of the government will be asserted.\nThe punishment of the citizens, who have entered on board of the privateer may, in some measure, be a justice, due to the powers, warring against France. Accordingly the President is also unanimously advised, that prosecutions be instituted, as far as the law will go. If the person, who received the commission, be a citizen, he is a pirate under the treaty with Holland. The rest of the crew, who may be citizens, are conceived by a majority of the gentlemen to be guilty of a misdemeanor; and all of them are of opinion, that in a doubtful point, which cannot be ascertained too soon, the sentiments of some court ought to be immediately obtained. For, altho\u2019 the experiment should miscarry, it will vindicate the sincerity of our neutrality.\nThe only remaining ground, upon which restitution has been pressed, is, that for this unlawful act, thus begun in our territory, and completed with the assistance of our own citizens, the U.S. are answerable to Great Britain. It has not been denied that, as between the French captor and the British owner, the capture is lawful; nor can it be affirmed that the U.S. are, in any other manner, responsible for the offences of their citizens, than to bring them to punishment. To say then, that Great Britain can impose upon the U.S. a certain rule and measure of procuring satisfaction for the insult by requiring the surrender of the vessel and restitution to the British subject, is to admit an unwarrantable intrusion into their internal police. If the omission to demand the vessel be a cause of offence, it must be, because the acquiescence of the U.S. in a too moderate retribution will indicate a partiality in the temper of the U.S. Should this be suspected, notwithstanding the proofs to the contrary, it may be repelled by other considerations. France has her rights, as well as Great Britain. Altho\u2019 she will be content to offer concessions to the U.S., yet might she justly refuse to do so, if an estimate of the reparation was compounded, not only of the indignity to them, but also of the loss to the British subject. At least she might with reason denominate it a departure from strict neutrality\u2014It may deserve attention too, what infinite trouble the U.S. would carve out to themselves, if they once commence the office of adjusting the validity of commissions between the warring powers. If a commission, perfect in every thing, except the place of issuing it, be a ground of restitution, it will be an easy matter to stretch the authority of the U.S. by little and little, until they become self-constituted into a tribunal for deciding the validity of prizes: a function, which is utterly inadmissible to a neutral nation.\nThe situation of the U.S. is extremely peculiar. They are bound to pursue a different conduct to the different warring powers. To France, they must give the preference, by treaty; to Holland, they must Assign the next rank of favor by treaty; Great Britain stands upon the law of nations, pure and unqualified. Hence in this disparity of relations, they will be often thrown into great perplexities. Nothing can lead them with safety and honor thro\u2019 the labyrinth, but an adherence to sound principle, which is always uniform.\nUpon principle therefore, restitution ought not, in my judgment, to be attempted.\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0475", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Ternant, 17 May 1793\nFrom: Ternant, Jean-Baptiste, chevalier de\nTo: Washington, George\nsir\nPhiladelphia May the 17th 1793\nI have just handed to the secretary of State an official information of my recall and of the appointement of Citizen Genet to be Minister of the french Republic near the United States\u2014Though I have reasons to hope the official answer to my letter on the subject, may do justice to my conduct, yet I cannot help wishing to obtain from you a personal and private assurance, that notwithstanding the violent agitations, and great vicissitudes experienced by the government of my country, I have always uniformly attended to the interests entrusted to my care, and that my public and private conduct throughout the whole of my mission, has appeared unexceptionable to you\u2014I hope the expression of such a wish may neither prove desagreable to you, nor remain without effect. With lively sentiments of respect and attachement, Beleive me sir your most obedient and very humble servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0476", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Ternant, 17 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Ternant, Jean-Baptiste, chevalier de\nSir,\nPhiladelphia May [17] 1793.\nThe first intimation, which I received of your mission to the United States, in the capacity you lately fill[e]d, gave me pleasure. I anticipated, on your part, a conduct, which, while it was calculated to promote the objects of your duty, would, in the manner, be pleasing to the Government and Citizens of this Country. My anticipations have not been disappointed. Uniformly attentive to the advancement of the Interests confided to your care (notwithstanding the agitations and vicissitudes experienced in the government of your Country)\u2014the tenor of your official and private conduct, throughout the course of your Mission, has appeared to me deserving of approbation & has acquired to you a new title to my regard.\nI give you this private & personal mark of my Satisfaction & esteem, in remembrance of your Services, as an Officer in the Army of the United States and in consideration of the peculiar and extraordinary circumstances under which you have acted. With sentiments of attachment & regard\u2014I am\u2014Dear Sir Your Obedient and Very humble Servt\nG: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0477", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 17 May 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 17 May 1793. On 26 May, GW wrote Whitting, \u201cYour letters of the 17th & 22d instt came duly to hand.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0479", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 18 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] May 18. 93.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inform the President that having, from a slight expression of mister Genet\u2019s yesterday, doubted whether he did not chuse to wait upon the President separately from mister Ternant, he called on the latter yesterday evening, but he was not at home. he called again this morning, & left it to himself & mister Genet to come together or separately as they should chuse. Ternant now writes that he will wait on the President precisely a quarter before two, consequently separately from mister Genet.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0480", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 18 May 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nMy dear Sir\nWar department 18 May 1793.\nPlease to submit to the President of the United States the enclosed letters from Governor Blount of the 18th 20th and two of the 25th Ultimo, also one from Governor Shelby of the 18 Ultimo, and two from Brigadier General Wilkinson, one dated the 31st of March and the other the 10th of April. I am my dear Sir Your humble servant\nH. Knoxsecy of War.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0481", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edmund Randolph, 18 May 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nLetter not found: to Edmund Randolph, c.18 May 1793. Randolph wrote GW on 18 May, \u201cI was from home, sir, on the business of your letter, when you did me the honor of stopping at our house.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0482", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 18 May 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n(Private)[Philadelphia] May 18. 1793.    \nE. Randolph presents his sincere respects to the President.\nI was from home, sir, on the business of your letter, when you\ndid me the honor of stopping at our house. I really believe, that restitution is the wish of the majority of the merchants. But I find, that they do not distinguish the cases very accurately. Some, when they speak of restitution, think, that the Grange is the object; others, that the improper granting of the commission can be animadverted on by restitution only; others, that there can be no other mode devised, for punishing the American citizens. A few, and but a few, seem to have separated the conduct of Mr G\u2014\u2014t, and our own people, from the rights of the Captors. As I knew Colo. Griffin to mingle hourly and intimately with the merchants, I called upon him to converse with him indirectly. He affirmed roundly, that nine out of ten were against restitution. I suspect that he has mistaken the persons: the bulk of the citizens are undoubtedly opposed to it; but the existence of our poor mercantile capitals is so interwoven with those of Great Britain, that the pleasure of the British merchants must always be a rule of action to Ours, who are necessarily for restitution.\nI fell in with Mr B\u2014ngh\u2014m, and soon found an opportunity of turning the discourse very easily into the practice, observed by the French, during the last war, before they had declared themselves in favor of the U.S. He mentioned two or three instances of punishing the French Subjects, who took commissions for privateers against the English; but could not recollect one of restitution. He said indeed, that a small privateer, which he secretly fitted out, captured a guinea-ship, under a commission, granted within the French jurisdiction; that the captain was imprisoned; but that either from the negroes being quickly dispersed into various parts of Hispaniola, or some other cause, restitution was not attempted. He added a circumstance, which is pretty obvious, that our situations are not precisely parallel; France then being backward in countenancing those, who were deemed rebels; while we are now an independent neutral nation in the fullest sense. But this predicament of France furnishes A further observation, that restitution would not have been much-scrupled by France, if there had been plausible grounds for it; and therefore an example of this kind not being known is some argument against its propriety.\nWhen we left your house yesterday, I urged Mr Jefferson to discover from Mr Genest his temper upon this subject, and his participation in the affair of the commission. He expressed his hope, that something might result from a communication with\nhim, which might lessen the present embarrassment. Perhaps an intimation to Mr J. may induce him to be more Earnest in this pursuit.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0483", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 19 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting,\nPhiladelphia May 19th 1793.\nYour letters of the 10th & 15th are both received; & it gives me pleasure to find by them that appearances for good crops are still favorable. I hope they will continue. The Hessian fly is among the Wheat in these parts, & doing much injury to it.\nWhen I directed Frank to be employed in prosecuting the painting, it was under an idea, & from what I thought my recollection had furnished that there remained part of what I had requested to be done, yet unfinished; particularly the tops of the necessaries & two Garden houses; for if these were done when I was at home, I own I have been under a mistake. By a recurrence to my former letters respecting this business, you will see what it\nwas I wanted done; and if it be done, I desire no further proceeding in that way at present; as the Mansion house & Offices both (if I mistake not) will want some repairs before they can be painted, and at any rate more skill than Frank possesses to do them properly.\nI do not think locust pins would do for fastning the treading floor\u20141st because I think they would work loose, and in that case endanger the legs of the horses. 2dly because perforating the Joists in so many places, & so near together, might weaken them too much (if the holes were bored deep, & unless this was done the 2\u00bd inch square pieces would soon work loose)\u2014and thirdly because it would be extremely tedeous to make the pins & bore the number of holes that would be required. Spikes will unquestionably come high, as will the Nails also, but these expences are incidental to the work, & not to be avoided; but to make the expence as easy as you can, do not entrust too many Nails at a time with the work men; but compare there calls for, with the application of them (which will be no difficult matter) & thereby check both waste and embezzlement. The last of which is most to be apprehended. If by taking whole barrels (I mean buying by the barrel) you can get the sorts you want cheaper, it is better to do so, as they will be wanting for other purposes.\nIf, After returning the Shells which have been borrowed, you should, with what will be left, make your whole stock on hand 1000 bushls, I conceive it will be enough; provided the information you have received of the quantity which will lay a thousd bricks, be just.\nI think you did very right in putting Reuben along with Davis, as the Brick work will require to be first done; but, I wish you to tell Neuclus, as from me, that if his pride is not a Sufficient stimulus to excite him to industry, and admonition has no effect upon him\u2014that I have directed you to have him severely punished and placed under one of the Overseers as a common hoe negro.\nI am satisfied from what you have said, that it would not be proper to bring all my Sheep into one flock, & so to be penned; and if you think drawing off two score of the latter, & most indifferent lambs is proper, it may be done; but not \u2019till they are weaned, or actually seperated with their mothers from the rest of the flock; for unless one of these is done, I am sure, that so far\nfrom havg 40 of the worst, disposed of I shall have that number of the choicest taken if from the flock at large. So well am I acquainted with the practices & contrivances of the Butchers; & the inattention & carelessness of the Overseers, to whom they may go\u2014if taken away as they are wanted. I had rather not part with one, unless this apprehension of mine is fully, & compleatly guarded against. All the declining Sheep of every sort might be disposed of, after they can, by good pasture & attention, be got in order for it\u2014In a word\u2014I wish every possible care may be used to improve the breed of my Sheep; & to keep them in a thriving & healthy State. The same with regard to my Cattle; & there is no measure so likely to effect this as by a judicious choice of the subjects that are bred from. It is owing to this that Bakewell and others, are indebted for the remarkable quality & Sales of their Cattle & Sheep; the like attention would produce the like effect in this, as well as in other Countries. I am fully persuaded, if some of my best Cows were selected & put to (what is called) the Callico Bull & all the Calves which took their Shape & appearance from him set apart for Breeders (for I am told his make is exactly that which Bakewell prefers and aims at getting) that I should, in a few years have a very valuable breed of Cattle. Such conduct will apply equally to Sheep. The quantity of either Species of Stock\u2014that is Cattle & Sheep\u2014ought, in my opinion, to depend wholly upon the support which can be provided\u2014and that, the more you have of both with an eye to this consideration, the more you may have, as they do, in themselves, afford the means, by the manure they make.\nIf for the sake of making a little butter (for which I shall get scarcely any thing) my calves are starved, & die; it may be compared to stopping the spigot, and opening the faucit. that is to say\u2014I shall get two or three shillings by butter, & loose 20 or 30/. by the death, or injury done to my calves. Milk sufficient should be left for them, or a Substitute provided; otherwise I need not look forward either to the increase or improvement of my Stock.\nNot a moment should be lost, after the Wool is taken from the Sheeps backs, in having it Spun & wove, that it may be made up in time for the Negros clothing: & Grey should be told that if he does not Weave it as fast as it is carried to him, that he shall not only loose my custom, but, must lookout for some other tenement;\nbecause this, and not the Rent, was the inducement for placing him there. However, Speaking of the Rent, let me enquire whether he pays it regularly or not?\nI have no intention of Renting any of my fishing landings for a term of years. consequently, have no objection to your providing a new, & repairing the old Sein, against another Season\u2014And I approve of your laying in a number of Fish Barrels agreeably to your Suggestion; especially if you can buy them at what you suppose, which will be much better than making of them by my Coopers.\nIf Mr Butler is the kind of man you describe him to be, he certainly can be of no use to me; and sure I am, there is no obligation upon me to retain him from charitable motives; when he ought rather to be punished as an imposter: for he well knew the Services he had to perform, & which he promised to fulfil with zeal, activity & intelligence. A Stirring, lively & spirited man, who will act steadily & firmly, being necessary, I authorise you to get one if you should part with Butler; for it is indispensably necessary that a stop should be put to that Spirit of thieving & house breaking, which has got to such a height among my People, or their associates. As one step towards the accomplishment of which, I desire you will absolutely forbid the Slaves of others resorting to the Mansion house; Such only excepted as have wives or husbands there\u2014or, such as you may particularly license from a knowledge of their being honest & well disposed\u2014all others, after sufficient forewarning, punish whensoever you shall find them transgressing these orders.\nIt is high time, in my opinion, that you were planting the Potatoes at Mansion house; and rather than suffer the ground to get grassy, or wait for the return of the Horses which were lent Mrs Fanny Washington (an event quite uncertain, as she was at Doctr Stuarts the 9th instant waiting for her Brother in law, who might not come at all) I think you had better get a Sufficient number of Plows from the Plantations, & cause it to be got in order without delay.\nMy Mind is impressed with many things, which you have been required to give answer to, which have never been received; and this will forever be the case if you depend upon the mere reading a letter over when you set down to answer it; without first noting on a Slate or a piece of waste paper, every point as you come\nto it, that requires to be touched upon; crossing it when complied with; or to stand uncrossed if you are unable to give an answer at that moment until you can do it at another time. Among these things is one of a very interesting nature to me\u2014namely\u2014an exact experiment and worth of an hundred bushels of Wheat when manufactured\u2014compared with the price of it in grain\u2014that I might decide therefrom whether it would have been best to sell my Wheat, or Manufacture it into flour, before it was too late to decide. After frequently writing & pressing this matter, I at length got an imperfect Statement made from light wheat; but was promised a more perfect one but which has never been recd; although it is months since it was promised. I mention this as one instance, because, if 100 bushels had, in time, have given me the same evidence of the fact, which I fear the whole quantity of my Crop has done or will do\u2014I should have sold my wheat in grain which would, I presume, have commanded a dollar pr Bushl at any time; & this on 4009\u00bd bushls wch I perceive has been delivered at the Mill, would have amounted to, in Virga Curry \u00a31202.8.0; whereas the quantity of flour made from it\u2014viz.\u2014283 barls of Superfine\u2014and 317 of fine, the first at 33/ & the other at 31/. which, I believe, is the highest that has been given, comes to no more than \u00a3988.6. difference \u00a3214.2. Now, if the midlings, Ship stuff, Shorts & Bran does not amount to this difference, all short of it is loss; besides lying out of my money\u2014the hazard of selling the flour\u2014and risk of its souring if I cannot dispose of it to advantage before the warm weather sets in. I have selected this as an important instance of suffe[r]ing things to escape\u2014I could enumerate many more of no other or greater moment than as they would have gratified me; not being able to see things myself. But the reason why I mention this, (as I am fully satisfied you have every disposition in the world to comply with my wishes) is merely to let you see that it is by trusting too much to your memory, that these things happen. I am persuaded no instance has happened of your asking me a question by letter\u2014or applying for directions without receiving an answer. The reason is, that whenever I set down to write to you, I read your letter, or letters carefully over, & as soon as I come to a part that requires to be noticed, I take a short note on the cover of a letter, or piece of waste paper; then read on to the next, noting that\nin like manner; and so on until I have got through the whole letter & reports. Then in writing my letter to you, as soon as I have finished what I have to say on one of these notes I draw my pen through it & proceed to another\u2014and another, until the whole is done\u2014crossing each as I go on, by which means if I am called off twenty times whilst I am writing, I can never with these notes before me finished\u2014or unfinished\u2014omit any thing I wanted to say; & they serve me also as I keep no copies of letters I write to you, as Memorandums of what has been written if I should have occasion at any time to refer to them. I wish you well & am Yr friend\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0484", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anonymous, 20 May 1793\nFrom: Anonymous\nTo: Washington, George\nPhiladelphie ce 20. Mai 1793.\nun malheureux Homme Ce trouvent dans une mauvais etat, prie a monsr le President Washington, de vouloir lui assist\u00e9r avec 60. dolls.; d\u2019quelle bont\u00e9, Cet malheureux Homme sera toujour dans la Reconoissance, & Remerciment de un bon Ami de l\u2019humanit\u00e9 Comme Monsr le Precident Washington.\nSi Cet malheureux Homme m\u00e9rite la Grace de Monsr le president Washington, Il Lui pri\u00ea de lui envoier Cette somme, dans une Lettre, pour la voie de la Poste; adress\u00e9r a Monsr Mira a Philadelphie; en m\u00eame tems Cet malheureux Homme prie a Monsr le President Washington, bone ami de l\u2019humanite, de vouloir lui donn\u00e9r sa Reponce, demain au soir a 6 heures.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0485", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 20 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] 20 May 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor respectfully to submit to the President of the United States a communication of\nthe 15th inst: From the Collector & Naval officer of Baltimore, concerning the conduct of the third Mate of the Revenue Cutter, Active.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0486", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 20 May 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] May 20th 1793\nT. Lear has the honor, by the President\u2019s command, to return to the Secretary of State the following letters &c. which were laid before the President on Saturday the 18th currt.\nA Letter from Mr Short of the 6th of March.\nCopy of Letters to & from the Governor of St Augustine.\nCopy of treaties between the Spaniards & several of the Indian Nations.\nCopy of a letter to the Minister of France of 15th curt.\nTranslation of Mr Genet\u2019s letter of Credence.\nDo of Mr Ternant\u2019s letter of recall.\nThere is also enclosed a letter from Mr Vall Travers to the President, which he wishes the Secretary of State to peruse & give thereto such an Answer as may be proper.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0489", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Newenham, 22 May 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Newenham, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Edward Newenham, c.22 May 1793. Newenham wrote GW on 7 June 1793, \u201cI sent you all our Irish Papers by the Eliza (bound to New York) from the 8th of March to the 22d of may.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0490", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Simpson, 22 May 1793\nFrom: Simpson, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nGibraltar 22d May 1793\nI had the honor of addressing Your Excellency 30th last Month accompanying a dispatch from Mr Francis Chiappe\u2014I have now that of inclosing with this another from his Brother Mr Joseph Chiappe of Mogodor. I have the honor to be Sir Your Most Obedient & Most Humble Servt\nJames Simpson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0492", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Townsend Hooe, 23 May 1793\nFrom: Hooe, Robert Townsend\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nAlexandria [Va.] May 23d 1793.\nI acknowledge the Honor of recieving Your Excellencys Letters of the 7th & 17th of this Month. The first unfortunately lay unopen\u2019d \u2019till the 20th\u2014the day of my return from Loudon where I had been for fourteen days before. The Letter it enclosed for Mr Keith I instantly deliverd. The other I only recieved at the moment I was sitting out for the District Court; And thus circumstanced, I hope Sir, to stand excused for not answering immediately, as it my Duty to do, if it had been in my power to do it.\nMr Keith Mr Wilson Colo. Little and myself have appointed Saturday next to go into the Business that Your Excellency\u2019s Letter of the 7th relates to, and I hope it will end with your approbation.\nThe Flour, that you mention in Yours of the 17th, I most willingly would Buy; But, I am afraid it is not in my power to go so high in Price as you think it ought to fetch. On Saturday last it Sold Currently at 27/6 & 29/6, & even at 27 & 29/. to day it has Sold at 28/ & 30/. These are Prices I am giving to the Waggons, and altho\u2019 I confess more ought to be given for larger quantities, I do not know the difference, as very considerable Parcells may be made up in the course of a day from them, there being vast numbers coming in daily from all quarters Loaded with Flour principally. I will however venture to offer Your Excellency as far as 32/ for fine & 34/ for Superfine, and Pass my Note for the Payment thereof Negotiable at the Bank at 90 d[ay]s t.\u2014which you can keep up for 60 d[ay]s and order it discounted for the Remaining 30, or apply it to the purpose you mention, if necessary, as you may chuse. In case you accept my offer, I expect to\nrecieve the Flour at Alexandria, & on that part Stored with me, there will be no Storeage to Pay. I am, Sir, Your Excellency\u2019s, most Obt Servt\nR. Td. Hooe\nI was informed the other day that an attempt would be made by Shepherd, who keeps Tavern at Difficult Bridge, to Condemn part of your Land for a Mill that he is abt to erect\u2014a Friend of yours requested of me to mention it to you. I shall attend the Loudon June Court, & if you have any orders to give Respecting this matter I will serve you to the best of my power.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0493", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Jameson, Jr., 23 May 1793\nFrom: Jameson, David Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nYork Town Virginia 23d May 1793\nIn a meeting of the Dismal Swamp Company at this place yesterday it was determined that each Share should on or before the first day of July next Contribute Eighty Dollars for purposes in the resolution expressed, And as I was deputed to Represent my Uncle David Jameson of this place (who was unable to attend in person) And entered the proceedings; I was requested to write to the absent Members or their representatives to give information of the requisition, and appointment of another meeting\u2014I have therefore taken the liberty of enclosing those two resolutions to you, and to inform you that it is earnestly requested that all concerned will either attend in person or by representatives properly Authorised to Act for them as business of Consequence is proposed \u2014Some changes by descent and purchases\nhas taken place and introduced some New Members who appear anxious to improve that property, in consequence of which it is hoped Active measures will be persued for that purpose.\nYou will observe that the money is directed to be paid into the hands of my worthy relation your old friend as Treasurer. But I am very Sorry to inform you that I much fear he will not live to see that time arrive, as he is at this moment, and has been for four Weeks past on a languishing bed in a very, very low State\u2014hardly able to Articulate a word owing to a most Violent Spasmodic affection Which Continued on him for upwards of four hours in consequence of Which his whole Nervous Sistem has undergone a great change which with a fever which has attended him ever since has reduced him so low that he is now incapable of giving any assistance to move him on his bed. I have been particular on this Subject because I hope he has your good wishes and Esteem\u2014My Brother (Colo. John Jameson) or myself will be here to do whatever may be necessary in his stead. Although I have not the Honor of a personal acquaintance with you I must take the liberty to assure you that I am with most Sincere Esteem and Hearty wishes for your Happiness Your Obedient Humble Servant\nD. Jameson Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0495", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Fitzhugh, Jr., 24 May 1793\nFrom: Fitzhugh, William Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nBaltimore May 24th 1793\nMy Father desires me to present you his most respectful & affectionate wishes\u2014He begs your acceptance of a China Bowl which may possibly be novel from its size & antiquity\u2014it being much older than himself\u2014It has been very carefully packed up & he hopes it will reach you safe[.] My Father is now here on his way to Washington County\u2014having determined to reside with me near Hagers Town\u2014since the Loss of my Mother\u2014an Event which took place the 24th March last[.] He unites with me in Compliments and best wishes to you Mrs Washington & Family. with perfect respect & regard I am Dr Sir Yr mst obedt & vry huml. Servt\nWm Fitzhugh Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0496", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 24 May 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nWar department May 24th 1793\nI have the honor to submit to your consideration the drafts of two letters to the Governors of the several Atlantic States which have been inspected and approved by the heads of the other departments and the Attorney General. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Your most obedt Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0497", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Provisional Executive Council of France, 24 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Provisional Executive Council of France\nVery great and good friends & allies.\n[Philadelphia, 24 May 1793]\nThe citizen Ternant has delivered to me the letter wherein you inform me that yielding to his desire to serve his country in the\nmilitary line, you had determined to recall him from his mission as your Minister plenipotentiary to the U.S. His conduct during the time of his residence in this country has been such as to meet my entire appobation & esteem; and it is with great pleasure I render him the justice of this testimony. in whatever line of service you may hereafter think proper to employ him, I have no doubt he will so conduct himself as to merit well of his country and to obtain it\u2019s favor and protection.\nI assure you, with a sincere participation, of the great and constant friendship which these U.S. bear to the French nation, of the interest they feel in whatever concerns their happiness & prosperity, and of their wishes for a perpetual fraternity with them, and I pray god to have them & you, very great & good friends and allies, in his holy keeping.\nWritten at Philadelphia this 24 day of May in the year of our lord 1793 & of the independence of the U.S. the 17th.\nGo. Washington\nBy the PresidentTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0500", "content": "Title: Alexander Hamilton to Tobias Lear, 25 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear sir,\n[Philadelphia] 25th May 1793.\nThe proper fund for the payment of the enclosed is the 10,000 Dollars for defraying the contingent Expences of the Government. Will you add a few words directing it to be paid out of that fund. Yours\nA: Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0501", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 25 May 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia] 25th May 1793\nBe pleased to submit the enclosed letters from Major Habersham, and Major Gaither to the President of the United States. Yours\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0502", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Mifflin, 25 May 1793\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nPhiladelphia, 25th May 1793.\nThe Secretary at War, in a letter dated the 23d instant, represents, that you confide to me, the charge of interposing in all cases of hostility committed between the belligerent parties, within the protection of this State; and signifies your desire, that I should, with the aid of the Militia, detain the parties first aggressing, until I can communicate the case to you, with the evidences in writing, which may establish the facts, for your ultimate decision. I shall on this, and on every other occasion, employ the constitutional authority of my office, to support the national honour,\nand enforce that impartiality, which ought to be observed, towards the powers engaged in the present war. If, therefore, any act of hostility, shall be committed within the jurisdiction of Pennsylvania, you may be assured, Sir, that I will take the most prompt and efficacious measures to accomplish the object of your communication.\nBy another letter of the 24th instant, the Secretary at War signifies your request, that if within this State, any vessels are commissioned, equipped and manned, as Privateers, on behalf of any of the belligerent powers named in your proclamation, I would effectually interpose to put a stop to it. On this subject, likewise, you may rely on my attention and exertions; and, in order to obtain the necessary information, I shall direct the Wardens of the Port of Philadelphia to be vigilant in their enquiries, and punctual in their reports, respecting any attempts to introduce the practice, to which the letter of the Secretary at War refers.\nIf any other measures shall be deemed proper and necessary, to give effect to your Excellency\u2019s design in making the above communications, I shall cheerfully adopt them, whenever they are suggested to me. I am, with perfect respect, Sir, Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obedt Hble servant.\nTho. Mifflin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0503", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 26 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting,\nPhiladelphia May 26th 1793.\nYour letters of the 17th & 22d instt came duly to hand.\nScales, with such weights as you have required, will be sent to you by the first vessel bound to Alexandria: and as there is reason to apprehend a rise in the price of Iron, I propose to send you a tonn thereof by the same opportunity; let me know therefore, as soon as this is received, the sorts which will suit you best. I shall also send the spike nails which will be wanted for the New Barn, from hence: 1st, because I can, it is supposed, get them cheaper; and 2dy because they may be had of any size; and I am told not less than 6 inches will do as each piece will be seperate from the other & more apt (being narrow, only 2\u00bd inches Square) to work loose on that account. When you write to me as above, let me know the price of 8d. 10d: 12d. & 20d. Nails in Alexandria as they are sold by the Cask, & by the lb.; that I may decide on the propriety of sending them from hence, or buying them there; & the sorts you may want. If they go from hence I shall send whole Casks although I want to know how they are sold by the pound; that being the way by which they are sold here; & necessary for me to know, that I may be enabled to form a comparison of the prices.\nWhen you receive the Scales and Wts, I request that the latter (especially the small ones) may always be under lock when not in use; otherwise, in six months, you will not have one. The Scales in the Store whilst I attended to them formerly, were well supplied with weights.\nMy last letter gave you my ideas respecting Franks painting so fully that I have nothing to add on that head in this.\nI am almost certain that the Morter with which the Bricks at\nthe Barn at Union Farm, & all my other works was not composed of more than \u2153 lime; however, if good judges & practical workmen say it ought (of shells) to be half, I would have it so ordered. It is to be observed however that the lime is of no other use than to cement the particles of Sand together; and these again to the Stone or Brick. It is the Sand therefore, & not the lime, that forms the strength: more therefore than is just sufficient to answer this purpose is not only wasted, but is a real disadvantage as you will often see in work; by the morters falling out, for want of cohesion. Much depends upon the goodness of the Sand\u2014which ought to have as little dust as possible mixed with it\u2014suppose you take a pint of lime & a pint of Sand\u2014and other proportions\u2014and mix them for experiments\u2014when dry you will see & be able to form an opinion of the just proportions\u2014which will do on a large as well as a small Scale.\nI wanted no fresh proof of the rascallity of Thos Green. Nor would I retain him in my service, if I could get any other to carry on my business; but such a building as he is about could not, I am sure, be framed by any of my Negro Carpenters.\nIf the Wheels at Mrs Washington\u2019s Plantation can be repaired, let it be done in preference to buying a new pair, for the reasons formerly mentioned to you.\nMention is made I perceive in the reports, of Carts carrying Bricks at the New building, to the workmen. If I recollect the distance they have to do it, it would seem to me as if the time & labour which must be spent in loading & unloading the Cart would carry them by hand, or in a wheel-barrow without half the loss. I mention this not because I am certain of the fact, but as a matter worthy of attention, & to be decided upon by experience\u2014or at least by calculation.\nYou say in your letter of the 22d that the Wheat at Dogue run is now all out of the Straw. I conclude therefore you are now able to give me an acct of the Crop at each farm; & the yield of each field, & I desire it may be done accordingly. The reservation of a very few bushels will be sufficient for the use of the Mansion house; for my coming home, situated as public matters are at present, depends upon such a variety of things as to render it very precarious; & Mrs Washington\u2019s coming will depend upon the time it is probable I can remain there; which from present appearances can be but short. My wish is to be at Mount Vernon\nabout the last of June (in the time of Harvest)\u2014and I shall want to be down again about the Middle of Septr\u2014But whether I shall be able to accomplish both, or either, is more than I can decide. My stay in either case will be short, and this renders Mrs Washington coming at all more uncertain. It will be unnecessary therefore, to make any extra: preparations for this event, so uncertain in its happening.\nYour Acct of the state, in which the Grain and Grass on my farms is, surprizes me; the first being so forward, and the latter so backward. The reverse, in a degree, is the case here; for Clover is now cutting, pretty generally; and not till within these two or three days have I seen a stalk of Wheat headed. Is there any indication yet of injury to the Wheat from the Easterly winds & wet weather which have happened so frequently this Spring, according to your apprehensions, expressed sometime ago? Does the Wheat seem to head well? that is\u2014is the ears long, or short, & free from smut? How does the thin Wheat in No. 7 River Farm, & No. 4 Muddy hole, appear at present? Has the Buckwheat come up thick and does it grow fast? What prospect have you for Oats? and for flax? And how does the young clover come on?\nHow is the ground in French\u2019s large meadow disposed of, or to be disposed of; for I perceive there has been a good deal of plowing in it. And finding the same thing in the Report from Dogue run, as done in the Mill Meadow\u2014with a good deal of grubbing also\u27e8.\u27e9 I wish for the same information respecting this meadow; being always pleased with every step which has a tendency to lay these grounds to grass.\nAlthough I am very anxious to hasten the New Barn at Dogue run\u2014yet as Hay time & Harvest will not wait, and is of the highest importance to me, every thing else must yield to them: and if I thought it was necessary, I should, in strong terms, urge you to begin the latter as soon as you shall think it safe, by lying a day or two in the swarth. The advantage of cutting the grain early last year was evident; and will always be found safest and best in all cases, especially where there is a large harvest: the lattr part of wch, besides shattering much, is often, very often indeed, laid down & lost from the Rains which frequently happen at that season, whilst the straw is rendered of no use; having no substance left in it. I hope, and do expect, that the Overseers will be pointedly chargd this year to see that the ground is raked clean. In\nGarners fields last year, I was really shocked to see the waste that appeared there. It is not to close harvest soon, but to accomplish it well, that ought to be the aim, and the pride of these people, notwithstanding they receive standing wages instead of shares. I told Garner last year that if the latter had been the case, I was very certain such waste would not have appeared.\nAlthough others are getting out of the practice of using Spirits at Harvest, yet, as my people have always been accustomed to it, a hogshead of Rum must be purchased; but I request at the sametime, that it may be used sparingly. Spirits are now too dear to be used otherwise.\nIt is not my wish, or desire, that my Negros should have an oz. of Meal more, nor less than is sufficient to feed them plentifully. This is what I have repeated to you over & over again; and if I am not much mistaken, requested you to consult the Overseers on this head, that enough, & no more than enough, might be allowed. Sure I am I desired this with respect to Davy. To ask me whether this, or that quantity is enough, who do not know the number of mouths that are to be fed, is asking a question that it is not possible for me to resolve. Formerly, every Working Negro used to receive a heaping & squeezed peck at top of unsifted Meal, and all others (except sucking Children) had half a Peck, like measure, given to them: with which I presume they were satisfied, inasmuch as I never heard any complaint of their wanting more: Since the meal has been given to them Sifted, and a struck peck only, of it, there has been eternal complaints; which I have suspected arose as much from the want of the husks to feed their fowls, as from any other cause, \u2019till Davy assured me that what his people received was not sufficient, and that to his certain knowledge several of them would often be without a mouthful for a day, and (if they did not \u2019eke it out) sometimes two days, before they were served again; whilst they (the Negros) on the other hand assured me, most positively, that what I suspected\u2014namely feeding their fowls with it, or sharing it with strange Negros\u2014was not founded. Like complaints were made by the People at Dogue run and at Union farm; which altogether hurt my feelings too much to suffer this matter to go on without a remedy. Or at least a thorough investigation into the cause, & justice of their complaints; for to delay justice is to deny it. It became necessary therefore to examine into the foundation of\nthe complaints, at once, and not to wait until a pretext should offer to increase the allowance. Justice wanted no pretext, nor would admit of delay. If the application for more was unjust no alteration at all, ought to have been made; for, as I at first observed, I am no more disposed to squander, than to stint; but surely the case is not so difficult but that the true & just quantity may be ascertained; which is all they have a right to ask, or I will allow them. Neither the people at River Plantation, nor any about the M. Ho. did; to the best of my recollection make any complaints\u2014but only knowing the quantity of meal which was served to them, and not the number of mouths that were to be fed with it, I supposed\u2014especially in the latter case (the first having little opportunity of making known their wants as I was not more than once or twice on the Farm) that enough was allowed them. I have been thus particular, because I would wish to be clearly & fully understood on this head, that you may act accordingly.\nI am surprized to find by your letter that the Gardener has thoughts of leaving me; For when I was last at home, he put the question himself to know if I would retain him; and being answered that I had no desire to part with him, he said he was very glad of it. I did not, it is true, nor did he say on what terms; but took it for granted it would be at the wages of his last year, with a just & proper allowance for the Services rendered by his wife, which I always intended, and am still willing to make. It becomes necessary, however, to know immediately & decidedly too, what his intentions are; & when his term expires; that, if he is not disposed to remain upon such & lay as I like, I may take measures in time to supply his place. I wish you therefore (after communicating the unexpectedness of his intention to go) to apply in my name, & know what I have to depend upon. He, like many others, I presume has golden dreams, which nothing but experience can demonstrate to be the vision only of an uninformed, or undigested imagination. Time, & the expences arising from Rent\u2014Provisions to be purchased\u2014Liquor, of which probably he will take too much\u2014Fuell\u2014and a hundred other items of which probably he has never estimated, will convince him\u2014-too late perhaps\u2014that he has left a safe & easy birth to embark on a troubled Ocean. where, soon, he may find no rest.\nWhat colour & Sex is the Coach Mare\u2019s Colt with you? Nancy\n(the other Coach Mare) foaled on Whit monday in like manner. Take great care of the one with you. What is become of those mules set apart for my use, & how do they look? let them be kept well. I am Your friend\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0504", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Baltimore Merchants and Traders, 27 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Baltimore Merchants and Traders\nGentlemen\nAt this eventful period when caution must be united with firmness to preserve to the United States the blessings of peace, & at the same time to maintain our rights as an independent nation, it affords me no small degree of satisfaction to find that my endeavours to promote these objects, by declaring the neutrality of the U. States, has met your approbation. While the measures of this Government are taken upon Constitutional ground, & have for their object the public good, it would be injurious to our enlightened Citizens not to rely upon their countenance & support in carrying them into effect.\nGeorge Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0506", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 27 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] May 27\u20141793.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President, (among other papers,) those relating to a commercial treaty with France, and to the reimbursement of the French debt, being translations of the communications of mister Genet on those subjects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0507", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Johann Eckstein, 28 May 1793\nFrom: Eckstein, Johann\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPotsdam [Prussia] 28th May, 1793.\nYou will please to excuse the freedom I take in addressing to you a few lines. I beg leave to make known to you that I am now at Potsdam as carver and portrait painter to the king of Prussia, and as I wish to remove myself with my wife and family to America, I am not without hopes of meeting with encouragement in that country, in my profession, under your patronage.\nAs the expences of travelling, and making a voyage to America are great, I should be extremely happy would your excellency be so kind as to pay my passage to Philadelphia, where I mean to spend the remainder of my days, provided I could meet your approbation. I have a son that understands architecture and Surveying to the greatest degree of perfection. I should be very happy to be enabled to get to America, that the public might have an opportunity of witnessing my ingenuity, in the line of carver and portrait painter. I therefore earnestly beg your excellency would consider my situation, and assist me in paying my passage to Philadelphia. A Letter directed to Mess. Robrahn and Hildebrandt in Hamburgh would Soon reach me. I Subscribe myself\u2014&c.\nJohn Eckstein", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0508", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion on Georgia and the Creek Indians, 29 May 1793\nFrom: Cabinet\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] May 29th 1793\nThe President of the United States having assembled the heads of the respective departments and the attorney General, laid before them for their advice thereon, sundry communications from the Governor of Georgia, and others, relatively to the recent alarming depredations of the creek Indians upon the state of Georgia.\nWhereupon after the subject was maturely considered and discussed it was unanimously advised\n  That the Governor of Georgia be informed that from considerations\nrelative to foreign powers, and the pending treaty with the Northern Indians, it is deemed adviseable for the present, to avoid offensive expeditions into the Indian Country. But from the nature of the late appearances, it is thought expedient to encrease the force to be kept up for defensive purposes. The President therefore authorises, the calling into, and keeping in service, in addition to the troops heretofore stationed in Georgia, one hundred horse, and one hundred infantry, to be employed in repelling inroads as circumstances shall require. As it does not yet appear that the whole nation of the creeks, is engaged in hostility, it is confided that this force will be sufficient for the object designated. The case of a serious invasion of the territory of Georgia, by large bodies of Indians must be referred to the provisions of the constitution. The proceeding with efficacy in future requires absolutely, that no unnecessary Expence should be incurred in the mean time.\nThe above corps of horse to be raised for any period of time not exceeding twelve Months as may be found most practicable, subject to be dismissed at any time sooner as the government may think fit. The infantry to be called into service according to the course of the militia Laws endevoring to secure their continuance in service for the like term.\nThat General Pickens be invited to repair to the seat of Government, for the purpose of information and consultation; a proper compensation for his expences, and loss of time to be allowed.\nThat a further supply of one thousand arms with correspondent accoutrements be forwarded to the state of Georgia. Arms and accoutrements, for the cavalry to be also provided and forwarded.\nThat an agent be sent to the Creeks to endevor to adjust the surrender of those Indians who have lately committed murders on the citizens of Georgia; to conciliate, and secure such of the Indians as may be well disposed to the United States in the event of a war with the Creek nation, and if possible to prevent that extremety.\nTh: Jefferson\nH. Knox\nEdm: Randolph\nAlexandr Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0509", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Arthur Campbell, 29 May 1793\nFrom: Campbell, Arthur\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWashington [County] V[a]. May 29th 1793.\nIf the sentiments of a Society of Whigs, who acted an uniform part in favour of the American Revolution, can be of any use to you, at this singular crisis of political events: I will with pleasure occasionally transmit them.\nThey Say.\n1.\u2003That the death of Louis of France, ought not to be a cause,\nof invasion, of that Country, from other nations, much more, it ought not to be ground of quarrel, or even extraordinary reserve, on the part of the United States.\n2.\u2003That the Treaty of 1778, is obligatory on the Citizens of the United States; if the present authority of France, recognize it unequivocally, in all its parts.\n3.\u2003A reasonable neutrality, seems the wisest policy at present, for America; and when acceptable to any, a friendly offer of its mediation for peace.\n4.\u2003But if we must be made a party in the War, for no other reason, but for paying our debt to the French, and transporting our produce to them. Our choice of Allies, ought to be our old Friends, now republicans.\n5.\u2003Most conclude, that all our negociations with the Indians, will not produce safety to our frontiers, until the hostile Tribes are humbled, by a defeat in their own Country; especially the inimical part of the Southern nations. With every sentiment of Respect, I have the honor to be, Sir, your most Obedient servant\nArthur Campbell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0510", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Townsend Hooe, 29 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hooe, Robert Townsend\nDr Sir,\nPhilada May 29th 1793.\nYour favor of the 23d inst: came to my hands by the Post of yesterday.\nI agree to take your offer for my flour; & will order mister whitting (my manager) to see & make arrangements with you for the delivery in Alexandria of the part which is at my mill. I wish, however,\nas Hay-time & harvest is, or soon will be heavy upon me, it had suited you equally, to have received it at my mill, or in the River opposite thereto.\nI accept your offer, Sir, because I am unable, at present, to attend to the markets, & not because flour has experienced the temporary fall mentioned in your letter of the above-date; for I consider that as no more than the result of a momentary circumstance\u2014it being well known, to me at least\u2014that the real demand for this article in the European markets is encreasing. Want of Vessels to take it off at the moment you wrote might have occasioned a fall\u2014that has been the case here at times, & within a few days it would be up again higher than ever.\nI thank you for the information of Shepherd\u2019s intention to apply to the Court of Loudoun County for the purpose of having some of my Land on Difficult-run condemned for his benefit. I had heard of it before; & on my way to this City last October I wrote a letter to Colo. Powell on the occasion, of which the enclosed is a copy, but having received no acknowledgement thereof I presume it never reached his hands\u2014therefore, if you can aid me in doing what is there required of him, it will be rendering a very acceptable service to, Dr Sir, Yr mot obt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0511", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 29 May 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 29 May 1793. On 2 June, GW wrote Whitting, \u201cYour letter of the 29th Ulto is received.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0512", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 29 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting,\nPhiladelphia May 29th 1793.\nI have consented, in a letter written to Colo. Hooe this day, to accept his offer for all the fine and super-fine flour I have; and\nam to deliver that which is in my Mill, to him in Alexandria. The sooner therefore you set about it the better, as he is to have a certain number of days credit and may (though I do not know that he will) count these from the time of delivery, instead of my acceptance of his offer. Perhaps it might be well for you to see him immediately after this letter gets to your hand, and make arrangements with him for the mode & time of Delivery. The sooner this is done the better, as in his letter to me he mentions his intention of going to Loudoun soon.\nI do not expect the thing, but if you could persuade him to receive the Flour either at the Mill\u2014in the River opposite to it\u2014or aid in getting it up, it wd be very desirable as Hay & Harvest will be on your hands & will press; but neither of these you can insist upon, as by the offer, and my acceptance of it, I am obliged to deliver the flour in Alexa.\u2014and the sooner it is out of your hands the better. I remain your friend\nGo: Washington\nP.S. I have this moment purchased 400 weight of Clover Seed which will go round by a Vessel now up for Alexa.\u27e8\u2014\u27e9but don\u2019t let this prevent you from saving all you can yourself\u2014for these purchases fall very heavy upon me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0513", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 30 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] May 30. 93.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President French copies of the communications of mister Genet on the subject of our debt to France, as they will convey his sense perhaps more faithfully to the Secretary of the treasury should the President think proper to refer them to him. he has changed the expression in the close of the 2d paragraph of the letter to mister Van Berkel, so as to leave less room to doubt but that indemnification\nto the individual may be required should the case require it, as such an indemnification will be an accomodation of our strict right.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0514", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 30 May 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia 30th May 1793\nBe pleased to submit the enclosed letter just received from the Governor of Georgia. Yours\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0517", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Fitzgerald, 31 May 1793\nFrom: Fitzgerald, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria [Va.] May 31st 1793\nI am duly honor\u2019d by the receipt of your Duplicate under Cover of your letter of 24th Inst. since when I have made the most diligent enquiry rispecting the flour & Tobacco, & cannot say any thing more flattering on the Subject than was contain\u2019d in my letter by Saturday\u2019s Post, which I hope you have e\u2019er this received\u2014indeed I have not been actually offer\u2019d more than 31/ & 33/ @ 90 days but I have some hopes that I may get 32/ & 34 if you chuse to accept it.\nThe rainy weather has prevented my getting some of the Merchants to look at a Hhd or two of your Tobacco as I intended but will effect it as soon as the weather will permit\u2014this may (if not tend to a Sale) serve to determine what I mention\u2019d respecting a Removal of it to Georgetown. with sincere personal attachment I have the honor to be Sir your mo. Obedt Hble Servant\nJohn Fitzgerald", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0520", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 31 May 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] May 31st 1793\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to return to the Secretary of State, the draughts & Copies of letters which he sent to the President this day\u2014And to inform the Secretary, that the President is so much indisposed that he does not think he shall be able to meet the Gentlemen at his House tomorrow (the President having had a high fever upon him for 2 or 3 days past, and it still continuing unabated)\u2014he therefore desires that the Secretary of State will request the Attendance of the other Heads of the Departments & the Attorney General at his Office tomorrow, and lay before them, for their consideration &\nopinion, such matters as he would have wished to have brought to their view if they had met at the President\u2019s\u2014and let the President know the results of their deliberations thereon.\nThe President likewise directs T. Lear to send to the Secrety of State the Opinions of the Gentlemen expressed at their last meeting on the subject of Indian Affairs in Georgia, for their signature tomorrow, and to have the blank, which is left therein to limit the time of the service of the troops, filled up.\nAlso a note from the Attorney General relative to certain communications from Baltimore, which the President thinks shd be laid before the Gentlemen.\nTobias Lear.Secretary to the President of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0521", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 31 May 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir.\n[Philadelphia] May 31st 1793\nWill you please to submit to the President of the United States, the enclosed extract of a letter from major Craig, dated at Pittsburg the 24th instant. Your\u2019s sincerely\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0522", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 31 May 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia] 31 May 1793.\nAgreably to the directions of the President of the United States I transmit you the minutes of the proceedings on the 29th instant.\nPlease to inform the President that Colonel Willet declines the preferred Mission to the Creeks, on the ground, that his broken leg will not admit his bearing the fatigues of the Journey. I am Dear Sir Your affectionate humble Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0523", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Citizens of Salem, Massachusetts, 31 May 1793\nFrom: Citizens of Salem, Massachusetts\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nSalem [Mass.] May 31st 1793\nFully and deeply impressed with the wisdom, propriety and policy of the measure, which you have lately adopted in issuing your proclamation, wherein it is declared that the duty and interest of the united States require, that they should with sincerity, and good faith adopt and pursue a conduct, friendly and impartial\ntowards the Belligerent powers therein mentioned; And Contemplating with heartfelt sorrow The Calamities and distresses of Mankind invariably accompanying and necessarily incident to a State of War, and at the same time viewing with the most pleasing and grateful emotions the happy and flourishing situation of these States, under the present excellent constitution, in the administration of which so much is due to your integrity, impartiality and wisdom ever watchful to promote the true interests of the Citizens thereof.\nWe the Freeholders & other Inhabitants of the Town of Salem in Massachusetts, legally & duly met in town Meeting, cannot refrain from thus unanimously expressing to you the pleasure & Satisfaction, which we received on Seeing that proclamation; And are induced to take the earliest Opportunity of Assuring you, of our fixed, and determined resolution of strictly complying with its object, and discountenancing and discouraging the attempts of all persons, who regardless of their duty, & willing to injure the true interests of these States, shall Act in any Manner contrary to the injunctions therein contained; And permit us further to add, that from our knowledge of the Sentiments of our fellow Citizens in this part of our Common Country, We have no doubt, that the watchfulness, and paternal care, of the Supreme Magistrate, of the united States, aided, & assisted by the exertions of the peaceable, and good Citizens thereof, will effectually prevent the Smallest deviations from the Strictest Neutrality, will restore, preserve, and keep our infant Republick in the cheering and fostering bosom of peace, And make and continue us the friends and brothers of the great family of Mankind.\nCommittee in behalf and by Order of the Town of Salem\n            Elias Hasket Derby\n            Edward Augustus Holyoke\n            George Dodge\n            William Gray jur\n            Ebenr Beckford\n            Benja. Pickman\n            Joseph White\n            Elias Hasket Derby Junr\n            William Orne\n            Jerath[mee]l Peirce\n            John Norris\n            Jona. Ingersoll\n            Joshua Ward\n            Jacob Ashton\n            Simon Forrister\n            Joseph Sprague", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0524", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Warner Washington III, 31 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, Warner III\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\n[Philadelphia] May 31st 93\nIf I was not convinced of your benevolence from the consent of every one, I should not dare apply to you with the history of an embarrasment I am under. Without preface then, I am to inform you, that in consequence of not having heard from home (from What accident or miscarriage I am at a loss to decide) for almost five months\u2014I have contracted a number of debts, which are urged against me for immediate payment, in so much, that a Quaker, with whom I lodged has threaten\u2019d me with a prosecution\u2014and a tradesman with a warrant. I am in this City\u2014a Student of medicine with Dr Rush\u2014but without any kind of connection with, or dependance on, any one\u2014to whom I can make this application if your generosity rejects me; if, therefore, Sir, you will have the goodness to advance me the Sum of 300 Dollars\u2014you will release me from a situation the most distresing\u2014and I will return it with Certainty, when ever my father enables me to do so.\nDr Rush (every one) can witness for me that those I mention (a very small portion excepted) are not debts of extravagance\u2014and those\u2014not of criminality.\nI am, I believe personally unknown to you, and I blush\u2014that\nI am So, for I believe you knew my Grandfather, and I have often heard him speak of you in terms of the highest respect.\nYou will easily believe that nothing but the most urgent and immediate necessity could have forced me to this step\u2014and I made the application to you in preference to all Men, first because, it was my hope you would be the most ready\u2014next my father to relieve me, and, Next because I have the honor to be your countryman.\nYour own delicacy\u2014Sir, will dictate how much you will add to the obligation, by not comminicating this. I am Sir\u2014with every Sentiment of Esteem and veneration for the virtues of your character\u2014Your Most Obt Servt\nWarner Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0525", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 31 May 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 31 May 1793. GW, in his letter to Whitting of 9 June, wrote that \u201cI have received your letters of the 31st of May & 5th instant.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0526", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel A. Otis, Jr., May 1793\nFrom: Otis, Samuel A. Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nCape Francois [Saint Domingue] May 1793\nImpress\u2019d with the most perfect sense of your every attention to the interests of the Citizens of America, in every part of the world I am induced to observe that in the present state of European Politics, the appointment of Consul from the United States to the Island of St Domingo, would be of great benefit to the Commercial interests of America: should you in your wisdom be pleased to take this subject into consideration I take the liberty to observe that from a residence of seven years and a commercial establishment of two years in this place, I am induced to\nsolicit the appointment above mention\u2019d, with assurances that should you in your wisdom see proper to grant my request, my every exertion shall be used to prove myself worthy of th[e] confidence reposed in me, and of the honor of subscribing myself with Sentiments of respe[ct] and Gratitude Sir Your respectful, and very humble Se[rvt]\nSaml. A. Otis J[r.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-12-02-0527", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Augustine Washington, May 1793 [letter not found]\nFrom: Washington, William Augustine\nTo: Washington, George\n  Letter not found: from William Augustine Washington, May 1793. GW wrote Anthony Whitting on 2 June that \u201cColo. Washington wrote to me a few days ago\u201d to report that \u201cone load of lime & two of Shells\u201d had been delivered.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0001", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Cabinet, 1 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Cabinet\nSir,\n[Philadelphia] June 1st 1793.\nThe propriety of sending an agent among the Chicasaws & Choctaws\u2014talk of, but not resolved on the other day\u2014may undergo further consideration at your present meeting; and a decision come to for, or against the measure.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0002", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion on French Privateers, 1 June 1793\nFrom: Cabinet\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, 1 June 1793]\nOn the letters & papers from Genl Williams & Colo. Smith. It is the opinion that the writers be informed that with respect to vessels armed & equipped in the ports of the U.S. before notice to the contrary was given, the President is taking measures for obliging them to depart from the ports of the U.S. and that all such equipments in future are forbidden: but that as to the prizes taken by them, no power less than that of the legislature can prohibit their sale. that as the Attorney General is to pass through Baltimore shortly, it is better that this answer be given verbally by him, any other gentleman being free to do the same in writing in his private capacity. also that they be informed that measures are taken for punishing such citizens as have engaged in hostilities by sea against nations at peace with the U.S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0003", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion on Sending an Agent to the Choctaws, 1\u20135 June 1793\nFrom: Cabinet,Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n [Philadelphia] June 1[\u20135]. 1793.\nThat an Agent be sent to the Choctaw nation to endeavor secretly to engage them to support the Chickasaws in their present\nwar with the Creeks, giving them for that purpose arms and ammunition sufficient: and that it be kept in view that if we settle our differences amicably with the Creeks, we at the same time mediate effectually the peace of the Chickasaws & Choctaws, so as to rescue the former from the difficulties in which they are engaged, and the latter from those into which we may have been instrumental in engaging them.\nTh: Jefferson H. Knox\nAltho\u2019 I approve of the general policy of employing Indians against Indians; yet I doubt greatly, whether it ought to be exercised under the particular existing circumstances with Spain; who may hold herself bound to take the part of the Creeks, and criminate the U.S. for some degree of insincerity.\nEdm: Randolph.\nMy judgment ballanced a considerable time on the proposed measure; but it has at length decided against it, and very materially on the ground that I do not think the U. States can honorably or morally or with good policy embark the Chocktaws in the War, without a determination to extricate them from the consequences even by force. Accordingly it is proposed that in settling our differences with the Creeks, \u201cwe mediate effectually the peace of the Chickesaws and Choctaws\u201d which I under\u27e8stand\u27e9 to mean, that we are to insist with the Creeks o\u27e8n\u27e9 such terms of peace for them a[s] shall appear to us equitable, and if refused will exert ourse\u27e8lves\u27e9 to procure them by arms. I am unwilling, all circumstances foreign and domestic considered, to embarrass the Government, with such an obligati\u27e8on\u27e9.\nAlex. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0004", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 1 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nPhiladelphia June 1st 1793\nTo call upon Mr Hammond without further delay for the result of the reference to his Court concerning the surrender of the Western Posts\u2014or to await the decision of the trial at Richmond on the subject of British debts before it be done, is a question on which my mind has been divided for sometime.\nIf your own judgment is not clear in favor of one, or the other, it is my desire, as the heads of the Departments are now together, that you would take their opinion thereupon, & act accordingly.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0005", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 2 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whiting,\nPhiladelphia June 2d 1793.\nYour letter of the 29th Ulto is received.\nIt gives me pain to find by it, that the Rains which you have had has gullied the fields more than they were. I wish, as I did on former information of this kind, that, if it be practicable, these breaches could be repaired, always, as soon as they happen. Unless this is done, in time, they grow worse & worse, until the fields are disfigured, and in a manner ruined by them.\nIf you have had as much rain with you, as has been here the week past, your apprehensions on acct of the Wheat will have undergone no diminution: for I think the Sun has not been seen here since Monday last\u2014raining more or less the whole time, with the wind invariably at East. Is there any danger of the grain lodging? that is the case here. I am affraid Rust will get among it also.\nDoes your Corn stand well, and grow fast? and have you been able with so much wet to keep it clean?\nIt is the duty of the Miller, the moment he has closed his annual Manufacture, to render me an exact Acct thereof; & this, let him\nknow I expect he will do without delay, & with exactitude, with his signature annexed to it. Charging the Mill with every bushel of Wheat that has been received into it, & from whence; and at the Alexandria price for large Crops: & crediting it with all the Superfine & fine flour that has been made; the first at 34/. & the other at 32/. pr barl\u2014with all the Midlings, Shipstuff, Shorts & Bran, at what they have actually sold\u2014or would sell for. Such an Acct as this, is the only true criterian by which to decide whether I have gained or lost by Manufacturing my Crop. The trial of 100 bushels was only for an experiment, to enable me to judge before hand, whether it would have been best to have sold, or manufactured my Wheat. Nor is cleaning of it in the manner you speak of, a way to make the experiment a fair one. A hundd bushels of such Wheat as would have been indisputably merchantable in Alexandria, without extra: cleaning to bring it to 60 lbs. pr bushl or any other given weight, ought to have been the exact quality for this experiment; because every oz. of this, whether shrivelled or light, dust or what not, would have gone into the measure, & so much pr Bushl or pr lb. would have been allowed for it at that place; whereas if you extract all this & make up the quantity afterwards 100 bushls, the profit by Manufacturing will unquestionably appear greater than it is in reallity: because what is blown away by the different operations for cleaning in the Mill is a deduction from the Wheat if Sold in grain, and no addition to it when manufactured. I mention this to guard you against deception in the experiment you were about to make with the 100 bushls (cleaned in the manner you speak of) which you had prepar\u2019d for grinding. Repeating again, that to ascertain this point now, or at any time hereafter, the Wheat with which the experiment is made, should receive no other cleaning than such as to give it a good character with the Mercht; if sold in grain; because all that is blown out of it at the Mill is lost; unless the Millers Poultry, or my Hogs derive a benefit from it.\nIn my last I informed you of my intention of sending the spike nails from hence. These, with a Tonn of Iron, Medicines, & several other things will go by the first Vessel that will sail after I receive your answer to the queries therein contained.\nWhen Reuben finishes the work he is now engaged in, have his trowel taken from him & put into the Store\u2014The same might be done with Mucluss at least if not Davis or I shall have new ones\nto buy whenever they engage in fresh work; for these things, if not lost or stolen, are frequently sold for their own emolument. How does the brick work of the New Barn advance? Is the whole wall raised equally? and in that case, how many course of Brick is it up?\nPerhaps it might have been better if the Shells were good, & at the landing, to have taken them; unless you were under engagements to the first man\u2014because, if they are removed out of the tides way, & the washings of the Road, they will receive no injury from time; & the plague we have had hitherto to get any, & the expense of Stone lime which I have been driven to the necessity of buying at an enormous price, would make one wish to avoid the like difficulties again. Colo. Washington wrote to me a few days ago, informing me that the man he had engaged to supply me, had delivered one load of lime & two of Shells, about, as he supposed, 500 bushls each load; & wished to know how many more I should want; adding, that Branson (I think that is the mans name) complains that 25/ for live Shells as good as his, was not enough: wanting 27/6 for what he might thereafter deliver. I answered, if the shells were really live ones & good, I should not stand for the difference; & thought one load more might answer all my purposes; but you may take two according to the experience you have had of the consumption to the 1000 bricks\u2014and perhaps it had better be done at all events as a store of what can neither waste nor spoil, will be no sore.\n I am not, from recollection, able to find out what Green is sawing Plank\u27e8s\u27e9 for. If my memory serves me, all the Plank for the New Barn was to have been purchased\u2014except the 2\u00bd Inch square pieces for the treading floor. Worthless as he is, I am sorry to hear of the accident that has happended to him\u2014& hope, however, appearances might have been at the time, that he will not, ultimately, loose more than the finger; which you say is actually off.\nPerceiving by the Reports that the Ditchers have been employed in repairing the Post & Rail fence from the Tumbling Dam to the Mill, I hope they have done it well. It is the only attonement they have it in their power to make me for the villainous manner in which it was done at first; & for which they ought to have been severely punished; but no more so than him, under whose Superintendence they worked.\nHaving my Book of Accts with me, I find Wm Gray stands regularly charged with the Rents; but I find also, that by the Settlement made the 5th of October last, by my deceased Nephew, in which he (Gray) is credited for all his work\u2014for fowls &ca up to the 13th of Septr\u2014that he was indebted to me at \u00a313.15.11. besides some expence for Slays over & above the money he gave Osborne to buy them with. I mention this matter, because, it is more than probable he will not be the first to do it himself; but under your supposed unacquaintedness with the fact, will be applying for money as fast, & to the amount of his weaving, without ever casting an eye back\u2014or thinking of paying off old scores with it.\nI never was more surprized than to find only 1457 lbs. of wool from the Shearing of 568 Sheep (2\u00bd pound pr Fleece only). From the beginning of the year 1784 when I returned from the Army, until Shearing time of 1788, I improved the breed of my Sheep so much by buying, & selecting the best formed, & most promising Rams & putting them to my best Ewes\u2014by keeping them always well culled & clean\u2014and by other attentions\u2014that they averaged me as will appear by Mr Lears Acct (my present Secretary, and) who then lived with me, rather over than under five pounds of washed wool each. And in the year 1789, being requested by Mr Arthur Young to send him a fleece of my Wool, I desired my Nephew to see that Mr Bloxham took one from a Sheep of average appearance at Shearing time, & send it to New York where I then was, to be forwarded to that Gentleman. This was accordingly done & weighed 5\u00bc. How astonished must I be then at the miserable change that has taken place since; and but for the caution I gave you to guard against the roguery of my Negros who, formerly, have been detected in similar practices; I should have concluded at once that between the time of taking the Wool from the Sheep & the delivery of it into your hands a very large toll indeed had been taken from each fleece; for I do not suppose (for fear of detection) that whole fleeces would be taken; the number from each Farm being known. I hope, and expect they will be got up again to their former standard, as I know it to be practicable with care and attention to do it; particularly with respect to the Rams. It is painful to receive no report unaccompanied with the death of some of these Animals; and I believe No Man is more unlucky in the deaths, or in the\nAccidents to Horses than I am; for I am continually loosing them by one means or another.\nColo. Fitzgerald has been obliging enough to tell me, that if, at any time, you should need information in any matter that he can aid you, he will give it with great pleasure. As he is a well informed Man & an old acquaintance of mine, I wish you to avail yourself of his offer. With respect to my Tobacco, he is of opinion, that if it is of the quality I am taught to believe it to be\u2014was put up dry\u2014and looked well when last examined\u2014that I had better remove it to the Inspection at George town at which, if it would pass, I might expect 40 prCt more than where it is\u2014I have answered, that I would desire you to call on him the first time you go to Alexandria with such information on these several points as you may know yourself & can obtain from those who Inspected it in the first instance & have examined it since. These Facts ought to be well ascertained before any attempt be made to remove the Tobacco\u2014for the Inspectors at George town are very strict, and no Tobacco that is not of a good quality\u2014well handled\u2014& put up dry will pass\u2014I ought therefore to be pretty certain that mine will stand these tests; otherwise I should get out of the frying pan into the fire.\nBy the reports (if I mistake not) the Roan\u2014or which may perhaps distinguish her more clearly\u2014the Mad Mare, has had a Mule Colt this Spring; but I do not know whether it is by the Young Jack or the Knight of Malta, nor is it very material if the colour suits. This with the Spring Mules from the two Coach Mares, must promise three very fine ones; if a fourth of proper colour from a good, & well looking Mare either of this or the last Spring can be selected, it is my wish that every possible care be taken of them and their dams, to keep the first in the highest order. Has the lame Chariot Mare (left at home two years ago, & now I believe at River Farm) a Colt? from her one would be valuable\u2014There is another valuable Mare wch I have drove, & I believe is at the Mansion Ho. that must furnish a good Colt if she has any[.] I request also that those whh were selected last year may meet with proper care and attention, as I am exceedingly anxious to get a set to drive, but fear I never shall, for it appears to me, as if they were converted to the Plow as soon as they arrive at the age of three, and I left to have recourse to a younger set,\nand so on; which practice, if continued must cut me out for ever. I wish you well and am Your friend\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0007", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\n[Philadelphia] 3d June 1793.\nThe question of admitting modifications of the debt of the U.S. to France, having been the subject of consultation with the heads of the Departments & the Attorney General, and an unanimous opinion given thereon which involves the enclosed propositions from the French Minister, you will be pleased, under the form of a report to me, to prepare what may serve as an Answer, making it conformable to the opinion already given.\nGo. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0008", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt 3d June 1793.\nThe failure of the late enterprize against the United Netherlands may be expected to have made a favourable alteration, in regard to the prospects of obtaining Loans there for the United States. Such an expectation is also countenanced by a late letter from our bankers at Amsterdam, which however as yet gives no certainty, that can be a basis of operation.\nThe existing instructions from this Department to mister Short do not extend beyond two millions of florins. A comprehensive view of the affairs of the United States, in various relations, appears to me to recommend a still further loan, if obtainable. Yet I do not think it adviseable to take the step, by virtue of the general powers from you, without your special approbation; particularly as there is little probability that the loan can be effected on better terms than five per Cent Interest and four per cent charges. The further loan which I should contemplate, would embrace 3,000,000 of florins. With perfect respect I am &c.\nA. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0009", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] June 3. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson has the honour to inclose to the President a letter from the Director of the Mint, containing a general statement of the expenditure of the last monies furnished, & an application of a further sum of 5000. D.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0010", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] June 3. 93.\nTh: Jefferson respectfully submits to the President the draught of a letter to mister Hammond on the subject of the prizes taken by the Charleston privateers. Mr Randolph has read & approved it. he has had no opportunity of communicating it to the Secretaries\nof the Treasury & War. the former is still prevented from coming to town by the situation of his family.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0011", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Veritas, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Veritas (pseudonym)\nTo: Washington, George\nNo. II.\nTo the PRESIDENT of the UNITED STATES.\nSIR,\nIN countries where the people have little or no share in the government, (as in Great Britain for instance) it is not uncommon for the executive to act in direct opposition to the will of the nation. It is to be hoped that the practice of apeing the absurd and tyrannical systems of Britain, though already carried to an alarming extent in this country, will never proceed so far, as to induce our executive to try the vain experiment of officially opposing the national will. An attempt of this kind, at present, would be scouted with deserved contempt, and bring ruin on its author; and such must continue to be the case, unless government shall be able to establish so much corrupt influence as, with the aid of bayonet-logic, will be sufficient to support it, in defiance of the people.\nHad you, Sir, before you ventured to issue a proclamation which appears to have given much uneasiness, consulted the general sentiments of your fellow-citizens, you would have found\nthem, from one extremity of the Union to the other, firmly attached to the cause of France. You would not have found them disposed to consider it as a \u201cduty\u201d to forget their debt of gratitude to the French nation; or to view with unconcern, the maganimous efforts of a faithful ally, to baffle the infernal projects of those despots who have confederated for the purpose of crushing her infant liberty. Neither would you have found them so far divested of the feelings of men as to treat with \u201cimpartiality,\u201d and equal \u201cfriendship,\u201d those tigers, who so lately deluged our country with the blood of thousands, and the men who generously flew to her rescue and became her deliverers. No, Sir\u2014had even no written treaty existed between France and the United States, still would the strongest ties of amity have united the people of both nations; still would the republican citizens of America have regarded Frenchmen, contending for liberty, as their brethren; still would they have sympathized with them in their misfortunes, and have exulted in their success. Such, unquestionably, is the disposition of the generality of the people of the United States with respect to the French revolution. To such a people it would have been a pleasing circumstance, to have been able to discover in the proclamation a recognition of the treaties with France. That so little attention has been paid to the clamours which have arisen on this subject, in various parts of the Union, is to be lamented by every friend to the general government. Had you, Sir, considered the importance of retaining your popularity, you would, perhaps, have listened to the murmurs of the citizens; and have deigned to give them such explanations as might appear necessary to clear up the doubts which yet distract their minds. If this would have been descending too far, the secretary might have been authorized to satisfy the doubts or correct the mistakes of the people.\nIt ought never to be forgotten by our magistrates, that popular opinion is the basis of our government; and that when any public measure is not well understood, it would be by no means degrading to the authors of that measure, however exalted their station, to explain. Let me intreat you, Sir, to deal candidly with the people; and, without loss of time, to remove their anxiety, by informing them whether it is intended that the treaties with France are to be observed or not.\nI am aware, Sir, that some court-satellites may have deceived you, with respect to the sentiments of your fellow citizens. The first magistrate of a country, whether he be called a king or a president, seldom knows the real state of the nation, particularly if he be so much buoyed up by official importance, as to think it beneath his dignity to mix occasionally with the people. Let me caution you, Sir, to beware that you do not view the state of the public mind, at this critical moment, through a fallacious medium. Let not the little buzz of the aristocratic few, and their contemptible minions, of speculators, tories, and British emissaries, be mistaken for the exalted and general voice of the American people. The spirit of 1776 is again roused; and soon shall be mushroom-lordlings of the day, the enemies of American as well as French liberty, be taught that American whigs of 1776, will not suffer French patriots of 1792, to be vilified with impunity, by the common enemies of both.\nVERITAS.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0015", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 4 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] June 4. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President the draught of a letter to mister Pinckney. also the paper sent to him for the signatures now put to it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0017", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Warner Washington III, 4 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Warner III\nSir,\nPhilada 4th June 1793.\nI have been too much indisposed since the receipt of your letter of the 31st ulto to give it an earlier acknowledgment.\nPlacing, as you do, the want of supplies to some interruption of the communication with your father, I promise, if you will entrust a letter to him under my cover, that it shall reach his hands in ten days from the date.\nI prefer doing this to advancing money myself (even if the latter was convenient for me)\u2014first, because I have good reasons to\nbelieve that the allowance made you, by your father, is as much as he conceives necessary, or as can reasonably be afforded by him\u2014beyond which your expenditures ought not to extend. and secondly, because I think there would be an impropriety in the act of another to furnish the means for a young man to exceed these limits. I am &c.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0018", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 5 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\n[Philadelphia, 5 June 1793]\nThe Secretary of the Treasury left the enclosed to day (without my seeing him) and is to call to morrow morning to know how it is approved, or what alterations to make.\nWhether to assign, or not to assign reasons for non-complying with the French Ministers proposals in one question\u2014and the footing on which to decline doing it another\u2014I wish you to consider these & if it is not convenient for you to take Breakfast\nwith me at half past Seven tomorrow\u2014to send in the Report, with your sentiments thereon by that time. I sent to your Office for this purpose to day but you had just left the City. Yours always\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0019-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 5 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n   [Philadelphia] 5th June 1793\n   Th: Jefferson with his respects to the President has the honor to enclose him the answer to his note of yesterday. Should any article of it need explanation, he will be at the orders of the President for that purpose to do it either verbally or in writing.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0019-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure Thomas Jefferson\u2019s First Opinion on a New Foreign Loan, 5 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n [Philadelphia] June 5. 1793.\n Instructions having been given to borrow 2. millions of florins in Holland, & the Secretary of the Treasury proposing to open a further loan of 3. millions of florins, which he says \u201ca comprehensive view of the affairs of the U.S. in various relations, appears to him to recommend,\u201d the President is pleased to ask Whether I see any objections to the proposition?\n The power to borrow money is confided to the President by the two acts of the 4th & 12th of Aug. 90. and the monies, when borrowed, are appropriated to two purposes only; to wit, the 12. millions, to be borrowed under the former, are appropriated\n to discharge the arrears of interest & instalments of the foreign debt; & the 2. millions, under the latter, to the purchase of the public debt, under direction of the Trustees of the sinking fund.\n These appropriations render very simple the duties of the President in the discharge of this trust. he has only to look to the payment of the foreign debt, & purchase, of the general one. and in order to judge for himself of the necessity of the loan proposed for effecting these two purposes, he will need from the Treasury the following statements.\n A. a Statement of the Nett amount of the loans already made under these acts, adding to that the 2,000,000 florins, now in a course of being borrowed. this will form the Debet of the Trust.\n The Credit side of the account will consist of the following statements, to wit.\n B. Amount of the Principal & Interest of foreign debt, paid & payable, to the close of 1792.\n C. do payable to the close of 1793.\n D. do payable to the close of 1794 (for I think our preparations should be a year beforehand.)\n E. Amount of monies necessary for the Sinking fund to the end of 1794.\n If the amount of the 4. last articles exceeds the 1st it will prove a further loan necessary, & to what extent The Treasury alone can furnish these statements with perfect accuracy. but to shew that there is probable cause to go into the examination, I will hazard a statement from materials, which tho\u2019 perhaps not perfectly exact, are not much otherwise.\n By this statement, it would seem as if all the paiments to France, hitherto made & ordered, would not quite acquit the year 1792. so that we have never yet been clear of arrears to her.\n The amount of the French debt is stated according to the Convention, & the Interest is calculated accordingly. Interest on the 10. million loan is known to have been paid for the years 84. 85. and is therefore deducted. it is not known whether it was paid on the same loan for years 86. 7. 8. 9. previous to the payment of Dec. 3. 1790. or whether it was included in that paiment. therefore this is not deducted. but if in fact it was paid before that day, it will then have lessened the debt so much, to\n  wit, 400,000 livres a year for 4. years, making 1,600,000\u20b6 = 290,400. D. which soon would put us in advance near half of the instalments of 1793. note: livres are estimated at 18 15/100 cents proposed by the Secretary of the Treasury to the French ministry, as the rate of conversion.\n This uncertainty with respect to the true state of our account with France, & the difference of the result from what has been understood, shews that the gentlemen, who are to give opinions on this subject must do it in the dark; & suggests to the President the propriety of having an exact statement of the account with France communicated to them, as the ground on which they are to give opinions. it will probably be material in that about to be given on the late application of mister Genet, on which the Secretary of the Treasury is preparing a report.\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0020", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 5 June 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir,\n[Philadelphia] 5th June 1793\nI have just received by Jasper Parish The interpreter the enclosed letters from the Commissioners at Niagara, informing of\nthe postponement of the treaty for a month at least. please to submit them to The President of the U. States. Yours truly\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0021", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anthony Whitting, 5 June 1793\nFrom: Whitting, Anthony\nTo: Washington, George\n Letter not found: from Anthony Whitting, 5 June 1793. GW wrote Whitting on 9 June, acknowledging receipt of \u201cyour letters of the 31st of May & 5th instant.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0022", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Donald, 6 June 1793\nFrom: Donald, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nMonblon June 6th 1793\nWill your Exellancy Permitt a fourty years agoe Aquentance to Sollicate your notice of the bearer Mr Jas D. Smith (my Nephew) who has been for some years an Inhabitant of your Province, and who I belive Intends removeing to your City of Washington, where under your Paternage I flatter myself he may push his way in your Riseing States, much better then I was able after a Seventeen years residance.\nMy first Aquantance with Your Exellancy was at our Mutuall Werthy friend Governour Dinwiddies on your return from the Ohio in I think 1751 or 2 and next day I had the Honour\nof your Compy to my residance at Pages in Hanover County, and was afterwards often in your Compy at Wmburg untill I left the Country with the Governours Family in the year 1758\u2014all of whom are now dead except little Beckie who is married to a Mr Hamilton and resides in London. I want words to Apolegise for this Freedom and have the Honour to be with Unspeakable Esteem & regard Your Exellancy most obedient and most Faithfull humble Servant\nRobert Donald", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0023", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 6 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nPhiladelphia 6. June 1793.\nUpon a mature consideration of your communication to me of the 3d instant, recommending a still further Loan in Holland, if obtainable, to the amount of 3,000,000 florins\u2014and stating, that in case the recommendation should meet my ideas, my special approbation thereof would be proper, I have thought it necessary, in order to make the subject clear to my mind before any steps are taken in it, to request you to give me information on the following points\u2014vizt.\n1st\u2014whether all the monies, borrowed under the Acts of the 4. & 12. of Augt 1790, have been expended, on their respective objects? If not, what is the balance?\n2d\u2014Under which of the two Laws do you propose that a loan should be opened?\n3d\u2014If under one, or the other, or both, what is the balance remaining unborrowed, of the two sums allowed to be borrowed?\n4th. To what use is the money, proposed to be borrowed, to be applied?\nGo. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0024", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 6 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[Philadelphia] June 6. 1793.\nI cannot but think that to decline the propositions of mister Genet on the subject of our debt, without assigning any reasons at all, would have a very dry and unpleasant aspect indeed. we are then to examine what are our good reasons for the refusal, which of them may be spoken out, & which may not. 1. want of confidence in the continuance of the present form of government, and consequently, that advances to them might commit us with their successors. this cannot be spoken out. 2. since they propose to take the debt in produce, it would be better for us that it should be done in moderate masses yearly, than all in one year. this cannot be professed. 3. when M. de Calonne was minister of finance, a Dutch company proposed to buy up the whole of our debt, by dividing it into actions or shares. I think mister Claviere, now minister of finance, was their agent. it was observed to M. de Calonne that to create such a mass of American paper, divide it into shares, and let them deluge the market, would depreciate them, the rest of our paper, and our credit in general. that the credit of a nation was a delicate and\nimportant thing & should not be risked on such an operation. M. de Calonne, sensible of the injury of the operation to us, declined it. in May 1791, there came, thro\u2019 mister Otto, a similar proposition from Schweizer, Jeanneret & co. we had a representation on the subject from mister Short, urging this same reason strongly. it was refered to the Secretary of the Treasury, who in a letter to yourself assigned the reasons against it, and there were communicated to mister Otto, who acquiesced in them. this objection then having been sufficient to decline the proposition twice before, & having been urged to the two preceding forms of government (the antient & that of 1791) will not be considered by them as founded in objections to the present form. 4. the law allows the whole debt to be paid only on condition it can be done on terms advantageous to the U.S. the minister foresees this objection & thinks he answers it by observing the advantage which the paiment in produce will occasion. it would be easy to shew that this was not the sort of advantage the legislature meant, but a lower rate of interest. 5. I cannot but suppose that the Secretary of the Treasury, much more familiar than I am with the money operations of the treasury, would on examination be able to derive practical objections from them. we pay to France but 5. per cent. the people of this country would never subscribe their money for less than 6. if to remedy this, obligations at less than 5. per cent were offered & accepted by mister Genet, he must part with them immediately at a considerable discount to indemnify the loss of the 1. per cent: and at a still greater discount to bring them down to par with our present 6. per cents: so that the operation would be equally disgraceful to us & losing to them &c. &c. &c.\nI think it very material myself to keep alive the friendly sentiments of that country as far as can be done without risking war, or double payment. if the instalments falling due in this year can be advanced, without incurring those dangers, I should be for doing it. we now see by the declaration of the Prince of Saxe-Cobourg on the part of Austria & Prussia that the ultimate point they desire is to restore the constitution of 1791. were this even to be done before the pay-days of this year, there is no doubt in my mind but that that government (as republican as the present except in the form of it\u2019s executive) would confirm an advance so moderate in sum & time. I am sure the nation of\nFrance would never suffer their government to go to war with us for such a bagatelle, & the more surely if that bagatelle shall have been granted by us so as to please and not to displease the nation; so as to keep their affections engaged on our side. so that I should have no fear in advancing the instalments of this year at epochs convenient to the treasury. but at any rate should be for assigning reasons for not changing the form of the debt. these thoughts are very hastily thrown on paper, as will be but too evident\u2014I have the honor to be with sentiments of sincere attachment & respect, Sir Your most obedient & most humble sert\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0025", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Veritas, 6 June 1793\nFrom: Veritas (pseudonym)\nTo: Washington, George\nNo. III.\nTo the PRESIDENT of the UNITED STATES.\nSIR,\nAT this momentous crisis of our public affairs, when solemn treaties and the sacred rights of American citizens seem to be openly violated, it were treason against the dearest interests of America not to warn her first magistrate to shut his ears against the whispers of servile adulation, and to listen to the solemn admonitions of patriotic truth. Let not, I beseech you, the opiate of sycophancy, administered by interested and designing men, lull you into a fatal lethargy at this awful moment. Consider that a first magistrate in every country is no other than a public servant, whose conduct is to be governed by the will of the people, as expressed in their constitution and laws.\nThe legality of your proclamation I do not now propose to investigate, but permit me to ask, if a proclamation was justifiable and proper in 1793, was it not equally so in 1792, when several European powers were actually engaged in a war? If so, why was it deferred till Great-Britain became a party? I believe such answers could not be given to these questions as would be perfectly satisfactory to the public. It is but too evident that the conduct of our government, with respect to that of Great-Britain has for some years past been shamefully pusillanimous. For ten years has that haughty nation held possession of posts in our territory, in open violation of treaty, as if we were tributary provinces. Whether our government has demanded them, and been insultingly refused, are facts with which the American public have not been made acquainted. It is to be hoped that our public councils have not been duped into any disgraceful negociation, respecting the American posts occupied by the British. If they have, let the infamous transaction be divulged. If they have not,\nlet them publish the truth for the satisfaction of the public, and in vindication of their own conduct. Let government ever avoid the narrow policy which involves in mystery the acts of public men, which ever creates distrust in the minds of the people, and is only fit to be practised by magistrates the most corrupt and worthless. Should the people be much longer kept in the dark on this subject, it would not be surprizing if they took the law into their own hands (as Ethan Allen and his Green mountain boys did in 1775) and wipe off the disgrace of the nation by driving the invaders from our country. I forbear to enlarge further on this disgraceful theme.\nSince my last letter was written, I have learned with regret, that those citizens who complained that our treaties with France were violated by the proclamation, construed it rightly. It seems that our courts are to take cognizance of the legality or illegality of prizes brought into our ports by the French cruisers; an intermeddling expressly prohibited by treaty\u2014Permit me to ask, Sir, whether you consider yourself vested with legal powers to annul solemn treaties by proclamation?\nI have also been informed that two men, formerly citizens of the United States, but lately in the service of France, have been seized and thrown into jail, to be tried by our laws, for a violation of the neutrality, declared in your proclamation. This is an important question indeed, whether we view it as an insult to France, or as an infringement of those rights which it is presumed every American citizen possesses, of entering the service or becoming the citizens of a foreign nation whenever he thinks proper: questions, these, which I shall not now discuss. I shall only remark, that, in my opinion, an American on entering into the service of any of the belligerent powers, puts himself beyond the jurisdiction as well as out of the protection of the United States.\nBut notwithstanding all our endeavours to curry favour with Great-Britain, it is evident that she despises our professions and acts of neutrality. We are informed by the public prints that, in open violation of the rights of neutral nations she has determined to seize vessels bound for France, though they may have no contraband articles on board; and that no neutral vessel which has cleared out from a French port, is to be admitted into a British port. Will not this, together with the retention of the\nWestern Posts, serve to convince Americans of the hostile views of Great-Britain;\nI conclude, Sir, by cautioning you not to take all upon your own shoulders at this critical juncture. Let the representatives of the people, who can alone express the national will, be speedily convened and let all branches of the government unite their councils and their efforts for the promotion of the public good.\nVERITAS.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0028", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 8 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt 8th June 1793.\nI have the honor to send you a report on the communication from the Minister plenipotentiary of France respecting the reimbursement of the residue of the Debt of the United States to that Country, altered in conformity to your desire; and to be with perfect respect &c.\nAlexandr Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0031", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Thornton, 8 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Thornton, William\n[Philadelphia] Saturday 8th June 1793.\nThe President of the United States is much obliged by Doctr Thornton\u2019s polite attentions, and prays him to accept his thanks for the Treatise on the Elements of written language.\nThe President is sorry to hear of the Doctors indisposition. A speedy and perfect recovery is wished.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0032", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Clinton, 9 June 1793\nFrom: Clinton, George\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York 9th June 1793\nHaving received Information last evening from Thomas Randall Esquire Master Warden of this Port and through other Channels, that a sloop was equipped, armed and manned in this Harbor and ready to sail, and that there were reasons to suspect that she was intended to act as a Privateer under a Commission from one of the Belligerent Powers of Europe, I, in consequence of your request signified to me in a Letter from the Secretary of War, dated the 24th of last Month, ordered a small detachment of militia on Board with Directions to detain her until you should be notified of the Circumstances of the Case, & your Determination thereon obtained.\nIn addition to the Information which Your Excellency will receive on this Subject from the enclosed Papers, I have only to add, that it appears to me that the Vessel detained is a Sloop lately named the Polly belonging to a Mr Nobel of Hudson and others and by them transferred to a French Citizen residing in this Place\u2014That she is now called the Republican and commanded by Citizen Orset a French Captain, and I have Reason to believe that a Part of the Crew were French Sailors; but as all, except one Man, were on Shore when she was boarded by my Directions, I cannot, as to this particular, decide with any degree of certainty.\nIt may not be improper to mention, that to justify my employing the Militia in this Business, I conceive it necessary that they should be explicitly considered as called into actual Service under the Authority of the United States. I am with great Respect Your most Obedient Servant\nGeo: Clinton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0033", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Anthony Whitting, 9 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whitting, Anthony\nMr Whitting,\nPhiladelphia [Sunday] June 9th 1793\nIn due course of Post I have received you letters of the 31st of May & 5th instant; and was equally surprized & concerned to find by the last, that your health was in the declining, & precarious State you describe it to be because you had not given the least intimation thereof in any other letter, since my departure from Mount Vernon. I can only repeat now, what I have often done before, that it is by no means my desire that you should expose yourself in the discharge of my business; or use greater exertions than your strength will bear; or more exercise than is good for your health; or, in a word, to attempt any thing that the Doctr shall not think proper for you: for having a full view of the State of my Plantations in your mind, & knowing the design of\neach, you can, from the Weekly reports (which may be made to you oftener by the Overseers, if necessary) give such directions as would naturally result from them. which is the best expedient, both for yourself and me, that occurs to me at this moment\u2014being unable since the receipt of your letter to think of a single person whose qualifications would fit him for the superintendence of my business. If any such has occured to you, I would thank you for naming him, hoping, nevertheless, that occasion will not require one, but having a proper character in view may not be amiss, whether wanting or not. From my own experience (& the measure was recommended to me by eminent Physicians) wearing flannel next the skin is the best cure for, & preventative of the Rheumatism I ever tried. And for your other complaint, which you suppose to be in your lungs, a vegitable and milk diet I should suppose would be proper; avoiding as much as possible animal food. Of this however the Doctor must be a better judge; and if you chuse to have any in these parts consulted and will state, or get your case stated, I will lay it before the person highest in reputation here as a Physician, & send you the result. I shall endeavor to be at Mount Vernon by the first of next month; but the nature of public business is, and likely to remain such, that I dare not promise at that, or any other time, to be there; & happen when it will, my stay must be short, as I cannot be long absent from the Seat of the Government whilst matters are so delicately situated as they are at present. If you have, or could procure a few Oats against I arrive they would be acceptable to my horses\u2014I shall bring only 4. or at most five with me; nor shall I be able to stay more than 10 days at farthest.\nYou may tell the Gardener that as I am not fond of changing\u2014and as I am sure he would very soon find his error in leaving me\u2014I will allow him \u00a330 pr Ann. that is to say 100. dollars provided he will engage to stay two years at that rate; will allow him the same perquisite of the Garden when I am from home he now enjoys; and a horse Six times a year to ride to Alexandria provided he is not kept out of Nights. With respect to his wife, after increasing his own wages so considerably, I must be well informed what services she is to render before I shall agree to make any further allowance to him, in addition for her. for I should think that he himself, or the woman\u2014or any other who is actuated by a just & honest way of thinking, will readily acknowledge\nthat giving her Provisions is an adequate compensation for the trouble of weighing out, & receiving in, the work of the Spinners once a week, if all the intermediate time is devoted to her own business. If she does more than this for me, the case differs from my conception of it; & from what I had in view at the time she was first spoken to, for then it was my full expectation that after the 4th of March I should return to a permanent residence at Mount Vernon\u27e8,\u27e9 and in that case to have made her House keeper; which, from the nature of the Office, would have occupied her whole time, and of course would have entitled her to a proportionate reward. But if she has not done nor is likely to do more than weigh out & receive in Work, & receives her provision for this, there is no cause that I am able to discover, for enhancing their wages on that acct.\nThe weather cannot have been more wet with you, than it has been here until thursday last; since then it has been dry with a hot sun, which will recover the looks of the Corn if you can, in addition, extricate it from the Grass & Weeds. As you still th\u27e8ink\u27e9 that the Easterly winds we have had will injure the Wheat, let me know how you expect it will be effected by them: whether by smut\u2014Rust\u2014whiteheads\u2014or something else. I see nothing now to injure the grain expect by its not filling; by its taking the rust\u2014or lodging.\nAs it was intended that the first sown buck wheat should ripen a sufficiency of seed to sow the ground a second time, I should hope this second operation would recover the ground from the bad condition it has been thrown into by the preceeding Rains, & prepare it finely for Wheat; tho\u2019 it may occasion the sowing of it later than my inclination would wish it to be. My fears are more alive against damage from drought, if the Easterly Winds cease, than from the rains which they have occasioned. a long drought after so much wet would be very injurious to the Corn; second cutting of grass, &ca; besides baking the ground so hard as to render it impossible\u2014in a manner\u2014to work it properly. If this should happen, let the ground intended for the reception of grass be well broken with Rollers before sowing, that it may be laid level & smooth.\nI wish with all my heart the Potatoes at Mansion house were planted, & that the Crop may be productive. It is growing full late for this business, & of course hazardous\u2014wch I regret more\nas I am resolved, henceforward, to plant them between the Corn rows at Dogue run farm, if at no other. I have never yet seen any thing to induce me to believe that the Crop of Corn is lessened thereby, and sure I am the Wheaten Crop which follow, is not; of course the Potatoes is all gain.\nI would not have you ask the white thorn plants from Mr Thomson Mason as matter of favor; but if you should, at any time, fall in with him, it could give no offence to ask if he would sell those which grow in the open field adjoining numbers 7 & 8 at River farm\u2014and, if the price is reasonable, to buy them.\nWhen I consented to give up the first set of Mules that were chosen for my carriage, it was because I was told they did not match well, or promise much\u2014but that others were coming on, from which a very good set could be drawn. It is after these latter I have been enquiring, & wish care to be taken.\nI do not conceive that the streng\u27e8th\u27e9 of a joist, or sleeper, consists in its width but in the depth; however, if Green think\u27e8s\u27e9 those designed for the treading floor are too slight the evil is easily remedied by putting in more of them, that is\u2014placing them nearer together.\nWhat is the matter with long James that he is for ever on the sick list? Is there any apparent cause for it? by this I mean, has the fever\u2014a dise\u27e8n\u27e9tary\u2014or any thing that will speak for itself? or, is the complaint\u2014Pains\u2014wch may be real, or feigned; the last of which can, at any time, be assumed, & very often is.\nBy Ellwood, who talks of Sailing on tuesday, but who will not in all probability leave this before Thursday, if then you will receive sundry parcels according to the enclosed list, which may be brought from Alexandria when the Boat goes up with flour to Colo. Hooe.\nI sincerely wish you may be perfectly restored to health being your well wisher and friend\nGeo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0035", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Frances Bassett Washington, 10 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Frances Bassett\nMy dear Fanny\n Philadelphia June l0th 17\u27e893\u27e9\nYour Aunt has lately received a letter from you, to which an answer was given about a week ago.\nAs this answer, so far as it respected the renting of the estate in Berkley, of which you are possessed, was dictated by me, in a hurry, I will now give you my ideas more at large on that subject; although they will still appear, from my immersion in other business, to carry with them strong marks of indigestion.\nThe Will of my deceased Ne\u27e8phew,\u27e9 If I have sufficient recollection of it, \u27e8di\u27e9rects a second plantation to be settle\u27e8d\u27e9 in Berkeley county. This may, and I think ought to be done in conformity therewith; and in so doing it might b\u27e8e\u27e9 well to include some if not all the hands whi\u27e8ch\u27e9 are in Fairfax County, as well to comply wi\u27e8th the\u27e9 dictates of the Will as because there a\u27e8re\u27e9 too many at the latter place to be employed to good profit; the Farm being small\u2014poor\u2014& worn. As a mere small grain or Grass farm,\nit might be turned to good account if an industrious man who would work constantly himself was fixed on it, with a Negro fellow and boy only; with an allowance of four Plough horses\u2014two \u27e8ploughs & a\u27e9 yoke of Oxen, with other \u27e8stock proportio\u27e9ned thereto. This force wo\u27e8uld be ade\u27e9quate to the cultivation of the whole of th\u27e8at\u27e9 Farm, in small grain & grass, and might as much (or ought to do no more) Indian Corn as would suffice for themselves. And if you found it more convenient, the old woman there, for whom I presume no hire could be obtained, with such young chil others that could not be well disposed of might be placed there, & would be at hand to receive your own attentions.\nThe force I have mentioned, wd be able to put in as much small grain annually, as the size of the Farm would admit, to be kept in proper order; and in case you should do what you have talke\u27e8d\u27e9 of doing, for the sake of your childrens education\u2014that is, to live in Alexandria\u27e8,\u27e9 would furnish you with Poultry, pig\u27e8s, lambs,\u27e9 &ca which, if always to be bought from th\u27e8e\u27e9 butcher\u2019s & others, would be more expensive than you at present have any conception \u27e8of.\u27e9\nI have not sufficient knowledge of the Estate in Berkeley, to give any other advice respecting it, than merely to say that renting, instead of keeping it in your own hands has a preference in my mind for many reasons which might be assig\u27e8ned;\u27e9 and as the Will enjoins a division of the land, I should suppose the negros had better be allotted to each parcel, and rented therewith. But of this to you, with the advice of your friends on the spot, must be a better judge than I am\u2014among these George S. Washington, who has already acted the part you are about to do, will be able to give you useful information, as, by this time\u2014he may have perceived the good, or felt the inconveniences of, the measures he pursued. It would, however, seem best to me, that the lands and negros should go together, in the manner already mentioned. The latter might hire for more singly, but then the trouble of collecting would also be greater; nor could there be the same attention paid to that as when together, & under the immediate eye of your brother in law.\nYou will readily perceive the necessity of insisting upon ample Security for the performance of whatever agreement you may enter into; for the Land, Negroes, & Stock thereon will be none, because they are your own already\u2014and as the transaction is\nimportant, & will be interesting to yourself & the Children, I advice you to pay a Lawyer of note to draw the articles, rather than hazard an imperfect instrument, which may be turned to your disadvantage hereafter.\nBesides the usual covenants to compel payments when they become due, there ought to be a clause making all sums in arrear to carry interest. This will be some compensation for the want of punctuality: but forfeiture of the Lease, in case of nonperformance, of the conditions, should be strongly expressed, as it will be the principal hold you will have on the Tenant. Reservation of Wood land\u2014limitation with respect to clearing\u2014Restraint upon selling, or disposing of any timber or Wood except for the purposes of the Plantations\u2014& prevention of all sorts of abuse. Keeping the Houses, fences and Meadows in order. Care of the Negros, in sickness & in health; Cloathing them properly\u2014and feeding them as Negros usually are; are all matters which should be noticed in the Instrument. Nor ought there to be any transfer of the lease; or re-hire of the Negros without your consent first had & obtained in writing.\nThe number of years for which you would part with the estate deserves consideration, and a consultation of circumstances, of which you can judge as well, or better than I. My own opinion however, is, that it ought not to go for more than five or Seven; for less than three I presume no good tenant would take it. The Horses, cattle & other stock, together with the implements of the Farm, you might either sell, or let go with the places at the valuation of two, or more judicious and impartial men, to be returned in equal numbers, and in the specific articles of equal value, when the places are surrendered; paying in the mean while a regular annual interest on the agregate valuation as above.\nThe peculiar situation of our public affairs is such\u2014and likely to remain such, that I see no prospect of my being able to leave the seat of the Government but for a mere flying visit home; which I am more than ever called upon to do, as by a letter received on Saturday\u2014it appears that Mr Whiting is in a confirmed consumption, & so much reduced as to be scarce\u27e8l\u27e9y able to mount a horse. What I am to do under a circumstance of this kind I really know not; not being able, in the short time I have had to reflect on this disgreeable event, to call to mind a single character (if to be obtained) that would answer my purposes.\nI shall strive hard to be at Mount Vernon by the first of next month, but to say positively I shall accomplish it, is more than I dare do; My stay there cannot exceed, if it should amount to, ten days. I request you to remember me in the most affectionate manner to my Brother, Sister and the rest of the family. My love to \u27e8the Children\u2014compliments to Mr Warner Washington and family if you should see them. In all which your Aunt, Nelly &c. join me. With much truth I am, Your sincere friend and Affte relation\nGo. Washington\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0037", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 11 June 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] June 11th 1793\nThe President of the United States sends to the Secretary of State a letter & enclosures which he has just received from the Governor of New York, respecting the detention of an Armed vessel which was about to sail from New York, supposed to be commissioned as a privateer by one of the European belligerent Powers.\nThe President wishes the Secretary of State to lay these documents before the Heads of the other Departments, as soon as may be, and to let the President know what is their opinion, as well as the Secretary\u2019s of State, of the measures which should be taken in the case\u2014and what answer should be given to the Governor\u2019s letter. If the[re] be a concurrence of opinion as to the Answer which ought to be given to the Governor, the President wishes the Secretary to draft it agreeably thereto.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0038", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 11 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] June 11. 93.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President a memorial from mister Hammond. he proposes to ask a meeting with the Secretaries of the treasury & war at 9. oclock tomorrow, in time to write by the post of tomorrow. should the President think fit that the inclosed should be the subject of deliberation, it may be considered at the same time.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0039", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 11 June 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir,\nWar department June 11th 1793\nPlease to submit to the President of the United States, two Letters from Govr Blount\u2014one of the 12th and the other of the 15th May\u2014the last letters were of the 28. April.\nAnd please also to submit an old letter of Colonel Pickering, enclosing a message purporting to be from the hostile Indians. I am Sir Yours sincerely\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0040", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 11 June 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAnnapolis [Maryland] June 11. 1793.\n On my arrival at Baltimore, Colo. S. Smith gave me a very early and easy opportunity of conversing with him on the subject of his letter to Colo. Hamilton. He repeated the same alarm, as still existing in the breasts of the merchants; adding, however, a confidence in the executive, as being better qualified to judge, from a comprehensive view of our situation. My explanations were apparently satisfactory. Indeed I heard him mention them to several leading men in that town, and they seemed to be, and expressed themselves to be, persuaded, that the measures of government were impartial, and not liable to just complaint even from the British themselves. I found, that the style, in which a letter written by the secretary of the treasury to the different naval officers, had first created the apprehensions, which had seized them; and I endeavoured to procure a sight of it, without success. Perhaps, sir, if an inaccuracy in the manner or expressions should be discovered, on a revision of it, it would be advantageous to correct it. I am sure, that the matter of it, as represented to me, is conformable to your sense of the business. I am more particularly induced to suggest a revision of that letter, as I perceive, that the same impression has been made here from the same cause.\nI inquired of Colo. Smith, how the merchants of Baltimore had been able to ascertain the opinions of the people of Maryland on the proclamation. He replied, that there were two ways; 1. that the people came thither from every county in the state to traffic; and 2. that the general court, which brings multitudes together, had lately sat here. Mr Hollingsworth assured me, that the suitors at the court were numerous, from different parts of the country, and very explicit in their approbation. How Mr Chase stands affected, I do not certainly know. But from Mr Sterett, one of his principal admirers being loud in his praises of the proclamation, and from Mr Chase having undoubtedly declared, that the guarantee was binding on the U.S., only during the last war, I am led to believe, that he must be well-tempered towards that act.\nI met with Governor Clayton of Delaware, and Major Oldham, of the Maryland house of delegates, at Baltimore. The former is a plain, modest, sensible, cool man; the latter a very respectable\none, and burning with zeal for the French revolution. From both of them I learn, that the state of Delaware, and the eastern shore of Maryland have but one sentiment, and that approving the proclamation.\nOld Mr Smith, the father in law of Colo. Nicholas, communicated to me the substance of a letter, which he had lately received from him. He inveighs bitterly against what he calls the inattention of the government to the defence of Kentucky, and is open in saying, that some other power must be solicited for protection, and that the f\u0153deral constitution may be revoked, so far as it regards the people of that state at pleasure. Mr Brown, the Senator, being in Philadelphia, and very intimate with Mr Jefferson, the true state of this affair may be known thro\u2019 this channel.\nI called at this place to adjust a controversy between the state of Maryland and myself about a tract of land, formerly belonging to my grandfather Jenings, which is supposed to be confiscated. This will detain me here to-day; and I shall meet with gentlemen of all political complexions, as the court of appeals commences its Session this morning. Should any thing occur, which may deserve your notice, I shall not fail to transmit it. I have the honor, sir, to be, with the highest respect, and affectionate attachement yr mo. ob. serv.\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0041", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Cabinet, 12 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Cabinet\nGentlemen,\n [Philadelphia] \u27e8June 12th 1793.\u27e9\nAs you are about to meet on other business, it is my desire that you would take the enclosed application into consideration. It is not my wish, on one hand, to throw unnecessary obstacles in the way of gratifying the wishes of the applicants. On the other it is incumbent on me to proceed with regularity. Would not the granting a Patent then, which I believe is always the concluding act, & predicated on the Survey (as an essential document) have too much the appearance of placing the Cart before the Horse. And does not the Law enjoin something on the Attorney General of the U. States previous to the signature of the President? What can be done with propriety I am willing to do. More I ought not to do.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0042", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion on the Polly (Republican) and the Catherine, 12 June 1793\nFrom: Cabinet,Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] June 12. 1793.\nThe President having required the opinions of the heads of the three departments on a letter from Governor Clinton of the 9th inst. stating that he had taken possession of the sloop Polly, now called the Republican, which was arming, equipping & manning by French & other citizens to cruize against some of the belligerent powers, and desiring to know what further was to be done, and they having met & deliberated thereon, are unanimously of opinion, that Governor Clinton be desired to deliver over to the civil power the said vessel & her appurtenances, to be dealt with according to law: and that the Attorney of the U.S. for the district of New York be desired, to have such proceedings\n at law instituted as well concerning the said vessel and her appurtenances, as against all the persons citizens or aliens participating in the armament or object thereof as he shall think will be most effectual for punishing the said offenders, & preventing the said vessel & appurtances from being applied to the destined purpose: and that if he shall be of opinion that no judiciary process will be sufficient to prevent such application of the vessel to the hostile purpose intended that then the Governor be desired to detain her by force till the further advice of the General government can be taken.\nThe President having also required the same opinions on the Memorial of the British minister of the 11st inst. on the subject of the British brigantine Catherine captured by the French frigate the Embuscade within the limits of the protection of the U.S. as is said, and carried into the harbour of New York, they are of the opinion unanimously, that the Governor of N. York be desired to seize the said vessel in the first instance, and then deliver her over to the civil power, and that the Attorney of the U.S. for the district of New York be instructed to institute proceedings at law in the proper court for deciding whether the said capture was made within the limits of the protection of the U.S. & for delivering her up to her owners if it be so decided: but that if it shall be found that no court may take cognisance of the said question, then the said vessel to be detained by the Governor until the further orders of the General government can be had thereon.\nTh: Jefferson\nH. Knox\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0043", "content": "Title: Certificate for William Jackson, 12 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, 12 June 1793]\nI do by these presents certify, that, Major William Jackson has served in the Armies of America to the Southward, in the War between this Country & Great Britain\u2014and (although his situation was too remote from mine for me to speak with decision of his conduct from personal observation\u27e8)\u27e9\u2014yet I have no reason to doubt his having acted with distinguished reputation as an Officer. In Autumn of 1789 he became a member of my family, and remained therein until the beginning of the year 1792; during which time, his honor & integrity stood unimpeached in my estimation nor have I heard any thing since injurious to either. His leaving my family was an act of his own, proceeding as he has declared, from a desire to establish himself in some more permanent Walk. Given under my hand this 12th day of June 1793.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0044", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 12 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] June 12. 93.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to submit to the President his answer to mister Genet on the subject of the French debt. he had prepared it yesterday morning, but unluckily left it at home, which has delayed it a day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0045", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 12 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] June 12. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor of inclosing to the President the opinion on the two cases of vessels referred to the Heads of the department, and the letter he has prepared in consequence to the Attorney of the district. Genl Knox will wait on him with his letter to the Governor. Symmes\u2019s case is to be considered of tomorrow, as it required some enquiry.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0046", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 13 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia June 13th 1793.\nThis letter will be put into your hands by Mr Lear, who is well known to one, or more of you.\nHe has it in contemplation to make (in conjunction with others) a considerable Mercantile establishment in the Federal City; if he should be able to obtain such a site therein, and upon such terms, as will answer his, and the views of his associates. What these are he can best explain to you; and you from the nature of your resources, will be better able than I, to decide on the admissibility of them.\nFrom eight years intimate acquaintance with Mr Lear\u2014From his knowledge of business\u2014good sense\u2014penetration & caution, I am certain that any proposals made by him, and acceded to by you, will be executed with punctuality. Friendship and Justice requires this declaration from me, on his behalf. but, as I have imtimated before, it is with you to decide, whether the proposals are such as to comport with your general plan for the advancement of the City. With seniments of very great esteem & regard I am\u2014Gentlemen, Your Most Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0047", "content": "Title: To George Washington from G. H., 13 June 1793\nFrom: G. H. (anonymous)\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhilada 13th June 1793\nHaving lately seen several most infamous and inflammatory pieces appear in the American Daily Advertiser under the Signature of Veritas!\nI have presumed to offer You my Conjectures (and conjecture it is in me) as to the Author, something wispers me it is a person who calls himself Stockdon, who says he lives near Richmond in Virginia. he came by water from Wilmington to Charlestown, where he staid a few Days. & then came to Philadelphia in the Schooner Polly Capt. McCormack (about 20th May). I may be doing Mr Stockdon a piece of Injustice by making thus free with his Name. and he may be a very differant Charector, but from his profess\u2019d attachment to the French Cause, & his very extravegant conversation on Board, I am induced to think he is the Man. probably you have better information as to the person\u2014but I trust you will see my intentions are Honest, and will pardon the Liberty I have taken in thus adressing You. I have the Honor to be Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient Hble Servant\nG. H.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0049", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 13 June 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] June 13. 1793\nThe President returns to the Secretary of State, with his approbation, the Answer to Mr Hammond\u2019s Memorial\u2014and the letter to M. Morris which have been submitted to him\u2014and hopes the documents mentioned to be sent to Mr Morris will be as full as they can be with propriety. The President also suggests the expediency of sending copies of the same to Pinckney by Majr Jackson, or some other direct & safe opportunity.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0050", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 13 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] June 13. 93.\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President submits to him another letter to mister Morris, on a subject just now put into his hands.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0051", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Marquise de Lafayette, 13 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nDear Madam\nPhilada June 13th 1793\nWhile I acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 13th of March, I can, with the greatest truth, assure you that I feel a sincere sympathy in your afflications on account of M. de la Fayette. And to shew you that I have not been unmindful of your condition\u2014and how earnestly I have been disposed to alleviate your suffering, as far as is in my power, I enclose you duplicates of two letters which I had the honor of writing to you on the 31st of January & 16th of March. To these I can only add my most ardent prayers that you may be again united to M. de la Fayette under circumstances that may be joyful to you both\u2014and that the evening of that life, whose morning has been devoted to the cause of liberty & humanity, may be crowned with the best of heaven\u2019s blessings. with sentiments of sincere attachment to yourself & your dear offspring I am, Dear Madam, Your most Obiet & devoted Sert\nG.W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0053", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Gouverneur Morris, 13 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\n(Private)  My dear sir,\nPhiladelphia June 13th 1793.\n I have before me your letters of the 28th of December 1792.\u20146th &10th of Jany & 14th of Feby 1793. To do any thing more at present than acknowledge the receipt of these letters, and thank you most cordially for the information\u2014& opinions contained in them is out my power (especially as notice of the opportunity is short); for you will readily believe, my dear Sir, that, what with\n the current affairs of Government, the unpleasant aspect of matters on our Indian frontier, and the monumentous occurrences in Europe\u27e8,\u27e9 I am not only pressed with the quantity of business; but that the notice of a great part of it is peculiarly delicate and embarrassing.\nMr Jefferson will improve the present opportunity to give you full information respecting our public affairs. And I shall take the advantage of it to send to your care the enclosed packet for Madam de la Fayette, which contains duplicates of letters which I have written in answer to her\u2019s\u2014and which I will thank you to convey to her by as safe an opportunity as can be met with\u2014and even if that opportunity should be a late one, it would be better than to trust it to an uncertain conveyance. With sentiments of sincere regard and esteem I am\u2014My dear Sir Your Affecte and obedient Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0056", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 14 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] June 14. 93.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President translations of some communications from Messers Viar & Jaudenes, also a letter for mister Pinckney.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0057", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 14 June 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia] 14 June 93\nBe pleased to submit the enclosed letter of the 9th of May from Genl Wayne.\nH. Knox\nand also a letter from Jas Seagrove of the 30th of April.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0058", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 14 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\n(Private)  Sir,\nPhiladelphia June 14th 1793.\nBy the Gazettes of to day, I perceived a Vessel is just arrived in this Port from New Orleans, on board of which are several of our citizens; who, having passed down the Mississipi, are now on their return to Ohio, their place of residence.\nIt is of great importance that this Government should be fully informed of the Spanish force in the Floridas\u2014The number of their Posts\u2014and the strength & situation of each; together with such other circumstances as would enable it to adopt corrispondent measures in case we should, in spite of our endeavors to\n avoid it, get embroiled in a dispute with that Nation. It would be too improvident\u2014might be too late\u2014& certainly would be disgraceful, to have this information to obtain when our plans ought to be formed.\nI desire therefore, that you would cause in as unsuspected a manner as the case will admit, the above persons to be examined touching the above points, and what number of Troops have lately arrived at New Orleans; and commit the result to Paper. Were they to be examined seperately, advantages might follow by comparing their Accounts.\nI point you to the above as one source only of information; my desire to obtain a knowledge of these facts, lead me to request with equal earnestness, that you would improve every other to ascertain them with certainty.\nNo reasonable expense should be spared to accomplish objects of such magnitude, in times so critical.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0059", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, 14 June 1793\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nmy dear sir\nRichmond [Va.] June 14th [1793]\nPlain & evident as is the wise policy of neutrality on the part of the U. States during the present European war, I find that, the papers teem with publications reprobatory of this system.\nIf I am to judge of the feelings & disposition of the people of the U.S. from what I beleive to be the temper of Virginia on this question, I can not doubt that nine tenths of America applaud the policy adopted, & feel encreased gratitude & love for the man who has declared the same as the rule of conduct for his fellow citizens\u2014There are in All societys at all times a set of men anxious for change in the political machine & fond of confusion\u2014this disposition results in part from love of novelty\n from ruined private circumstances & disappointments in political stations\u2014this class of men receive the aid of the wicked & abanedoned of every description & therefore in free countrys are considered more numerous than they really are, because they are noisy clamarous & impudent.\nBut when their weight in society is taken they will be found as light as straw\u2014So it is here at present, if a stranger was asked his opinion of the wishes of the people of This country with respect to war, he would probably declare the same to be universaly Favorable for he would gather his information from the conversations he heard at taverns where this order of men abound\u2014Gambling & drinking all night & all day\u2014abusing men & measures however respectable, however proper.\nI returned yesterday from a visit to our arsenal at the point of fork & took occasion during my journey to talk freely with the planters respecting your proclamation\u2014I found every person regarding it as highly wise duely timed & all expressed a confidence in your adhereing invariably to its purport.\nTo my mind these communications were not unexpected & yet I profess I derived great satisfaction from them, because from the clamor issuing out of the towns & promulgated in the papers I began to fear that the golden prospects of felicity before us, would be lost by our Country in spite of the wisdom & firmness of our govt & I have been induced to give to you my observations thereon as in your situation at this crisis the happiness of the people requires you should be well acquainted with their opinions.\nWhen mr Genet was here we conversed very freely with respect to the neutrality of the U. States\u2014I attempted to convince him & I thought with some effect that from the superiority of the enemys fleet it was the only way we could take which promised to France those provisions which we had & which she might want & concluded the arguement. I held on this subject by asserting that had you determined to prefer the interests of France to every other consideration you could not more effectually acted than you did when you issued your proclamation & that happily on this occasion while you did the greatest good to the U. States, you did all the good possible to her ally. that we had no fleet, no army, no money to authorize us to take a part in the war with effect & to do it pitifully, was to risk our own destruction without the consolation of affording material aid to our friends.\nHe seemed to acquiesce to my reasoning, but insinuated that in case the royal govt was re-established in France, the Kings of Europe would combine to destroy liberty here, & that our existence as a nation depended on the success of the republican system & that we might conveniently make important diversions in her favour on our southern & northern neighbors.\nTo this I opposed our infant situations as a people, our love of peace, the heavy debt which oppresses us in consequence of the last war, the probably futility of such vast enterprizes & the certainty that France would derive more benefit from holdings within her own bosom all her means of men & money, than she possibly would by such quixotic adventures\u2014I augured ill of their late efforts against Belgium (which has turned out since as I presumed) & contended that the sure way to effect their object was to be content with defending their own country.\nThe impressions which he seem to entertain when we parted induced me to hope, that would he never attempt to distrust the system of neutrality adopted.\nBut opinions of moderation & wisdom can scarcely be held long by any man in his situation when our citizens seem to take an active part in commending very opposite conduct\u2014I judge by what I read in the Philada papers there, that his mind will soon be turned from those proper sentiments which he possessed & when here & that our only route to national prosperity may experience new obstructions.\nBut Sir, let whatever happens be effected, in your firmness we all rest thoroughly convinced that you can never be brought to depart from that line of conduct which in your judgement best promotes the public good. with best wishes for your health & happiness I am ever your most affecte friend & h: ser.\nHenry Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0060", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Craik, 15 June 1793\nFrom: Craik, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nMount Vernon June 15th 1793\nIt is painful to communicate dissagreeable intelligence, but I am induced by a regard to your Intrest, and the earnest request of Mr Whitting your Manager to give you immediate information of his Situation\u2014His Complaints which for sometime past, have been doubtful as to their Issue, have at last assumed a more certain Character and are hastening fast to a termination\u2014He is now labouring under the Effects of a Confirmed Consumption of the Lungs which from the great discharge of Matter must soon take him off; if Some unexpected favourable change should not take place\u2014His situation is Such at present as to disqualify him from attention to any business\u2014This makes him extremly Solicitouse that you Should as Soon as possible send Some person to take charge of your affairs here; & make a Settlement of his Accounts\u2014He Seems desirous that Mr Dandridge should be the person as he has before Settled Some Account with him\u2014I am extremely Sorry for the loss you will probably sustain, in this man\u2014it will at least be felt untill his place shall be Supplied, which I fear cannot be easily done\u2014Some Steps he considers absolutely necessary to be taken immediately as he appears convinced he can last but a very little time, and that in a Situation unfit for Business\u2014We have been disstressed at the information\n of your bad health since you returned to Philadelphia last but we flatter our selves you will not neglect any thing which may conduce to your recovery, that this may be Speedy & that both you & Mrs Washington may long live to enjoy that, as well as every other Blessing in this life, is & shall be the Sincere prayer of your much obliged & very huml. Sert\nJas. Craik", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0061-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 15 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n Private  Sir\nPhiladelphia June 15. 1793\nThe inclosed report will I trust make it appear that there are good reasons, relative to the execution of the purposes specified in the laws for making a further loan to the extent proposed.\nBut bottoming the proceeding upon the direct object of the laws, as the legal and primary inducement, it appears to me justifiable and wise to embrace as secondary and collateral motives the probable operation of the measure on the public interests in ways not immediately indicated in the laws. On this ground I think the legal considerations for a further loan are enforced by the general state of affairs at the present Juncture. Should a general Indian War ensue & still more should we unfortunately be involved in a European War, nothing could be more convenient\n than to have anticipated such a resource, which the Legislature might apply to the new exigencies, as far as regards the purchase of the Debt, without any violation of principle.\nIn the event of a European War breaking out, it would probably be too late to attempt what beforehand would be practicable without difficulty. With perfect respect & the truest attachment I have the honor to be Sir Your most Obedt & humble servant\nA. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0061-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure Report on Obtaining New Foreign Loans, 15 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \nTreasury Department June 15. 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury in obedience to the order of the President of the U. States of the 6th instant, respectfully makes the following\nReport.\nThe statement herewith transmitted marked A shews, on the credit side thereof, the amount of the fund arising from foreign Loans transferred to the United States, amounting to 2,965,643. Dollars & 47 Cents; and on the debit side thereof the amount of the sums which have been actually disbursed and are in a course of disbursement out of that fund for specific purposes, being 2,400,159 Dolls & 19 Cents.\nThere of course remains free for and subject to application, according to the Laws authorising the Loans, a balance of 565,484 Dollars & 28 Cents.\nTo this will be to be added, when ascertained, certain sums of interest subsequent to the year 1790\u2014which will have been included in the payments to France & Spain out of the proceeds of the foreign Loans; & which will thereby have been virtually transferred to the United States\u2014provision having been made for that object out of domestic funds. The addition however will not be large.\nHence results an answer to the first question stated by the President.\nIn answer to the second Question, the Secretary has the honor to observe that it would be, in his opinion, expedient, for the reason which has governed hitherto, the convenience of which has been fully experienced, namely, the power of applying the funds to the purposes of either Law according to circumstances\u2014that the proposed Loan should be made upon the authority of both acts, & not upon the seperate authority of either of them.\nThe following summary answers the third Qustion proposed.\nThe sum allowed to be borrowed by the two Acts of the 4. & 12. of August 1790 is 14,000,000 of Dollars. the whole amount of the Loans hitherto made is, 19,550,000 Guilders, equal, at 36 4/11 ninetieths of a Dollar \u214c Guilder, to 7,898,989 Dollars & 88 Cents; consequently \u201cthe balance remaining unborrowed of the two sums allowed to be borrowed\u201d is 6,101,010 Dollars and 12 Cents.\nWhich leaves much more than sufficient latitude for a Loan of 3,000,000 of florins in addition to that for 2,000,000, already directed & probably set on foot.\nThe immediate main object of this further loan would be the purchase of the Debt.\nThe Installments of the Debt to France falling due in September & November next, & the interest for a year upon so much of the Debt, as by the terms of Contract would fall due after the present time, amount to 3,335,000 Livres, or Dollars 605,302, and 50 Cents which, if to be wholly paid, will more than absorb the balance on hand of the foreign fund.\nSupposing the application of this balance to that purpose, there would remain to be borrowed for the purpose of purchases of the Debt, Dollars 1,715,098 and 11 Cents.\nThe two millions of Guilders already directed to be borrowed, & the three millions, the loan of which is proposed to be\n authorised, would amount together to 2,020,202. Dollars & 2 Cents, which would exceed the sum requisite for purchases of the Debt by 305,103 Dollars and 91 Cents.\nBut it is so possible that events may arise which would render it desirable to the United States to encrease its payments to France, as in that view alone to make such an excess not inconvenient. Besides that on the first of June 1794 another installment of the Dutch loans becomes payable, & it is probable if instructions to set on foot the loan, should go at this time, the entire payment of the sums subscribed to the loan would not be completed much sooner than June next. Add to this that it is frequently possible to get the periods of payment protracted.\nIt would have been fortunate in every sense, if the state of the Treasury had permitted the entering the market for purchases, in force; but the detail which has been given, shews that it could not have been done, under the obstacles which the state of European Affairs lately threw in the way of Loans, without materially hazarding the credit of the United States.\nWhile it is prudent to wait, \u2019till it is experimentally ascertained, that those obstacles have been removed by the change of affairs, it is desireable to be provided to the extent of the authority given, with means of prosecuting purchases.\nIt is probable that for a considerable time to come the prices of stock will remain at a point which will render purchases extremely advantageous.\nThe further consideration which has been stated with reference to France & the next installment of the Dutch Loans, may not be found unworthy of attention. All which is humbly submitted\nAlexandr Hamilton  Secy of the Treasy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0062", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 15 June 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia] 15th June 1793\nPlease to submit to the President a letter from Gov. Blount of the 9th of May relatively to the measures he adopted for the defence of Cumberland\u2014the last letters, before the present from Gov. Blount were dated the 15th of May. Yours sincerely\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0063", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Leven Powell, 15 June 1793\nFrom: Powell, Leven\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nMiddleburg Loudoun County [Virginia]  June 15th 1793\nOn my return home from the Assembly about the first of December last, I found your favor from Baltimore. Having been obliged to leave Richmond on Accots of my ill state of Health and but little prospect of its being in my power to Attend our Courts during the winter, I put your letter into the hands of Mr Matthew Harrison a practicing Lawyer in the County with directions to make the necessary opposition to any motion that should be made for leave to build a mill adjoining your land. Not having been able to travel about untill late in the Spring the present Court was the first opportunity I have had to get information in the business, the result of my enquiries has been that a Mr Shepherd of that neighbourhood has not yet relinquishd the Idea of building a mill & I think it probable about the place you apprehended.\nIt has been the uniform practice in this County for the Court to give preference to the first applicant, the Law seems to favor that opinion and upon enquiry I find it has always been\n so construed and is still by the magistrates, I am therefore inclined to think it will be very difficult to prevent his getting an order should he first apply; under these circumstances I would beg leave to recommend to your Consideration whether it would not be adviseable for you to obtain an order of Court first, the Law directs that when an order is obtained the Mill must be begun within one year & finish\u2019d within three, but if it was inconvenient for you to begin the work within that time, you might obtain a New order a little before the year expired and continue to do so untill it was convenient to proceed on the Work, the expence of this mode will be trifling. If this method should meet your approbation & wish I shall with pleasure pursue any directions which you may be pleased to give me, in which case it will be necessary to let me know the name of the Stream on which the mill is to be built, and whether the whole work will be on your own land or whether an acre of some other persons land must be condemned to abuting your Dam to & if so whose land it is.\nYou would have heard from me upon this subject sooner, but I considered it proper to proceed in my enquiries with great caution for fear the person might take the Alarm and make application for an order, and I did not like to Trouble you with a letter without being able to say nearly how the matter stood. With great respect & esteem I am Dr Sir yr Ob., Hble Servt\nLeven Powell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0064", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Sinclair, 15 June 1793\nFrom: Sinclair, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nLondon 15th June 1793.\nI had the honour of receiving yours, and hear, with much pleasure, that the pursuits in which I am engaged, have the good fortune to meet with your approbation.\nI am persuaded that you will learn with peculiar satisfaction, that I have at last succeeded, in procuring a public institution for promoting a zeal for agricultural pursuits, & ascertaining the best means of carrying on the internal improvement of this country. I hope that a similar Board will be set on foot by Congress, and, under its auspices, a statistical survey carried on, of your extensive & flourishing Empire. I could almost pledge myself to take a voyage to America, to have the pleasure of setting such a plan a going, and of seeing so many respectable characters there whom I esteem. Believe me, with great regard\u2014Your very faithful humble Servant\nJohn Sinclair", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0066", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 16 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia] Sunday 16th June 1793.\nI should be glad if you would give the enclosed a perusal and let me know if you think the reasons there given are sufficient to authorise the additional Loan of 3,000,000 of florins applied for by the Secretary of the Treasury in a letter which you have seen.\nThe answers contained in the Report, shew the points on which I required information from him. In addition to the motives assigned in the Report for borrowing the additional Sum, there are others (if the act of doing it is warranted by law) very cogent in my mind as inducements to the measure\u2014namely\u2014the uncertain result of the Indian Treaty\u2014the invasion of our Southern frontiers\u2014and the peculiarly delicate situation in which we are placed with respect to some of the European Powers\u2014who in spite of all we can do may involve us in a dispute with one or other of them\u2014In wch case it might be too late to effect a loan. If the propriety of borrowing on the plan, & for the purposes mentioned in the Report is clear in your mind the Report may be returned by the bearer\u2014If not any time before nine tomorrow may do. Yours always\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0067", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion on French Privateers, 17 June 1793\nFrom: Cabinet,Jefferson, Thomas,Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] June 17. 1793.\nAt a meeting of the heads of departments at the President\u2019s this day, on summons from him, a letter from mister Genet of the 15th inst. addressed to the Secretary of state on the subject of the seizure of a vessel by the Govr. of New York as having been armed, equipped & manned in that port with a design to cruize on the enemies of France, was recd as also the draught of an answer prepared by the Secretary of state, which was approved.\nRecd also a letter of June 14. from mister Hammond to the Secretary of state desiring to know whether the French privateers the Citizen Genet & Sans Culottes are to be allowed to return or send their prizes into the ports of the U.S. it is the opinion that he be informed that they were required to depart to the dominions of their own sovereign and nothing expressed as to their ulterior proceedings. and that in answer to that part of the same letter which states that the Sans Culottes has increased it\u2019s force in the port of Baltimore & remains there in the avowed intention of watching the motions of a valuable ship now lying\nthere, it be answered that we expect the speedy departure of those privateers will obviate the inconveniences apprehended, and that it will be considered whether any practicable arrangements can be adopted to prevent the augmentation of the force of armed vessels.\nTh: Jefferson\nA. Hamilton\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0068", "content": "Title: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Second Opinion on a New Foreign Loan, 17 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] June 17. 1793.\nI cannot see my way clear in the case on which the President has been pleased to ask my opinion, but by recurring to these leading questions.\nOf the 7,898,999.88 D. borrowed, or rather of the 7,545,912. D. nett proceeds thereof, how much has been applied to the payment of the foreign, & purchase of the general, debt?\nTo the balance thereof, which should be on hand, & the 2. millions of florins was borrowing, is any & what addition necessary, for the same objects, for the years 1793. 1794?\nThe statement furnished by the Secretary of the treasury does not answer these questions. It only shews what has been done\n with somewhat less than 3. millions, out of near 8. millions of Dollars which have been borrowed: & in so doing it takes credit for two sums which are not to come out of this fund, & therefore not to be left in the account. They are the following.\n1. a sum of 284,901.89 D. expended in purchases of the public debt. In the general Report of the trustees of the Sinking fund, made to Congress the 23d of Feb. last & printed, it appears page 29. that the whole amount of monies laid out by them was 1,302,407.64 D. from which were to be deducted, as is mentioned in the note there subjoined, the purchases made out of the interest fund (then about 50,000. D. as well as I recollect.) call the sum paid then 1,252,407.64 D. By the Treasury report, pa. 38. (new edition) it appears that the surplus of domestic revenue to the end of 1790. appropriated to this object was 1,374,656.40 D. and page 34. that the monies drawn from Europe, on account of the foreign loans, were not the instrument of these purchases: & in some part, to which I am not able just now to turn, I recollect pretty certainly that it is said these purchases were actually carried to account, as was proper, against the Domestic surplus. consequently they are not to be allowed in the foreign account also. Or, if allowed in this, the sum will then be due from the Surplus account, & so must lesson the sum to be borrowed for the Sinking fund, which amounts to the same.\n2. The 1st instalment due to the bank 200,000 D. Though the first payment of the subscription of the U.S. to the bank might have been made, in the first instant, out of the foreign monies, to be immediately repaid to them by the money borrowed of the bank, yet this useless formality was avoided, & it was a mere operation of the pen on paper, without the displacement of a single dollar. see Reports pa. 12. and, in any event, the final reimbursement was never to be made out of the foreign fund, which was appropriated solely to the paiment of the foreign, & purchase of the general debt.\nThese two sums therefore of 284,901.89 D. & 200,000. D. are to be added to the balance of 565,484.28 D. subject to future disposition, & will make 1,050,386.17 D. actually here, & still to be applied to the proper appropriation.\nHowever, this account, as before observed, being only of a part of the monies borrowed, no judgment can be formed from it of the expediency of borrowing more: nor should I have stopped to\n make a criticism on it, but to shew why no such sums, as the two abovementioned, were inserted in the general account sketched for the President June 5. I must add that the miscellaneous sum of 49,400. D. in this account, is probably covered by some other articles of that, as far as it is chargeable on this fund, because that account, under one form or another, takes up all the articles chargeable on this fund, which had appeared in the printed Reports.\nI must therefore proceed to renew my statement of June 5. inserting therein the 1st instalment of the Dutch loan of 404,040.40. D. payable this month, which not having been mentioned in any of the Reports heretofore published, was not inserted in my statement. I will add a like sum for the year 1794. because I think we should now prepare for the whole of that year.\nAs the Secretary of the treasury does not seem to contemplate the furnishing any fixed sum for the Sinking fund, I shall leave that article out of the account. The President can easily add to it\u2019s result any sum he may decide to have furnished that fund. The account, so corrected, will stand thus.\nThe Trust for loans\nTo nett amount of loans\u2007\u2007to June 1. 1792.\nTo loan now going on\u2007\u2007for 2,000,000. florins\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007florins s.\nBy charges on remittances\u2007\u2007to France\nBy reimbursement to Spain\nBy Interest paid to Foreign\u2007\u2007officers\nBy Principal paid to\u2007\u2007Foreign officers\nBy amt of French debt,\u2007\u2007Principl.\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007livers\n\u2007\u2007& Intt payable to end of 1791.\nBy 1st instalmt of Dutch debt\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007due June 1793.\nBy instalments & Interest\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007to France\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007for 1794.\nBalance will then remain in\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007hands of the trust\nSo that it appears there would be a balance in the hands of this trust, at the close of 1794. of 499,393,84 D. were no monies to be furnished in the mean time to the Sinking fund. but should the President determine to furnish that with the 900,000. D. proposed in my statement of June 5. then a loan would be necessary for about 400,000. D. say in near round numbers 1,000,000 of guilders, in addition to the 2. millions now borrowing. I am, individually, of opinion that the sum ought to be furnished to the Sinking fund, & consequently that an additional loan, to this extent, should be made, considering the subject in a legal point of view only.\nThe reasons in favor of the extension are\nThe apprehension of the extension of our war to other Indian nations, & perhaps to Europe itself.\nThe disability this might produce to borrow at all: (this is, in my judgment, a weighty consideration.)\nThe possibility that the government of France may become so settled, as that we may hazard the anticipation of payments, & so avoid dead interest.\nThe reasons against it are\nThe possibility that France may continue, for some time yet, so unsettled as to render an anticipation of payments hazardous:\nThe risk of losing the Capital borrowed by a successful invasion of the country of deposit, if it be left in Europe; or by an extension of the bankruptcies now shaking the most solid houses, & when & where they will end, we know not:\nThe loss of interest on the dead sum, if the sum itself be safe:\nThe execution of a power for one object, which was given to be executed but for a very different one:\nThe commitment of the President, on this account, to events, or to the criticisms of those, who tho\u2019 the measure should be perfectly wise, may misjudge it through error or passion:\nThe apprehension that the head of the department means to provide idle money to be lodged in the banks ready for the corruption of the next legislature, as it is believed the late ones were corrupted, by gratifying particular members with vast discounts for objects of speculation.\nI confess that the last reasons have most weight with me.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0069", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 17 June 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nGeorge Town June 17th 1793.\nI have the honor to inform you that I arrived here about an hour since; but am very sorry to add, that Dr Craik, whom I met here, informs me that he conceives Mr Whiting to be at the point of death. The Doctor says he has written to you on the subject by this post, and has, at Mr Whiting\u2019s request, pressed you to send Mr Dandridge, or some other person in whom you can confide, down to Mount Vernon immediately, in order that poor Whiting may be able, before his departure, to give some information of the state of your affairs under his care, and who may also take care of many things which otherwise will suffer extremely. In this situation of things I am happy in being so near at hand to render any service in my power. Doctor Craik thinks it will be best for me to go to Mount Vernon tomorrow, in order to take the earliest moment of seeing poor Whiting & getting from him the best information he can give of the state of things, as he is a good part of his time quite delirious\u2014and it appears absolutely necessary to have some person there to see in what situation matters are at present, & to take care that they suffer as little as possible. The Doctor says he shall go down with me.\n I have delivered to the Commissioners the letter which you had the goodness to put into my hands for them\u2014and am to converse with them tomorrow morning on the subject of it, at which time I shall communicate to them my views & wishes, and as Doctor Stuart tells me they expect to be one or two days closely engaged in the business of their meeting, I shall let the subject rest with them for consideration during that time, after which they will be able to take it up, and come to a determination upon it. They say they shall certainly be together all this week & they fear some part of next; but that they shall be extremely anxious to be at liberty to go to home on account of the busy scene of harvest approaching. From this I conclude they do not intend to meet again in the beginning of July. Doctor Stuart tells me that Majr Ellicott is not so forward in the business which he was to have arranged before this meeting as was expected, and that this will probably oblige them to be together some days longer than they intended. From what cause his delay has arisen they do not yet know, having had no opportunity today\n for a full communication on this subject. The Commissioners strongly expected Mr Blodget to have been here today, and feel much disappointed at his not having come on in the Stage. I think however, from what he told me in Philadelphia when I saw him two days before I left that City, that he will not fail of being here by the next stage, if not before. The Stage, in which I was, came through part of the city & over the bridge this afternoon, and I was very sorry to find that the report of the upper part of the Middle Arch having settled considerably, was too true. It appears, so far as I could judge by the eye in passing it in the stage, to have settled at least 3 feet. The beauty of the Arch is totally ruined & how far it is injurious to the utility & durability of the work I am not able to say; but I think it must be much.\nI have heard nothing of a public nature, while in my journey, that is worth communicating to you, excepting that at breakfast this morning, a conversation arose among the stage passengers, of whom there were five besides myself, on the subject of the late proclamation &c. Three of these persons, as I found from their conversation in the course of the day, were Traders in the middling line of business, and appeard to be intelligent & sensible men, the other two even respectable Mechanics\u2014one of Baltimore & one of Annapolis. I was unknown to them. They all expressed their own approbation of the Proclamation and the satisfaction it had given to the people in the several parts to which they belonged (one of the Traders was of Norfolk, one of Alexandria, and the other from the upper parts of Maryland); but one of them (of Norfolk & an Irishman) observed that altho\u2019 he approved of the proclamation he could not understand what rights the French had to dispose of their prizes in our ports; which privilege he supposed wd not be allowed the British if they should bring any in here\u2014and he was much afraid that Gt Britain would resent it & thereby ruin the U.S. he beleiving that if the omnipotent Arm of Britain was raised against us, ruin would inevitably follow. Another, who appeared to be an american, could not see by what authority two American Citizen had been imprisoned, for having entered on board a French Privateer & cruized against the British. But after a few observations of a similar nature they all appeard to concur in the opinion that the Government of this Country had the confi\u27e8d\u27e9ence of its citizens, and there was no doubt but that all its measures on these points\n were calculated & intended to promote the true interests of the people of the U.S.\nIf I should find the situation of Mr Whiting to be so critical as Doctor Craik represents\u2014and that I can render any service to Your affairs by continuing at Mount Vernon, I shall return thither again, after having finished my business with the Commissrs on wednesday or Thursday, and wait your directions by the post of monday next. I shall not fail to write to you by the next post the situation in which I may find things at Mount Vernon. With my best respects to Mrs Washington, I have the honor to be Sir, Your respectful, grateful & affecte servt\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0070", "content": "Title: Ratification Statement, 17 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, 17 June 1793]\nTo All to whom these Presents shall come.\nWhereas an Agreement hath been entered into by Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury of the U. States, under due authority from me, on behalf of the United States on the one part, and the President, Directors, & Company of the Bank of the U. States of the other part, in the words following\u2014to wit\u2014\u201cArticles of Agreement between Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury, on behalf of the United States of the one part, and the President Directors & Company of the Bank of the Ud States of the other part, made & concluded the 31st day of May in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred & ninety three. Whereas by the third section of the Act entitled, an Act making appropriations for the support of Government for the year 1793 the President of the Ud States is authorised to borrow on accot of the said States, any sum or sums, not exceeding in the whole 800,000 Dollars, at a rate of interest not exceeding 5 \u214c Centum Pr annum, & reimbursable at the pleasure of the United States, and it is also thereby declared to be lawful for the Bank of the U. States to lend the said Sum. And whereas the President of the United States by an Instrument under his hand bearing date\n the 21st day of March 1793, did empower the Secretary of the Treasury to carry into execution the authority so vested in him.\nNow therefore these Presents witness, that pursuant to the authority & provisions aforesaid it hath been, & hereby is agreed, by & between the said parties of the first & second part as follows, vizt 1st\u2014The said President, Directors & Company shall lend to the United States the said sum of 800,000 Dollars, to be advanced & paid into the Treasury of the United States in four equal monthly installments; the first, on the first day of June; the second on the first day of July; the third on the first day of August; & the fourth, on the first day of September of this present year. 2d\u2014The several sums which shall be from time to time advanced, shall respectively bear interest from the time of each advance, at the rate of five \u214c Centum \u214c annum, & shall each be reimbursed, or repaid within the term of six months after the advance thereof, reserving nevertheless, to the U. States the right at their pleasure to reimburse the whole, or any part of the monies which shall have been so lent & advanced, as much sooner as they shall think fit.\nIn testimony whereof the said Secretary of the Treasury hath caused the Seal of the Treasury to be affixed to these presents, & hath hereunto to subscribed his hand; & the said President, Directors & Company have also caused the Seal of the Bank of the U. States to be affixed to the same the day & year aforesaid. Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the Treasury (L.S.) witness to the signing by the Secy of the Treasury Henry Kuhl. Thos Willing, prest (L.S.) signed in the presence of Henry Clymer. Thos M. Willing. attest John Kean, Cashr. Now know ye, that I, having seen and considered the said Agreement, do hereby ratify & confirm the same & every part thereof. In testimony whereof I have caused the Seal of the United States to be affixed to these presents, & signed the same with my hand. Done at Philadelphia the seventeenth day of June in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred & ninety three, & of the Independence of the U. States of America the seventeenth.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0071", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 18 June 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n[Philadelphia] 18 June 1793\nI have just received the enclosed letter from the adjutant General of the State of New York in behalf of the Governor of the said state.\nI have the honor to be Sir with perfect respect Your Obedient Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0072", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Allum and William Talbot, 19 June 1793\nFrom: Allum, William,Talbot, William\nTo: Washington, George\n Letter not found: from William Allum and William Talbot, 19 June 1793. Tobias Lear wrote Allum and Talbot on 17 July that GW \u201chas this day received your letter of the 19th ultimo.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0073", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 19 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] June 19. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to return to the President the minutes of the 17th inst. the letters then agreed on are sent to the Secretaries of the Treasury & war for their corrections, & will then be handed to the President.\nhe sends him also a letter from the Attorney of Kentuckey for his information, & because the subject of it belongs to another department.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0075", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 19 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] June 19. 1793.\nThe Secretary of State having received from the Secretary of the territory of the U.S. South of the Ohio a report of the proceedings of that government from Sep. 1. 1792. to the 16th of Feb. 1793.\nReports to the President of the U.S.\nThat they do not contain any thing necessary for him to act on: unless, as it is suggested by mister Smith, it should be necessary to lay before Congress the act of their legislature of Nov. 20. 1792. that tho\u2019 the Secretary of state knows of no law or circumstance which requires this to be done, yet he thinks it will be safe to consult the Attorney General of the U.S. whether there be any such law, before any conclusion taken.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0077", "content": "Title: Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., to Thomas Jefferson, 19 June 1793\nFrom: Dandridge, Bartholomew Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nUnited States 19th June 1793.\n By direction of the President of the U. States, Bw Dandridge has the honor to enclose to the Secretary of State, two pardons\u2014one for Hezekiah Usher, the other for Geo. Dunbar Usher, in order to have the Ud States seal affixed to them; and to request that the Secretary will wait on the President tomorrow morning at nine o\u2019Clock, to take into consideration certain matters which were postponed on Monday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0079", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 19 June 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Washington, George\nGeorge Town June 19th 1793\nI have just returned to this place from Mount Vernon, where I found and left poor Whiting in a situation that his life could not be counted upon from one hour to another. He was unable to move without assistance, and could only speak a few words at a time. He could give me but little information of the state of the matters under his care; but observed, generally, that he trusted they could be managed, with respect to the harvest, nearly as well as if he was able to be among the people, having found the overseers to be men well qualified for their places, steady & industrious; his greatest anxiety arose from his not having any person about the house to attend to the delivery of such things as may be wanting in the harvest\u2014taking the reports &c. &c. and to whom could be confided the care of things which could not but be exposed to the rapacity of any one when they were left without a responsible person. He expressed much satisfaction on seeing me at Mount Vernon, as he observed that he was\n under very great anxiety about leaving your interest without seeing some person who could inform you of the situation of it at this time.\nThe Hay harvest at Mount Vernon has been rather later than usual, on account of the late wet weather\u2014and your wheat is the most forward of any in this part of the Country. This happens rather unluckyly, as it brings the two harvests as it were within each other. They yesterday finished cutting all the grass except some at Dogue Run, which Mr Whiting says will not be injured by standing a fortnight longer. The crops of hay they say is the best ever known, and it will all be put up in the best order. Yesterday they began the Wheat Harvest at the Creek plantation\u2014and this day at the other places. Mr Whiting says he thinks they can easily finish the harvest in ten or twelve days\u2014altho\u2019 he considers it as the largest you have ever had. The wheat appears to be somewhat injured by the rust, as I am informed; but not in so great a degree as was expected from the long spell of wet easterly weather. I deliverd for the Plantations yesterday some Rum & meat for the Harvest\u2014enough perhaps for this week. Mr Whiting says he has put by about 30 or 40 old sheep, which are the remains of what have been picked over \u2019till all that were tolerable had been taken out\u2014These he intended to have had some taken from for the people during the harvest, and desired me to tell the Overseers that each might take from them two per week, or to that amount in proportion to their number of hands, until harvest was over\u2014two per week being the highest number for the largest plantation. This was accordingly told to them & will be observed. They have carried up & deliverd to Colo. Hooe six boat loads of flour from the mill\u2014and about six more loads remain to be carried up; but Mr Whiting thought it would be highly improper to keep a number of hands employed in carrying up the flour when the harvest would suffer thereby; they were therefore directed to carry up no more until the people could be better spared. Coles, the overseer at the Ferry, went up with the flour. Was the matter understood in your communication with Colo. Hooe, at what time the 90 days credit for the flour was to commence?\u2014whether at the time of his receiving your acceptance of his offer for it, or at the time of the delivery of such part of it as was at your mill, at le[a]st so far as related to that part? If there was no understanding on that point, I presume it\n will be found that the time of delivery will be the commencement of the 90 days, for such part as was not in his store when the bargain was made. With an intention to clear up this point I called upon Colo. Hooe today, as I passed through Alexandria; but did not find him at home, I shall however see him upon it when I go again to Alexa. which will be either on friday or saturday, and if he should insist upon having all the flour deliverd immediately, it will be best to get a craft to go down & take it all up at once at as low a rate per barrel as it can be done for; in order that there may be no pretence for avoiding the bargain, as the price of flour is considerably lower at present then when he agreed to take it. It may likewise be best, if Colo. Hooe will do it, to take his Note for the flour at the proper date, in order that you may stand upon sure ground; & then if you think proper & circumstances should make it so, it can be off set on Bennett\u2019s acct\u2014Mr Whiting was much concerned at your not having received the Reports of last week; but observed, that he had directed Butler to take them, as he was unable to do it himself, who could not make them out in any way that was intelligible. I shall tomorrow determine my business here with the Commissioners, if it can be determined ultimately at present, which I have some doubts of, as they say the lots in the Situation which I have considered the more suitable for my purposes & which they also agree to be proper therefor, are not yet divided, so that unless there can be some division made during their present sitting they cannot tell which belong to the public; but\u2014at all events I think I can get an assurance of obtaining such a situation as I may pitch upon, when ever the division takes place, upon terms to be agreed upon now.\nDoctor Craik could not go down to Mount Vernon with me yesterday as he promised; but he came down early this morning & returned at the time I came up to this place. He thinks Mr Whiting\u2019s life uncertain for an hour; but thinks it is possible he may continue for a week yet.\nThe weather yesterday & this day has been oppressively hot altho\u2019 the Thermr at Mt Vernon yesterday stood but at 88\u00b0. The Crops of wheat in this neighbourhood, I am told, will be good, more than middling. The rust has attacked some of it, but the injury thereby does not appear very great.\nBegging that my best respects may be made acceptable to Mrs Washington\u2014I have the honor to be Sir, With sentiments of the most perfect respect & truest attachment Your grateful, affectionate & Obedt Servt\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0081", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 20 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir,\nPhiladelphia 20th June 1793.\nI have received & paid attention to your report of the 15th instant.\nThe result is, that the Loan of 2,000,000 of florins ought, in my opinion, to be urged without delay, if it can be obtained\nwithin the limitations of the Law. The further proposal of borrowing 3,000,000 of florins in addition, I shall (seeing no inconvenience that will arise from the delay) take a few days longer to consider; as some reasons occur against, as well as for the measure, in the present unsettled state of credit, & military & other operations in Europe.\nIn the mean time it would contribute to my understanding the subject better, if you was to let me know how the whole sum borrowed under the Acts of the 4th & 12. of August 1790. (instead of the sums which have been transferred to the United States) has been applied: And whether the 200,000 dollars, \u201cfirst installment to the Bank of the U. States,\u201d is a legal charge, under those Acts or any other, in the Account A referred to in the report\u2014Also, whether the 284,901 D. & 89 Cents expanded in the purchase of the public Debt does not appear in the report of the Commissioners of the Sinking fund, or some other report made to Congress last Session as appertaining more properly to the surplus revenue.\nI ask these questions for information, because if the answers should be in the affirmative, the difference will be very material, & when added to the balance of 565,484 Dolls. & 28 Cents, as pr your statement A. would, with the 2,000,000 of florins negotiating, cover all the ascertained demands upon the U. States for the years 1793. & 1794, exclusive of what may be required for the Sinking fund; for which you have made no specific appropriation whereby to form an estimate of the aggregate sum required.\nGo. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0082", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 20 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\n[Philadelphia] June 20th 1793.\nI leave it to you, and the heads of the other two Departments to say what, or whether any answer should be given to the B. Minister\u2019s letter of the 19th\u2014It would seem as if neither he, nor the Spanish Commissioners were to be satisfied with any thing this Government can do. But on the contrary, are resolved to drive matters to extremity. Yours\nGo: Washington\nI send the enclosed to be signed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0083", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., 20 June 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Dandridge, Bartholomew Jr.\nDear Sir\n[Philadelphia] 20th June 1793\nPlease to submit the enclosed letter to the President of the U.S. from Major Gaither\u2014dated 23d May 93. I am Dear Sir Your humble Servt\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0084", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Peters, 20 June 1793\nFrom: Peters, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhilada June 20. 1793\nI had prepared the enclosed a considerable Time ago but have waited for a Communication from a Person who does the most in the Grazing Line of any Person I have heard of. But he has not made the Communication from a silly Belief that it is not for a public Purpose but a private one that I wish to get the Acct from him[.] I therefore delay no longer to send you the best Answer to Mr Y.\u2019s Query I can make. I am with the most sincere & respectful Esteem Your very obed. Servt\nRichard Peters", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0085", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for Settling Accounts Between the United States and the Individual States, 21 June 1793\nFrom: Commissioners for Settling Accounts Between the United States and the Individual States,Irvine, William,Kean, John,Langdon, Woodbury\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nOffice of Accounts June 21st 1793\nThere are some points relative to the finishing of our business which we suppose will occasion you less trouble in giving us directions about in conversation than by letters the principal are respecting the person to whom you think it will be most proper to make our report and into whose custody we shall deliver the Books & papers belonging to the office\u2014if agreeable we shall be glad to know when it will be most convenient for us to wait upon you relative to this matter\u2014With profound respect We are Sir Your Obt Huml. Servts\nWm Irvine\nJohn Kean\nWry Langdon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0087", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 21 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 21. 1793\nConsiderations, relative both to the public Interest and to my own delicacy, have brought me, after mature reflection, to a resolution to resign the office, I hold, towards the close of the ensuing session of Congress.\nI postpone the final act to that period, because some propositions remain to be submitted by me to Congress, which are necessary to the full developement of my original plan, and, as I suppose, of some consequence to my reputation\u2014and because, in the second place, I am desirous of giving an opportunity, while I shall be still in office, to the revival and more deliberate prosecution of the Inquiry into my conduct, which was instituted during the last session.\nI think it proper to communicate my determination, thus early, among other reasons, because it will afford full time to investigate and weigh all the considerations, which ought to guide the appointment of my successor[.] With the most perfect respect I have the honor to be, Sir, Your most Obedient & most humble servant\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0088", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Tobias Lear, 21 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 21st 1793\nYour letter of the 17th came by the Post of yesterday\u2014and as, by the purport of it, there is a probability that this letter may find you either at George town or Mount Vernon, I write it for the purpose of declaring that, your going to the latter place is viewed by me as a very kind & friendly Act. The Acct given of Mr Whiting by Doctr Craik, is a very distressing one; not only as it respects the poor fellow himself, but on acct of the effect it must have on my business, present & to come; during this year, at least.\nGetting an Acct from him (if his situation will enable him to give it) of the monies received & paid, & such as may be due to & from me, is of importance. A general view given by him of other matters, is more to be wished than expected. I shall bring with me the account he rendered to Mr Dandridge when I was last at Mount Vernon.\nIf Mr Clarke fulfils his engagement (and he says he will, tho\u2019 I think it questionable) I shall, if no business more than I am apprized of at present intervenes to prevent it, set out on my Journey on Monday; & expect to be at George Town, if not at Mount Vernon, on Thursday evening. This being the case, and as I shall see you at one or the other of those places, or must meet you on the Road, I shall only add that with much truth & friendship I am Dear Sir Your Affecte\nGo: Washington\nP.S. Mrs Lear & Lincoln are perfectly well.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0090", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Commissioners for Settling Accounts Between the United States and the Individual States, 22 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commissioners for Settling Accounts Between the United States and Individual States\nGentlemen\nPhila. June 22d 1793\nHaving considered the two questions referred to me in your letters of yesterday, I am of opinion that the Report of your proceedings may be made to the President of the U.S. and that your books & papers will be most properly deposited in the Treasury department. you will therefore be pleased to deliver them to the order of the Secretary of the Treasury.\nShould there be any thing in this business requiring, in your\n opinions, my further agency, I shall be ready at any time to give the necessary attention thereto either personally or in writing.\nGo. W.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0091", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 22 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasuy Departmt 22d June 1793.\nI have the honor to submit to the consideration of the President [a report] of the 4th inst. from the Commissioner of the Revenue on the subject of compensations to Keepers of Light houses, being the result of an enquiry some time since instituted.\nWhen this business was first organised, the only guide which presented itself was the previous arrangements of the respective States. It is found upon examination that these arrangements were made without much principle or system & that an alteration will conduce not only to \u0153conomy, but to more equal justice.\nThe subject does not indeed admit of a very precise rule. Something after all must be a kind of arbitration of circumstances, but the present extremes may be corrected and a progress made towards a more equitable apportionment.\nUpon a conference with the Commissioner of the Revenue, the following rates of compensations have been adjusted in the cases which appeared to require revision, to be submitted to the consideration & decision of the President, vizt\n \u214cannum\u2014Dolls.\n1st\nfor the Keeper of the Lighthouse,\nThatcher\u2019s Island:\nDo\nBoston bay\nDo\nPlymouth\nDo\nPortland head\nDo\nConanicut\nDo\nNew London\nDo\nSandy Hook\nto commence from the 1st of July ensuing.\nThere can be no doubt of the impropriety of a Keepers acting by Deputy. If the President approves therefore, it will be signified to the Keeper of the Portsmouth Lighthouse, that he is either to take up his residence on the spot or relinquish the appointment.\nThe same thing cannot, it is presumed, be done with regard to the Keeper of the Plymouth establishment, because his right is represented to be founded on a condition of the original cession of the land on which the Lighthouse stands. With perfect respect I have the honor to be &c.\nAlexandr Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0092", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 22 June 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar department June 22d 1793\nI submit the enclosed letter just received from Governor Mifflin together with my Opinion thereon that the solemnity of the occasion would render it proper to grant his request. I have the honor to be with perfect respect Your obedient Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0093", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Mifflin, 22 June 1793\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhila. 22 June 1793\nThe Master Warden of the Port of Philda, having informed me, that the Brigantine Little Sarah, Prize to the Frigate L\u2019Embuscade, is fitting out as a Privateer, I have the honor to submit to your Excellency a copy of his letter, that you may direct such measures to be pursued, as the occasion shall be thought to require. I am, with perfect respect, Sir, Yr Excy\u2019s most obedt &c.\nTho. Mifflin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0094", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Mifflin, 22 June 1793\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia, 22 June 1793\nIn compliance with your request, expressed, this day in a letter from the Secretary at War, I shall, with the utmost dispatch, ascertain, and communicate to your Excellency, the state of the Little Sarah, as an armed vessel, when she entered this port as a prize to the Ambuscade; her present situation; and the changes which she has undergone since her arrival, with respect to herself, or to any additional number of Guns, Men, &c. I am, with perfect respect, Sir, Your most obedt Hble Sevt\nTho. Mifflin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0095", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Mifflin, 22 June 1793\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nPhila. 22 June 1793\nThe Secretary at War having stated in a letter of yesterday\u2019s date, that he was commanded by you, to request me to order a party of the Militia on board the ship William, now in this port as a prize to the French Privateer, Citizen Genet, for the purpose of keeping her in safe custody, until you have decided upon an allegation, that the ship was captured within the limits of the protection of the U.S., I immediately complied with the request; and I have now the honor to inclose, for your information, a copy of my instructions to the Adj: Gen. of the militia of Pena. I am, with perfect respect Sir Yr Excys most obed. \u27e8H. svt\u27e9\nT. M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0096", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 23 June 1793\nFrom: Commissioners for the District of Columbia,Johnson, Thomas,Stuart, David,Carroll, Daniel\nTo: Washington, George\nSr\nGeo. Town 23rd June 1793\nWe inclose to you a letter from Majr Ellicott respecting a change of part of the southern Branch of the Canal, and his reasons for a change or totally striking out the Eastern Branch of it in the course of our divisions of the Carrollsburgh property, and the knowledge of situation and circumstances collected from\n the plats laid before us\u2014the change of the southern branch occurred to ourselves as proper\u2014besides, having it in our power to do more Justice to the owners of lots, and saving considerably in the expence as noticed by Majr Ellicott instead of increasing the quantity of putur\u2019d water in James\u2019s Creek the Canal will serve as a good bed for the water and we may expect where it is now making, it will soon be improved into dry ground to the sides of the Canal\u2014Majr Ellicotts plat which has been made on purpose will convey an idea of the whole alterations by the Change of the southern Canal and will also with level which will be taken tomorrow bring into View the Utility and expence of a new direction of the Eastern for it may well be doubted whether it will ever be executed in its new direction\u2014We had desired Mr Hallet to study Doct. Thornton\u2019s plan of a Capitol, we thought it prudent that the whole together and every part seperately should be in the mind of some person who was to see to the execution, perhaps it may be Hallet, perhaps not, he has been industrious and reports rather unfavourable on the great points of practacability time and expence he has simplified and abridged the plan, we have had not great time to consider it Mr Blodget and Mr Hoben seem to be in favour of it and so does Williamson, we wish for your Instructions, as it would be a lengthy work to go into particulars in writing if our Ideas were the most perfect, we begg leave to refer you to Mr Blodget Hoben and Hallet whose verbal information will be better than any we can give you, The Center Arch of the Bridge much to our sorrow is in a very ticklish state, in our situation we cannot take any step, and we rather incline to beli[e]ve it cannot be saved, if Harboughs efforts should prevent its falling, its proportion and beauty is gone, if it falls, as we expect we must do something for temporary use we shall meet with dificulties in the settlement, Expecting you may soon be here, we leave orders for the delivery of this presuming that you cannot well form your oppinion which we wish to have on the Canals and Capitol at a distance. We are sir, very truly and respectfully Your Most Obt Huml: Servts\nTh. Johnson\nDd Stuart\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0101", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 24 June 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nGeorge Town June 24th 1793\nUpon my reaching this place from Mount Vernon a few minutes ago, I had the honor to receive your letter of the 21st instant, and am much gratified to find that my having gone to Mount Vernon was an acceptable act. If you should leave Philadelphia on monday, as you propose, you will not receive the account of poor Whitting\u2019s death (which was sent by the Post of Saturday) before that time. He died on Friday morning\u2014Dr Craik was present and Mr Samuel Washington, who had accompanied his sister from Berckley. I did not return from this place to Mt Vernon, until Yesterday Morning, not being able to complete my business with the Commissioners \u2019till late in the afternoon on saturday.\nWhen I returned to Mt Vernon yesterday, I sent for all the overseers in order to take their reports and get from them a general Statement of the situation of things at their respective plantations. This I have the honor to enclose subjoined to each report. I have seen Colo. Hooe respecting the flour & he says he shall have no occasion to receive it until after harvest; but as the Miller thinks the warm weather may injure it at the mill\u2014and as the date of the note for the quantity now at the mill will not commence till the delivery, I think it may be best to agree with some person to take it up upon the best terms that it can be done for, which Colo. Hooe thinks might be @ 9d. per barrel, and I shall accordingly take measures to have it done. In all events it will be best for the Inspector to go down & inspect it, that if there shd be any that would not pass, it might not be increasing the expense to carry it up\u2014and I accordingly desired Mr Smith to go down for that purpose who promises me he will tomorrow. Colo.\n Hooe has has recd altogether 475 barrels, & the miller tells me there are upwards of 200 barrels more in the mill.\nI have finished my business with the Commissioners to my satisfaction\u2014having engaged a part of Square No. 9\u2014near the bridges, which upon every consideration is thought one of the best in the City for the purposes of navigation & extensive commerce. I have taken 128\u00bd feet on the Water & running back 150 feet\u2014for which I am to pay 250\u00a3 at the usual instalments. I returned here to day to get a certificate of my purchase from the Commissioners before they rose, which I have done. They have fixed the 29th of next month to meeting a[ga]in. I shall go back to Mt Vernon tomorrow morning and continue there \u2019till your arrival, as the attention of some one there is very essential at this time. I shall endeavour to collect all the Accts of Rects & payments\u2014Debts & Credits\u2014and get as much of an insight into things as I can before you come on that I may be able to give you all the information I can of the state of the business. You will see by my last letter that poor Whitting could not speak enough to give any acct of matters while I was with him, and they inform me that from the time of my leaving Mount Vernon \u2019till his death he was scarcely able to speak a word, no particular information could be obtained from him. The Vessel from Philada with the things on board for Mount Vernon has not yet arrived. As it is probable, if you should set out on Monday, that you will reach the Susquehannah about the time the mail gets there, or soon after, I shall direct this letter to that place.\nWith sentiments of the most perfect respect & with the truest attachment, I have the honor to be, Sir, Your Affectionate, grateful & Obedt Servt\nTobias Lear.\nI enclose a letter for Mrs Lear which I will thank you to have the goodness to leave at the Post Office where you may find this, to be forwarded.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0102", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 24 June 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nPrivate.  Sir\nRichmond June 24. 1793\nSoon after I had the honor of writing to you from Annapolis, I found an occasion of entering into discourse with the governor of Maryland on the subject of our political situation. He appeared to have been caught by the same apprehensions, as had taken hold of the people of Baltimore; and was very minute in his inquiries. Some hours afterwards he called at my lodgings, and in the presence of several gentlemen spoke to this effect; that the executive of the U.S. seemed to have proceeded on principle, which was the surest guide of its conduct. From the communications too, which I received from the gentlemen of the bar, I am persuaded, that the temper of Maryland goes with the government.\nAt George-Town and Alexandria I heard but little. At Dumfries, Mr Alexr Henderson called upon me, and uttered a multitude of fears and discontents. Knowing him to be a talkative man, who would circulate pretty quickly, whatever he should hear from me, I endeavoured to impress upon him that information, which I was at liberty to give, and those opinions, which for the sake of harmony ought to be entertained. Altho\u2019 I never did count much on his sincerity; yet he so often repeated the happiness, which he felt, of being able to remove the anxiety of his neighbourhood, that I cannot forbear a hope, that he was in some degree sincere.\nThe clamour increased at Fredericksburg, and was principally confined to the Secretary of the Treasury. But the proclamation was also censured for using the term friendship; and the prosecution against Singletem, &c. was condemned, as illegal. I saw no person, who supported these sentiments, as his own; but I explained to Mr Fitzhugh, and Mr Chas Carter the views, in which those criticisms presented themselves to me. Fredericksburg is inflamed by the doctrines and representations of Colo. Taylor, of Carolina the Senator of the U.S. It would astonish you, sir, to learn the success, which has attended his efforts to rouse the cool and substantial planters. Even Mr Hoomes, of the Bowling-Green, who is respectable and intelligent, and has a great deal to lose, was animated to a degree which changed his nature essentially. It was necessary to be particular with him; and I delayed my journey, that I might examine all his dissatisfaction. As I advanced in stating facts, he declared, that he had never heard one half, and that his information was expressly the contrary. I pledged myself for the truth of what I said to him, and he confessed, that, if it was true, the government had been grossly calumniated. This remark came twice from him, while I was speaking of the proclamation and prosecution. He begged me to stop at Colo. Pendleton\u2019s, with an earnestness, that shewed a friendly disposition to the f\u0153deral government. I spent an evening and morning with that gentleman, who approved the proclamation in all its parts, and language; and thought, that too much could not be done, to ward off a rupture with the European powers. His complaints were wholely against financial operations; but as he had never scrutinized the reports, I gave him a set, and obtained\n his promise to write to me without reserve, as soon as he has comprehended the questions in their full extent.\nMy next stage was at Mr Lyonss. With him scarcely any thing was right, except the measures, adopted to repel the war. He assented to the propriety of all these; but the other proceedings, whether legislative, executive or judiciary he certainly did not spare.\nIn this place parties are strong; and the friends to the general government are far inferior in number to its enemies. But among its enemies, not a dozen can be named, who are not averse to war. I was told, that Judge Tucker, and Judge Tyler talked in this strain; and I accepted an invitation to dinner from the general court, in order to ascertain to what lengths they would go. But politics were kept out of sight; and I can only report from the mouth of others, that there are not more than two of all the judges, who are not highly irritated against the f\u0153deral administration. The late debates concerning British debts have served to Kindle a wide-spreading flame. The debtors are associated with the antif\u0153deralists, and the discontented f\u0153deralists; and they range themselves under the standard of Mr Henry, whose ascendancy has risen to an immeasurable height. But I was happy to learn from Colo. Innes, that he has been loud in reprobating the decapitation of the French King, and is a friend to peace; and the steps pursued for its security; adding, that nothing would induce him to vote for a war, but the redemption of the Marquis la Fayette. He grows rich every hour, and thus his motives to tranquillity must be multiplying every day.\nMr Jay is considered here by some, under very unfavorable aspects. But every body agrees in his ability as a judge. It is reported and believed, that he was insulted on the road by a drunken man, who had been present at the trial in the circuit court. Nothing could be more unfortunate, than the false hopes, which the decision of that court has inspired in regard to the payments into the treasury. Mr Wythe indeed, as chancellor, has determi\u27e8mutilated\u27e9d \u27e8mutilated\u27e9gainst the British debtor; but his decree will, as it is conj\u27e8mutilated\u27e9d, be re\u27e8mutilated\u27e9d in the court of appeals unanimously. The people will th\u27e8mutilated\u27e9fore be fortified in their opposition, when they perceive so many advocates of character.\nI have had very full communications with those, who are attached to the general government; and since our conversations they think themselves armed in its defence. These are Colo. Innes, Colo. Harvie, Dr Mclurg, Mr Marshall, Capt. Singleton & some few others. But I am now rivetted in my persuasion, that the best administration upon the face of the earth may be vilified, and almost ruined, unless they be protected by frequent and candid publications.\nLast night I was informed, that an inhabitant of this place expatriated himself, while Mr Genet was here, and immediately took the oath of a French citizen before him. I shall inquire into this business more accurately; but I have little doubt of its truth.\nI shall set off for Williamsburg this morning, and shall return hither at the beginning of next week; Should I meet Mr Wilson Nicholas, when I get back, I shall be ready in three or four days afterwards to commence my journey to Philadelphia. I have the honor, sir, to be with an affectionate attachment and respect\u2014Yr mo. ob. serv.\nEdm: Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0103", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Dobbs Spaight, 24 June 1793\nFrom: Spaight, Richard Dobbs\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNorth Carolina New Bern 24th June 1793\nOn the 21st inst: I received information that a Schooner belonging to the port of Wilmington in this State had been fitted out as a privateer in South Carolina, on behalf of one of the parties at War, taken a British Vessel, and brought her into Wilmington as a Prize; at which place both the privateer and prize were then lying. In conformity to the instructions which I received from the Secretary of War in his letters of the 23rd and 24 of May last I Immediately sent off an Express with orders to the commanding Officers of the Counties of New Hanover and Brunswick to embody such part of the Militia under their command, as they might deem necessary and to seize and detain both the privateer and her prize untill I should receive such further instructions thereon as may appear to you proper. I also wrote to Colonel Read the Collector of the port, that if he thought he could consistent with his duty, to give directions to Captn Cook of the revenue Cutter to assist the Militia Officers if necessary in detaining the aforesaid Vessels. I have given the Officers instructions to carry the orders into effect with secrecy and dispatch and by no means to let either of the Vessels escape and to inform me of every circumstance of the case.\nThe circumstances of the case as far as I have been informed are as follow. The Schooner was called the Hector Captain Almsted belonging to Wilmington in this State from which place she sailed for Charleston some time in may last with intention of getting a french commission she cleared out from that port as an American bottom bound to the West Indies on the 7th June inst: as soon as she got over the Bar she sent back her American papers and went into Georgetown (So. Carolina) where she mounted her guns which it was suspected she brought in her hold from Charleston. when she came out of Georgetown she captured this English Vessel bound into the port, and brought her into Wilmington. The date of her commission and of the bill\n of Sale to the french Captain (to whom she was to be delivere\u2019d at sea) was the first of June and she cleared out from Charleston on the 7th of June as an American bottom. Colonel Brown the Gentleman who gave me the information also gave me a copy of the Commission which is enclosed.\nThe instructions which I received from the War department so far as they relate to the detention and safe keeping of any vessel that may be fitted out in any of the ports of this State, I am in hopes can be carried into effect by the Militia\u2014But in respect to that part of the instructions which relate to the detention of any of the parties at War who may commit Hostilities within the protection of this State; from the particular Situation of this Country I fear that the Militia cannot in every instance of Hostilities being committed fullfil those instructions. as it is probable they will be committed where nothing but a naval force can be of any service. the bar of Occacock over which nearly two thirds of the trade of the State is carried on is from 36 to 40 miles from the mouth of Neure river and that thro\u2019 an extensive and open sound, the banks thro\u2019 which the entrance is, is between three and four miles apart & only inhabited by the pilots, a privateer of any of the powers at War might come in there and anoy our trade in spite of any thing the Militia could do, unless they were assisted by an armed Vessel of sufficient force to capture the privateer Should a Vessel be fitted out for the express purpose of taking her, the same Wind that carried her down to the Bar would carry the privateer to Sea.\nI think it my duty to state these facts to you, least in future should any thing of that kind occur, I may be censured for not doing that, which it was not in my power to perform Was the revenue Cutter properly equiped and manned by being sometimes at Occacock and sometimes at Cape Fear she might be of essential service at least against small privateers. You may be assured that every exertion in my power to carry those instructions into effect shall be made use of. I have the Honor to be with respect Sir your most Obedient servant\nRd D. Spaight", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0104", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Th\u00e9ophile Cazenove, 25 June 1793\nFrom: Casenove, Th\u00e9ophile\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBaltimore 25. June 1793.\nOn my return from my house, at Alexandria, I learnt that a letter, transmitted to me, here, for your Excellency, from Madame de la Fayette, had been put into the post-office. As I am desired, by my friend in England, through whom it was sent me, to inform him, whether it reached your Excellency\u2019s hands, I beg leave to request you will deign to let me know, whether you received that letter: and, if your Excellency think it proper, that your answer to Madame de la Fayette should be forwarded, through my channel, I will readily take charge of it. I have the honor to be, with respect, Your Excellency\u2019s most humble, and most obedient servant\nCazenove", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0105", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Gouverneur Morris, 25 June 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Washington, George\nMy dear Sir\nSain port near Paris 25 June 1793\nI have just receivd yours of the twenty fifth of March and do very sincerely condole with you on the melancholy Event which it communicates. Make I pray you my dear Sir the proper assurances of my Regret on this Occasion to Colo. Bassett as well as to Mrs Washington. Not having had Time to read the Gazettes which are but just (and but in part) arriv\u2019d I cannot from them derive the Information you allude to, but my first Glance at them shews what I am sorry to see and from thence I am induc\u2019d to quote a sound Maxim from an excellent Book. A House divided against itself cannot Stand. As to your Re Acceptance Sir you know my Sentiments which on that, as on some other Subjects, are I think unchangeable. It will be Time enough for you to have a Successor when it shall please God to call you from this World\u2019s Theatre. If such Successor is then able to fill the President\u2019s Chair it will be Matter of Surprize to those who can form a competent Idea of the Office; but during your Life, I consider the Thing as utterly impossible. And do not imagine my dear Sir that you can retire, tho you may resign. You will in such Case become the Man of the Opposition, however your Good Sense may differ from their Madness, and your Virtue from their Vilainy.\nDepend on it they will cite you as being of their Sentiment. If you are silent you assent, and if you speak you are committed. In the Mean Time your poor Successor is obligd to struggle under all the Weight of your Reputation as well as that of the office, And he must be a Strong Man who can carry either; of Course a very rash Man who would attempt to take up both.\nI am very happy to find that the Determination to maintain a strict Neutrality is so general in America. I shall not dwell on that Topic, because my several Letters to Mr Jefferson contain enough of it to weary your Patience. By the bye, I am mortified more than I can tell you at the Delay my Letters experience in their Passage. I task my Mind to it\u2019s utmost Bent to discover those Events which are most likely to happen, in order that (so far at least as my Judgment can be relied on) you may be duly prepar\u2019d, and after all you hear of the Event before my Almanack comes out. This is provoking, and would be much more so did I not find from Experience that The Things I wish are done as well, and perhaps better, than if my Conjectures had reach\u2019d you. I trust that long ere this you will have receivd what I had the Honor to write on the 28 decr 6 & l0th January and 14 Feby.\n You will have seen that in the End of last Month and Begining of this, the long expected Insurrection took Place, by which a new Sett of Men are brought into Power. By the bye, should the present Society be able to establish themselves, I think Mr Genest will soon have a Successor. And if, the Revolution compleated, Things return to the Point from whence they started, I am sure Mr Genest will have a Successor. As to those who rule the Roost, or rather the few by whom they are directed, you may depend that they have just Ideas of the Value of popular Opinion. They are not however in Condition to act according to Knowlege, and should they be able to reach a Harbor there will be quite as much of good Luck as of good Management in it. At any Rate Part of the Crew will be thrown overboard. It is my Opinion that the Members of Convention\u27e8,\u27e9 lately arrested will do Nothing, for the greater Part of them have only parol Energy: and if I were call\u2019d on by any cogent Motive to act it should be in Conformity to that Idea. In my letter to Mr Jefferson of this Day I tell him that I shall implicitly obey his Orders, but this is in Reply to the broad Hint, that my Embarrassments may have arisen from Inattention to the Principles of free Government. You may rely\n Sir that I shall be cautious to commit the United States as little as possible to future Contingencies. In my last Letter I gave you my Idea of Popularity.\nI have never thought that three Parties could conveniently exist in any one Country, and therefore it seems to me that one of those into which those who call themselves Democrats are divided must join the Royalists. I do not enquire what Negotiations are carried on to that Effect, for I have no Desire to meddle with such Affairs directly or indirectly and should be very sorry to have the Appearance of siding with any one Party or Faction whatever; being convincd that I can best do the Business of the United States by keeping aloof from them all.\nThose who command the royal or christian Army as they call themselves on the Loire are good Officers. Their Enemies have in my Mind passed the highest Eulogium on them in Saying that the Soldiers are brought to such a Pitch of Folly and Madness as to rush on, arm\u2019d only with Clubs, and possess themselves of the Artillery to whose Fire they are expos\u2019d. As far as I have been able to learn they profess themselves the Friends of Order and Justice, and act conformably to such Professions, protecting both Persons and Property wherever they arrive, and paying for whatever they take. Hence it happens that their Dominion is constantly extending itself, and if they should get Possession of Nantes, which seems to be their present Object, they will be truly formidable; because then by Means of the Loire a Passage will be opened into the Heart of the Kingdom for as many Troops as foreign Powers may chuse to send Hiether, or if they should prefer fighting the Battle with Frenchmen they need only furnish Money and warlike Stores and they would have as many Men as they please and the most fertile Part of France to subsist in.\nFarewell my dear Sir may God bless and keep you not meerly for your Sake and still less for that of your Friends but for the general Good of our Country. Adieu. I am very truly yours\nGouv. Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0106", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jedidiah Morse, 25 June 1793\nFrom: Morse, Jedidiah\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nCharlestown [Mass.] June 25th 1793.\n I do myself the honour herewith to present for your acceptance, a sett of \u201cThe American Universal Geography.\u201d Compiled under the auspices of your Presidency over the United States, & describing, in a more particular manner, that distinguished country, whh is so deeply indebted to you, sir, for her present tranquillity & happiness\u2014it is a tribute I owe you\u2014& I most cheerfully pay it. I have only to regret that it is not more worthy of your acceptance, & that it bears so small a proportion to that gratitude & respect whh I bear for your character. With the sincerest respect, & the most earnest prayers for your health, long life, & happiness here & hereafter, I am, sir, your most obdt & humble servt\nJedh Morse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0107", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Tubeuf, 26 June 1793\nFrom: Tubeuf, Pierre-Fran\u00e7ois, sieur de\nTo: Washington, George\nMr. President,\nSt Marie\u2014The new french establishment on the Clinch, in the County of Russel in Virginia\u201426 June 1793\nI have promised myself the gratification of going to pay my devoirs to you for these two years that I have been in America; but it has been impossible for me to have that satisfaction. The Alarms in which I have been kept by the Indians, in the part of the County of Russel, upon the borders of Clinch, in Virginia, where I have purchased 55,000 Acres of land, have driven away a part of the French Emigrants whom I brought over with me, and it has been with great difficulty that I have retained four french families that are established with me.\nThe interest which the State of Virginia took in my enterprize, the facility & security which they gave me for its execution, led me to hope that it would at this day have been completely successful. In consequence, I made dispositions for a new french emigration, well composed, which will come out, with the rest of my family, to join us the next spring; when, with the precautions\n of the State for our security, we shall find ourselves sufficiently strong to guard ourselves, and this vast & precious Country, now a desert, will become, in a few years, well inhabited.\nI have thought, Mr President, that my enterprize would be sufficiently interesting to you to permit me to give this detail\u2014and to lay open the following.\nI brought with me my eldest son, aged about nineteen years & an half\u2014Two months ago my wife sent to me my youngest son, aged 14 years. These are all the Children I have. Since the age of 8 years they have both been brought up in the Royal military School of France, from which they have never departed \u2019till they came here. Both these were destined for the military line. The deplorable situation into which our unhappy Country is plunged, has determined me to make them quit it, to enjoy the inappreciable advantages which, Mr President, you have obtained for this new Country which we have found out. May I request that the original destination of my eldest son be not changed, it being the only pursuit adapted to him, and that he may enter into the military service of America? He desires it with much ardour. Can I hope from your goodness, Mr President, that he may obtain employment either in the Cavalry or Infantry, as you may please? It will lay me under an infinite obligation to you. He will have the honor to ask it of you himself, in the month of September next, and will put into your hands a letter from a personage very dear to Americans and to good Frenchmen. It is a great mortification to me Mr President, not to be able to present to you this letter myself, and my son. I am with profound respect, Mr President, Your most humble & Obedet Servt\nde [T]ubeuf", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0108", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 27 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt 27th June 1793.\nThe seventh section of an Act of the 2d of March last, intitled \u201cAn Act supplementary to the Act intitled An Act to provide more effectually for the collection of the Duties imposed by Law on goods, wares & merchandizes imported into the United States, and on the tonnage of Ships or Vessels,\u201d provides \u201cThat the President of the United States may, if he shall judge it conducive to the public interest, increase the complement of mariners to the several Revenue Cutters, so that the number do not exceed seven mariners to each Cutter.\u201d\nI request the President\u2019s direction concerning this provision.\nThe necessity of increasing the number of hands to these Cutters has been several times represented to this Department; & the nature of the service appears to recommend such an increase.\nThe mere navigation of these vessels would not require more than the present complement. but this is not the only object. The Law contemplates that the officers are to be occasionally detached from the Cutters to accompany the vessels they fall in with on our coast & in our bays. and there is frequently a necessity of sending the boat of a Cutter on board a vessel at Sea; for which purpose a sufficient number of hands cannot be spared, so as to leave a competent number for the management of the Cutter; especially as casualties of ill health sometimes occur. With the most perfect respect I have the honor to be &c.\nA. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0110", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for Settling Accounts Between the United States and the Individual States, 29 June 1793\nFrom: Commissioners for Settling Accounts Between the United States and the Individual States,Irvine, William,Kean, John,Langdon, Woodbury\nTo: Washington, George\nOffice of the Commissrs of Accots Philada June 29th 1793.\nThe Commissioners appointed to execute the several Acts of Congress, to provide more effectually for the settlement of the Accounts between the United States, and the Individual States,\nReport,\nThat they have maturely considered the claims of the several States against the United States, and the charges of the United States against the individual States.\nThat they have gone through the process prescribed in the 5th Section of the Act of Congress passed the 5th day of August 1790, (the particulars whereof will be found in Book A. lodged with the papers of this office in the Treasury Department) and find that there is due, including interest to the 31st day of decembr 1789, to the State of\nNew Hampshire,\nSeventy five thousand, and fifty five\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007dollars.\nMassachusetts,\nOne million, two hundred forty eight \u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007thousand, eight hundred and one\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007dollars.\nRhode Island,\nTwo hundred, ninety nine thousand, six\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007hundred and eleven dollars.\nConnecticut,\nSix hundred and nineteen thousand, one\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007hundred and twenty one dollars.\nNew Jersey,\nForty nine thousand and thirty dollars.\nSouth Carolina,\nOne million, two hundred and five\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007thousand, nine hundred and seventy\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007eight dollars.\nGeorgia,\nNineteen thousand, nine hundred and\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007eighty eight dollars.\nAnd that there is due including interest to the 31st day of Decemr 1789, from the State of\nNew York,\nTwo million, seventy four thousand, eight\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007hundred and forty six dollars.\nPennsylvania,\nSeventy six thousand, seven hundred and\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007nine dollars.\nDelaware,\nSix hundred and twelve thousand, four\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007hundred and twenty eight dollars.\nMaryland,\nOne hundred and fifty one thousand, six\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007hundred and forty dollars.\nVirginia,\nOne hundred thousand, eight hundred\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007and seventy nine dollars.\nNorth Carolina,\nFive hundred and one thousand, and\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007eighty two dollars.\nWhich several sums they by virtue of the authority to them delegated, declare to be the final and conclusive balances due to and from the several States.\nSigned, Wm Irvine\nJohn Kean\nWoodbury Langdon.\nI certify the above to be a true copy from the original.\nBw Dandridge.\nSecretary to the President of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0111", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Andrew Ellicott, Benjamin Ellicott, and Isaac Briggs, 29 June 1793\nFrom: Ellicott, Andrew,Ellicott, Benjamin,Briggs, Isaac\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nSurveyor\u2019s office, City of Washington, June 29th 1793.\nWe trust we have manifested, during our employment in the city of Washington, our zeal for its success, and the accomplishment of the main object: as a proof of this, we take the liberty of laying before you a statement of facts; and representing the mortifications\n to which we have constrained ourselves to submit, rather than relinquish an object which we wish to see accomplished and which has already given you so much trouble and anxiety.\nFifteen or sixteen months ago, a man known by the name of James McDermott, or James Read Dermott, was introduced into the surveying department by Doctor Stuart. During last summer, the said McDermott conducted himself in a manner so disorderly and so unworthy of trust, that Mr Ellicott judged it necessary to dismiss him from his department, and communicated his intention to Doctor Stuart, who pointedly opposed his dismission; in consequence, he was continued until his repeated misconduct made it indispensible, and he was accordingly dismissed by Mr Ellicott.\nShortly after his dismission, a number of important papers disappeared from the surveyors office; this fact, and Mr Ellicott\u2019s suspicions that the said McDermott had privately carried them off were immediately communicated to the commissioners.\nMr Ellicott, as head of the surveying department was accused in a Baltimore newspaper of remissness in his duty; he then demanded of the commissioners an investigation into his conduct, which they refused, having, at the same time, indirectly joined in the censure.\nA long list of charges of inaccuracy was exhibited against Mr Ellicott in his absence, by the said McDermott. these were readily listened to, by the commissioners, and prosecuted with apparent acrimony. Immediately on Mr Ellicott\u2019s return from Philadelphia in March last, the commissioners demanded from him an answer to those charges, in writing; he informed them that it would be a difficult and tedious task to give a satisfactory explanation in writing; but an easy one, by having recourse to the papers then in his office, whither he was at any time ready to attend them; and that upon investigation those charges would be found entirely frivolous; and he might have added, malicious: they replied that they would not accept of a verbal explanation; peremptorily ordered him to desist from any farther operations in the city; and personally demanded of him all the papers belonging to his office. Mr Ellicott then again offered to explain the supposed inaccuracies laid to his charge; but he was stopped short, and told that they came not for explanations, but for papers; he then told them he was ready to deliver to them all\n the papers then in his possession, but that there were many papers of importance, which he so strongly suspected McDermott had stolen, that he was willing to make affedavit of it, procure a search-warrant & examine his trunks; this the commissioners strenuously opposed, out of tenderness, as they alledged, for McDermott\u2019s character. Immediately after this they informed Mr Ellicott by letter, that they found some of the papers said by him to have been stolen, in McDermott\u2019s possession: and McDermott was forthwith received again into their service in the city!\nMr Ellicott, publicly, repeatedly, and once to McDermott\u2019s face, in public, declared him to be a scoundrel and a thief; yet no measures were ever taken to wipe this stain from his character.\nSuch had been the situation of affairs for about one month, when you arrived here in April last\u2014the surveying business had been totally at a stand\u2014Mr Ellicott and his assistants out of employment and on expence, while McDermott was kept in constant pay.\nImmediately after your departure, Mr Ellicott availed himself of the liberty you had given him of using your name, in again demanding an investigation of the matters laid to his charge; which the commissioners then granted with apparent reluctance.\nIn the course of this enquiry, it was found that the inaccuracies complained of were (except in one small instance) wholely in false copying, by Mr McDermott, the informer himself, from the general return of the work on the ground; or from numbers which he himself, before the commissioners, confessed to have entered on the general return: the work on the ground was found to be uncommonly accurate, as also the general return; excepting only such parts as were entered by the informer himself; and these were indeed found to be very false.\nYet notwithstanding this plain discovery of McDermott\u2019s want of principle\u2014notwithstanding his want of veracity, gasconading cowardice, habitual drunkenness, and disorderly conduct when intoxicated had become proverbial in George Town; and notwithstanding Mr Ellicott candidly declared to the commissioners that he could not submit to any kind of intercourse either directly or indirectly with a man whose villany of character he so well knew; McDermott was still employed by them in the affairs of the city.\nThe commissioners were again minutely informed, by Mr Ellicotts report to them of the 17th instant, of McDermott\u2019s dishonest\n conduct, and the shameful accumulation of expense to the public which was the inevitable consequence; the commissioners then pointedly declared, that at the risk of again stopping the whole business, they would employ whom they chose. Such being their determination, we, as friends to the city and dignity of the business, cannot but lament that their choice should have fallen on such a character as McDermott.\nThe business of bounding the squares in the city with stones is in the care of Mr George Fenwick, a gentleman whose moral character, ingenuity, and attention to his duty, would do honor to any employment. The business of dividing squares into lots is at present committed to McDermott. These two branches of business, will never be more than sufficient for one person; and confining them to one person would be a clear saving of twenty shillings per day.\nWe sincerely regret that we find it necessary to trouble you with so minute a detail of so bad a character; but we feel sensibly mortified in being any way connected in the same business with such a man, and who would be very far beneath any kind of notice, were he not obtruded upon us. Instead of that harmony necessary to expedite the business, and give satisfaction to all concerned; nothing but continual distrust and embarrassments can be expected, while a person so notoriously infamous as McDermott is continued in it. It is in vain that the public are even clamorous in their disapprobation; the commissioners alledge that they are accountable only to you; and, in many cases, public opposition seems to be their only motive for perseverance.\nWe have long had but two motives for continuing in the city, under such mortifications; one, a belief that we could be of service, and the other that it was your wish: nevertheless if you should think that the interest of the city would be better promoted by our retiring from it, we will most chearfully submit; for it is utterly impossible that we can ever have any confidence in McDermott or maintain any intercourse with him; and both are necessary between the surveyors and the divider of squares. With the utmost respect, we have the honor to be, Your most obedient and very huml. servants,\nAndw Ellicott.\nI: Briggs.\nBenj\u2019n Ellicott.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0112", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Wilcocks, Jr., 29 June 1793\nFrom: Wilcocks, John Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nHonored & Dear Sir\nExeter (Devonshire) [England]  June 29 1793\nFrom my Wifes Father, the Revd Mr James Madgwick, whose parents & other relations lived at Cerne[,] Wareham & Poole in Dorset, I learn, your Ancestors and his, were the same, Mrs Jolliffe of Poole, my Father-in-law\u2019s Aunt, being a Washington, being some Years since, when he related it to me (viz.) in the Year 1777 when I married I perhaps may not have been correct\u2014he has been Dead upward of 5 Years\u2014The present is only to desire your advice & assistance in settling myself & family in one of the United States of America, the natural propensity of the Governors of this country being War; trade suffers & taxes must consequently encrease, makes it difficult to provide competantly for a large family (I have five Sons & one Daughter, the eldest John Madgwick Wilcocks 14 Years) I have been always a Shopkeeper (viz.) selling Linen & woolen drapery, Haberdashery, Grocery &c. but know something of Agriculture as practise\u2019d in this Country, & can carry with me upwards of one thousand pounds immediately two thousand more at the sale of my houses here & have an annuity during my wifes Life of \u00a3100 pr annm from the British funds\u2014I most sincerely beg pardon for troubling you, with this impertinent epistle, at same time hope & beg you will so far notice it, as to return me what I desire your advice & assistance in the purchase of an eligible piece of ground\u2014one of your Consuls with whom I am in ha\u27e8bits\u27e9 of friendship (Mr Vanderhorst of Bristol) recommends Charlestown\u27e8,\u27e9 South Carolina, but I am afraid the Climate may be too warm for an English constitution\u2014however if a more suitable place is not recommended to me, I will embrace that, being convinced it is my duty, to leave this unhappy Country. I am Honored Sr Your mo. obedt & Hble \u27e8Sert\u27e9\nJohn Wilcocks Junr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0114", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 30 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nMount Vernon June 30th 1793.\nThe enclosed letter from the Governor of New York, covering a communication to him from the Consul of the French Republic at that place, respecting the continuance of a British Letter of Marque in the Harbour of New York\u2014reached my hands by the post of last evening; and I now transmit it to you, that it may be taken into consideration by yourself and the other Heads of the Departments, as soon as may be after this letter gets to your hands. If you should be unanimous in Your opinions as to the measures which ought to be pursued by the Government, in the case now communicated\u2014You, or the Secretary of War (to whose department it belongs) will transmit, in my name, the result of your deliberations on the subject, to the Governor of New York for his information\u2014and to be communicated by him to the French Consul at that place. But in case there should be a difference of sentiment among the Gentlemen on the matter, I must request that the several opinions may be sent to me for my consideration\u2014and the Governor of New York informed, that a decision will be had in the case as soon as I return to the seat of Government; which I expect will be about the tenth of next month\u2014notwithstanding the death of my manager and the consequent derangement of my concerns would make my presence here for a longer time, at this important season, almost indispensable: But I know the urgency and delicacy of our public\n affairs at present will not permit me to be longer absent, I must therefore submit with the best grace I can to the loss and inconvenience which my private affairs will sustain from the want of my personal attention, or that of a confidential Character, the obtaining of which I have no prospect at present. With very great regard, I am, Dear Sir, Your Affecte & Obedt Servt\nG Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0117", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Hoban and Stephen Hallet, 1 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hoban, James,Hallet, Stephen\nGentn\nMount Vernon 1st July 1793.\nI have considered in the best manner my small knowledge in Architecture, & the peculiar situation of my own Private concerns (which brought me here) will enable me to do\u2014the observations made by mr Hallet on the plan which has been exhibited by Doctr Thornton\u2014& on acct of its exterior beauty, & the arrangement of the Apartments, had been adopted. But if this plan is as expensive as it is represented to be\u2014will require such a length of time to execute it\u2014(either of which would be an important objection to it)\u2014and withal so exceptionable in the true principles of Architecture & so defective in some of the ends which are proposed, it ought to be relinquished for one more practicable\u2014more simple\u2014less expensive\u2014and which can be executed in the time allowed by Law.\nHaving made this declaration, justice to, & respect for the abilities & character of Doctr Thornton call upon me to add that\n he should, before his plan is laid aside, be informed of all the objections to, & observations on it. If he cannot obviate them I persuade myself he will have candour enough to acknowledge it, & will readily see the propriety of a change which will bring the building within the compass of our means and time. For this purpose, It is my wish & desire that you would both, by Thursday\u2019s stage, if practicable, set out for Philadelphia with Doctr Thornton\u2019s Plan, & Mr Hallett\u2019s last one, together with the sections of the first\u2014the observations\u2014calculations\u2014& in short every paper relative to both, & to a final decision that as little time as possible may be lost in fixing this matter.\nThe reason why I propose your going to Philadelphia is because Mr Blodget is now there, and because, if it did not suit Doctr Thornton to repair to Georgetown immediately I could not be present at the meeting\u2014In the packet enclosed I have written to the Secretary of State to have the matter fully investigated before him & to report the result that a plan being fixed upon the foundation may be begun & in forwardness by the Sale.\nI think it reasonable that the necessary expences of your journey should be borne by the public\u2014and if circumstances render it improper, or inconvenient for both of you to go, that one ought to do it\u2014but both would be best, as every light & understanding of the subject ought to be had as the decision must be final & ought to be prompt. I am Gentlems &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0118", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Adamson, 2 July 1793\nFrom: Adamson, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nJuly 2d 1793\nI humbly Submit to your Excellency the inclos\u2019d for your consideration, and, conscious as I am of the boldness of this Intrusion, I shall not add to my presumption by attempting an apology where none is adequate to the occasion.\nI shall only therefore observe, that my distress is occasioned by a late Severe ilness, to shake off the Effects of which, I am advis\u2019d to have recourse to the Berkley Springs, in which undertaking I humbly crave your Excellencys assistance. I have the honour to be, Sir\u2014Your Excellency\u2019s devoted And humble Servant.\nRichard Adamson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0119", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Creek Nation, 3 July 1793\nFrom: Creek Nation,Barnard, Timothy\nTo: Washington, George\nA talk from the heads of the Upper and lower Creeks by order of the Mad Dog of the Tuckebatchees given out at the Cussetau Square at a meeting of a number of the lower Creeks, this 21st of July 1793.\nCussitahs 3d July 1793.\nWe the heads of the Creek nation wish to acquaint your Excellency that we are just informed by a runner of our own people from the Chickesaw Nation that there was some of the Chickesaws just arrived who had been holding talks with Governor Blount and that from Governor Blount they came to Cumberland, and that they had agreed with Governor Blount to send six thousand men to station at the Mussell shoals on the Cherokee river, and that the Cumberland people had agreed to send five hundred more men to join the Chickesaws to station at a Fort in the Chickesaw nation, and that the Cumberland people had already sent off three pounds great guns to said fort and that five hundred men were to be there in a short time. We the heads of the Creek nation wish to hear from General Washington whether it is determined that Governor Blount and these Cumberland people should go on, or whether or not they are people that are under the government of General Washington or not: This we the heads of the nation would wish to know as quick as possible: We the heads of the Upper and lower Creeks wish to inform the President of the United States that we have given out talks to put a total stop to all our young men going out to commit any hostilities against Cumberland or Kentucky therefore if its the wish of the President of the United States, that his people and we the red people should be at peace, we hope he will immediately restrain Governor Blount and his people from joining the Chickasaws, \u2019tis not that we are in great dread of the consequences of those proceedings, but as we have had a long wish to settle all disputes, We hope that our friend and father General Washington still remains in the same opinion.\nWe the heads of the Creek nation likewise wish to inform the heads of Georgia that if they still have a wish to settle matters with the red people, we hope they will on seeing this immediately send off to Governor Blount to restrain his people till his Excellency General Washington\u2019s pleasure is known.\nTimothy Barnard.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0120", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 3 July 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Mount Vernon] July 3d 1793\nThe President sends to the Secretary of State the enclosed letter from Mr Chiappe, which has been forwarded by Mr Simpson at Gibralter. If, upon translating this letter, there should be found in it any thing important to be communicated to the President\u2014the Secretary will do it when the President arrives in Philadelphia.\nThe President prosposes to set out from this place on sunday next.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0122", "content": "Title: From the Citizens of Alexandria, Virginia, to the President of the United States, The Address of the Inhabitants of Alexandria and its Vicinity, 4 July 1793\nFrom: Citizens of Alexandria, Virginia,Ramsay, Dennis\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria [Va.] July 4th 1793\nThat America should remain in peace and enjoy the blessings of their free government undisturbed by European concerns\n We believe to be the earnest desire of every wellwisher to our Country, and We feel the most cordial satisfaction in expressing to you our conviction of the Wisdom of the part you have taken to preserve the publick repose and happiness\u2014In declaring by your proclamation the conduct which ought to be pursued by the people of the United States towards the Belligerent powers of Europe, a new instance was presented to your fellow Citizens of your Vigilance in discharging the important duties of your Station, And you have exhibited to the Nations of the World a striking proof of the candour and justice which governs the politicks of the Republick over which you preside, Sincerity good faith, and truth are Virtues belonging to the Republican character. We rejoice that they have been cherished and practised in the Administration of our Government, And We confide that a steady and manly adherence to them will furnish an example of a people living under a Republican form of Government that will meet with the approbation of all Mankind and be productive of universal happiness.\nAccept Sir, our Assurances that individually our Conduct shall be regulated on every occasion by that Spirit of Amity and impartiality which you have enjoined.\nBy Order of the Meeting.\nDennis Ramsay Chairman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0126", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Cleon Moore, 5 July 1793\nFrom: Moore, Cleon\nTo: Washington, George\nLetter not found: from Cleon Moore, 5 July 1793. GW wrote Moore on 19 July that he had \u201cduly received your letter of the 5th instt.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0127", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Fitzhugh, 6 July 1793\nFrom: Fitzhugh, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nRavensworth [Va.] July 6th 1793\nAgreable to your request, I applied to Mr Gwinn respecting his undertaking the stewardship at Mount Vernon and have at his particular desire, to inform you that while he continues to act in that Capacity, he cannot with propriety decline the business of his present Employer: however that it would give him pleasure to render you any temporary service in riding down frequently & attending to your Business until you may be able to suit yourself in a Manager.\nI am really sorry for the loss you have sustained in the death of so skilful & valuable a Farmer as the late Mr Whiting tho\u2019 I wish you may soon furnish yourself with a successor equal to him. I have the Honor to be with the greatest respect Your Mo. Obdt Hble Servt\nRichd Fitzhugh", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0128", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion on the Little Sarah [Petite D\u00e9mocrate], 8 July 1793\nFrom: Cabinet,Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, 8 July 1793]\nAt a meeting at the State house of the city of Philadelphia July 8. 1793.\nPresent the Secretary of state, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary at War.\nIt appears that a brigantine called the Little Sarah has been fitted out at the port of Philadelphia, with fourteen cannon, & all other equipments indicating that she is intended as a Privateer to cruise under the authority of France, & that she is now lying in the river Delaware at some place between this city & Mud-island; that a conversation has been had between the Secretary of state & the Minister Plenipotentiary of France, in which conversation the Minister refused to give any explicit assurance that the brigantine would continue until the arrival of the President & his decision in the case, but made declarations respecting her not being ready to sail within the time of the expected return of the President from which the Secretary of state infers with confidence that she will not sail till the President will\nhave an opportunity of considering & determining the case. that in the course of the conversation the Minister declared that the additional guns which had been taken in by the Little Sarah were French property, but the Governor of Pensylvania declared that he has good ground to believe that two of her cannon were purchased here of citizens of Philadelphia. The Governor of Pensylvania asks advice what steps, under the circumstances he shall pursue?\nThe Secretary of the Treasury & the Secretary of war are of opinion that it is expedient that immediate measures should be taken provisionally for establishing a battery on Mud island, under cover of a party of militia, with direction that if the brig Sarah should attempt to depart before the pleasure of the President shall be known concerning her, military coercion be employed to arrest and prevent her progress.\nAlexandr Hamilton\nH. Knox\nThe Secretary of state dissents from this opinion.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0129", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Victor Collot, 8 July 1793\nFrom: Collot, Victor\nTo: Washington, George\nPr\u00e9sident,\nBasseterre Isle Guadeloupe Le 8 Juillet 1793.  Lan 2e de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise\n Permett\u00e9s \u00e0 un Soldat de la Libert\u00e9 qui met Toute sa gloire au Bonheur d\u2019avoir Servi Sous Le plus grand General R\u00e9publicain de ce Siecle, et Se rapeller \u00e0 Son Souvenir, et de Vous recommander M\u27e8mutilated\u27e9el Morgan Obrien pour Consul Si les Etats unis de L\u2019am\u00e9rique Se d\u00e9terminent d\u2019en envoyer un dans cette Colonie, dapres La Demande qu\u2019elle Va faire au Congres. La Sagesse de ce Citoyen Ses Connoissances Locales et Ses Vertus Sociales, Le feront Voir avec grand plaisir dans ce pays-ci occuper cette place.\nRecevez, Pr\u00e9sident, mes Voeux pour la gloire des Etats unis et L\u2019assurance de mon attachement pour Vous. Salut. Le Gouverneur des Isles Guadeloupe et dependencies\nV. Collot", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0130", "content": "Title: Memorandum from Alexander Hamilton and Henry Knox, 8 July 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nPhiladelphi[a] July 8. 179[3]\nReasons for the opinion of The Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of War respecting the Brigantine Little Sarah.\nBecause there can be no doubt, either upon principle or authority\n that the permitting or suffering or what is equivalent the not taking effectual measures to prevent, when known, the fitting out of privateers, in our ports, by one of the belligerent powers, to cruise against any of the others is an unequivocal breach of neutrality.\nII Because the President in conformity with an unanimous opinion of the heads of Departments and the Attorney General, founded upon the above principle, has caused his disapprobation of the practice to be signified to the Ministers both of Great Britain and France, accompanied with an express assurance to the former\u2014that effectual measures would be taken to prevent a repetition of the practice.\nIII Because consequently not to take such measures in the present instance would be to depart from the declaration of neutrality, and to contravene the positive assurance given to the Minister of Great Britain: an ommission as dishonorable as it must be dangerous to the Government; implying either a want of ability or a want of consistency and good faith: And as it will indubitably furnish a just cause of complaint against the United States\u2014so it is natural to expect that it may involve them in War. It becomes the more serious in consequence of the non-surrender of the prizes, which we brought into our Ports by the Privateers sans Culottes and Citizen Genet, fitted out at Charles-town.\nIV Because the fitting out of this Privateer is a transaction involving on the part of the Agents of France a gross outrage upon and an undisguised contempt of the Government of the United States. It is aggravated by the circumstances of having been done under the immediate eye of the Government\u2014after an explicit and, serious communication of its disapprobation\u2014and after an \u27e8expectation\u27e9 given, that no similar attempt would be repeated. The Secretary of State reported to the President as a result of a conversation with the French Minister, on the subject of the two Privateers before mentioned what was equivalent to an apology for having done it and to at least a tacit promise to forbear a repetition. Yet it is still done, and is even attempted to be justified.\nV Because it is impossible to interpret such conduct into any thing else than a regular plan to force the United States into the War. Its tendency to produce that effect cannot be misunderstood by the Agents of France. The direct advantage of the measure to her is obviously too inconsiderable to induce the persisting in\n it, contrary to the remonstrances of the Government\u2014if it were not with a view to the more important end just mentioned: a conduct the more exceptionable because it is accompanied with the fallacious disavowal of an intention to engage us in the War.\nVI Because there is satisfactory evidence of a regular system, in pursuit of that object, to endeavour to controul the Government itself, by creating, if possible, a scism between it and the people and inlisting them on the side of France, in opposition to their own constitutional authorities. This is deducible not only from a great variety of collateral incidents but from direct written and verbal declarations of the French Minister.\nThe Memorial lately presented by him to the Secretary of State, the most offensive paper, perhaps, that ever was offered by a foreign Minister to a friendly power, with which he resided, announces unequivocally the system which is alleged to exist.\nBesides the exorbitant pretensions, which that paper advances\u2014of a right in defiance of the declared sense of the Government\u2014to fit out armed vessels from the Ports of the United States and even to inlist their own citizens in their own territories in the service of France\u2014to hold Courts within their jurisdiction for the condemnation of prizes, unsanctionned by compact, contrary to the rights of neutrality\u2014contrary even to the spirit of the regulations of France for her own consular establishment\u2014besides the loose unfounded charges of breach of Treaty, rudely urged, which it contains\u2014that paper more than insinuates the imputation on the President, of ill-will to France under the instigation of foreign influence; of having gone beyond his duty and his authority, by the decision of matters not within his province; and sufficiently implies an appeal from him to Congress, if not to the people\u2014whose disposition is at least indelicately put in contrast with his\u2014Language of this sort, if even better founded than it is in the present instance can never be used by a diplomatic character, without a culpable violation of Decorum\u2014He has nothing to do but with the constitutional organ of the Government for foreign intercourse. In his official communications he ought never to look beyond him. Nor can he do it, without disrespect to the Nation as well as to the Government.\nThe declaration of the Minister of France to Mr Dallas, Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pensylvania, as related by him to the Governor of that Commonwealth and to the Secretary of\n State, is a further confirmation of the same system. That Declaration, among other exceptionable things, expressed\u2014\u201cThat he (the Minister of France) would appeal from the President of the United States to the People\u201d It would be a fatal blindness, not to perceive the spirit, which dictates such language, and an ill-omened passiveness not to resolve to withstand it with energy.\n VII Because to refuse an assurance, that the Privateer should remain in Port, \u2019till the President could arrive to decide upon her situation, was an additional high-handed contempt of the Government; which is in no shape palliated by the ambiguous intimations of a probability that she would not be ready to depart before his return; intimations, which from experience, in other cases, can in no degree be relied upon.\nVIII Because not to act with decision under such circumstances will be to prostrate the Government\u2014to sacrifice the dignity and essential interests of the Nation. Indecision in such a case must necessarily tend to destroy, both at home and abroad, a due respect for the government\u2014to weaken its arm\u2014to embolden the enterprizes of an intriguing and daring foreign Agent\u2014to encourage and multiply those who are desposed to adhere factiously to him\u2014and ultimately to put the country in the condition of being dictated to by that foreign Agent, and at war with all the enemies of the Nation he represents\u2014It is a truth the best founded and of the last importance, that nothing is so dangerous to a Government as to be wanting either in self confidence or self-respect.\nIX Because Decision may even tend to preserve Peace with France herself. If the enterprises of her Minister are not checked, in their present stage, it may clearly be inferred from his character, that they are likely to be carried to a length which will render a rupture between the two Countries inevitable, should they not previously produce one with the Powers who are opposed to France.\nX Because the measure which is recommended is but a consequence of the instruction given to the different Governors on the 24th of May last. Addressed to them in their military capacity, expressly to be executed by the agency of the Militia, it included necessarily the use of military coertion, when that should be found requisite to the end to be accomplished. It is therefore not to adopt a new principle, but to second an order already given by the President, founded upon mature deliberation and the unanimous\n opinion of the heads of Departments with the Attorney General. It is therefore due to the known and declared pleasure of the President. A governor who from situation could not have recourse to the advice now asked would fail in his duty not to employ in a similar case the means recommended, without further sanction. The Governor of Pensylvania might justifiably do so in the existing instance; but the case having been previously drawn into consultation, between him and the heads of Departments, he has thought fit to ask their advice, and in giving it conformably with the true spirit of the President\u2019s Instruction, they would only faithfully execute the trust reposed in them by him.\nXI Because there will be no solid ground to expect hereafter at other places a vigorous or efficacious execution of that instruction; if the example be given of an evident relaxation at the very seat of the general Government.\nXII Because the measure proposed is only provisional and can have no other effect than to evince the determination of the Government; unless the vessel attempts to depart contrary to the intimation of the Minister, as understood by the Secretary of State. In such an event, the necessity of it will be attested by the occasion.\nXIII If there be delicacy on one side, there is still greater delicacy on the other. France would have justly nothing to complain of in reference to an act, which was merely a vindication of our own sovereignty\u2014in our own territory\u2014against a manifest deliberate and outrageous violation of it by her Agent. If she be at all reasonable or equitable she will disavow the proceeding and the Agent and take no offence. An appeal to her justice and friendship ought for this purpose to follow a resistance to the encroachment.\nBut, if effectual measures be not taken, the other powers will have just cause of complaint\u2014not only upon principle but upon the strength of positive assurance. If war is to be hazarded, \u2019tis certainly our duty to hazard it with that power, which by injury and insult forces us to choose between opposite hazards\u2014rather than with those powers who do not place us in so disagreeable dilemma. To adopt as a rule of conduct, that if we are to be involved in the war, it must be at any rate against the powers who are opposed to France, and that we ought rather to give them cause for attacking us, by suffering ourselves to be made an instrument of the hostilities of France, than to risk a quarrel with her, by a\n vigorous opposition to her encroachments would be a policy as unjust and profligate, as it would be likely to prove pernicious and disgraceful.\nA proceeding like that proposed cannot colorably be considered by any Nation as an Act of hostility. If attempts are made in neutral ports to equip armed vessels, without permission of the Neutral Sovereign, they are clandestine; if they are detected and suppressed it is regarded as a matter of course, as a penalty of which the Adventurers are to take their chance. It would be a disgrace to the sovereign to whom they belong and an offense to the Neutral Nation even to make it a subject of complaint.\nsigned Alx. Hamilton\nHenry Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0131", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Mifflin, 8 July 1793\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nPhiladelphia 8th July 1793\nAgreeably to your instructions contained in a letter from the Secretary at War, of the 24th of May last, it may be proper to state, particularly, the proceedings in the case of the Little Sarah, the prize to L\u2019Embuscade, supposed to be equipped and manned in this Port, as a Privateer.\nHaving instructed the Board of Wardens to be attentive to any appearance of a practice of this kind, the Master Warden on the 22d of June suggested to me his opinion, that the Little Sarah, was fitting out in the same manner as Privateers, and this information I immediately transmitted to you. On the 24th of the same month, the Master Warden made a more particular report on the subject, which was, likewise, submitted to your consideration. As I did not receive any instructions from you, in consequence of these communications, I presumed, that either the case itself was not within the meaning of the letter of the 24th of May; or that the equipments, mentioned in the reports of the Master Warden, did not sufficiently ascertain the fact, that the vessel was intended for a Privateer.\nOn the 5th instant, however, the Secretary at War represented to me, that since the report of the Master Warden, such indirect information had been received, as would, if founded, render it indisputable, that the Little Sarah was arming and equipping as\n a Cruiser; and intimated a desire that such further and full investigation might be instituted, upon certain enumerated points, as would precisely establish the circumstances relating to the subject. This investigation was accordingly made, with all possible dispatch, and the report of the Master Warden, received on the evening of the 6th, was communicated to the Secretary of State, and the Secretary at War, on the morning of the 7th instant.\nFrom the information which I received late in the night of the 6th instant, I had reason to suspect that the vessel intended to sail on the ensuing day\u27e8,\u27e9 and, in order, therefore, to obtain an opportunity for your decision, on the propriety of forcibly detaining her, I directed the Secretary of this Commonwealth to wait upon the Minister of the French Republic, to represent to him the circumstances of the case, and to request, for the sake of preserving peace and harmony, that he would give directions for suspending her departure. But as the Minister would enter into no satisfactory assurance in this respect, I thought it my duty immediately to instruct the Master Warden to prohibit any Pilot from taking charge of the vessel; and I issued orders to the Adjutant General of the Militia to make a draft of 100 hundred men from the Infantry, and 20 men, with two field pieces from the Artillery, with proper officers.\nOn the morning of the 7th I had an interview with the Secretary of State, who, after a conversation with Mr Genet, reccommended a discontinuance of all hostile arrangements; and appeared to be satisfied that the vessel would not be permitted to sail, till your sentiments on the subject were declared. In pursuance of this advice, I directed the Adjutant General to inform the citizens, who had paraded on the occasion, that their attendance was dispensed with \u2019till further orders.\nI cannot forbear suggesting to your Excellency, at this time, that as the equipments of Privateers and outrages upon the neutrality of the Port, may be made in the stream of the river at a considerable distance from the shores, embarrassments may arise in executing your instructions, contained in the Letters of the Secretary at War, dated the 23d and 24th of May last, for want of some Fort, or Battery, to command the Delaware. If, therefore, it should be thought a national object, and the expence can be borne, by the national Treasury, I will chearfully, under your sanction, undertake to establish a battery upon Mud\n Island, and station a competent party of Militia there. I am, with perfect respect, Sir, Your most Obed. Hble servt\nTho. Mifflin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0134", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Fierer, 10 July 1793\nFrom: Fierer, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nDumfries [Va.] July 10th 1793\nYour excellency as the Soldier\u2019s friend, will I hope be pleased to pardon the liberty I take in addressing myself, to your Excellency, on a subject of a private nature, but of the greatest importance to myself.\nEarly in the month of September, in 1778 when the American head-quarters, were at the White-Plaines, I as an Officer in the German service arrived there, from New York, and was introduced to your Excellency, by the late Colo. Wm Grayson, with whom I had become acquainted while a Prisoner on Parole in this Town in 1777. It was in consequence of this Gentleman\u2019s recommendation, (I believe) Your Excellency was pleased to honour me with a letter to the then President of Congress, Henry Laurens Esqr. which, as I afterwards found, recommended me to a Commission in the American Army, and in consequence of which I received an appointment, as a Captain in a new Corps, then in contemplation to be raised, out of such of the German Soldiers as should quit the British service. The raising of this Corps being however counteracted, by a resolve of Congress soon after, and I being desirous of an opportunity, to shew my Zeal for the Cause which I had adopted, and for which I had sacrificed every other prospect; in March 1779 through the exertion of Colo. Wm Grayson, I procured the command of a Troop of Horse, in the Virginia State Cavalry; a corps then raising for the protection of the State. In this Corps I made two Campaigns in the Southern States, and served in it both in and out of the State, until peace, to the Satisfaction of my Superiors, as will appear by sundry Certificates. It is unnecessary to remind your Excellency, of the situation of the Officers in general at that period. Mine however has proved particularly distressing, as a Foreigner: for though the Officers of the State troops were promised the same emoluments, as those on Continental Establishment, the Commutation of half pay has been withheld from us to this day. Ten years successivly, have we in a body petitioned the Legislature of Virginia on this subject, and as often have we been put off; at last worn out, and unable to persevere any longer, the object is generally given up. Takeing my situation however in a\n different point of view, from my suffering brethren, natives of this Country, and urged on by poverty, and a cruel decree of my Native Country, which confiscated a considerable patrimonial Legacy, in consequence of my joining the American army; I am induced to apply once more individually, and lay a statement of my grievances, before the next General Assembly of this state, with a petition for my Commutation of half pay. Conceiving that the Letter your Excellency was pleased to Write in my favour, in 1778 to the President of Congress, will be of great importance to me as it will prove a provision for me on Continental Establishment, which I forfeited, by entering on the State Establishment; I humbly beseech your Excellency to grant me a copy of the same, if one record, or else as much of the Subject, as is within your Excellency\u2019s recollection. I once applied for the same at the Public Offices in Philadelphia\u2014but could not obtain it.\nYour Excellency\u2019s condescension on this Subject, may perhaps be the means of procuring to me my Commutation, which no doubt I should have been entitled to on Continental Establishment, but of which I was ignorant in those days. I have the honor to remain with profound respect, Your Excellency\u2019s Most Obt and Most Hble sert\nCharles Fierer, late Captain in the Virginia State Cavalry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0135", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Mifflin, 10 July 1793\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nPhil: 10 July 1793\nIn consequence of some reports, respecting the equipments of the English Letter of Marque, the Jane, I thought there was reason to suspect that she was fitting out as a Cruiser; and, therefore, I directed the Master Warden to renew his enquiries upon the subject. His report, and the paper mentioned in it I have now the honor to transmit for your consideration.\nI take this opportunity, likewise, to lay before you a copy of a letter, dated the 8 instant wch I have recd from the Consul of the French Republic. I am, with perfect respect Sir Yr Excellency\u2019s most Obed. Hble Ser.\nTho. Mifflin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0136", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Burgess Ball, 11 July 1793\nFrom: Ball, Burgess\nTo: Washington, George\nDear sir,\nFredericksbg [Va.]\u201411th of July 1793.\nBeing sensible that the sooner your communications were made known to Mr Fitzhugh, and the result to you, so much the sooner wou\u2019d your mind be reliev\u2019d, I waited on him today and fully inform\u2019d him of everything respecting the Conversation the Gentleman had with you at the Dinner in Alexandria on the 4th of July, and of your Sentiments on that Subject\u2014Mr Fitzhugh had hear\u2019d nothing, and says, \u201chad he hear\u2019d anything which cou\u2019d have had an appearance of a deviation from your private or publick Conduct, he shou\u2019d have given no Credit to it\u2014As to Mr Guin having any thought of quiting his bussiness, he is sure he has not, and, as to Mr Stith, he never had an Idea of; but believes the Gentleman, with whom you fell in Conversation, has a great desire that Mr Stith shou\u2019d get Mr Guins place, they \u27e8\u201c\u27e9being connected.\u201d I enquired of Mr Fitzhugh, & also of Mr Carter (of Sherly) who was there, if they knew any person whom they thought wou\u2019d suit you but neither of those Gentlemen can recollect, except (they say) Colo. William Nelson of Caroline or Mr Nathl Burwell of King William will undertake such Bussiness, which a few Years ago they talk\u2019d of\u2014Either of those Gentlemen they think are fully capable, but, they have large families, which might be an Obsticle. Mr Laurence Lewis says (and requested me to mention it, if I shou\u2019d be writing to you) that, if you think proper he will go to Mount Vernon, and stay there \u2019till you may\n get furnish\u2019d\u2014He is a very discreet man, and I think you had best take him, at once, if you are not already provided, as no doubt you will be daily losing for want for a Superintendent.\nIn a few Weeks I propose taking my Family to Berkley, and shall take my New Purchase in the way, in the Neighbourhood of which I expect I may be able to engage any quantity of Buck wheat, and shall be very happy in getting for you what you think you may want. Wishing you & Mrs Washington every felicity, in which Fanny joins, I am Dr sir, Your Affect. friend &c.\nB: Ball", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0137-0001", "content": "Title: Memorandum from Thomas Jefferson, 11 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, c.11 July 1793]\nPapers requiring the President\u2019s instant attention.\nTh: J\u2019s letter to Viar & Jaudenes.\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007the Courier goes on Saturday.\nGenet\u2019s communications relative to Spain\nLittle Sarah.\nthe Governor\u2019s letter of June 24. & Warden\u2019s 1st report.\nthe Governor\u2019s letter of July 7.\nx Th: J\u2019s conversation with Genet.\nx Th: J\u2019s opinion against firing on the Little Sarah.\nRawle\u2019s letter. July 9.\nGenet\u2019s letter. July 9.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0137-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Notes on a Conversation with Edmond Genet, 10 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] July 10. 1793.\nThe Secretary of Treasury having communicated to Genl Knox & myself that he had been informed that the Little Sarah had much augmented her arms, and was greatly advanced in her preparations, we concurred in opinion that the Govr should be desired to have a reexamination of the fact. it was done & a Report made that she had entered the port with only 4. guns, & now had 14 &c. the next day, being Sunday the 7th inst. I received a letter from the Govr by express informing me he understood she would sail that day. I went instantly to town. he told me he had received the intelligence the night before & had sent mister Dallas at midnight to mister Genet. mister Dallas told me that on his proposing the subject of detaining the vessel he flew into a great passion, talked extravegantly & concluded by refusing to order the vessel to stay. as the Govr had sent for Genl Knox also, I told him I would in the mean time go to mister Genet & speak with him on the subject. I went.\nOn his coming into the room I told him I called on the subject of the Little Sarah, that our information was that she was armed contrary to the decision of the President which had been communicated to him & that she would sail that day & I requested that he would detain her till we could enquire into the fact and lay it before the President who would be here on Wednesday. he took up the subject instantly in a very high tone, and went into an immense feild of declamation & complaint. I found it necessary to let him go on, and in fact could do no otherwise, for the few efforts which I made to take some part in the conversation were quite ineffectual. it is impossible for me to state the particulars\n of what he said. such of the general topics as I can now recollect were these; he charged us with having violated the treaties between the two nations, & so went into the cases which had before been subjects of discussion, complained that we suffered our flag to be insulted & disregarded by the English, that they stopped all our vessels took out of them whatever they suspected to be French property, that they had taken all the provisions he had embarked in American vessels for the colonies, that if we were not able to protect their vessels in our ports nor their property on the high seas, we ought to permit them to protect it themselves, that they on the contrary paid the highest respect to our flag, that tho it was notorious that most of the cargoes sent from America were British property, yet being in American vessels, or pretended American vessels, they never touched it, and thus had no chance of retaliating on their enemies; that he had been thwarted, and opposed in every thing he had had to do with the government, that he found himself in so disagreeable a situation that he sometimes thought of packing up & going away, as he found he could not be useful to his nation in any thing; he dwelt on the friendly propositions he brought from his nation, on the instructions & dispositions with which he came to do whatever would gratify us; that to such propositions such a return ought not to have been made by the Executive without consulting Congress, and that on the return of the President he would certainly press him to convene the Congress. he had by this time got into a more moderate tone, and I stopped him at the subject of calling Congress, explained our constitution to him, as having divided the functions of government among different authorities, the Executive, Legislative & Judiciary, each of which were supreme in all questions belonging to their department & independt of the others: that all the questions which had arisen between him & us belonged to the Executive department, and if Congress were sitting could not be carried to them, nor would they take notice of them. he asked if they were not the sovereign? I told him No, they were sovereign in making laws only, the Executive was sovereign in executing them, & the Judiciary in construing them where they related to their department. but says he, at least, Congress are bound to see that the treaties are observed. I told him No, there were very few cases indeed arising out of treaties which they could take notice of; that the\n President is to see that treaties are observed. and if he decides against the treaty to whom is a nation to appeal? I told him the constitution had made the President the last appeal. he made me a bow, and said that indeed he would not make me his compliments on such a constitution, expressed the utmost astionishment at it, and seemed never before to have had such an idea. he was now come into perfect good humour & coolness, in which state he may be spoken with with the greatest freedom. I observed to him the impropriety of his conduct in persevering in measures contrary to the will of the government & that too within it\u2019s limits wherein they had unquestionably a right to be obeyed. but, says he, I have a right to expound the treaty on our side. certainly, says I, each party has an equal right to expound their treaties: you, as the agent of your nation, have a right to bring forward your exposition, to support it by reasons, to insist on it, to be answered with the reasons for our exposition where it is contrary: but when, after hearing & considering your reasons, the highest authority in the nation has decided, it is your duty to say you think the decision wrong, that you cannot take upon yourself to admit it, and will represent it to your government to do as they think proper; but in the meantime you ought to acquiesce in it, & to do nothing within our limits contrary to it. he was silent as to this, & I thought was sensible it was right. I brought him to the point of the Little Sarah, & pressed his detention of her till the President\u2019s return. why detain her said he? because, said I, she is reported to be armed with guns acquired here. he said the guns were all of French property, and surely we did not pretend to controul them in the disposal of their own property, that he could name to me the French vessels from whom he had taken every gun. I told him I would be obliged to him for any evidence of that fact with which he would furnish me, & repeated my request to detain the vessel. he was embarrassed, & unwilling, he said he should not be justifiable in detaining her. I told him it would be considered as a very serious offence indeed if she should go away, that the government was determined on the point, and thinking it right, would go through with it. after some hesitation he said he could not make any promise, it would be out of his duty, but that he was very happy in being able to inform me that the vessel was not in readiness & therefore could not sail that day. I asked him if I might rely that she would not be\n ready to sail before the return of the President? he then spoke of her unreadiness indefinitely as to time, said she had many things to do yet, and would not be ready for some time, he did not know when. and whenever I tried to fix it to the President\u2019s return, he gave the same answer that she would not be ready for some time, but with the look & gesture which shewed he meant I should understand she would not be gone before that. but says he she is to change her position & to fall down the river to-day but she will not depart yet. what, says I, will she fall down to the lower end of the town? I do not know exactly where says he, but some where there for the convenience of getting ready some things, but let me beseech you, says he, not to permit any attempt to put men on board her. she is filled with high spirited patriots, & they will unquestionably resist; and there is no occasion, for I tell you she will not be ready to depart for some time. I told him then I would take it for granted she would not be ready before the President\u2019s return, that in the mean time we would have enquiries made into the facts, & would thank him for information on the subject, & that I would take care that the case should be laid before the President the day after his return. he promised to give me a state of facts the next day. I then returned to the Governor, told him what had passed, & that I was satisfied that tho the vessel was to fall some where down the river, she would not sail. he thereupon ordered the militia to be dismissed. on repeating to him & mister Dallas what mister Genet had said, we found that it agreed in many particulars with what he had said to mister Dallas: but mister Dallas mentioned some things which he had not said to me, & particularly his declaration that he would appeal from the President to the people. he did in some part of his declamation to me drop the idea of publishing a narrative or statement of transactions, but he did not on that, nor ever did on any other occasion in my presence, use disrespectful expressions of the President. he from a very early period shewed that he believed there existed here an English party, and ascribed to their misinformation industry and maneuvres some of the decisions of the Executive. he is not reserved on this subject. he complains of the partiality of the information of those employed by the government, who never let a single movement of a French vessel pass unnoticed, nor ever inform of an English one arming, or not till it is too late to stop her. the next day, Monday, I met\n the Secretaries of the Treasury & War, in the Governor\u2019s office. they proposed our ordering a battery to be erected on Mud island immediately, guns to be mounted, to fire at the vessel, & even to sink her if she should attempt to pass. I refused to concur in the order, for reasons assigned in another paper. the vessel was then at Gloucester point. whether any intimation of this proposition got out or not, I do not know, but she very soon after fell down to Chester. on a suggestion that there were 15. or 20. Americans on board, we desired mister Rawle to take measures to prosecute them. see his answer both as to the fact & the law.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0138", "content": "Title: Memorandum from Thomas Jefferson, 11 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, c.11 July 1793]\nto be read at the President\u2019s leisure.\nGovernr H. Lee\u2019s letter. June 28. concerning supposed pestilential disease in W. I.\nThe Suckey. Th: J\u2019s letter June 26. to mister Hammond.\nTh: J.\nto mister\nHammond.\nJune 25.\non insinuation concerning Western posts.\ndo\nto\ndo\ndo\ndevelopemt of order about privateers arming.\nPhilips\u2019s letter June 7. cannot be received as Consul at Cura\u00e7oa.\nChiappe\u2019s letter Mar. 20. Th: J will read it to the President. Simpson\u2019s do Apr. 30.\nTh: J.s letter to the President. on mister Young\u2019s queries.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0139", "content": "Title: Memorandum from Thomas Jefferson, 11\u201313 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, c.11\u201313 July 1793]\nTh: J. has the papers in the following cases which require as early consideration as the President can well give them. Vainqueur de la Bastille. Genet\u2019s letter July 8. & Govr of Carolina\u2019s June 24.\nLe Citoyen Genet and prizes. Hammond\u2019s letter July 10.\nGenet\u2019s letter June 26. covering protests of the Consuls against interference of the Admiralty courts, and expressing very improper principles.\nTh: J\u2019s letter to Genet. June 25.\narrangement that prizes reclaimed may remain in hands of Consuls,till decision.\nGenet\u2019s answer. June 26.\nShip William. reclaimed.\n\u2007\u2007Hammmond\u2019s letter June 21.\n\u2007\u2007Th: J. to Genet. June 29.\nBrig Fanny. reclaimed.\n\u2007\u2007Hammond\u2019s letter June 26.\n\u2007\u2007Th: J. to Genet. June 29.\nBrig Swallow. papers\ntwo British letters of Marque. required to be ordered away.\n\u2007from the President.\nShip Jane. Governor\u2019s\n\u2007letter & papers. July 5.\n\u2003\u2003Genet\u2019s letter to Th: J. July 9.\nGenet\u2019s letter to Th: J. June 25.\n\u2003\u2003Governr of Maryland\u2019s letter & papers. June 20. the Trusty.\n\u2003\u2003Th: J\u2019s letter to Genet. June 30.\n\u2003this is a complaint of enemy ships armed in the ports of the U.S.\nGenet\u2019s letter. July 9. complaining of\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Vexatious usage of French passengers on an American\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007vessel, by a British privateer [and] French property taken\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007out of an American vessel by a British privateer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0141", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 11 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, 11 July 1793]\nTh: Jefferson presents his respects to the President. he had expected that the Secretaries of the Treasury & War would have given to the President immediately the statement of facts in the case of the Little Sarah, as drawn by the former & agreed to, as also their Reasons: but Colo. Hamilton having informed Th: J. that he has not been able to prepare copies, Th: J. sends the President the copies they had given him, which being prefixed to his opinion will make the case complete, as it is proper the President should see both sides of it at once.\nTh: J. has had a fever the two last nights which has held him till the morning. something of the same is now coming on him. but nothing but absolute inability will prevent his being in town early tomorrow morning.\nTh: J. had written the above before he had the honor of the\nPresident\u2019s note on the subject of this vessel. he has received assurance from mister Genet to-day that she will not be gone before the President\u2019s decision. Th: J. is himself of opinion that whatever is aboard of her of arms, ammunition or men contrary to the rules heretofore laid down by the President, ought to be withdrawn. on this subject he will have the honor of conferring with the President, or any others, whenever he pleases.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0142", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Moultrie, 11 July 1793\nFrom: Moultrie, William\nTo: Washington, George\nDear & respected Sir\nCharleston [S.C.] July 11, 1793\nGeneral Pickens will do me the honor to deliver you this; he is a gentleman of great worth and integrity and is well acquainted with the situation of these Southern States particularly the Indian affair, he and I have had some conversation respecting them, we agree that nothing else can be done, then that an Expedition composed of the Militia of the three Southern States should be immediately undertaken and that four or five thousand men be raised and marched into their country, that number can be\nraised by the first of October, which will be a very good time to take the field; I know of no man who is so proper to conduct this business as Gen. Pickens, he is well know[n] and respected in these Southern States, and well acquainted with the Indian warfare\u2014I humbly sugest that should you agree with us in Opinion, that an Expedition is necessary against the Creek nation of Indians that a special Commission be given to General Pickens for that purpose to prevent the other generals from having any dispute with him; This Expedition will be but one expence and may terminate in three months after they take the field, and will establish a firm and last peace with the Indians. I have the honor to be Dear Sir with the greatest regard & Esteem your most Obt hume Servt\nWillm Moultrie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0144", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 12 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] July 12. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to send to the President Dr Thornton\u2019s answer to mister Hallet\u2019s objections this moment received, & which he has not had time to read. perhaps the President may think it worth while to communicate them to mister Hobens & see what he thinks of them, for which reason he sends them to the President in the instant of receiving them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0145", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 13 July 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\n War department July 13th 1793\nI have the honor to submit the enclosed letter from James Ore to the Governor of Virginia and transmitted by Lieutenant Governor Wood to me. I have shown it to Governor Blount who while he exceedingly laments the event, has no doubt of the authenticity of the letter knowing the hand Writing and person of James Ore. I have expected the Governor to consider of the measures proper to be pursued on this disagreeable affair and to let me have the result in Writing, which shall be submitted.\nI have the honor to be with the greatest respect your obedient Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0146", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Peter R. Livingston, 13 July 1793\nFrom: Livingston, Peter R.\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it Please your Excellency\nNew York 13 July 1793\nMy Worthy friend Dr John Cockran the present Loan officer being again taken very ill and his life dispared of if he should not\nrecover this stroke, and your Excellency should have no objections to grant me the favour if the office should become Vacant to fill it You would confer an Obligation never to be forgotten on one of your most Sincre friends, and most cordial well wisher. Your Excellencys Most Obedient and very Humble Servant\nPeter R. Livingston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0147", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to William Thornton, 13 July 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Thornton, William\nSir,\nPhiladelphia July 13th 1793\nThe President directs me to inform you, that, upon the best consideration the pressure of public business will allow him to give the subject, he thinks the most likely way to accommodate the differences respecting the plan of the Capitol, by satisfactory explainations, will be for you to have a personal interview with Mr Hoben on the subject, in presence of the best and most skilful Architect that can be obtained in this City\u2014in order that a full discussion may be had on those points which go to the impracticability of execution.\nThe President wishes you would have the goodness to bring with you such person skilled in practical Architecture as you can find best qualified to pronounce in the subject\u2014and that the discussion may take place in the presence of Mr Jefferson, at his office, if the pressure of his official duties do not prevent his attention.\nMr Jefferson is expected in town about eleven o\u2019clock\u27e8,\u27e9 at\nwhich time if you can make it convenient to attend, it will be pleasing to the President as he is extremely anxious to have the matter decided that the work on the Capitol may commence as soon as possible. With sentiments of true esteem & great respect, I have the honor to be, Sir, Your most Obedt Servt\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0148", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Butler, 14 July 1793\nFrom: Butler, James\nTo: Washington, George\n Letter not found: from James Butler, 14 July 1793. GW wrote Butler on 22 July that \u201cYour letter of the 14th came duly to hand.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0149", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to James Keith, 14 July 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Keith, James\nSir,\nPhiladelphia July 14th 1793\nThe President directs me to transmit to you the enclosed papers & receipts respecting the Legacy paid to Miss Anderson, agreeably to the will of Colo. Thos Colville. I likewise enclose a receipt given by yourself, for seventy five pounds 7/6 which was paid you by the President\u2019s order on Acct of Colo. Colville\u2019s estate, for the use of William Anslay, Administrator of Mary Monk-house. These are the only documents among the President\u2019s papers here that relate to Colo. Colville\u2019s estate.\nThe President wishes you to furnish him with transcripts of those Accts respecting Colo. Coville\u2019s Estate which you laid before him at Mt Vernon, & which have been passed by the Commissioner\u2019s. I have the honor to be with great respect & esteem Sir, Your most Obedt Sert\nT. Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0150", "content": "Title: Circular to William Stuart, Hiland Crow, and Henry McCoy, 14 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stuart, William,Crow, Hiland,McCoy, Henry\nTo Mr William Stuart\u2014Hyland Crow\u2014& Henry McKay\u2014as per\nmargin.\nSir,\nPhiladelphia 14 July 1793\nFor all the above Overseers.\nIt being indispensably necessary that I should have some person at Mt Vernon through whom I can communicate my orders; who will see that these orders are executed; or, if not obeyed, who will inform me why they are not; who will receive the Weekly reports & transmit them; receive money & pay it; and in general to do those things which do not appertain to any individual Overseer. I have sent my Nephew mister Howell Lewis (who lives with me here) to attend to them until I can provide a manager of established reputation in these matters. You will therefore pay due regard to such directions as you may receive from him, considering them as coming immediately from myself. But that you also may have general knowledge of what I expect from you, I shall convey the following view (which I have of the business committed to your charge) as it appears to me, & direct you to\ngovern yourself by it: as I am persuaded nothing inconsistent therewith will be ordered by Mr Lewis, without authority from me to depart from it.\n1st. Altho\u2019 it is almost needless to remark that the Corn ground at the Farm you overlook ought to be kept perfectly clean & well ploughed\u2014yet, because not only the goodness of that Crop depends upon such management; but also the wheat crop which is to succeed it, I cannot forbear urging the propriety & necessity of the measure, in very strong terms.\n2d. The wheat is to be got into the barns\u2014or into stacks, as soon as it can be done with any sort of convenience, that it may not (especially the bearded Wheat which is subject to injury by wet weather) sustain loss in shocks\u2014& because the shattered Grain in the fields may be beneficial to the stock; but no Hogs are to be put on stubble fields in which Grass seeds were sown last fall, Winter or spring; other stock, however, may be turned on them, as it is rooting that would be prejudicial.\nFor Hyland Crow alone.\n3d. The whole swamp from the Road by Manley\u2019s bridge up to the Lane leading to the New barn, is to be got in the best & most complete order for sowing Grass seeds in August\u2014or, at farthest by the middle of September. The lowest & wettest part thereof is to be sown with Timothy seed alone. All the other parts of it are to be sown with Timothy & Clover seeds mixed. The swamp on the other side of the aforesaid Lane (now in Corn & oats) is to be kept in the best possible order, that the part not already sown with Grass-seeds, may receive them either this autumn (as soon as the Corn can be taken off with safety)\u2014or in the Spring as circumstances shall dictate.\nFor Hy McKay alone.\nNo exertion, or pains are to be spared at Dogue-run to get the swamp from Manley\u2019s bridge up to the meadow above; & the two Inclosures in the Mill swamp, in the highest order for Grass, to be sown in the time & manner above mentioned. But that no more may be attempted than can be executed well, proceed in the following order with them; accordingly as the weather may happen to be; for this must be consulted\u2014as dry weather will answer to work in the low parts best, whilst the higher grounds may be worked at any time. 1st\u2014begin with the swamp from Manley\u2019s bridge upwards, & get all that is not already in grass, well prepared for it, & indeed sown. 2d. that part of the lower Meadow on the Mill run, which lies between the old bed of it, & the race, & within the fences\u20143d. After this is done, take that part in the Inclosure above (which was in Corn last year) lying between the Ditch & fence of No. 1. up & down to the cross fences. 4th. then go over the Ditch, & prepare slipe after slipe as the Ditch runs, from one cross fence to the other, & continue to do this as long as the season will be good, or the seed can be sown with propriety & safety.\nFor both Crow & McKay.\nI conceive that the only way to get these grounds in good order, & with expedition, is to give them one good ploughing & then to tear them to peices with heavy harrows. Whether it be necessary to cut down & take off the weeds previous to these workings can be decided better by experiments on the spot, than by reasoning on it at a distance. My desire is that the ground shall be made perfectly clean & laid down smooth; without which Meadows will always be foul\u2014much grass left in them, & many Scythes broken in cutting what is taken off.\nMcKay alone.\n4th. The Buck Wheat which has been sown for manure, ought to be ploughed in the moment a sufficiency of seed is ripe to stock the ground a second time; otherwise, so far from it\u2019s answering the purpose of manure, it will become an exhauster. For this reason, if the plows belonging to the Farm are unable to turn it in time, those of Muddy hole, Dogue run & Union Farm must combine to do it. the work to be repaid by the Farm which receives the benefit, as soon as this work is accomplished thereat.\nFor Crow & McKay both.\n5th. Where Clover & Timothy seeds are mixed & sown together, allow five pints of the first & three of the latter, to the acre; and where Timothy only is sown allow four quarts to the acre. Let the Seed be measured in the proportions here allotted & put into an half bushel, & the half bushel filled with sand or dry earth, & extremely well mixed together in your own presence, or by yourself, which will answer two good purposes vizt 1st\u2014to prevent theft, for seeds thus mixed would not sell\u2014and 2dly. the seedsman being accustomed to sow a bushel of wheat to the acre would be at no loss to cast a bushel of this or anything else, regularly on that quantity of Ground.\nFor all of them.\n6th. It is expected you will begin to sow wheat early in August, & in ground perfectly clean & well ploughed. I would have, & do accordingly direct that not less than five pecks of seeds be sown on each acre. The plan of the Farm over which you look is given to Mr Lewis, from which the contents of each field may be known. And it is my express direction that every watch, & the best attention may be given, to see that this quantity actually is put in; for I have strong suspicions (but this ought not to be hinted to them) that the seedsmen help themselves to a pretty large toll.\n7th. As soon as you have done sowing, & even before if it can be done conveniently, you are to set heartily about threshing, or treading out the Wheat; and as fast as it is got out, to have it delivered at the Mill, or elsewhere according to directions. The longer this business is delayed the more waste & embezzlement will there be of the Crop. The wheat is to be well cleaned; the chaff & light wheat are to be properly taken care of for the Horses or other Stock; & the straw stacked & secured as it ought to be against weather & other injuries; and until the whole be delivered, it will require your constant & close attention.\n8th. The Oats at the farm you overlook are, I presume, all cut; in that case, let all the Scythes & Cradles, & Rakes which you have received be delivered over to the Mansion House; or, if you chuse to keep them against next Harvest, you must be responsible for them yourself.\nMcKay alone.\n9th. The presumption also is, that the Flax is, \u2019ere this, pulled; let it be well secured, & at a proper season stripped of it\u2019s seed & spread to rot. During this operation let it be often & well examined, that it be not over done, or receive injury in any other respect by lying out too long\nFor all.\n10th. Get the cleanest & best wheat for seed, & that which is freest from Onions. I would have about one third of my whole Crop sown with the common wheat; One third with the white; & the other third with the yellow bearded wheat. The Overseers (with Davy, as he knows the state of his own farm & the quality of  the wheat which grows upon it) may meet & decide among themselves whether it would be best to have some of each of these sorts on every Farm; or, in order more effectually to prevent mixture, to have one sort only on a farm. In the latter case, the cutting of that which ripens first and so on, must be accomplished by the force of all the farms, instead of each doing its own work. If the seed on one farm was to be sown on another\u2014especially if seed which grew on a light soil was to be sown on a stiff one; and that which grew on a stiff one sown on light ground, advantages would unquestionably result from it.\nCrow alone.\n11th\u2014The Potatoes at the Mansion House must be worked by the ploughs from Union farm, & when this is required it would be best, I conceive, to accomplish the work in a day.\nFor all.\n12th\u2014It is expected that the fences will be made secure, & no damage permitted within them by creatures of any kind, or belonging to anybody\u2014mine any more than others.\n13th. The greatest attention is to be paid to the stocks of all kinds on the farms; and the most that can, be made of their manure & litter. They are to be counted regularly, that no false reports may be made; & missing ones, if any, hunted for until found, or the manner of their going can be accounted for satisfactorily.\n14th. A Weekley Report, as usual, is to be handed to Mr Lewis. In this report, that I may know better how the work goes on, mention when you begin to plough, hoe, or otherwise work in a field, & when that field is finished. The increase, decrease, & changes are to be noted as heretofore\u2014and let me ask.\n15th. Why are the Corn harrows thrown aside, or so little used, that I rarely of late ever see or hear of their being at work? I have been run to very considerable expence in providing these, & other implements for my farms; & to my great mortification & injury find, generally speaking, that wherever they were last used, there they remain, if not stolen, \u2019till required again; by which means they, as well as the Carts, receive so much injury from the wet weather & the heat of the sun, as to be unfit for use. To repair or supply the place of wch with new ones, my Carpenters (who ought to be otherwise employed) are continually occupied in these jobs. Harrows, after the ground is well broken, would certainly  weed, & keep the Corn clean with more ease than ploughs. I hope therefore they will be used. And it is my express orders that the greatest care be taken of the Tools of every kind, Carts & plantation implements in future for I can no longer submit to the losses I am continually sustainting by neglect.\n16th\u2014There is nothing I more ardently desire; nor indeed is there anything more essential to my permanent interest, than raising of live fences on proper Ditches or banks: Yet nothing has ever been, in a general way, more shamefully neglected or mismanaged; for instead of preparing the ground properly for the reception of the Seed, & weeding & keeping the plants clean after they come up\u2014the Seeds are hardly scratched into the ground, & are suffered to be smothered by the weeds & grass if they do come up; by which means the expence I have been at in purchasing & sending the seeds (generally from Philada) together with the labour, such as it is, that has been incurred, is not only lost, but (& which is of infinite more importance to me) season after season passes away, & I as far from the accomplishment of my object as ever. I mention the matter thus fully to shew how anxious I am that all the seeds which have been sown or planted on the Banks of the Ditches, should be properly attended to; and the deficient spots, if any made good, if you have, or can obtain the means for doing it.\n 17th. There is one thing I must caution you against (without knowing whether there be cause to charge you with it or not)\u2014and that is, not to retain any of my Negroes who are able & fit to work in the Crop, in or about your own house, for your own purposes. This I do not allow any Overseer to do. A small boy or girl for the purpose of fetching wood or water, tending a child or such like thi\u27e8n\u27e9gs, I do not object to; but so soon as they are able to work out, I expect to reap the benefit of their labour myself.\n 18th. Tho\u2019 last mentioned, it is not of the least importance; because the peace & good government of the negroes depend upon it\u2014& not less so my interest & your own reputation. I do therefore in explicit terms enjoin it upon you to remain constantly at home (unless called off by unavoidable business or to attend Divine Worship) & to be constantly with your people when there. There is no other sure way of getting work well done, & quietly by negroes; for when an Overlooker\u2019s back is turned, the most of them will slight their work, or be idle altogether. In which  case correction cannot retrieve either; but often produces evils which are worse than the disease. Nor is there any other mode but this to prevent thieving & other disorders, the consequence of opportunities. You will recollect that your time is paid for by me, & if I am deprived of it, it is worse even than robbing my purse, because it is also a breach of trust; which every honest man ought to hold most sacred. You have found me, & you will continue to find me faithful to my part of the agreement which was made with you, whilst you are attentive to your part; but it is to be remembered that a breach on one side releases the obligation on the other; if therefore it shall be proved to me that you are absenting yourself from either the Farm or the people witho\u27e8ut\u27e9 just cause, I shall hold myself no more bound to pay the wages, than you do to attend strictly to the charge which is entrusted to you, by one who has every disposition to be, Your friend & servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0152", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 15 July 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nJuly 15th 1793\nIn obedience to the President\u2019s commands T. Lear has the honor to return to the Secretary of State the following letters & papers which have been put into the President\u2019s hands by the Secretary. viz.\nGenet\u2019s communications relative to Spain\nLettr from Govr. of Pennsya. dated 24th June & Warden\u2019s report.\nDo from Do 7th July.\nCopy of Mr Rawle\u2019s letter 9th July\nGenet\u2019s letter\u20149 July.\nGovr. of Virga letter 28th June.\nSecy\u2019s lettr to Mr Hammond 26th June\nDo to Do\u201425 June\nDo to Do\u201425 Do\nPhilips\u2019 letter 7th June\nChiappe\u2019 letter 20th March.\nSimpson\u2019s do\u201430th Apl\nGenet\u2019s lettr\u201422d June\nDo Do 25\u2014do\nDo Do 26\u2014do\nDo Do 9\u2014July.\nHoben\u2019s notes on Capitol\u2014\nB. Minister\u2019s lettr 11th July\nSoderston\u2019s lettr 11 July\nLt. Govr. Wood\u2019s lettre 8 July with enclosures\u2014\nB. Minister\u2019s lettr 13 July.\nSecy\u2019s lettr to M. P. of France 30th June\nCopy of a lettr from Govr. of Maryland to the Collector of Baltimore 20th June\nDo of Do\u2014from Collectr to the Govr. 21 June\n Ext. of a lettr from Govr. of Maryld to Secy of War. 22d June.\nSecy\u2019s letter to M. P. of France 12 July\nDo Do to B. Minister\u2014Do\nDo Note to Mess. Viar & Jaudennes 11th July\u2014\nInstructions to Mr James Blake\u201412 July\u2014\nPassport for Do\u2014Do\nSecy\u2019s letter to Chief Justice Jay\u2014Do\nDo Do to Judge Patterson\u2014Do\nDo Do to M. P. of France\u201425 June\nDo Do to B. Minister\u201426 Do", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0153", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 15 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] July 15. 93.\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President returns him Montmorin\u2019s letter, which he thought he would wish to keep, & sends him a letter from Govr. Chittenden, open as he received it. also the letter from Algiers in which there is nothing new but their present marine force in the last page but one.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0154", "content": "Title: James Keith to Tobias Lear, 15 July 1793\nFrom: Keith, James\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\nAlexandria [Va.] July 15th 1793\nThe Line you did me the favor to drop me from George Town was not delivered untill Fryday Noon, I would have answered it immediately, but The Commissioners had not then taken the Accounts under Consideration, the next day was appointed for the purpose, untill this was done the exact Ballance could not be ascertained, as the Quantum of some Charges still to be made was to be determined by them. This has been done, and I now inclose you a Copy of that Account, in which the Ballance still due is struck. I also inclose you the other Accounts relating to John Colvill\u2019s Estate. The Gent., in determining what allowance woud be proper to make the attornies, thought it might not be amiss to apply to Colo. Hooe for Sentiments in the Business, as the Allowance, which they should make, would ultimately fall upon Mr Bennett. He declined paing upon any Sum, but said he thought the Gentlemen intituled to Liberal Fees, they in consequence stated them at ten Guineas apiece in each Suit. after this was settled I mentioned to the Gent. that it had been proposed, both by his Excellency and myself, to submit to them the Compensation I might merit for the part I had taken in the Business. Upon their desiring to be made acquainted with the Accounts which had passed through my hands, I briefly mentioned\nthem and the State in which I had found them and withdrew. They have stated their Opinion which I inclose you. The Sum is large and more than I looked for, whatever part of it his Excellency may think me intituled to I shall with Satisfaction receive. Whenever the Ballance which appears to be due is settled with Colo. Hooe, I intend to get from him a full Release of all Claims of Mr Bennett against the two Estates of John & Thomas Colvill and have it Recorded. As soon as you transmit me the Receipt for Miss Anderson\u2019s Legacy I will have the accounts of T. Colvills Estate examined by the Commissioners, Copys of which I will transmit you as soon as they are inspected. I am Dear Sir with great Respect & Esteem your most Obedient Servant\nJa. Keith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0155", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Tucker, 15 July 1793\nFrom: Tucker, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nYork District of Maine July 15 1793\nThe Honble Mr Thatcher, a few days since requested me to take the Appointment of Collector for the Port of York, in case of the death of Mr Trevett, who was then thought by his Physicians to be beyond recovery, and has since Expired\u2014And your Excellency should see fit to Appoint me.\nMr Thatcher said, that there would be no other person recomended, and in order to remove every Objection, I sold what Small Navigation I had, it is a Small Port, the income very small; but my situation such that I could Attend to it without much inconvenience; from the Assurance I had from Mr Thatcher, a letter he left with me for the Secretary of the Treasury which I have forwarded: I made every Arrangement Necessary.\nThis day I am informed that Mr Sewall, is recommended by his kinsman Mr Sewall, keeps the County Goal, some distance from the water\u2014I had the honour to serve through the War under your Excellency was Paymaster to Colo. Brooks[\u2019]s 7th Massachusetts Regiment, was wounded at the Battle of Bemises heights in October 1777 I have never thought of making application for a Pension, this Office was at my door, I was in hopes of Obtaining it; If your Excellency should think proper to Appoint me I shall Esteem it a favour. I am with the greatest Respect Your Excellencys most Obedient & Very Humble Servant\nJoseph Tucker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0156", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 16 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] July 16. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to submit to the President the rough draught of an answer to Mr Genet\u2019s letter of June 22. it is left unclosed, in case any other matters should be thought proper to be added. otherwise he would propose to close it with reiterations of friendship to his nation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0159", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 17 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 17. 1793.\nAccording to the desire expressed in your letter of June 30. I called together Doctr Thornton, Mr Hallet, Mr Hoben, and a judicious undertaker of this place, Mr Carstairs, chosen by Dr Thornton as a competent judge of the objections made to his plan of the Capitol for the City of Washington. These objections were proposed and discussed on a view of the plans: the most material were the following.\n1. The intercolonnations of the western and central peristyles are too wide for the support of their architraves of Stone: so are those of the doors on the wings.\n2. The colonnade passing through the middle of the Conference room has an ill effect to the eye, and will obstruct the view of the members: and if taken away, the cieling is too wide to support itself.\n3. The floor of the central peristyle is too wide to support itself.\n4. The stairways on each side of the Conference room want head-room.\n5. The windows are in some important instances masked by the Galleries.\n6. Many parts of the building want light and air in a degree which renders them unfit for their purposes. this is remarkably the case with some of the most important apartments, to wit, the chambers of the Executive and the Senate, the anti-chambers of the Senate and Representatives, the Stair-ways &c. Other objections were made which were surmountable, but those preceding were thought not so, without an alteration of the plan.\nThis alteration has in fact been made by Mr Hallet in the plan drawn by him, wherein he has preserved the most valuable ideas of the original and rendered them susceptible of execution; so that it is considered as Dr Thornton\u2019s plan reduced into practicable form. The persons consulted agreed that in this reformed plan the objections before stated were entirely remedied; and that it is on the whole a work of great merit. But they were unanimously of opinion that in removing one of the objections, that is to say, the want of light and air to the Executive and Senate chambers, a very capital beauty in the original plan, to wit, the Portico of the Eastern front, was suppressed, and ought to be restored; as the recess proposed in the middle of that front instead of the Portico projecting from it, would probably have an extreme ill effect. They supposed that by advancing the Executive chamber, with the two rooms on it\u2019s flanks, into a line with the Eastern front, or a little projecting or receding from it, the Portico might be reestablished, and a valuable passage be gained in the center of the edifice, lighted from above, and serving as a common disengagement to the four capital apartments, and that nothing would be sacrificed by this but an unimportant proportion of  light and air to the Senate and Representatives rooms, otherwise abundantly lighted and aired.\nThe arrangement of the windows in front on different levels was disapproved, and a reformation of that circumstance was thought desirably though not essential.\nIt was further their opinion that the reformed plan would not cost more than half what the original one would.\nI need not repeat to you the opinions of Colo. Williams an undertaker also produced by Dr Thornton, who on seeing the plans and hearing the objections proposed, thought some of them removable, others not so, and on the whole that the reformed plan was the best. This past in your presence, and with a declaration at the same time from Col. Williams that he wished no stress to be laid on opinions so suddenly given. but he called on me the day after, told me he had considered and conferred with Dr Thornton on the objections, and thought all of them could be removed but the want of light and air in some cases. he gave me general ideas of the ways in which he would remove the other objections, but his method of spanning the intercolonnations with secret arches of brick, and supporting the floors by an interlocked framing appeared to me totally inadequate; that of unmasking the windows by lowering the Galleries was only substituting one deformity for another, and a conjectural expression how head-room might be gained in the Stairways shewed he had not studied them.\nI have employed Mr Carstairs to calculate the cost of the whole masonry of the building, according to the Philadelphia prices, because the cost of the walls of a building furnishes always a tolerable conjecture of the cost of the whole, and because I thought that a statement in detail of the Philadelphia prices of materials and work might be of some value to the Commissioners. I have the honor to be with the most perfect esteem and respect, Sir Your most obedient & most humble Servant.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0160", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 17 July 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nWar department July 17th 1793\nI have the honor to submit to you a letter from Major General Wayne of the 27th May last.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury and myself have conceived it essential to the \u0153conomical administration of the public interests as connected with this department that an Agent therefrom should be sent both to Georgia and to the South western territory for the objects specified in the instructions to Captain Constant Freeman who has agreed to perform this business in Georgia\u2014Colonel David Henley has also agreed to perform the duties in the South western territory\u2014The propriety of the measure, the men, and the instructions are submitted for your approbation or otherwise. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Your most obedt Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0161", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Lewis, 17 July 1793\nFrom: Lewis, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nHond Uncle,\nThe Exchange [Fauquier County, Va.]  July 17th 1793\nSince writing to you last, I set off with an intention of visiting your land on Potomac, and examining into the state of your lotts in Winchester and at Bath as you requested, but was unfortunately taken sick on the road, and confined by it so long, that I was obliged to return home before I could complete the journey, in order to begin my Harvest, and have the wheat secured as soon as possible. I am making preparation to sow my corn ground, and what ground I have fallowed, down in wheat, which I am in hopes of completing by the last of August. I will then undoubtedly see your land and the lotts before mentioned, should no accident happen to prevent.\nI have had a final answer from Major Harrison respecting the land which you wished to purchase from him. He has determined not to sell for some years to come, upon any terms, as he thinks lands are rising fast in value, and that his will, of course, rise in proportion.\nInclosed is a draught on Mr Hill of Philadelphia for ten pounds Virginia currency, which I will thank Mr Lear to present and get the money. It is for rent due by one of your tenants over the ridge, which I have had great difficulty in getting, until I shifted it into the hands of Mr Holker.\nMrs Lewis joins me in love to my Aunt & yourself. I remain your Affectionate Nephew\u2014\nRobt Lewis\nP. S. I wrote to you lately more fully upon the subject of Majr Harrison\u2019s land. I will thank you to send me the letter giving information of the lotts in Winchester as you mentioned.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0162", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., 17 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Trumbull, Jonathan Jr.\n(Private)  Dear Sir,\nPhiladelphia July 17th 1793\nI have duly received your letter of the 8th inst. enclosing papers respecting our unfortunate Citizens, Captives in Algiers, and now return them to you with my thanks for your attention in communicating them.\nIn all our attempts to accomodate matters with the Algierines, & to releive our Citizens held in Captivity by them, we have been peculiarly unfortunate. Besides the deaths of Captn Paul Jones and Mr Barclay many other untoward circumstances have occurred in that business to prevent its being brought to a point; but I beleive it is unnecessary to say to you, my dear Sir, that no measure which it has been in my power to pursue in order\nto terminate that matter favourably has been left untried. And things are now in the best train for effecting that purpose that circumstances will admit of. With very sincere regard I am Dear Sir Your Affecte & Obedt Sert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0163", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 18 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia July 18th 1793.\nThe Chief Justice & Judge Paterson are in Town. The former called upon me yesterday evening to know at what time he should receive my communications. I was embarrassed\u2014but declared the truth, that by waiting for the Attorney General, the business wch it was proposed to lay before them, was not fully prepared.\nI shall expect to see you by nine; And as the Judges will have to decide whether the business wch, it is proposed to ask their opinion upon is, in their Judgment, of such a nature as that they can comply, it might save time if you were to draft something (before you come) that will bring the question properly before them. I am always & sincerely Yours\nGo: Washington\nP.S. As the Attorney General is not present\u2014quere, would a verbal communication, & explanation of the wishes of Government made to them by you be better than by letter?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0164-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 18 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] July 18. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President a copy of the questions to be proposed to the judges, which he has endeavoured to make with exactness, but cannot be sure he may not have mistaken some of the interlineations of the original he has added at the end those from his own paper which were agreed to. they are the numbers 22. &c to the end.\nhe incloses also the rough draughts of Colo. Hamilton & Genl Knox; the former may serve to correct any errors of copying which he may have committed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0164-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure Questions for the Supreme Court, 18 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n[Philadelphia, 18 July 1793]\n1. Do the treaties between the U.S. & France give to France or her citizens a right, when at war with a power with whom the U.S. are at peace, to fit out originally in & from the ports of the U.S., vessels armed for war, with or without commission?\n2. If they give such a right, does it extend to all manner of\narmed vessels, or to particular kinds only? if the latter, to what kinds does it extend?\n3. Do they give to France, or her citizens, in the case supposed, a right to refit, or arm anew vessels, which before their coming within any port of the U.S. were armed for war, with or without commission?\n4. If they give such a right, does it extend to all manner of armed vessels, or to particular kinds only? if the latter, to what kinds does it extend? does it include an augmentation of force, or does it only extend to replacing the vessel in statu quo?\n5. Does the 22d article of the Treaty of commerce, in the case supposed, extend to vessels armed for war on account of the government of a power at war with France, or to merchant armed vessels belonging to the subjects or citizens of that power (viz.) of the description of those which, by the English, are called Letters of marque ships, by the French \u2018batiments arm\u00e9s en marchandize et en guerre\u2019?\n6. Do the treaties aforesaid prohibit the U.S. from permitting in the case supposed, the armed vessels belonging to a power at war with France, or to the citizens or subjects of such power to come within the ports of the U.S. there to remain as long as they may think fit, except in the case of their coming in with prizes made of the subjects or property of France?\n7. Do they prohibit the U.S. from permitting in the case supposed vessels armed on account of the government of a power at war with France, or vessels armed for merchandize & war, with or without commission on account of the subjects or citizens of such power, or any vessels other than those commonly called privateers, to sell freely whatsoever they may bring into the ports of the U.S. & freely to purchase in & carry from the ports of the U.S. goods, merchandize & commodities, except as excepted in the last question?\n8. Do they oblige the U.S. to permit France, in the case supposed, to sell in their ports the prizes which she or her citizens may have made of any power at war with her, the citizens or subjects of such power; or exempt from the payment of the usual duties, on ships & merchandize, the prizes so made, in the case of their being to be sold within the ports of the U.S.?\n9. Do those treaties, particularly the Consular convention, authorize France, as of right, to erect courts within the jurisdic\ntion of the U.S. for the trial & condemnation of prizes made by armed vessels in her service?\n10. Do the laws & usages of nations authorize her, as of right, to erect such courts for such purpose?\n11. Do the laws of Neutrality, considered relatively to the treaties of the U.S. with foreign powers, or independantly of those treaties permit the U.S. in the case supposed, to allow to France, or her citizens the privilege of fitting out originally, in & from the ports of the U.S. vessels armed & commissioned for war, either on account of the government, or of private persons, or both?\n12. Do those laws permit the U.S. to extend the like privilege to a power at war with France?\n13. Do the laws of Neutrality, considered as aforesaid, permit the U.S. in the case supposed, to allow to France or her citizens, the privilege of refitting, or arming anew, vessels which before their coming within the U.S. were armed & commissioned for war? may such privilege include an augmentation of the force of such vessels?\n14. Do those laws permit the U.S. to extend the like privilege to a power at war with France?\n15. Do those laws, in the case supposed, permit merchant vessels of either of the powers at war, to arm in the ports of the U.S. without being commissioned? may the privilege be rightfully refused?\n16. Does it make any difference in point of principle, whether a vessel be armed for war, or the force of an armed vessel be augmented, in the ports of the U.S. with means procured in the U.S. or with means brought into them by the party who shall so arm or augment the force of such vessel? if the first be unlawful, is the last lawful?\n17. Do the laws of neutrality, considered as aforesaid, authorize the U.S. to permit to France, her subjects or citizens, the sale within their ports of prizes made of the subjects or property of a power at war with France, before they have been carried into some port of France & there condemned, refusing the like privilege of her enemy?\n18. Do those laws authorize the U.S. to permit to France the erection of courts within their territory & jurisdiction, for the trial & condemnation of prizes, refusing that privilege to a power at war with France?\n19. If any armed vessel of a foreign power at war with another, with whom the U.S. are at peace, shall make prize of the subjects or property of it\u2019s enemy within the territory or jurisdiction of the U.S. have not the U.S. a right to cause restitution of such prize? are they bound or not by the principles of neutrality so to do, if such prize shall be within their power?\n20. To what distance, by the laws & usages of nations, may the U.S. exercise the right of prohibiting the hostilities of foreign powers at war with each other, within rivers, bays, & arms of the sea, & upon the sea along the coasts of the U.S.?\n21. Have vessels armed for war under commission from a foreign power, a right, without the consent of the U.S. to engage, within their jurisdiction, seamen or souldiers for the service of such vessels, being citizens of that power, or of another foreign power, or citizens of the U.S.?\n22. What are the articles, by name, to be prohibited to both or either party?\n23. To what extent does the reparation permitted in the 19. Article of the treaty with France, go?\n24. What may be done as to vessels armed in our ports before the President\u2019s proclamation? and what as to the prizes they made before and after?\n25. May we, within our own ports, sell ships to both parties, prepared merely for merchandize? may they be pierced for guns?\n26. May we carry either or both kinds to the ports of the belligerent powers for sale?\n27. Is the principle that free bottoms make free goods, & enemy bottoms make enemy goods, to be considered as now an established part of the law of nations?\n28. If it is not, are nations with whom we have no treaties, authorized by the law of Nations to take out of our vessels enemy passengers, not being souldiers, & their baggage?\n29. May an armed vessel belonging to any of the belligerent powers follow immediately merchant-vessels, enemies, departing from our ports, for the purpose of making prizes of them? if not, how long ought the former to remain after the latter has sailed? and what shall be considered as the place of departure, from which the time is to be counted? and how are the facts to be ascertained?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0165", "content": "Title: Address from the Citizens of Trenton, New Jersey, 18 July 1793\nFrom: Citizens of Trenton, New Jersey\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\n[Trenton, N.J., 18 July 1793]\nDeeply impressed with the wisdom and Policy which dictated your Proclamation declaring the Neutrality to be observed by the United States of America in the War between France and other Powers of Europe, We the Inhabitants of the City and Neighbourhood of Trenton take this manner to express the high satisfaction we feel upon this renewed Proof of that watchful Care you have ever testified for the best Interests of our Country.\nThe present flourishing Condition of the United States under a Constitution and Administration of Government which commands the Admiration of the World must cause every feeling\nmind to deplore and deprecate the Calamities of War. If there is a man in America who could wish to see this Country involved in the miseries under which Europe now groans, he must be an Enemy not only to the Happiness of the United States, but to that enlightened Policy which breathes Peace & good Will to all the World.\nSensible that strictly to maintain the Principles of Neutrality, is the \u201cDuty and Interest of the United States\u201d and the only way to insure a Continuation of Peace and Prosperity, We beg leave to assure you of our fixed Determination not only to comply with the Proclamation ourselves, but to discountenance and discourage every thing which may contravene the object of it.\nPermit us further to add, that the time elapsed since the Proclamation has given us opportunity to know its general Acceptation and that we believe we express the common Sentiments and the common Language of the Citizens of the State of New Jersey. Signed by order and in behalf of the Meeting.\nM: Furman. chairman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0166", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Fitzgerald, 19 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fitzgerald, John\nDear sir,\nPhiladelphia 19th July 1793.\nThe day preceeding my departure from Mount Vernon, the enclosed letter was put into my hands. pressed as I was at the time by other business, I could give it no answer; & the next day when I saw you in Alexandria this matter had escaped me. I give you the trouble, therefore (since you have allowed me the liberty) to fix something with mister Moore on the subject of it. whatever that may be will be satisfactory, & shall be binding on me, with two provisos\u20141st: that the term for which the lease is given shall not exceed five years\u2014and 2dly that whatever repairs mister Moore may want, & are really necessary, shall be specifically enumerated, and executed under his own auspices & at his own expence, making a reasonable allowance therefor in fixing the rent. By such enumeration, it may be any time be seen whether the work stipulated has been executed; for in default thereof there can be no claim of deduction.\nI have two motives for giving you this trouble\u2014one because I know you are a good judge of what the House & Lot ought to rent for\u2014& the other, because I have no person in my employ at present in whom I can confide to negotiate this business for me. I am Dr Sir &c.\nGo: Washington\nP.S. I have, by letter, informed mister Moore of the footing on which I have placed the matter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0167", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 19 July 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] July 19th 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to The President of the U.S. has the honor to send him for his information a letter which he has just received from our Commissioners at Amsterdam.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0168", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 19 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] July 19. 93.\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President has the honor to inform him that Judges Jay & Wilson called on him just now and asked whether the letter of yesterday pressed for an answer. they were told the cases would await their time, & were asked when they thought an answer might be expected: they said they supposed in a day or two.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0169", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 19 July 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nWar Department July 19. 1793.\nOn the 3d of November 1783 all the troops of the late war were discharged excepting the few mentioned in the Act of that date, & all the rank of the Officers accordingly ceased to have any further operation.\nBut subsequent to this period new troops were raised by virtue of several resolves & acts of Congress and it has been decided that Officers of the same grades should take rank in the present army according to their appointments under the said several Acts of Congress, the relative rank of the late war notwithstanding; that is, that a Captain appointed under the resolves of Congress in 1785, should take rank of a Captain appointed by virtue of any subsequent resolve or act of Congress, although the latter  had been senior during the late war\u2014This was essential to give each Officer confidence in his rank, otherwise he would be always liable to be superceded in his grade by the introduction of the officers of the late war.\nOn February 20th 1793 the President of the United States decided that the Officers now in service who were deranged prior to the resolve of the 7th of August 1782 could not be entitled to any benefits of the said Resolve, which is as follows.\n\u201cResolved, That the Officers retiring under the foregoing resolutions, & not employed in the Staff Departments as aforesaid, shall, until called into service with their proper command, be entitled to all the emoluments, to which the Officers are entitled, who retired under the resolutions of the 3d and 21st of October 1780: that the said Officers shall retain their rank in the army and be called into the service from time to time according to seniority, in case of deficiencies of Officers, upon the principles of the foregoing resolutions.\u201d\nHence the following case arises\u2014A Captain who was deranged on the first of January 1781, and appointed a Captain under the Acts of Congress of the 4th of March 1791, but in pursuance of the decision of the President of the 20th of February, acts junior to all the Captains of the late war\u2014but the question arises, is he also junior to all the Captain Lieutenants, Lieutenants, and Ensigns of the late war? or in other words, did the Officers who were deranged prior to the said 7th of August 1782, lose all benefits in case of a reappointment, from their former rank?\nThis case is humbly stated for the consideration and decision of the President of the United States.\nH. Knox  secy of war", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0170", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 19 July 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\n9 oClock p.m. 19 July 1793\nAn express has arrived with the enclosed from the Commissioners at Niagra. I send them to night that you may deliver them to the President early in the Morning, as it may be important for orders to go off to Genl Wayne tomorrow by the post. I will wait upon the President at or before eight oClock in the Morning. Yours Sincerely\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0171", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jean-Pierre-Henri Elouis, 20 July 1793\nFrom: Elouis, Jean-Pierre-Henri\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nPhiladelphia July 20th 1793 No. 9. 8th Street. at the wax works\nyour humanity and generosity are so well known, that it is with the greatest confidence that I dare to adress myself to you, in a moment when I am distressed by unexpected bad circumstances. I have had much Imployment last winter; but my wife having been sick for these three months, it has been impossible to me, to follow my business as I could have done it, if I had not been detained at home. I have Experienced great troubles Since four years; I had the good fortune to Conquer all difficulties, but So many have fallen upon me all at once, that I do not know how to extricate myself, if not helped.\nthe Sum of Eighty Dollards would enable me to follow my business as before, and I prefer Sir, to owe you that favor, than to any body else; being Certain of Secrecy, as it would be hurtfull to the Interest of an artist, if he was Known to be in distress. he must appear happy, and in good Circumstances to get business, otherwise, great many would thinck he has no talent. perhaps Sir, that you do not recollect my name? I teach drawing to Miss custis, I have been recommanded by Mrs Stuart; and I have had the honour last winter, to take your likeness in miniature, it is not Intirely finished: having been much disturbed, and wishing to make a well finished Picture, I shall wait till my minds in a more quiet Situation.\nI put So much dependence Sir, upon your goodness, that I expect you will Excuse the liberty I take in adressing to you, and  that you will receive Kindly my Letter. I am with the greatest Respect Sir, your most humble obedient Servant\nH. Elouis\nif you are Pleased Sir, to favor my Petition I Shall cease from that Instant to receive the two guineas Pr month that I receive for the Lessons I give to Miss Custis. as it will Lesson the Sum. and be assured Sir, that I will take every opportunity to Express to you all my gratitude.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0173", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Supreme Court Justices, 20 July 1793\nFrom: Supreme Court Justices,Jay, John,Wilson, James,Iredell, James,Paterson, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia 20 July 1793\nWe have taken into consideration the Letter written to us by your Direction, on the 18th Instant, by the Secretary of State.\nThe Question \u201cwhether the public may with propriety be availed of the advice of the Judges, on the Questions alluded to?[\u201d] appears to us to be of much Difficulty as well as Importance\u2014as it affects the judicial Department, we feel a Reluctance to decide it, without the advice and participation of our absent Brethren.\nThe occasion which induced our being convened, is doubtless urgent: of the Degree of that urgency we cannot judge, and consequently cannot propose that the answer to this Question be postponed, untill the Sitting of the Sup. Court.\nWe are not only disposed but desirous to promote the welfare of our Country, in every way that may consist with our official Duties. We are pleased Sir! with every opportunity of manifesting our Respect for you, and are sollicitous to do whatever may be in our power to render your administration as easy & agreable to yourself as it is to our Country.\nIf circumstances should forbid further Delay, we will  immediately resume the Consideration of the Question, and decide it. We have the Honor to be with perfect Respect Sir your most obedient & most h\u2019ble Servants\nJohn Jay\nJames Wilson Ja. Iredell Wm Paterson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0175", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Caleb Gibbs, 21 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Gibbs, Caleb\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia July 21st 1793\nWhen your letter of the 15 ulto came to this place I was in the act of setting off for Virga on urgent private business of my own\u2014and, since my return that of a public nature has engrossed all my time.\nI write to you now because you have requested an acknowledgement of your letter\u2014not because there is any place vacant (known to me), or\u27e8,\u27e9 that I would be under any promise if there was. I have observed an invariable line of conduct in all nominations to Office, and that is to hold myself entirely free from all engagements until the moment shall arrive when it is necessary to make them & then to do it with the fittest character, from the best evidence before me, without regard to private friendship or other considerations that might warp my public Judgment.\nIt would give me, & I am sure it would give Mrs Washington also much pleasure to hear that you & family were living comfortably, & doing well, being\u2014Dear Sir Your Obedt Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0176", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Lee, 21 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lee, Henry\n(Private) Dear Sir,\nPhiladelphia July 21st 1793\nI should have thanked you at an earlier period for your obliging letter of the 14th ulto, had it not come to my hands a day or two only before I set out for Mount Vernon; and at a time when I was much hurried, and indeed very much perplexed with the disputes, Memorials and what not, with which the Government were pestered by one or other of the petulant representatives of the Powers at War. And because, since my return to this City (nine days ago) I have been more than ever overwhelmed with their complaints. In a word, the trouble they give is hardly to be described.\nMy Journey to and from Mt Vernon was sudden & rapid, and as short as I could make it. It was occasioned by the unexpected death of Mr Whitting (my Manager) at a critical season for the business with which he was entrusted. Where to supply his place I know not; of course my concerns at Mt Vernon are left as a body without a head\u2014but this bye the by.\nThe communications in your letter were pleasing and grateful. For although I have done no public Act with which my Mind upbraids me, yet it \u27e8is\u27e9 highly satisfactory to learn that the things which I do (of an interesting tendency to the peace & happiness of this Country) are generally approved by my fellow Citizens. But were the case otherwise, I should not be less inclined to know the sense of the People upon every matter of great public concern; for as I have no wish superior to that of promoting the happiness & welfare of this Country, so, consequen\u27e8t\u27e9ly, it is only for me to know the means, to accomplish the end, if it is within the compass of my Powers.\nThat there are in this, as in all other Countries, discontented characters, I well know; as also that these characters are actuated by very different views. Some good, from an opinio\u27e8n\u27e9 that the measures of the general Government are impure. Some bad, and (if I might be allowed to use so harsh an epithet) diabolical;\ninasmuch as they are not only meant to impede the measures of that Government generally, but more especially (as a great mean towards the accomplishment of it) to destroy the confidence which it is necessary for the People to place (until they have unequivocal proof of demerit) in their public Servants; for in this light I consider myself, whilst I am an occupant of Office; and if they were to go farther & call me there Slave (during this period) I would not dispute the point. But in what will this abuse terminate? The result, as it respects myself, I care not; for I have a consolation within that no earthly efforts can deprive me of\u2014and, that is, that neither ambitious, nor interested motives have influenced my conduct. The arrows of malevolence therefore, however barbed & well pointed, never can reach the most valuable part of me; though, whilst I am up as a mark, they will be continually aimed. The publications in Freneau\u2019s and Beach\u2019s Papers are outrages on common decency; and they progress in that style, in proportion as their pieces are treated with contempt, & passed by in silence by those, at whom they are aimed. The tendency of them, however, is too obvious to be mistaken by men of cool & dispassionate minds; and, in my opinion, ought to alarm them; because it is difficult to prescribe bounds to the effect.\nThe light in which you endeavored to place the views and conduct of this Country to Mr G\u2014t; and the sound policy thereof as it respected his own; was, unquestionably the true one; and such as a man of penetration, left to himself, would most certainly have viewed them in\u27e8.\u27e9 but mum on this head. time may unfold more, than prudence ought to disclose at present.\nAs we are told that you have exchanged the rugged & dangerous field of Mars, for the soft and pleasurable bed of Venus, I do in this as I shall in every thing you may pursue like unto it good & laudable\u27e8,\u27e9 wish you all imaginable success and happiness; being with much truth and regard Dear Sir, Your Affecte Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0178", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Frances Bassett Washington, 21 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, Frances Bassett\nTo: Washington, George\nDear & honord Sir\nMount Vernon July 21st 1793\nI did myself the pleasure of forwarding to you last week the reports of the Overseers, & an account of the weather\u2014by a letter I have received from my Aunt, I understand that Mr Lewis is in Virginia, but as he is not yet come to this place, I shall again send the reports to you by tuesdays stage.\nso entirely occupied as I am conscious you are with publick business, it gives me pain to call your attention to anything, comparatively trifling & unimportant, yet as I consider myself so unequal to forming a proper judgement, even in my own little concerns, & have been so happy as to receive the promise of your advice respecting them, I take the liberty of requesting your opinion of some repairs, which my Overseer (Taylor) says are absolutely necessary at the farm he lives on, for the security of the crop, & the preservation of the Negroes\u2014there is no granary, but the room in the second story of the house he lives in, will answer to put the wheat in, if lined with plank\u2014the corn-house wants some repair to make it secure, & he thinks is not large enough to hold the Crop he shall make this year, unless the prospect changes very much\u2014the Negroes houses have no roofs of any consequence to them\u2014Taylor thinks my two Carpenters Gabriel & Reuben can get every thing necessary for the repairs (except plank,) & be able to put them up in good time\u2014I have not given them any directions as yet, but wait the favor of your advice & permission.\nI sincerely hope you will be able to leave Philadelphia early in the fall, & that we shall have the happiness of yours & my Aunts company some weeks\u2014my Sister Milly & my Children join me in most affectionate remembrance to you\u2014& I am my dear Sir with fervent prayer for your health & happiness, your ever gratefully affectionate\nFrances Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0180", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 22 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] July 22. 93.\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President has the honor of inclosing him some letters just received also the draught of a letter to the Judges.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0181", "content": "Title: Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., to Thomas Jefferson, 22 July 1793\nFrom: Dandridge, Bartholomew Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nUnited States 22d July 1793\nThe President of the U. States requests the attendance of the Secretary of State at his House, tomorrow morning at Nine o\u2019Clock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0182", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 23 July 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasy Dept July 23d 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to submit to The President a communication from the Commissioner of the Revenue of the 19 instant.\nThe establishment of the compensation to the Keeper of the Portsmouth Light house at the rate therein mentioned appears to the Secretary to be a proper measure.\nA. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0184", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Castella, 24 July 1793\nFrom: Castella, {--} {--}\nTo: Washington, George\nG\u00e9n\u00e9ral\n\u00e0 new haven \u00e9tat de Connecticut Ce 24 juillet 1793\n Vous avez cr\u00e9\u00e9 la puissance am\u00e9ricaine, et c\u2019est En l\u2019afferminant que vous avez pr\u00e9par\u00e9 un azile aux pers\u00e9cutions, et aux malheurs. la terre qui nous recoit, et l\u2019aspect d\u2019un peuple heureux,\n  adoucit les regrets de nos pertes. nos riches habitations ont \u00e9t\u00e9 pill\u00e9es, brul\u00e9es, et D\u00e9truites. nous avons laiss\u00e9 la martinique, En proye aux flammes et aux asasinats. Les mulatres De Cette Colonie, ont cru \u00e9tablir le phantome de l\u2019\u00e9galit\u00e9, par la force Des armes; et Sup\u00e8rieurs En nombre, ils ont D\u00e9truit avec f\u00e9rocit\u00e9, les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s De leurs Bienfaiteurs, et de leurs p\u00e8res. une Escadre angloise a paru Sur Ces Cotes infortun\u00e9es; L\u2019amiral n\u2019a pu Donner Des Secours \u00e0 l\u2019humanit\u00e9, \u00e0 la Douleur, et aux larmes; et Son inaction Suivie De Sa route vers la barbade, ont augment\u00e9 l\u2019audace des asassins, et des incendiaires. Ce g\u00e9n\u00e9ral est Cepandant revenu avec des Troupes, et a Effectu\u00e9 leur D\u00e9barquement Sur la ville de Saint pierre, mais il a bient\u00f4t rembarqu\u00e9 son arm\u00e9e, et s\u2019est retir\u00e9. Cette tentative infructueuse, En trainera la ruine Enti\u00e8re De Cette Colonie, qui touchoit \u00e0 sa destruction, au moment De l\u2019apparition Des forces, qui Devoient la Sauver.\nSoldat malheureux, quelques talends militaires, ne peuvent \u00eatre offerts, et Employ\u00e9s, chez un peuple, qui n\u2019a pour armes, et pour force publique, que des loix sages, et bien Combin\u00e9s. mais il me reste une activit\u00e9 Courageuse, et la n\u00e9cessit\u00e9, d\u2019assurer un azile; \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9ressante Compagne de mes malheurs. accordezmoy, G\u00e9n\u00e9ral, une portion de terre, Sur les Bords De la rivi\u00e8re potomak, o\u00f9 s\u2019\u00e9leve la nouvelle ville de Wasginthon, o\u00f9 aux Environs: la Douceur De Ce Climat, Convenant, \u00e0 un militaire, qui a Servi Long temps, Sous le Soleil brulant Des antilles. Cultivateur laborieux, et Citoyen fid\u00e8le, je Donnerai \u00e0 ma nouvelle patrie, les fruits d\u2019une activit\u00e9 instruite par les revers. je suis avec Respect. G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Votre tr\u00e8s humble et ob\u00e9issant Serviteur\nCastella officier fran\u00e7ais", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0185", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 24 July 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Depmt 24 July 1793.\nIn answer to your enquiry of the 22d inst. I have the honor to observe that in the communications heretofore made, it is stated, that an additional two millions of Guilders had been already directed to be borrowed & a proposition is submitted to the consideration of the President for authorising a further loan of three millions of florins.\nOne of the objects of the two million loan was the reimbursement of the one million which became due in Holland on the first of June last.\nThe arrangement announced by our bankers in their Letter of the 1st of May last, fulfills that object, & consequently diminishes by one million the aggregate sum deemed adviseable to be borrowed, in the late Reports of the Secretary to the President, so as to leave four millions, instead of five, to be still borrowed upon the plan contemplated.\nThe remittances from hence make no difference in the result, because they only remain to their original fund, the purpose for which they were intended having been answered by the arrangement above mentioned. With perfect respect, I have the honor to be sir &ca\nAlexr Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0188", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Wadsworth, 24 July 1793\nFrom: Wadsworth, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n New York July 24th 1793\nI Beg leave to lay before your Excellency a Plan for Carrying on the Oyl Cloth Carpets Seven Yards without Seam in it\u2019s Various Branches Equal in Goodness if not Superior to those Made in London Where I have been Eleven Years at the above Business, I am the Inventor of the Looms that Now Weaves the Seven Yard Wide Canvass for the Above Carpets\u2014I therefore pray that your Excellence Will take this into your Wise Consideration & hope it Established in the City of Washington It is become a Very great Business in the East Indies; There are Two other Branches of Business that I am the real Inventor of One of these is the Woo[l] Carpets that never have Been made in Europe But Two that I wove & these were Six Yards Wide & eighteen Yards in Length the Other Branch I will Explain to you If I have the honor of Seeing your Excellence. Therefore it is my Wish That your Right Honble Lady will graciously be pleased to patronize these new invented Works that are not made known in Europe, I am Willing to Engage in the above Business on the Shortest notice that I can Obtain. Sir I am with the Greatest Respect Your Excellence\u2019s most Humble & Obediant Servant\nWm. Wadsworth\nP:S. I beg you will favour me with an Answer as I Remain in New York The letter to Stop at the Office till: Called for.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0189", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Burgess Ball, 25 July 1793\nFrom: Ball, Burgess\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir,\nFredericksbg [Va.] 25th July 93.\nI recd yours of the 21st Inst. this Evening, and, as you seem to be misinform\u2019d respecting Mr Laurence Lewis\u2019s Intention of changing his State, I thought it best, on Information from Mrs Lewis (he being at present in Berkly) and his other friends here, to lose no time in writing to you again\u2014They say (& I also believe) that he has no Notion at all of entering into the matrimonial State, and that he will chearfully undertake your Bussiness\u2014when Howell arrived here, Laurence went over the Ridge, but, if you think proper to take him, he will immediately on information repair to Mount Vernon\u2014I believe myself, he possesses all the Qualifications you mention. Wishing you and Yours every felicity, I am, with the highest Esteem Dr Sir, Yr affect. Hbe Servt\nB: Ball.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0190", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 25 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nGentlemen,\nPhiladelphia, 25th July 1793\nI enclose, for your information, the copy of a letter from the Secretary of State to me, on the subject of the objections made to Doctor Thornton\u2019s plan of a Capitol. By this letter you will see, that after a candid discussion, it was found that the objections stated, were considered as valid by both the persons chosen by Doctor Thornton as practical Architects and competent judges of things of this kind\u2014and one of them (Mr Carstairs) who appeared to have studied the matter with most attention, pronounced them irremidiable without an alteration in some parts of the plan; the other (Colo. Williams) proposed certain methods of obviating some of the objections, but in what manner you\n will see by the enclosed letter. The plan produced by Mr Hallett, altho\u2019 preserving the original ideas of Doctor Thornton, and such as might upon the whole, be considered as his plan, was free from these objections, and was pronounced by the Gentlemen on the part of Doctr Thornton, as the one which they, as practical Architects, would chuse to execute. Besides which, you will see, that, in the opinion of those Gentlemen, the plan executed according to Mr Hallett\u2019s ideas would not cost more than one half of what it would if executed according to Doctr Thornton\u2019s.\nAfter these opinions, there could remain no hesitation how to decide; and Mr Hoben was accordingly informed that the foundation would be begun upon the plan as exhibited by Mr Hallett, leaving the recess in the East front open for further consideration. If this meets your ideas the work of that building will progress as fast as circumstances will permit.\nIt seems to be the wish that the Portico of the East front, which was in Doctor Thornton\u2019s original plan, should be preserved in this of Mr Hallett\u2019s. The recess which Mr Hallett proposes in that front, strikes every one who has viewed the plan, unpleasantly, as the space between the wings or projections is too contracted to give it the noble appearance of the buildings of which it is an imitation; and it has been intimated that the reason of his proposing the recess instead of a portico, is to make it in one essential feature different from Doctr Thornton\u2019s plan. But whether the Portico or the recess should be finally concluded upon will make no difference in the commencement of the foundation of the building, except in that particular part\u2014and Mr Hallet is directed to make such sketches of the Portico, before the work will be affected by it, as will shew the advantage or disadvantage thereof. The ostensible objection of Mr Hallet to the adoption of Doctor Thornron\u2019s East front is principally the deprivation of light, and air, in a degree, to the apartments designed for the Senate and Representatives. With very great regard, I am, Gentlemen, Your most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0191", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 25 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\nPhiladelphia July 25th 1793.\nA letter from Colo. S. Smith (of Baltimore) to the Secretary of the Treasury, giving information of the conduct of the Privateers\u2014Citizen Genet & Sans Culottes\u2014is sent for your perusal: after which it may be returned; because contained therein, is a matter which respects the Treasury Department solely.\nAs the letter of the Minister from the Republic of France, dated the 22d of June, lyes yet to be answered; and as the Official conduct of that Gentleman\u2014relatively to the Affairs of this Government\u2014will have to undergo a very serious consideration (so soon as the Special Court at which the Attorney General is now engaged will allow him to attend with convenience) in order to decide upon measures proper to be taken thereupon: It is my desire that all the letters to, & from that Minister may be ready to be laid before me, the heads of Departments and the Attorney General with whom I shall advise on the occasion\u2014together with the minutes of such Official Oral communications as you may have held with him on the subjects of\u2014those letters &ca\u2014And\nas the Memorials from the British Minister, & answers thereto, are materially connected therewith, it will be proper, I conceive, to have these ready also.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0192", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 25 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] July 25. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President a second complaint of Peter LeMaigre a merchant of this city, for a second\nvessel taken from him by the British. in the former case, which happened during the absence of the President, it was unanimously agreed by the heads of the departments that it would be proper to communicate the case to Mr Hammond, and desire his interference.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0193-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 25 July 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\n War Department, July 25th 1793\nI have the honor to submit the information and opinion of General Pickens, relatively to the Creek indians. If there should be any other points, on which it would be necessary to request his information or opinion, he will be ready to afford the same. I have the honor to be, Sir, with the highest respect, Your most obedt Servt\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0193-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure Memorandum from Henry Knox and Andrew Pickens, 24 July 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry,Pickens, Andrew\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, 24 July 1793]\nThe substance of Information given to the Secretary of War by General Pickens the 24 July 1793 relatively to the Creek and Cherokee Nations of Indians.\nGeneral Pickens from information, he not having been in the Country, judges that the upper Creeks residing upon the Waters of Coosa and Talliposaa rivers may be estimated at about 2000 or 2500 Warriors.\nThat the lower Creeks residing upon the Waters of Flint and Chatahooche rivers as far South as the Towns of the Uchess and Broken Arrow inclusively may be estimated at from 1500 to 2000 Warriors. Although his information upon this head is by no means so satisfactory, as that entire reliance may be placed thereon. That the Cherokee Warriors may be estimated at 2000 lower Towns on the Tennessee included.\nThat the information has been such as to induce a belief that the Creek Nation was the last spring generally for War\u2014But this disposition however was suspended by the breaking out of War between the Upper Creeks and the Chickasaws\u2014That on the intervention of Mr Panton the Trader the Chickasaw War seems to have been suspended and perhaps may be amicably terminated.\nThat it has been understood that the Town of Tuckabatchee among the upper and the Cussetahs among the lower Creeks have been opposed to the War with the United States, although the Town of the broken Arrow have been among the most inveterate for War.\nThat the lower Towns of the Cherokees on the Tennessee the last year seemed to be determined for War, but the information this spring would lead to the belief that they were sincerely desirous for peace\u2014But it is difficult to predict what will be the consequences of the late Attack of Capt. Beard.\nGeneral Pickens from a pretty general knowledge of the Creek Nation and an attentive observation of their conduct for a number of years past and more particularly their late conduct and a mature consideration of all the circumstances of the case is decidedly of opinion that a demonstration of the power of the United States to punish the Creeks is the only measure which can be adopted to secure from their cruel depredations the Inhabitants of the South Western frontiers.\nThat to obtain this power it will be necessary to raise such a body of Men as will afford an Army of five thousand effective noncommissioned Officers and privates for offensive operations\u2014independent of all deductions whatever whether for sick or any of the collateral employments in the Staff departments or other duties which may be required.\nThat this Army ought to be composed of five hundred well equipped horsemen. One thousand good riflemen and three thousand five hundred Infantry well armed with Musquets and Bayonets and accoutred with powder horns and Bullet pouches.\nThat this Army ought to be engaged for Six Months from the time of their marching from the rendezvous or point of departure on the frontiers.\nThat they might be obtained by drafts from the Militia of Georgia the upper parts of South and North Carolina and from the\nSouth Western Territory in such proportions as may be judged proper. But that they could not be obtained for the three dollars \u214c Month allowed by law or for a less price than Six dollars \u214c Month for the privates and the noncommissioned Officers in proportion.\nThat in order that there should be no disappointment as to the arming or accoutering the Army, or the Ammunition, it is necessary that the Government should provide all those articles excepting perhaps the rifles which might with difficulty be collected upon the frontiers.\nThat the Months of July, August, and September would be the most proper for the execution of such an expedition into the Indian Country, as then the Waters would be low and great distress accrue by the destruction of the Corn &c. of the Indians.\nIf however Circumstances should dictate a Winter expedition it might then be undertaken. But the height of the Waters would occasion great disadvantages and perhaps render the expedition abortive. The same observation applies to the Spring\u2014In the Winter and Spring Seasons the Cane Brakes would afford abundance of forage for the Cattle\u2014In the Summer and fall the Grass abounds.\nThe Army to be subsisted by Wheat flour and Corn Meal which could be provided on the frontiers and by Beef Cattle which may be found in abundance.\nFlour may be purchased at about two dollars \u214c hundred and perhaps something less. New Corn may be had in October & until Christmas at One shilling Sterling \u214c Bushel or less. Three Year old Steers & Cows which weigh net beef 300 or 350 at 8 dollars or something less\u2014four and five Years old Steers from eight to ten dollars.\nThe transportation of the baggage and flour to be on pack horses as most convenient but horse Waggons might be had to carry about 1800 Weight and roads for them easily made.\nWhether tents should be taken or not would depend on the Season\u2014In a Winter or Spring Campaign tents would be essential but in the Summer or fall the advantage of Tents would not counterbalance the embarassment of transportation Plenty of packhorses might be purchased on the frontiers of the three Southern States from twenty to forty dollars each.\nThe preparations should be made and the point of departure\nupon the frontiers be established above the rock landing on the Oconnee the precise point to be hereafter decided. This point would be somewhere about One hundred Miles from Augusta at which the Stores are to be first collected. The Country from the Rock landing towards the lower Creeks is pretty much intersected with swamps and Cane Brakes otherwise it is open and well adapted for Cavalry from the same point to the upper Creeks the Country is less intersected with Swamps and Cane Brakes and although somewhat hilly not mountanious. roads for Waggons might easily be opened in both directions provided the Waters are not high which when it happens is a serious impediment to the forward movement of a body of Troops.\nThe point above alluded to would be equally well situated to strike either the upper or lower Creeks or both at once as existing circumstances might render proper. The distance to the Tuckabatchees of the upper Creeks would be about One hundred and sixty Miles\u2014to the Cowetas and other Towns of the lower Creeks about One hundred & twenty Miles\u2014The particular plan of the Campaign and the time the troops should continue in the Indian Country would depend upon the circumstances of the Moment which cannot now be foreseen or detailed If the occasion should be favorable to the establishment of posts in their Country such a measure would have the tendency in a considerable degree to keep them quiet in future.\nIn any event a Chain of posts on the South Western frontiers would be essential to maintain order and keep the turbulent of both sides in awe.\nH. Knox  Andw Pickens", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0194", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 25 July 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir.\n[Philadelphia] July 25th 1793.\nPlease to submit to the President of the United States, the enclosed Letter from the Governor of Virginia dated 17th inst: together with Col. Steele\u2019s report to the Executive of Virginia, on his return from a visit to the district of Kenawa\u2014&c.\u2014and some letters from Norfolk, relatively to a request from the British Consul for the passport from the French Admiral, to several British vessels ready for sailing. Yours Sincerely\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0195", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Tilghman, 25 July 1793\nFrom: Tilghman, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nCity Tavern [Philadelphia] July 25. 1793\nI had the honor of receiving, last night, a duplicate of your favor of the 21. instant & shall write immediately to some of my friends who will take pleasure in making the necessary Inquiries\u2014On my return to Maryland, you shall be informed of the results of their researches, as well as of my own\u2014It will give me infinite satisfaction if you should derive the least advantage from them.\nMr Sydney George has promised to pay, from the proceeds of his present crop, a considerable part, if not the whole of his bond to Mr West. As that bond is outstanding, it is reasonable that Mr George should be indemnified for the payments which he shall make to you\u2014I shall therefore take the liberty of drawing a writing of indemnification, which I must ask the favor of your executing, before I leave this City. I have the honor to be with the highest respect yr most ob. Serv.\nWm. Tilghman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0199", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 27 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n(Private) Dear Sir,\nPhilada 27. July 1793\nAfter giving the subject of Loans the most attentive consideration I am able under the several explanations which have been required & received from you, my mind has resolved itself into the form of the enclosed paper. But if there is any material objection to the measure there directed unadverted to by me, I am ready & willing to hear it\u2014otherwise it may be carried into effect without delay. There is a blank to fill up, to do which I pray you to furnish me with the sum. I am &c.\nGo. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0200", "content": "Title: Enclosure To Alexander Hamilton, 27 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir.\nPhiladelphia July 27. 1793.\nI have considered your application for liberty to borrow three millions of Florins in addition to the one million, now in train of being borrowed.\nIt appears from the documents which you have laid before me that 284,901 Dollars 89 Cents have been applied to the purchase of the general debt; and that by the Act of 2d March 1793. 200,000 dollars, of the money for that use, have been employed discharging the installment due to the Bank of the United States. The sum then which may still be borrowed under the Act of the 12th of August 1790, being 1,515,098 Dollars 11 Cents\u2014& it being very desirable to embrace the present season for purchasing, I am of opinion that a loan should be opened to that amount.\nIn like manner, as the balance of foreign loans, now in the Treasury, which appears from the same documents to be 565,484 D. 28 Cts may be absorbed by the installments of the French Debt due in September & November next; & another installment of the Dutch loan will fall due in June 1794 & will require the sum of 1,000,000 florins, I am also of opinion that a Loan ought to be effected to that amount.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0202", "content": "Title: Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., to Thomas Jefferson, 28 July 1793\nFrom: Dandridge, Bartholomew Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] Sunday 28th July 1793.\nThe President of the United States will be glad to see the Secretary of State tomorrow morning at Nine o\u2019Clock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0203", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Howell Lewis, 28 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Howell\n Letter not found: to Howell Lewis, 28 July 1793. Lewis wrote GW on 6 August that he had \u201creceived your letter Dated 28th of last month.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0205", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Cabinet, 29 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Cabinet\nTo\u2014The heads of the Departments and the Attorney General.\nGentlemen,\nPhila. 29th July 1793.\nIt will not be amiss, I conceive, at the meeting you are about to have today\u2014to reconsider the expediency of directing the Custom house Officers to be attentive to the Arming or equipping Vessels\u2014either for offensive or defensive War in the several Ports to which they belong\u2014and make Report thereof to the Governor, or some other proper Officer.\nUnless this, or some other effectual mode is adopted to check this evil in the first stage of its growth, the Executive of the United States will be incessantly harrassed with complaints on this head, & probably when it may be difficult to afford a remedy.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0206", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Nathaniel Chipman, 30 July 1793\nFrom: Chipman, Nathaniel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 30. 1793\nPermit me to recommend Mr Samuel Hitchcock, the present Attorney general of the State of Vermont, as a proper person to be appointed to the office of Judge for the district of Vermont\u2014His character for integrity, his abilities and professional knowledge render him, in my opinion, the most competent to that office of any person who may be brought forward as a candidate. With the greatest respect I am, Sir, your most obedient humble Servant\nNathaniel Chipman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0207", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Clinton, 30 July 1793\nFrom: Clinton, George\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew York 30th July 1793\nYesterday I received a note from the French Consul at this place, informing me that a British Frigate had taken a French Privateer called the Republican and sent her into this Port and praying for my interference in securing to his nation the benefit\n of the Treaty. Some time afterwards the officer commanding the British Vessel called upon me and reported his arrival\u2014I therefore conceived it proper to address Sir John Temple his Britannic Magestys Consul General by a note stating to him the information given by the French Consul, and requesting that the departure of the Vessel might be stayed, until I could report the circumstances to you, and receive your directions respecting her. Besides the propriety of satisfying the French Consul in this business, I was actuated by the additional consideration that the French Frigate L\u2019Ambuscade then lay in this harbour, and a Vessel was brought in which if a French \u27e8one\u27e9 and a Prize was by the Treaty not entitled to shelter or refuge, and a detention at my request would perhaps have been the means of preventing disagreeable and embarrassing consequences\u2014This morning I received a note in answer from Sir John Temple expressing his readiness to comply \u27e8w\u27e9ith my request, offering to deliver the Vessel into my custody, in which however \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 declares her to be the tender belonging to her Britannic Magesty\u2019s Ship \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 Boston, in consequence of this official Declaration I thought it most prudent and Justifiable from every view of the question to decline any further \u27e8mutilated\u27e9rence other than requesting her immediate departure agreeably to our Treaty with France. For your more particular information \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 the different communications which have passed on this subject\u2014As it is my sincere desire to observe on such occasions the most sensi\u27e8ble\u27e9 line of conduct and as similar questions of difficult solution involving \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 consequences may in a Port so much frequented often occur I would este\u27e8em it\u27e9 a favour to have the sense of the executive of the United States on this \u27e8mutilated\u27e9.\nI also take this opportunity of forwarding an affidavit relative to certain unwarrantable proceedings of the Captain of a British Mar\u27e8que\u27e9 Ship called the Catherine.\nGeo. Clinton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0210", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 31 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia July 31st 1793.\nAs there are several matters which must remain in a suspended State\u2014perhaps not very conveniently\u2014until a decision is had on the conduct of the Minister of the French Republic\u2014and as the  Attorney General will, more than probably, be engaged at the Supreme Court next week\u2014It is my wish under these circumstances, to enter upon the consideration of the letters of that Minister tomorrow, at 9 \u2019Oclock; I therefore desire you will be here at that hour; and bring with you all his letters, your answr and such other papers as are connected with the subject.\nAs the consideration of this business may require sometime, I should be glad if you & the other Gentlemen would take a family dinner with me at 4 \u2019Oclock. No other company is, or will be envited. Sincerely & Affectly I remain\u2014Yrs\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0211", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 31 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] July 31. 93.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to return to the President the copy of questions which had been destined for the judges.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0212", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 31 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia July 31. 1793.\nWhen you did me the honor of appointing me to the office I now hold, I engaged in it without a view of continuing any length of time, & I pretty early concluded on the close of the first four years of our republic as a proper period for withdrawing; which I had the honor of communicating to you. when the period however arrived circumstances had arisen, which, in the opinion of some of my friends, rendered it proper to postpone my purpose for a while. these circumstances have now ceased in such a degree as to leave me free to think again of a day on which I may withdraw, without it\u2019s exciting disadvantageous opinions or conjectures of any kind. the close of the present quarter seems to be a convenient period; because the quarterly accounts of the domestic department are then settled of course, & by that time also I may hope to recieve from abroad the materials for bringing up the foreign account to the end of it\u2019s third year. at the close therefore of the ensuing month of September, I shall beg leave to retire to scenes of greater tranquility, from those which I am every day more & more convinced that neither my talents, tone of mind, nor time of life fit me. I have thought it my duty to mention the matter thus early, that there may be time for the arrival of a successor, from any part of the union, from which you may think proper to call one. that you may find one more able to lighten the burthen of your labors, I most sincerely wish; for no man living more sincerely wishes that your administration could be rendered as pleasant to yourself, as it is useful & necessary to our country, nor feels for you a more rational or cordial attachment & respect than Dear Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0214", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Mathew Carey, 1 August 1793\nFrom: Carey, Mathew\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nHaving begun some of the maps of the united states, for my edition of Guthrie, and supposing it probable that you are possessed of materials that might be very serviceable, I take the liberty to request, if you have any such, that you will favour me with a communication of them, which will confer a particular obligation on, Sir, your obt hble servt\nMathew Carey\nP.S. I am now engaged in New Jersey & Delaware.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0215", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Cochran, 1 August 1793\nFrom: Cochran, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nN. York August 1st 1793\nI have been again attacked with a Paralytick stroke, which has untill this period, rendered me incapable to discharge the duties of my office\u2014I am now recovering very fast, and the public business is no longer suspended. A very close attention to business for the future, will however, probably, be inconsistent with a perfect reestablishment of my health, and prevent me from taking more exercise, and enjoying a mind more free from care\u2014For these reasons, I wish to resign, provided the appointment of my son James to the office which I hold, would meet with your approbation\u2014With respect to its emoluments, it is the same thing which of us hold it\u2014The same benevolent motives therefore, which governed, in appointing me to the office, will I flatter my self, induce the appointment of my son James. I am with the greatest respect and gratitude, your obedent and Humble Se[rvan]t\nJohn Cochran", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0217", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jacob Hollingsworth, 1 August 1793\nFrom: Hollingsworth, Jacob\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nElkton [Md.] 1 August 1793\nAgreable to your Request I applied to Mr Briscoe the Maried Gentleman who I mentioned to you when here, he says its not Convianiant to His famaly to Undertake your Business, since  that a young Man of the Name of Sappington a Native of this County who was Boarn about fifteen Mills from this of a Sivle Reagular famaly, said Sappington has a Recomendation from two very Reputable Gentleman of Hartford County who I Conseve May be Confided in, and I Know the mode of Conduct on Persusia Island has been in the grai\u27e8s\u27e9ing, Darey & Farming Line, for further advice I would wish you to apply to Colo. Saml Hughs near Haverde Grass the Propreator of the Island, Mr Sappngton will wait on you about the 12 of this month.\nif I Can be of Eany further youse to you Shall be very Happy to Sarve you. your Obt Sevt\nJacob Hollingsworth", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0220", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Mifflin, 2 August 1793\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nPhil. 2d Aug. 1793\nIt has been intimated to me, that the Jane will, probably, sail during the ensuing night; and, therefore, I think it proper to remind your Excellency, that I have issued express orders for detaining her at Mud-Island, in consequence of the information that has been given respecting her warlike equipments, and of your instructions dated the 23d & 24th of May last.\n The present communication I have deemed the more necessary, as the Secretary at War, in a letter, of the 27th ulto. says that if the Jane should attempt to depart prior to the \u27e85\u27e9th of August, and without a determination upon her case, it will be expected that I should employ, for detaining her, such means of military coercion as are in my power. I am, with perfect respect Sir, Yr Excs. most ob. \u27e8&ca\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0221", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Owens, 2 August 1793\nFrom: Owens, William\nTo: Washington, George\n[c.2 August 1793]\nThe Humble Petition of Williams Owens House-Carpenter Sheweth, That Pet[itione]r has been lately to see the new City Washington, having an Intention if Petr liked the place, to reside therein, and Petr meeting with Some friends there, have given him encouragement to fix his residence there, but Petr having a Family to remove, the distance great and Petr\u2019s abilities Not Sufficient to move at present, which is his Sanguine wish\u2014and Embolden\u2019d by Your Universial Benevolent disposition Petr prays Your Assistance at present, to help Petr & Family down, which (if it be Your Excellency\u2019s pleasure by writing a line to the Managers) shall be refunded, by Petr working it up with them: as they have encouraged Petr to go down\u2014May you long live to promote the good of Your Country and that City Call\u2019d by Your name, And may You Enjoy all the Blessings of peace and Health is the Earnest prayer of Your Excellency\u2019s devoted Petitioner &c.\nWm Owens", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0225", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion on French Privateers, 3 August 1793\nFrom: Cabinet,Jefferson, Thomas,Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] August 3. 1793\nThat The Minister of the French Republic be informed that the President considers the U. States as bound pursuant to positive assurances, given in conformity to the laws of neutrality, to effectuate the restoration of, or to make compensation for, prizes which shall have been made of any of the parties at war with France subsequent to the fifth day of June last by privateers fitted out of their ports.\nThat it is consequently expected, that he will cause restitution to be made of all prizes taken and brought into our Ports subsequent to the abovementioned day by such privateers; in defect of which The President considers it as incumbent upon The U. States to indemnify the Owners of those prizes\u2014the indemnification to be reimbursed by the French Nation.\nThat besides taking efficacious measures to prevent the future fitting out of Privateers in the Ports of The U. States, they will not give asylum therein to any which shall have been at any time so fitted out, and will cause restitution of all such prizes as shall be hereafter brought within their Ports by any of the said Privateers.\nThat instructions be sent to the respective Governors in conformity to the above communication.\nThe foregoing having been duely considered and being now\nunanimously approved they are submitted to The President of The United States.\n Th: Jefferson Alexandr Hamilton H. Knox Edm: Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0226", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Fitzgerald, 3 August 1793\nFrom: Fitzgerald, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nAlexandria [Va.] Augt 3d 1793\nI was duly honor\u2019d by the receipt of your letter of the 19 past & would have answer\u2019d it in course had Mr Moore been in town It was only Yesterday I could go into the business with him, & upon going to examine the house found a Woman of the name of Jackson with a family of Children in it\u2014she told me her Husband was gone to Boston & that she did not expect his return in less than three weeks, on telling her my business, she said they had rented it at ten Pounds \u214c Ann: from Mr Whiting & that the Rent was to be laid out in repairs of the house\u2014I asked how many Years it was rented for, & if she could produce any Contract in Writing, both of which she seemed ignorant of The House Stable & fencing are in a most ruinous State and yet I really dont see what can be done untill this man\u2019s return, he is the same who once spoke to you at the Hay Scales when I happen\u2019d to be present, and I remember made great promises about repairs to be made by him in Compensation for his having lived so long rent free I cannot Imagine that Mr Whiting could make an agreement so much to your disadvantage, as a repair of Ten Pounds a Year could be of very little advantage to the place supposing it honestly & Judiciously expended (which is not to be expected from the extreme poverty of the people) and would be at the end of any term much worse than at present, without any intermediate benefit I shall make every enquiry into the matter on the Mans return, & if he has not a written agreement am of opinion he ought to be dispossess\u2019d as soon as possible, & I\nthink I can rent it to one who can be depended on to make the necessary repairs & pay a small rent beside for the term of four or five years.\nI told Mr Moore that I thought the repairs woud be too much for him to undertake, nor did I think him a fit person for it When your leisure will admit I will expect a line from you on this subject & I flatter myself that I need not assure you that I will take the greatest pleasure in doing any thing at this place which is in my power, for your Interest Colo. Gilpin & I according to custom have been two days this week on the Examination of Potomac Accots previous to the meeting of the Subscribers on Monday next \u00a383 Sterlg has been call\u2019d for & we find about \u00a34.500 Curry on hand & upwards of \u00a39000 in delinquincies, the Canal & Locks at the little Falls going on very well. with sentiments of the strongest personal esteem & Consideration I have the honor to be Sir Your mo. Obedt Servant\nJohn Fitzgerald", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0228", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Burgess Ball, 4 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Ball, Burgess\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia Augt 4th 1793.\nPreviously to the receipt of your letter of the 25th Ulto, some persons had been mentioned to me as well qualified for the superintendence of my business at Mount Vernon; and until something is decided with respect to them (letters having passed on the subject) I can say nothing further with respect to Mr Lawrence Lewis.\nSo much am I engaged in public business, and so little haveg it in my power to visit, or attend to my private concerns, that it becomes extremly necessary (besides fidility) to have an experienced & skilful man, of some weight, to manage my business; one whose Judgment is able to direct him in cases which may arise out of circumstances that can neither be foreseen, nor previously guarded against.\nWhat the age of Mr Lawrence Lewis is\u2014what opportunities he may have had to acquire any knowledge in the management of a Farm. What his disposition, whether active or indolent. Whether clear in his perceptions, & of good Judgment. Whether sober & sedate, or fond of amusements and running about\u2014with other queries which might be asked, as well applying to a young man Just entering on the career of life; are all matters to which I am an entire stranger; and if you can give me information respecting them, I shall thank you. You will readily perceive that my sole object in these enquiries is to ascertain the competency of a character to whom I should commit an important trust; consequently,  going no farther, can operate nothing to the prejudice of my Nephew, whatever, in confidence, you may say to me on the foregoing points and such others as may occur to you.\nSo far as integrity, and I presume sobriety, would qualify him, I shd give him my entire confidence; but though these are very essential, something more, circumstanced as I am, is equally necessary. Was I at home myself, I should prefer a person connected with me as he is, to a more skilfil man that was not (provided he had no thoughts of soon forming a matrimonial alliance) because he could aid me in attentions to company, which I should stand as much in need of, as of one to look after my Estate; as my dispostion would lead me to endulge in retirement whenever I shall quit my public walks. My love to Mrs Ball & your family, in wch Mrs Washingtoon join\u27e8s\u27e9\u2014with sincere regard & friendp I am yrs affectly\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0229", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Hiland Crow, 4 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Crow, Hiland\nMr Crow,\nPhiladelphia Augt 4th 1793.\nBy a letter which I have just received from my Nephew, Mr Lewis at Mount Vernon, he informs me that you are applying to have your wages raised. This, I think, was the case last year, & may be the case another year\u2014Nor is this all, for when one succeeds another comes forward; a stop therefore might as well be put to these kind of cravings at one time as at another. However, as your Crop was the most productive of any I had made last year\u2014and, as I hope the present one will not be bad, if properly taken care \u27e8of,\u27e9 I agree, by way of encouraging your future exertions\u2014to  raise your wages to Forty pounds next year; & make you the same allowance of Provisions, and other things, as, by agreement, you were to receive this year.\nTo make an attempt after this, to encrease your wages will be fruitless; and I mention it, that whenever you want more, you must seek for it elsewhere. Forty pounds pr Annum clear of all expences, whether the winds blow high or blow low\u2014whether the ground \u27e8is d\u27e9eluged with Rain, or laid waste by a parching drought; by either of which, and by many other casualties, Crops may b\u27e8e\u27e9 destroyed; though the expences incurred in the making, do not lessen. Nor the mouths which are to be fed by them, nor the backs which are to be cloathed, do not decrease, is equal to the chance of double that sum in a proportion of the Crop; which, was \u27e8it not\u27e9 for the labour spent in making Meadow\u27e8s\u27e9\u2014and other Jobs, some on, and others off the Farm, I had much rather \u27e8give\u27e9; but have been restrained from doing it to avoid grumbling; and because \u27e8I\u27e9 may apply the hands at such places and in such a manner as to me, or my manager, should seem most conduci\u27e8ve\u27e9 to my own interest, when no other was to be affected by it. With this explanation of my sentiments I remain\u2014You\u27e8r\u27e9 friend\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0231", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 4 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Sunday Aug. 4. 93.\nTh: Jefferson presents his respects to the President and will pay due attention to his letter of this day. the question of convening the legislature was considered and as our opinions differed, we agreed to give them seperately which will be done tomorrow. we are to meet at 10. oclock tomorrow to apply the rules, now approved by the President, to the several memorials & complaints as yet undecided, the result of which will be submitted to the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0233", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Howell Lewis, 4 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Howell\nDear Howell,\nPhiladelphia Augt 4th 1793.\nYour letter of the 31st Ulto enclosing the Reports of the preceeding week, came duly to hand, yesterday.\nYou have neglected in the general Report, as the Overseers had before done in their individual ones, to give an Account of the Stock\u2014work horses\u2014and occurrences which had taken place in the week. This I expect will be renewed; and for this purpose it was, I gave you a general Report of Mr. Whittings that you might see the manner in which they were made. A general re[port made] in this manner, shews in one [glance and] at all times, the state of thing[s in the] farm every week; without g[oing to] you know not where, or to w[hat place] to come at them: and beside[s, of the] Overseers are made to tell & g[ive report] regularly every week of matters entrusted to their care, they will be more attentive to them. By & by, perhaps, when they come to be asked for the Stock that appears by a Report a Month or two past, they will either know nothing of the matter, or say it is dead, lost, or gone a great while ago. Keep them strictly to forms, & to their duty; & they will be regular; but relax a little \u27e8i\u27e9n any case, and they will look for it in all.\nI shall agree, as you will see by the enclosed letter (left open for you to read) to raise Crows Wages to \u00a340 because his charge is great, and I believe he is as good as any I could get for that lay.\nDesire him to have the Grass-Seed sown in the Swamp he has been plowing, as soon as he can get it in perfect order, and laid Smooth. He has already been instructed as to the mode of doing it, and the quantity of Seed to the Acre. Tell him not to bury the Seed\u2014if the ground is well prepared and laid level, the lightest Bush harrow is sufficient to pass over it after sowing; and if there should be an appearance of Rain soon, it would be better without even this, provided the ground is well pulverised & [made l]ight. The same directions will ap[ply to] McKoy, if there be any likelihood [of his] getting ground in order for sowing.\n But I find no appearance of [this a]nd desire you will give him a pretty [good h]int that I can have no conception of what he is employing his force abou\u27e8t\u27e9\u2014especially the Hoe people; as he has not more Corn than eight hands, instead of 18, are fully competent to; and when he knows, that the additional ones was sent there for the express purpose of reclaiming & putting those swamps into Grass. He must either be a very idle fellow, or wants judgment to arrange the \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 of his people to advantage.\nThere is no covering Buckwheat entirely. Rolling before the plow, and plowing the way the Roller runs, is the most effectual, & ought to have been practiced; but I suppose the Oxen being employed in drawing in the Wheat, was the cause that prevented it.\nBy the time this letter gets to your hands Wheat sowing ought to commence; and I hope the Overseers will be particular in following the directions I have given them on this head. I expect from Doctr Stuarts Plantations below, under the care of Mr Ring, some of the early Wheat. if it should arrive in time, advise with Mr Stuart & Mr Crow, at which of the places I had best sow it, to make the most. I would, if they quantity be small, sow it in drills, & cultivate it, in order to raise as much seed as possible from it against anothr ye\u27e8ar.\u27e9\nLet Mr Crow know that the ground which has been Cowpened, and now in Corn from the Barn up to the Gate, between fields No. 2 & 3, must, when he comes to sow the Wheat; be laid as smooth as it can be without injuring the Corn\u2014because Clover is to be sown on the Wheat in the Month of February which he will take care & see, without further directions (at the time) that it is done; The Corn stalks when cut, must there be low in the Ground.\n Davy (of Muddy hole) must do the same with all the Corn ground he cultivates at Dogue Run, as the only inducement to break it up, was to prepare it the better for Grass. But when this field is sown in February, on the Wheat, it must be with Clover & Timothy; of which, as I cannot carry these things in my mind, and may forget them at the time, tell Davy to remember.\n All possible dispatch should be made by Butler to get done with his Hay, that the Waggon, & a Cart if it can be usefully employ\u27e8ed\u27e9 may assist Stuart: and, as soon as a\u27e8ll\u27e9 the Wheat at one place is in, the Carts belonging to it, ought to be sent to some other, where they are most wanting; until all the grain is got in.\n Enquire of Peter if any of the Eleven brood Mares (not hitherto used) are without Colts, & used to the Draught; if so, let a couple of them be sent to Mr Stuart to encrease his operative Plows. But tell him at the same time, that it is inconceivable to me, that out of ten Plow teams\u2014that is\u2014\u27e86\u27e90 horses and mules, which I am certain was the Report to me, until they ceased to report this matter at all, he should be able to work but 7. Plows. This matter wants explanation, & I expect to receive it.\nLet Mr Stuart be informed also that he must not feed another grain of Corn to his work horses. Cut Oats must be given to them; & if the Clover Hay is eatable he may give them some of that also. for I find by your account of the stock of Corn on hand, compared with the weekly issues to my Negros, there is not more than enough to serve them until the end of October.\n If you could buy one or two hundred bushels of Eastern Shore Oats for the use of Horses that may accidentally come to the Mansion house, and for my own if I should \u27e8be\u27e9 able to reach that place, it would \u27e8be\u27e9 very proper. For this & other purposes which may occur I send you a Bank note for 100 Dollars; which you may change at the Collectors in Alexandria (Colo. Fitzgerald\u2019s) or any other, for Cash. Keep an Account of your expenditures, & be careful in laying the money out.\nAs it is not likely\u2014because nowadays it but seldom happens\u2014that vessels with this article stop short of Alexandria, get Colo. Fitzgerald, or Colo. Gilpin to buy them there, for you.\n When will the Mansion house People be done Hay making; and what do they go about next? The Potatoe grd will, I hope, be well worked whensoever they get into it for the reasons mentioned in former letters. And advise with Butler whether the Oat ground at Mansion house, which you say is so thinly spread with the Grass that was sown along with the Oats, might not, where wanting, have clover and Orchard Grass scattered in sufficient quantity over it, & harrowed in; as it now is, without plowing the ground. If it is not sprung up much with weeds I should think this mode would do. But it is impossible for me at this distance, and unacquaintedness with the real state of the ground, to give any precise opinion on what is best to be done. I have be\u27e8en\u27e9 unlucky in two attempts to lay that with Grass.\nI see no account of the head lands being plowed at any place except River Farm, but hope it is done at all. enquire, and if neglected, order it to be done & sowed with Wheat, as other parts of the fields are.\nAnd desire all the Overseers to be very regular in penning their Stock, and not to keep the Pens long in a place. The doing of the latter destroys the use of manure, for one part of the field is made so rich by it, that the grain all lodges; & the rest is left too poor to bring any thing.\nMr Dandrige by Wednesdays Post, sent Bill of lading for the articles that were shipped in Ellwood; let them be brought home as soon as they arrive in Alexandria. Among these things is leather, which is only to be given side at a time; & that I may be sure it is cut to advantage, see a midling sized one of each sort cut out; that you may there after form an accurate opinion of what they ought to yield.\nThe enclosed note from Butler have carried into effect with the alteration I have made at the bottom of it.\n Know from Thoms Green what transactions there could be between Mr Whitting & him, to raise an Acct to \u00a36.2.3\u2014Let the several articles of the account be enumerated \u27e8an\u27e9d advise him to be cautious in wh\u27e8a\u27e9t he is about, lest he brings himself into some scrape: for it is morally certain that Mr Whitting could not owe him a shilling. You must have a particular eye to this fellow, for a more worthless one does not, I believe, live\u2014Nothing but compassion for his helpless family would induce me to retain him a moment in my service.\nLook in the Book case in my Study\u2014and in the Apartments under it\u2014also in the closets in the said Study, for Pamphlets, and send every Printed one you can find, well & securely packed up, by Ellwood. The family are in health and wish you well. I am Your friend and Affectionate Uncle\nGo: Washington\nP.S. A Dutch News Paper is sent for the Gardner.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0234", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Miller, 4 August 1793\nFrom: Miller, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\n New York, Augt 4 1793\nBe pleased to accept of the Sermon herewith transmitted, as a small tribute of that Respect, Veneration, and Gratitude, which are due to You from every American, and among others. from\nThe Author.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0235", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Francis Willis, Jr., 4 August 1793\nFrom: Willis, Francis Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it please yr Excellency\nVirginia Augt 4th 1793\nI wrote you some time ago respecting the money for those negroes I sold under a mistake from wrong advice that it was discoverd that Mr Perrin whom it was supposed had given them to his Sister Washington had not made a lawfull title to them, that therefore the money was to go to his Heirs, indeed it is but just, as Mr Perrins Estate will suffer much by Mr Holdens Ms Washingtons first husband, I searched the records upon hearing of this surmise, but could find no conveyance from Perrin to Mrs Holden which the law required to vest them in his Sister.\nUpon taking an Inventory of Mr Perrins Estate of negroes one was discoverd of his mothers that she had by Will given to her Daughter Washington, on which as Mr Washingtons representative I took her to my house & as she belongs to your Excellency I wait yr direction what to do with her, & will either deliver her to yr order or whatever she may sell for, as she is very desirous of being sold below as she poor Slave wishes to remain among her connections, I mention this at her request as she begged her master might be told how desireous she was of staying with her relations she is the Daughter of an old favourite Sert, her age a 15 if it is yr will that I should turn her into cash it shall be done for the most that can be got, I am with the highest esteem & respect Yr Excellencys Most Obedt Sert\nFrancis Willis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0236", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion on French Privateers and Prizes, 5 August 1793\nFrom: Cabinet,Jefferson, Thomas,Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, 5 August 1793]\nAt a meeting of the heads of departments & the Attorney general at the Secretary of state\u2019s office Aug. 5. 1793.\nThe case of the Swallow letter of marque at New York, desired to be sent out of our ports, as being a privateer. it is the opinion that there is no ground to make any new order on the subject.\nThe Polly or Republican, in the hands of the Marshal at New York, on a charge of having been armed in our ports to cruize against nations at peace with the U.S. it is the opinion there is no ground to make any new order in this case.\nThe Little Democrat, the Vainqueur de la Bastille, the Citoyen Genet, & the Sans Culottes. a letter to be written to mister Genet as was determined on the 3d instant, and an instruction in conformity therewith be given to the governors. mister Hammond to be informed thereof & to be assured the government will effectuate their former resolution on this subject.\nThe Lovely Lass, the Prince William Henry, & the Jane of Dublin, prizes to the Citoyen Genet. mister Genet to be written to as was agreed on the 3d inst.\nThe brig Fanny and Ship William reclaimed as taken within the limits of our protection. as it is expected that the court of Admiralty may very shortly reconsider whether it will take cognisance of these cases, it is thought better to take no new measure therein for the present.\nThe Schooner fitting out at Boston as mentd in a letter of mister Gore to mister Lear. the Governor of Massachusets to be written to suppress her.\nMr Delaney\u2019s letter of the 24th of July on the question whether duties are to be paid on prize goods landed for sale. it is the opinion the duties are to be paid.\nA letter from mister Genet of the 4th of Aug. informing the Secretary of state that certain inhabitants lately arrived from St Domingo are combining to form a military expedition from the territory of the U.S. against the constituted authorities of the said island. it is the opinion that the Governor of Maryland be informed thereof (because in a verbal communication to the Secretary of state mister Genet had named Baltimore as the place where the combination was forming) and that he be desired to take measures to prevent the same.\nTh: Jefferson\nAlexandr Hamilton\nH. Knox\n The Secretary of State and Attorney General are of opinion that Mr Hammond be informed that measures are taking to procure restoration of the prizes the Lovely Lass The Prince William Henry and the Jane of Dublin, and in case that cannot be effected that Government will take the subject into further consideration.\nThe Secretaries of the Treasury and of War are of opinion that Mr Hammond be informed that measures are taking to effect the restoration of the prizes The Lovely Lass, The Prince William Henry and the Jane of Dublin; that in case this shall not be effected the President considers it as incumbent upon the U. States to make compensation for those Prizes; and that prizes in similar circumstances which shall be hereafter brought into the Ports of the U. States will be restored.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0237", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Gaston Chambers, 5 August 1793\nFrom: Chambers, Joseph Gaston\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nWhite horse high Street Philada Augt 5. 1793\nSome time since I had the honor of applying to the President of the United States on the subject of an improvment in fire arms which seemed capable of being converted to public advantage. The result of farther experiments being favourable to the opinion first formed and the occasion for Military operations still existing in our country I am induced to trouble him once more on the same. I wish to be instructed as to the proper method of introducing a business of this kind and whether the president shall think proper to appoint any examination of its merits. I remain Sir, with the highest Respect your humbe servt\nJoseph G. Chambers", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0238", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 5 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nPhiladelphia Augt 5. 1793\nI doubt the expediency of specially convening the Congress at this time for the following reasons.\nThe consti[tu]tion requires that an extraordinary occasion should exist as the basis of the exercise of the Power of the President to convene the Legislature.\nIt is not perceived that any circumstance now exists which did not exist months ago of sufficient force to constitute an extraordinary occasion.\nThe war in Europe existed then, as it does now. Indian affairs are not understood to be at this time in a worse, if in so bad a posture, as they have been for a considerable time past.\nSome additional incidents have indeed fallen out\u2014The decision with regard to Mr Genet\u2019s recall, the verdict of the Jury in the case of Henfield, the supposed Decree of the National Convention affecting our Treaty of Commerce with France.\nBut with regard to the first, it would be only a reason for the measure, as far as the circumstance may be supposed likely to produce a war with France. According to ordinary calculation such a consequence ought not to be looked for\u2014and the prudence is very questionable of manifesting by any public act that the Executive did look for it.\nThe second is a matter which under the circumstances seems not of sufficient weight. The Judges who tried the cause were united in their opinion of the law. The Jury was universally believed in this city to have been selected for the purpose of acquittal; so as to take off much the force of the example and to afford no evidence that other juries would pursue the same course.\nThe supposed Decree of the National Convention is an important consideration. But its authenticity is not yet out of question and it could hardly be acted upon till that was ascertained. And indeed it will deserve examination whether the Executive would\nnot it\u27e8self\u27e9 be competent to whatever it would be prudent to do in the case.\nThe objections to the measure, at this time, are that unless there are reasons of sufficient force now for adopting it which did not exist before, the taking the Step now would impeach the omitting of it hitherto, and would expose the executive to much criticism and animadve\u27e8r\u27e9sion.\nThat the Meeting of Congress could scarcely be accelerated for more than a month, allowing as ought to be done due time for the knowledge of the call to diffuse itself throughout the U. States, for the members to prepare for coming and for the distant ones to perform the journey. Sufficient time ought to be given for a full house. A month is so short a period as not to form a material object\u2014and as consequently to bring into still greater question the propriety of acting upon grounds not much if any thing stronger than existed when a call would have produced a considerable acceleration.\nIn proportion to the shortness of the period gained would be the public anxiety and alarm at the measure. It would be construed into an indication that something very extraordinary and urgent had occured. And abroad as well as at home much speculation would be excited. This consideration, which was always a weighty objection to anticipating the Meeting of Congress by a special call, has now great additional force for the reason just assigned.\nAlexandr Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0239", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 5 August 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nWar department August 5th 1793\nIt was on the 3d instant agreed between the heads of the departments and the Attorney General that each individual should submit his opinion to you in Writing upon the propriety of calling Congress together before the period at which they are to assemble.\nIn the present state of things in this Country as well as in Europe an expectation of uncommon events has been generally excited. The prudent and sober part of the community regard, as in the case of storm, the mind and countenance of the Chief Pilot\u2014while he remains confident and composed, happiness is diffused around\u2014But when he doubts then anxiety and fear has its full effect.\nMost of the cases which have yet occurred as relative to foreign powers have been the proper business of the Executive; and the Opinions of the Judiciary seem to indicate that all the measures hitherto adopted for the preservation of the peace have been proper and wise\u2014For any case of a similar nature which may probably arise prior to the session of Congress it is probable the powers of the President may be adequate.\nThe Southern Indian business may indeed require the early attention of Congress\u2014But when it shall be considered that this attention could be anticipated but a little and that a Winters Campaign according to General Pickens opinion, would be an hazardous operation, much would not be gained by calling Congress together one Month sooner than they would otherwise assemble. For it may be doubted whether if a proclamation should be issued immediately that a full Congress would be assembled much before the first day of November.\nIf they to gain one Month only Congress should be called it is probable the public mind both at home and abroad would be filled with doubts and perplexities, public Credit might be affected and great domestic distress ensue.\nAfter placing this question in several attitudes the balance of my mind is that it is probable the measure of calling Congress together at this time would produce greater evil than good. I have the honor to be with perfect respect Your most obedient humble Servant.\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0240-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 5 August 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar Department August 5th 1793\nI have the honor to submit the answer of General Pickens to your additional questions; and also a letter from Governor Blount relatively to a post at Bears Creek, and goods for the Trade of the Choctaws and Chickesaws. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Your most obedt Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0240-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure I Memorandum from Andrew Pickens, 26 July 1793\nFrom: Pickens, Andrew\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia, 26 July 1793]\nIn answer to the queries put by the President of the United States, the 26th July 1793.\n1st If the men required are drafted from the militia of the States of Georgia South Carolina and North Carolina, it is thought that they might be in readiness to move from the appointed rendezvous or place of departure, in two months after full powers were received\u2014but this would depend much on the exertions of the Executives of the States who are to furnish their different quotas of men. If any part of the militia are to be drafted from the frontier counties of Virginia or the territory south of the Ohio, and to join the troops at the before mentioned place of rendezvous, it would perhaps take a longer time, say seventy or eighty days, as they would have at least four hundred miles to march from their places of rendezvous within their own districts to the place of departure on the frontiers of Georgia, on account of the circuitous rout they would have to take in crossing the mountains with carriages, unless they were marched through the Cherokee nation, and make a junction with that division of the army which is to go from the Oconees at a point to be fixed at a future period on the Talapoose or Coosa Rivers\u2014but it is thought that this could not be done and the destruction of the Cherokees prevented, or at least those towns which could be on the rout of that division of the army, although that nation may be disposed for peace, but if it is found necessary to chastize that nation, viz. the Cherokees as well as the Creeks, then a division to march as before mentioned through the Cherokees and to move forward at the same time that the division should march against the Creeks, and to make a junction as before mentioned, or as circumstances might point out or require.\nIf the expedition is confined to the Creek Nation of Indians, and it is thought necessary to bring men from the State of Virginia and the territory south of the Ohio, I would recommend from the State of Georgia, privates and non\ncommissioned officers\neffective men.\nfrom South Carolina\ndo\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007North Carolina\ndo\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Virginia\ndo\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007the territory South of the Ohio\ndo\nIf the distance from Virginia and the Territory South of the Ohio, is thought too great a distance to march the militia, then I would recommend to draft the quota required from them equally from the States of North and South Carolina.\nIf an expedition against the Cherokees at the same time is found to be necessary\u2014recommend that two thousand five hundred effective men be allotted for that Service, that is to march from the territory South of the Ohio through the Cherokee Country and make a junction with the Southern division as before-mentioned, this division to consist of two thousand infantry and five hundred horse, three hundred of which to be mounted infantry and two hundred armed and accoutred as dragoons, this division to be taken from the militia of Virginia and the territory South of the Ohio.\nIf two months were allowed for the inlisting of the men such a mode might afford better officers and better men, and be more agreeable to the country. If not inlisted by that time then the militia to be drafted.\nIf the men are to be either drafted or inlisted for six months actual service they ought to have allowed them one blanket, one hat, one short coat, two shirts, two pairs of overalls, and two or three pairs of shoes. Without such clothing it is not probable such a body of men would long remain fit for service.\nThe Southern division to consist of three thousand infantry, one thousand of which to be expert riflemen and five hundred horse\u2014this division to be drafted from the militia of the three southern States in the proportions as before stated.\nThe southern streams alluded to in the 7th query are generally fordable from the month of May till Christmas and often later, but this depends greatly on the seasons, tho\u2019 the waters in the upper Creeks and Cherokees seldom continue long high or impassable for horse.\nIt is difficult to point out an effectual mode of discrimination, and to save from harm those who may be peaceably inclined amongst those tribes that are at war with the United States\u2014To invite them in to reside within our settlements, it is to be feared would not have the desired effect. Humanity and Justice points out that everything which comports with the policy and interest\nof the United States should be done to preserve these unfortunate people from harm. Perhaps the best mode that can be adopted is to leave it to the prudence and humanity of the commanding Officer of the Southern armies, under the immediate direction of the President of the United States.\nAndw: Pickens", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0241", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Heinrich Matthias Marcard, 5 August 1793\nFrom: Marcard, Heinrich Matthias\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nOldenburg in Germany Aug. 5. 1793.\nMany reasons of public and private nature have excited in me a desire to change my situation by leaving my native Country, Germany, for the united states, if this could be done with a prospect of succeeding. The Greatness of Your Character, Sir, inspires me with a confidence which makes me forget the distance between me and a man so high in reputation and station, and to address You by these lines, as I have no acquaintance whatever in America.\nI wrote some Years ago a Work upon Pyrmont, of which the inclosure is the French Translation. I was than Physician at the Electoral Court at Hannover in the Service of the King of England. You will find from pag. 77 to 110 some reflection which could not gain me the affection of the nobility, by which that Electorate is allmost entirely govern\u2019d. I felt soon the effects of my saying such truths, and this contributed to my leaving a few Years after the town of Hanover upon a Vocation of the Duke of Holstein-Oldenburg, to be his first Physician. I hoped to there be out of reach of my ennemies at Hanover; yet things have happen\u2019d since which has given them an opportunity to vex me, tho\u2019 under the protection of a very respectable but not very powerfull prince.\nThese events, together with the reflection that the Children of Plebejans are allways looked upon as an inferior sort of  creatures in Germany; the prospect that my mother Country after this, either will be more despotically govern\u2019d or undergo a total subversion of government\u2014according as affairs in France will end\u2014made me look out for an asyle in the united states.\nI am 46 years of age, have three young children and a most excellent and virtuous but sickly wife; my fortune does not much exceed 10,000 German or Rix dollars (:which is about 40,000 French Livres:). My intention is to become a planter, if I could find somewhere, in a mild climate and in a healthy and beautifull mountanous or hilly country, not too far from a town and near a River, a plantation, which might be meliorated by industry, and which had allready a tolerable habitation; as neither my wifes not indeed my own health would suffer to build a fresh.\nThe principal question will be; whether with so little fortune, I shall be able to get into such a situation, as could render it possible, to give a liberal education to my children, and to procure them a lively hood after my death. Beeing used to so delightfull a Country as that of Pyrmont, where I pass every summer for many years, and whereof No. VII of the prints in the inclosed Description, will give an Idea, I could hardly think to live in a Country which was quite even and flat.\nI know too little of America to find out myself a spot which I should think convenient for me, and wish, if You should pay any attention to this letter, to be directe\u27e8d\u27e9 by You. From the little I heard from Travellers, I thought, for instance, up the Patowmac River, towards the mountains, and not too far from the new federal town, might be a place for me. I suppose the climate there neither too hot, nor, which agrees still less with me, too cold. The Ohio seems to far back.\nBy having travelled formerly, in order to improve in my profession, through the best parts of Europe; knowing besides the learned, the principal modern languages, as french, English, Italian, and my mother tongue, the German; beeing versed in natural History, mineralogy and Chymistry: I might probably prove not a useless inhabitant to the Country I should retire to, besides by my profession as Physician, wherein they allow me some skill, and whereupon a learned Physician of Your Country, Dr Rush of Philadelphia is able to judge me. In case Mineral or salt springs should be found, I might be of Real Service to the public. I wish these reasons might gain me Your Protection and engage the  Government of the state where I might settle, to favour and to promote my undertaking.\nI do not expect, Sir, that You, under such great bussinesses, would take Yourself the pains of answering my letter, if even You should bestow any attention upon it. But I wish and beg, You would cause some generous and wellmeaning man, to enter into some correspondence with me, and to direct me, where I could settle with advantage? whether I had better bring over my fortune in cash or in merchandize, perhaps in linnen, as I come from Germany? To what port I should come, and whether I might not perhaps be freed from the duties of import, on account of my bringing in my fortune, and because I shall loose much by giving up my place and my practice.\nI cannot wish that my intention should be known in this Country, before it was to be executed immediately, as it might offer a new occasion unto my ennemies to vex me, and perhaps to put insurmountable obstacles to the execution of my plan.\nAny letter sent to Amsterdam with the following direction\n\u00e0 Mr Marcard premier Medecin de S. A. le Duc de Holstein Oldenburg Eveque de lubec \npar Amsterdam \u00e0 Oldenburg will reach me in two days after its arrival in Amsterdam. I have the honor to remain with the greatest regard Sir Your most obedient humble Servant\nH. Marcard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0242-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 5 August 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Monday. 5th Augt [1793]\nMr Randolph presents his respectful compliments to the President; and has the honor of inclosing to him the paper, on which he had committed his opinion, as to the calling of congress, and which he intended to have transcribed. But as he is now engaged in consultation with the heads of the departments, and is on the point of being called to the court, he begs the favor of the President to accept the paper without transcription.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0242-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure Edmund Randolph\u2019s Opinion on Convening Congress, 5 August 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Aug: 3. 1793.\nOn the question, whether congress be now called,\nAt a past day this question was agitated; and it was an  unanimous opinion, that congress should not be then called. A revision of that opinion confirms me in its propriety. Some farther reasons therefore, amounting to what the constitution calls an \u201cextraordinary occasion\u201d must have occurred since; before if that opinion is to be relinquished.\nIf these reasons be not well founded, to what extent may not the alarm be carried both here and in Europe? Every imagination will be racked to discover the extraordinary occasion; and there can be no doubt, that dangers of every possible kind will be supposed to surround this country. Public credit will be shaken by new suspicions; and the belligerent powers will entertain one, most hazardous to us, that the executive foresee, that we cannot escape the war. In the latter case, the nations, who least affect our favor, may possibly hasten to anticipate our power of hostility.\nStill however, if the extraordinary occasion exists, it must be obeyed. But does it exist?\n1. The war with the Western Indians has a chance of being ended; or at least has not assumed any terrors, against which we are not prepared. It may indeed become more formidable, by embracing greater bodies of Indians; but no ground yet appears for such a calculation.\n2. The Southern Indians are to be apprehended. But a peace with the Western Indians would leave the army free to act against the Southern; an enterprize cannot be set on foot by congress, if now called, early enough to seize any part of this year, and April is supposed to be the best season for operations.\n3. The determination to procure Mr G.\u2019s recal is an affair, for which the President is not accountable to any other order of the government. It is not feared, that such a measure will produce any convulsions; but on the contrary ought to conciliate the public affection, and particularly the affection of those, who wish to see the dignity of government, or its peace maintained.\n4. Altho\u2019 the acquittal of G. Henfield is a proof, that the jury, under all the circumstances of his case, thought him innocent, the law was announced with firmness and decision by the judges. Another trial may be effected to have a different result; and to call congress, because he was acquitted, would argue that the executive had lost confidence in its own judgment, which originally dictated the prosecution, altho\u2019 it was been corroborated by that of the court.\n5. At the same time, it must be acknowledged, that it would be a great relief to the President, and congress would be readier for all events, if they were earlier assembled. But what advantage can be obtained in point of time? Not more than a month\u2014And is it worth the risque of spreading a general alarm for such an acquisition of time? Will it not be said, that the President has gone as far and as long he could without congress; and finding his career by himself closed, or anxious to save appearances, he is now at length desirous of sharing the burthen with them.\nBeing unable therefore to discern any special reasons for calling congress, equal in weight to those against it, or any adequate motives in the general complexion of affairs; I am of opinion, that congress ought not now to be su\u27e8mmd\u27e9.\nEdm: Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0243", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Howell Lewis, 6 August 1793\nFrom: Lewis, Howell\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Uncle,\nMount Vernon August 6th, 1793\nI received your letter Dated 28th of last month, and according to your desire, I will endeavour to Satisfy you, respecting the Situation of the Different Crops, as well as I can.\nThe Corn at Union Farm. The growth of it verry good, but the Silking verry Bad, and the Couler also bad, and is now faiding every day, there has not been a rain here Since the 11th of July accept a little Shower, the first day of August. The Wheat is all Secured in the Barn, and in Stacks. The quality verry indifferent, I had some of the White bearded wheat, got out for the use of the house, and it only weigh\u2019d 56, and the most indifferent Flour I ever Saw\u2014I am sure there is at least one fourth, if not a third, of faulty grains among it. The quantity of wheat made is about 1500 bushels. The Oats is also Secured in the Barn, the grain is verry good. and the quantity 30 bushels. The Swamp that is to be Sown in grass; Mr Crow informs me, shall be in good order, for the reception of the Seeds, he has finished Breaking up all the high ground, and a great part of the Swamp, The ground at present, is so hard, and Bak\u2019d that the Ploughs cannot break it up, Therefore he is oblige to Hoe it. The grass and weeds is nearly up to my Shoulders, There is some part of it I shall have cut, and Cured for hay, as will doe for Cattle & Sheep, and as you have Sustained Such losses in that respect, I shall bee as careful as I possible can of every Straw.\nThe Clover Seed which you mention, was sent here last July, is not to be found in the Seed loft, nor in the Storehouse, nor can I learn any thing of it. As to the quantity of Clover Seed that will be saved here, Mr Butler cant give any guess, he wanted to persuade me that Seed was never Saved from a Second Crop\u2014As I have always heard that Seed could not be got from the first  crop, owing to the Clover growing so Luxuriant, that there was scarcely any seed; to convince him of his Errer, I geathered some of the heads and rubed them out, I never saw better Seed and more of it, I am confident, that there might with the smallest industry, that seed might be saved every [y]ear, enough for the use of the Estate\u2014Butler is so Slow, and carries so little Authority among the Negroes, that it is impossible he should have things done as they aught to be. The Machine which you spoke of, for combing off the heads of the Clover cannot be found. I have enquired of Old Jack and all of the Overseers, and none can give any acct of it. The Timothy is all cut at Dogue Run that was intended for Seed, But what quantity of Seed can be got from it, Butler cant pretend to say. The Orchard Grass Seed that was sown at the Mansion house, I am told came up very well, but has sence been destroyed by the Weeds, all the Lawns are Mowed, and the hay Cured, and now in Cocks. The green next to the River is cut, and the hay put in the Stable. The gardens and vineyard are in good order, and Clean, the gravel walks they are now weeding. Captn Ellwood arrived on Sunday evening, I received all the things Mentioned in the Invoice; John got here safe, with all his thing except his knife, which he says was Stolen from him in Phi[l]a. The Gardners wife returns Aunt Washington many thanks for her kind preasent. Thomas Green has been all this week putting up 3 Dormound Windows on the Shed of the Stable\u2014he goes on so slowly, that it is not in my power to tell when he will finish them. Thomas Davis has finished the Gardeners house all Below, but for the want of time, he was obliged to Stop\u2014he is now working at the New Barn.\nMr McKoy\u2019s corn is in the same Situation of Mr Crow\u2019s, His wheat in No. 2 is all Secured in Stacks, The quality is verry indifferent, The wheat in No. 1 is verry good, but not Secured as yet, but I am in hopes he will have it all Stacked this week\u2014The quantity he supposes he will make, will be 17 or 18 hundred Bushels, his Oats are now in the field, and I am affraid will injure your Clover, for where ever there is a Shock, that spot will be bare, The quantity will be about 200 Bushels. The Swamp he has just began to cut the weeds of; and having all his Oats, to Secure, and part of his wheat, tis not possible to guess when he will have the ground in a Situation for the Seeds. The Clover and Timothy that was sown in the wheat field No. 7 came up badly, it is  not probable that the quantity of seed, which I am told was sown, was put in the ground, or else more of it would have cum up. Mr McKoy mentioned that Mr Whiting had sent the Seed, unmixed with Sand, and it beaing a Seed that would command the ready money, I have not the smallest doubt, but the person who had the managment of it, helpt himself to the best part.\nDavy\u2019s Corn, much in the same Situation of the other two; his Wheat he has got Secured in his Barn and in Stacks. The quality much the same of Mr Crows, the quantity about 6 or 7 hundred Bushels.\nMr Stuarts Corn is the same of the others; But his wheat much the Best; he has got one and twenty Stacks at his yard, which will average 70 or 80 bushels a piece; he expects he shall be able to Secure all his wheat this week, if his oxen should hold out, which he is doubtful of. The quantity he expects to make is 2700 Bushels. his Oats are all Secured in the Barn, and the grain good; The quantity he supposes is about 50 bushels.\nThe family are all well; with my Compliments to my Aunt and family\u2014I remain your Affecte Nephew\nHowell Lewis\nP.S. Mr Crow, mentioned that there was a gentleman, who wished to get 7 or 8 bushels, of your white bearded wheat, if you could spare it, and would give any price. will you be so kind as to Send me the list of the person\u2019s names who send there Mares or Jenny\u2019s to the Jack.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0245", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Townsend Hooe, 7 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hooe, Robert Townsend\nDear Sir\nPhila. Augt 7. 93\nThe Commiss[ioner]s having given it as their opinion that one hundred & fo[r]ty pounds Virga Cury wd be a proper compensation to Mr Keith for the trouble he has had with the Accts relating to Colo. Colville\u2019s estate\u2014I have given him a draught upon you for that sum, wh. you will be good as to pay out of the balce that may remain in yr hands due to me after settling the Acct of Mr Bennets.\nAs this balce will not be payable to me \u2019till the middle of Septr I suppose it will be convenient for Mr Keith to wait until that time, unless it shd be equally as convenient for you to pay it when the order is presented as at this time. With great respect & esteem I am Dr Sir, Your mo. Ob. St\nG. W\u2014\u2014n", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0246", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 7 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Aug. 7. 93.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President the draught of a letter to mister Genet, in pursuance of the opinion of Saturday last approved by the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0247", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 7 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Aug. 7. 93.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose the draught of a letter to mister Hammond. if the President approves it, he will send it to mister Hammond\u2019s immediately, as tomorrow\u2019s post is the last one which will be in time for the Packet.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0248", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 7 August 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nWar department August 7th 1793\nI have the honor to submit to your Consideration two questions relative to the preservation of the peace with the Creeks and Cherokees and the answers thereto by Governor Blount and General Pickens\u2014the latter declines forming an estimate but the Governor will do it alone. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Your most obedt servant\nH. Knox secy of war", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0249", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Francis Mercer, 7 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mercer, John Francis\nSir,\nPhiladelphia Augt 7th 1793\nI will thank you to let me know whether the deed from yourself and others to me have been duly executed and recorded\u2014and in case it has I must beg you will have the goodness to forward it to me. I am Sir, Your Obed. Hble Servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0250", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Plunket, 7 August 1793\nFrom: Plunket, David\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBaltimore August 7th 1793\nThe office of Surveyor of this Port haveing become vacant by the death of Colonel Ballard, I take the liberty of recommending to your consideration in the appointment to be made, Mr John H. Purviance son of the late Mr Samuel Purviance of this town\u2014The essential services rendered by his Father in the late revolution\u2014The severe reverse of fortune he experienced, and the Unhappy circumstances attending his Death, will I am persuaded have some weight in your determination\u2014Permit me Sir to inform you and assure you most Solemnly, that Mr Purviance\u2019s principles and talents have secured the esteem of his fellow Citizens\u2014his Character is unspotted\u2014His education has been liberal\u2014He possesses considerable commercial Information, and is Completely Master of the French language, which in the present Situation of our Trade is of Importance. Mr Purviance has been established in business for some time past at Norfolk, But has not been Successfull. he is now on a voyage to the West Indies and is very shortly expected. Should he be nominated\u2014a person in every respect qualified will act for him untill he arrives\u2014A long and intimate acquaintance with Mr Purviance has given me an opportunity of knowing his worth, being without any other source then his Industry and Talents, and haveing three Sisters depending on him for Support. I cou\u2019d not forbear makeing the present application\u2014more particularly as I have been urged to it by a number of Citizens, who have the Honor of being personally known to you I entreat Sir you will pardon the Liberty I have taken, and that you will consider me as acting from Motives pure and disinterested. I have the Honour to be\u2014With sincere attachment & Respect Sir, Your obedt Servt\nDavid Plunket", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0251", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Grand Jurors of Sussex County, Delaware, 7 August 1793\nFrom: Grand Jurors of Sussex County, Delaware\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n August 7th 1793\nWe the Grand Jury of the County of Sussex in the State of Delaware, assembled for the purpose of redressing any violations of the public peace and good order of Society, feel peculiar pleasure in the present opportunity we have of expressing our sense of your wise and patriotic exertions for the public Welfare. Our heartiest approbation of your prudent and timely proclamation, our firmest reliance on your unceasing vigilance for our peace and prosperity; and your uniform patriotism in all difficulties, prompt us to declare to you Our determination to support and assist you at all times against the machinations of the enemies of good Government We consider a continuation of peace, upon independent principles, to be a continuation of every public blessing, on the contrary an interruption of it would be fatal to our Agriculture, Commerce and Credit, and would involve in endless difficulties our now growing empire. That the same Wisdom and Public Love which has hitherto animated you in all your Actions may attend you to the latest period of your Life, and may descend to your Successors for Ages to come, is the sincerest prayer of our hearts.\nSigned by Order of the Grand Jury Jonathan Cathel[,] Foreman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0252", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Frances Bassett Washington, 7 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, Frances Bassett\nTo: Washington, George\nDear & honord Sir,\nMount Vernon August 7th 1793\nI had the pleasure to receive your favor of the 28th of July on thursday morning\u2014the melancholy event of Mrs Lears death filld me with the deepest concern, a woman so amiable & pleasing in her manners as I have always understood she was, must be a loss to all her acquaintence, & to her family an irreparable one.\nthe day after my last letter to you, I had the pleasure of receiving yours of the l0th of june, enclosed to me by my Brother Sam Washington; I beg leave my dear Sir to offer my most grateful acknowledgements, for the time you have devoted to the consideration of the interest of myself & Children, & for the advice you have so kindly given me, it will be my study in every act of my life to avoid your disapprobation, but inexperience & incapacity equally inspire me with a diffidence in judging of everything relating to plantation business, & I fear I may sometimes trouble you, with circumstances too trifling to deserve your attention. the room in the second story of my Overseers house, I shall have made ready as was proposed to receive the wheat, least it shoud not be in my power to deliver it in Alexandria immediately upon getting it out, but as soon as the overseer can form a judgement of the quantity there will be for Sale, I will get the favor of Mr Lewis or some acquaintence in Alexandria to engage it to a merchant there, & have it sent up as soon as possible.\nit is I beleive necessary to have the house underpin[e]d with brick, & shall direct Reuben to go about it, the small quantity of lime which will be wanting for this purpose, I shall take the liberty of having carried from this place.\nthe good prospects for corn are I fear, already in great measure blasted by the dry weather, for this reason as well as others containd in your last favor, I shall not think of any thing more, than repairing the present Corn house, so as to make it a safe receptable for what is made.\nby my agreement with the man who is to be a tenant next year on the cleard land in Berkely, I am obliged to send up four Negroes from this county at Christmas, viz., a man, woman & two children of ten & twelve years of age\u2014there will then remain here, an old man of fifty, a lad of sixteen or seventeen & a Boy of twelve years old, & two women, besides the old woman who has been confined to the house for four months past\u2014there was only two small cabbins built up for the accomodation of all the negroes now there, they will still be wanting when only four are moved away, the logs of which they are built are new & good, & I shall endeavour to have the roofs repaird in the least expensive manner, so as to make them comfortable\u2014I have a young Negro Man in Berkely, that I am at some loss what to do with\u2014he refused to be hired with the other Negroes, & solicited me to let him come & live near me\u2014this however I shall not suffer, if you think the hands I have already mentiond, are enough to keep the farm in proper order\u2014if he is hired which must be the case if not wanting down here, I shoud suppose the best way woud be, to let him choose a master in the part of the country he now is, or let him go with the land that now remains to be rented up there\u2014The only apology I can make my dear Sir for this long letter, is to beg that it may not be allowd to take up your attention, untill it perfectly agrees with your convenience & leisure\u2014& altho\u2019 your letters afford me more happiness, than almost any other circumstance, it is painful to consider that they add anything to the writing business, which constantly engrosses you My Sister Milly desires you will accept her best thanks for the cloak you have been so good as to present her, she joins in warmest wishes for your health & happiness with your gratefully affectionate\nFrances Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0253", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Daniel Delozier, 8 August 1793\nFrom: Delozier, Daniel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBaltimore, August 8 1793\nI have taken the liberty of soliciting the appointment of Surveyor of the port of Baltimore, which has become vacant by the death of Colo. Ballard.\nI have performed the duties of Deputy Collector of the Customs, under General Williams, from the commencment of the present system of Government, and I flatter myself that my uniform conduct, in that capacity, has been such as to merit the approbation of those concerned.\nGeneral Williams is at present at the farm in Frederick and as soon as opportunity will admit, I shall have the honor of transmitting to your Excellency such particulars respecting my situation and general conduct as have come within his immediate view. I have the honor to be, with much respect, Your Excellency\u2019s most Obedt and Hble Servant\nD. Delozier", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0255", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 8 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, 8 August 1793]\nThe present being, & being likely to continue for some time a favorable season for purchases of the Public Debt, and as it appears that the whole; or the greatest part of the unexpended monies of the foreign loans heretofore made will be requisite for satisfying the approaching installments of our Debt to France, which it has been judged expedient to pay without deduction for any prior advance. It appearing moreover from the statements submitted by you to my consideration, that of the sum authorised to be borrowed by the Act intitled \u201can Act making provision for the reduction of the Public debt,\u201d there may still be procured for the purpose of that act the sum of one million five hundred & fifteen thousand & ninety eight Dollars & Eleven cents:\nI do therefore direct & require that you take immediate measures\n for obtaining a Loan or Loans to the extent of the sum aforesaid, to be applied to purchases of the public debt pursuant to the provisions of the act above mentioned.\nProvided always that the terms & conditions of the said loan or loans shall be accordng to Law.\nGiven under my hand at Philada the Eighth day of Augt 1793.\nGo. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0256", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 8 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n[Philadelphia, 8 August 1793]\nYou having stated to me that there will be due & payable on the first of June next on account of the Loans heretofore made by the United States in Holland the sum of one million of Florins.\nI do therefore hereby direct & require that you will take measures for procuring in due time by way of Loan the said sum of one million of florins, to be applied to the payment of the aforesaid installments.\n Provided always that the terms & conditions of the said Loan or Loans be according to Law.\nGiven under my hand at Philada the Eighth day of August 1793.\nGo. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0257", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 8 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Aug. 8. 93.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President a letter just received from mister Hammond, & the answer he proposes to give to it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0258", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Peter Keeports, 8 August 1793\nFrom: Keeports, George Peter\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBaltimore Augst 8th 1793\nWith due submission I beg leave to offer myself for the Office of Surveyor for the district of Baltimore, which by the death of Colo. Ballard has become vacant. altho\u2019 this is the first time I have the Honor of addressing your Excellency I flatter myself that it will not be considered too presumtive to say that I have had the Honor of serving my Native Country from the commencement\n to the close of the late War, in the Army under your Excellencies command and in the Commissary of Cloathing and Military-stores department in the State of Maryland; in which I discharged the duties of the trust reposed in me without complaint, the testimonials of which services, as soon a\u27e8s\u27e9 time will permit to obtain them from His Excellency the Governor of this State and the members of the Executive council, under whose immediate direction I was employed for Six years, I shall take the liberty to transmit to Your Excellency; and shall make it my only Study to discharge with equal Integrity and Satisfaction, the duties of Surveyor should your Excellency think proper to appoint Your Excellencies most Obedient and very Humble Servant\nGeo: P. Keeports", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0259", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 8 August 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nWar Department, 8 August. 1793.\nI have the honor to submit, the enclosed dispatches just received from Georgia\u2014to wit\u2014\nA Letter from Governor Telfair dated 24 July 1793.\nTwo letters, & enclosures, from Major Gaither of 15th & 20th July 1793. I have the honor to be Sir, Most respectfully, Your very humble Servt\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0262", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Sterett, 8 August 1793\nFrom: Sterett, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBaltimore 8th August 1793\nThe death of the late Surveyor of this port has occasioned the Office to be vacant. With respect & submission I offer myself a Candidate to fill it\u2014My Character, both public & private, I hope, does not require particular recommendation to support it\u2014And as to my situation in other respects I will candidly state that my support is totally dependant on my Industry, and I am ambitious to be engaged in the service of my Country\u2014Should you deem me worthy of the appointment I shall endeavour to acquit myself with honor and propriety. With sentiments of profound respect, I have the honor to be, Sir, Your Humb. Sert\nSamuel Sterett", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0263", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Supreme Court Justices, 8 August 1793\nFrom: Supreme Court Justices,Jay, John,Wilson, James,Blair, John,Iredell, James,Paterson, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia 8 Augt 1793\nWe have considered the previous Question stated in a Letter written to us by your Direction, by the Secretary of State, on the 18th of last month.\nThe Lines of Separation drawn by the Constitution between the three Departments of Government\u2014their being in certain Respects checks on each other\u2014and our being Judges of a court in the last Resort\u2014are Considerations which afford strong arguments against the Propriety of our extrajudicially deciding the questions alluded to; especially as the Power given by the Constitution to the President of calling on the Heads of Departments for opinions, seems to have been purposely as well as expressly limited to executive Departments.\nwe exceedingly regret every Event that may cause Embarrassment to your administration; but we derive Consolation from the Reflection, that your Judgment will discern what is Right, and that your usual Prudence, Decision and Firmness will surmount every obstacle to the Preservation of the Rights, Peace, and Dignity of the united States. We have the Honor to be, with perfect Respect, Sir, your most obedient and most h\u2019ble servants\nJohn Jay\nJames Wilson John Blair Ja. Iredell\nWm Paterson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0264", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 9 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nTreasury Department August 9. 1793.\nI have the honor to transmit herewith the Copy of a letter from the Comptroller of the Treasury of the 7th instant containing substantially the information requisite to a judgment of the motives, which determined the Treasury to persist in declining for the present the payment of the warrants stated by Mr Fraunces to be in his possession.\n These principally turn upon the following considerations\u2014\n  I That there appears to have been an extensive and complicated agency on the part of Mr Duer for the late Board of Treasury, respecting the negotiation, exchange and payment of sundry kinds of paper, including warrants of the nature of those in question, which, the various accounts respecting it not having been finally settled at the Treasury, renders it impossible for the present Officers of the Department to pronounce with certainty what of those warrants are rightfully outstanding\u2014and a just claim upon the public.\nII. That there are other kinds of Public paper in a similar predicament.\nIII That there is a presumption that the particular warrants in possession of Mr Fraunces may have been once taken up and satisfied by Mr Duer as a Public Agent out of Public funds, though afterwards thrown into circulation for private purposes.\nIV That Mr Fraunces before he became possessed of them knew the facts, which support that presumption; and consequently became possessed of them mala fide, as a speculation upon what he supposed to be the strictness of public obligation.\nV That from this state of things, it is unsafe for the public to an unknown extent to continue to take up and satisfy public paper of the description comprized in Mr Duer\u2019s agency; and that in the particular case, it is very questionable whether a Court of Justice would support the claim of Mr Fraunces even on rigid principles of law.\nThe following circumstances will evince still more clearly the impropriety of Mr Fraunces\u2019s pertinacity on the occasion.\nMr Fraunces was a Clerk of the Board of Treasury during the greatest part, if not the whole period of the transactions in question, and was in a situation to be well acquainted with their Course.\nMr Fraunces being found a Clerk in the Treasury, at the time of the commencement of the present administration of it, was continued in it \u2019till some time in March last; and well knew before his departure that objections were made at the Treasury to the payment of the still-outstanding warrants, \u2019till further light could be obtained.\nWith all this knowledge to guide him, he ventures upon the speculation, and plunges himself into the embarrassment in which he alleges himself to be.\nThere is therefore the reverse of reason for a departure from the rule of conduct, which has been a considerable time since adopted at the Treasury, in his favour.\nMr Fraunces endeavours to derive a topic of censure on the refusal to pay the warrants from the circumstance of a very considerable sum of those warrants having been previously discharged by the present Department, which he represents as an inconsistency with its conduct.\nA short history of the business will be the best answer to this insinuation.\nOne of my first acts, upon coming into my present Office, was to ascertain what demands upon the Treasury requiring immediate payment in specie, existed; in order to laying before Congress an estimate for an appropriation. My call for this information was addressed to the Register of the Treasury, who had been in that Office under the old establishment, and whose province it was, both from the nature of his Office and the usage of the Treasury, to furnish information of that sort.\nHe accordingly reported to me among other things a statement of warrants which had been issued by the late Board of Treasury and which appeared to be still outstanding and unsatisfied. This statement formed a part of an estimate submitted by me to the House of Representatives on the 19th of September 1789, which was the foundation of an appropriation of 190,000 Dollars for satisfying warrants of the above description.\nOn the 28th of July 1790, the Register reported to me, a further statement, which was also communicated to the House of Representatives; from which it appeared that some of the warrants deemed outstanding in the first statement had been satisfied and that others not mentioned in it were outstanding; but as the sum of the warrants omitted was less than that of the warrants which had been included in the first statement though satisfied, the matter was left on the basis of the first appropriation, which appeared sufficient to cover all the warrants really outstanding.\nThe reason assigned by the Register for this inaccuracy and which appears to have been the true one was\u2014\u201cThat the Accounts of the Treasurer and Receivers of Taxes had not yet been adjusted at the Treasury; which prevented his having a certain guide to ascertain the particular warrants, that formed the agregate of the excess of warrants drawn by the late Board beyond the actual receipts of monies into the Treasury.\u201d\nBut during this period and for a long time after, I was ignorant of the existence and extent of Mr Duers Agency for the Board of Treasury. No circumstance in the course of the immediate business of my Office led to the discovery, and no person who have been in the way of knowing it had informed me of it.\nOf the Officers of the Treasury under the old establishment, none remained but Mr Duer and the Register. Mr Duer probably from the difficulty of rendering a prompt and satisfactory account of his Agency kept it out of sight; and the Register either perhaps not acquainted with it, as having been pretty much seperated from the active operations of the Department, or from a Character naturally reserved and inofficious said nothing about the matter.\nOne Occurence only led me (some time after my coming into Office but the particular period is forgotten) to a partial knowledge of the transaction. some Certificates of pay due to the Officers of South Carolina were presented at the Treasury for payment and upon enquiry I was told by Mr Duer that the Board had put into his hands funds for the payment of Certificates of that kind, that the greatest part of them had been satisfied and\n that as the residue occurred the holders might be referred to him and he would take them up.\nBut this as stated appeared to be only a particular provision, commensurate with a particular case. The general subject of the Agency was kept out of view until a long time afterwards, as the progressive settlement of Public Accounts unfolded the transactions of the late Board.\n The Accounting Officers of the Treasury first and successively acquired the information in the course of official business, which was successiv\u27e8e\u27e9ly imparted to me, but it was not till after the present Comptroller came into his present Office, that I became apprized of the extent of the thing.\nEarly and great pains were taken to bring the late Treasurer to a settlement of his Accounts; but it was for a long time eluded under different pretexts: he continuing in Philadelphia and his papers remaining in a private House at New-York; till owing to an anxiety about their situation and the danger to the Public if an Accident should happen to them, I caused them to be seized under the direction of the then Comptroller and placed in the Bank of New-York carefully packed up and sealed for safe Custody.\nIt was not however, till after our arrival at this place that a material progress could be made in the settlement of these Accounts. Much has been done in it; but questions connected with Mr Duers Agency still postpone its final completion.\nThe settlement of the old Accounts of the Commissioners of loans has also been pursued with diligence and with success; though they were unavoidably delayed by their connection with the Treasurers accounts and Mr Duers Agency.\nAs these settlements proceeded, that Agency became more and more devellopped. But it was not till late in the year 1791, that an adequate idea of it was obtained.\nIt appears by recurrence to official records\u2014that from the 23d of November 1789 when the Treasury began to be in a situation to make payments on that account to the 23d of November 1790 there had been paid in discharge of warrants issued by the late Board of Treasury 157630 Dollars & 94 Cents; that subsequent to this period there have only been paid of those warrants on the 6th of July 1791 to Abijah Hammond 150 Dollars on the 12th of october 1792 to Henry Knox 33 Dollars & 33 Cents.\nDuring the whole of the period when the payments were made except the last mentioned trifling one, I was altogether ignorant of the general considerations which have latterly operated against a continuance of those payments; which sufficiently accounts for the difference of conduct.\nBut those general considerations have been strengthened by the following more particular ones.\nThe warrants now outstanding lay dormant, from the time the appropriation was made for their payment till after the time of Mr Duer\u2019s late failure (an interval of more than two years) when they began to make their appearance at the Treasury.\nConsidering that the appropriation for these warrants was so long a matter of general notoriety, and that money during the whole period was in great and universal demand, the reflection naturally pressed itself upon the Treasury, that some great peculiarity must have attended those so long kept back, and no sufficient solution appeared but in the supposition that they might have been taken up by Mr Duer in the course of his agency. The appearance at the Treasury about the same time of paper of other kind which had been understood to be absorbed, served to strengthen and extend the alarm.\nThese circumstances at any rate were of a nature to enforce the propriety of caution; and a resolution was accordingly taken to make no further payments till further light could be obtained and further legislative precautions could be established to guard the public, as far as possible, against the danger of suffering by any abuses, which might have been committed.\n Accordingly in consequence of suggestions from the Treasury, the law mentioned in the close of the comptrollers letter was passed during the last session; which provides that all claims upon the united States for services or supplies or for other cause matter or thing furnished or done previous to the 4th day of march 1789, whether founded upon certificates or other written documents from public officers or otherwise, which had not already been barred by any Act of limitation, and which should not be presented at the Treasury before the first day of may 1794 should forever after be precluded from settlement or allowance; with the exception only of loan office certificates, certificates of final settlement, indents of Interest, balances entered in the books of the Register of the Treasury, certificates issued by the Register of the Treasury commonly called Registered certificates, loans of money obtained in foreign countries and certificates issued pursuant to the Funding Act. Neither of which exceptions covers either of the species of Paper, for the discharging of which Mr Duer\u2019s agency appears to have extended.\nThe claims presented under this Act are to be received and recorded by the Auditor; and the accounting officers of the Treasury are to make Report to Congress upon all such of them as shall not be allowed to be valid according to the usual forms of the Treasury.\nThe plain design of this act is to fix a period, when all claims which admit a suspicion of abuse shall cease to bind; so that there may be an ultimate term to the dangers to the public in this way, which from the former loose and irregular manner of conducting the public business have been great\u2014that in the interim whatever is doubtful may be held suspended, till the issue shall discover and set bounds to the extent of the mischief, if any, which exists; holding individuals who may have been accessory to any abuse during this time, under the check of that suspence, and of an investigation which is to continue open till the expiration of the term limited for presenting claims; and reserving to Congress the ultimate judgment in those cases where conflicting considerations may render the course which ought to be pursued doubtful.\nUnder this very necessary and prudent law the Department now asks, and being in the dark about the true situation of the warrants in question refers the holders of them to that ultimate justice, consistently with the security of the public, which this law contemplates.\nOther holders more meritorious than Mr Fraunces as well as himself have been referred to this issue. They have acquiesced; he has appealed.\nThe most scrupulous maxims of good faith will, it is presumed, justify a Government, under circumstances so peculiar, in forbearing to admit claims, till it shall have taken precautions to ascertain the ground. It is probable that the nicety of public credit will require in the end some sacrifices of Interest, which strict justice would not dictate; but prudence requires that the extent of such sacrifices should be first known.\nMr Fraunces refers to a letter as inclosed which shews (says he) that \u201cwhat is now known at the Treasury has been long since known\u201d I find no other letter inclosed than that from Mr Taylor which only traces the knowlege of the Treasury back to the 26th of last month.\nThe circumstance mentioned in that letter proves to be a mistake, as will be seen by a certificate of the Register herewith transmitted.\nBut if it had been true, it would have furnished a very strong objection against paying the warrants; for to consider a paper which has been once satisfied and stolen off a public file, as an existing claim will not easily find principle or precedent to support it; and if a practice so alarming had been detected it would have afforded a very powerful motive for additional caution.\nMr Fraunces mentions a conversation with me, in which I had stated that the public might have a claim upon the warrants as Mr Flint had promised a payment in such warrants on account of his Tobacco contract; and it was possible those presented by Fraunces might have been a part of those promised by Flint.\nIt is true that something of this Kind was dropped by me in the course of one of the interviews which Mr Fraunces importunately pressed upon me.\nThe facts are as follow and were referred to in that sense.\nMr Flint owes a sum of money to the united States for a parcel of Tobacco which he purchased of the late Board of Treasury. He had in his possession warrants issued by the Board which he produced to the officers of the Treasury, declaring they were reserved for a payment on account of the contract when the monies became due\u2014It was cursorily remarked to Mr Fraunces among other things, but without much stress being laid upon it, that it might appear upon more full inquiry that the warrants he held were part of those promised by Mr Flint and that it might then be a question whether the united States would not have a right to claim a set off against them of an equal sum of their debt from Mr Flint.\nI added that this might be the better done as it was a serious question whether the warrants were in their nature negotiable.\nTo this Mr Fraunces replied that their negotiability could not be objected to as it had been the practice of the Treasury to pay them to the holders upon a blank endorsement\u2014I answered that this was not conclusive, because it was known that Bonds under seal were not in strictness negotiable; yet if an obligee of mine should endorse my bond and deliver it to another I should without scruple pay the amount to him upon the strength of such endorsement if I had no valid set off against it, as the property of the prior owner; but if I had such set off, I should refuse payment and should expect to be justified by law.\nBut I added withall that this was a circumstance I had only mentioned incidentally; that my reasons for refusing payment were of a more cogent nature, immediately relative to the security of the Public.\nThe truth is, that I did not care to go into a particular explanation with Mr Fraunces, but chose rather to deal in general expressions. Not Mr Duer only but the members of the late Board of Treasury and the late Treasurer are more or less implicated in the affair. what degree of culpability falls upon either of these parties is not yet definitively ascertained; and I have considered it as most equitable and delicate not to make, what is hitherto supposed, a matter of public eclat; until at least it shall be better understood. Another reflection has also had some influence in producing reserve. It is this that Mr Duer if not rendered desperate by a disclosure, may in order still to preserve some public character exert himself to recover paper which may have improperly escaped him as the means of liquidating the demands which the united States at present have upon him, and of avoiding a disgraceful promulgation. Indeed there is reason to infer from some thing which in my last conversation but one with Mr Fraunces fell from him, that this is now the case. Mr Duer was endeavouring to get back the warrants; suggesting that they had been only pledged by him for a part of their value.\nI think it proper to observe that my letter to Mr Fraunces which he has recited at length was prior to those disclosures of his which have tended to place his claim in a still more unfavourable light.\nAs to his having danced attendance at the Treasury for near two months (as he expresses it) the blame is wholly with himself\u2014He was told in his first interview with me most explicitly that the warrants would not be paid for the present; and was advised on that ground to notify his claim to the Auditor\u2014He nevertheless persevered in importuning me hoping perhaps to interest my humanity against my judgment and counting something\nupon a disposition on my part to serve him which it now clearly appears he never merited.\nI thought it incumbent upon me to ask an explanation of that part of his letter in which he seems to impute to me some undue motives; but he hitherto evades it. with the most perfect respect I have the honor to be Sir your most obedt & humble Servt\nAlex. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0265", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 9 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] 9 Augt 1793\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to present his respects to The President of the U. States and to send him the enclosed which is just come to hand by post. The Secretary would wait upon the President personally with it, but for the lateness of the hour.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0266", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Isaac Heard, 9 August 1793\nFrom: Heard, Isaac\nTo: Washington, George\nSir!\nCollege of Arms London 9th Augt 1793\n A violent Inflammation in my Eyes caught above eighteen Months since and not yet removed hath proved a very great Misfortune, by creating an almos\u27e8t\u27e9 total Interruption of all my friendly Correspondences, as well as many of my official Duties, and hath to my very great Chagrin, prevented an earlier Acknowledgement of the Honor of your Excellency\u2019s condescending and very obliging Letter of the 2nd May 1792, inclosing a correct and interesting Genealogical Account of the family of Washington since it\u2019s first Settlement in America. The same unfortunate Cause hath also suspended such Enquiries as I proposed to make, which however are again resumed, for the purpose of completing the Pedigree, and the Union, as far as I may be able, of the several Branches.\n I am of opinion, tho\u2019 I cannot at present prove the fact, that your Excellency is descended from Lawrence Washington of Sulgrave in Northamptonshire Esqr., who married Margaret the daughter of William Butler of Sussex Esqr., and died in 1616, leaving several Sons: the eldest William of Pa[c]kington in Leicestershire was knighted in 1621, and married Anne, half Sister to George Villiers Marquis & afterwards Duke of Buckingham; 2. John; 3. Robert who died young; 4. Richard; 5. Laurence; 6. Thomas & 7. George Washington; and several Daughters.\nUnder these Circumstances every means in my power shall\n be exerted with sincere pleasure, for ascertaining the Connection of this Family with John and Laurence Washington, who first settled in America.\nIn order to accomplish my wishes, I have taken the Liberty to inclose a Table of the Washington Pedigree, formed from your Excellency\u2019s accurate Genealogical Account, with some few Additions; and request the favor, that your Excellency will be pleased to direct the same to be completed with such Dates, Descriptions &c. as may be obtained; and particularly the Time of the Death, Ages &c. of your Ancestor John Washington and of his Brother Laurence; and should they have made wills, they might possibly recognize some of their Relatives in England. An Extract of such Recognitions in their wills or in those of their Descendants would be particularly satisfactory for the purpose in question.\nWhen the Genealogical Table herewith shall have been completed in the manner I have presumed to request, your Excellency will have the Goodness to direct it\u2019s Return to me; and I beg leave to reassure your Excellency, that I shall have the most unfeigned Satisfaction in being able to transmit to your Excellency a complete Genealogy, and to contribute, by my Exertions, to the preservation of the memorials of a family, which hath produced a Character too distinguished to derive any lustre from the \u201cavito honore.\u201d\nThat Your Excellency may long enjoy perfect Health & Felicity, is the fervent and sincere Prayer of Your Excellency\u2019s most respectful and most obedient humble Servant\nIsaac Heard, Garter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0267", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 9 August 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nWar Department, 9th August 1793.\nI have the honor to submit to you, several letters from Major General Wayne, dated the 20th of June, and the 2d and 10th of July last, with enclosures.\nAs some measures may be to be taken in consequence of these letters, I will have the honor to wait upon you, for that purpose, at 8 o\u2019clock to morrow morning.\nI have also the honor to enclose the copy of a letter from Wm Wilson to James Brison Esqr: dated Detroit 8 July 1793, and which was transmitted to me by Major Craig from Pittsburg. I have the honor to be Sir, with the greatest respect, Your most obedt Servt\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0268", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James McHenry, 9 August 1793\nFrom: McHenry, James\nTo: Washington, George\n Letter not found: from James McHenry, 9 Aug. 1793. In his letter to McHenry of 28 Aug., GW acknowledged receipt of \u201cyour letter of the 9th instant.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0269", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Dodge, 10 August 1793\nFrom: Dodge, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nBalt[im]ore Augt 10th 1793\nEnclosed are letters concerning my services in the late American Army and also relative to my character and deportment as a private citizen, which I beg leave to submit to your Excellency\u2019s perusal and consideration\u2014My pretensions to the office of surveyor (vacant by the death of Wm Ballard) which I presume to solicit, are founded as well uppon the part I acted during the late revolution, as uppon the precariousness of my present appointment, being only Inspector of the Revenue, a provision by no means comfortable for one who has consumed the prime of life and a small patrimony in the service of his Country, and who was obliged, when our Army was disbanded, to spend the principal part of his pay to restore in some degree, a Constitution much injured by the length and hardships of his service.\nPermit me to add that the letters from the Barron Seuben Messrs Courtlandt Fish and Platt were addressed to the Governor of this State at a time when it was in contemplation to raise a Militia. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect your Excelly\u2019s most Obedient, and Most Hble Servt\nSaml Dodge", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0271", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 10 August 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nWar department August 10th 1793\nI have the honor to submit for your information a private letter from Brigadier Wilkinson dated the 28th June a letter from the Secretary of the South Western territory dated the 19th July and the extract from a letter of John Parrish dated at Detroit 9. July. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Your obedient Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0272", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles-Joseph Leonardy, 10 August 1793\nFrom: Leonardy, Charles-Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\nMon G\u00e9n\u00e9ral\nhampton [Virginia] ce 10 ao\u00fbt 1793.\nAyant e\u00fbt l\u2019honneur de servir sous les Ordres de Votre Excellence, au Si\u00e9ge d\u2019York toon, en qualit\u00e9 de sous Lieutenant des Chasseurs au R\u00e9giment de Gatinois, permett\u00e9s que j\u2019ose exposer \u00e0 vos yeux l\u2019infortune dans laqu\u2019elle me plonge les malheurs de St Dominque o\u00f9 j\u2019\u00e9tois employ\u00e9 comme Capitaine d\u2019une Compagnie dans ce Corps, qui a merit\u00e9 par la prise d\u2019une Redoute au Si\u00e8ge de cette place, le changement de Son nom en celui de Royalauvergne et une Pi\u00e9ce de Canon que Votre Excellence a daign\u00e9 lui donner et qu\u2019il conserve comme le gage le plus pr\u00e9cieux.\ntrois Compagnies et demie ont \u00e9t\u00e9 detach\u00e9es de ce R\u00e9giment le 18 d\u00e9cembre 1791 et embarqu\u00e9e pour le Cap Fran\u00e7ois, o\u00f9 elles sont arriv\u00e9es le 7 mars 1792 et le 3 avril, malgr\u00e9s tous les efforts que nous ayons puent faire pour Sauver la Colonie des mains des Esclaves revolt\u00e9s, la perte des hommes par le Climat, nous a ot\u00e9 tous moyens de r\u00e9sistance et par le malheur le plus grand la Ville a et\u00e9 embras\u00e9e. oblig\u00e9 de fuir pour \u00e9chapper comme une infinit\u00e9 de refugi\u00e9s fran\u00e7ais; je me trouve ici o\u00f9 nous avons tous re\u00e7u de la bienfaisance des Etats Unis de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique les Secours de l\u2019existence. mais il faut l\u2019avouer \u00e0 la bont\u00e9 de Votre Excellence sans un Sol, denu\u00e9 de toute esp\u00e9ce de ressource par l\u2019\u00e9loignement de ma famille qui est en Europe. j\u2019ai avec moi, mon Epouse et deux Enfans, je ne peux pourvoir \u00e0 leur entretien. n\u2019ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 pay\u00e9 comme tous les Officiers de l\u2019Arm\u00e9e, de mes appointemens depuis le Mois de f\u00e9vrier dernier. n\u2019ayant aucune connoissance dans les Etas Unis de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique, je n\u2019ai de titre que l\u2019avant\u00e2ge d\u2019avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 employ\u00e9 Sous Vos Ordres et la connoissance des bont\u00e9s de Votre C\u0153ur, pour oser esperer d\u2019obtenir un emprunt de trentre Louis que je remettrai lorsque je pourrai recevoir des nouvelles de ma famille, qui m\u2019aidera jusqu\u2019 \u00e0 ce que je Sache une d\u00e9cision Sur le Sort des infortun\u00e9s francois, Militaires et Citoyens, comme moi refugi\u00e9s. Je Suis avec un Profond respect Mon G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de Votre Excellence le tr\u00e9s humble et tr\u00e9s ob\u00e9issant Serviteur\nL\u00e9onard\u00ff\n  Capitaine au 18ieme R\u00e9giment d\u2019infanterie Cy devant Royalauvergne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0273", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Lynch, 10 August 1793\nFrom: Lynch, John\nTo: Washington, George\nPhilada 10th August 1793\nThe Petition of John Lynch of Baltimore Town late a Major in the Maryland line of the Continental Army\u2014Most Respectfully Sheweth\u2014That Your Petitioner from the Commencement, to the Conclusion of Hostilities, in our late Glorious Revolution, followed the Orders of his Beloved Commander in Chief, and bore an Active part in the Cause of America, As well in its hardships, as its Triumphs; during An Arduous Conflict, to Obtain our present respectable rank, Among the nations of the Earth.\nThat Your Petitioner, on the Adoption of the Federal Constitution, Was recommended by Charles Carroll of Carrolton, And John Eager Howard, to your Excellency, As a Suitable person to be Appointed Surveyor to the port of Baltimore, to which Office Coll Robert Ballard was Chosen, Who Acted in that Capacity Untill Thursday last the 8th Instant When he departed this Life.\nThat Your Petitioner, having been Employd by General Otho Williams, As a Custom house Officer, whereby he has become Acquainted with the duties of a Surveyor; humbly Solicits the Appointment, And respectfully Tenders Mr Charles Carroll and Coll Howard As Guarantees for his Faithfull discharge of the Office. And Your Petitioner As in duty bound Will pray\nJohn Lynch", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0274", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Burgess Ball, 11 August 1793\nFrom: Ball, Burgess\nTo: Washington, George\nDear sir,\nFredericksbg [Va.]\u201411th Aug: 93.\nIn my first Letter respecting Mr L: Lewis, I only meant that he wou\u2019d answer your purposes at Mt Vernon \u2019till you got furnish\u2019d with a Manager to your wishes; But, when I reciev\u2019d your Answer thereto, wherein you seem\u2019d to think, if he possess\u2019d the Qualifications you required, he might (with the Plans you had laid down for your Overseers, and your frequent directions) answer altogether, I thought myself, that with those advantages, and his desire to please you, he wou\u2019d answer every purpose. I now am satisfyed it wou\u2019d be best for you to have a Person who cou\u2019d, of himself, be capable of acting on any Emergency, as it no doubt must be impracticable for you, in your, present situation, to attend much to the directions of your Interest at Mt Vernon\u2014\u2019Tho I have a high oppinion of Mr Lewis\u2019s disposition & good qualities, it must be impossible that he shd be able to manage so large an Estate as yours without your frequent directions, as I do not imagine he has, as yet, turn\u2019d his Attention much to farming.\nGod grant you may e\u2019er long be able, with all happiness, to return to the Amusements of Mount Vernon! Fanny &c. are pretty well, & unite in wishing you & Mrs Washington every Earthly filicity. I am with real Esteem, Dr sir, Yr Affect. Hbe servt\nB: Ball", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0276", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 11 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Aug. 11. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President, begs leave to express in writing more exactly what he meant to have said yesterday. a journey home in the autumn is of a necessity which he cannot controul after the arrangements he has made, and, when there, it would be his extreme wish to remain. but if his continuance in office to the last of December, as intimated by the President, would, by bringing the two appointments nearer together, enable him to marshal them more beneficially to the public, & more to his own satisfaction, either motive will suffice to induce Th: J. to continue till that time. he submits it therefore to the President\u2019s judgment, which he will be glad to receive when convenient, as the arrangements he had taken may require some change.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0277", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Howell Lewis, 11 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Howell\nDear Howell\nPhiladelphia Augt 11th 1793.\n I am about to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 6th instt covering the weekly reports. But before I take notice of the several communications there in made, I must inform you that there were several enqueries in my letter of the 28th July which you have not answered; nor, unless you have the most retentive memory that can well be conceived, will you ever do it, by merely reading a letter over that relates to a variety of subjects, and then set down to answer all the parts of it from your recollection of them. There are but two certain ways to suffer nothing required of you in a letter, to escape unnoticed. One is, to have the letter before you, and to answer it paragraph by paragraph (such I mean as require it) until you have passed through the whole. another, and a better one\u2014on a Slate, or a piece of waste paper (when you are going to answer a letter filled with enquiries, or other matter which is to be replied to) note down while you are reading the letter, the heads of every thing you will have to say; and as soon as \u27e8mutilated\u27e9u have expresse\u27e8d\u27e9 it in the letter you are \u27e8mutilated\u27e9\u27e8ting\u27e9, draw your pen through it\u2014and so \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 after another as they are complea\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 means nothing can ever be forgot, let your interruptions while writing be what they may. and where you want to write with method\u2014that is\u2014to bring things of the same, or a similar kind under one head (though in my letters they may be scattered about, just as they occur at the moment) you might number the heads & proceed agreeably to those numbers\u2014always crossing or dashing a pen through each as fast as you are done with them. I mention this matter to you, thus fully, for two reasons. first, because it will be a relief to your memory, & an aid to you in writing with correctness\u2014and 2d because if you pursue this plan you will never let me remain uninformed of things I enquire after.\nAs the Wheat appears to be so defective & of such bad quality, tell the Overseers there must be more pains taken to clean it; for the Miller has standing orders to receive none that is not as clean as it can well be made.\n Repeat to them my opinion, that it is high time sowing this article was commenced; we are now near the middle of August, & by the time you receive this it will be quite that, & I hear nothing in the Reports, or elsewhere of an \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 yet to get out seed for this purp\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 The Overseers are not to dep\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 directions I gave, in my let\u27e8mutilated\u27e9pecting the kinds, & pro\u27e8mutilated\u27e9\u2014the quantity to the Acre\u2014and so on. Davy\u2019s Corn at Dogue run is to be sown with Wheat as mentioned in my last, and to be laid as \u27e8level\u27e9 as possible without injury to the Corn, as Timothy (if not clover) will be sown there on in the winter. McKoys Corn is also to be sown with wheat; and must, for the above purpose, be laid as smooth as possible, as Clover will be sown on it in the winter. Crows Corn near the Barn I directed about in my last.\n I mentioned my expectation of getting a little of the early Wheat from Doctr Stuarts Manager (Mr Ring)\u2014If you should see, or have an opportunity of writing to the Doctr, ask if I may depend upon it; when; & the quantity; that ground may be prepared accordingly. And in order that I may know whether Winter Barley will succeed well on my Land, I shall, by a Vessel which will leave this in a few days for Alexandria, send you 40 Bushels; 20 of which may be sown on the River farm, and 20 at Union farm; let both these Overseers know that my object is to make a fair experiment of the yield, & profit, when compared with wheat: for which reason I do not wish to put it in better or worse ground than is given \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 wheat. Two bushels to the Acre is \u27e8mutilated\u27e9al quantity allowed; and it should \u27e8mutilated\u27e9bout the same time that Wheat is. \u27e8Mutilated\u27e9\u27e8th\u27e9er the Overseers\u2014agreeably to my former directions\u2014have fixed upon the quantity of White Wheat I shall have occasion for, to sow; and Crow, from his first experiment of threshing, shall be able to guess with tolerable certainty the quantity of it, I shall make\u2014the difference may be exchanged, four for five, of good & clean Wheat of another kind, delivered at my Mill. that is whoever delivers 5 bushels of Wheat, good, & cleaned as above, and obtains the Millers receipt for it, shall be entitled to 4 bushels of white Wheat; also well cleaned, as long as any lasts, over and above what is necessary for my own sowing & in that proportn for a great\u27e8er or\u27e9 lessr qty\u2014I fix this difference because white wheat is infinitely more profitable to manufacture\u2014& because, in truth, the best kind of Superfine flour cannot be made without a mixture of it.\n I had no idea that the Oats wd have yielded so poorly as you mention. As they are of a valuable kind, and as I may want a good many for seed another year, I wish you may be able to buy the Eastern shore Oats\u2014or even Corn, if to be had cheap, for the Plow horses at the Farms, rather than feed those I grew, to them. If this could be done they will waste less, or will be less exposed to embezzlement, by remaining in the Straw. The Shock\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 the New ground at D. Run must, long \u2019ere th\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 destroyed all the grass under the\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 therefore remains n\u27e8illegible\u27e9 but to sow \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 again, before Weeds take \u27e8mutilated\u27e9.\nYou have not informed me whether the Oat ground at Union Farm is well taken with the grass-seeds which were sown thereon\u2014Whether any thing is doing towards potting Butter at River Farm for the Mansion house\u2014nor how the cuttings which were set out for hedges last Spring, stand the drought.\nTell Mr Crow that the Swamp and every part of the ground on the sides thereof, which is to be sown with grass-seeds, according to directions, must be entirely freed of weeds, grass & sprouts to the very water in the Ditches\u2014must be laid level, made perfectly clean and smooth, so that scythes thereafter may meet with no interruption or damage. If these objects cannot be accomplished by means of the Plow & Harrow it must be done by the Hoe & Rollers Whatever is done, must be effectually done; as I had rather have one acre in this condition than 3 imperfectly laid down. The Grass-seeds I again repeat must be very slightly covered, if covered at all, with a Bush.\nThese directions will apply in all respects to McKoys, if he ever means to do any thing with his Swamps. You may again inform him from me that his backwardness gives me great dissatisfaction. Half the hands he has would, under proper management, be full enough for the Crop he tends; the rest were always designed for the purposes of reclaiming these swamps, & laying them properly to Grass.\nCutting every thing that will make Hay, or even litter, is judicious; & I am glad you thought of it.\nThe Clover Seed which went from hence in July, in a cask the size of a flax Barrel, containing about 7 Bushels (442 lb.) Mr Lear says he put into the Store himself, consequently, if it is not there now, Butler must be made answerable for it; as I possitively directed that the Key of that House should be deposited in the Key box, & never to be in his possession but when he was in the Act of delivering things out. If any of the Roguish people about that Ho. (of which there are numbers\u2014I will not suspect himself) have come at the key, unknown to him, it will be found that every thing else which could be sold, is gone as well as the Seed. And a discovery, & stop must be put to these practices by the most viligant watch; or soon, I shall not be able to retain a single article in the dwelling house\u2014To such a pitch is these villianies carried of late. I must request that Mrs Fanny Washington will let no body go to the key Box but herself, you, or Milly; it is impossible to answer for the damage I shall sustain if opportunities are given to others to get at Keyes, & keep them until their purposes are answered, & then return them unsuspected to their places. The Lock of the Key chest should also be examined\u2014& never be out of her own room at Night.\nEndeavour to save all the Clover & other grass-seeds you can. Butler must be a pretty fellow for a Manager, not to know that (in this country at least) that it is from the second growth of Clover that Seed is always saved. If this was not the object, as I always intended, & supposed, why did he leave the Crop standing for\nthe seed to ripen and the grass to Spo\u27e8il\u27e9? The Comb for taking of the heads of the Clover, was either in the Shed or left of the Barn or work shop at the Mansion house; in the Stable loft; or in the old Quarter loft, at that place: it is impossible therefore that old Jack or Thomas Green can pretend ignorance\u2014Perhaps they do not understand what is meant by a Comb. It is a machine (painted red) wch works upon two truck wheels. Is a kind of box, or shovel 3 feet wide the fore part of which has teeth like a large horse comb that gathers & tares of the heads. If it is not to be found, this also must be converted into Cash by some of my People, who I believe, if not checked in time, will sell every thing I have before long.\nI wish, while I am upon these enquiries, to know what is become of a large Plough which I sent from hence last Fall, to Mr Whiting, for Trenching Land.\nWhat is done with the Timothy heads which have been gathered at the different Farms for Seed? It would be well to have the whole brought to the Mansion house, immediately threshed out, & put away in the Chaff, in the Seed loft, over the Green house. examine that lock, & let the key be always locked up in the Key chest except when wanted. Unless this is done I shall have a flemish acct of the things there also; 9 Bushels of clover seed was stolen from thence last spring only.\nWhenever you deliver Grass-seeds from the Mansion house to any of the Overseers, let them know the exact quantity; and order them most peremptorily, if they are to be sowed by one of their Negros, to have them mixed agreeably to my former directions either in Sand, or dry earth in their own presence but I should think they had better sow the grass seeds themselves, in order that I may not be imposed upon; & have my plans defeated, or delayed as they are, year after year.\nTell Thomas Green, that I was led to believe (as well from my own idea of the matter, as from the assurances he gave me) that putting windows in the Stable for the purpose of giving Air to the horses would be a work of little time\u2014instead thereof a month & more has elapsed & I can see no end to the business yet. He is, I do believe one of the worst scoundrels living\u2014and it is my opinion of him, that when he conceives there is no eye looking at him, that he is either altogether idle, or working for himself. It is him, the Carpenters generally, the Ditchers, and the House gang that will require more of yr attention than the  farms: for if the Overseers can be kept at home, and with their People, I am not under much fear of matters going tolerably well there; because as they are on standing wages, they can have no interest in acting otherwise than they are directed.\nAs Mrs Fanny Washington will be frequently calling off her two men Reuben & Gabriel who work with my Carpenters & for whom I expected to pay by the year or month, an exact acct tell Thos Green must be kept of their absent time, that I may pay in proportion as I receive only.\nIt may not be amiss to inform the several Overseers that when the Wood work of their Plows is made new & good, they must keep them in order themselves; it is shameful to see by the Report that the Carpenters\u2014one or other of them\u2014are eternally going to one or the other of the Farms to do some trifle, which every other Overseer in the world does or ought to do himself.\nWhat is the matter with that Woman Moll at D: Run that she is forever on the sick list? These things must not be suffered unless there is apparent cause for it. For as to pretended pains if no effect appear from them, they ought not to be admitted; or I shall soon have none but Invalids: for as victuals & clothins must be furnished, It is very indifferent to them who works for these, or from whence they come.\nAll here all well, and join in best wishes for you, with Your sincere friend and Affectionate Uncle.\nGo: Washington\nP.S. Upon second thought, if you should receive the 40 bushls of Barley (as mentioned in the body of this letter) \u27e8I\u27e9t may be better perhaps to have part sowed at each Plantation\u2014for as it is intended as an experiment, the more soils and situations it goes into, the more I shall be able to form an opinion of the utility of continuing the growth of it. Therefore, let Stuart & Crow have each 12 bushls\u2014and McCoy & Davy 8 bushels each. All these are to go into grounds that, otherwise would have been in Wheat, and of a medium quality that my conclusions may not be deceptive.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0279", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Nicholas Cruger and the Citizens of New York City, 12 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Cruger, Nicholas,Citizens of New York City\nSir,\n[Philadelphia] 12 Augt \u201993\nYour letter (to me), conveying to me the resolutions of the Citizens of New York, at their late meeting, affords me much satisfaction.\nThe approving voice of my Fellow Citizens can never be heard by me, with indifference. That of the Inhabitants of your respectable metropolis, must always give particular pleasure. A unanimity so perfect as appears to have prevailed among them, upon an occasion so interesting to our national peace & happiness, furnishes an example of good sense, moderation & patriotic virtue, which cannot cease to be remembered to their honor.\nDiscerning in it a sure pledge of their firm & persevering support, I request you to make known to them, the high sense I entertain of the dispositions they have manifested, & the complete reliance I place upon those dispositions.\nI cannot omit the opportunity of publicly uniting with them in acknowledging the prompt and decided cooperation of the Government of New York, towards the support of the neutrality of our Country. The disposition, hitherto shewn by the chief Magistrates of the several States, in relation to this point, is a pleasing evidence of a spirit of concert for the general good, happily calculated to harmonise and invigorate all the parts of our political system.\nG. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0280", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 12 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nTreasury Departmt Augt 12. 1793.\nFrom the circumstance of Mr Short\u2019s being at Madrid, delay, without advantage, would attend the addressing to him the instruction for making the intended additional Loan. The persons to execute must in this situation be our Commissioners at Amsterdam. I therefore submit whether it will not be adviseable to address the instruction to them in the first instance. As a vessel goes to Amsterdam tomorrow, I request, if convenient, an answer to this inquiry in the course of today. With the most perfect respect, I have the honor to be &c.\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0281", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 12 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia Augt 12th 1793.\nI clearly understood you on Saturday. And, of what I conceive to be two evils, must prefer the least\u2014that is\u2014to dispense with your temporary absence in autumn (in order to retain you in Office \u2019till January) rather than part with you altogether at the close of September.\nIt would be an ardent wish of mine, that your continuance in office (even at the expence of some sacrifice of inclination) could have been through the whole of the ensuing Session of Congress, for many\u2014very many weighty reasons which present themselves to my mind: one of which, and not the least is, that in my judgment, the affairs of this Country as they relate to foreign Powers\u2014Indian disturbances\u2014& internal policy\u2014will have taken a more decisive, & I hope agreeable form, than they now bear, before that time\u2014When perhaps, other public Servants might also indulge in retirement. If this cannot be, my next wish is, that your absence from the Seat of Government in autumn, may be as short as you conveniently can make it. With much truth & regard I am\u2014Yr Obedt & Affecte Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0282", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 12 August 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] August 12th 1793\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to transmit to the Secretary of State the Report of the Proceedings in the Executive Departmt of Govermt in the Territory of the U.S. North West of the Ohio, for six months, ending the 30th of June last\u2014which the President wishes the Secretary to examine at his leisure & report to him anything that may be found therein requiring the agency of the President.\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0283", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Peter Legaux, 12 August 1793\nFrom: Legaux, Peter\nTo: Washington, George\nMonsieur\nSpringmill [Pa.] ce 12 aoust 1793.\nLe souhait que votre Excellence, a bien voulu faire concernant ma vigne, Lorsqu\u2019elle me fit L\u2019honneur de la visiter dans son Enfance en juillet 1787, a \u00e9t\u00e9 du plus heureux pr\u00e9sage pour elle. je promis alors, \u00e0 Votre Excellence, d\u2019y donner tous mes soins et de faire tous mes \u00e9fforts pour procurer des vins et des Eaux-de-vies  \u00e0 L\u2019Amerique; la bont\u00e9 de son sol et de son Climat, a parfaitement second\u00e9 et audela de toute Esperance jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, Le plaisir que j\u2019ai pris \u00e0 me Livrer \u00e0 ce Genre d\u2019agriculture, dans les vues uniques de plaire \u00e0 son Excellence et d\u2019\u00eatre utile \u00e0 mes semblables.\n Aujourd\u2019hui, je touche enfin au moment de la recolte et \u00e0 L\u2019instant favorable, de prouver \u00e0 votre Excellence que ce pays est peut \u00eatre un des plus avantageux pour la production du vin; l\u27e8e\u27e9 16e de ce Courant je dois Commencer la vandange de la proteg\u00e9e de votre Excellence; C\u2019est pour satisfaire \u00e0 mon devoir \u00e0 L\u2019honn\u00eatet\u00e9 et \u00e0 mon inclination, que j\u2019ai pouvoir me permettre d\u2019en pr\u00e9venir son Excellence Comme Le Patron le plus Z\u00e9l\u00e9 de la Chose m\u00eame, et de la supplier, si la premiere vendange faite En Amerique peut avoir quelques attraits pour elle, de vouloir bien agre\u00e9r que je Lui offre personnellement dans le vignoble L\u2019hommage du plus profond Respect avec le quel je suis De Votre Excellence Le tr\u00e9s humble, tr\u00e9s obeissant et tr\u00e9s devou\u00e9 serviteur.\nP. Legaux", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0284", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Lewis, 12 August 1793\nFrom: Lewis, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\nHond Uncle,\nThe Exchange [Va.] 12th Augt 1793.\nYour letter of the 26th ulto was forwarded to me a few days since by my Mother. I am sorry you shoud think Majr Harrisons land \u201csliped thro\u2019 my hands\u201d from neglect. I can assure you that I followed your directions implicitly, or endeavored to do so, as near as possible. You always charged me not to be too forward in the negociation. Majr Harrison never discovered from the first conversation I had with him on the subject, an inclination to part with his land; observing that \u201cthe cause which induced him at first to offer it for sale, had been done-away some little time before, by the discharge of a debt which he was owing, and which he supposed could not be done, but by the sale of the Land.\nI have had several applications from different persons who wish to know whether you would sell your land on Difficult Run\u2014In Frederick County, and that small part of your lost Mountain Tract lying in Loudon County at the foot of the Ridge. A Gentlemen has just left me, by the name of Chas Harding from Fairfax, that wishes to lease that land on Difficult Run for 20 years\u2014for the purpose of building a Mill, and other suitable improvments. There is others again that are anxious to buy your Frederick Land with the incumbrance of the leases. I would willingly become the purchaser myself of the Frederick land, provided, you were not too exorbitant in your price. I have more negro\u2019s than I can well support, or ought to keep on the place where I now live, and as I must fix them somewhere soon, I wish to realize what money I have by me immediately, as lands are rising fast in value. I will give you fifty shillings per acre, which is the higest price that is given for land in that neighbourhood of the same quality. I can pay five hundred pounds immediately and the balance in two equal annual payments.\nMr R: Colston bought six or eight days ago 500 Acres adjoining yours, for the price I have mentioned.\nI was much shocked to hear of the death of Mrs Lear whose looks, when I last saw her, promissed health, and apparantly long life. Her sudden death, is one of the many instances we have every day of that uncertainty of all human affairs. I sympathise, most sincerely, with my friend Mr Lear, and can only wish him all earthly happiness. With my best wishes for your health, and\nmy Aunts, in which Mrs Lewis joins very cordially, I remain your much Obliged, and very Affectionate nephew\nRobt Lewis.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0285", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Bassett, 13 August 1793\nFrom: Bassett, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nDover [Del.] Augt 13th 93.\nBeing informed of the recent Death of Coll Ballard the Surveyor of the Revenue for the Port of Baltimore.\nI take the Liberty of renewing my Recommendation of my friend Mr Andrew Skinner Ennalls of the Town of Baltimore for that Office\u2014having heretofore Sir had personal Conversation with you respecting the Merits and integriety of this Gentleman, it is Unnecessary for me to say any thing on that subject at Present, further than I think I may Venture to say, if his Application should Meet with your Approbation, he will prove himself in the Execution of the Office Worthy of the Appointment.\nI beg you Sir to present my best respects to Mrs Washington & family. I have the Honor to be with Perfect Consideration and every Sentiment of respect Your Most Sincere Humbe Servt\nRichard Bassett", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0286", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Citizens of Burlington County, New Jersey, 13 August 1793\nFrom: Citizens of Burlington County, New Jersey\nTo: Washington, George\nBurlington County New Jersey [13 August 1793]\nThe sentiments of free Citizens upon the measures of their Government on interesting or embarrassing occasions are of the greatest importance both to the liberty of the Citizens\u2014and the operations\u2014of the Government.\nImpressed with this idea the Citizens of the County of Burlington embrace the opportunity presented by the sitting of the Circuit Court in their County, and the presence of a large number of their most respectable members convened from every part of the County, to take into consideration the Proclamations of the President of the United States and the Vice-President of this State relative to the neutrality of the United States of America in the present European War. Whereupon an hour having been appointed for the meeting of the Citizens, and they having met accordingly at the Court house of the said County on Tuesday the thirteenth of August 1793, and having appointed General Joseph Bloomfield Chairman of said meeting, it was unanimously resolved.\n1st That the Republican Citizens of the County of Burlington are highly impressed with the policy and justice of the measures recommended by the said Proclamations which declare to the people the Supreme Law of the Land, founded on the existing treaties between the belligerent powers and these United States, and that in so doing he acted strictly in the line of his duty, and for the best interest of his Country.\n2dly That the Citizens of the County of Burlington will upon all occasions with the warmest zeal Co-operate in every legal way to detect and punish offenders against the rights of neutrality, and by all means in their power discountenance designs or proceedings calculated to interrupt that tranquillity and happiness which the Citizens of the United States enjoy under a pure and pacific administration of the Government.\n3dly And farther it is the opinion of this assemblage of Citizens, that as the highest privilege of these United States consists in their Republican form of Federal Government; as the only legitimate source of this Government is the People, as they are the only proper persons to appoint and elect those who are to carry it into operation, and to judge of the official conduct of their Magistrates; so any interference in the internal administration of the Government by any foreign power or Minister is, an infringement of the Sovereignty of the People, tends to destroy public confidence, leads to anarchy and merits the severest reprehensions and discountenance of all independent Americans.\n4thy Resolved that copies of these Resolutions be forthwith transmitted to the President of the United States and to the Governor of this State. Signed by order of the Meeting,\nJoseph Bloomfield, Chairman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0287", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 13 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nGentlemen,\nPhiladelphia August 13th 1793\nI have received your letter of the first instant, enclosing certain communications to you from the Surveyors of the Federal City, dated the 29th & 31st of July\u2014and have duly considered the alterations suggested in said Communications.\n With respect to the first alteration proposed vizt\u2014\u201cto stop S. Carolina Avenue, west of South Capitol, at the public appropriation\u201d\u2014I am perfectly of opinion with you, that the reason given therefor appears sufficient to warrant it. And as to the second\u2014\u201cto change the place of a small canal or inlet from the Eastern Branch, from fifth Street east\u2014where it is marked out on the plan\u2014to sixth street\u201d\u2014seems to be very proper for the reasons assigned by the Surveyors; And if, as they say, the ground on fifth Street, where the Canal is marked out, is high\u2014and that in sixth Street the tide already flows nearly the whole distance of the intended Canal, I think there can be but little doubt of its having been originally intended to be in sixth street, but was missed in laying down the work.\n The third Alteration proposed\u2014vizt\u2014\u201cto strike out two short Avenues leading from the Intersection of Massachusetts & North Carolina\u201d\u27e8\u2014\u27e9seems to require further consideration; for I observe in the plan, that a bridge is marked out across the Eastern branch leading directly from Kentucky Avenue. If this is really the best place for a bridge, and one should be ever likely to be built there, I think that Avenue ought to be preserved\u2014and if that, then the other mentioned as making an equal angle towards the N. Et must be preserved also. You will, therefore, Gentlemen, be pleased to have the matter respecting the Bridge ascertained, if it be not already done, and let the striking out or not of these Avenues depend upon that.\nI am glad to find that the Surveyors are so forward in their work as they say they are\u2014and I hope they will have everything on their part accomplished that is expected from them before the sale.\nIn compliance with your request I will think of some suitable Characters to examine your Accts and expenditure of the public money. With very great esteem I am, Gentlemen, Your most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0289", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 13 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nAugust 13th 1793.\nThomas Jefferson presents his compliments to the President, the report of the Commissioners of public accounts was delivered to Mr Taylor to be filed away. he was called to new york on Saturday by the illness of his child, and Mr Blackwell has been searching some time for it without being able to find it\u2014he will continue to search, & when found it shall be sent to the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0290", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Kilty, 13 August 1793\nFrom: Kilty, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\n Baltimore, August 13th 1793\nI beg leave respectfully to offer myself to your Excellency as a candidate for the vacant surveyorship of the port of Baltimore.\nRespect for the station I hold in the government of this State, will not permit me to ask a recommendation from any but gentlemen of the highest character\u2014I therefore content myself with presenting to your Excellency, herewith enclosed a letter from Mr Carroll of Carroltn and one from Coll Howard; Governor Lee\u2019s favourable testimony might perhaps have been joined to that of these two gentlemen, but he is absent on a visit to the Berkeley Springs.\nConvinced that the most laboured solicitations would have no effect on your Excellency\u2019s mind, I shall add nothing to what may have been said of me in these letters, but that the respectable writers of them have had the fullest opportunity to form a just opinion of me. I am with the truest respect Sir Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient humble Servant\nJohn Kilty", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0291", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Citizens of Mero District, Southwest Territory, 13 August 1793\nFrom: Citizens of Mero District, Southwest Territory\nTo: Washington, George\n To GEORGE WASHINGTON, President of the United States. The MEMORIAL and PETITION of the Convention of Mero District.\nWE, your memorialists being regularly chosen and fully authorised by the citizens of Mero, to represent the situation of our country, address you, sir, amidst dangers which threaten our total dissolution, without your aid.\nWe omit to speak of the outrages this frontier has suffered from\nthe insolence and barbarity of the Creeks and Cherokees ever since the first establishment of our settlement of Cumberland.\nWe request only to call your attention to the list of the killed and wounded since the treaty of Holston, amounting to one hundred and seventeen, which we enclose. This best proves how slender a tie, upon these barbarous people are treaties, without the restraint of coercion and fear. The loss of our property we name not.\nWhat succour has been granted, tho\u2019 liberal, each day\u2019s melancholy experience shews to be inadequate to the protection of our lives. The despair of our fellow citizens causes a daily increase of population to the Spanish government.\nLong experience emboldens us humbly to suggest, that while our hands are tied, and the enemy permitted to proceed without retaliation, we cannot flatter ourselves with any bounds to our calamities. How far it may, in general, be expedient to reconcile this enemy with presents and rewards, is not for us to decide; but we cannot help deploring, that, with respect to this country such treaties appear to have an evil tendency.\nThat our sufferings proceed not from any known provocation on our side, we appeal to the father of truth and mercy: Therefore, in full confidence of your humanity and justice, we pray, that we may be further assisted to support this frontier, which in our present situation is found to be in the utmost danger. We further petition, that to awe our enemies, this government may be permitted to retaliate upon the invaders and aggressors, or to demand them from their towns, if they pursue these insufferable violences: or, in case they refuse to deliver them up, that we may have the sanction of public authority to do ourselves justice; for we know not, in our present situation, to what despair the people may be driven.\nDAVID WILSON, Chairman.  THOMAS DONNEL, Clerk.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0292", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 13 August 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia August 13. 1793.\nI am perfectly satisfied, that the conduct of the treasury as to Mr Fraunces has been right in all its parts. The kind of paper, which he holds, is suspicious; the particular paper is suspicious; it may have been already paid by the public; at any rate the extent of the allowance of such a claim, as circumstances now appear, cannot be foreseen. Fraunces himself ought to be convinced, that he has been properly dealt with. Perhaps it may not be amiss, that Mr Lear should inform Fraunces, that an examination has been made into the affair; and that it does not appear to be a fit occasion for the interference of the executive.\nI do not find, that the report of the commissioners of public accounts is any where directed expressly to be lodged in the Treasury-department. But the 7th Section of the act of August 5. 1790 has so stronly implied it, that it is impossible for that department to perform its functions concerning the debts of individual states without being possessed of it. I have the honor, sir, to be with the highest respect yr mo. ob. serv.\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0293", "content": "Title: To George Washington from \u201cAn American\u201d, 14 August 1793\nFrom: \u201cAn American\u201d (anonymous)\nTo: Washington, George\nPhilad. August. 14. [1793]\n To the PRESIDENT of the UNITED STATES.  \n  SIR,\n BEING an American by birth, an early admirer of your principles and conduct, and feeling a consciousness of the dignity attached to a free citizen of the United States, I take the liberty of addressing you in this public manner. Sure I am, that if you were acquainted with the secret recesses of my heart, you would excuse any improper expression, and give a favourable construction to what may be offered on the present occasion. Sir, I have watched in a special manner the conduct of your enemies, and the enemies of our country, from the commencement of the declaration of independence; and the time was, when our highly respected General despised their secret machinations, and brought to light private intrigues; the time was, when the Man of the People, would make known a Duche, as well as an Andre, when it had become proverbial amongst enemies, as\nwell as friends, that Washington was impregnable; and believe me, Sir, my opinion still remains the same in respect to you\u2014but jealousies have gone forth; permit me to observe to you upon what ground they have taken their rise.\nOur mutual enemies act consistently;\u2014they have endeavoured to destroy the respect, vigilance, and activity of all true friends to their country, by reporting all manner of evil of them falsely; they have so far succeeded, that it is well known many of our old whigs have been reproached, their characters vilified, and means taken to ruin them; that in consequence too many of our veterans, feeling the weight of the insult, have lost their fortitude, and fallen into despondency: they have exulted at their ruin; but, Sir, view their conduct in the promulgation of the present constitution. Their constant game was to play federal against anti-federal, men that had no other design than to raise up a people, from their vociferous bellowings, to oppose them, and by that means, place their conduct to the overturning the constitution; for believe me, Sir, it is neither you, nor the constitution of America, they love or admire; but a division of the people\u2014Examine their conduct with regard to your proclamation, and their addresses to you on that occasion. Before it was scarcely read, did they not run to you with their deceitful compliments on the occasion, and for the express purpose, as above stated, knowing that the real friends of their country could, nor would not join her known and noted enemies; and if a single individual should think it his duty to write or speak on the subject, the whole of the great body of the people, real friends, and uniform democrats, are vilified in all the public newspapers, with charges roundly asserted, as anti-federalists, enemies to our executive, overturners of the government, disposed to anarchy, with every other diabolical charge\u2014Examine their line of conduct, and compare it with those that are enemies to the republic of France, and you, Sir, will find it exactly similar; there it has been discovered that from Dumourier down, the greatest enemies have professed to be the warmest advocates for the new government, until discovered by the people.\u2014The tenth of August, in Paris, the massacre at St. Domingo, and every general outrage has been brought about by the same kind of conduct, and I fear the dangers apprehended amongst us will originate from the like causes.\u2014Much more might be added on this head, were it necessary.\n From what has been said, I would only wish to impress on your mind, who your real friends are, and who the friends of our country. Trust me, they are not British agents, or emissaries, nor those among us that are against the virtuous struggles of the French. Much, very much, depends on judging aright between the parties that are now struggling for pre-eminence; whose dependence is in drawing you off from your true interest\u2014For God\u2019s sake, for the sake of your country\u2019s prosperity, for the sake of your own happiness and honour, I intreat you, Sir, scrutinize the characters that are cringing to you, and whispering in your ear: Consider that Free Men, possessed of Republican principles, cannot flatter; but they are the people you have proved, and will ultimately have to rely on.\nAN AMERICAN.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0295", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Andrew G. Fraunces, 14 August 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Fraunces, Andrew G.\nSir\nPhilada Augt 14th 1793\nIn the letter which I wrote to you by the President\u2019s order on the 3d inst. you was informed that the President had directed the Secretary of the Treasury to report to him, in writing, on the subject of your letter to the President of the 31st of July.\nThis Report has accordingly been made by the Secretary\u2014and the President directs me to inform you, that he finds therein such cogent reasons given for not paying the warrants in your possession that he cannot but be perfectly satisfied with the conduct of the Secretary of the Treasury in having declined the payment of them. And I am, moreover, ordered by the President to add, that altho\u2019 the warrants would not be paid without a further investigation of the circumstances relating to them\u2014and a better ground to justify that payment than appears at present\u2014let them be in the possession of whomsoever they might; yet he thinks you have much less cause to complain of a refusal to pay them, than another wou\u2019d have who might have become possessed of them without knowing all the circumstances respecting them which it appears were known to you. I am Sir Yr Ob. St.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0296", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 14 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Departmt Augt 14. 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor respectfully to communicate to The President of the United States the copy of a letter which has this moment been received from the Collector of this port, informing of the arrival of two prizes sent in by the privateers Citizen Genet & Carmagnole.\nA. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0298", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 14 August 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] Wednesday Eveng 14 Augt 1793\nThe President wishes the Heads of the Departments to meet at his house tomorrow at ten o\u2019clock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0300", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 14 August 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar department August 14th 1793\nI submit to your consideration a draft of a letter to Major General Wayne\u2014and also his letters to which the said draft is intended as an answer. I have the honor to be with the highest respect Your obed. humble servt\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0301", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Howell Lewis, 14 August 1793\nFrom: Lewis, Howell\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Uncle,\nMount Vernon August 14th, 1793\nYour letter of the 4th Inst. enclosing a Bank note of one hundred Dollars, came duly to hand.\nIt is, now with pleasure, I can inform you of the great Service, which the rain of last Thursday has been to the growing Crop, it has made a very perceivable difference in the colour of the Corn, & in its Shooting, but I am affraid some of it which grows on the poor Knolls will never recover; you will also loose a great proportion of your Fodder, owing to its being burnt up, by the Drouth.\nYour directions respecting, leveling the Corn grown for grass, at Union Farm & Dogue run Fields, were delivered, Both to Crow & Davy\u2014you will See by there reports they have began to sow wheat. McKoy & Stuart will finish on Thursday, hauling & Securing there wheat; McKoy has not yet got his oats out of the Field.\nMr Stuart desired me to explain to you the reason of his not being able to run more than 7 or 8 ploughs at a time. There are two Mares which has not done him one hours work Since he came on the Farm, one of them could never be made to work, & the other he says is broken hearted. And there are three Mares whh have young Colts, and so low in flesh, that they are oblige to relieve one another, and this is the cause why he has never run more at a time. three of his oxen has given out, & I was affraid that you would have lost them, but they have in some measure recovered, but will not be fit for use, at least a month.\nSince my last letter I have found the machine for geathering the heads of the Clover for Seed, in the Cellar underneath the room where Mr Whiting formerly Stay\u2019d. which Mr Butler will set to work on Thursday. The Clover Seed I cant here anything off. Butler will finish hay making on friday, and also informs me what you mentioned respecting, sowing the oat ground with Grass in February, will answer, and he has about 5 bushels of Orchard grass seed.\nI have sent you all the Pamphlets I could find in your Study, by Capt. Ellwood. The family are all well, & join me in compliments to my aunt & family. I am your affectionate Nephew\nHowell Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0303", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Anderson (of Scotland), 15 August 1793\nFrom: Anderson, James\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nBee office Edinr. 15h Augt 1793\nI received, a few weeks ago the letter of the 25 April which you did me the honour to write to me. Lord Buchan, at the same time favoured me with a sight of what you had written to him. I can make no other return but the most sincere thanks for these unmerited marks of your obliging attention\u2014I shall at least make it my study so to act as not to make you ashamed of this kindness.\nTho\u2019 it must be expected that in our attempts to obtain useful productions from one country with a view to benefit another we will often find that articles sent to us as valuable turn out to be of little use, we ought not from thence to slacken our endeavours; for, if out of a hundred trials one shall prove successful, much good will be done. No man can estimate the benefits that Britain has derived from the introduction of the culture of Broad Clover\u2014Turnips, and potatoes into this island; and the benefits that America has derived from the culture of Rice is notorious\u2014To obtain one other such article would be a sufficient recompence for thousands of abortive trials. From these considerations I continue to collect from all quarters, to the utmost of my power, to distribute to others. I have obtained many parcels of seeds from Botany Bay\u2014but these not coming recommended by any notices of their utility, I distribute only to those who are curious about more and new plants\u2014I use the freedom to send along with this a few specimens of seeds of plants I have lately received which are recommended for their utility, some of which may, perhaps at some future period prove useful to America.\n1st Polygonum tataricum\u2014Tartarian Buckwheat\u2014was recommended to me as a perennial plant of great value as a food for cattle\u2014I sowed the seeds about the end of june\u2014and it is evidently an annual plant\u2014as it has been already in flower for at least a fortnight\u2014It grows vigurously, and has much the habit and appearance of the common buck wheat\u2014The grain is more weighty.\n 2d Asclepias Syriaca. a plant that affords a cottony down of the softness of silk. some notices of which are to be found in the Bee Vol. 13 p.  I sowed the seeds, which proved prolific. It is a perennial\u2014has a sickly appearance\u2014Concerning this plant I am promised farther information.\n3d Turnips. These seeds were sent by Warren Hastings Esqr., who, whatever may have been his conduct in his public station, is, in his private capacity an amiable man, and a sincere promoter of science and useful arts\u2014These seeds are said to have come from Thibet\u2014But whether they possess any valuable peculiarities, or what these are, I cannot pretend to say The seeds were received only about two weeks ago\u2014I sowed some of them which have sprung up\u2014and will serve to propogate the species for farther trials.\nN.B. The qualities of the Ruta baga, or Swedish turnips have been now tolerably well ascertained here\u2014On dry ground, they are small and trifling, but upon damp stiff land where no other turnips would grow they swell to a very large size\u2014Their qualities for the table are excellent\u2014if enough boiled\u2014otherwise they taste bitter.\n4th Sesamum Orientale These seeds came from the neighbourhood of Astracan\u2014and require a warmer climate than ours to ripen\u2014It is there cultivated for the sake of the oil it affords\u2014one third of the weight of seed can be obtained from it\u2014This oil is of a pleasant bland taste as olive oil, and is not apt to turn rancid even in the hottest climate, tho\u2019 it is there carried in skins exposed to the sun. In warm countries\u2014where cows cannot be easily kept, or butter obtained in quantities\u2014a fine kind of eating oil becomes a necessary of life\u2014And as olives do not come into full bearing for many years\u2014to young settlers, an annual plant which affords the same article in abundance and of a superior quality promises to be a great acquisition. Probably in the Carolina\u2019s or Georgia this plant may prove of use\u2014I am assured the seeds are perfectly fresh\u2014but I have not tried them.\nI use the freedom also to send a very small specimen of a curious artificial preparation of hemp which comes from silesia in Germany\u2014It is at least a matter of curiosity, as it shews how far the ingenuity of man will go when stimulated with the hope of gain\u2014It had a lustre like silk when I got it\u2014but has been so much handled as to have lost much of its beauty\u2014If it can be afforded at a moderate price it will be a valuable discovery\u2014A gentleman of fortune in England to whom I sent a small specimen\u2014has authorised me to write to Silesia which I have done, to see if the inventor will sell the secret\u2014which if he does he means to publish\u2014It must be a long time before manufactures which owe most of their value to labour, can be introduced with profit into America.\nI send along with this parcel a copy as compleat as I can make it, of the correspondence in India of my worthy friend Dr Anderson at Madras\u2014If any thing that is mentioned there promises to be useful in any of the American provinces I can easily order them from thence. Sir William Jones of Calcutta, whose influence in India at present is well known, is so good likewise as to interest the principal persons in that extensive district to communicate information to me concerning any thing that promises to be useful in Europe\u2014so that, by his means, if you or any person in America wish for any article or communication from Bengal, or its dependancies, I think I can promise to obtain it\u2014But long is it before returns from thence can be obtained\u2014Dr Pallas too\u2014who is now on an expedition into the southern parts of the Russian dominions is anxious to promote the dissemination of useful knowledge. And as I am authorised to correspond with him, by post without expence of postage, any information that may be wanted from thence can be obtained by the quickest conveyance In the 16th volume of the Bee now printing will be found a very valuable dissertation on the different varieties of sheep he found in the Great Tartary. and other parts of the Russian dominions he had visited, accompanied with plates done from drawings furnished by him\u2014This dissertation gives a more perfect view of the natural history of this useful animal than I have met with in any other publication.\nIt is not to be supposed that you yourself can find leisure among the multiplied avocations that claim your attention, to advert to matters of this sort\u2014But there are many men of liberal dispositions in America, who are not engaged in public affairs who might perhaps take pleasure in forwarding such pursuits To such men an opening of this sort might prove acceptable were it known.\nYour sentiments respecting the conduct of America in regard to the unfortunate disturbances in Europe at present, as expressed in your letter to Lord Buchan, must command the approbation of every worthy mind. It is one of those evils to which our imperfect state in this world subjects us, that no good can be got without alloy\u2014It is so difficult to draw the line between liberty and licentiousness\u2014that the one can scarcely be obtained without some share of the other\u2014The present state of France is most deplorable\u2014and that of the other countries in Europe is not enviable\u2014Happy is it for America that she is not embroiled in this general calamity\u2014I flatter myself that the two inclosed papers give a fairer and more candid state of affairs in Britain at present than you can have access to find in any other publication\u2014I hope to have your forgivenness for sending them thus\u2014I believe ninty nine persons out of a hundred here think exactly as is there represented\u2014I never before knew the public judge so wisely respecting a war.\nIn compliance with the obliging hint contained in your letters\u2014I have at this time endeavoured to find an agent in Philadelphia to circulate the Bee But whether I shall be able to get it effected, is to me doubtful\u2014for booksellers in general are a set of men with whom I have found greater difficulties in business than any others\u2014I should have been wanting in duty to myself And in respect to your much honoured opinions, had I not done what lies in my power to establish a correspondence with america\u2014which is the country of all others, where I expect to find men acting with energy as rational creatures.\nI hope you will pardon the length of this letter\u2014and that you will not con[c]eive that I have the inconsiderable presumption to expect that an answer to me is necessary\u2014Should any thing occur in which my humble interposition can be of use in forwarding your wishes, I shall think myself highly honoured by your commands\u2014And as long as I have reason to believe that it does not prove troublesome, I shall continue to send from time to time such little articles as fall in my way that I think may lend in any respect to the pleasure or emolument of the people in America. I have the honour to be\u2014with the most sincere respect Sir your excellencys Much obliged, and Most obedient H\u27e8be\u27e9 Servt\nJas: Anderson\nforgive the smallness of the specimens\u2014this arises from necessity.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0304", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Samuel Hughes, 15 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hughes, Samuel\n Letter not found: to Samuel Hughes, 15 Aug. 1793. Hughes wrote GW on 19 Aug. 1793 that he \u201chad the honor of receiving your letter of the 15th Inst.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0306", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 15 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 15. 1793.\nMr Albion Coxe, engaged in England by mister Pinckney as Assayer of the mint, has not yet completely qualified himself by giving security as required by law; in the mean time he has been of necessity employed at the mint in his proper capacity, and of course is entitled to paiment for his services. the Director of the mint asks instruction on this subject, and I should be of opinion he might pay him for his services at the rate allowed by law, for the time he has been employed by him, and out of the general fund from which he pays his other workmen. this is submitted to your approbation.\nThe Director also informs me that much silver is brought to him to be exchanged for coin, but not having the coin ready the silver is carried away again. he is of opinion that if the Treasurer was directed to deliver him 1000. Dollars to be coined into dismes & half-dismes, & to be permitted to lie in the mint till\nwanted for the Treasury, it would serve him in the mean time as a stock exchange, and enable him to take in the parcels of silver offered as beforementioned. he would by this means throw small silver into circulation & greatly relieve the demand for copper coinage. I have the honor to be with great respect & attachment, Sir, your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0307", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Francis Mercer, 15 August 1793\nFrom: Mercer, John Francis\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nMarlborough [Va.] Augt 15th 1793.\n From Yours of the 7th reach\u2019d me at this place the day before yesterday, whether I came immediately after I left Philadelphia & where I have remain\u2019d during the whole summer\u2014I left the Deed with Doct. James Steuart to be executed by the several parties\u2014he wrote me sometime since that this had been done & that the privy examinations were taken by a Judge out of Court, but that some formality still remainin[g] for myself to execute previous to recording\u2014I woud have gone to Maryland for this purpose solely had I expected to have been detain\u2019d here \u2019till this time\u2014I shall return with my family in two weeks & any formality still requisite (but what it is does not occur) will be completed & the record\nmade & the Deed forwarded agreably to your desire. With high respect I am Sir Yr mo: Ob. hb. Servt\nJohn Fs. Mercer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0308", "content": "Title: Joshua Merryman to Tobias Lear, 15 August 1793\nFrom: Merryman, Joshua\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\nBaltimore 15 August 1793\nAs I trust you will gladly embrace an opportunity to oblige me, so there is no Man to whom I had rather lay myself under an Obligation. I apply to you, therefore, preferably to any body else, for a favor which I am extremely desireous to obtain. To wit, for you to name me to His Excelency the President of the United States as a candidate for the surveyers Office in this Town, which is Vacant by the Death of Mr Ballard, and favor me with your interest.\nI have deemed a long list of recommendations Unnessisary, as you must have known me in Alexandria long enough to form some opinion of my Private Character. Should I be so fortunate as to succeed in my application, I shall be ready and Willing to give such security as may be required, for the faithful discharge of the Office. I remain with sentiments of respect, Your Most Obt Hble Servt\nJoshua Merryman.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0309", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Sinclair, 15 August 1793\nFrom: Sinclair, John\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWhite-hall. London. 15th August. 1793.\nI had the honour of receiving, your Excellency\u2019s letter of the 15th March, only a few weeks ago. But at the same time delayed answering it, until it was in my power to inform you, of an\ninstitution having commenced, namely a Board of Agriculture and internal improvement, which from the great mass of information it will accumulate, on subjects of general utility, will, I trust, be of equal use to Great Britain and America. I took the liberty of sending to your Excellency by Dr adair, the original plan of the Board, and I have now the pleasure of transmitting the first fruits of that important establishment. To wit.\n1st. The plan of our Agricultural surveys, which are going on with such rapidity, in consequence of above 50 intelligent men having undertaken to execute them (in general gratuitously) that we shall be able to complete, the proposed survey of the whole Island in less than 6 months. The Board will then be enabled, to draw up a general report upon the subject, to be laid before Parliament, in consequence of which, I have no doubt, that some effectual measures will be taken, for the general improvement of the country, in the course of the ensuing session, either by removing discouragements where they exist, or by granting encouragements, where they are necessary.\n2. The first rough outlines, of the agricultural state of Middlesex and of Huntingdonshire. They are certainly two of the smallest, and, in an agricultural point of view, two of the most backward counties in England, but these papers will sufficiently explain the nature of the plan we have adopted, which is, that of first procuring similar sketches, and afterwards submitting them to the consideration of every intelligent man in the district to which they respectively belong, previous to any publication. This is not only a proper mark of attention to the farmers and proprietors in these districts, which interests them more in the success of the measure, but thus we can hardly fail to obtain every fact, or even idea upon the subject, that can be of any material service in the cause.\n3. Specimens of statistical reports to be circulated in England, and which I wish were reprinted and circulated in america. Your Excellency will see, in the preliminary address, that I have not neglected to avail myself, of your authority in favour of such an undertaking.\nThe success with which these measures are likely to be attended, will, I hope be some inducement, to procure a similar establishment, or a National Board of Agriculture, in america. We might then correspond together, and exert ourselves to bring\npolitical society, and that best means of procuring the food of the people, by the cultivation of their own soil, to its greatest heighth of perfection.\nI have had of late, several conversations with Mr Edwards, an American Gentleman, who seems to be very intelligent in matters of husbandry, and very well calculated to give, as well as to receive, information upon useful subjects. Having been accidentally led, to draw up my sentiments, respecting points mutually interesting to both Countries, in a letter to that Gentleman, I take the liberty of inclosing a copy of it, for your perusal, incase any thing should occur in it, that may be intitled to farther consideration.\nI beg to conclude with my best acknowledgements to your Excellency, for the very satisfactory information you have procured me, respecting the sheep of America. The materials I have been collecting on that subject, are now almost complete. I hope therefore that it will soon be in my power to present your Excellency, and the Gentleman who took the trouble of drawing up answers to my circulated Queries, with copies of my intended publication, to be intitled, \u201ca general history of the Sheep, with observations on the proper mode of managing them\u201d &ca or something to that effect, for the work, has not as yet had even a beginning.\nWith my best wishes for your health and happiness, I have the honour to subscribe myself, with great regard & esteem, your Excellency\u2019s very faithful and obedient humble Servant\nJohn Sinclair\nN.B. Since writing the above, I have this instant got a specimen of some Botany Bay seeds.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0310", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Benjamin Chew, Jr., 16 August 1793\nFrom: Chew, Benjamin Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhilada Walnut st. August 16th 1793\nIn consequence of the Enquiry I have had the Honor of making on your Account respecting the Disposition of William Pearce of Kent County Maryland to engage in your Service as Superintendant or the Overlooker of your Farms at Mount Vernon, it has been intimated to me by Letter that he is anxious to be in so distinguished an Employ\u2014Contrary to my Expectation however Mr Pearce has himself come to this Place for the purpose of waiting upon you, assigning as the Reason, that he at present rents a Farm in the Neighbourhood of one which he holds as his own property and that in the course of a very short period it will be necessary for him to decide with his Landlord whether he means\nto retain the Farm another year\u2014the Testimonials he can procure of his Character and Abilities as a Farmer and Planter, from the Information I have received, are almost unexceptionable\u2014at present he is a Widower but has several Children\u2014of his arrangements in respect to his Family as well as on a variety of other Subjects, you no doubt would desire a minute examination\u2014Should you, Sir, therefore wish to see Mr Pearce, I will take Care that he shall have the Honor of attending your Leisure at such hour as you may please to appoint\u2014and if in the Result I shall have been fortunate eno\u2019 in any way to have promoted your accommodation, it will afford me infinite Gratification. I have the Honor to remain Sir with the utmost respect Your very obedt hble Servt\nBenjamin Chew jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0311", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Barker Church, 16 August 1793\nFrom: Church, John Barker\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nLondon August 16: 1793\nThe Princess D\u2019Henin has confided to me the enclos\u2019d Letter from our unfortunate Friend M. de la Fayette, with a Request that I would convey it to your Excellency; I do it with a peculiar Pleasure as it affords me an Opportunity of assuring your Excellency, of that perfect Respect and Veneration which I ever entertain for you, and at the same Time, of embracing an Opportunity of endeavoring thro\u2019 your Means to render a Service to our poor Friend, who is treated in a Manner shocking to Humanity, and contrary to the general Laws of Nations\u2014The Marquis\u2019s  Friends have no Hope of procuring his Liberation, but by the Interference of you Excellency and the Government of the United States, I heartily wish it may be in your Power to effect it, for the Marquis is only treated in this Manner on Account of his sincere Attachment to the Cause of Liberty.\nMrs Church charges me to present her most respectful Compliments to your Excellency and Mrs Washington, to whom I request the Favor of you to present mine also\u2014I have the Honor to be with every respectful Sentiment Your Excellency\u2019s Most faithful, humble Servant\nJ.B. Church", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0312", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 16 August 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nWar Department, 16th August 1793.\nI have the honor to submit, a letter received from James Seagrove Esqr: dated the 6th of July\u2014and two letters from the Governor of Georgia of the 24th & 30th of the same month, with their enclosures. I am Sir, Most respectfully, Your very humble Servt\nH. Knox secy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0313", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Tilghman, 16 August 1793\nFrom: Tilghman, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nCity Tavern [Philadelphia] Friday\u201416. Augt 1793\nI have the honor of inclosing a bond which you will be pleased to execute, after filling up the blank left for the date. The inclosed copy of Mr Chalmers\u2019s receipt will explain the nature of the transaction. I shall take the earliest opportunity of writing to Chalmers & you shall be informed of his answer as soon as I receive it. I must beg the favor of your sending the bond under cover to me, to be left at the City Tavern, any time before Monday next, on which day I shall leave the City. I have the honor to be with the most perfect respect Sir yr most ob. Servt\nWm Tilghman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0314", "content": "Title: Resolutions of the Citizens of Essex County, New Jersey, 17 August 1793\nFrom: Citizens of Essex County, New Jersey\nTo: Washington, George\n[Newark, N.J., 17 August 1793]\nAt a numerous and respectable meeting of the Inhabitants of the County of Essex in the State of New Jersey, held at the Court House at Newark on the seventeenth day of August 1793\u2014General\nElias Dayton was chosen Chairman & Elisha Boudinot Esqr. Secretary.\nResolved\u2014one person only dissenting, That we regard the proclamation of the President; which announces the Neutrality of the United States in the war now existing among several of the Nations in Europe, As a declaration of the real disposition of these States, As a friendly admonition to all our Citizens, of the penalties to which they will be exposed under any violation of the law of Nations\u2014and as a new proof of that watchful care and paternal affection for the true interests, prosperity and honor of this Country, which has so uniformly marked and eminently distinguished the administration of our first Majistrate.\nResolved\u2014That as it is the indispensible duty of every good Citizen, so it shall be our constant endeavour to carry into effect the pacific system enjoined in the aforesaid proclamation, and to support our public Officers in all lawful and proper exertions to enforce and maintain the same.\nElisha Boudinot Secry Elias Dayton Chairman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0315", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Gordon, 17 August 1793\nFrom: Gordon, William\nTo: Washington, George\nMy Dear Sir\nSt Neots Huntingdonshire [England] Augt 17. 1793.\nThe renewed choice of your Excellency to the Presidentship was what I expected; & I was much pleased, when looking over the Gazette of the United States, it appeared that the vote of every elector was in your favor. When the war commenced between G. Britain & France, I was repeatedly asked, What part will the Americans take? I always answered\u2014I apprehend they will observe a strict neutrality; for peace & trade with the whole world is the interest of the United States. The arrival of your proclamation confirmed my opinion. But I suspect, that the court of St James\u2019s will not admit of your acting upon the principle of neutral vessels making neutral property, with an exception of warlike articles. You will undoubtedly maintain the principle, should prudence prevent entering upon hostilities to support it: but by firmly maintaining the principle, instead of making the smallest concessions, you will vindicate your future conduct upon the occasion, whenever the opportunity offers of your supporting it by force without any considerable hazard to yourselves. This however has not influenced me to trouble you with the present letter; but something of more consequence to the United States.\nThere is a prevailing idea in G. B., if not in other parts of Europe, that whenever you are removed, the federal union will be dissolved, the states will separate, & disorder succeed, for that the American government cannot in its own nature be lasting. The confusions in France, & the eccentric publications in the U.S. tend to strengthen the idea. I am fully convinced from what I have read in the manuscripts you possess, that nothing will give you greater satisfication than being the means of disappointing such expectations. Some conjecture, that when you have been removed from these lower regions (may it be to the regions of perpetual bliss) for a few years, the states will quarrel about who shall be President, & thereby produce a separation. I am fully convinced that one, if not more, of the first persons in the U.S., is of opinion, that in time an hereditary President must be chosen, to prevent the dangerous contests that periodical elections will produce, similar to what has happened repeatedly in choosing Polish sovereigns. An hereditary President will become most probably, in a series of years, but another name for an hereditary monarch, & the whole spirit of government be changed into European, Asiatic, African, whatever may be its bodily shape. Allow me then to ask your opinion, whether the following plan might not, if brought into execution, be prev\u27e8mutilated\u27e9tive of such a deplorable event? Let an alteration be made in that part of the federal constitution, that relates to the choice of the President.\nLet it be agreed by the U.S., that after your decease, or declining the Presidentship, the President shall be chosen alternately from each state (in the same form as now) for four years, the population of each state to determine the rotation, from the highest to the lowest, the first & the last. The population to be settled as soon as possible: & then the order for each state\u2019s furnishing a President be declared. When every state has enjoyed the privilege; before the last in rotation has completed its term of four years, let the population of the states be taken afresh, & a new orderly list be formed, as the variations produced by sixty years & more may require\u2014Though Virginia has furnished a President once & again, before such alteration in the choice of a President, her right to the order of the rotation not to be vacated. I cannot be absolutely certain, but I conceive that it was at length agreed by the former Congress, that the President should be chosen in rotation from the respective states, or a state that had not before furnished one.\nWhether we may judge alike upon this delicate & important subject I know not: but I am convinced that your Excellency will give me credit for my attachment to the welfare of the United States; & will deem it respectful, that I have not communicated these thoughts to any other correspondent; & have entrusted it with you, to digest, & ripen, & bring forward the plan, if honored with your approbation, in your own way & time. I am too much attached to American liberty & the United States, than to fail in praying for their continued & increasing prosperity.\nMrs Gordon joins me in wishing your Excellency, & your Lady the best of divine blessings through the remainder of life, & an infinitely better life hereafter through the merits of our Lord & Saviour Jesus Christ. I remain my Dear Sir Your most sincere & affectionate friend\nWilliam Gordon\nI deplore the situation of our friend de la Fayette, but can obtain no news of him, other than of his general imprisonment. May he be supported thro\u2019 the trial, & at length be restored to the public & his friends.\n P.S. If what the News Paper which arrived yesterday mentioned should be true\u2014That Mr Hamilton had written to all the American Ports to admit French prizes, but not prizes taken by the powers at war with France, & there is a settled determination on the part of the Americans to fulfil the articles of the treaty with them in 1778, wherein special privileges are granted them, beyond those here who are their enemies, however desirous you may be of observing a neutrality in other respects, I divine from the hauteur of \u27e8the\u27e9 British ministry, that prudence will require your getting ready for a rupture, that you may have the chance of preventing it. May heaven forbid such a rupture! Should it take place, I can pray for my friends, though I can no longer correspond with them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0316", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 17 August 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir.\nWar Department August 17th 1793\nPlease to Submit the enclosed report from the Secretary of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania to the President of the United States. I have the honor to be Sir your humble Servant\nH. Knox secy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0318", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Citizens of New Castle County, Delaware, 17 August 1793\nFrom: Citizens of New Castle County, Delaware\nTo: Washington, George\n[Wilmington, Del., 17 August 1793]\nAt a Meeting of a Number of respectable Inhabitants of the County of New Castle in the State of Delaware, Convened at the\nBorough of Wilmington on the 17th day of August 1793 pursuant to Publick Notice for that Purpose given, the following Resolutions were proposed and Adopted.\nFirst\u2014Resolved that this Meeting, highly approve of the late Proclamation of the President of the United States, enjoining upon the Citizens of the United States, the Observance of Newtral Conduct towards the Belligerent Powers of Europe.\nSecond Resolved that it is the Opinion of this Meeting that the President by this Proclamation, has given an Additional Proof of sound discretion and Unremitting Vigilance in the Exercise of the Functions of his Station.\nThird Resolved that it is the Opinion of this Meeting that the Prosperous and happy condition of our Country is Connected with, and greatly dependent on its state of Peace, that War would be destructive of its Commerce and Injurous to its Agriculture, and that the Proclamation is happily Calculated to avoid the Multiplied Evils and Misery of which it would be productive.\nFourth. Resolved that this Meeting, firmly perswaded that the Measures of the General Goverment are Wise Honourable and Advantageous, will be regulated in their Conduct by them, and will Contribute their Aid to Support them.\nFifth. Resolved that from the Opportunities the Persons now Convened have had of Discovering the Sentiments of the Inhabitants of this State, it appears, that they Correspond with those Expressed in the Preceeding Resolutions.\nsixth Resolved that a Copy of these Resolutions, under the signature of the Chairman, be transmitted to the President of the United; States, and that the Proceedings of the present Meeting be published.\nJno. McKinly Chairman\nA true Exract from the Minutes Matthew Pearce Secty", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0319", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Porter, 17 August 1793\nFrom: Porter, David\nTo: Washington, George\nRevenue Cutter Active Baltimore August 17th 1793\nI Beg leave\nTo return your Excellency my Sincere and unfeigned thanks for noticeing and commissioning me to the command of the Revenue Cutter Active on the maryland station.\n Also take leave to inform you of my intentions of Steping forward with recommendations for the surveyors Office of the port of baltimore, as I conceive the door Is yet open for candidates, delicacy woud not permit Me to make such early application as some others. had I have done it its probable shoud have succeeded with Little trouble, but hope it is not too late, Shoud I be Honoured with filling that Office none woud be more Attentive to duty And trust than myself. I was the Publicks faithfull and attentive servant during the Late war in capasity of Lieutenant on board our frigates with some of our ablest Commanders and Ever had their thanks and good wishes, but proved an Unfortunate man being often Captured and experiene\u27e8d\u27e9 the Cruelest treatment at Sundry times in different places, but to enter into particulars of such A nature woud be tedious to your Excellency.\nI now solicit and pray for an office of profit on A peace establishment which if I am honoured To fill shall endeavour to give general and uniform Satisfaction it must be my sole dependence for Support through life for Self and family. I Am Your Excellency\u2019s Obbt and Attentive Servant.\nDavid Porter Master Of the Cutter Active", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0320", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Citizens of Richmond, Virginia, 17 August 1793\nFrom: Citizens of Richmond, Virginia\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nRichmond August 17th 1793\nImpress\u2019d with a full conviction of the wisdom of your administration in general, and especially approving that system of conduct which you have adopted, and steadily observed towards the belligerent powers of Europe, we, the inhabitants of Richmond and its vicinity in the Commonwealth of Virginia, are happy in an opportunity of conveying to you these our genuine sentiments.\nWhen propitious Heaven had crown\u2019d with victory the efforts of your country and yourself, while rejoicing America enumerated the blessings to be derived from so important a revolution, it was not reckon\u2019d among the least of them, that, in future, the people of this favor\u2019d land might in peace pursue their own happiness, tho\u2019 war and violence shou\u2019d desolate the European world, or drench it in human blood. So too, when the good genius of America had devis\u2019d that change in our government, which her wisdom has since adopted, it was held an argument of some weight against the necessity of this change, and all in opposition to it with one voice declar\u2019d, that situated as this country is, no madness or folly cou\u2019d ever be so supreme as to involve us again in European contests. Nor was this opinion, so uniform and universal, in favor of peace, deriv\u2019d from any other source  than a knowledge of the real situation, and a conviction of the real interests of America. It is impossible for the eye of cool and temperate reason to survey these United States without perceiving, that, however dreadful the calamities of war may be to other nations, they are still more dreadful to us, and however important the benefits of peace to others, to us it must be still more beneficial.\nFrom those whose province it is to make war, we expect every effort to avoid it consistent with the honor interest and good-faith of America; from you, Sir, to whom is assigned the important task of \u201ctaking care that the laws be faithfully executed\u201d we have already experienc\u2019d the most active and watchful attention to our dearest interests.\nEver since the period when a just respect for the voice of your country induc\u2019d you to abandon the retirement you lov\u2019d, for that high station which your fellow citizens unanimously call\u2019d you, your conduct has been uniformly calculated to promote their happiness and welfare. And in no instance has this been more remarkable, or your vigilant attention to the duties of your office more clearly discover\u2019d than in your proclamation respecting the neutrality of the United States. As genuine Americans, with no other interest at heart but that of our country, unbiass\u2019d by foreign influence which history informs us has been the bane of more than one Republic, our minds are open to a due sense of the propriety, justice, and wisdom of this measure, and we cannot refrain from expressing our pleasure at its adoption.\nWe recollect too well the calamities of war, not to use our best endeavours to restrain any wicked citizen, if such indeed can be found among us, who, disregarding his own duty and the happiness of the United States, in violation of the law of the land and the wish of the people, shall dare to gratify his paltry passions at the risk of his countrys welfare, perhaps of her existence.\nWe pray Heaven to manifest its providential care of these States by prolonging to them the blessing of your administration; And may the pure spirit of it continue to animate the government of America through a succession of ages. Signed by desire and on behalf of the Meeting,\nG. Wythe.\nTest., Aw Dunscomb Secy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0323", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Frances Bassett Washington, 18 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Frances Bassett\nMy dear Fanny.\nPhiladelphia Augt 18th 1793.\nI was unable this day wee[k\u2014] a day I devote in part, to writing letters of private concernment\u2014to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 7th instant.\nAs I shall always be sincerely disposed to give you my opinion upon any, and every point you may desire respecting the management\nof your Estate, or the Children, it is my \u27e8w\u27e9ish that you would never be backward in laying them before me. If I cannot instantly comply with your request, I may, nevertheless, do it in time.\nThe sentiments contained in my letter of the 10th of June were the best I could form under the view I had of your affairs, and recollection \u27e8of\u27e9 the Will of the Testator. As it did not get to your hands before you had adopted measures for \u27e8the\u27e9 disposal of the property in Berkeley, and ar\u27e8ran\u27e9gement of that in Fairfax, I do not see that better can be done than to allot the Negros in Fairfax in the manner proposed in your letter of the \u27e87\u27e9th instt. And with respect to the young fellow \u27e8in Berkel\u27e9ey, who you say refused to be hired with the rest\u27e8, but\u27e9 who by the bye ought to have had no\u27e8thing to say in the case\u27e9, it is of no great moment now, \u27e8whether\u27e9 he be added to those who are to remain \u27e8in Fair\u27e9fax, or to chuse a Master in Berkeley. \u27e8The five\u27e9 you have allotted to the former, besides \u27e8the old\u27e9 woman & independant of him, will require the same kind of cropping as usual, to give them employment; and the same sort of Overseer as at present to look after them; whereas, upon the plan I suggested, a Man & boy with two plows under the direction of \u27e8a\u27e9 Farmer \u27e8(\u27e9who by agreement should be compelled to work as those under him do) I conceive the profit would have been greater, than with a larger number, managed as heretofore. But it is too late [(]at least for the ensuing year) to carry the latter plan into effect. It may be well therefore, if your present Overseer is indisposed to continue under these changes, to be enqui\u27e8ring\u27e9 in time for another; and by adding the \u27e8fe\u27e9llow above you will have a better chance of getting a tolerable one; the force even with him, being too small to induce a man of character to engage; and too numerous \u27e8to\u27e9 expect an Overlooker to labour in \u27e8the mann\u27e9er one would do whose living depended upon it. In short, it is too large, or too small. too small to expect a good Ov\u27e8erse\u27e9er; and too large for the plan I had m\u27e8illegible\u27e9, &c which I had conceived would be better for the land, & more profitable to yourself.\n A Man & his wife just from England advertised themselves to work on Shares\u2014He a complete farmer & she an excellent Dairy woman; but they were engaged before I \u27e8sent to\u27e9 them. My love to Milly & the Children, & with the most Affectionate regard I remain Yr sincere friend\nGo: Washington\nP.S. You are welcome \u27e8illegible\u27e9 any thing else \u27e8illegible\u27e9 for the repairs proposed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0324", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Citizens of Dorchester County, Maryland, 19 August 1793\nFrom: Citizens of Dorchester County, Maryland\nTo: Washington, George\nCambridge [Md.] 19th Augt 1793\nAt a respectable meeting of the Landholders, & other citizens of Dorchester County, Eastern Shore of Maryland, on the 19th of Augt 1793, Col. John Eccleston in the chair, the following address to the President of the United States on his proclamation declaratory of neutrality, was brought in by a Committee appointed for that purpose & unanimously voted.\nSir\nImpressed with a deep sense of the value of honourable peace, & anxious to preserve its blessings to our Country, we assure you, it was with sincere pleasure we saw the measure you pursued of declaring to the world the Neutrality of the United States towards the belligerent powers of Europe. Of war we have had a share. That it was in a glorious cause, will we hope ever prove in the recollection, a motive to a conduct both dignified & spirited; but we likewise hope that it will always be, as we believe it is at present, the disposition of all our fellow citizens, to cultivate that pacific national character so congenial with our Republican Government, & so necessary to its purity & duration. Your Proclamation we think conformable to the solid Interests of the country, its expressions warranted by the opinions & wishes of our fellow citizens, & to have been inspired by the true spirit of that Constitution, under which we enjoy the sweets of civil liberty, & abundant prosperity. To this additional proof of that vigilant patriotism, to which we have been so often & so highly indebted, we beg leave to give our unanimous approbation.\nJno. Eccleston Chairman\nattested by. Chs S. ONeil Sectry to the meeting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0325", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Andrew G. Fraunces, 19 August 1793\nFrom: Fraunces, Andrew G.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nNew York Augt 19th 1793\nI have this day received Mr Lears letter by your direction dated the 14th instant.\nI am induced from the nature of this letter and in order to justify my conduct publicly to my friends with regard to the purchase of the Warrants in question to state to you some facts which perhaps Mr Hamilton has not thought convenient to make known to you, and I think I can prove clearly that it has not appeared, as Mr Lear says nor will ever appear that I knew any thing about them until I wrote you on the 30th July last.\nIf you will favor me by looking once more at my communication to you of the 30th July last, it will be found that a principal question remains still unanswered\u2014What Mr Hamilton reasons are for declining the payment?\nIt appears extremely hard Sir, when a Citizen presents a claim against the united States to the proper Officers, and this claim is for some reasons rejected or postponed, that he cannot know what those reasons are\u2014It is something like the practice in despotic Governments\u2014Condemning and Executing without even giving the unfortunate a hearing.\n Noting particularly the latter part of Mr Lears letter\u2014I cannot refrain from answering it in a manner which may render a further investigation of the subject necessary\u2014I can Sir bring sufficient  proof other than Mr Hamiltons letters to me, that untill the time I purchased these warrant\u27e8s\u27e9 I knew not that they were in existance, nor can Mr Hamilton say otherwise since he and Mr Duer conducted the whole transaction: About 157,000 dollars out of 190,000 provided for by Congress in the year 1789 were actually paid during the Administration of this person with the Secretary and that in less time than one year after the passing of the act.\nIn June I waited on Mr Hamilton he opposed the payment in the same manner as stated in my letter of the 30th July. He in the course of conversation questioned me with respect to the number outstanding in New York\u2014I told him as nearly as I could guess\u2014and also as to the present value of them: I could only produce him in answer thereto my receipt for the payment\u2014He said he pitied the embarrasment I laboured under and informed me that if I would lodge them with Mr John Lawrence late in Congress that Gentleman would advance me 2000 Dollars on them untill they could be regularly settled at the Treasury\u2014Now Sir\u2014from this circumstance what could I suppose other than that Mr Hamilton had some private motives known only to a few for postponing the Settlement\u2014In addition to this Mr Hamilton said if I would engage my Honor that I would purchase no more of them he would make me Satisfied within a certain period to be agreed upon between ourselves, I repl\u27e8ied,\u27e9 if he would pay me, or give me a written official document to insure me payment, I would comply, he said he could not do this, but he gave me his word and honor that if I acquiesced with him they should be paid, he did not say regularly\u2014This proposition in justice to my fellow Citizens, holders of Warrants I would not do. And what reason had I to suppose they could not immediately pass through the Treasury regularly since Mr Hamilton has acctually advanced me money from his private funds to be reimbursed when these warrants were paid.\nFrom the following Statement of one circumstance that happened at the Treasury early in the administration of the Secretary\u2014it will be found that I had reason to suspect he would take every advantage of my Situation in order to throw the profits into his own or other persons hands, who were in higher conditions in life & Who might probably grasp notwithstanding their public situations at every speculation that might Offer.\nIn the course of the first session of Congress certain monies were granted, allowed, and directed to be paid by that Body to Baron de Glaubeck\u2014now Sir I do assert that Mr Hamilton did actually Aid, advise, and assist (and it was by his and Mr Duers means that it was done) in the purchase of this grant which was obtained for less than one third of the Value, and that it was done before any Settlement could be had at the Treasury as was said\n This alone Sir must I apprehend in the minds of the Candid and impartial, Justify me in placing neither faith nor confidence in Mr Hamilton; since a public Officer is always to be suspected\u2014having once departed from a line of conduct which the Nature of his Oath and Office had fully pointed out\u2014If Mr Hamilton in his report to you Sir, stated that I knew aught of these Warrants, even the smallest matter before I purchased them, he has said what was not true, excepting this I knew, he postponed in June 1792 the payment of three Amounting to 925 Dollars\u2014belonging to a Mr Alexr Ogsbury\u2014of this place\u2014and I had no other Impressions of his conduct then, than what I have in the present instance\u2014I must further declare sir, that the knowledge of all most every circumstance, relative to the payments made on Accounts of these Warrants, were obtained by me from printed documents almost at the Instant I wrote my letter to you of the 30. July, which documents Are new\u2014orriginal and in my \u27e8possession\u27e9. I shall only trouble you further by adding that my present Respectable Connections from the Assertions made and that may be made by Mr Hamilton and from Mr Lears last letter may think me to Blame in this Business. I therefore request you will examine my conduct with Candour when I publish as I shall shortly, a Statement of the Affair and of the Correspondence relative thereto. I have the Honour to be with very great respect & real Attatchmt yr Most Obedent Hhe Sert\nAndw: G. Fraunces No. 44 Han: Sqr. N. Yk", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0326", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Alexander Hamilton, 19 August 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nUnited States Augt 19. 179[3].\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to transmit to The Secretary of the Treasury the final report of the Commissioners for settling the accounts between the United States and the individual States, together with the Letter accompanying the same from them to the President.\n T. Lear is moreover directed by the President to observe to the Secretary, that the enclosed report was left at the President\u2019s house during his late visit to Virginia, and therefore did not get to his hands \u2019till the 11. of July; it was then sent to the office of the Secretary of State to be there deposited & copies thereof prepared to be laid before Congress at their meeting. There being nothing express in any law respecting this subject as to the place where the report should be lodged\u2014the implication to that effect was not particularly noticed, until the matter was mentioned to the President by the Secretary of the Treasury. The report was then sent for from the office of the Secy of State, but it having been put away by Mr Taylor, the principal Clerk, who was then gone to New York, it could not be found until his return this day.\nThe President has thought it proper that these circumstances should be noted to account for the delay in depositing the report; but he presumes that no inconvenience will arise therefrom, as the doings upon it may take effect in course from it\u2019s date.\nTobias Lear S.P.U.S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0327", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Hughes, 19 August 1793\nFrom: Hughes, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nMount Pleasant [Md.], 19th August 1793\nAs soon as I had the honor of receiving your letter of the 15th Inst. I wrote to my neighbour Mr Smith who is much better acquainted with Mr Sappingtons character than myself as he had him employed for sometime as an overseer on part of Spesutia Island which Mr Smith had leased from me\u2014enclosed you have his answer on which you may fully rely. from the general knowledge I have of Sappingtons Capacity I think he will not answer for the scene of business you mention, nor do I know of any person qualified to answer your purpose.\nI will make inquiry and if I hear of any one on whom you can place confidence I will immediately inform you\u2014so far from thinking your commands a trouble I can assure you Sir that it would give me the greatest satisfaction to have it in my power to render you the least service. I have the Honor to be with the greatest respect Your most Obedient Servant\nSaml. Hughes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0328", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 19 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir,\n [Philadelphia] August 19th 1793\nI send, for the consideration & opinion of the Heads of the Departments and the Attorney General of the U.S. a communication from the Governor of Pennsylvania respecting the Privateer Citizen Genet\u2014together with copies of two letters from the French Consul to the Governor on the same subject, and a Report of two persons who had examined the Aforesaid Privateer by the Governor\u2019s order.\nThe Gentlemen will decide whether the circumstances reported respecting the unfitness of the said Privateer to proceed to sea, are such as would make it proper to depart from the rules already adopted, and allow a longer time for her to prepare to depart than is granted by the Governor\u2014or whether the orders given by him on this head shall be executed.\nIt will be seen that this Subject requires dispatch\u2014and the Secretary of War will inform the Governor of the result of your deliberations on this subject as soon as it is given.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0329", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander McCaskey, 19 August 1793\nFrom: McCaskey, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nsir\nBaltimore Town Augt 19th 1793\nHaving been on business in York County Pennsylvania at the time of Coll Ballards Death, & being Just return\u2019d I found myself Anticipated in my intention by a Number of Respectable Applicants\n for the Surveyors Office. But Presuming on your Excellency\u2019s Candour & goodness I have ventured tho\u2019 Late to remind you of my former Application by letter with the Recommendations accompanying it, to which I wou\u2019d beg leave to refer, tho\u2019 from the early & uncommon Industry us\u2019d to secure to some of the Applicants, & my Absence having precluded me from the Mercantile favour, it is nevertheless with confidence I assure your Excellency, that Recommendations from other respectable Citizens not less Uniform in their Attachment to the Independance & Present Government of America can be procured.\nMr James Burn who now does the business of Surveyor & Inspector & has acted as Coll Ballards Deputy & Clerk, is my Son inlaw, Your Appointing me wou\u2019d be a provision for two helpless families, & trust the business wou\u2019d be executed with fidelity & Promptness. All the Applicants I have heard of are all ready in business, Aided by Powerfull & Rich Connexions, or in some place of Proffit under Government.\nI am now of an Infirm Period of Life, having spent my best Days in the Army as your Excellency will recollect. I was a Deputy Commissary Genl of Forage under Coll Biddle, & was taken & kept a Prisoner on Long Island two Years, till I had Exhausted what little substance I had, & my Pay has been unfortunately Sacrifised by the treachery & Speculative View of a Pretended friend, & if it was not for the Filial Protection of Doctor Coulter who Married one of my Daughters I know not what Mr Burns family & my own might have suffered these last two Years\u2014there are facts which I have taken the liberty to submit to your Excellencys Consideration & beg you to excuse the solicitude with which I urge my Claim to your Protection\u2014& am with cincere respect & Attachment Your Obedient servant\nAlexr McCaskey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0330", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Mifflin, 19 August 1793\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nPhila: 19th Augt 1793.\nThe Commanding Officer at Mud Island, has reported to me that the following vessels have been stopped and detained, in pursuance of my orders.\n1. The Brig Gayoso, commanded by Jas Graisbury, bound from Phil: to New Orleans, a prize to the Little Democrat; but originally owned by Reede and Forde, of Phila.\n2. The Brig Pilgrim of Philadelphia, Capt. Benj: Earl, a Prize to the Little Democrat; but originally owned by Jos: Donnaldson sen. of this City.\n3. The Schooner Derry, or Dairy Maid Capt: John Hammil, also a prize to the Little Democrat; but originally owned by John Leamy of this City.\n It appears from the affidavit which I have \u27e8e\u27e9nclosed, that Twenty thousand Dollars were taken out of \u27e8th\u27e9e latter prize, before her arrival in the port; and the money, as I am well informed, has been sent hither in a Pilot boat. I have, therefore, ordered the Pilot boat to be taken into custody; and I shall await your instructions, as well on that subject, as for the restoration of the Prizes. I am, with perfect respect, Sir, Your most obedt Servt\nT. M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0331", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Mifflin, 19 August 1793\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nIn consequence of the letter, which I addressed to the French Consul, respecting the Privateer, Citizen Genet and communicated to the Secretary at war, for your information on the 17th instant, I have recd two answers, copies of which I have the honor to lay before you.\nThe allegations that were made of an extreme want of provision, on board that vessel, of her Leakage, and of the general bad state of her rigging, induced me to direct a survey, before I issued peremptory orders for compelling her to depart; and I now transmit a copy of the report of the surveyors, that you may exercise any discretion which you think proper on the subject.\n For my own part, I do not think it would be consistant with the tenor of your instructions of the 16 instant, to grant the indulgence of \u27e88\u27e9 days according to the Consul\u2019s desire; and, therefore, notwiths[tanding] the report, I shall this morning issue an order for her departure in 24 hours; allowing her, during that time, to take in a reasonable supply of provisions. I am with perfect respect Sir Yr most obedt St &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0332", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Mifflin, 19 August 1793\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nPhila. 19. Augt 1793.\nSince the communication, which I made to you this morning, relatively to the Trunk of Dollars, deposited on board a Pilot boat, by the Little Democrat, and alleged to have been taken from the Dairy Maid, after her capture, I have received two Affidavits, of which I transmit copies for your information.\nAs the Captain of the Pilot-boat states, that the Trunk is consigned to Mr Genet, the Minister of the French Republic, I wish for particular instructions, with respect to the restoration of the money it contains, to the persons claiming it, as owner. I am, with perfect respect, Sir, Your most obedt Servt\nTho. Mifflin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0334", "content": "Title: George Taylor, Jr., to Tobias Lear, 19 August 1793\nFrom: Taylor, George Jr.\nTo: Lear, Tobias\n[Philadelphia] Monday Morning 19. Aug. 1793\nG. Taylor Junr presents his respectful Compliments to Mr Lear, and has the honor to send him herewith enclosed, agreeably to his note of the 13th instant to the Secretary of State, the Report of the Commissioners for settling the accounts between the U.S. and the individual States, together with the letter accompanying the same from them to the President. They had been placed in the Hands of one of the Gentlemen of the office to copy previous to G: Taylor\u2019s late departure for New York, and Mr Blackwell not knowing this circumstance, could not find them.\nThe Note from Mr Hamilton\u2019s office, concerning Tanner\u2019s Commission\u2014has been called for. It was not received with the Commission made out in his name. Perhaps Mr Lear can lay his hand on it, and will be so good as to send it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0336", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 20 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Augt 20th 1793\nThis will be handed to you by Mr James Greenleaf, a native of Boston, who has resided for some years past in Amsterdam, and has lately been appointed Consul for the U.S. at that Place.\nThis Gentleman, I understand, has it in contemplation to make certain proposals to you for building a number of houses in the Federal City, provided he can have lots upon such terms & conditions as may correspond with his interest in the undertaking while it tends, at the same time, to promote the great object of the City. I am pursuaded, Gentlemen, that you will listen with attention and weigh with candour any proposals that may promise to promote the growth of the City in the degree that Mr Greenleaf\u2019s undertaking upon the extensive scale that it has been represented to me, would do. But it will lay with yourselves to decide how far the state of your funds will justify your closing with any proposals that may not tend to give them an immediate increase.\nIt will undoubtedly be essential to Mr Greenleaf that you should be impressd with just ideas with regard to his means of insuring the punctual performance of any engagements he may enter into in with you (if you shd come upon any terms with him)\u2014and he will therefore undoubtedly take measures to satisfy you on this head. He has been represented to me as a Gentleman of large property and having the command of much money in this Country & in Europe; but I can say nothing on this head from my own knowledge. Having had occasion to make enquiry respecting him before his appointment to the Office of Consul, the Accounts which I received were highly favorable to Mr Greenleaf\u2014both the respectability of his connexions in this Country and in Holland (where he married)\u2014and as to his own Character. and I have reason to believe, that if you can find it consistent with your duty to the public to attach Mr Greenleaf to the federal City, he will be a valuable acquisition. with great regard I am Gentlemen.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0337", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 20 August 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nWar Department August 20th 1793\nI have the honor to submit, Enclosed, a letter just received from James Seagrove, dated at Savannah, August 4th 1793, with enclosures. I am, most respectfully, Sir, Your very humble Servt\nH. Knox secy of war", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0339", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Millet, 20 August 1793\nFrom: Millet, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nsir,\nBaltimore 20th august, 1793. the 2d year of the french republic.\nI had promised to lay before the public my fears on the dispersing the french fleet in Several harbours, and on the letting So many of merchant-ships, in chesapeake-bay, Without any ship man of war. but feeling the consequences of that publication, I do Keep myself Within bounds to transmit to your excellency my opinion on that affair; if I Give you only Some Strong probabilities on this Subject, their grounding on the proceedings of Some Strangers of eminence give them Some rigth to your confidence.\nany man in this country must be convicted that, in the great conspiracy of the Kings against the new french republic, the english are more struggling for the interests of their national Commerce and their revenge than for the restauration of the royalty in france. all their proceedings in their past Wars become acordingly With that attention. and it may be reasonably Supposed, if not asserted, that the devestation of the french colonies, by Polverel, sonthonax and their cooperators, is the effect as Well of the english policy, as of the aristocratic party.\nit is Known that the favourite scheme of the british ministry is to invade all the branches of Commerce, and to atempt all for that purpose. in france, the aristocratick party Wishes to overthrow the national commerce, to procure a commotion favourable to the fall of liberty, and Will second the british ministry, as Well they Seconded Polverel and sonthonax. in that great their\ncombination So Well favoured by their faction in the national convention of france, and perhaps in her executive counsel, by the means of their agents spread thourough united states, as Well as in St Domingo, for it is the Same faction, Would not they have mind to counstrain united states to get up arms, either (the aristocratick party) against france, for giving them an oportunity to Seize all the french merchant Ships Which are deffenseless; or the english party against England, to give her an oportunity to take again possession of that So fair and So regreted Country; in the moment Where the revolution of france disordered that political Sistem which had favoured the independence of america; and Where all the powers of Europe are too busy in the Contest of Kings, to be intended upon the naval enterprises of england. in those two Suppositions, it was necessary to bring the french fleet deffenseless and not Well fitted to united States. for it is to be Said that its coming here is not only the consequence of the conflagration of Cape fran\u00e7ois. I affirm that this purpose was laid long befor that melancholy event: if not by the orders of the executive counsel; for I don\u2019t think such be mentionned in the instructions of the rear-admiral sercey, commander of the fleet; but by the instigations of the faction suggested by Polverel and sonthonax to the owners and Captains of the merchant Ships. it Would not be even voide of Sense to say that this conflagration Was the last of the means employed in order to do to Keep an equal pace together, both the ruin of that important city and the necessity of bringing here the french fleet, in order to second the schemes, both of british ministry and aristocratick party. it Would be possible to prove it: and if your excellency Wishes some notices on it, I am able to give you. since three years past I am employed in public affairs, either in general assemblies of St Domingo or near the national assembly. and I have been proscribed, arrested, embastilled by Polverel and Sonthonax, for having enligthened the public on their proceedings.\nin these circumstances, sir, There is my Combination.\nWould the faction, Which crushes france, and of Whom to agents are struggling near your excellency, claim the strict execution of the Treaties? of those treaties made by a King Whose the autority fell down With his life: treaties of Whom, according the Very expressions of the national convention, in their letter to your excellency, the consequences may be more dangerous\nthan useful to our allis; am I Well acquainted? Whilst the admiral gardner or other british Squadron falls upon french West indies, agreeing in it With the aristocratick party, united states are not they obliged, With their troops and vessels to assist the french colonies, if the[y] are claimed for? their assisting the contrerevolutionists Would not be the Worst consequence of the execution of that traity. but I Suppose that the english and aristocratick party Say to the executive power of united States.\nsince the last War, we maintain, as Well as the Spaniards, the Savages of ohio in arms against you, in order to be ready for an invasion, When We Will find a favourable oportunity. the species of your population which does not give you that overplus which fournishes Sailors and Soldiers, and cannot afford to furnish With arms enough people for the deffense of your Western boundaries, Will not permit you therefore to send troops and squadron in the french West indies. the german princes, by their contingent in the league against france are unabled to sell you their forces. how do you Will be able to fulfill the conditions of your treaties With france? if you are unabled to fulfill them, you must declare against her; and for the compensation of the lost of your Commerce in the french West indies Which morever are almost laid Waste, as Well as france, We Will send, We and spaniards, some Squadron in chesapeake bay to Seize and deliver you all her merchant Ships.\nit So done, the aristocratick party Would enjoy the Satisfaction to deprive france and her colonies of the remainders of the riches of her National commerce and of all the supplies that the trade of united states can bring her. and England, under the pretexte to execute that condition and to preserve and deffend her New allies against france, Would Keep a Squadron on their coasts, and by the diligence of tories and other agitators, Would take the oportunity to invade by the Sea coasts, ohio and canada, at least the southern states; if not to cause a general insurrection, in united states, already So Well prepared by some persons of public capacity.\nif it is not So, the agitators Will Say, There is indeed but too much reason to fear that you are involved in the general conspiracy of tyrants against france. they never Will, they never can forgive you, for having been the first to proclaim the rights of man. there is no nation more deeply interested than you are in the success of france. Watever fate awaits her\nyou are ultimately to share &ca you See the proceedings of the english privateers, distributing your Commerce Every Where. thus add your forces to those of france and\u2014and you Will see the english and spanish Squadrons, Who Will not have more to respect the right of nations, their troops and their cooperators in your own bosom, to carry away all the french merchant Ships, to invade united states, together by Sea coasts, Canada and ohio, and lay Waste the country where have been first proclaimed the rights of man.\nI Go, Sir, To new york to meet With the unfortunate general Galbaud so calumniated by the Very guilty of the Crimes Wich they are charging him so Wickedly. I have promised him to go to the national Convention With him, to lay before the french nation all that intrigues Wich involves as Well france, french Colonies, as united states.\nI do Think, sir, that citizen Gen\u00eat Will not be eager to fit out the Ship he had promised to the general galbaud, overall knowing that I am With him, this governor is a Constitu[t]ed autority; that faction Knows that the national convention Will not be able to repell his acount, and that his account Will not be favourable to it. and I believe that it Will be useful to your neutrality and to the interests both of united states and of france that General Galbaud might be heared by the national Convention, and french people.\nI will say to your excellency that when sir Eliot, private friend of the Minister Pitt, Went in france privately, in october 1790, he Wished to converse With a deputy from St Domingo, or a member of the general assembly of that island, then at paris. I am he Which he conversed With.\nif your excellency thinks to get some notices on it With me, and to grant me the honour of an answer that I may receive, before my going away from baltimore-town, I Will haste my departure for philadelphia. I am, sir, with respect, of your excellency The most humble servant\nTas. Millet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0341", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Buchanan, 21 August 1793\nFrom: Buchanan, George\nTo: Washington, George\nHon\u2019d Sir,\nBalt. August 21 1793\n Having just published a small work which Interests the States at large, I have thought it my duty to transmit you a copy, as it is incumbent upon every American to pay every respect to your worthey Character that he may have in his power. I am also happy Sir in having so good an excuse for writing to you, as my Friends have solicited me to offer as a Candidate for the office lately vacated by the death of Col. Balard I am one of the sons Sir, of the late Andw Buchanan Lieutenant General of Baltimore\nCounty, whose firm attachment to the Interest of his Country during the last war gained him your applause & approbation; & after having spent a great part of his time & fortune in the service of his Country without seeking for pecuniary reward; he died leaving a large family of 9 Children out of whom 5 are now entering to the militia to follow the footstep of their worthey father. I have several times Sir had the honor of being introduced to you by Dr Shippen, & my Father in Law Chief Justice McKean, both of whom would speak impartially to you of my conduct & character: also Mr Jefferson, the Right Revd Dr White Dr Ewing, Mr Bingham, Mr Charles Pettit, & if necessary Sir, can procure a Character from the greatest part of the Inhabitants of Baltmore but having just got out of a sick bed, I have not had time to speak to any one, trusting that the evidence of the respectable Gentlemen above mentioned would be sufficient.\nIf therefore Sir it may please you to place a reward due to the memory of my Father, upon one of his sons who has but for his families support, the exercise of his profession, which is not adequate to the expenses\u2014no exertions shall ever be wanting on his part to fill the office with dignity, exactness, & consistant with the Publick good; & for which I could immediately procure a security for any specifyed sum.\nBeing a Physician I could supply the deficiency of a Port Physician, without any additional expence to government, & which would give g[r]eat satisfaction to our Inhabitants, as they are annually subject to infectious disorders brought by Vessels from foreign ports, which caused their Petitioning to government about two years ago for the establishment of Hospitals & Port Physicians.\nHoping Sir that you may find me worthey the office, & capable of fulfilling its functions with exactness, I have the Honor of subscribing myself with much respect your very humble servant\nGeo: Buchanan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0342", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 21 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Aug. 21. 93.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President a letter from mister Seagrove.\nWhen he shall have considered of the questions of wages to Albion Coxe (till he shall have qualified himself to draw his regular salary) and the ordering a coinage of 1000 Dollars in small silver for the Treasury, he will be so good as to communicate his determinations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0343", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 21 August 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] August 21st 1793\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to inform the Secretary of State, that the President has intended several times, when he has seen the Secretary latterly, to have mentioned his opinion respecting Mr Albion Coxe\u2019s wages; but some other subject being introduced put it out of his mind. He now informs the Secretary, that it is his opinion, that Mr Coxe should be paid wages for the time he has been employed in the Mint, and so long as he shall continue to be employed (\u2019till he shall have qualified himself) equal to the Salary allowed by law for the Assayor.\nThe President likewise informs the Secretary, that the sum of one thousand dollars will be furnished from the Treasury Department to commence a coinage at the mint\u2014and if any agency of the President is necessary for drawing the said sum from the Treasury he will thank the Secretary to mention to him in what way it is so necessary that he may do it accordingly.\nThe President has understood that Mr Voight the Chief Coiner, has not yet qualified himself by giving security agreeably to the law. If this be the case, the President wishes the Secretary to consider how far it would be proper to permit a coinage to be commenced.\nTobias Lear\n234 Sea Letters or Passports signed by the President are sent to the Office of the Secretary of State by the bearer hereof\u2014and three large packets\u2014one Addressed to the Consul of France\u2014one to the Director of the ports at Martinique\u2014and one to the Director of the Ports at the Cape\u2014which came under cover to the President from the Post Office.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0344", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 21 August 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir.\n[Philadelphia] August 21st 1793\nPlease to submit the, enclosed, to the President of the United States. Yours sincerely\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0348", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 22 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nTreasury Department August 22d 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to enclose herewith for the perusal of the President, the copy of a communication which has just been receiv\u2019d from the Collector of Wilmington in the State of Delaware.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0349", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 22 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Aug. 22. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President the letter of the National assembly to him of Dec. 22. 92. it\u2019s most distinct object seems to have been to thank the U.S. for their succours to St Domingo. it glances blindly however at commercial arrangements, and on the 19th of Feb. the same assembly passed the decree putting our commerce in their dominions on the footing of natives & directing their Executive council to treat with us on the subject. on this the following questions arise.\n1. Would the President chuse to answer the letter, acknoleging it\u2019s receipt, thanking them in turn for the favors to our commerce, and promising to consult the constitutional powers (the Senate) on the subject of the treaty proposed?\n2. Would he rather chuse to make no reply to the letter, but that mister Morris be instructed to negociate a renewal of mister Genet\u2019s powers to treat to his successor?\n3. or would he chuse that nothing be said on the subject to any body?\nIf the President would in his judgment be for a treaty on the principles of the decree, or any modification of them, the 1st or 2d measure will be to be adopted.\nIf he is against a treaty on those principles or any modification of them, the 3d measure seems to be the proper one.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0350", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Citizens of New London, Connecticut, 22 August 1793\nFrom: Citizens of New London, Connecticut\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nCity of New London August 22d 1793\nThe Inhabitants of the City of New London presume with that frankness which becomes Citizens of a free Country to address you on the present important conjuncture of public Affairs. We readily acknowledge that the medling in political concerns by Bodies of people unorganized by Law for the purpose ought generally to be discountenanced by good Citizens; for although the Right of the people personally to express their opinion of public Measures is sacred & indisputable, yet it is too apt to be brought into exercise in addresses & resolutions by Cabal & Intrigue, and is perhaps more often listed in this way to overturn a Government, or to support a corrupt Administration, than to aid the measures of a good one; the importance however of the present occasion, & the apprehension that our Silence might be construed as an expression of Sentiments different from what we feel has induced us to come forward.\nWe have seen, Sir, with great Satisfaction your proclamation of Neutrality, & declare that this, and the other measures taken by the Executive relative to the European War, meet with our warmest approbation. We consider them as indicating a firm Resolution to preserve that line of Conduct towards the belligerent Powers which the Laws of Nature & Nations direct for Neutrals, & consistent at the same time with existing Treaties.\nWe hesitate not, Sir, to allow that our feelings take a decided part in favour of the French Nation; we regard them as the Nation who were our first & firmest friends in an hour of distress, and\nas a people fighting against Oppressors in defence of the Rights of Men; this partiality for the French arising from these causes we believe we have in common with a very great majority of the people of the Union; yet we conceive that it would be the heighth of Folly & Madness for the United States unnecessarily to engage in the war; should the Legislature however determine otherwise, it would be our duty to submit; but untill this de[te]rmination is made by them the Laws of Neutrality ought unquestionably to be as sacredly observed as if the people of the United States were wholly indifferent in their attachment to the Nations engaged in the war, or ignorant of the Causes of it.\nFrom our recent experience of the Calamities of War we deprecate the possibility that our Country may be engaged in that which now rages in Europe, apprehending that in additional to the accustomed evils of a State of War, such an engagement in the present infancy of our Republic would endanger our political existence; our hope that the United States will not be drawn into this unfortunate Situation is principally grounded on the unshaken confidence we entertain of your Wisdom, Virtue and Firmness, & of the Wisdom & Virtue of the federal Legislature. We doubt not the same Wisdom & Stability which has heretofore distinguished the President & the Legislature of the United States will continue to characterise their Measures, & lead them to seek the things that make for Peace, & in this pursuit we think they cannot fail to obtain the Blessing of Heaven, & the Countenance & Support of all good Men.\nIn expressing these Sentiments Sir, we are well assured that we express the general Sentiment of the people of the State of Connecticut.\nSigned pr order, Richard Law, Chairman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0355", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 23 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] Friday. 23d Augt [1793]\nThe President requests Mr Jefferson would bring with him the French Minister\u2019s letter, communicating his powers to enter upon a New, & liberal Commercial Treaty.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0356", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Auguste de Grasse, 24 August 1793\nFrom: Grasse, Alexandre-Fran\u00e7ois-Auguste de Grasse-Rouville, comte de (marquis de Tilly)\nTo: Washington, George\nMy General\nCharleston [S.C.] 24 August 1793\nWithout doubt the french Inhabitants, who have been driven from the unhappy Island of St Domingo, & who have taken refuge\non this Continent, have informed you of the great distress which they have experienced. As to myself, after having lost a commodious dwelling & 200 Negroes; after having discharged with Zeal & activity, the duties of my military Command, & daily exposing myself in the service of my Country, & fellow Citizens to the dangers & fatigues of a War, equally novel & cruel; I have been compell\u2019d, with many others to fly from the dangers of Assissination; happy in obtaining a Passport by the Sacrifice of my Commission, & being immediately thereon able to embark in an american Brig for the port of Charleston, accompanied by a Wife scarce recovered from the Agonies of Child-birth, with her Mother & her father, who was formerly a member of the supreme Council at the Cape. On our passage we were boarded by a privateer from providence, who to compleate our misfortunes, plundered us, of almost all the remnant, of the little, we had escaped with.\nI ardently wished to have gone immediately to Philadelphia, but our departure was so precipitate, as to deprive us of the liberty of choosing. had I been able to have visited Philadelphia, it would have satisfied a Wish I have long had, to form & cultivate a more particular acquaintance with you; but am prevented at present from indulging this inclination, on account of the advanced season of the Year, & the indisposition of Mrs De Grasse and her mother.\nIf ought can alleviate my regret at my situation it is the humane, polite & generous reception, we have met with from the Inhabitants of this City: Our hearts are penetrated with the most lively gratitude.\nI flatter myself, that during my stay here, you will permit me to correspond with you, and that I shall be honored with your Answer.\nPermit me to speak with you, with that degree of freedom, which is due to the misfortunes of myself and family. The miserable disaster of St Domingo has compleated our ruin. The situation of france also renders me ignorant of my affairs in that Country; not having heard lately either from my family, or the manager of my interests there. I cannot deceive myself, by supposing, the Civilities we have experienced from the Inhabitants of this City can last for ever. it would be an abuse of their goodness to expect it.\nThus circumstanced, I address myself to you, wishing it possible,\nto obtain from the united states, what woud be deemed a competent maintainance for myself and family. I will endeavour to secure the repayment by a mortgage of all my property, either in france or St Domingo, if alas! I possess any in the latter. It is absolutely necessary for me to be explicit: I offer my all, as a security; but without having a knowledge, what that all is, in my distressed situation.\nFeeling as I do; I cannot but doubt the propriety of the step, I am this moment taking. should there appear the least impropiety in this application for relief, I pray you, let it rest, where it, should be, in your Bosom only.\nThe esteem you had for my father, added to my distressd situation, I trust, will sufficiently apologize for my requesting your salutary advice.\nI reside with the family of Mr Holmes, whose reception, merits on our part, the warmest acknowledgment. I have the honor to be, with profound respect Yr Excellencys My General, Obd. Hbe Servt\nAuguste De Grasse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0357", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Thomas Jefferson, 24 August 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia] August 24th 1793\nThe President sends to the Secretary of State two letters which he has received from Baltimore, written by persons from St Domingo.\nThe President has no knowledge of the writer of the letter in English; but he wishes the Secretary of State to consider it, and if he thinks the circumstances therein mentioned deserve attention, the Secretary will communicate to the President such answer thereto as he may think proper to be given.\nIf in perusing the letter written in French, the Secretary meets any thing requiring the particular notice of the President, he will be so good as to point it out.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0359", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 24 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] 24 August 1793\nThomas Jefferson with his respects to the President incloses a draught of the clause for the letter to Mr Morris for his consideration.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0360", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 24 August 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nSir,\nWar department August 24th 1793\nWill you please to submit the enclosed letters of the 27th and 30th July from the Secretary of the South Western Territory, and their enclosures to the President of the United States. I am Sir with great esteem Your humble servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0363", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Eager Howard, 25 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Howard, John Eager\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia August 25th 1793.\nIt is not my usual custom to answer letters of application or recommendation for an office; because, having made it a point to keep myself free from any colour of engagement so long as an office may be vacant, I have thought it best to say nothing that might raise the expectation or depress the hope of the Candidates. But so numerous and respectable have been the applications and recommendations for the Office of Surveyor of Baltimore, that I have thought a deviation from my general rule might not be improper in the present instance.\nI have been induced to appoint Mr Daniel Delozier to the Office of Surveyor of Baltimore, from the consideration, that, in addition to the strong & respectable recommendations forwarded by him, he must, from the station he has held for a long time as Deputy to the Collector of that Port, have a very competent acquaintance with the Duties of a Surveyor and an accurate knowledge of the laws by which the Office is to be regulated, which circumstance will undoubtedly be advantageous to the public as well as to those who may be immediately concerned in the exercise of its functions. But the weighty recommendations of Captain Kilty would make it a pleasing circumstance to have that Gentleman employed in the General Government\u2014and as the present Collector of Annapolis intends resigning his place as soon as another person may be found to fill it; if Captain Kilty will accept that office it will give me pleasure to appoint him to it. with great esteem, I am Dear Sir, Your most Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington\nP.S. In case of Captain Kilty\u2019s declining to accept the Office of Collector of Annapolis, you will oblige me by enquiring of the\nfriends of Mr John H. Purveyance (who I understand is now on a Voyage to the West Indies) if it is likely that he will accept that place, and letting me know the result of your enquiries. This Gentleman was warmly recommended for the Office of Surveyor of Baltimore, and I felt a strong inclination to have placed him in it, as well on account of the services which his father rendered to the Country in the late war, and the unpleasant situation in which he left his family, a\u27e8s on\u27e9 account of the merits of the young Gentleman himself.\nCaptain Plunket appears to have been his particular friend in bringing forward his late recommendations, and would be likely to know what would be agreeable to him in the present case.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0364", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Howell Lewis, 25 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Howell\nDear Howell\nPhiladelphia Augt 25th 1793.\nI have duly received your letter of the 21st instant with the reports; & am about to reply to such parts as require it.\nNot knowing precisely, the object of your enquiry, what Mares &ca have gone to the Jacks, I send a list of the whole; as appears by\nMr Whittings Memms; as also of those which went to the horse\u2014marking those who have paid. in both cases.\nAs it is possible I may, with your Aunt &ca be at Mount Vernon about the 20th of next month; you might, if you have met with no Oats since you wrote last, buy 100 bushels from the holders in Alexa.; that there may be a certainty of a supply against that period, as I wish to save my own Crop of this grain for Seed.\nLast Spring I sent a few grains of English Oats to Mount Vernon for the purpose of raising what Seed I could from them. Enquire if the Gardener or Butler can give any acct of them; & let them be taken care of, if in being.\nI also sent home last Autumn a little of the double headed Wheat. this I know was propagated, & the Seed saved by the Gardener. Let the whole be sown in some safe place, where it will not get mixed, and the most can be made of it. With an eye to these, I care not where it is sown; whether at the Mansion house, if there be a good & sufficient spot of ground or at either of the Farms.\nThe Barley is not yet gone from hence, & it is questionable, notwithstanding two Vessels are up for Alexandria, whether it goes off before sunday next; tho\u2019 one talks of leaving this Port about the middle of the Week. So soon as it arrives, let it be sown agreeably to my former directions.\nLet the Timothy seed be threshed out, & brot home immediately, to save it from depredation. It may lye in the fine chaff (after the heads are well rubbed & the straws extracted); but, in order that I may know the qty saved, take a bushel in the Chaff & see how much clean seed it yields, by which to calculate the whole. Do precisely the same with the Clover Seed; for the longer these, or other things are tossed about, the more waste will there be; admitting (which I do not) that there is no toll taken from them.\nHow much ground has been sown in Turnips, Where, and is the seed come up well?\nI did not express myself so fully as I ought, when I desired that the Corn ground which was about to be sown with Wheat, & in the Winter with grass-seed, should be laid as level as possible; for harrowing the ground after the wheat is sown will be injurious to the latter because by so doing the soil (where it is adicted to it) is more apt, by being level to run together, & to spew out the\nplant which, by exposing the roots, perishes the grain; whereas the mouldering of the earth into the furrows by the frost & rains of the Winter, they, on the contrary are constantly receivg fresh covering\u27e8,\u27e9 protection, & nourishment. All I meant by laying the ground as leve[l] as possible, was, to give as little hill as possible to the Corn; & even to take as much as possible of that little away, a[s] could be done without injuring the plant. What has been done, cannot be undone, but let no more harrows follow the sowing: to go before it, in order to lay the ground smooth for the reception of the Seed, is always proper; & indeed indispensible; but the Wheat & other winter \u27e8G\u27e9rain should always lay under furrow.\nDesire all the Overseers to inspect their respective Stocks of Cattle, accurately, and if there be any old oxen, Steers, or Cows, which from their ages or other causes, seem to be upon the decline, to select them; that they may be turned on the Meadows or elsewhere, to recruit & be sold.\nI presume something similar to this was done with the old Sheep, agreably to Butlers proposition which I sent to you, with my approbation; And it may be well always, when a matter is directed, to say whether it is complied with; for the mind is never assured of this until informed. There are two path[s] always to an order; to wit\u2014giving, and executing it; and these always are in distinct persons; & the giver never knows what the receiver does, until it is reported. I mention this for your general government; & advise you to keep an Ass-skin, or some such kind of Pocket book, in which to note, as they occur to you in the moment, such things as are fit for communication; by which means your memory will never be burthened, but on the contrary when you set down to write, besides the parts of a letter which you have to answer, you have every thing you want to say before you, and have nothing more to do than to arrange them properly, where method is necessary.\nIs there no Sheep at the Mansion House? none are in the Report from that place. and how comes it to pass that the Brood Mares are not reported there, as usual? Eleven, ove[r] and above what went to the Plantations[,] used to be reported by Mr Whitting; and unless you have reduced the number by a supply to Mr \u27e8Stuart\u27e9, that number ought to be forthcoming. These were independent of all that had been given up to work; either at\nthe Mansion house, or any of the Farms. Peter must account for these.\nAlthough by the Meteorological Acct which you have sent of the weather, there does not appear to have fallen a drop of rain in the week for which it is given, yet Thomas Green returns (in his report) loss by Rain. One or the other is probably wrong, I hope it is you, as a good rain in that week must have been desirable; and with what is now falling if it extends to you, must be the making of the Corn; at the sametime that it fits the ground for the reception of the Wheat.\nI again desire that T: Green may be made with the other Carpenters (except in cases that cannot be dispensed with) to stick to the New Barn. Putting a single light into a window, is an excuse for the loss of a days work; and while these pretences are furnished him, or indeed any of the rest, I shall have his reports stuffed with nothing but trifling Jobs, that turn to no Acct.\nWhat Ditches are they that the Mansion house people are weeding? I know of none at that place. And by the last Weeks report I see that 22 Bushels of meal has been brot from the Mill.\nThe person (old Jack) who serves it out, must acct for the necessity of this increase: 20 bushels used to suffice. why two & three more now?\nI see (by Greens report) that Doll\u2019s Will & Christopher have been two days in search after the Fish Boat. I hope they have found it: it ought to have been pursued until got. But why was it lost, is there not a lock to it? there was I know, and I know also, that locks are of very little use to me. They are bought, used a few weeks\u2014then lost, or stolen. Others got, served in the same way\u2014and so on.\nI hope the greatest care will be taken of the Wool in the loft where it is kept; & a corrispondence in weight between the wool delivered, and the yarn taken in; and between the Yarn delivered to the Weaver, & the Cloth received from him.\nHas the Gardener & his wife removed into their New house? Where does the other Dutch Gardener sleep? Is he diligent at work; & how does he behave in other respects?\nLet me know as soon as you can the exact width, & length of the places that are tiled within the stone borders, between the steps at the middle & end doors, west front of the House. As these tiles never looked well, & are decaying, I have some thoughts of\nreplacing them with marble, which can be bought here cheaper than I can get them done there with stone, from those which have been imported into this City, from Italy.\nAs the Oat ground at Union Farm was not sown with grass-seeds at the time it was put in Oats, tell Crow it must be sown with Clover & timothy whenever the remaining part of the same Inclosure is laid to Grass\u2014I mention the matter now, that it may not be lost sight of at the proper time for preparing it. whether any kind of Crop, without injury to the ground\u2014already too poor, unless it could be aided by a Coat of Manure could accompany the Grass is a matter he may think on.\nHas he (Crow) intimated his intention to remain, since the receipt of the letter I wrote him? These things ought to be reduced to certainty; or, when I least expect it, I may be put to the greatest non-plus.\nWe are all well at present, but the City is very sickly and numbers dying daily. All here join in good wishes for you and I remain Your affecte Uncle\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0365-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure Memorial from John Anderson, 20 August 1793\nFrom: Anderson, John\nTo: Washington, George\nGlasgow College [Scotland] 1793. August 20th\nThe Memorial of John Anderson Professor of Natural Philosophy in the University of Glasgow, Humbly Shewth\nThat he has invented a Bronze Gun Metal, which has the advantages of Common-Iron-Guns, and of Common-Brass Guns, without their imperfections.\nThat he has invented a Carriage for Guns; by which the recoil of the Gun is destroyed, without giving motion to the Carriage. That the advantages of these two inventions are pointed out in printed papers which accompany this Memorial; to wit, N. 1 Essays on Field Artillery 1788. N. 2. Essais sur L\u2019Artillerie de Campagne 1791. N. 3. Of Cast Metal Cannon. N. 4. Of Anderson\u2019s Ship Gun.\nThat there can be no doubt of the usefulness of these two inventions, because they were brought to the test of experiment by French Armies under the Generals, La Fayette, Rochambeau, Durmourier, and Custine; and because the Memorialist received\nthe thanks of the French Nation, and, which he values much more, of the military officers who made use of them in very trying situations. Extracts in proof of this, marked N. 5 accompany this Memorial.\nThat these Field Pieces would be of very great advantage to the armies of the United States of America, whose enemies at present are successful, because it seems, they are in ground where common Field Pieces cannot be used. Whereas the Field Pieces invented by the Memorialist, though of a large calibre can be carried speedily without wheels; and fired in swamps without sinking; upon stones; or rough ground without recoiling; and upon the sides of steep hills without running down; properties which belong to no other Field Pieces whatever.\nThat though the Memorialist communicated the method of making the Carriages of his invention to the Generals of the French Nation; yet that he has communicated to no person whatever, the invention of the Gun Metal which may be easily kept secret. If therefore the United States of America should think it their interest to have the sole possession of that Gun Metal, and to have Carriages made of the Memorialists invention, he for a proper reward is ready to communicate both inventions; and would think himself highly honoured by being appointed Engineer, Arillerist, and Director of the Gun Foundery to the United States of America, which Office would likewise give Them a right to other things of his invention, besides the two specified, and explained in the five numbers above mentioned.\nJohn Anderson, Prof. Nat. Phily", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0366", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Grand Inquest of Chester County, Pennsylvania, 26 August 1793\nFrom: Grand Inquest of Chester County, Pennsylvania\nTo: Washington, George\nFully impressed with the importance of Observing those steps which (in our Opinion) will tend to preserve to the United States that peace, which they now by the blessing of God enjoy.\nThe Grand Inquest for Chester County in the State of Pennsylvania, beg leave to express the high Opinion they entertain of your wisdom & attention to the interest & happiness of your Country in Issuing the late Proclamation, declaring the Neutrality of the United States; And whilst as friends to mankind they most cordially deprecate the war now carried on by the Belligerent Powers, they conceive that pursuing a line of Conduct strictly impartial & friendly to all, will prevent those difficulties & distresses which are the concomitants of War, and which is now spreading devastation in Europe.\nThey are happy in this oppertunity to declare their intention to pursue the most effectual means in their power to preserve the Neutrality from violation and in making this declaration it\nis but Just to observe that they are fully confident they are speaking the sentiments of their County.\nSigned by Order of the Grand inquest for August sessions 1793\u2014By\u2014\nDennis Whelen Foreman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0370", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Lewis, 26 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Robert\nDear Robert,\nPhiladelphia August 26th\u201493\nYour letter of the 12th Inst: came to hand in due course of Post.\nNothing short of a very high price, would induce me to sell my small tract (of about 300 Acres) on Difficult Run in Loudoun County; for which, on Account of the Mill seat\u2014quantity of Meadow land\u2014contiguity to the Great Falls (where a town is erecting)\u2014Georgetown, the Federal City, and Alexandria (from the last of which it is only 18 Miles[)]\u2014I was, sometime before I left home, in treaty with a Dutchman for it at the annual Rent of Sixty pounds.\nThe lost Mountain tract which you speak of, in Loudoun County, wants explanation. I know not where it lyes, or what tract, at this moment, you allude to.\nIn my present way of thinking, scarcely double the price you offer for my Frederick Land would induce me to part with it. When the Shanondoah River is made Navigable\u2014the accomplishment of which I entertain no doubt, in a short time\u2014the value of lands contiguous thereto will rise in a ratio above calculation. Your Aunt & the family unite with me in best wishes for you & Mrs Lewis\u2014I am your sincere friend and Affectionate Uncle\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0371", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Pearce, 26 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pearce, William\nSir,\nPhiladelphia Augt 26th 1793\nI intended to have written to you somewhat sooner, but business of a public nature & pressing, prevented it until now.\nAlthough I have conviction in my own mind, that a hundred guineas pr annum is more than my Mount Vernon Estate will enable me to give the Superintendent of it; yet, the satisfaction (when one is at a considerable distance from property they possess, under circumstances which does not allow much thought thereon) of having a person in whom confidence can be placed as a Manager, is such, as to dispose me to allow you that sum; provided other matters can be adjusted to the mutual convenience, and satisfaction of both parties.\nAs you were about to depart in the Stage when I saw you (and which I knew could not wait) I did not go so much into detail as was necessary to place an agreement upon a basis to avoid misconception, and unpleasant disputes thereafter: and besides, altho\u2019 you would be upon standing wages, which, in the opinion of some would make it immaterial (these being paid) what sort of an estate you Overlooked; yet, my opinion of a sensible and discreet man is, that before he would finally engage, he would view the estate himself, and decide from that view, whether it possessed such advantages as would enable him to acquire honor as well as profit from the management thereof; Whether he could make it profitable to his Employer from its local situation; from the nature of its soil, and means of improving it; the plans proposed; or the condition in which it might appear to him. Whether the part of the Country, the accomodations, the Water, &ca were to his liking; with other considerations which will admit no evidence equal to that of one\u2019s own observation, to decide ultimately on what to resolve.\nHaving stated a fact, & given my ideas of what I suppose would be most agreeable for you to do, I shall add, that if nothing more than I foresee at present should happen, I expect to be at Mount Vernon about the 20th of next month, for a stay of 8 or 10 days. If then you are disposed to undertake my business, & wish to see the nature of it, and the present state of it; I should be glad to see you there about that time, when every necessary arrangement may be made if we should finally agree.\nFrom Baltimore to Mount Vernon by the way of the Federal City, George Town, and Alexandria, is 59 measured Miles: and from Annapolis to the same place, crossing Potomac at Alexandria, is 45 Miles; but it might be reduced to less than 40 if there was a ferry opposite to my house. From Baltimore to Alexandria (through the above places) the regular Stages pass; and set out every Monday, Wednesday, and friday from the former, reaching the latter the same day; from whence a horse could be hired without difficulty, I believe, to carry you to my house, distant 9 miles. I mention these things for your information, in case you shoud determine to go there.\nIf you resolve to meet me at Mount Vernon, give me notice thereof immediately; and if business or any other cause should render it impracticable for me to be there, at the time, I will inform you, so as to prevent your setting out.\nI informed you at our meeting, that I had eight or ten Negro Carpenters under the care of a worthless white man, whom I had forborn to turn away on account of the peculiar circumstances attending his family; But I suffer so much from his negligence; by his bad qualities; and bad examples; that I find it indispensably necessary to get some other workman to supply his place. If it should be your lot to superintend my Affairs your own ease, as well as my interest, would induce you to look out for a successor to him, against New Years day; if not, and you could recommend a proper character for this business, it would be rendering me an acceptable Service to do it. I am Sir Your Hble Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0372", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 27 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n\u27e8D\u27e9ear Sir,\nPhilada Augt 27th 1793.\nYou would oblige me by draughting an answer to the enclosed Address from Richmond (Virginia). If you can, conveniently do it, to go by the Post of tomorrow, it would be wished; if not, it will do very well against Friday\u2019s Post.\nIf you are not engaged & will take dinner with me to day I should be glad of your Company\u2014Govr Blount & Genl Pickens will be here. Yours always & sincerely\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0373", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 27 August 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir.\n[Philadelphia] August 27. 1793.\nPlease to inform the President of the United States, that it is understood, that David Allison is not the Secretary of Governor Blount, but that he has been occasionally employed by him.\nThat in all the money transactions, or payments, in which Mr Allison has been employed, he has settled his accounts to the entire satisfaction of the Accountant.\nAnd that he has now given bonds for the faithful discharge of the trust reposed in him, to the amount of eighty thousand dollars. Yours sincerely\nH. Knox secy of war", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0374", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 27 August 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nWar Department. 27th August 1793\nI have the honor to submit, the draft of a letter to his Excellency the Governor of the State of Delaware; and also, a letter just received from James Brice, President of the Council of Maryland, dated August 23d 1793. I am, Sir, Most respectfully, Your very humble Servt\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0377", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 28 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Aug. 28. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President incloses him the draught of a letter to the Attorney General on the case of Wilson & others of Alexandria, which will explain his views of the best way proceeding in that case.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0378", "content": "Title: Henry Knox to Tobias Lear, 28 August 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir.\n[Philadelphia] August 28th 1793\nPlease to submit to the President of the United States, a letter from Mr Harrison district attorney of New York, and also the draft of a letter thereon to Governor Clinton\u2014The draft of a letter to Governor Moultrie is also submitted. I am\u2014Dear Sir\u2014Your\u2019s sincerely\u2014\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0379", "content": "Title: Tobias Lear to Henry Knox, 28 August 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Knox, Henry\n[Philadelphia] 28 August 1793\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to return to the Secretary of War the enclosed letter & papers from the District Attorney of New York\u27e8.\u27e9 and the draught of a letter consequent thereof to Governor Clinton. And to inform the Secretary that the President thinks the letter proposed to be written to Governor Clinton a proper one for the Occasion; yet as it is the first of the kind which it has been found necessary to write\u2014and may be considered as a precedent, he wishes the matter to be laid before the Heads of the Departments and the Attorney General for their serious consideration and opinion and desires that you will accordingly lay it before them. The letter for Governor Moultrie meets the President\u2019s ideas.\nTobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0380", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James McHenry, 28 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: McHenry, James\n(Private) Dear Sir,\nPhiladelphia August 28th 1793\nI have been favored with your letter of the 11th of this month, and thank you very cordially for the information contained in it. I have also received your letter of the 9th instant, recommending Mr J. H. Purviance to fill the Office of Surveyor of the Port of Baltimore. And altho\u2019 you know it is not my custom to answer letters of this description; yet on the present occasion I have thought it proper to observe to you, that, knowing the very decided part which this Gentleman\u2019s father took in our Revolution\u2014his perseverence in the Cause\u2014the services rendered by him to our Country\u2014and the disagreeable situation in which he left a worthy family, I felt a strong inclinaton to have served Mr Purviance in the present instance on these Accounts\u2014as well as on Account of his own merits and qualifications, which, from the testimonials produced, are undoubtedly great; but as the\nseveral Offices in the Revenue Department in our large Ports were intended in a great measure, as a check on each other\u2014and one of these Offices in Baltimore already filled by an Uncle of this Gentleman, I concluded, upon the fullest consideration of the subject, that the Appointment of Mr J. H. Purviance to the Office of Surveyor of Baltimore might possibly give rise to insinuations not very favourable to the Gentlemen themselves or the Government, Altho\u2019 I am fully persuaded that in the case alluded to no collusion would ever happen.\nThe Office of Collector of Annapolis will require a new Appointment as soon as a person properly qualified can be found to accept it. Capt. Kilty was strongly recommended for the Office of Surveyor of Baltimore, but that place being filled by another, I informed Colo. Howard, who had written to me in behalf of Captn Kilty, that if he would accept the Office of Collector of Annapolis, I would appoint him thereto; and mentioned, that in case Capt. Kilty should decline the Office, then I should wish to appoint Mr J. H. Purviance thereto, provided his friends thought it would be an object worth his Attention. With very great regard I am Dear Sir Your Affectionate & Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0381", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Moultrie, 28 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Moultrie, William\nDear Sir,\nPhiladelphia 28th August 1793.\nI have received your letter of the 11th of the last month.\nHaving conceived an opinion highly favourable to General Pickens, I invited him to repair to this City in order that I might obtain from him such facts & information as would be essential to an offensive Expedition against the refractory part of the Creek nation, whenever Congress should decide that measure to be proper & necessary. The Constitution vests the power of declaring War with Congress, therefore no offensive expedition of importance can be undertaken until after they shall have deliberated upon the subject, and authorised such a measure.\nIt is essential (which is communicated to you in confidence) that under the present circumstances it is not improbable but that an offensive Creek War might bring on a war with an European power, whose possessions are in the neighbourhood of the Creeks.\nFrom recent information from Mr Seagrove it would appear that a considerable portion of the Creeks, particularly the upper Creeks, were determined to make satisfaction for the injuries which have been done by that nation, but the bea\u27e8rers\u27e9 of this message were killed by a party of Militia, the consequences of which, time will develope.\nI have had just reason to be satisfied with the informaion of Genl Pickens, and if the time shall arrive when an Expedition shall be directed, I shall be greatly gratified by his taking an eminent part therein. I have the honor to be, with respect & esteem, Dear Sir, Your Obedt Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0382", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Citizens of Richmond, Virginia, 28 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Citizens of Richmond, Virginia\nFellow Citizens,\n[Philadelphia, c.28 August 1793]\nAmong the numerous expressions of the public sense, in favor of the measures which have been adopted for the observance of neutrality in the present war of Europe, none is more grateful to me, than that of the Inhabitants of Richmond & its vicinity. The manner in which it is conveyed, lays claim to my affectionate acknowledgements.\nIn recollecting the anticipations wch were entertained of a pacific policy, as most consonant with the situation of the United States & the genius of our Government, it is a pleasing reflection, that when the occasion for exemplyfying it occurs, sentiments corresponding with it appear to pervade every part of the community. This steadiness of views, highly honorable to the national character, is well calculated to support, in the administration of our affairs, a spirit constantly favorable to the great object of peace.\nAnd tho\u2019 the best and sincerest endeavours to this end, may sometimes prove ineffectual; yet it will always be a source of consolation & encouragement, that the calamities of war, if at any time they shall be experienced, have been unsought & unprovoked. Every good citizen will then meet events with that firmness\n& perseverance which naturally accompany the consciousness of a good cause, the conviction that there is no ground for self-reproach.\nTrue to our duties and interests as Americans\u2014firm to our purpose as lovers of peace\u2014let us unite our fervent prayers to the great ruler of the Universe, that the justice & moderation of all concerned may permit us to continue in the uninterrupted enjoyment of a blessing, which we so greatly prize, & of which we ardently wish them a speedy & permanent participation.\nGo. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0383", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 29 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nGentlemen,\nPhiladelphia 29th Augt 1793.\nI enclose you an Estimate of the cost of the Capitol for the Federal City upon Mr Hallet\u2019s plan calculated in the Philada prices by Mr Carstairs, one of the architects brought forward by Dr Thornton on the late occasion of discussing the objections offered to his plan. Altho\u2019 it may not be proper to rely entirely upon this Estimate; yet it will probably be found a very useful document in going on with the work.\nIn contemplating characters suitable to inspect your accounts, agreeably to your request, I have thought of appointing Captn Conway, of Alexandria, and Major John Ross, of Bladensburg\u2014they having struck me as Gentlemen very competent to the business in every respect, & believing them to be as little interested in the objects for which the expenditures have been made, as any proper characters in that quarter would be likely to be. on the latter point, however, you are better able to judge than I am, & will let me know if any objection could arise on that head:\nand in case there should be none, I will let those Gentlemen know my wishes for them to under take the business, as soon as I hear from you.\nIn the mean time it may be well for you to inform me how long it will probably take to examine the accounts; & whether it would be best to have it done during your meeting, or at any other time, that I may let the Gentlemen know these circumstances, upon which perhaps will depend their accepting or declining the appointment; and also whether, as the business is of a public nature, it would be expected that compensation should be made for the time or trouble of executing it.\nQuery\u2014In what manner would it be proper to state the accounts with the States of Virginia & Maryland, they having advanced monies which have not been all expended on the objects for which they were appropriated?\nI propose, if the situation of public business will permit, to leave this place for Mount Vernon about the 14th of next month. With very great regard, I am Gentlemen, Your mo: obedt Servt\nGo. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0384", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Fielder, 29 August 1793\nFrom: Fielder, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nHonorable sir\nKensington 29th Augt 1793\nYour favor of Twenty Dollars on Loan I recieve with gratitude, I regreted much that though I kept my appointment with Mr Henry Sheaf my utmost exertions were not sufficient to be in time to explain to your Excellency how far the utility of my Machine for improving Agriculture extends, the experience of which has only been obtain\u2019d by my accurately observing on its operations, as I understand by Mr Powell that you intend me the Honor of making one for your Estate, if admissable to favor me with an opportunity of being farther explanatory it will be duly acknowledg\u2019d by Honble sir yr much Oblig\u2019d & Most Obedt\nThos Fielder", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0385", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 29 August 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nWar department August 29th 1793\nI have the honor to submit a letter from the Governor of Georgia containing some proceedings of a General Council of War of\nthe Militia of that State. I have the honor to be with the highest respect Your obedient Servant\nH. Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0388", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Whitehead, 29 August 1793\nFrom: Whitehead, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nAugust Sir\nGranville near Annapolis Royal Nova Scotia Aug. 29th 1793\nBeing sensible from the nature of true greatness & goodness, that the greatest & best of men was never unwilling to accept a tribute of respect from the least of their Friends, gives me tacit leave, to address myself Great Sir, to the most illustrious character, the Annals of Fame can glory of\u2014altho there is nothing that relates to me or mine\u2014worthy the notice of so august Personage, yet I presume my simple narrative will not be displeasing.\nI am a native of the state of New york, and as such had (during the struggle for American Liberty) a peculiar regard for the wellbeing of my Country\u2014her cause I espoused, in her cause I bled & bled profusely & freely\u2014throug the well directing providence of GOD, after a Bloody war, a happy, advantageous peace took\nplace August Sir, according to the desire of your heart & power of your Arms, for which may the Almighty arbitor of war & peace for ever be adored.\n In 1788 I trust by the direction of Heaven\u2014& by the advice of my Brethern & Friends of the Methodest connexion I sail\u2019d from New york to Nova scotia, to Preach the Gospel of our Lord Jesus Christ\u2014sometime since I enter\u2019d into the domestic Life\u2014on the 14th April 1792 my wife was deliver\u2019d of a Son & daughter, which we were unhappy enough to loose in a short time\u2014on 14th Apr. 1793 she was delivered of another son & daughter which abundantly compensates the first loss\u2014I have taken the Liberty to name my little son George Washington, not being favourd with Lady Washington\u2019s first nor maiden name I could not name my little daughter as I desired, I believe time itself never heard such another noise about the name of a Child as has been made about mine, but I am happy to say that its confined to that unhappy description of People, who not long since were call\u2019d Tories but now refugees.\nI have sometime wish\u2019d to have certain account of America\u2019s young Patron, the unfortunate Marqu\u27e8is\u27e9 De Le Fayette.\nSince America has gain\u2019d her independence at the Expence of vast Blood & treasure, I pray God to conti\u27e8nue\u27e9 the same unto her admidst the confusion of Europe, my Expection\u27e8s\u27e9 thereof are sanguine, August Sir, since I read your pe\u27e8ace\u27e9full Proclamation & have been enform\u2019d of the neutral disposition of the people U.S.A. in General.\nMay the best of Heaven\u2019s blessings for ever rest upon you as upon the Father & Prince of his peo\u27e8ple\u27e9 and may Lady Washington richly share in the sa\u27e8me\u27e9 adundant blessings is the sincere desire & constant Prayer of August Sir your most Humble & most Obedient Servant\nThos. Whitehead", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0389", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 30 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n[Philadelphia] Aug. 30. 93.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President a letter received from Mr Maury, Consul at Liverpool, inclosing a copy of the order of the British government for intercepting our commerce in Grain. we shall doubtless receive it authentically & soon from mister Pinckney. in the mean time mister Maury\u2019s information seems sufficient foundation to instruct mister Pinckney provisionally to make proper representations on the subject, and to return an answer by the meeting of Congress. for this however Th: J. will await the pleasure of the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0390", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Mifflin, 30 August 1793\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir.\nPhila. 30th August 1793\nInclosed I have the honor to transmit to you several documents, respecting the Case of the Spry Sloop; which, in consequence of perfect satisfaction being received, that she would not prosecute her equipments as a vessel of war, I have discharged from arrest. I am, with perfect respect, Sir Your most obedt Hble Serv.\nThomas Mifflin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0391", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Noncommissioned Officers and Privates of the New-York Line, 30 August 1793\nFrom: Noncommissioned Officers and Privates of the New-York Line\nTo: Washington, George\nMay it please your Excellency,\nNew-York, August 30, 1793.\nTHE non-commissioned officers and privates of the New-York line, late American army, beg leave most respectfully, to address your Excellency, on the subject of our sufferings during the late War, and the mode in which they have been repaid\u2014that, having completed the revolution, we retired to private life, to mix with our fellow-citizens, with assurances from your Excellency, that we had served our Country faithfully, and our Country would perform all they had promised\u2014but from the weakness of government at that time, and their resources being conducted by a financier, we were obliged to take due bills for our wages, when our distresses were extreme, and compelled to alienate those due bills in the payment of public taxes, and all private debts, at 2/6 in the pound, and made tributary to our assigns by the funding act in a nett profit of 12/6 in the pound; and also, in the sum of 13,250 dollars annually, for offices of transfer, to accommodate the dealers in our due bills.\nThat as there remains in the hands of government, a small balance of the wages we so painfully earned, which we conceive may be paid to the original creditor without interfering with any system heretofore adopted and the documents necessary to ascertain the amount of our wages, and the sum government have paid by the funding act, and the balance that remains due, are now in existence.\nTherefore, Sir, relying on your wisdom at the head of government, as we did on your ability in the field, with a remembrance of the confidence placed in your honour during our servitude, and at the dissolution of the army, that a country rescued from impending ruin, will not leave the debt of gratitude unpaid, nor so many of our companions worn, by fatigue and hard fighting, to solicit in the eve of life, the cold hand of charity in a country, their valour saved, and as the labours of the gentleman,\nMr\u27e8.\u27e9 Madison, seconded by Mr. Jackson, who were disinterested, and induced from principles of justice, in advocating the cause of an Army, who had done and suffered more than any army ever did for the freedom of the human race proved unsuccessful. We solicit your Excellency\u2019s advice and assistance at the next meeting of Congress, to obtain the remnant that remains unpaid on our certificates. And in the mean time, subscribe ourselves with affection and esteem, Your humble servants.\nTo be presented to Sergeant John Clark.\nSigned, &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0392", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Pearce, 30 August 1793\nFrom: Pearce, William\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nKent County Maryland Augt 30th 1793.\nI received your agreeable Letter dated Augt 26th in whh you offer me one hundred Guineas, \u214c Annum, to Superintend your Mount Vernon Estate, providid all matters can be adjusted to the mutual convenience, & Satisfaction, of each of us. on those terms I will accept the Superintendency of Mount Vernon\u2014and am well pleased at your proposition of meeting you at the place, which I will do, at the time appointed by you, should my Health permit.\nI return you my sincere Thanks for your Information respecting the Stages\u2014and am Sir yr most obt & hume Servt\nWilliam Pearce.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0393", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Samuel Sherburne, 30 August 1793\nFrom: Sherburne, John Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\nsir\nPortsmouth New Hampshire August 30, 1793\nAs other avocations will not longer admit of my acting as attorney of the United States for this district, I must beg leave to request you to consider this, as my resignation of that office, and at the same time to assure you, that altho\u2019, the exercise of it, has been attended with some professional inconveniences I esteem myself amply compensated by the honor of having held a commission signed by your hand. I think it my duty further to inform you that the situation of the public business in this district will require the appointment of a person to this office previous to the sitting of the next circuit Court, as an indictment for a capital offence is there pending, which must then fail without an appearance in behalf of the States. With the most perfect consideration I have the honor to be sir Your Most obedient, & obliged hume servt\nJohn Saml Sherburne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0394", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James B. M. Adair, 31 August 1793\nFrom: Adair, James B. M.\nTo: Washington, George\nSir,\nNew york August 31st 1793.\nI take the liberty to inclose to your Excellency, a letter, which was entrusted to my care by Sir Edward Newenham of Dublin, who desired me to deliver it in person, an honour which I should\ncertainly have done myself, had I not been detained in this part of the Country by business, & by the contagious fever, which, I am extremely sorry to find, prevails at Philadelphia. As I am thus under a necessity of deferring my journey to the Southern States, and consequently the honour and happiness of paying my duty to your Excellency, I have thought it adviseable to transmit Sir Edward\u2019s letter to Philadelphia. I hope this will prove a sufficient Apology for the liberty I have taken, of addressing your Excellency on the present occasion.\nOn my arrival from London, the day before yesterday, I took the liberty to inclose to the Secretary of State a few of the latest London Newspapers, addressed, Sir, to you, and by the days Coach I have the honour to transmit a few of the Magazines & Reviews of the two last months. and at the same time a packet from Sir John Sinclair, who has commissioned me to make, and transmit to him the result of enquiries respecting the present State of the Agriculture in the United States.\nMay I hope that Your Excellency will pardon the freedom I have used, of intruding on your time, successfully employed in promoting the happiness of a grateful people, and that I may be permitted to subscribe myself, with the highest veneration Sir Your Excellency\u2019s most devoted And obedient Servant\nJames M. Adair M.D.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-13-02-0395", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Burgess Ball, 31 August 1793\nFrom: Ball, Burgess\nTo: Washington, George\nDear sir,\nMount Vernon\u201431st Aug: 93.\nOn our way to Loudon &c. we arrived here today\u2014Everythg abt here, from the late rains, seem to look smiling, and from what I\u2019ve seen as I rode along, you\u2019re not suffer\u2019d for rain anythg like so much as abt Fredericksbg.\nI have brot with me two Bush: of Early Wheat, and wish I cou\u2019d have brot for you much more, for \u2019tho a good deal may be got in Fredericksbg, no opportys offer to this part of the Country, except by the Stage.\n From the Accot I\u2019ve had of this wheat, it has this Year turn\u2019d out a great Increase, & free from the Rott or Rust, whilst the common kind, on the same Land, has turn\u2019d out little or nothg. We shall proceed for Loudon & Berkley on Sunday, as I am myself very unwell (havg been very sick with the Ague &c.) & hope to gain strength by travelling. \u2019Tho I\u2019m satisfyed Politics must, to you, be troublesome, yet I can\u2019t help touchg upon them\u2014The Conduct of Genet has lately been the general Topic, and among all with whom I\u2019ve been, he is very much censured, whilst the part you\u2019ve persued has been as much applauded\u2014There will in all Governments be disconte[nt]ed, mischievous, wicked men, and, as we know there are many, who even endeavour to ridicule our Creator & Redeemer, it cannot be expected that the best of men can remain free from their attempts. I hope you\u2019ll excuse this liberty. I mentd to Mrs Lewis &c. that, from your last Letter, \u27e8I\u27e9 conciev\u2019d you wou\u2019d be able to pay so little attention to your Int. here, that you wou\u2019d endeavour to get a man perfectly qualifyed to manage for you, and they said they thot it was the best way, so that no kind of disappointmt, or injury to any of their feelings, have taken place. I hope you have got a Person to take Charge agreeable to your Wishes.\nFanny & Childn are hearty & join in best respects to Mrs Washington. & I am, Dr sir, yr Affect. Hble servt\nB: Ball", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0001", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Gouverneur Morris, 1 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\n            Philadelphia Septr 1st 1793\n          This letter will be presented to you by Mr Lear, whom I beg leave (if he should go to\n            France) to recommend to your civilities. He is a person\n            who possesses my entire friendship & confidence; and will not be found unworthy of\n            your acquaintance, as he will have it in his power to give you an acct, which you may\n            rely on, of the true Situation of things in this Country.\n          Mercantile pursuits have induced him to leave my family; by these he is carried to\n            Europe for a short stay, only. I shall not repeat to you\n            the sincere esteem & regard with which I am Dear Sir Your sincere friend and affecte\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0002", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Pinckney, 1 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\n            Philadelphia Septr 1st 1793\n          Notwithstanding Mr Lear is already known to you, I cannot suffer him to depart without\n            this letter of introduction to your civilities, whilst he may remain in London.\n          He is a person whose conduct has entitled him to my warmest friendship & regard\u2014and\n            one from whom you may obtain the best oral information of the real state of matters in\n            this Country.\n          Mercantile pursuits with draws him from my family, and carries him to Europe for the\n            purpose of facilitating the measure he has adopted, for his future walk.\n          Present, if you please, my respects to Mrs Pinckney; and be assured of the sincere\n            esteem & regard with which I am \u27e8Dear Sir Your Obedt & Hble Ser.\n            Go: Washington\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0003", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Short, 1 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Short, William\n            Philadelphia Septr 1st 1793.\n          If this letter should reach your hands, it will be presented by Mr Lear, a Gentleman\n            who has lived with me more than Seven years\u2014The last four of which as my Secretary.\n          He is now withdrawing himself from this Office; having engaged in a mercantile scheme;\n            which, for a short stay, takes him to Europe\u2014His conduct during the period he has\n            resided in my family, has been so uniformly good as to entitle him to my affectionate\n            regard, and is my apology for recommending him to your civilities, in case he should\n            fall in your way, during his absence from this Country. From none wd you be able to\n            obtain oral information more to be relied on, of the situation of affairs in this\n            Country. With esteem & regard I am\u2014Sir Your Obedt Hble Servt\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0004", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Nicholas Van Staphorst, 1 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Van Staphorst, Nicholas\n            Philadelphia Sept. 1st 1793\n          I have the pleasure to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 2d of may, giving\n            me information of the steps you had taken respecting the bill of Exchange which I\n            remitted to you in January last. Your attention to this\n            business merits and receives my best thanks.\n          This letter will be put into your hands by Mr Tobias Lear, a Gentleman who has been my\n            Secretary, and a member of my\n            family for seven years last past\u2014He has been making\n            arrangements for forming an extensive commercial establishment at the Federal City on\n            the River Potomak, and now goes to Europe for the purpose of taking measures th\u27e8ere\u27e9 to\n            carry his plan into effect\u2014His uniform good conduct\n            having entitled him to my highest esteem & regard must be my apology for taking the\n            liberty of introducing him to your civilities while he shall remain in Holland. I have\n            the honor to be Sir Your Most Obedt Hble Ser.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0005", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Arthur Young, 1 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Young, Arthur\n            Philadelphia Septr 1st 1793.\n          Instead of commencing this letter with an apology for suffering your favor of the 17th\n            of last Jany to remain so long unacknowledged, I will refer you to the bearer, who is\n            perfectly acquainted with my situation, for the reason why it has done so.\n          The bearer Sir, is Mr Lear, a gentleman who has been a member of my family seven years;\n            and, until the present moment, my Secretary\u2014consequently cannot, as I have observed\n            before, be unknowing to the nature, & pressure of the business in which I am\n            continually involved.\n          As a proof, however, that I have not been altogether inattentive to your commands, I\n            enclose the result of Mr Peters\u2019s answer to some enquiries of yours; and the copy also\n            of a letter from Mr Jefferson to whom I had propounded, for solution, other queries\n            contained in your letter of the above date. The documents\n            I send, have the signature of these gentlemen annexed to them, but for your satisfaction\n            only. Mr Peters is, as you will perceive by a vein in his letter, a man of humour. He is\n            a theorist, and admitted one of the best practical farmers in this part of the State of Pennsylvania.\n          But, as it is not so much what the soil of this Country actually produces, as what it\n            is capable of producing by skilful management that I conceive to be the object of your\n            enquiry, & to know whether this produce would meet a ready Market & good prices.\n            What the nature of the Climate in general, is. The temperature thereof in the different\n            States. The quality & prices of the lands, with the improvements thereon, in various\n            parts of the Union. The prospects which are unfolding in each &ca &ca. I can do\n            no better than refer you to the Oral information of the bearer, who is a person of\n            intelligence; & pretty well acquainted with the States from New Hampshire\n            (inclusive) to Virginia; and one in whom you may, as I do, place entire confidence in\n            all he shall relate of his own knowledge, & believe what is given from information,\n            as it will be handed with caution.\n          Mr Lear has been making arrangements for forming an extensive commercial establishment\n            at the Federal City on the River Potomac; and now goes to Europe for the purpose of\n            taking measures, there, to carry his plan into effect. I persuade myself that any\n            information you can give him, respecting the Manufactures of Great Britain, will be\n            gratefully received; and as I have a particular\n            friendship for him, I shall consider any civilities shewn him by you, as a mark of your\n            politeness to Sir Your Most Obedient & Very Hble Servt\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0006-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Clinton, 2 September 1793\nFrom: Clinton, George\nTo: Washington, George\n              NewYork 2 September 1793.\n            I transmit for your information, the enclosed papers respecting an event of national\n              concern which lately took place on board the Ship of War Jupiter belonging to the\n              French Squadron in this harbor, and the measures which were adopted in consequence thereof. The application of the Consul\n              General of the French Republic on this occasion, you will readily perceive, placed me\n              in a very delicate situation, as a refusal to interfere might under the peculiar\n              circumstances of this case not only have been construed into a denial of the aid\n              stipulated by the Convention with his Nation but in that view, considering the\n              constitutional obligation of treaties on the State Officers, have been considered an\n              omission of duty. Thus circumstanced I conceived it\n              most adviseable to issue the enclosed requisition to the Officers of the State, in\n              which opinion the Attorney of the District for the United States, with whom I\n              consulted, concurred. I am sensible that by the Act of\n              Congress passed in April 1792 concerning Consuls & Vice Consuls, doubts may be\n              entertained whether cases of this kind are not exclusively committed to the District\n              Judges and Marshals, but should this construction prevail in its full extent, that\n              article of the Convention, in most instances and especially in the present, from the\n              remote residence of the District Judge, must become a dead letter. It may be proper to mention that the persons charged with\n              desertion were pursued and overtaken in the County of WestChester, from whence they\n              have escaped and I have reason to believe have gone out of this State.\n            I have neglected to mention in my former communications, that it was not in my power\n              to detain the Republican a Prize to the English Frigate Boston agreeably to your\n              request, as she had sailed from this harbor previous to my receipt of the Secretary of\n            Yesterday the French Privateers Carmagnole and Petit Democrat arrived in this\n              Port\u2014and measures shall be immediately taken, in the mode pointed out on such\n              occasions, to cause their departure. I have the honor\n              to be, with the greatest respect Your most Obedient servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0006-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure I: Edmond Genet to George Clinton, 30 August 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Clinton, George\n              New York le 30 Aout 1793l\u2019an 2e de la Republique\n            Le General Galbaud, l\u2019aude de Camp Concience, et le Caporal Bonne, se sont evader\n              cette nuit a m am arm\u00e9e \u00e2u bord du Jupiter. ces hommes\n              sont tous deserteurs et \u00e0 ce titre nous avons le droit de les reclamer\u27e8.\u27e9 Je vous prie\n              enconsequence Monsieur de vouloir bien faire deliverer des Warrants au Consul de la\n              republique pour qu\u2019il soient arret\u00e9s et condut\u00e9s a bord d\u2019un des Vaissaus de\n            Voici le Signalement de Galbaud. ag\u00e9s de 50 ans, taille de 5\n              pied, t\u00eate petite figure bl\u00e9me, visage along\u00e9, l\u2019\u0153uil vif, Sourcils blond nei long,\n              bouche grande, front \u00e9lev\u00e9, menton pointu, portant perruque, maigre de Corps, marchant\n            Signalement de l\u2019aude de Camp Concience ag\u00e9 de 20 ans, taille de 5 pieds trois pouce,\n              mince de corps, bienfait, petite figure, l\u2019\u0153uil petit et enfonc\u00e9, le tient basan\u00e9, le\n              fron\u27e8t\u27e9 elev\u00e9, le nez ordinaire, bouche moyenne, mento\u27e8n\u27e9 ordinaire, cheveux chatains\n            Signalement du Caporal Bonne ag\u00e9 de 30 ans environs taille 5 pieds 4 pouce figure\n              ronde, nes pointu, yeux petits, cheveux chatains, front court et large, bouche petite,\n              le corps gros. Agr\u00e9\u00e9s mes respectueux sentiments\n              P. S. Je crois que ces trois personnes ne parlent pas l\u2019anglais. le Consul de la\n                Republique, Monsieur, presentera au Maire de cette Ville le rolle du Jupiter que\n                constateront que les personnes que Je reclame faisoient partie de l\u2019equipage de ce", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0006-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure II: George Clinton to Edmond Genet, 30 August 1793\nFrom: Clinton, George\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\n            In consequence of the Request contained in your Letter of equal Date, I have issued\n              my Requisition to the Judges & other Officers of this State to\n              give all due Aid and Assistance (pursuant to the 9th Article of the Consular\n              Convention between our two Nations) for the Search Seizure and Arrest of the Deserters\n              (mentioned in your Letter) from the Ship Jupiter belonging to your Republic\u2014It may not be improper however to mention that altho I conceive\n              the Exhibition of the Ships Roll as proof sufficient to Justify this Measure in the\n              first Instance, yet by the same Article it would appear that a Right is reserved to\n              the Party proceeded against to disprove the Fact; should this therefore be done to the\n              Satisfaction of the Judge before whom those Persons when apprehended are brought, it\n              may then become a Question whether instead of causing them to be confined it will not\n              in such Case be his Duty to liberate them. I am", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0007", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 2 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n            Monday Morning 2d Sepr [1793]\n          Interwoven in the enclosed Address, are Sentiments as difficult to answer, as it would\n            seem odd to pass by unnoticed\u2014believing, as I do, that they are the sentiments of a\n            large part of the people of this Country.\n          I would thank you for making such alterations in the expression of the draft of an\n            answer (enclosed) as in your judgment will make it palatable on all sides, or\n            unexceptionable. The bearer will wait, as I wish to return the answer by the Mail of to\n              day. Yours always\n          Go: Washington\n            No matter how rough the answer comes to me, so it can be read.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0008", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 2\u20134 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          Th: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President his letter of Aug. 7. to mister\n            Hammond, which was confined to the special cases of three vessels therein named. the\n            object of mister Hammond\u2019s letter of Aug. 30. is to obtain from the government a\n            declaration that the principle of those special cases shall be extended to all captures\n            made within our waters or by the proscribed vessels, whether before or after the 7th of Aug. & to establish, as a\n            general rule, restitution, or compensation. the forming a general rule\n            requires great caution. Th: J. in preparing the draught of an answer to mister Hammond,\n            has endeavored to establish what he thinks the true grounds on which a general rule\n            should be formed. but, if the President approves of it, he would wish to send the\n            draught to the Secretaries of the Treasury & war, & Attorney\n            Genl for their consideration & amendments, or to meet on the subject, when an answer\n            to the latter part of the letter might also be agreed on.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0009-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Lloyd, 2 September 1793\nFrom: Lloyd, James\nTo: Washington, George\n              Chester Town\u2014Kent County Maryland 2d Septr 1793.\n            I have the honor of transmitting to you the inclosed resolutions, entered into by the\n              Citizens of Kent County, at a very respectable meeting at Chester Town on the 31st of\n            It gives me the highest satisfaction to believe that the spirit which dictated those\n              resolutions pervades every part of the State of Maryland.\n            Whilst I am performing the pleasing duty, of communicating the sentiments of my\n              fellow Citizens of this County, permit me to add my most fervent wishes for the\n              happiness of a Life on which the public safety so much depends. I have the honor to\n                be, with the most respectful regard, Sir, Your most humble &\n              Obedt Servt\n              James Lloyd", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0010", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Mifflin, 2 September 1793\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          I have the honor to lay before you, copies of several letters, which I have recd from\n            the French Consul, respecting the approach of a very considerable body of armed\n            Deserters, from the French Ships of War, now lying at New York and expressing his\n            solicitude to obtain the aid of the Militia, in executing a Warrant, which the Chief\n            Justice has issued, for apprehending them. With that\n            view, as well as to preserve the public peace (obviously at this moment endangered) I\n            have given orders (a copy of which is enclosed) for making a draft from the Militia; but being apprehensive, that this arrangement cannot be\n            seasonably effected, I request your sanction for calling in the assistance of Capt.\n            Sedan\u2019s Company, to act, upon the request of the Civil authority,\n            until the Militia are prepared to discharge the duty which the occasion requires. I am, with perfect respect Sir Your most obedt Hble\n            Thos Mifflin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0011", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the New London, Connecticut, Citizens, 2 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Citizens of New London, Connecticut\n            Fellow Citizens,\n          The motives which have induced a public expression of your sentiments at the present\n            juncture, are such as naturally operate upon good Citizens, when points which materially\n            concern the happiness of their Country are the subjects of discussion.\n          Your approbation of my conduct on the occasion, to which it relates, could not fail to\n            give me particular pleasure, and to serve as a support to my confidence in pursuing\n            measures which, dictated by official duty, have for object the peace & happiness of\n            our common Country.\n          Sentiments sincerely friendly to the French Nation, & the most cordial wishes for\n            their welfare, unite, I doubt not, all the Citizens of the United States; but it cannot\n            be incompatible with these dispositions to give full weight to the great &\n            commanding considerations which respect the immediate welfare of our\n            own Country.\n          Experienced as we have lately been in the calamities of war, it must be the prayer of\n            every good Citizen that it may long be averted from our land, and that the blessings\n            which a kind providence has bestow\u2019d upon us, may continue uninterrupted.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0012", "content": "Title: Resolutions from Petersburg, Virginia, Citizens, 2 September 1793\nFrom: Citizens of Petersburg, Virginia\nTo: Washington, George\n          At a Meeting of a number of respectable Inhabitants of the Town of Petersburg and its Vicinity held at Mr Edwards\u2019s Coffeehouse in the said Town, on\n            Saturday the 31st of August 1793 pursuant to public Notice, for that purpose given, to\n            take into Consideration the late proclamation of the President of the United States.\n          The President\u2019s proclamation being read on Motion made & seconded, Resolved, that a\n            Committee be appointed to draw up & propose to the next meeting for their\n            Consideration, Certain Resolutions expressive of the sentiments of the Inhabitants of\n            this Town, and its Vicinity, respecting the president\u2019s said proclamation declaring the\n            neutrality of the States in the present European War, and respecting the Conduct of\n            Administration with regard to the powers at War; and The following Gentlemen, viz.\n            Joseph Weisiger, Docter Hall, Thomas G. Peachy, Docter Shore, Burrel Starke, James\n            Campbell and George K. Taylor, were appointed a Committee for that purpose\u2014The Meeting\n            was then adjourned till Monday morning next at 10, OClock, to be then held at the Town\n            Court house.\n          At a general Meeting of the Inhabitants of the Town of Petersburg and its Vicinity at\n            the Court house of the said Town on Monday the 2nd Sept. 1793.\n          The Committee appointed by the Town Meeting held on saturday last, to draw up &\n            propose to the present Meeting, for their Consideration, certain resolutions; this day\n            proposed to the Meeting the Resolutions following Vizt.\n          Resolved that it is Consistent with the true Interests of the United States as well as\n            their good faith, to preserve the strictest Neutrality in the present situation of\n          That we highly approve, and are firmly resolved strictly to observe the Presidents late\n            proclamation, because we believe it was dictated by a profound knowledge of the\n            interests of these States and by a sincere & honest desire of promoting their real\n            happiness & prosperity.\n          That we will use every exertion to discountenance and suppress all such designs &\n            proceedings as in any manner tend to interrupt that harmony & tranquility which we\n            enjoy under a just & pacific Administration of the happiest of Governments.\n          That the interference of any foreign power or Minister in the internal Administration\n            of our Government, is an infringement of the Sovereignty of the people, tends to destroy\n            public Confi dence, to introduce Confusion & Anarchy, and therefore should excite\n            the indignation & reprehension of every Independent American.\n          That any Attempts to diminish that Confidence which our Citizens repose in the Wisdom\n            Justice & disinterestedness of the present Chief Magistrate of the United States are\n            equally ungrateful, illiberal and unjust.\n          Resolved, That the Chairman transmit the foregoing Resolutions to Thomas Jefferson\n            Esqr. & request him to Communicate the same to the President of the United\n          And the said Resolutions being severally & distinctly read were unanimously\n          And the Meeting Continuing, the following resolution was proposed & agreed to.\n          Resolved, That We Consider the Combination of the despots of Europe against the\n            Liberties of France as having a direct tendency to destroy the political happiness of\n            Mankind and though we feel an Interest in preserving our Neutrality, yet it is our sincere wish that Liberty & the Rights of Man may be the prevailing\n            principle\u2019s throughout the Universe.\n            T. G: Peachy Chairman.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0015", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James B. M. Adair, 4 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Adair, James B. M.\n            Philadelphia Sepr 4. 1793\n          I have recd your letter of the 31st ulto from New York enclosing one from Sr Edwd\n            Newinham\u2014also the magazines, the Packet from Sr John Sinclair &c. for your care And\n            attention in forwarding them I beg you to accept my thanks.\n          Any civilities which it may be in my power to shew you while you remain in this\n            Country, will give me Pleasure. I am Sir your Mot obt Sert\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0017", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Eager Howard, 4 September 1793\nFrom: Howard, John Eager\nTo: Washington, George\n            Belvidere [Md.] 4th Septr 1793\n          Immediately upon the receipt of your Excellencys letter of the 25th ult. I wrote by the\n            post to Capt. Kilty at Annapolis, to know whether the appointment of Collector of\n            Annapolis would be agreeable to him, and I delayed answering your letter in hopes of\n            being able to communicate his determination; but have not yet heard from him.\n          I very much doubt his acceptance of that office, as the Salary, I am\n            informed is only two hundred dollars, and the fees very trifling, so that it would not\n            be equal to his Salary as a member of the Council.\n          I have also had conversation with Capt. Plunkett respecting Mr Purviance; Capt.\n            Plunkett thinks that office would not suit him, as his great object is a situation that\n            would enable him to take a house and support his Sisters who at present are dispersed\n            among their friends.\n          Mr Delozier is well acquainted with the duties of the office to which he is appointed,\n            and I am persuaded he will execute the trust with reputation to himself, and to the\n            satisfaction of the publick.\n          Permit me to express my ardent wishes that you may not be exposed to the malignant\n            fever which at this time rages in Philadelphia, and the great respect with which I have\n            the honor to be Your Excellencys Obedt Servt\n            P.S. Since writing the above I have received Capt. Kilty\u2019 answer to my letter, which\n              I take the liberty of enclosing to your Excellency, though I ought to make an apoligy\n              for giving you the trouble of reading so long a letter\u2014With the highest respect\u2014I have the honor to be Yr Obedt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0018", "content": "Title: From \u201cA true Friend to virtuous Liberty and Equality\u201d, 4 September 1793\nFrom: Anonymous (\u201cA true Friend to virtuous Liberty and Equality\u201d)\nTo: Washington, George\n          A Short time ago having a few leisure weeks, curiosity led me to take a tour on horse\n            back from this place through the central parts of the eastern states to Portsmouth in\n            New-Hampshire, from thence along the post road to Savanna in Georgia, and from there\n            back to this place, passing through the central parts of the southern and middle states\n            on my return. A report having prevailed previous to my commencing my journey, as\n            scandalous to the United States as it was to humanity, induced me to pay a short visit\n            to every gaol in all the cities and towns through which I passed, when, to my great\n            surprise and astonishment, I found the report true; there were no less than 547 of the\n            old continental army, who continued in the service during the whole war, confined in\n            those dreary prisons; 327 of which had families while they were in service; 187 have\n            married since the establishment of peace, and among the unhappy number, there were 63\n            commissioned officers, viz. 1 lieutenant-colonel, 3 majors, 11 captains, 21 lieutenants,\n            22 ensigns, 2 adjutants, 1 quarter-master and 2 surgeons. Upon a strict investigation of\n            the causes of their detention, I found every one was for debt, having received no pay of\n            any value during the war. When they returned from the victorious field of glory and\n            honor, to the shade of private life, with nothing to shew for the laurels they had\n            justly acquired but scars, infirmities and wounds, they expected to have shared at least\n            an equal advantage with their fellow-citizens of those blessings which their gallantry\n            had insured to their country\u2014but what was their treatment? What did they receive in\n            return for all their services? Final settlement notes, as substitutes for their real\n            pay, which they kept until dire necessity, their calamities, sufferings and distressed\n            families compelled them to part with them from 2s.9 down to 1s.3 on the pound, which was\n            not half equal to the interest then due. Good heavens!\n            is this the case? Will future posterity be made to believe that their ancestors received\n              such usage as this, after sealing the independence of the United\n            States with their blood. Many stupid ignorant people say, if the army had kept their\n            final settlements till now, they might receive their full pay; or in other words, their\n            nominal value. Such language is an insult to common understanding. As well might the\n            ravisher of his mistress plead innocence, as for people to make use of such foolish\n            sordid language. It is well known that most of these brave men, in returning triumphant\n            from the field of glory, were but in indigent circumstances, their business of every\n            kind having lain dead for seven years, those in particular who had families, being\n            obliged to run more in debt for their maintenance, while in service, than their whole\n            pay would sell for at the close of the war. Is there no way to extricate these brave men\n            from cruel confinement, and worse than Babylonian captivity? Shall the very men who were\n            covered with scars in securing the liberty of America, loose their own liberty through\n            the cruel, the infamous, the scandalous and perfidious injustice of that very country\n            their swords have rescued from worse than Algerine slavery? Does justice already wear so\n            sickly a countenance in these infant republics, that the distemper has become mortal?\n            Shall the miserly speculator, the dark designing infamous tory, and other paracides in\n            America, whose councils, aid, and arms during the late war, assassinated the virtuous\n            patriot and deluged their country with the blood of its inhabitants, reap all the\n            advantages which is due to the brave indefatigable worn out soldier? It is unnecessary\n            for me to point out a mode for their relief; the able pens and the eloquent speeches of\n            a Madison, a Jackson and a Wadsworth, whose names and memory will shine with unfading\n            lustre and brilliancy, many hundreds of years after which we shall be no more (while\n            their opposers in this most just of all causes will lay buried in obscure silence) have\n            pointed a mode of redress for those grievances complained of, as obvious as the sun in\n            its meridian height. It is not only this part of the\n            army, but eight tenths of all the rest are equal sufferers, except confinement. The old\n            army are much surprised to find that never since your circular letter to the governors\n            of the union, and your farewel orders to them (both wrote ten years ago) that not a\n            single public speech, nor a single address to any public body has made its appearance\n            from you, favorable towards mitigating their sufferings.\n            Their dependence in the time of the war was not on any energy in\n            congress, nor on any friendly disposition a great many of the community bore towards\n            them. It was your repeated general orders to them, your positive promises, your solemn\n            engagements to them for seven years together, and your having spontaneously assumed\n            yourself their advocate; it was this that kept them in the field half naked, half\n            starved, bare-foot in the middle of winter, and the cold frozen ground to lay on without\n            a blanket, when a month\u2019s pay would not purchase a gill of whiskey. It was the almost\n            immortal light in which they viewed you, the incomparable love they had for you, the\n            veneration, respect and adoration they paid you, that made them encounter more distress\n            and difficulties than any other army ever did for the rights and liberties of the human\n            race; therefore to you General Washington, while they are experiencing worse than Gothic\n            barbarity, they now look for relief, they have a just right so to do; of you, sir, they\n            surely have a right to claim your influence towards the accomplishment of that justice\n            which you so often and so solemnly pledged your word and honor as commander in chief,\n            that they should receive; and if the ensuing congress neglects or denies doing them\n            justice, there will be something more to fear than a breach of neutrality or western\n            savages. The wound too often irritated may at last become incurable; and how truly awful\n            and melancholy does it appear, to see the legislature of a nation, with impunity, look\n            on such injustice, and wantonly make sport of the most humble entreaties and tears for\n            justice of the bewailing widow, the distressed orphan, and the ruined, heart broken\n            patriot. It is not only the army, but every true republican\u2019s breast in America, that\n            pants for an end to these iniquitous, cruel and unjust sufferings. I am, sir, and hope\n            ever shall have reason to be, with the most exalted sentiments of respect, your sincere\n            well wisher, and obedient humble servant,\n            A true Friend to virtuous Liberty\n              and Equality.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0019", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 5 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\n            Gentlemen,\n            Philadelphia Sep: 5th 1793\n          Mr Winstanley, a celebrated Landskip Painter, is disposed to take a view of the Federal\n            City, or of the grounds in the vicinity of it. As you will be there about the time he\n            may arrive, I take the liberty of giving him this letter of introduction to you.\n          His designs are more extensive\u2014and I have suggested the Great & little Falls; the\n            passage of the River Potomac through the Blew Mountains\u2014the Natural bridge; &ca as\n            grand objects. I am always Your Most Obedt Sert\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0020", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 5 September 1793\nFrom: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nTo: Washington, George\n            Washington 5th Sepr 1793\n          we have now before us your Letters of the 13th & 29th of last month, the surveyor\n            will be informed of your direction, in consequence of our Letter of the first of august\n            and of the result of our views with him of the two short avenues on the spot which we\n            intend this morning\u2014we have so good an opinion of the\n            probity and disinterestedness of Capn Conway and Mr David Ross of Bladensburgh, whose\n            christian name we suppose you have mistaken, that we could cheerfully submit to their\n            examination of the Accounts, but suspect Capn Conway\u2019s close attention to his own\n            business, for which he is remarkable and his general disinclination which has been\n            strongly marked, to enter into any publick affairs might totally hinder or very much\n            delay the proposed investigation\u2014We have no wish for any\n            particular man Mr Hartshorn, Colo. Hooe\u2014Colo. Gilpin or any other Gentleman of\n            Alexandria has not that we hear of been mixed in the business of the City nor is\n              interested[.] We have always been of opinion that the\n            donation or Loans from Virginia and Maryland and the other means make but one aggregate\n            all equally liable to be disposed of for the necessary purposes of surveying and other\n            expences of the City, as well as errecting the public buildings and have acted under that idea and the accounts are so kept\u2014We\n            propose to shew on this investigation, that all the money which has come to the hands of\n            our treasurer, for we have never handled any of it\n            ourselves, hath been expended, except what now remains that it has not been wantonly\n            spent, and the Vouchers will shew we have had no Favourites\u2014These things evinced, we\n            shall rest easy for even if we are mistaken as to the state money being applicable to\n            the expences of surveying and the like, we have only done what any others must have\n            done, borrow of that money to be replaced by the sales or stop the work[.] It would be\n            inconvenient to the Gent. to go into this business at our next meeting, frequent\n            interruptions would prove very disagreeable, we would propose they should be attended by\n            one or more of us, and confine attention to the single object\u2014and thus we believe it\n            might be finished in a few days for which we imagine they ought to\n            receive some, at least as much compensation as the Commissioners for the like time. We\n            Danl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0021", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Abraham Freeman, 5 September 1793\nFrom: Freeman, Abraham\nTo: Washington, George\n            Western territory September 5th 1793\n          The petition of Abraham Freeman a citizen of the United States, late of the State of\n              [N]ew Jersey now of the territory of the United States\n            North West of the river Ohio most humbly sheweth\n          That Whereas Doctor Clarkson Freeman late of the State of New Jersey, a son of your\n            unfortunate petitioner in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety\n            one, was impeached for aiding and assisting, in counterfeiting the\n            public securities of the United States. And Whereas the same Doctor Clarkson Freeman,\n            did render himself up to the hands of justice; upon which Abraham Ogden Esquire attorney\n            general for the New Jersey district of the supreme federal court of the United States\n            took the Examination of the said Doctor Clarkson Freeman in writing; before a\n            magistrate, respecting the aiding and assisting in the counterfieting of the public\n            securities and of the several accomplices therein concerned And whereas the said\n            attorney general for the said district, did promise to secure to the said Doctor\n            Clarkson Freeman your Excellency\u2019s most gracious pardon, if the said Doctor Clarkson\n            Freeman would approve the said several accomplices; whereupon the different accomplices\n            were apprehended, and bills of indictment prefered against them, by the Grand inquest of\n            the district federal court at Trenton. And whereas the several accomplices were confined\n            in different prisons to receive their respective trials when the honorable court should\n            order them on And whereas afterwards the said Doctor Clarkson Freeman, was remanded back\n            to the prison at Newark in New Jersey, to give testimony when the trials of the said\n            accomplices should be ordered on. And whereas in the vacation of the sitting of the\n            district federal court of New Jersey, the several accomplices, who were confined in\n            prison, in manner aforementioned, effected their several escapes from the different\n            prisons; and fled from justice to parts unknown, nevertheless the said Doctor Clarkson\n            Freeman, was still held in confinement for upwards of six months as an approver, to give\n            testimony against the several accomplices, who had already fled and was not to be found\n            And the Attorney general for the New Jersey district federal court, still continued to\n            withhold your excellencie\u2019s pardon by the said attorney general so promised, to the said\n            Doctor Clarkson Freeman, until he the said Doctor Clarkson Freeman, grew weary and\n            languid, for a long time, in prison, without receiving the benefit of the said attorney\n            general\u2019s promised pardon. And then the said Doctor Clarkson Freeman also left his\n            confinement, and went to canada, out of the jurisdiction of the United States; yet the\n            said Doctor Clarkson Freeman being very desirous to return to his native home, without\n            being in jeopardy of his life, on account of his said impeachment and become a free\n            citizen; and subject himself to the good and wholsome laws of the United States. And your petitioner begs leave further to represent, to\n            your excellency, that in the month of April, in the year of our Lord, one thousand seven\n            hundred and ninety two Isaac Freeman another of your petitioner\u2019s sons, was commissioned\n            and left fort Washington, on the banks of the Ohio, by the special request and direction\n            of brigadier General James Wilkinson, and a flag of truce in the service of the United\n              States, for the purpose of effecting a treaty of peace with the\n            hostile tribes; and that the said Isaac Freeman, together with others, in pursuance of\n            their directions, were murdered by the merciless savages, in attempting to bring about\n            the said treaty. For the truth of this representation I\n            beg leave to refer your excellency to the Honorable Winthrop Sargent Esquire, secretary\n            for the territory north west of the river Ohio, who will verefy the same. Therefore the\n            promises being considered, your petitioner doth implore your excellency, in whose breast\n            is lodged a store of, both grace and mercy to commiserate his unfortunate situation and\n            the loss of his two sons\u2014he being deprived of the assistance, comfort and affection of\n            the principal branch of his family, to grant unto the said Doctor Clarkson Freeman, the\n            benefit of your excellencies most gracious pardon that the said Doctor Clarkson Freeman,\n            once more, may become, a citizen and free subject of the United States, should it seem\n            meet to your excellency: and your petitioner will ever pray &ca\n            Abraham Freeman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0022", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 5 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n          Letter not found: to Alexander Hamilton, 5 Sept. 1793. GW wrote Hamilton on 6 Sept.: \u201cThe\n            inclosed was written & sent to your office yesterday.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0024", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Morris, 5 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Morris, Robert\n            Thursday Morning 5th Septr 1793\n          The enclosed is, at Mr Powells request, returned to you; with my thanks for the\n          I take the liberty (and for the reason therein mentioned) to lay before you General\n            Spotswoods letter to me respecting his Son\u2014assuring you at the sametime that it is for\n            the sole purpose of complying with his request it is done\u2014&\n            not that I wish, in the smallest degree to urge the request further than it may coincide\n            entirely with your own convenience & Plans. Yours\n            always and Affectionately\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0025", "content": "Title: George Taylor, Jr., to Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., 5 September 1793\nFrom: Taylor, George Jr.\nTo: Dandridge, Bartholomew Jr.\n          G. Taylor Jr presents his respectful Compliments to Mr Dandridge\u2014and informs him that\n            Mr Jefferson desired the Commissions to be filled up agreeably to the Presidents desire\n            on the day the present ones should determine, which will be on the 26 of the present\n            month. This has accordingly been done having all been commissioned on that day in\n          Will Mr Dandridge be so obliging as to send 100 Blank Sea letters? We want that number\n            to make up the 500 per month with which we furnish the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0027", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Eccleston, 6 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Eccleston, John\n            Philada 6th Septr 1793.\n          By the post of Wednesday last, I enclosed you an answer to an address of the\n            Landholders & other citizens of the county of Dorchester.\n          An answer to this address had been before transmitted to you; and the address having,\n            without my knowledge, been put into the hands of Mr Murray, on it\u2019s being returned,\n            received a second answer, without my adverting to the circumstance of it\u2019s being already\n              answered. This explanation will be sufficient to show\n            you, why two answers were given to the same Address. I am Sir &c.\n            Go. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0028", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 6 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n            Philadelphia Septr 6th 1793\n          With extreme concern I receive the expression of your apprehensions, that you are in\n            the first Stages of the prevailing fever. I hope they are groundless,\n            notwithstanding the malignancy of the disorder is so much abated, as with proper &\n            timely applications, not much is to be dreaded.\n          The enclosed was written & sent to your Office yesterday, with direction if you\n            were not there, to be brought back. And it would be a very pleasing circumstance if a\n            change so entirely favourable as to justify it, would permit your attendance, & to\n            bring Mrs Hamilton with you, to dine with us at three Oclock. I am always & Affectly Yours\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0030", "content": "Title: Henry Knox\u2019s Report on Military Preparations, with Cabinet Opinion, 6 September 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry,Cabinet\nTo: Washington, George\n            War Department September 6. 1793.\n          The Secretary of War humbly reports to the President of the United States\n          That the following measures appear necessary to be taken in order in some degree to\n            place the United States in a situation to guard themselves from injury by any of the\n            belligerent powers of Europe.\n          1st\u2003To have all the small arms of the United States put in order for immediate use.\n          2dly\u2003To have all the cannon in possession of the United States whether for the field or\n            for batteries, either new mounted or repaired as the case may require.\n          3d\u2003To purchase one hundred tons of Lead.\n          4th\u2003To purchase one hundred tons of Saltpetre or the equivalent in Gun powder.\n          5th\u2003To have the useless brass cannon in the arsenal at Springfield cast into field\n            pieces, and to have the same mounted.\n          6th\u2003To engage one thousand rifles to be made. 7th To\n            remove the surplus arms and stores from Philadelphia to Trenton. 8th To remove the surplus stores from West point to Albany.\n          7th\u2003To remove the surplus arms and stores from Philadelphia to Trenton.\n          8th\u2003To remove the surplus stores from West point to Albany.\n          9th\u2003To make certain repairs at Forts Putnam, and Clinton at West point on Hudson\u2019s\n            river, so as to prevent its being surprized or insulted.\n          Most of these measures have been put in train in pursuance of certain verbal directions\n            from the President of the United States, but the subscriber humbly conceives it proper\n            to submit a connected view thereof for his approbation, as it will be necessary to\n            prepare estimates of the expences attendant thereon, in order to be laid before the next\n            session of Congress. All which is respectfully\n            submitted.\n            H. Knox secy of War\n            We are of opinion that the preceding measures should be carried into effect.\n            Th: Jefferson\n            Edm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0031-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jeremiah Banning, 7 September 1793\nFrom: Banning, Jeremiah\nTo: Washington, George\n              Easton, Maryland, Septr 7th 1793.\n            I am injoined by such of the Citizens of Talbot County as were present at a Meeting\n              held this day at Easton, to communicate to you the inclosed Resolutions; and at the\n              same time to express to you their Esteem and Attachment to your person, and their\n              heartfelt Wishes for your constant Health and Happiness. I accordingly comply with\n              their Injunction; and in the Execution of this Office I feel the most distinguished\n              pleasure. I have the Honor to be, Sir, Your most obedient servant,\n              Jeremiah Banning chairman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0032", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion on Relations with France and Great Britain, 7 September 1793\nFrom: Cabinet\nTo: Washington, George\n            At a meeting at the Presidents\n          A circular letter from the Secretary of state to the Consuls & Vice Consuls of\n            France, informing them that their Exequaturs will be revoked if they repeat certain\n            proceedings, also one to mister Genet covering a copy of the letter of the Secretary of\n            state to mister Gouverneur Morris desiring the recall of mister Genet, were recd &\n          A letter from the Governr of Georgia to the Secy of state dated Aug. 21. 1793 was read,\n            communicating the demand by the Vice Consul of France in Georgia of certain individuels\n            under prosecution in a court of justice. it is the opinion that he be answered that the\n            law must take it\u2019s course.\n          A Memorial from mister Hammond dated Sep. 6. complaining of the capture of the British\n            brig the William Tell by the French brig le Cerf, within the limits of the protection of\n            the U.S. and the refusal of the French minister & Consul to have the prize delivered\n            into the hands of a marshal charged with process from a court to arrest her, was recd.\n            it is the opinion that a letter be written to mr Genet calling for evidence in the cases\n            of the vessels heretofore reclaimed & not yet finally decided on, & which were\n            permitted to remain in the hands of the French Consuls in the meantime, informing him\n            that the letter of June 25. was not intended to authorize opposition to the officers, or\n            orders, of courts respecting vessels taken within the limits of our protection. that\n            therefore the brig William Tell ought to be delivered into the hands of the officer\n            charged to arrest her, and that in the event of the court\u2019s deciding\n            that it has no jurisdiction of the case, as in that of the ship William whereon the\n            letter of June 25. was written, she may again be replaced in the Consul\u2019s hands till the\n            Executive shall have decided thereon.\n          A letter from Lt Govr Wood dated Aug. 29. stating that the French vessel the Orion was\n            arrived in Norfolk & had brought in the Sans Culottes as a prize, and doubting\n            whether from the particular circumstances of this prize she came within the generel\n            orders heretofore given. it is the opinion that the situation of the Sans culottes is\n            the same in respect to England & France as any other French vessel not fitted in our\n            ports, and therefore that the Orion is within the 17th article of our treaty & the\n            rules heretofore given on the subject.\n          A Memorial from mister Hammond dated Sep. 4 was recd complaining of the long stay of a\n            French fleet in New-York, that a regular succession of them appears to be appointed for\n            cruizing on the coasts, that a jurisdiction over prizes is exercised by the French\n            Consuls, and desiring to be informed whether it be the intention of the Executive to\n            permit this indefinitely. it is the opinion that mister Hammond be informed that\n            effectual measures are taken to put an end to the exercise of admiralty jurisdiction by\n            the French Consuls, that the French have by treaty a right to come into our ports with\n            their prizes, exclusively, that they have also a right by treaty to enter our ports for\n            any urgent necessity, that this right is exclusive as to privateers but not so as to\n            public vessels of war and has therefore not been denied to British ships of war nor has\n            the Executive as yet prescribed to either any limits to the time they may remain in\n            their ports.\n          A letter from mister Bordman at Boston dated Sep. 4 was recd complaining of the capture\n            of the schooner Flora an American vessel by the Roland, one of the illicit privateers.\n            it is the opinion he must seek redress in the courts of law.\n          The draught of a letter to mister Pinckney on the Additional instructions of the court\n            of St James\u2019s dated June 8. 93 was read and approved.\n          A Question was proposed by the President Whether we ought not to enquire from mister\n            Hammond if he is prepared to give an answer on the subject of the inexecution of the\n            treaty? it is the opinion that it will be better to await the arrival of the next\n            packet, then to make the application to mister Hammond, and if he be\n            not prepared to answer, that mister Pinckney be instructed to remonstrate on the subject\n            to the British court.\n            Th: Jefferson\n            Edm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0033", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 7 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Philadelphia 7 Septr 1793\n          I have received your letter of yesterday\u2019s date, and\n            approving the measures sugg[e]sted therein, desire you will make arrangements for\n            carrying them into effect with as little loss of time as may be.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0034", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry-Dominique d\u2019Acary de La Rivi\u00e8re, 8 September 1793\nFrom: Acary de La Rivi\u00e8re, Henry-Dominique d\u2019\nTo: Washington, George\n            philadelphie le 8\u20147bre 1793.\n          d\u2019Acary ler Lieutenant Colonel du 15e Regiment d\u2019infanterie fran\u00e7aise demende a Son\n            exellence le General Washington la permission de lui aller offrir ces respectueux\n            homages et prendre ces ordres pour france ou il va Se rendre et come le Navire Sur\n            lequel il S\u2019embarque part demain il desire que Son exelence veuilt bien lui accorder un\n            moment d\u2019audience aujourdhuit.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0035", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Clinton, 8 September 1793\nFrom: Clinton, George\nTo: Washington, George\n            New York 8th September 1793.\n          I have now the honor of transmitting to you, a Copy of a corespondence with the\n            Minister of the Republic of France, relative to the two french Privateers, mentioned in\n            your last as having arrived in this Port, and also respecting a British Brigantine\n            lately sent in here as a Prize alledged to have been captured within\n            the territoria\u27e8l\u27e9 Jurisdiction of the United States, by the Cerf a French Corvette. In \u27e8the\u27e9 latter case I presume nothing more is expected of\n            me, than to give notice to the French Consul of the allegations made respecting the\n            circumstances of the capture. But as the measures proposed with respect to the\n            privateers by the Minister cannot be considered as a direct compliance with your\n            \u27e8re\u27e9quisition in such cases, and yet as it may probably be deemed satisfactory I\n            conceive it proper to suspend any further proceedings respecting them until I shall\n            receive your advice on this Subject. I am &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0036", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 9 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\n            Gentlemen,\n          I have duly received your Letter of Septm. 5th and in consequence thereof have\n            Authorised Mr David Ross of Bladensburg & Colo. Robert Townsend Hooe of Alexandria\n            to examine the accounts and Vouchers of the expenditure of the monies appropriated to\n            your trust as Commissioners of the publick buildings of the Federal Territory & to\n            certify to me the result. With esteem, I am Gent. your\n            most Obt Hon. Servt,\n            Go. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0037", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Contee Hanson, 9 September 1793\nFrom: Hanson, Alexander Contee\nTo: Washington, George\n            Annapolis Septr 9, 1793\n          Having been informed, that the place of collector for the port of Annapolis will\n            shortly be vacant, by the resignation of Mr Davidson, I take the liberty of recommending\n            Mr Burton Whetcroft, as his successor. The very high\n            opinion I entertain of this gentlemans merit has prompted me to advise him to become a\n            candidate for an office, which will be compatible with his present employment of\n            assistant, a principal clerk to the register of the court of chancery in Maryland, which\n            he has held for more than eight years. During a great part of that time, he has\n            conducted the whole business of the office, with perfect ability, with an attention and\n            assiduity, which I have never known to be excelled, and with the approbation of all,\n            with whom he has been concerned. Permit me, Sir, to assure you, that, in my opinion, his\n            qualifications, behaviour, and reputation, are such, as might amply justify his\n            appointment to a much higher office, than the one he sollicits; and that many of the\n            most respectable citizens of Annapolis would be gratified by his success.\n          I cannot, Sir, forbear to add a circumstance, which, I am persuaded, will plead in his\n            behalf. Altho\u2019 his income might be supposed hardly adequate for himself, an amiable\n            wife, and an infant family, he has, for a considerable\n            time past, entirely maintained both his aged parents, who have been reduced, solely by\n            misfortune, from a comfortable and decent situation, to rely on his filial gratitude and\n            affection. I have the honour to be, Sir, with the most profound veneration Your obedient", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0039", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 9 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          Th: Jefferson with his respects to the President has the honor to inclose him draughts\n            of letters to mister Genet & mister Hammond, as agreed on Saturday. if Genl Knox\n            & the Attorney Genl should wait on the President to-day, it would be well they\n            should see them. Th: J. will have that honour before he\n            leaves town.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0040", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 9 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\n          Dr Sir,Philadelphia Sepr 9th\n          It was the opinion of the Gentlemen at their meeting on Saturday\n            last if I mistake not, that Mr Wolcott should be desired to request Mr Webster to\n            substantiate the language of the Minister of the French Republic as related by him in\n            the enclosed letter.\n          Colo. Hamilton\u2019s situation\u2014for which I feel extreme regret\u2014does not permit his having\n            any agency in the matter at present; I therefore send\n            the letter which he forwarded to me from Mr Webster to Mr Wolcott to your care, being\n            persuaded that whatever measure shall be deemed right & proper will be put in train by you.\n          I think it would not be prudent either for you or the Clerks in your Office, or the\n            Office itself to be too much exposed to the malignant fever, which by well authenticated\n            report, is spreading through over the City; The means to avoid your own judgment under\n            existing circumstances must dictate.\n          As the spreading & continuance of the disorder may render it unadvisable for me to\n            return to this City as soon I at first intended, I wd thank you, in case you should\n            remain in the vicinity of it to write me a line by every Monday\u2019s Post informing me\n            concisely of the then state of Matters\u2014with other occurrences which may be essential for\n            me to be made acquainted with.\n          And I would thank you also for your advice to Mr Fraunces or Mrs Emmerson (the House\n            keeper) if, by means of the Disorder my Household Affairs in this City should be\n            involved in any delicacy.\n          I sincerely wish, & pray, that you & yours, may escape untouched and when we\n            meet again that it may be under circumstances more pleasing than the present\u2014I am always\n            and very sincerely Yr Affecte\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0041", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Elizabeth Willing Powel, 9 September 1793\nFrom: Powel, Elizabeth Willing\nTo: Washington, George\n            My dear Friend & very dear Madam\n          Your affectionate & friendly Attention to me, at this awfull Moment, filled my Heart with so much Sensibility as rendered me\n            incapable of expressing my Feelings on the Subject of our Conversation, and when my\n            amiable Friend, the President, renewed his Invitation to me to accompany you to\n            Virginia, I could only say that I would let you know, this Evening, the Result of a\n            Conference I meant to have with Mr Powel. After a long Conversation with him, I\n            collected that he saw no Propriety in the Citizens flying from the only Spot where\n            Physicians conversant in the Disorder that now prevails could be consulted; nor does he appear to be impressed with the degree of\n            Apprehension that generally pervades the Minds of our Friends\u2014however, he wished me to\n            follow my own Inclination and the Dictates of my own Judgement in a Matter that may\n            eventually affect my Life and his Happiness\u2014this has thrown me into a Dilemma the most\n            painful. The Conflict between Duty and Inclination is a severe Trial of my Feelings; but\n            as I believe it is always best to adhere to the line of Duty, I beg to decline the\n            Pleasure I proposed to myself in accompanying you to Virginia at this Time. The\n            Possibility of his being ill during my Absence, & thereby deprived\n            of the Consolation and Aid, he might derive from my Attention to him woud be to me a\n            lasting Source of Affliction; and, God knows, I need not\n            voluntarily add to the List of Sorrows. My Life has been sufficiently embittered to make\n            me now very little anxious about protracting or preserving it. Death has robbed me of\n            many Friends, and Time has abated the Ardor of others, so that Life in my latter Years\n            has been little more than a Sieve to let thro some Joy or some Blessing. Mr Powel, who\n            is highly sensible of your Friendship to me, desires to unite in every good Wish for you\n            & yours. That God may preserve and bless you both, and that you may safely return in\n            a short Time, is the unfeigned Prayer of your sincere affectionate\n            Eliza. Powel\n            Mr Powel would have done himself the Pleasure of waiting upon you before your\n              Departure, had he not apprehended that a Visit in the Moment of Preparation for a\n              Journey would have been illtimed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0042", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Elizabeth Willing Powel, 9 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Powel, Elizabeth Willing\n            Monday Evening [9 September 1793]\n          Persuaded as Mrs Washington and myself are, that your own good sense will always\n            dictate what under existing circumstances shall appear best, we have\n            only to regret that in the present instance it will deprive us of the pleasure of your\n            company to Virginia.\n          We unite in every good wish for you & Mr Powell, and I have the honor to be with\n            the most Affectionate regard, Your most obedt Servt\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0043", "content": "Title: From George Washington to David Ross and Robert Townsend Hooe, 9 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Ross, David,Hooe, Robert Townsend\n          The Commissioners of the public buildings in the federal territory having expressed to\n            me their desire to have their accounts settled, I have to ask and to authorize you in\n            conjunction with mister David ross of Bladensburg (& vice versa), as I hereby do, to\n            undertake to examine their accounts and vouchers relative to the expenditure of the\n            monies appropriated to their trust, & to certify to me the result thereof.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0044", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Dennis Whelen, 9 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Whelen, Dennis\n          I feel much satisfaction in receiving thro\u2019 you, at this critical period when it\n            becomes the duty of every good Citizen to preserve peace to his Country, assurances from\n            the late Grand Jury of Chester County, of their intention to pursue every means to\n            ensure to the United States that inestimable blessing.\n          The motive which led to a declaration of the neutrality of these States, was a\n            conviction of it\u2019s being for their interest & happiness; and it affords me singular\n            pleasure to find that measure so generally approved by my Fellow Citizens, whose\n            prosperity & ease it will always be my first care to promote.\n            Go. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0045-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Harper, 10 September 1793\nFrom: Harper, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\n            We have that Honor of inclosing to you a Memorial which most deeply interests us, we\n              presumed that cases of a Similar kind had been laid before you, but upon enquiry we\n              are led to believe that there is something so Special in our Situation, as not to\n              suffer any decision which has yet been made in any case to be applicable to\n              ours\u2014Permit us therefore to intreat you Sir to consider the embarrassment into which\n              we have been thrown and to extend to us such relief as your attention to the Wellfair\n              of your fellow Citizens justifies us in expecting. We are with due Respect Sir Your\n              Most Humble Servts\n              Joseph Harperfor Self &C.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0047", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Lloyd, 10 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lloyd, James\n          The spirit which breathes throughout the resolutions of the Inhabitants of Kent County\n            in the State of Maryland, lately convened at Chester town, does honor to their character\n            as citizens. \u2019Tis by such a spirit, seconding the\n            endeavours of the Government, that we shall have the fairest prospect of preserving our\n            peace. \u2019Tis by such a spirit that in any event we shall secure the internal tranquility\n            of our Country\u2014its respectability, and shall be enabled to encounter with firmness any\n            attempt, hostile to its safety, its honor, or its welfare.\n          The expressions of confidence & attachment towards myself contained in the same\n            resolutions, impress me with sensations analagous to their fervour & earnestness,\n            and to the true esteem & regard which I always feel for the respectable Citizens\n            from whom they come.\n            Go. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0050-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Pendleton, 11 September 1793\nFrom: Pendleton, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n              Caroline County Virga Sepr 11. 1793\n            I am Hond with the Commands of a very respectable body of Citizens, my County men, to\n              transmit to Yr Excellency the inclosed Copy of certain Resolutions which they\n              yesterday judged it wise & necessary to enter into, declaratory of their\n              Sentiments on certain Political Subjects.\n            I can truly say that the Numbers, their information as to the Subjects discussed, but\n              above all their pure Patriotism, untainted by the baneful influence of Attachment to\n              Party, rendered the meeting very respectable. Their resolutions must speak for\n              themselves, And I can only say that if they shall contribute in any degree towards the\n              Smothering the seeds of dissention in Embrio, and preserving the peace & happiness\n              of America, our wishes will be gratified.\n            The meeting judged that this mode of transmitting the genuine Effusions of their\n              sincere respect for, confidence in, & lasting gratitude to you, Sir, would be at\n              least as acceptable, as if accompanied by a formal address; and for that reason only,\n              forbore to give you that trouble. I have the Honr to be with sentiments of the most\n              profound respect & Esteem Your Excellys mo. humble & Obt Servt\n              Edmd Pendleton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0051", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Pendleton, 11 September 1793\nFrom: Pendleton, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n          Being called to a public communication with you, I feel an Indispensible duty &\n            inclination to pay you my personal respects at the same time, if it were only to\n            reiterate, which I hope is unnecessary, sincere Assurances that neither time, or the\n            dirty scriblings with which the public has been lately pestered, have produced the\n            smallest abatement in my private Affection for you, or my unlimited confidence in yr\n            Public Administration, both which are so rivited as not to be shaken by attacks much\n            more weighty than those \u201cTrifles light as Air.\u201d such I hope and beleive is their\n            estimation with you, so as to give you no uneasiness.\n          Sequestered as I am in a manner from the Public world, I know little of what is doing\n            in it, further than is retailed in the papers; and those appear to me in most instances\n            a source of Partial, false or delusive Information. I find however that the Officer at\n            the head of the fiscal department stands charged by some Members from hence, with\n            misapplication of the public money, a charge & enquiry which will probably be\n            revived & pursued with spirit at next Session\u2014my wish is that it may be probed to\n            the bottom, Impartial Justice done and the Public guarded agt all deviations from the\n            laws of appropriation, (before the mischief is become considerable, or the practice\n            acquires the strength of Custom,) except in extraordinary cases, by order of the\n            Executive, and to be communicated to Congress for their approbation.\n          I am an Utter stranger to the Gentn at the head of that department, & pretty much\n            so to the detail of his Conduct, but I will confess to you Sir, that all his reports on\n            Ways & means, from that on the funding System to the present day, have impressed me\n            with an Idea of his having made the System of the British Minestry, the model of his\n            conduct as assumed American Primate\u2014chusing rather to trust to a monied Interest he has\n            created, for the Support of his measures, than to their rectitude\u2014I don\u2019t say these were his motives, but such they appear to me, & I\n            fear we shall long feel the effects of the System even if it were now to be changed, wch\n            it is supposed would be improper, at least as to the funding System.\n          The Nondiscrimination he so much laboured, appeared to me a Sacrifice of the substance\n            of Justice to it\u2019s shadow; its effects do throw unearned wealth into a few unmeriting\n            hands, instead of diffusing it (after repaying them their purchase money) to those who\n            entitled themselves to it by the most Meritorious consideration.\n          The assumption of the State debts in a lump before it was ascertained that they were\n            created for common benefit (which would make them an equitable charge on the Union)\n            seemed to me unaccountable, unless derived from the Secretary\u2019s position that increase\n            of public debt is beneficial; A maxim adopted by the British Cabinet, but unsupported by\n            reason or other example, & it\u2019s National effects there strangely misrepresented.\n          The various kinds & Value of the new Certificates, I see inconveniencies in, but\n            can discover no other reason for than to give the rich Speculators at\n            or near the Seat of Government an advantage over the distant, uninformed, unwary or\n            distressed Citizens and the recommended irredeemable quality, as a means of increasing\n            their Credit in circulation, is a paradox of which no Solution has yet Occurred to my\n          A moderate Impost on all imported articles ad valorem, for the sole purpose of Revenue,\n            laid equally through the States, altho\u2019 it would have fallen more heavily on some than\n            others, would yet have been unexceptionable, since the inequality would have been the\n            effect of the chosen System of each. But to point out particular Articles as the\n            subjects of high taxation, either as a Sumptuary regulation, or as a bounty, premium, or\n            protecting duty to encourage American Manufactures, appears to Me an improper\n            intermedling of Governmt with the labour of the Citizens\u2014peculiarly inconvenient, & producing effects partial & unjust in an Union of\n            confederated States, dissimilar in their Systems of employing their labour; And rendring\n            the amount of the estimated revenue precarious, which must be dim[in]ished in\n            proportion, as the end proposed of prohibiting the importation, is answered, or the\n            smugling of it increased by that of the temptation.\n          To the Sinking fund & Bank Systems have been attributed the Character of Handmaids\n            in the hands of the Secretary, to aid his money\u2019d Interest in accumulating still more\n            Wealth to their unbounded Mass, by Speculations: but as\n            I don\u2019t throughly understand them, & they seem to be the Subjects of principle\n            charge agt him & remain to be Agitated before the proper Tribunal, I will forbear\n            any Observations as to them, and proceed to beg pardon for the Liberty I have taken in\n            the free expressions of my sentiments on the others: I seldom wish to obtrude my\n            Opinions where I am not called by duty, or request to give them\u2014To you, Sir, I can do it\n            freely, because I know you will make no improper use of what I say\u2014if there be any hint\n            which may be useful & has not occur\u2019d, you will improve it to Public benefit; if\n            none such, you will throw by the whole as the well meant reveries of a fireside\n            Politician, who never had much Pretensions to the Character of a Statesman, but\n            cordially hates all Intrigues, finesse & Stratagems in Government, as well as in\n            Private transactions.\n          It may be thought that I owe a particular Appology for my freedom in the cases which\n            have been sanctioned by Laws, to you who approved them but I can truly say I neither\n            meant, nor do I think you involved in the mistaken Policy, if it was\n            such; and as this may seem as great a paradox as that I have imputed to the Secretary, I\n            will at Least attempt it\u2019s Solution, as thus\u2014I ever considered Your modified Negative\n            upon the Laws, tho\u2019 useful, as the most delicate part of the Presidential duty, (until\n            the preservation of Neutrality in the present situation of things Occur\u2019d.) For one man\n            to set up his Opinion agt that of a Majority of two numerous bodies, representing the\n            people to be governed by a law, & on that ground only to disapprove a law so Passed,\n            would be very disagreable & no doubt much complained of: I always considered the\n            Power as intended to be exercised on great Occasions, either when A law violates the\n            Constitution (& so it has been once exercised, I believe wth general\n              Approbation) or is produced by sudden heat of Parties.\n            I therefore do not consider your suffering an Act to pass, as a proof that you would as\n            a Member have voted for it, but to evince that you do not judge it a case in wch the\n            Constitution meant you should interpose yr Negative. If this Solution don\u2019t furnish my\n            Appology, I know I shall find one in yr Candor, & on that I rest.\n          I am sorry to hear that Philadelphia is visited by a Pestilential fever, &\n            cordially wish you may escape it, for your own Sake & that of mankind. After\n            strugling for 8 years through various complaints apparently of a Chronic kind, I find\n            myself tolerably easy, except as to lameness & the effects of 72, an old age for a\n            man who has spent upwards of 50 of them in a Stretch of his mental powers, tho\u2019 not\n            equal to Mansfield or Franklin.\n          That you may Long Continue here & happy, & when removed from this, experience\n            increased & never ending Felicity in a better Countrey; & that the good Mrs\n            Washington may participate in both, is the Cordial wish of Millions, but of none more\n            so, than of My Dr Sir Yr ever Affectionate & mo. Obt Servt\n            Edmd Pendleton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0053-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Doughty, 12 September 1793\nFrom: Doughty, John\nTo: Washington, George\n            I have the Honor to enclose you the Resolutions of the County of Morris, passed the\n              10th inst: They contain the free & unbiassed sentiments of a respectable Body of\n              free Men, who haveing dearly earned, know well how to estimate the Blessings, we all\n              enjoy under the federal Constitution\u2014May those Blessings be long continued to us,\n              & may you Sir be continued the happy Instrument of administering them, in the\n              sincere prayer of sir, your most devoted Humble servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0054", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Newenham, 12 September 1793\nFrom: Newenham, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\n            Dublin [Ireland] 12 Sept. 1793\n          To the mind of a most Sincere & unalterable Friend, it must appear a Length of\n            years Since I was favoured with a Line from the Man, whom I have & ever shall\n            revere, as the Greatest ornament of this Century\u2014The Freind of the real &\n            Constitutonal rights of Man, who, in his Glorious Career of Victory, united the Soldier,\n            the Citizen, & Legislator\u2014who, Equaly disdaining Popular applause, when unmerited,\n            or Monarchial offers of Titles & Employments, Served the Cause of true Liberty, & in the Conclusion of the Noble Contest, became the Chosen\n            favourite of the Conquerors & Conquered\u2014whose departing hours will not be disturbed\n            by the Remembrance of murders without the Common Tryals of the most Savage Nations\u2014who\n            Supported the Impartial Tryal of the accused, & though possessed of Power, &\n            which power might in many Cases have been justly exercised by inflicting the pains of\n            Death on Convicted Criminals, yet, my Dear & Ever respected\n            George Washington, proved himself Superior to the modern mode of Domination, & of\n            raising himself above his fellow-Citizens, Except where merit so justly placed him\u2014no\n            rewards were offered for Assasinations of Commanders of Armies or the Despots of\n            Tyranny\u2014your Great Soul revolted at Such Deeds\u2014you was, you are & Ever will be the\n            real Example of Patriotism\u2014the Name of Patriot is disgraced in Europe\u2014the Late King of\n            France (with all his Faults) gave way to our most Virtuous & respectable freind the\n            Marquiss of La Fayett\u2019s advice\u2014& Surrendring all the Pomp & Splender of the\n            Crown of France, agreed to a New Constitution; that he Endeavoured to Escape from\n            France\u2014I admit\u2014but it was at a Period, when his Life was in dayly\n            danger\u2014In my humble opinion Fayette was a true Friend to a proper & Free\n            Constitution his Confidential Letters to me in 1790 prove it\u2014they are a record of his\n            most Virtuous Principles\u2014had ill-fated France adopted his measures & Plan, she would\n            have reigned the Arbitrer of Europe, & her People been the\n            best Governed\u2014he wished to Adopt the British Constitution, with a few Alterations; these\n            Alterations would have made a Perfect System of Happiness for the\n            Governer & Governed; I cannot presume to Dive into\n            the Secrets of Courts\u2014but I will say, that the Prussians Keeping\n            La Fayette in Prison, is contrary to the rules of War\u2014Justice\u2014Generosity or Policy\u2014I\n            have not heard of or from him, Since Six days before he declared a Prisoner\u2014I Know not\n            whether he is alive or Not\u2014for the Reports are so Various & Contradictory\u2014I have\n            addressed a few open Lines to him, but never receivd an Answer\u2014I\n            have a thought, to apply to the Austrian Embassader, to Know where he is, & whether\n            he is alive\u2014& whether a Letter open for the Embassadors Inspection, could be\n            forwarded to him\u2014that Letter containing nothing but family affairs.\n          This Kingdom has been for some Time convulsed with the most dangerous Kind of\n            Democratical Principles\u2014Viz. an Entire Equality of Property\u2014one house of\n            Representatives\u2014no Second House\u2014or Council, Except 21 to be Chosen out of the\n            Representatives & Changed Every Six years; Vacansies to be filled up by Election\n            from the Representatives, who are to be Chosen annualy; a President to be Chosen Every\n            Month\u2014a Total repeal of all the Acts of forfeiture\u2014all the Nobility to be laid aside\u2014all\n            the military to be nominated by the 21\u2014In short, the plan was for those Men who had no\n            landed Property, to rize into power by the aid of the People, & then become their\n            Tyrants\u2014not 10 Men of Farming or Landed Property of \u00a3300 a year approved of Such a\n          I feel alarmed at the reports circulated in the English & foreign news papers,\n            Stating, that the united States & Great Brittain are likely to break the bonds of\n            Peace\u2014God! forbid it, as it would be ruin of Both Countries\u2014their Natural Interest ought\n            to unite them (for Ever) as the most warm Allies\u2014Should any disagreable occurence\n            happen, I trust it will be done away by an amicable Conference\u2014& that the Sword will\n            never be drawn between them.\n          Under Pretence of Reform, a set of Men instigated the very lowest of the People, to\n            Rob, Murder & Pillage the Protestants. In many Counties the[y] disarmed the\n            Protestants & then another party Robbed them\u2014The papers attached to this party is\n            using Every Endeavour to insinuate to the Public at Large, that there will be an\n            Immediate Declaration of War between America & England.\n          This day orders were issued for 3 Regiments of Cavalry & 8 of foot to Embark\n            immediatly to Join the Duke of Yorke\u2014the foot were under orders for some Service in the\n            West Indies, but that plan is Suddenly Changed, as it seems, that the Duke of Yorke is\n            thought to be in Danger; Should all the Able of Men in France rize at once, they would\n            soon overpower their opponents, but I imagine that their internal Divisions will prevent\n            Such unanimity; it reminds me of Arnolds proclamation, before the Convention at\n            Saratoga; I was & am an advocate for the first glorious Revolution in 1789\u2014but am an\n            Enemy to the Present System of Government in France.\n          My fourth Son who was settled at Marsaills & a Captain in the National Guards, left\n            them, as soon, as the King was executed; he lost all his property; he has some thoughts\n            of going to Philadelphia\u2014\u27e8he\u27e9 is a most accomplishd young Man, but we do not wish to\n              \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 with him; my Family is Encreasing in Grand\n            Children, two of my Sons having had Sons, last week\u2014our\n            Harvest here is most abundant & good; & if we have good weather to save it, we\n            shall be able to Export some to Germany; the Host of Combatants on the Continent will\n            require great Quantities of Corn, of which I Suppose America will Supply one\n          Lady Newenham joins me in most respectfull Compliments to Mrs Washington & you. I\n            have the Honor, to be, Dear Sir with unalterable Esteem & respect\u2014your most Obt\n            & Very Hble Sert\n            Edward Newenham\n            P.S. want of money obliged me to sell my beautyfull Estate of Bell Chaupe for \u00a36000,\n              though it Cost me above \u00a310,000.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0056-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Humphreys, 13 September 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Washington, George\n              Lisbon [Portugal] Septr 13th 1793.\n            The consolation I derive from your good & friendly letter of the 23d of March\n              compensates a great deal for the cruel chagrine I feel for so long an absence from\n              every thing my heart holds most dear. It is particularly a cordial for many uneasy\n              sensations I feel at the present moment, respecting the interesting affair in which I\n            It was somewhat of a curious circumstance that I should have been writing to you\n              almost at the instant you was writing to me, and in part upon the same subject, viz.,\n              your re-election to & re-acceptance of the office of President. My sentiments are\n              so clearly expressed in that letter, that I need not repeat them in this.\n            You will have the goodness to recollect, that, long ago, I told my friend Mr Lear, I\n              was afraid of writing to you, lest you should give yourself more trouble than you\n              really ought to do in answering my letters. Be persuaded, my dear & most beloved\n              General, it is only under condition of your absolutely suffering no inconvenience on\n              the account, that I shall continue at times to use the permission of giving you such\n              remarkable & interesting articles of information as may come to\n              my knowledge, so as to be communicated earlier than through other channels.\n            We have at this moment one article of News of very great importance, which you can\n              hardly receive from any other quarter so soon as from this. On the 28th of last month\n              the Loyalists of Toulon gave up the Town & fleet to co-operate with the English\n              & Spanish fleets before it, commanded by Lord Hood & Admiral Langara, in the\n              establishment (as they term it) of Louis the 17th King of France. The Toulon fleet\n              consisted of upwards of 30 Sail, of which 17 were manned & fit for Sea, and seven\n              more in great forwardness. This intelligence came in so short a space of time as to\n              render it suspicious, if it were not official to the Spanish Ambassador & the\n              Portuguese Secretary of State for foreign Affairs, from whom I have it myself.\n              Deputies from Merseilles were likewise said to be on board the combined fleet for the\n              purpose of making the same cession of that City. An\n              article which is more certain, is, that the advanced Corps of the French Army on the\n              frontiers of Spain has been defeated by General Ricardos with the loss of 15 Cannon\n              & a considerable number of men.\n            Other reports of events of sufficient magnitude are rife in circulation, but by no\n              means of equal authenticity\u2014such as the capture of Cambray, Lisle & some other\n              strongly garrisoned Towns, the approach of the Prince of Coburg on the one hand &\n              Gaston (at the Head of the Loyalists) on the other, to some position within nine\n              leagues of Paris, and that these two forces had opened a friendly intercourse with\n              each other\u2014this I do not greatly rely upon. We have no\n              Packet since my last letter to the Secretary of State, but by an English Gazette\n              accidentally received, it appears from an Official Account, the Duke of York had\n              gained a splendid success over a superior force near Dunkirk. From other channels of intelligence, it seems that the French\n              fleet from Brest, & Lord Howe\u2019s channel fleet are both at Sea.\n            The Troops destined by this Court to serve in Spain are certainly ordered to embark\n              on Monday next\u2014I learn this from the Secretary of State, who was so exceedingly polite\n              as to offer me a passage to Gibralter on board one of the Men of War. This was when I\n              called upon him yesterday to introduce Mr Church, as remaining in charge with the\n              affairs of the U.S. during my absence. I had only to thank him for his politeness, for\n              I could not have carried my effects by that conveyance without\n              exciting improper conjectures, even if I had not already engaged another conveyance. I\n              was glad to find he had no suspicions of the real object.\n            It is impossible to be more sensible of the good policy of our preserving in all\n              events an unshaken resolution of neutrality, than I am. I rejoiced therefore most\n              sincerely in the measures you had taken for that purpose. And I have endeavoured to\n              cooperate in the same system, as far as lay in my power, by making every body believe\n              it was not less our inclination than interest to avoid being involved in a war of such\n              a complicated nature & at such a distance. In the name of every thing sacred &\n              dear, let us persevere firmly in the same inoffensive line of conduct, and let us\n              improve diligently the natural & political advantages with which Heaven has\n              favoured us. By those means we shall acquire the resources & power to redress\n              hereafter any partial & temporary inconveniences & wrongs we may suffer at\n              present, on account of our pertinacious adherence to the pacific system. Yes\u2014my dear\n              General, I do verily believe we can finally preserve Peace for ourselves, if we\n              seriously determine upon it. The Atlantic is our best friend. Notwithstanding the\n              unfavorable dispositions of Spain (which I have communicated to the Secretary of State\n              in two letters, & which I have reason to believe\n              exist in as great a degree as ever) England, as a Maritime Power, is the only nation\n              that can force us into a war. And whatever the dispositions of that Government may be,\n              rest assured, if we use all the reasonable & just means in our power to prevent\n              our being dragged into hostility, the People of England will either prevent the\n              Government from causing that deplorable event; or, after a short time, they will take\n              part (I mean with a powerful & effectual opposition) against the Government, with\n              us. In the last resort, a dignified, spirited & calm address to the People of\n              England might not be without its effect. I am, therefore, well assured, you will\n              continue to make the World believe, we are unalterably determined, by words &\n              actions of the clearest demonstration, to follow as a nation the paths of justice\n              & peace alone. In the event of a war, this must render our Cause popular. This\n              cannot fail to make an opposite conduct on the part of others, with respect to us,\n              odious in the eyes of the World in general. In my judgment, we had better even make\n              temporary & inconsiderable sacrifices, than be forced into\n              measures, which, however they may ultimately terminate to our national glory, must, in\n              the mean time, be attended with great misfortunes & losses. particularly, as they\n              will serve to check our actual, progressive improvements. Let us remember that\n              Switzerland, Genoa & some other little States are able to preserve their\n              neutrality; and if it were not for the too intimate connection of Portugal with\n              England & Spain, She would be able to do the same\u2014The hostile preparations on her\n              part, are unpopular here in a high degree.\n            And now, my dear & respected General, to make a transition from the unpropitious\n              affairs of war to the more desirable ones of peace, I cannot help expressing the\n              strong sensations of joy, which your pleasing account of the prosperous state of our\n              Country afforded me\u2014It is from the plough, not the sword, the greatness &\n              happiness of a nation must be ultimately derived. Apropos\u2014of the plough\u2014Mr Close (an\n              English Clergyman & a great farmer, now here for his health) has ordered one of\n              the newest & best construction to be shipped from England for you, in my name.\n              This you will perceive by the enclosed extract of a letter from his Correspondent to\n              him. I offered & insisted to pay the Bill for the plough, but Mr Close would not\n              in any manner permit it: so it is a present from him to you. And I have no doubt will\n              prove an acceptable & useful one.\n            I intended fully to have written to my friend Mr Lear by this opportunity, but in my\n              hurry of departure, I have not in truth time to do it. Pray, in apologising to him,\n              have the goodness to offer my best compliments & sincerest regards to Mrs\n              Washington and all my friends around you (the loss of one you\n              know I sincerely lament)\u2014and ever remain possessed of the sure & certain\n              knowledge, that you have no one more cordially attached to you,\n              or who more ardently wishes for the long & uninterrupted continuance of your\n              health & happiness than your most affe. friend & grateful Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0056-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Extract of a letter to Mr. Close, 1 August 1793\nFrom: Unknown\nTo: Close, Mr.\n            I have this day shipped the above on Board the William Penn, James Josiah, Comr for\n                Philadelphia, by this post I have enclosed in a letter to Clement Biddle Esqr. the Bill of Loading, and have said to\n              him that through the direction of Col. Humphrey\u2019s, I have consigned it to his Care,\n              and from whom I apprehended that his Excellency or himself woud hear farther on the\n              Business\u2014I have done this thinking that the Vessell might arrive at the port of\n              Philadelphia, before the Bill of Loading cou\u2019d reach Mr Biddle, if sent Via", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0058", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Mr. Meifren, 13 September 1793\nFrom: Meifren, Mr.\nTo: Washington, George\n            Mon General\n          une victime des Malheurs de st domingue S\u2019adresse A vous Avec Confiance je suis un de\n            ceux qui ont perdu dans un jour le fruit de plusieurs Ann\u00e9es de travaux, et qui ont fui\n            pour Se Soustraire Aux feu et aux flammes. j\u2019etois bien eloign\u00e9 de Croire que me Souvant\n            en rade j\u2019aurais \u00e9t\u00e9 enlev\u00e9 de mes foyers, et d\u2019aupres d\u2019une epouse vertueuse, que je\n            n\u2019ay Cess\u00e9 de cherir. de ma fortune j\u2019en Suis en quelque fa\u00e7on Consol\u00e9; mais le Sort de\n            mon Epouse me donne des Cruelles, et justes inquietudes.\n          j\u2019ay \u00e9t\u00e9 forc\u00e9 Ainsy que tant dautres de la quitter. j\u2019ay apr\u00e8s etant \u00e0 baltimore\n            quelle existoit, mais me trouvant aujourdhuy A Richemont Aupres d\u2019un Amy qui m\u2019a\n              apell\u00e9, je ne suis point Aport\u00e9e d\u2019avoir de ses\n            Nouvelles.\n          Ma position est donc des plus tristes. vous etez le Seul mon General qui puissiez\n            porter Remede A Mes Maux; Votre vertu, votre Merite, et votre humanit\u00e9 A Secourir les\n            Malheureux; me Sont un Sur garant, que prennant part A mon Sort vous\n            voudrez bien charger un Capitaine partant pour le Cap de me mener Mon epouse. je joint\n            Sous ce ply une lettre pour elle dont le Capitaine pourra Se charger.\n          vous devez Mon General la preference que je vous donne quoique fran\u00e7ois A votre C\u0153ur\n            bienfaisant. heureux sont ceux qui Sont Sous vos Loix. Croyez que je ne Cesse d\u2019etre\n            Avec le plus profond Respect Mon General Votre tres humble et tres obeissant\n            serviteur", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0059", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Butler, 14 September 1793\nFrom: Butler, John\nTo: Washington, George\n          NOTHING can be more gratifying to me, than the pleasure of dedicating a portion of my\n            labors to a character of your eminence, distinguished as you are in the political world\n            by an uniformity of your patriotic rectitude, and a faithful discharge of those\n            important duties to which you have been called by the voice of a free people\u2014the\n            impartial system of the American government, and the equitable frame of her legislation,\n            are such as puts censure to defiance, and the most insidious despot to silence.\n          I am neither addicted to adulation or fulsom flattery, yet I cannot but exult, with a\n            joy of unaffected purity, on the numerous blessings resulting to the American States,\n            under the smiles of your auspices.\n          Being early initiated into those principles, in which you have so eminently signalized\n            the valor and virtue of a true republican, I rejoice at the priviledge of laying this\n            essay at your feet, as an oblation offered upon the altar of liberty and equality.\n          Posterity will look back with veneration on the name of Washington, as the secondary source from which republican liberty derived its\n            energy. We know of few nations which have not experienced their revolutions, and changes\n            of government, by the fate of war. May the wisdom of your counsel stimulate the united\n            Americans to preserve, inviolate, that freedom they now enjoy; and may they long\n            continue to participate in the blessings of mutual laws, reciprocal government, and\n            impartial legislation, which are the dazling symbols of liberty and freedom.\n          Convinced that liberty is no exemption from labor or industry, but is a powerful\n            incentive to both\u2013so in all free nations there must be hewers of wood and drawers of\n            water; and it appears the essential duty of the whole community of republicans, to unite\n            their efforts in erecting the plain, but magnificient edifice of equality, as a monument\n            sacred to liberty and the freedom of conscience.\n          These are the sentiments of a fugitive who has emigrated from the severe rigor of\n            political persecution, to avoid the crushing power of haughty rulers, under whose\n            despotism the thunder of anarchy roars from pole to pole. Storms and tempests shock the\n            affrighted villager. The rapacity of kings and courtiers shed alike their sedition and\n            their desolation: They plunge their sabres into the blood of innocence. Contending for\n            power, they transform liberty into slavery; and, by their intrigue and subtlety,\n            inveigle their subjects into vassalage.\n          To see Europe tranquilized by a speedy adoption of those principles which inspire men\n            with the sacred love of liberty\u2014to see the sabre of despotism arrested from the hands of\n            tyrants\u2014to see thrones leveled with the earth\u2019s smooth surface\u2014and to see liberty reign\n            paramount, is the fervent prayer of A devoted Advocate for the Cause of Liberty,\n            JOHN BUTLER.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0060", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Fierer, 14 September 1793\nFrom: Fierer, Charles\nTo: Washington, George\n          I received your Excellency\u2019s answer to my letter, of the 7th of July last, which induces me to hope that (as this favourable opportunity\n            offers) your Excellency will be kindly pleased to indulge me with a copy of the letter,\n            which was the object of my former application; The letter was dated (I think) sometime\n            in August 1778\u2014Head quarters, at the White plains, and directed to Henry Laurens Esqr.\n            then President of Congress. I have the Honour to remain\n            with profound respect, Your Excellency\u2019s most humble & most obedient Servant\n            Charles FiererLate Capt. of the Virginia State Cavalry", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0061-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Contee Hanson, 14 September 1793\nFrom: Hanson, Alexander Contee\nTo: Washington, George\n            The inclosed address was last week sent to Mr Henry Hill at Philadelphia, to be by\n              him presented, in behalf of the citizens of Annapolis;\n              but, as they have heard of your departure from Philadelphia, and are apprehensive,\n              that you have not received it, I take the liberty of transmitting it by post, and have\n              the honour to be, Sir, with every sentiment of profound veneration. Your most obedient\n              and devoted servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0061-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Address from Annapolis, Maryland, Citizens, 5 September 1793\nFrom: Annapolis, Maryland, Citizens\nTo: Washington, George\n              [Annapolis, 5 September 1793]\n            The citizens of Annapolis conceive it their duty, at this time, to unite their voices\n              with those of their fellow citizens in various parts of the United States; and they\n              beg leave to assure you, that they are deeply and indelibly impressed with a sense of\n              the paternal vigilance exalted wisdom and dignified firmness manifested by your\n              proclamation on the subject of neutrality. It is their\n              fixed determination to conduct themselves, agreeably to the principles, therein\n              expressed; and they will exert their best endeavours, to prevent any infringement of\n              them by others.\n            They are, at the same time, persuaded, that on the faithful observance of subsisting\n              treaties, according to their true intent and obvious construction, the prosperity and\n              honour of our country greatly depend. They cannot be unmindful of the important\n              advantages, derived from our generous allies, the citizens of France; and they doubt\n              not, that, throughout the United States, there prevails a disposition, on all proper\n              occasions, to testify their gratitude and affection. But they never can consent to the\n              adoption of a conduct, which would violate the rules of universal justice, exceed\n              greatly the extent of our national engagements, and hazard the blessings, we have\n              acquired, without serving materially the cause of our friends.\n            They cannot but lament that any diversity of sentiment, relative to the construction\n              of a treaty has taken place in America; but they do not believe, that a real\n              difference of opinion will elsewhere prevail. They reprobate the idea of the\n              intervention of any foreign minister to correct supposed abuses in our government.\n              Every communication of such a minister, to them, or any of their fellow citizens,\n              unless thro\u2019 the regular constituted authorty, and every interference by such a\n              minister with the administration of our internal affairs, they hold not only repugnant\n              to the usage of nations, but derogatory to the dignity of a free, and enlightened\n            Permit them further to declare, that they feel a sublime gratification in avowing their steady attachment to the man, whom Providence seems\n              to have raised up for the salvation of their country, and to have preserved, as the\n              favoured instrument, for securing to millions the inestimable blessings of liberty\n              independence and peace.\n            That the people of America may always duly prize these blessings; that they may\n              always possess discernment to detect the varying arts of delusion and that you, Sir,\n              may for ever be happy, is the sincere and ardent wish of the citizens of\n            By order of the citizens of Annapolis at a meeting, held at the Stadt-house, on\n              Thursday September 5, 1793\n              A. C. Hanson Chairman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0062-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Resolutions from Williamsburg, Virginia, Citizens, 11 September 1793\nFrom: Williamsburg, Virginia, Citizens\nTo: Washington, George\n            At a Meeting of the Citizens of Williamsburg convened at the Courthouse of the said\n              City on Wednesday the Eleventh day of September 1793.\n            Resolved that William Russell be appointed Clerk to the meeting.\n            Resolved that the Honorable Joseph Prentis be appointed President of the meeting.\n            Resolved that a Committee be appointed to take into consideration the Proclamation of\n              the President of the United States recommending a strict Neutrality towards the\n              several European powers now at War. And a Committee was appointed consisting of The\n              Reverend John Bracken John C. Byrd, Benjamin C. Waller, Samuel Griffin, Robert H.\n              Waller, James Southall, Robert Greenhow, and Charles Hunt esquires, who retired and\n              after some time Mr Bracken from the said Committee Reported that they had come to\n              several Resolutions which being read were agreed to and are as follows to wit,\n            Resolved that the conduct of the President of the United States hath been uniformly\n              marked with that disinterested and unwearied attention to the duties of his Office and\n              that prudent and persevering zeal for the welfare and liberties of his Country which\n              give additional dignity and lustre to his former merits, and justly demands the\n              approbation and gratitude of his fellow Citizens.\n            Resolved that the late Proclamation of the President recommending the observance of a\n              strict Neutrality by the Citizens of the United States towards the several European\n              powers now at War was a prudent and wise measure, and furnishes a further proof of his\n              vigilant attention to the interests of our Country.\n            Resolved that we consider the original Arming and fitting out Privateers within any\n              of the Ports of the United States as inconsistent with that Neutrality which we are\n              bound to observe, and that we particularly consider it as a violation of duty in any\n              Citizen to be concerned in or enter on board such Privateers.\n            Resolved that the Executive is the Organ or medium through which Foreign Ministers\n              ought to hold any communication of a publick nature with these\n              United States; and that every attempt of any such Foreign Minister by himself or his\n              Agents directly or indirectly to interfere in the concerns of the said States, or to\n              prosecute the business on which he may be appointed to negotiate through any other\n              medium, would be a daring insult on the sovereignty of the Union and call forth the\n              warmest resentment and indignation of every good Citizen.\n            Resolved that the several late publications which were intended to censure the\n              conduct, or to asperse the reputation of our worthy fellow Citizen the President of\n              thee United States, we consider as illiberal, and deserving our utmost contempt and\n            Resolved that it is the duty of the constituted authorities of these United States,\n              to observe with the most punctual fidelity, all their public engagements to foreign\n              Powers, and particularly towards France, their generous Ally, whose real and\n              disinterested friendship they have so often, and so effectually experienced.\n            Resolved that the President of this meeting be requested to transmit to the President\n              of the United States, a Copy of the foregoing Resolutions. Signed by Order of the Meeting\n              Joseph Prentis Pr.\n              Will: Russell Clerk", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0066", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 15 September 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n            Near Philadelphia 15 Septr 1793\n          On the 13th I received a letter from General Wayne dated the 8th ultimo. He\n            acknowledges to have received mine of the 20th of July, written in consequence of an\n            express from the Commissioners forbidding him from encreasing his force at the head of\n            the line. He complains of these orders and says that \u201cour greatest difficulty will\n            result from the want of timely supplies of provisions at the head of\n          One of the contractors is here and says they have an abundance of provisions at Fort\n            Washington, and means, to carry on at once a large Supply equal to 200000 rations. I\n            have directed him to make specific and official returns of the quantity on hand, the\n            quantity he can move with the Army, and the supply he can keep up with the Army while\n            operating towards the Miami villages and the rapids of the Omee river.\n          Brigr General Posey has been into Kentucky and reports to Genl Wayne that the\n            voluntiers are all or nearly all engaged so as to march at a moments warning.\n          The express from the Commissioners arrived at Pittsburg the 1st instant and was sent\n            off the same day, the three copies, also arrived before the 3d, and were also all sent\n            off to head quarters. General Wayne would probably\n            receive the first on the 8th, his voluntiers would I should imagine all arrive by the\n              1\u27e89\u27e9 or 20th instant, so that he would then be able\n            then to move forward at the rate of 15 miles a day\u2014I should hope that he would move with\n            his whole force from Fort Jefferson\u2014the 1st of October at furthest. he states his\n            regular troops for action to be about 2800, officers included. to these will be added of\n            the detachments not arrived, at least 200\u2014If he obtains his whole number of 1500 mounted\n            voluntiers, his force will be equal to every savage combined, to the south of the lakes,\n            and north of the Ohio. God grant him success!\n              Map 1. Northwest\n                Territory, 1792\u20131793.(Click thumbnail for larger version in new window)\n              Map 2. Southwest\n                Territory, 1792\u20131793.(Click thumbnail for larger version in new window)\n          I have received a letter from Genl Smith secretary of the southern territory dated the\n            23 August giving an account of another lawless expedition against the cherokees, in\n            which were killed ten indian men, two Women, and sixteen women taken prisoners this\n            expedition consisted of 180 mounted voluntiers under Colo. Dohorty. The consequence of this and such other expeditions is, that the\n            cherokees are preparing to attack the territory with their whole Force. Apprehensions\n            are great, and a considerable force is called out for the defence of the Country. An\n            expence of one hundred thousand Dollars will probably be thus incurred by the said\n            expeditions before the meeting of Congress!\n          I have received a letter from Mr Seagrove of the 22 ultimo dated at Savannah in which\n            he says that all continues quiet and that he was preparing to set off to the Rock\n            Landing with the intention of going into the Indian Country provided the party should\n            meet him at the Oakmulgee as he had requested to escort him into the nation.\n          Colonel Pickering and Mr Randolph have arrived. The former found the yellow fever in\n            his family having a son and servant sick with it but both likely to do well. Mr Randolph\n            is with the attorney General. I have not seen either of them but Colonel Pickering has\n            sent me their journal.\n          The fever made great havoc the last week. among others Doctr Warner Washington. Doctor\n            Rush\u2019s success however is great indeed. I understand that he has given his medicine to\n            upwards of 500 patients. He does not pretend to say they have all had the yellow fever\n            but many undoubtedly had, and he lost only one since he adopted his new mode. He has\n            acquired great honor in visiting every body to the utmost of his power. but his\n            applications have been so general that it was utterly impossible to attend to all of\n            them. But he directs the medicine and the Apothecaries prepares it.\n          Mr Dupont the french Consul is dead with it. Mr Willing and Mr Barclay are well.\n          Colonel and Mrs Hamilton have both recovered by a mode quite different from Rushes, and\n            which is published under the signature of A.K.\u2014Doctor\n            Kuhn\u2014They set off on saturday last for New York.\n          The different opinions of treatment excite great inquietude\u2014But Rush bears down all\n            before him\u2014so that I think if the weather should be cold, together with some rains that\n            the fever will hardly be known on the 1st of Novr. from the opinions collected from a\n            variety of quarters I do not think it encreases. the great seat of it at present seems\n            to be from 2d to 3d street, and thence to Walnut streets. Water street however continues\n            sickly. But the alarm is inexpressible. Every body who could, has removed into the\n          I hope to be able to set off hence eastward on the 19th or 20th\u2014All the public offices\n            of the State and of the U.S., are shut I beleive, or at least that very litle is done in\n            them, exepting the war office\u2014But as all my efficient clerks have left me from\n            apprehension, mine will be as the others. According to my view however nothing will\n            suffer during my absence as I shall put into train of execution, all the preparations\n          I beleive the french ships did not sail until the 15th from NewYork. Not a word has\n            transpired of the communications to Mr Genet. The July\n            packet has arrived. No news from Europe.\n          Since writing the above I have seen Colonel Pickering, and also I have read the\n            Journal. The verbal information, added to the written, remove every doubt of the source\n            of the opposition, covered however in the most plausible manner. From his information it\n            would appear impracticable to collect of the hostile Indians more than\n              one thousand. He says that the most sensible of the quakers are of opinion that\n            the United states have offered all that they ought to offer. He is of opinion that Brant has acted faithfully, and that the\n            English do not much like him. I am Sir With the most perfect respect and attachment Your\n            humble Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0067", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Spotswood, 15 September 1793\nFrom: Spotswood, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n            Virga Nottingham Septr 15th 1793\n          I did myself the honr to write you sometime past; that my Eldest Daughter had married a\n            Mr Francis Brooke a gentleman in the profession of the law\u2014and requested that if ever\n            the naval officers place was Vacant at Hobs Hole where he lives, that you would be so\n            good as to give him the appointment.\n          I now have Some reason to Suppose it will be soon Vacant; (this post to my Son in law,\n            in addition to his practice, would enable him better to provide for a riseing family;\n            and I will Venture to assure you Sir, that the Bussiness will be conducted by him, with\n            the greatest rigidness & punctuality\u2014and I would not on any Acct recommend him to\n            you, if I had not have had, many years proof, of his Strickt honour & Integrity\u2014yr\n            freindship in this Instance will lay me under Additional Obligations. with the Sincerest\n            regard & Esteem an Attachment I remn yr obedt st\n            A. Spotswood", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0068", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 16 September 1793\nFrom: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nTo: Washington, George\n          We forgot the other day to apply to you for your permission to make sales of the\n            publick property in the City of Washington\u2014We therefore\n            transmit to you a Couple of Instruments for your signature similar to those given at\n            former times\u2014Considering it as a mere matter of form, we\n            shall commence tomorrow, agreeable to advertizement, and expect you will favour us with\n            the return of them by the Post of Wednesday. Your Hum.\n              Danl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0069", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 16 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\n            Mount Vernon Sepr 16th 1793\n          The Packet herewith sent, I fd at the Post Office in Alexandria, as I passed through\n            that Town on Saturday after noon.\n          The letter from the Minister of the French Republic, dated the 7th instt, in answr to\n            one he had received from Govr Clinton of the 3d preceeding, breathes (as far as I can\n            understand it from Mr Dandridge\u2019s translation) the same language as all others do which\n            have been received from that Gentlemen lately.\n          The points in it to be decided on are two, first the proposition or rather information of Mr Genet respecting the Privateers Little Democrat &\n            Carmagnole\u2014and 2d the William Tell, Prize to the Cerf. If the latter should have got\n            into the Court of Admiralty, it will not, (at least in the first instance) require the\n            interference of the Executive; But if this should not have been the case, any opinion\n            which you, the Secretary of State & Attorney General of the U. States, shall agree\n            in (I take for granted that Colo. Hamilton is not in a situation to attend) may be\n            forwarded to the Governor of New York as my decision in both, or either case; without\n            refering it to me. With best wishes for your continuance\n            in health. I remain Yours &ca\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0070-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Resolutions from James City County, Virginia, Citizens, 12 September 1793\nFrom: James City County, Virginia, Citizens\nTo: Washington, George\n            At a meeting of several Freeholders and Freemen of James City County convened by\n              public advertizements at the Courthouse in Williamsburg the twelfth day of September\n              1793. for the purpose of taking into consideration the proclamation of the President\n              of the United States, and other Subjects of a political nature.\n            The Right Revd Doctr Madison, elected Chairman.\n            Robert H: Waller appointed Clerk to the meeting.\n            The meeting appointed a Committee of Mr Pierce, Mr Saml Griffin, Mr Lee, The Revd Mr\n              Bracken, Mr William Walker, and Mr Coleman, to prepare Resolutions on the subject of\n              the President\u2019s Proclamation, who retired, and after some short time, returned and\n              reported sundry resolutions thereon, which were severally read, approved and adopted\n            1st\u2003Resolved\u2014As common sense points out to us, it is essential to the welfare of\n              America, that the strictest neutrality be preserved towards all the belligerent powers\n              of Europe; so we conceive, that nothing but the madness of Party,\n              or the Folly of Individuals can suggest any measures, which may tend to the violation\n              of such neutrality; or, in any way, involve the United States of America, seperated as\n              they are by nature from Europe, in her sanguinary, ambitious and destructive\n            2d\u2003Resolved, that the late Proclamation of the President of the United States was\n              founded in wisdom, and such as the Citizens of America, not only had a right to\n              expect, both from his invariable patriotism and uniform attention to the Duties of his\n              Office; but also such, as they are bound strictly to observe and enforce.\n            3d\u2003Resolved, that it is the sacred Duty of the governing Powers to cause all existing\n              Treaties to be observed with that exactitude, which the Laws of nations require.\n            4th\u2003Resolved That as the People of America are fully competent to the conduct and\n              management of their own political concerns; all foreign Interference of whatever\n              nature, ought to be considered as a most presumptuous and dangerous attack upon their\n              Sovereignty; and therefore, should such Interference, in the smallest degree, be\n              discovered, it ought to be instantly repelled with that indignation, which becomes\n              Freemen who know how to value and to preserve their political Liberty.\n            5th\u2003Resolved, that this Meeting is conscious of the obligations which the People of\n              America owe to the French nation for their generous assistance during the late War,\n              and will at all times be ready to testify towards them the most cordial\n              Friendship.\n            6th\u2003Resolved that the Chairman be requested to transmit a Copy of the foregoing\n              resolutions to the President of the United States.\n              Signed, James MadisonChairman of the Meeting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0072-0001", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Contee Hanson, 18 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hanson, Alexander Contee\n            Your favor of the 14 instant, enclosing an Address from the Citizens of Annapolis, I\n              had the honor to receive in the afternoon of yesterday. The answer to it, I give you the trouble, as Chairman of the meeting, to receive\n              under cover of this letter; praying you at the same time to be assured of the very\n              great esteem & regard with which I am &c.\n              Go. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0072-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: To Annapolis, Maryland, Citizens, 16 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Annapolis, Maryland, Citizens\n              Fellow Citizens,\n            Conscious of having had in view the Interest & Happiness of the people of the\n              United States, in the discharge of my public duties; and fully persuaded that\n              remaining in a state of neutrality during the present contest between the powers of\n              Europe, if not absolutely necessary to these objects, would tend in a very\n              considerable degree to promote them, I receive with infinite satisfaction, testimonies\n              from my Countrymen, from various parts of the Union, expressive of their approbation\n              of a measure intended to advance the welfare of my fellow Citizens; & none have given me more pleasure, than receiving that of\n              the Citizens of Annapolis.\n            The present flourishing situation of our affairs, & the prosperity we enjoy, must\n              be obvious to the good Citizens of the United States; it remains therefore for them to\n              pursue such a line of conduct as will ensure these blessings, by averting the\n              calamities of a War.\n            The manner, Gentlemen, in which you are pleased to express yourselves towards me\n              personally, merits & receives my warmest gratitude; and it will always be my\n              greatest pride & happiness to receive the approving voice of my fellow\n              Go. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0073", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 18 September 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n          sirnear Philadelphia 18th September\n          I had the honor of writing to you on the 15th instant since\n            which nothing further of a public nature has occurred excepting a report that Admiral\n            Gardiners fleet has been seen off Sandy Hook. But considering the shattered condition of\n            that fleet, and the near approach to the equinox the report may be doubted. It is said this is the cause the french ships have not sailed\n            from New York, which they have not yet done.\n          Mr Randolph has arrived and will set off in two or three days for Virginia.\n          The mortality in the city where I was yesterday is excessive One has not nor can they\n            obtain precise information but the best accounts of the 14th 15th and 16th which were\n            warm days the numbers buried were not short of an hundred each day\u2014some aver much more,\n            and some much less. The streets are lonely to a melancholy degree\u2014the merchants\n            generally have fled\u2014Ships are arriving and no consignees to be found. Notes at the banks\n            are suffered to be unpaid. In fine the stroke is as heavy as if an army of enemies had\n            possessed the city without plundering it.\n          Mr Wolcot the Comptroller of the treasury and myself have taken Doctor Smiths house at\n            the falls for temporary offices so that the public business should not be entirely at a\n          I shall set out for Boston tomorrow. Mrs Knox and all my children but the Youngest will\n            to go Newark for a fortnight or three weeks. I understand Mr Jefferson set out\n            yesterday. Mrs Randolph is urgent for Mr Randolph to go to Winchester, but he refuses,\n            although he is impressed with the propriety of the measure, had you been previously\n            informed of it. But he thinks some person ought to remain here to whom You may address\n            your letters.\n          Colonel and Mrs Hamilton it is said have excessively alarmed Mr Morris Family at\n            Trenton having lodged there The people of Trenton refused to let them pass, and\n            compelled them to return again to Mr Morris\u2019s.\n          I do not understand that the fever is much west of 4th Street\u2014below that particularly\n            in Water front 2d and 3 streets it is pretty general. The Weather yesterday and today is\n            quite cool and favorable to checking the disorder. Everybody whose head aches takes\n            Rush. Mr Meredith took upon an alarm 20 grams of calomel and as many of Jallap. although\n            it cured him of his apprehensions of the yellow fever it has nearly killed him with the\n            gout in his stomach.\n          From the present view of the subject the earliest period at which it would be safe for\n            you to return would be the first of November. I sent to inquire at your house yesterday\n            and found them all well. I am sir With perfect respect and attachment Your obedient", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0074", "content": "Title: Certificate for Lots Purchased in the District of Columbia, 18 September 1793\nFrom: Stuart, David,Carroll, Daniel\nTo: Washington, George\n          (Duplicate)\n          Territory of Columbia, 18th September 1793\n          At a Public Sale of Lots in the City of Washington, George\n            Washington, President of the United States of America became purchaser of Lots No.\n            twelve, No. thirteen & No. fourteen in Square No. six hundred & sixty seven for\n            the consideration of one thousand and sixty six dollars & two thirds of a Dollar,\n            subject to the Terms and Conditions concerning the manner of improvement published, and\n            on the further terms of paying down one fourth part of the purchase money, and also\n            paying the residue in three equal annual payments, with yearly interest on the whole\n            principal unpaid, under forfeiture of the said fourth to be paid down: and he hath\n            accordingly paid the said one fourth, to wit, two hundred and sixty six Dollars and two\n            thirds of a Dollar, and he or his Assigns, on making the said other Payments, will be\n            entitled to a conveyance of the said lot in Fee.\n              Dd Stuart,Danl CarrollCommissioners.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0076", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Oliver Wolcott, Jr., 20 September 1793\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\n            Philadelphia Sept. 20th 1793\n          At the request of Colo. Hamilton I have the honour to enclose a copy of a memorandum\n            describing the mode of treatment which was adopted in his case, when attacked with the\n            prevailing fever.\n          I am happy to announce, that the malady has within two days considerably abated, and I\n            have no doubt that each successive day will present still more favourable aspects. I\n            have the honour to be with the most perfect respect Sir, your most obedt servant\n            Oliver Wolcott Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0078", "content": "Title: Memorandum from Thomas Jefferson, 22 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          Heads of answer to the Caroline resolutions.\n          Taking them up in their order, they appear susceptible of answer in the following\n          The 1st & 2d by a concurrence of sentiment for the maintenance of the constitution,\n            & preservation of peace, & the pleasure with which the President recieves their\n            assurances of support in these objects.\n          3. Notice of the expressions of their personal respect.\n          4. Approbation of their expressions of gratitude to the\n            French nation for aids extended in a time of need, and the honorable trait evidenced in\n            the National character by a strong remembrance of it, even in the moment when the\n            justice due to others imposes laws on the manifestation of it. that being firmly\n            persuaded that the interest & happiness of all the parties engaged in the present\n            contests of Europe will be most promoted by their obtaining every one what is right,\n            & no more, we may innocently & justly pray to heaven that such may be the result\n            of these afflicting contests.\n          5. 6. 7. to express a firm attachment to the free\n            principles of our government, & a confidence that the virtue & good sense of our\n            citizens will counteract & defeat all measures which might tend to weaken their\n            affection to these principles to alienate them from the republican government they have\n            established for themselves, or to innovate on it\u2019s character.\n          8. it would seem more delicate & dignified to pass over\n            this altogether.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0079", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Doughty, 23 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Doughty, John\n            Mount Vernon 23d Septr \u201993.\n          Your Letter, conveying to me the resolutions, agreed to by the Inhabitants of Morris\n            County, the 10 inst: has reached my hands.\n          Their firm & manly sentiments, declared in the resolutions, & united\n            determination to protect & defend the honor & dignity of our Country, are such\n            as become the freemen & citizens of the United States; & evince their firm &\n            commendable resolution to preserve their liberty & independence inviolate. With such\n            aid & support, under direction of Divine providence, I trust the flourishing\n            condition & inestimable blessings now enjoyed, will be long continued to our\n            Go. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0081", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Nelson, Jr., 23 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Nelson, William Jr.\n            Mount Vernon 23d Sept. \u201993.\n          Your Letter of the 5. instant, enclosing a copy of several resolutions entered into by\n            the Inhabitants of the County & borough of York, I have had the pleasure to\n          That the well-being of our Country rests upon the cultivation of peace (consistently\n            with public faith & our own rights) agriculture & commerce, I am well convinced;\n            & I beg you to express to my fellow Citizens of York County & Borough, the\n            satisfaction I derive from the declaration of their intentions to join in preserving\n            these blessings to the United States, and to present them my best thanks for their\n            favorable expressions towards me personally.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0082", "content": "Title: Agreement with William Pearce, 23 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George,Pearce, William\nTo: \n            [Mount Vernon, 23 September 1793]\n          Articles of Agreement made and entered into this twenty third day of September in the\n            year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred & ninety three, by & between George\n            Washington, President of the United States, on one part; and William Pearce of Kent\n            County in the State of Maryland, on the other part\u2014Witness, that for and in\n            consideration of the wages and allowances herein after mentioned, the said William\n            Pearce doth promise and agree to superintend, and manage to the best of his skill and\n            judgment, the interest of the said George Washington at Mount Vernon and it\u2019s\n            Dependencies, comprehending the several farms, Mill, Fishery, Tradesmen of different\n            kinds, Ditchers, Spinners, the person who has charge of the Jacks, Stud horse, mules\n            &ca; and will enter upon the duties thereof on or before the first day of January\n            next ensuing, and remain therein until the first day of January in the year one thousand\n            seven hundred and ninety five; during which period he will, in all things, to the utmost\n            of his abilities, discharge the trust reposed in him with diligence and integrity,\n            following the plans that are, or shall be adopted, and such directions as he shall\n            receive; & where these are not clear and definite, then to pursue the dictates of\n            his own judgment in the premises; and even in cases where they may happen to be\n            explicit, if repugnant to the ideas of the said William Pearce, the said George\n            Washington will always, & with pleasure listen to any suggested alterations which\n              may be offered by him with a view to the advancement of the Crops,\n            increase of the Stocks, and for the general improvement of the Estate: the great objects\n            of the said George Washington being to crop the Land in such a manner (by judicious\n            rotations) as to keep it in an improving instead of a declining state; to make permanent meadows of wet or sunken lands capable of\n            being reclaimed; to introduce Clover & other Grasses as far, and as fast as it can\n            be done in tillable fields that are in condition to bear it, but avoiding at the same\n            time too great an expense in the purchase of Seed; to substitute live in place of dead\n            fences where it is practicable; and this with as much facility as the seasons and the\n            nature of the case will admit, as the Inclosures are numerous, timber becoming scarce,\n            & the common materials for fencing, in most instances, far to remove. These with\n            regular weekly reports from each Farm & class of people\u2014due attention to the Stocks\n            on the several farms\u2014to the tools & implements of husbandry thereon, taking an exact\n            list thereof, & making the overseers accountable, not only for their forthcoming,\n            but for the preservation of them from the weather; and in a word, to keep as regular\n            accounts with each Farm, & with every seperate branch of business\u2014debiting and\n            crediting the same with every thing that goes to, or comes from them, as if they were\n            the property of another person, thereby ascertaining the profit and loss\u2014correcting, by\n            a strict & close inspection into matters, the many abuses which there is too much\n            reason to fear has crept into every branch of my business, from the little personal\n            attention I have been able to bestow on it for many years last past; and lastly keeping\n            all the Overseers and subordinate characters who are or may be placed under your\n            management, strictly to their respective duties, will (together with clothing the\n            people, providing for, & disposing of things belonging to the Estate on the best\n            terms, & rendering regular accounts thereof) constitute the great out-lines of the\n            trust which I have reposed in you. To go more into detail would be as tedious as it is\n            unnecessary to a person competent to the superintendence of such a Concern as mine. for\n            to tell a farmer that his fences ought to be in good order; his fields secured against\n            trespassers of every kind; his grounds well ploughed; his Crop kept clear of grass &\n            weeds; his seeds put in in good order & in due season; his Grain & hay cut at a\n            proper time, & well stacked, & the former got out of the straw as soon after harvest as circumstances will permit, & that without Waste or\n            loss of grain or straw; making butter & selling all that can be spared, as also such\n            stock of different kinds as will by being culled out, render the remainder healthy &\n            thriving; that his Cattle &ca ought to be regularly penned in summer & secured\n            from bad weather in winter; and the utmost attention paid to the making of manure for\n            the improvement of his fields at both seasons; that his work horses & oxen should be\n            well attended to and kept in good & fit condition, thereby enabling them to perform\n            the labour which they must undergo: to remind him of those things would, I say, be only\n            observing what every Farmer must be thoroughly sensible his duty enjoins\u2014but it may not\n            be amiss to repeat that one of the most effectual steps to accomplish all these ends, is\n            to see that the Overseers of the Farms & the Superintendants of other business are\n            constantly at their posts; for it may be received as a maxim that if they are away or\n            entertaining company at home, that the concerns entrusted to them will be neglected,\n            & certainly go wrong: and it is not less certain that relaxation on his part will\n            serve only to beget liberties on their\u2019s; therefore strictness with justice is the sure\n            means of having the business well conducted.\n          In consideration of these Services well & truly performed on the part of the said\n            William Pearce, the said George Washington doth hereby promise to pay him the said\n            Pearce, the Sum of one hundred Guineas per annum, and in that proportion for a greater\n            or lesser time actually employed in the said Washington\u2019s service; and will allow him\n            over and above, twelve hundred pounds of Pork; about five hundred pounds of beef, to be\n            received at different times as it may happen to be killed for the use of the Mansion\n            House or for market, and some fresh meat from what may be occasionally killed for like\n            purposes, together with bread sufficient for his family; he is also to be allowed the\n            use of Three Cows for the purpose of affording milk & butter therefor, and to raise\n            poultry for the same, but not for sale. And if he brings Horses (not exceeding two) he\n            is to be allowed Grain, & fodder or hay, for them; in which case he is not to use\n            any horse or horses belonging to the Estate. The said George Washington doth moreover\n            agree to allow the said William Pearce the use of a negro woman to wash & cook for\n            his family\u2014and a boy & girl to aid & attend in the House & garden; the first\n            not to exceed fourteen or fifteen years of age, & the other\n            twelve; and will put the House now occupied by Mr Hyland Crow, with the Kitchen\n            adjoining, in decent repair and fitness for the purpose intended. And lastly, in order\n            that the said William Pearce may have the entire controul over the Overseers of the\n            different Farms, & others, hired as overlookers of any other business, he is hereby\n            vested with full power and authority to engage such as he may have confidence in, &\n            discharge those who do not conduct themselves well. Witness our hands & Seals the\n            day & year first above written.\n            Go: Washington\n            William Pearce\n            Teste Bw Dandridge.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0083", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edmund Pendleton, 23 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pendleton, Edmund\n            Mount Vernon 23d September 1793\n          The Resolutions of the Inhabitants of the County of Caroline, transmitted to me by you,\n            were received with peculiar pleasure; because no Citizen of the United States can have a\n            more sincere desire than I have to see all attempts at subverting or violating the\n            Constitution or Laws of the Land, frustrated; and it gives me much satisfaction to be\n            assured of the firm support of my Fellow Citizens in preserving the peace & Safety\n            of our Country.\n          The expressions of gratitude and affection, by the Citizens of Caroline, towards the\n            French Nation for their generous aid and assistance extended to us in a time of need,\n            are truly laudable, & must meet the approbation of every grateful mind.\n          I beg you, Sir, to assure the Citizens of Caroline of my fixed attachment to the free\n            principles of our Government, and of the confidence I have in the virtue & good\n            sense of my Fellow Citizens which I trust will always counteract any measures which\n            might tend to weaken their affection to these principles, or to alienate them from the\n            republican Government they have established for themselves, & under which they have\n            hitherto enjoyed unequalled prosperity and happiness.\n          The marks of respect and affection for my person, manifested in the Resolutions, demand\n            & receive my unfeigned acknowledgments & gratitude, which I request you to\n            communicate to the Citizens of Caroline, and to assure them of my unremitted endeavours\n            to advance their welfare, as far as my powers & abilities extend.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0084", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edmund Pendleton, 23 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pendleton, Edmund\n          With very sincere pleasure I received your private letter of the 11th instant. This pleasure was not a little enhanced by your reiterated\n            assurance of my still holding that place in your estimation which, on more occasions\n            than one, you have given me the most flattering testimony\u2014highly gratifying to my mind.\n            This assurance came opportunely, as I had begun to conceive (though unable to assign a\n            cause) that some part of my public conduct\u2014how ever well meant my endeavors\u2014had appeared\n            unfavorable in your eyes, for you will please to recollect that, formerly you promised\n            me, and I always expected, an annual letter from you. It is now (if my memory has not\n            failed me) at least four years since I have had that pleasure.\n          Sequestered you say you are, from the World, and know little of what is transacting in\n            it but from Newspapers. I regret this exceedingly. I wish you had more to do on the\n            great theatre; and that your means of information were co-equal to your abilities, and\n            the disposition I know you possess to judge properly of public measures. It would be\n            better perhaps for that public it should be so; for be assured we have some infamous\n            Papers\u2014calculated for disturbing if not absolutely intended to disturb, the peace of the\n          With respect to the fiscal conduct of the S\u2014t\u2014y of the Tr\u2014s\u2014y I will say nothing;\n            because an enquiry, more than probable, will be instituted next Session of Congress into\n            some of the Alligations against him, which, eventually, may involve\n            the whole; and because, if I mistake not, he will seek, rather than shrink from, an\n            investigation. A fair opportunity will then be given to the impartial world to form a\n            just estimate of his Acts, and probably of his motives. No one, I will venture to say,\n            wishes more devoutly than I do that they may be probed to the bottom\u2014be the result what\n          With the most scrupulous truth I can assure you, that your free & unreserved\n            opinion upon any public measure of importance will always be acceptable to me, whether\n            it respects men, or measures\u2014and on no man do I wish it to be expressed more fully than\n            on myself; for as I can conscientiously declare that I have no object in view\n            incompatible with the Constitution, and the obvious interests of this Country\u2014nor no\n            earthly desire half as strong as that of returning to the walks\n            of private life, so, of consequence I only wish whilst I am a Servant of the public, to\n            know the will of my masters, that I may govern myself accordingly.\n          You do me no more than justice when you suppose that from motives of respect to the\n            Legislature (and I might add from my interpretation of the Constitution) I give my\n            Signature to many Bills with which my judgment is at varience. In declaring this,\n            however, I allude to no particular Act. From the nature of the Constitution, I must\n            approve all the parts of a Bill, or reject it in toto. To do the latter can only be\n            justified upon the clear and obvious ground of propriety; and I never had such\n            confidence in my own faculty of judging as to be over tenacious of the opinions I may\n            have embibed in doubtful cases.\n          Mrs Washington who enjoys tolerable good health joins me most cordially in best wishes\n            for you and Mrs Pendleton. I wish you may live\n            long\u2014continue in good health\u2014and end your days as you have been wearing them away,\n            happily and respected. Always, and most affectionately, I am Your Obedt Servt\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0086", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jonathan Shaw, 23 September 1793\nFrom: Shaw, Jonathan\nTo: Washington, George\n            [New York] September, 23rd 1793.\n          when I think of Intruding upon your Excellency it puts me to the blush and almost\n            determins me not to be thus troublesome but Necessity that Frequently puts us upon what\n            we have not a mind to, and often forces us against our Inclinations is now the motive\n            that Induces me to be thus troubesome. At the Commencement of the War between America\n            and Britan, I was deprived of a Parent, one who took up Arms in the cause of Liberty,\n            only a private soldier, but soon fell a Victim in the Cause in which he was engaged, and\n            left a Wife, and Eight Children, to lament his Death in poverty the Eldest sixteen,\n            Immediately joind the Army, and soon met the same fate his Father had done, the next\n            two, as soon as their Age admited, joind the Army, and were preserved till it hapily\n            decided in favor of America: \u27e8an\u27e9d Myself the youngest have been exposed to Hardships\n              \u27e8mutilated \u27e9 my earliest Infancy till now; being under a\n            pertic\u27e8ular\u27e9 disadvantage of having much sickness, and am now not able to Labour for a\n            support, and have not any Friend to apply to for assistance, that is able to assist me\n            in setting up in business: Therefore, Sir I have taken the Liberty of letting your\n            Excellency, kno my Circumstances, and most humbly to ask your Excellencys\u2019 kind\n            assistance in affording me some help in seting up a small Grocery in N. york, to set me\n            a bove the reach of want, for which I believe I shall soon have it in my power to repay\n            tho not to make a full satisfaction such an Act of Generosity would lay me under. When I\n            first thought of making known my Circumstances, and Petitioning to your Excellency, for\n            assistance; the great and Immortal Charracter, and Name your Excellency has so justly\n            merited, struck me with an Awe that for some time past has kept me in\n            silence, for fear of Offending; but upon maturely considering that the Welfare of\n            Mankind has been your Excellencys\u2019 greatest Delight, and that it is by your Excellencys\u2019\n            wise Administration America now enjoys Peace, I say these Considerations have encouraged\n            me to make known my Circumstances: And I most humby Pray that your Excellency will\n            excuse the Liberty I have taken. I am with great respect Sir, your Excellencys\u2019 most\n            humble and most Obedient Servant,\n            Jonathan Shaw\n            P.S. Sir the sickness in Philidelphia, has been the Cause of my not coming\n              personally. The enclosed are from Gentlemen of Veracity. If your Excellency is\n              disposed to assist the unfortunate and unhappy, If the trouble would not be to great,\n              A line to me at N. york soon, with those two papers inclosed, will be gratefully\n              received by your Excellencys\u2019 humble, servant\n            Jonathan Shaw", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0087", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Austin, Jr., 24 September 1793\nFrom: Austin, David Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\n            May it please yr Excellency\n            Eliza[beth] Town [N.J.]Sepr 24th 1793\n          Having this day receivd the enclosed from my Hond father at New Haven, to forward\u2014beg leave to say, so far as may be decent for a son to\n            say of a father; that the application made, in the issue, will be found to be founded on\n            reason, equity & Justice; & if granted will give universal satisfaction, unless\n            it be to individuals who might have interest in wishing to be remembered themselves.\n            Praying an excuse for this imperfect Scrawl, the Mail just closing, have the honor to\n            subscribe yr Excellency\u2019s Most Obedt & Humble servt\n            David Austin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0088", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 24 September 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n          Private\n          SirElizabeth Town New Jersey 24th Septr\n          I arrived here on the 19th after much delay and difficulty on\n            the road. The alarm of the people in all the Towns and villages on the road, and at New\n            York, on account of the prevailing fever is really inexpressible. The militia are posted\n            at Trenton Brunswick and Newark and New York. This place seems to possess less fear and\n            more reason. At New York reason appears to been entirely lost. Among many serious evils\n            such as frightning some Philadelphians to death by placing them on Governors island\n            without proper accommodations the following laughable incident is said to have occured a\n            day or two past. A Boat arrived at NewYork from Jersey with passengers. the Mob\n            collected and insisted upon it they were infected, and after they had landed the Mob\n            forced them on board again, and with them a Mr Mercier of New York, who plead in vain,\n            that he had not been out of New York for along time. the Mob however swore otherwise and\n            the poor man was forced into the boat with persons whom he believed to be infected with\n              the plague and did not return to his family for a day\n            afterwards.\n          Poor Courtney the Taylor with his family were at a tavern on 2d river at which place he\n            felt the symptoms of an intermittent or yellow fever\u2014He took rushs medecines so\n            frequently that he really became ill\u2014The people ordered his coffin in his presence, and\n            his wife sent to Newark for a Physician who pronouncd it a common intermittent But to\n            mark the monstrous absurdity which prevails the people came into the sick mans room in\n            shoals to see the curious fever, and he has been so worried that\n            his life is in great danger\u2014There are innumerable instances of the\n            like unreasonable conduct.\n          I sent to NewYork to endeavo\u27e8ur\u27e9 to get a passage to Rhode Island\u2014But the Masters of\n            the packets said that it was as much as their lives were worth, as it was reported at\n            Newport that the yellow fever, or plague killed in NewYork 40\n            people \u214c day. If a person has been from Philadelphia 14 days and continued in perfect\n            health during that time he may be admitted into New-York. I have yet six days quarantine to perform, which of the choice of evils is the least.\n            This circumstance will retard my return as soon as I intended, for it is of the highest\n            personal importance to me that I should go to Boston, and I am too bulky to be smuggled through the Country.\n          The french fleet is still in New-York, in a wretched state of disorganisation which\n            prevents its sailing. Mr Genet has been low spirited for ten days past. The fleet have\n            been told by him that the executive of the United States prevents their selling their\n            prizes, and Citizen Bompard who belongs to a club in france as well as all his sailors,\n            say that they shall represent the matter upon their return in its proper colours\u2014some of\n            the sailors lately attacked the Marquis de Rouvrays house with an intention it is said\n            of Massacring him and his son. They have fled to this Town. I do not find Mr Genet has promulgated the last letter of the\n            secretary of state, excepting as to the effect of the measures with the Consuls, which\n            prevent their selling their prizes\u2014Would to God it had been thought proper to publish\n            the letter to Mr Morris. The minds of our own people\n            would have been convinced of the propriety of the measures which have been adopted, and\n            all cavil at the meeting of Congress prevented!\n          Colonel Hamilton experienced inconveni\u27e8ences\u27e9 on the road. Not being ad\u27e8mit\u27e9ted into\n            NewYork he has gone to Albany. \u27e8mutilated \u27e9 respectful\n            compliments to Mrs Washington, I am Sir with perfect respect Your humble Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0089", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Betty Washington Lewis, 24 September 1793\nFrom: Lewis, Betty Washington\nTo: Washington, George\n            my Dear Brother\n            [Fredericksburg, Va.]September 24th 1793.\n          the Sickness in my family has Prevented my Writing Sooner my Daughter Carter has been\n            Extreamly ill but is at this time better and my self owing to great fatigue am Scarcely\n            able to attend them, Harriot wishes to know what time it will be Convenient for you to\n            send for her, was it Convenient for me to keep her I know of none that I would sooner\n            have to live with me but my Income is so small and few Servants that I Cannot Afford it\n            I am Oblig\u2019d to Buy Every thing that I Eat with the addishon of sope Candles &c. in\n            short the most trifling things made Use of in the House, and my Income so small that I\n            find it a hard matter to live and keep out of debt it is a Confinement to me as I have\n            only two Horses to my Carriage that I Cannot go to Visit at any distance as I have two\n            Grand Children liveing with me that I am Oblige to Carry with me.\n          I shall be glad to hear from you by the first Stage as I intend as soon as my Daughter\n            Carter leaves this to go up the Country if this Place Continues So Sickly\u2014the family all\n            Join me in love to you and My Sister Washington I am Dear Brother your Affct. Sister\n            Betty Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0090", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Griffin Peachy, 24 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Peachy, Thomas Griffin\n          The resolutions of the Inhabitants of the Town of Petersburg and its vicinity, were\n            transmitted to me from Philada by the Secretary of State.\n          The zealous & firm declaration of my Fellow Citizens of Petersburg & its\n            vicinity, of their conviction of the necessity of peace in order to the preservation of\n            our present state of tranquillity and prosperity, while the people of Europe are\n            distressed by a calamitous war. and their determined resolution to support every measure\n            of Government, adopted with a view to the true interests of our Country, affords me much\n          That the principles of Liberty and the rights of man may be universally disseminated,\n            is my ardent wish; and, as far as in my power, my constant endeavours will be to advance\n            Go. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0091", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Hezekiah Rogers, 24 September 1793\nFrom: Rogers, Hezekiah\nTo: Washington, George\n            Norwalk Connecticut Sept. 24th 1793.\n          The office of Collector for the District of New Haven becoming vacant by the death of\n            Mr Fitch, I take the liberty of offering myself as a candidate for the appointment. If\n            from a consideration of my former services and sacrafices in the common cause of my\n            country, and my qualifications to discharge its duties,\n            you should be pleased, Sir, to favor me with the appointment, it will be accepted with\n            gratitude, and its various duties executed with integrity and\n            punctuality. With the utmost respect I have the honor to be, Sir, Your most Obt &\n            most hum. servt\n            Hezh Rogers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0092", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Charles Carter of Ludlow, 25 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Carter, Charles (of Ludlow)\n            Mount Vernon Sepr 25th 1793\n          Your letter of the 15th instt having unluckily passed on to Philadelphia before it got\n            to my hands, is the cause of its remaining so long unacknowledged.\n          I have by the Post of to day written to the Comptroller of the Treasury for most of the\n            other Offrs are absent to obtain, on my acct, one hundred dollars for the use of your\n            Sons in Phila. and hope it will be accomplished; but such is the stagnation of business\n            there and so entirely chang\u2019d is every thing there by the retreat of the Inhabitants\n            & the extention & malignancy of the fever with which it is visited that it is\n            almost impossible from the little intercourse people have with one another to promise\n            any thing on a certainty of having it complied with\u2014Mr Wolcot (the Comptroller) will I\n            am sure do all he can to fulfil your desires and it will give me pleasure if in this\n            instance or in any other I can contribute to your happiness.\n          My best wishes (in which Mrs Washington joins me) attend Mrs Carter and your family and\n            with very great esteem & regard I am Dr Sir Yr Most Obedt & Affe. H. Ser.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0093", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 25 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n          My dear SirMount Vernon Sepr 25th\n          I congratulate you & Mrs Hamilton very sincerely on your\n            recoveries from the malignant fever which prevailed in Philadelphia; and hope you are\n            both restored to perfect health, and that no other of the family has been siezed with\n            the disorder. In these sentiments Mrs Washington cordially unite with me.\n          From Mr Jefferson who has just passed this\u2014from Genl\n            Knox who has set out for Boston\u2014and from the accts published in the Gazettes\u2014I conceive,\n            that under the most favourable change that can reasonably be expected, the first of\n            November is as soon as business can, with safety, be transacted in the City of\n            Philadelphia; but it appears necessary, at all events, that the heads of Departments\n            should assemble\u2014if not at that place, yet in the vicinity of it\n            (say German town) at that time; where I also shall be, if well. My compliments to Mrs\n            Hamilton, & respects to Genl Schuyler & family if you are with them. I am always\n            & with much truth Your Affecte\n          Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0094", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 25 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\n          Dear Sir,Mount Vernon Sep. 25th\n          I have duly received your letters of the 15th & 18th instt\n            and as the last announces your intention of setting out for Boston the next day I shall\n            add nothing in this letter on business\u2014but shall thank you for the information you have\n            given me\u2014as well private as public; and observe that, it appears to me highly necessary\n            that the heads of Departments should assemble in Philadelphia or the vicinity of it by\n            the first of November at which time & place I shall make it a point to be present. I\n            have wrote to the Secretary of the Treasury to this effect and have\n            communicated the same to the Secretary of State. With\n            very great esteem & regard I am Dear Sir Your Affectionate Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0095", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Tobias Lear, 25 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lear, Tobias\n            Mount Vernon Sepr 25th 1793\n          I have not written to you since we parted, but had just sat down to do it when your\n            letter of the 13th instt was brought to me from the Post Office in Alexandria.\n          It gave Mrs Washington, myself and all who knew him, sincere pleasure to hear that our\n            little favourite had arrived safe, & was in good health at Portsmouth\u2014We sincerely\n            wish him a long continuance of the latter\u2014that he may always be as charming &\n            promising as he now is\u2014that he may live to be a comfort & blessing to you\u2014and an\n            ornament to his Country. As a token of my affection for him, I send him a ticket in the\n            lottery now drawing in the Federal City; and if it should be his fortune to draw the\n            Hotel, it will add to the pleasure I feel in giving it.\n          We remained in Philadelphia until the 10th instt. It was my wish to have stayed there\n            longer; but as Mrs Washington was unwilling to leave me amidst the malignant fever which\n            prevailed, I could not think of hazarding her & the Children any longer by my\n            remaining in the City\u2014The house in which we lived being, in a manner blockaded by the\n            disorder which was becoming every day more & more fatal. I therefore came off with\n            them on the above day, and arrived at this place the 14th without encountering the least\n            accident on the Road.\n          You will learn from Mr Greenleaf that he has dipped deeply in the concerns of the\n            Federal City; advantageously I think for himself, and I am pleased with it on public\n            ground also; as it may give facility to the operations at that place, at the same time\n            that it is embarking him in a measure which, although it cannot well fail under any\n            circumstances that are likely to happen, may be considerably promoted\n            by men of Spirit with large capitols. He can, so much better than I, detail his\n            engagements, & the situation of things in and about the City, that I shall not\n            attempt to do it at present.\n          Mrs Washington having decided to let Nelly Custis have her Watch & Chain, is\n            disposed to receive substitutes in lieu there of at about Twenty five guineas price; and\n            leaves the choice of them to you. The plainness of the Watch &ca will be no\n            objection. One hundred and twenty dollars in Bank notes are enclosed for the purchase of\n          If it should be convenient, and perfectly safe for you to engage for me, on reasonable\n            terms, a compleat Black Smith, you would oblige me by doing so. As there are laws in\n            England prohibiting such engagements under severe penalties, and such may exist in other Countries, you will understand me\n            clearly, that, for no consideration whatsoever would I have you run the smallest risk of\n            encountering them. You know full well what kind of a Smith would suit my purposes\u2014it is\n            unnecessary therefore for me to be particular on this head. He must, however, have a\n            character on which you can rely not only as a compleat workman for a Farm, but as an\n            honest, sober & industrious man. If he comes on Wages they must be moderate; &\n            with, or without wages he must be bound to serve me three years, four would be\n          Mrs Washington thanks you for your kind recollection of her request respecting Lincoln,\n            and desires me to assure you of her sincere love for him\u2014in which I Join\u2014and of her\n            friendship & regard for you. In whatever place you may be, or in whatever walk of\n            life you may move, my best wishes will attend you, for I am & always shall be Your\n            sincere friend and Affectionate Servant\n            Go: Washington\n            P.S. I have just received a letter from the Earl of Buchan in which he says my letter\n              intended to accompany the Portrait had got safe to his hands, but that he had seen\n              heard nothing of the Picture. If you should, while in New York see the Painter of it,\n              be so good as to mention this circumstance to him, & enquire into the cause of the\n            The District attorney of New Hampshire has sent his resignation\u2014I am entirely unacquainted with the characters in that line,\n              in that State, and would thank you to name the person whom you\n              think best qualified to succeed Mr Sherburne, & most likely to give general\n              satisfaction.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0096", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Powell, 25 September 1793\nFrom: Powell, William\nTo: Washington, George\n            New Haven Septr 25th 1793\n          Inclosed I have the Honor of forwarding you, the address of a number of the principle\n            Merchants, Traders & other respectable Inhabitants of this City, in my favor for the\n            Office of Collector of this district, who\u2019s credibility will bear examination. I have the honor to be with the highest respect Sir Your most\n            Obedient & most humble Servant\n            Willm Powell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0097", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Harriot Washington, 25 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Harriot\n          Letter not found: to Harriot Washington, 25 Sept. 1793. On 16\n            Nov., Harriot Washington wrote to\n              GW: \u201cI receiv\u2019d My Honor\u2019d Uncle\u2019s letter of the 25 of September.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0098", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., 25 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jr., Oliver Wolcott,\n          Sir,Mount Vernon 25th Septr\n          Your Letter of the 20th instant came duly to hand. I am much\n            obliged to Colo. Hamilton for sending me a copy of the Memorandum, describing the mode\n            of treating the prevailing fever in his case\u2014& to you for transmitting it. It gave me sincere pleasure to hear that he & mistress\n            Hamilton have got so happily over the disorder\u2014and I hope\u2014Mrs Wolcott & yourself will escape it. The enclosed for Colo. Hamilton,\n            you will be so good as to forward.\n          An old acquaintance of mine\u2014a respectable character & a staunch friend to the\n            Government of the U. States, has requested of me what you will find in his Letter\n              enclosed. I am anxious to comply with it\u2014but do not,\n            under existing circumstances, well know how to draw the money with regularity from the\n            Treasury, on my own account; and therefore take this method of\n            expressing my wish, and leaving it to your judgment to carry it into execution. my compliments to Mrs Wolcott\u2014with esteem & regard, I\n            am Sir, Your very humble Servant\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0099-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Blackburn, 26 September 1793\nFrom: Blackburn, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n              Rippon Lodge [Va.] Sepr 26th\n            I take the Liberty of inclosing for your Perusal, some Extracts from a Letter I have\n              just received from a Gentleman of Barbados; the Purport of which appears to me to be\n              interesting to the United States of America: and as it may possibly not yet have come\n              to your Knowledge, I think it my Duty to forward to You the Intelligence without\n              Delay; submitting it entirely to your better Judgment, whether it deserves your\n              Attention. The Writer of the Letter, is a Gentleman in the medical Line, with whom I\n              had the Pleasure of making an Acquaintance, when in Barbados the last Winter, and his\n              Veracity I think may be certainly depended on.\n            I hope by the Return of my Messenger to hear that you & your Lady are in good\n              Health\u2014Mrs Blackburn joins me in most respectfull Compliments to both. I am, with the most perfect Esteem, Yr obedt humble Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0099-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Extract of a Letter from a Gentleman in Barbados, 9 August 1793\nFrom: Unknown - Gentleman in Barbados\nTo: Blackburn, Thomas\n              [Barbados] August 9th 1793\n            I heartily congratulate your Country on your peace with the Savages; for, from what\n              you tell me, I presume the Indian War is terminated\u2014may this be your last War! but we\n              are not without serious Apprehensions of a rupture between G. Britain & you. Without troubling You with a detail of many idle & unsupported\n              Tales in circulation, it may be of Use to be informed, that on Tuesday last, (the 6th\n              Instt) an Express arrived from the Governor of Bermuda, requesting Supplies of\n              Ammunition &c., as he apprehended an immediate Attack from America. The Capt. of\n              the Vessell sent Express, deliver\u2019d his letter & message before a large Company at\n              Pilgrim; for Governor Parry having left Barbados on the 21st of July, Mr Bishop, who\n              succeeded him, as President, \u27e8ha\u27e9d made this his first publick Day and had \u27e8mutilated \u27e9 out above eighty Cards\u2014the News of course circulated over our little Island, with great rapidity; and was\n              received with the most unfeign\u2019d concern\u2014Among others, Sir Philip Gibbes was a Guest\n              at Pilgrim that Day, and on the next he came to me by 10 in the Morning & passed a\n              long Day with me. We were quite alone\u2014This gave me an\n              Opportunity of discussing the subject with him, & as he is perfectly acquainted\n              with the people in power at Home, what he offers deserves the most serious\n              Attention\u2014Mr Pitt, he is positive, is not willing to quarrall with America, & this\n              pacifick temper is confirmed by his Mother, the avowed Friend of America, and to whose\n              Opinion he pays great Deference: nothing therefore\n              short of real unrepair\u2019d Injury, will provoke the Minister to War, and from the\n              Confidence we have in Wisdom & Integrity of your President & Congress, we take\n              for granted that they will labour to obviate this. But your common People are rather\n              licentious, and as appears by some of your papers, betray the greatest partiality to\n              France\u2014Add to this that the King is unrelentingly vindictive, & woud rejoice to be\n              \u27e8 j\u27e9ustified in sending Sword & Fire among you on\u27e8ce\u27e9 more.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0100", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Joseph Harper & Company, 27 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Joseph Harper & Company\n            Gentlemen,\n            Mount Vernon. Septembr 27. 1793.\n          Your Letter of the 10th instant enclosing a Memorial dated the 9th, never came to my\n            hands until yesterday.\n          I shall transmit both to the Secretary of State, to whom it would have been more\n            regular for you to have applied in the first instance.\n          The proofs will be necessary for his inspection & information (if the matter has\n            not been acted upon by the American Minister at Paris) that he may be enabled to report\n            the case fully for my consideration.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0101", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Wootton Brewer, 29 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Brewer, William Wootton\n            Mount Vernon 29th Septr 1793.\n          A Letter from you of the 20th inst: has been received, stating the distressed &\n            truly affecting situation in which you are. Could my\n            ability to do it, keep pace with my sincere desire to relieve the wants of the\n            distressed, the request made in your letter to me would be chearfully complied with; but\n            the numerous & pressing calls upon me for pecuniary aid from real objects of\n            charity, & from those who are more immediately within my own knowledge, are such that I am under the necessity,\n            however repugnant to my feelings, of declining to comply with your request but I can have no doubt however, that all those who are\n            acquaintd with your merits and knowing to the circumstances as stated in your letter\n            would readily contribute to make up such a sum as you require to commence business with.\n            sincerely wishing that you may find means to extricate\n            yourself from your present embarrassments, as represented in your Letter, I am Sir,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0102", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Carter of Ludlow, 29 September 1793\nFrom: Carter, Charles (of Ludlow)\nTo: Washington, George\n          I by Mr Fitz[hugh] of Chatham, reced your kind and Affectionate Letter. ten thousand times I am obliged by this mark of friendship ever\n            greatfully shall I hold it in remembrance. I have the satisfaction to tell you, that by\n            letter of the 15th from my sons, they had got their money, and have by this post,\n            directd them, to let the hundred Dollars you so obligeingly directed the Comptroller Mr\n            Wolcot to pay, lay in case by any unforeseen accident they should be in want, which hope\n            will not be the case. as the sum reced by them of 45\u00a3 Va C. this by no means lessens my\n            obligations to you my Friend. I have a letter of the 23d they then were well, but poor\n            Charles, was attending to Mrs Hutchison, & Burgess Ball in the Putrid fever, so that\n            my fears are great. I hope for the best, and must\n            submit to the devine will.\n          My best wishes in which Mrs Carter most affy joins me attend Mrs Washington and all at\n            Mt Vernon & with esteem & regard I am Dr Sr your much obliged Obt &\n            Affectionate Hble St\n            Chs Carter", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0103", "content": "Title: Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., to Jonathan Shaw, 29 September 1793\nFrom: Dandridge, Bartholomew Jr.\nTo: Shaw, Jonathan\n            Mount vernon 29 Septr 1793\n          Your Letter, of the 23d instt has come to the hands of\n            the Presidt who has directed me to acknowledge the receipt of it[.] Your situation\n            therein described is indeed unfortunate, & such as He could wish to better (as\n            nothing gives him more pleasure than to relieve the wants of the distressed, & to\n            encourage industry)\u2014did He conceive it to comport with the various pecuniary calls which\n            he of necessity is obliged to answer, besides objects which are daily presenting\n            themselves & demanding assistance; but so very numerous & urgent are they, that\n            it is impossible that all can be accomodated. These circumstance put it out of his power\n            to afford you the aid you ask, which, in other circumstances, it would give him pleasure\n            to grant. I am Sir &ca\n            P.S. The two Certificates sent are returned agreeably to your desire.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0104-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Beverley Randolph, 30 September 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Beverley\nTo: Washington, George\n            When I had the Pleasure to see you at Mount Vernon, you express\u2019d a wish to be\n              furnishd, with the Information received, by the Commissrs for treating with the\n              western Indians, from Capt. Wellbank; I therefore inclose you an Extract from my\n              private Journal, which I believe contains the whole of the communication of any\n              Importance made by that gentleman.\n            Supposing that the present occlusion of the Public offices in consequence of the\n              dreadful malady which afflicts Philadelphia, would probably prevent your receiving a\n              copy of the Commiss\u27e8rs\u27e9 Report. I have also extracted for your Perusal the substance\n              of what pass\u2019d between the Indians & the Commissrs from the 29th of July to the\n              16th of August. together with a full copy of the message received\n              on that Day and the Commissrs Reply thereto. with\n              Sentiments of real Respect I am Dr Sir Yr most obdt Servt\n               Beverley Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0104-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Journal Extract about George Welbank\u2019s Information, 13 August 1793\nFrom: Welbank, George\nTo: \n              Wellbank call\u2019d to see the commissrs & dined with them. As he had lived among the\n              Creek Indian & was conversant with the Cherokees we made inquiry into the causes\n              of their present Dissatisfaction. His information was in substance as follows. That\n              formerly the Creeks in general Council declared that they were\n              willing to confirm to the United States the Lands ceded to them by Treaty as far as\n              the north Fork of the Oconee but not to the South Fork. The Difference between a cession to one Fork & the other he says comprehends a\n              tract of Country about 300 miles long by 70 to 30 miles broad according to the courses\n              of the Rivers. That in June or July 1791 McGillivray wrote to general Knox informing\n              him that the Creeks would not agree to relinquish their Lands Southward of the north\n              Fork. Capt. Wellbank repeated the following as a Passage in McGillivrays Letter. \u201cAt\n              our last meeting the articles of the Treaty were\n              explain\u2019d to the nations at large with Respect to the Apilachee or main South Branch\n              of the Oconee it turnd out as I told you it would at New York. They will not agree to that but unanimously agree to the\n              North Fork & hope Congress will require no more.\u201d And then he goes on, said\n              Wellbank to describe the Country between the two Forks mentioning the Qualities of the\n              Land as well as its extent. He farther said that Thos. Gegg who is in the commission\n              of the Peace but resides in the cherokee nation gave\n              him a copy of the Letter which is said to have been transcribed from a South Carolina\n              News Paper. The Dispute relative to the Lands lying\n              between the two Forks of the oconee is assigned by Capt. Wellbank as the sole cause of\n              the Creeks having refused to run the boundary line between them & the United\n              States Wellbank farther inform\u2019d that after the Treaty at new york when McGillivray\n              was at new orleans the spanish governour blam\u2019d the Creeks for giving up so much of\n              their Country to the united states. McGillivray said the chiefs had done it. that the\n              governour of New orleans sent among the Creeks Capt. Oliver a Frenchman [in] the\n              Spanish Service who asked the chiefs why they had given away so much of their Land the\n              chiefs laid the blame on McGillivray & he to excuse himself said that when the\n              Treaty was made he was in an interior Part of an Enemy\u2019s country & was compeld to\n              give up the Land. That the gr. of New orleans told McGillivray he could not serve two\n              masters he must therefore renounce the Spaniards or the united States; McGillivray\n              then renounced the latter & was going to burn the Commission of Brigadier which he\n              received from the President but the gr. told him that would be improper, if he meant\n              to relinquish it he should return it inclosed in a Letter. These Facts Wellbank says are known to Richard Findleston a\n              half breed of the Cherokee nation now living on Cumberland &\n              was at New Orleans when McGillivray was there. Capt.\n              Wellbank declared that Bowles had not arrived in the Creek Country to his Knowlege as\n              had been reported but that he was really friendly to the united States. He inform\u2019d us that the Spaniards had built a Fort of some\n              strength at the Walnut Hills within the Territory of the United States. that when they\n              began their work the Creeks were about to strike them supposing them to be Americans\n              but on finding them to be Spaniards they permited them to proceed.\n            Capt: Wellbank says the Cherokees object to the Treaty with Govr. Blount for the following Reasons\n            1st\u2003That one Line is stated to pass forty miles beyond\n              Nashville when they agreed only for ten miles & that in the Interpretation they\n              were told it was ten miles.\n            2d\u2003That the Govr promised them 2000 Dollars annually,\n              that they demanded 3000 that the govr. said he had not authority to grant so much but\n              would apply to Congress to allow the third thousand Dollars, when in fact the Treaty\n              only stipulated the annual Payment of 1000 Dollars contrary to the Interpretation to\n            3. That they never agreed to the Road or to the\n              navigation of the Tenessee as mentioned in the 5th Article.\n            4th\u2003That they did not agree to submit to Congress the\n              Regulation of their Trade as mention\u2019d in the 6th article.\n            5th\u2003That the Interpreters were bribed by govr. Blount in\n              consequence of which Carey had fled the Country. Capt. Wellbank says that Thompson\n              (who is an Indian) the other Interpreter stands his ground but has in Effect\n              acknowleged the bribery. Thompson said his Fee was 80 guineas. He told some of his\n              acquaintance that he expected to bring in the Value of two Negroes as he had so much\n              due for private services. Wellbank says he charged Carey with Bribery. In Excuse he\n              said he told Thompson that he did not interpret truly but Thompson checkd him saying\n              hold your Tongue it is none of your Business I am a native of the Land Carey spoke\n              this in the presence of Sir Jno: Nesbit & another gentleman of South Carolina. Capt. Wellbank thinks that the united states have not\n              received Just Information of the Dispute with the Cherokees. All the Persons employed\n              he says are Land Jobbers interested to misrepresent. He also says that as soon as govr\n              Blount was appointed governour of that Territory genl Pickens told\n              the Cherokees that a worse man for them could not have been appointed that he loved\n              Land & would all theirs. Capt. Wellbank farther inform\u2019d that three stations are\n              erected in the Ch\u27e8ero\u27e9kee Country over the Line settled by Treaty. He particularly\n              mention\u2019d Major Craigs Station at nine mile Creek 20 or 30 miles from Knoxville.\n            Augt 14th Capt. Wellbank again dined with us. In the\n              Course of Conversation he said that the Business which brought him to the northward\n              was of a commercial Nature relative to the supplying the Indians with goods. That the Creeks were dissatisfied with the high Price\n              of the goods they received from the Spaniards but they would soon obtain Relief for\n              the Chiefs had petitioned the King of Great Britain to have them supplied by his\n              subjects. That an act of Parliament had passed for the purpose &\u2014\u2014a Port about\n              seven miles westward of the mouth of Apelichicola River was to be the Place of Entry.\n              That the House of Panton Leslie & Co: at the close of the war in 1783 obtain\u2019d\n              Permission from the King of Spain exclusively to supply the Indians with goods for the\n              Space of ten years which would expire this Summer.\n            Capt. Wellbank farther inform\u2019d us that the bloody fellow & other Chiefs who went\n              to Philadelphia to represent the grievances of their nation reported on their Return\n              that the President or authority of the States promised Redress. That the nation waited\n              six months & found none. The bloody Fellow then said Congress are Liars general\n              washington is a Liar & governour Blount is a Liar.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0105", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edmund Randolph, 30 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\n            Mount Vernon Sepr 30th \u201993\n          The continuation, and spreading of the malignant fever with which the City of\n            Philadelphia is vis[i]ted, together with the absence of the heads of Departments\n            therefrom, will prolong my abode at this place until about the 25th of October\u2014at, or\n            about, which time I shall, myself, (if the then state of things should render it\n            improper for me to carry my family) set out for that City, or the vicinity, say\n            German-Town.\n          I shall be obliged to you therefore, if you remain at your Post, which I by no means\n            wish you to maintain at the hazard of taking the fever, to keep me advised of the\n            existing state of things in that quarter\u2014& moreover that you would be so obliging\n            (if it should be thought unsafe for me to go into my own house in the City at the time\n            abovementioned) to inquire whether a tolerably convenient lodging for myself, one\n            Gentleman of my family, with three Servants and as many horses could be had in or near\n            German Town. To prevent any misunderstanding of my meaning, I declare explicitly, that\n            it is hired lodgings only I will go into\u2014for, unless such can be\n            had, I would repair to one of the most decent Inns.\n          I have given notice to the heads of departments of these my intentions, requesting\n            their attendance accordingly. The time and Place\n            mentioned.\n          Have you ever examined with attention, and with an eye to the case, whether the\n            Constitution, or Laws of the Union, give power to the Executive to change the place of\n            meeting of the Legislature in cases of emergency in the recess? for example, whether the\n            spreading of the fever which is so fatal in Philadelphia, thereby endangering the Lives\n            of the members who might assemble there the first Monday in December next, is a case\n            that would come under any provision in either. If you have not, I pray you to do it, and\n            give me the result of your opinion.\n          Mr Jefferson upon a superficial view of the subject, when here, thought there was no\n            power in either to do this; but the Laws were not examined carefully, and the\n            Constitution is, I believe, silent respecting it. Mrs\n            Washington joines me in best wishes for you, Mrs Randolph, & family. I am, dear Sir,\n            your Affect. Servt\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0106", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Claiborne, 1 October 1793\nFrom: Claiborne, William\nTo: Washington, George\n            Richmond October 1st 1793\n          On the 28th of Feby last, I was informed by The Honr. samuel Griffin, That Ferdinand\n            Leigh Claiborne my Eldest son had Obtained an Ensigncy in the Armey of the United\n            States\u2014From my Sons great anxiety to Serve his Country in that Capacity I consented, and\n            in expectation of his being Called into imediate Service, at my request, he disengaged\n            himself from a very Lucrative Business\u2014Not long after, I received information from My\n            friend Mr Griffin that it was probable he would not be Commissiond untill the event of\n            the then proposed Treaty with the Indians was Known,\n            From Feby then to the present time, My Son has remained in great anxiety, unwilling to\n            commence Trade again, untill his destiny was fixed; He is a Youth\n            accustomed to Business from Early life and so great is his Aversion to Continue any\n            longer in a State of idleness, that he has thoughts imediately of entering into the\n            Mercantile line, which will prevent his future Acceptance, shoud a Commission be offer\u2019d\n            him; But on the other hand, such is his inclination to become a Millitary Character (and\n            as its his wish I hope he may be gratified) that if there remain\u2019d Even a probability of\n            his Services being wanting in a Short time he would keep himself in readiness to\n          Pardon then Sir, the Liberty I am about to take, My Sons hapiness in life, is my\n            greatest Care\u2014His absence would be felt Sensibly, because he is a Comfort to me in my\n            Old Age, but that, ah; even his death might happen without my\n            regret, provided it be in his Countrys Cause\u2014He is in his Twenty Second Year and in as\n            much as industry alone, would make him a Useful & worthy Member of Society, (which\n            is the higth of my ambition, & idleness the reverse[)], I wish to see him again in\n            Some Kind of Business\u2014Condicend then Sir, to direct One of your Secretarys to Answer\n            this letter, and Notify me, whether or not he will be Commissiond, & when, and you\n            will Confer on me a distinguishable & Memorable honor, and for which I shall ever be\n              thankful\u2014I have the honor to be With every Sentiment\n            of Esteem & respect, yr Most Obt & very hble Servant,\n            William Claiborne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0107", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Elizur Goodrich, 1 October 1793\nFrom: Goodrich, Elizur\nTo: Washington, George\n            May it please Your Excellency\n          The office of \u27e8mutilated \u27e9 in \u27e8mutilated\n            \u27e9 being vacant by the death of \u27e8mutilated \u27e9 Esquire I have the\n            honour respectfully to solicit that your Excellency would be pleased to confer on me the\n            appointment to succeed him. Should your Excellency\n            consider a complyance with my application, consistent with the public Good I should\n            accept the appointment with unfeigned Gratitude and make it my endeavour to discharge\n            the duties of the office with fidility and for the benefit of my Country. I am with the\n            greatest Veneration and respect your Excellencys humble Servant\n            Elizur Goodrich", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0108", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 1 October 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n            Elizabeth Town N. Jersey Octr 1. 1793.\n          I shall go through New York tomorrow for Boston as my days of quarantine expire today.\n            I hope to be in Philadelphia by the 25th instant.\n          The french fleet excepting the Ambuscade will sail tomorrow from New York upon some\n            cruise unknown.\n          The surviellant saild on the 29th ultimo for France with dispatches from Mr Genet. and\n            such is his desire that they should arrive safely, that he will in a day or two dispatch\n            the Ceres, an armed brig with duplicates\u2014It is said the\n            fleet is to Winter in New York. still the fever rages in Philadelphia, and still the\n            neighbouring towns take all possible precautions for their own safety. I am Sir with\n            perfect respect and attachment Your humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0109", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Oliver Wolcott, Jr., 1 October 1793\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\n            Smiths House near PhiladelphiaOctober 1st 1793.\n          I had the honour to receive your Letter of the 25th of September yesterday; in\n            consequence of which I immediately wrote to Mr Carter, that the sum requested should be\n            furnished him at any time on his application. The Letter to Colonel Hamilton I shall not\n            fail to transmit immediately.\n          The malady which afflicts Philadelphia has not continued to abate in the manner I\n            expected; it seems that the changes from cold to heat, have on the whole increased the\n            virulence of the disorder\u2014among the unfortunate victims of this desolating disease, I\n            mention Mr Samuel Powel with the more sincere regret.\n          For about ten days a part of the Treasury offices, have been removed to Doct. Smith\u2019s\n            house, near the falls of Schuylkill, where the public business is attended to, as well\n            as present circumstances will admit. I am sir, with the most perfect respect &\n            attachment your obedient servant,\n            Oliver Wolcott Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0110", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Brown et al., 2 October 1793\nFrom: Brown, John\nTo: Washington, George\n            Providence Octr 2. 1793\n          As the office of attorney for the United States for this district is vacant by the\n            decease of William Channing Esqr. permit us to recommend David Howell Esqr. L.L.D.\n            professor of law in the college here, and one of the\n            most approved practitioners at the bar in this State.\n          This gentlemans literary & professional abilities are generally acknowledged, it\n            also ought to be known that his conduct as Judge of our Superior Court deservedly gaind\n            him great credit and afterwards when attorney general for this State, his decided\n            opinions officially given in spirited addresses to both houses of our Legislature in\n            favor of a convention for adopting the federal constitution occasion\u2019d the loss of the\n            office he then held at the next following election.\n          We shall only add that as we doubt not of his discharging the duties of the office we\n            now sollicit for him with fidelity and ability, so we have reason to beleive that his appointment would give general\n            satisfaction to the good citizens of this state and in particular to Sir Your freinds\n            & Very Humle Servts\n            John Brown\n            Welcome Arnold\n            Jos. Nightingale of the h\u27e8ouse o\u27e9f Clark & Nightingale,\n            Mr Clark absen\u27e8t\u27e9\n            Thos lloyd Halsey\n            Jabez Bowen Commissioner of Loans\n            President of the Rhode Island College Jonathan Maxcy.\n            D.D.\u2014Enos Hitchcock\n            Nicholas Brown\n            Wm Peck\u2014Marshall for this district\n            John francis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0111", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., 2 October 1793\nFrom: Trumbull, Jonathan Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\n          The prevalence of the distressing and fatal sickness which continues to rage in\n            Philadelphia, induces me to address you with a quere on the propriety of Congress\n            meeting in that City at their approaching Sessions\u2014The unhappy continuance of the\n            Disorder to this period\u2014with the threatning aspect of its Nature & Symptoms, make it\n            more than probable that the City cannot be rendered a healthfull & convenient place\n            for Business for some Months from this time\u2014Under these melancholly circumstances\n            attending that Capital, it would seem that an Occasion exists, sufficiently\n            extraordinary, to warrant the Presidents interposing his discretionary power of making a\n              special Call of Congress, to convene at some\n              other place, than that to which they now stand adjourned\u2014this I suppose may be constitutionally done, under the urgency\n            of existing Circumstances\u2014fixing on some time\u2014say a few Days\u2014previous to the 1st monday\n            in Decr next\u2014Should this discretionary power not interpose\u2014a majority of both Houses must Convene in Phila.\u2014be the Danger what it may\u2014before an\n            Adjou[r]nment can be made to a place of Safety & Convenience.\n          My Anxiety for the Health & Safety of the Executive & Legislature of the\n            Union\u2014with that of the various Departments of the Goverment, I trust will plead my\n            excuse for troubling you with these hints\u2014I am sure you will credit me when I say, they\n            are made in the sincerity of my Heart \u2014most devoutly\n            praying that the melancholly occasion, as it respects Phila.\u2014may speedily be\n            removed\u2014& that Providence may soon interpose its healing relief & protection to\n            that distressed City\u2014I beg leave to subcribe myself\u2014with unabated respect &\n            regard\u2014sir\u2014Your most Obedient and most humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0112", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Theodore Foster, 3 October 1793\nFrom: Foster, Theodore\nTo: Washington, George\n            State of Rhode Island. ProvidenceOctr 3d 1793.\n          It is with very great Regret that I inform your Excellency of the Death of the late\n            worthy William Channing Esqr. Attorney for the United States,\n            within the District of Rhode Island, who died at Newport on the 21st Ulto. He was a firm\n            and able Friend and Supporter of the present National Constitution. He was prudent,\n            discrete and conciliating in his Conduct as a Public Officer: and his private social\n            Virtue such as gained and secured to him the Love and Respect of the People. His Death\n            therefore is to be lamented as a National Loss. It is however a\n            Consolation that the Constitution of our Country is such that it\n              enables your Excellency to point out that Character, to fill the Vacancy who\n            shall appear to you best qualified to serve the Public\u2014and that Experience has shewn that this Constitutional Indication\n            of Persons suitable for the Public Confidence is happily calculated to cause\n            Appointments to fall on the best qualified and most meritorious Characters. And on the\n            Presumption that it is always agreeable to your Excellency to receive communications, in\n            Writing, from those acting for the State, in the National Legislature, relative to\n            National Appointments to Office within the State, I take the Liberty of addressing this\n            Letter to you, on the present Occasion.\n          Many worthy and respectable Persons have mentioned to Me David\n              Howell Esqr. L.L.D. Professor of Law in the College, in this Town, and one of the\n            ablest and most esteemed Practitioners of Law, in this State as a Gentleman well\n            qualified for the Office of Attorney for the United States, in this District. I have\n            conversed with him and find that he will serve in the Office if appointed, and I believe\n            his Appointment would give greater Satisfaction than that of any other Person. He\n            possesses one of the best Law Libraries in New England. He has heretofore been Attorney\n            General for the State\u2014While in the Execution of that Office he was\n            called on for his Opinion respecting the Propriety and Expediency of calling a\n            Convention for the Adoption of the present National Constitution and having manfully,\n            ably and boldly advocated that Measure, in Opposition to the then prevalent Party, he\n            was on that Account opposed, at the next Election, when the Office was taken from him,\n            in one of those Paroxisms of Party-Spirit, which sacrifices to the Accomplishment of its\n            Purposes, every thing however good and excellent, in Competition with it. His Superior\n            Literature, his Abilities and his personal Integrity are unquestionable and are\n            generally known. And I have no Doubt of his Disposition firmly and zealously to Support\n            our present happy national Constitution\u2014It may be objected that the Attorney for the\n            District ought to reside in the same Town with the Judge and that therefore he ought to\n            be appointed in Newport. On which I beg leave only to observe that much the greatest Part of the National Revenue in this State is raised\n            in the District of Providence, which is of Course the Scene of the most national\n            Business: That there is daily communication by Water between the Towns of Providence and\n            Newport, so that Letters can be every Day reciprocally transmitted; and that I have not\n            heard of any Gentleman of the Bar, at Newport, by any Means so well qualified as Mr\n            Howell who would probably be willing to undertake the Duties of the Office\u2014and these are\n            Considerations which will have their Weight in the Appointment. With the highest\n            Sentiments of the most respectful Regard and Esteem I have the Honor to be your\n            Excellencys much obliged and most obedient Servt\n            Theodore Foster.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0113", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 3 October 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          I received from mister Gore by yesterday\u2019s post the evidence on the aggression\n            committed by mister Duplaine Vice Consul of France at Boston, and it appears fully to\n            establish the fact against him. I have therefore\n            prepared & countersigned a Revocation of his Exequatur, with letters on the subject\n            to him, to mister Genet, & mister Morris; as also instructions to mister Bankson in what way to make up their several packets. although I know\n            of no circumstance which might change the determination with respect to mister Duplaine,\n            yet I have prepared these papers separately & unconnected with any other business,\n            & put them under a separate cover & instructions to mister Bankson, so that if\n            you should chuse it, the whole will be completely suppressed by your stopping this\n              packet. should you on the other hand think, as I\n            confess I do, that an example of authority & punishment is wanting to reduce the\n            Consuls within the limits of their duties, and should you approve of the papers prepared\n            for that purpose, I must trouble you to stick a wafer in the cover to mister Bankson,\n            & forward it by post. I have the honor to be with the most perfect respect &\n            esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0117", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 3 October 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n          Letter not found: from Edmund Randolph, 3 Oct. 1793. On 14 Oct. GW wrote Randolph: \u201cI have\n            received yours of the 3d instt.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0119", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Howell, 4 October 1793\nFrom: Howell, David\nTo: Washington, George\n            May it please the President,\n          As the office of Attorney for the U.S. for this District is vacant by the decease of my\n            lamented Friend Mr Channing, & some Gentlemen have been pleased to recommend me for\n            that place, I flatter myself your Excellencys goodness will excuse the freedom I take in\n            mentioning my readiness to accept the appointment in Case no Gentleman is presented of\n            longer Standing & more merit in the profession of the Law in this State.\n          The veneration I have always entertained for the Distributor of national Honours in the\n            U.S. will much enhance the value of this appointment.\n          With ardent wishes for your personal Happiness, & for the prosperity of our dear\n            Country over which you preside, I am your Excellencys real Friend & very humble\n            David Howell.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0120", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexandria, Virginia, Citizens, 5 October 1793\nFrom: Citizens of Alexandria, Virginia\nTo: Washington, George\n          The Citizens of Alexandria, conceiving it to be at all times the right of the People to\n            declare their political principles, and to express their sentiments upon Subjects which\n            concern the national Interest, met at the Court House on Saturday the 6th October,\n            agreeably to notification, in order to take under consideration the late proclamation of\n            the President of the united States  and other subjects\n            which agitate the public mind, and came to the following resolutions thereon:\n          1st\u2003Resolved that our illustrious Fellow-Citizen, George Washington, has, by his\n            well-timed proclamation, given an additional proof of his vigilant attention to his\n            duty, and the welfare of his country; and that it is our duty as well as our interest to\n            conduct ourselves conformably to the principles expressed in the said proclamation, and\n            to use our utmost endeavours to prevent any infringement of them by others: And we\n            hereby declare it is our firm intention so to do.\n          2d\u2003Resolved that it is the interest and duty of these united States to maintain a\n            strict Neutrality towards the belligerent powers of Europe, and to cultivate peace and\n            harmony with all the world by just and honourable means.\n          3d\u2003Resolved that all attempts to subvert the F\u0153deral Government, to violate it\u2019s\n            principles, or to lessen the confidence of the People therein, ought to be firmly and\n            vigorously resisted.\n          4th\u2003Resolved that we are attached to a republican form of Government as being the only\n            one calculated to diffuse true national happiness, and to inspire and cherish those\n            principles and Virtues in the people which are the great Ornaments of human Nature. We\n            reprobate Monarchy, because it tends to oppression, and because, by introducing\n            corruption and depravity, it never fails to destroy those Equal rights to which all Men\n            are, by nature, entitled.\n          5th\u2003Resolved that every attempt to disunite France and America ought to be opposed, as\n            dangerous to Republicanism.\n          6th\u2003Resolved that we entertain the warmest gratitude for the generous and important\n            Services of the French Nation during the American revolution; and that we feel the\n            strongest attachment to those principles which have occasioned the glorious contest in\n            which that Nation is Engaged for its own liberty; and we most ardently wish them the\n            complete & lasting Enjoyment of that inestimable blessing which, under divine\n            providence, was secured to us by their timely aid and assistance.\n          7th\u2003Resolved that the interference of any foreign Minister, of whatever nation, with\n            the Government of this Country will be, at all times, highly improper; but that our\n            gratitude to, and affection for, our good allies, the French People, ought not to be\n            lessened by any indiscretion of their Ambassador. In behalf of the meeting\n            John D. Orr Secy \n            John Fitzgerald Chairman\n            8th\u2003Resolved that a Copy of these Resolves be sent to\n              the President of the United States and that they be published in the Alexandria", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0121", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Pearce, 6 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pearce, William\n            Mount Vernon Octr 6th 1793\n          Enclosed is a copy of our agreement with my Signature to it.\n          Since you were here, Mrs Washington the Widow of my Nephew, who formerly lived at this\n            place, has resolved as soon as we leave it, to remove to her Brother\u2019s in the lower part\n            of this State, and will not I believe, return to reside at it again. This will make it more convenient and agreeable, both for\n            yourself and me, that you should live the Winter, at least, at my Mansion house; as it\n            will allow more time for my Carpenters to provide for Mr Crow, and to put the place he\n            lives at in better repair than it now is for yourself, if there should be occasion for\n            you to go there; and this too, under your own inspection.\n          The right wing to my dwelling house as you possibly may have noticed, & heard\n            called the Hall, (being kept altogether for the use of strangers) has two good rooms\n            below (with tiled floors) and as many above, all with fireplaces. This will accomodate\n            your family (being a larger house) better than Crows; and by being here, you will have\n            the use of my Kitchen, the Cook belonging thereto, Frank the House Servant, a boy also\n            in the House. The Stable, Garden &ca &ca,\n            without any additional expence to me; at the same time that it will, by placing you in\n            the centre of the business, ease you of much trouble; for otherwise, the frequent calls\n            from the Farms, from workmen of different descriptions for Tools, Nails, Iron &ca\n            from the Store\u2014and the particular attention which matters abt the Mansion house will\n            require, would have occasioned you many an inconvenient ride here, the necessity for\n            which will be entirely superceded, as your Mornings and evenings will, of course, be\n            spent where your presence will be most wanting.\n          As I am never sparing (with proper \u0153conomy) in furnishing my Farms with any, and every\n            kind of Tool & implement that is calculated to do good and neat work, I not only\n            authorize you to bring the kind of Ploughs you were speaking to me\n            about, but any others, the utility of which you have proved from your own experience;\n            particularly a kind of hand rake which Mr Stuart tells me are used on the Eastern Shore\n            of Maryland in lieu of Hoes for Corn at a certain stage of its growth\u2014and a Scythe &\n            Cradle different from those used with us, & with which the grain is laid much\n            better. In short I shall begrudge no reasonable expence that will contribute to the\n            improvement & neatness of my Farms; for nothing pleases me better than to see them\n            in good order, and every thing trim, handsome, & thriving about them; nor nothing\n            hurts me more than to find them otherwise, & the tools & implements laying\n            wherever they were last used, exposed to injuries from Rain, Sun, &ca.\n          I hope you will endeavor to arrange your own concerns in such a manner as to be here as\n            much before the time agreed on as you conveniently can. Great advantages to me will\n            result from this, by putting the business in a good train before the Fall operations are\n            closed by the frosts of Winter, and all improvements are thereby at an end for that\n            Season. On the other hand, inconveniences to yourself may arise from delay on account of\n            the Weather\u2014Navigation &ca; there having been instances of this River\u2019s closing with\n            Ice several days before Christmas which might prevent the removal of yr things in time.\n            That your living at the Mansion may be attended with no more expence to you than if you\n            had gone to the other place (at which Crow now lives) on account of Gentlemen, who now\n            & then call here out of curiosity\u2014as they are passing through the Country\u2014I shall\n            lay in such things as will be necessary for this purpose, and the occasions (which are\n            but rare) may require.\n          I expect to leave this place about the 28th of the Month for Philadelphia, or the\n            neighbourhood of it; any letter therefore which shall arrive before that time will find\n            me here\u2014afterwards it will have to go to Philadelphia where it had better be directed. I\n            am your friend & Servant\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0122", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Savage, 6 October 1793\nFrom: Savage, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\n          I have taken the Liberty to send two prints, the one Done from the Portrait I first\n            Sketch\u2019d in black Velvet, Labours Under Some Disadvantages, as the Likeness never was\n            quite Finished. I hope it will meet with the approbation of yourself and Mrs Washington,\n            as it is the first I Ever published in that method of Engraving.\n          the Portrait of Docter Franklin which is published as the Companion, is Done from a\n            picture in the Possesion of Mr West, President of the Royal Accademy.\n          The picture has been Done Some years, and was thought very like at the time when\n          I have the pleasure to inform you that Booth of those prints are approoved of by the\n            artists, Particularly Mr West, whose Friendship and Sivility I have the Honr to Receive.\n            I am Sir With great Esteem your Humbl. Sert\n            N.B. Please to present my Most Respectfull Compliments to Mrs Washington.\n            I Expect to imbark for my Native Country about March Next.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0125", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Fitzgerald, 7 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fitzgerald, John\n          Letter not found: to John Fitzgerald, 7 Oct. 1793. GW, in a letter of Wednesday, 9 Oct.,\n            told Fitzgerald that \u201cI wrote to you on Monday\u201d; on Friday, 11 Oct., Fitzgerald\n            acknowledged a letter \u201cof Monday on private business.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0128", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Lee, 7 October 1793\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n            Richmond Octr 7th 93.\n          you will suppose I apprehend that I am rather too solicitous for your possession of the\n            aid of art in threshing out your crops of wheat, when the moment I have understood that\n            the wheat mill will not be adopted by you, I should renew your attention to this subject\n            by informing you, that two english farmers have just arrived here with a model of the\n            machine invented in scotland for threshing out wheat.\n          It is worked by wind water or horses\u2014Two small horses usually as they say get out six\n            bushels p. hour.\n          I do not know what the expence of one of these machines will be, but presume not more\n            than 100 dollars will be asked for one fitted for two horses\u2014I have engaged one, when it\n            is completed & proved to be useful by actual experiment, I will then if you choose procure one for mount vernon & send it to you by water. I\n            have the honor to be sir with most affec. respect & regard your ob. st", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0129", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Sim Lee, 7 October 1793\nFrom: Lee, Thomas Sim\nTo: Washington, George\n          Your Excellency will probably before this letter reaches you, have received from the\n            Secy of War a communication which I made to him on the 18th September last respecting\n            the case of the Ship Roehampton, captured and sent into the Port of Baltimore by the\n            french armed schooner Industry, and which the British Vice Consul alledges to have been\n            illegally taken by reason of the sd schooner\u2019s having made some equipments of a military\n            nature in that Port. Not doubting Sir that your\n            determination on the subject of this vessel would in due time reach me through the\n            ordinary channel, I should not have taken this freedom, had not another case occurred\n            which requires me to form an immediate Judgement, how far partial equipments and\n            alterations to vessels originally armed in french Ports, are admissible under the\n            description of reparations, conveniences &c. as mentioned in the 19th article of our\n            treaty with france, which is expressly admitted in extenuation of the prohibitory part\n            of the 7th article of your Excellency\u2019s instructions.\n            The papers which I do myself the honour to enclose will explain the case in question\u2014I\n            have requested the Collector of the district of Baltimore to observe the motions of the\n            Privateer mentioned by Mr Thornton, and to acquaint me immediately with any addition of\n            guns or material alteration that he may perceive her to be making \u2014but as by addressing myself as usual to the Secy of State or of\n            War who have both left the seat of government, I should not in all probability obtain\n            your Excellency\u2019s ideas in a reasonable time, I trust that you will excuse my taking\n            this method to procure more precise instructions on this point than I can discover in\n            the regulations already issued\u2014As the cases of this kind that may still occur may be\n            various, and some of them may seem such slight infractions as scarcely to require\n            notice, I beg that your Excellency will favour me with the most\n            explicit directions on the subject. I have the honour to be &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0130", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jeremiah Olney, 7 October 1793\nFrom: Olney, Jeremiah\nTo: Washington, George\n            Custom-House, District of Providence7th October 1793.\n          Permit me respectfully to address you on the subject of appointing a Person to succeed\n            the late William Channing Esquire, deceased, in the Office of District Attorney for the\n            State of Rhode-Island. I have been informed that some Merchants and other respectable\n            Characters have recommended to you David Howell Esquire, to succeed to that Office; and\n            from a full conviction in my Mind that the leading Merchants in this Town have long had,\n            and still have, an undue influence over him, I am induced, Sir, to step forward and\n            discharge (with great deference, and in confidence) what I conceive to be my Duty, by\n            giving this information for your consideration. It appears to me of the first importance\n            that the District Attorney should be a Gentleman of Independent Principles, and that he\n            should cooperate, on all occasions, with the Officers of the Customs, so far as the exercise of their Duty shall be perfectly consistent with\n            the Law, and their Instructions from the principal Officer of the Treasury Department. I\n            should have remained silent on the subject (because I feel a delicacy in an\n            interference) had not the Gentlemen recommended a Man who, I am perswaded, should he be\n            appointed, will for the reason offered, rather embarrass than support me in a just and\n            impartial execution of my Duty; in the exercise of which I have heretofore experienced\n            very great opposition from an unfriendly Disposition manifested by some influential\n            mercantile Characters, who have taken unwearied pains to swerve me from my Duty, and\n            thereby establish practices in this District, which were inadmissible by Law, and which,\n            had they obtained, would have very much endangered the collection of the Revenue; of\n            which the Secretary of the Treasury has a perfect knowledge, and will, if necessary,\n            acquaint you with.\n          I now beg leave, Sir, most respectfully, to mention David Leonard Barnes Esquire of\n            this Town, Attorney at Law, as a Gentleman well qualified to fill the Office of District\n            Attorney: he \u27e8is\u27e9 justly esteemed for his independent Principles, probity and tallents\n            in the Law, and will do honor to the appointment, should he fortunately obtain it; and\n            who, I am perswaded, will on all occasions, co-operate with the Officers of the Customs\n            in a faithful and impartial executi\u27e8on\u27e9 of the revenue Laws, so essential to the support\n            of the National Government. I have the honor to be, Very respectfully, Sir, Your Most\n            Obedt and Most Hume Servant\n            Jereh Olney Collr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0131", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Nathaniel Skinner, 8 October 1793\nFrom: Skinner, Nathaniel\nTo: Washington, George\n            Cadiz [Spain] Octr 8th 1793.\n          I conceive it a duty I owe to a country (of which I have the honor of being a\n            naturalized citizen\u2014& I trust tho\u2019 only such as true a freind to its interests as\n            warm a wisher for its every prosperity as tho\u2019 it had been my fortune to have the claim\n            of a native of that land of Liberty\u2014America.) to inform Your Excellency of an affair that may materially concern the interests of the United\n          There not being any official American character in this place\u2014I have presumed thus to\n            address & inform Your Excellency.\n          This morning arrived in this city an express from Gibraltar, informing that in\n            consequence of a peace made & ratified, between the Dey of Algiers & their High\n            Mightynesses of the United provinces & the Queen of Portugal, that al\u27e8l\u27e9 cruizers of\n            the latter powers, have orders to treat the Deys subjects as freinds. & on Sunday the [6]th Four frigates three Kebecks & two\n            Brigs belonging to Algiers passed Gibraltar on a cruize to the Westward. Their only prey\n            now is Americans & much I fear that their vile efforts will be too successful, how\n            much Americans are indebted to the intrigues of the courts of England & the powers\n            opposed to the liberties of France, may be easily concluded.\n          Permit me to add\u2014that the Ship Greenway Amos Oakman Master of Boston belonging to a Mr\n            M. Bicker, was yesterday vessell & cargo condemned, by the court of Admiralty at\n            Caraccas, but which sentence eer it is effectual must be confirm\u2019d at Madrid, an other\n            ship the Rooksby. Jones of Portsmouth N.H. is here also her fate not determin\u2019d, they\n            were taken in consort by a Spanish frigate & sent in here. They were bound from\n            Bordeaux to St Thomas & probably the cargoes are French property. The vessells\n            haveing seen them in Boston, the place of my residence, I doubt not are American\u2014Oakman\n            & Jones are still confin\u2019d on board their Ships, nor have been suffer\u2019d to\n            communicate with any one\u2014they personally suffer\u2014led by humanity I attempted in passing\n            the ship to speak the centinel level\u2019d & cock\u2019d his musket & had I not retir\u2019d\n            would doubtlessly have executed the orders given.\n          There are about ten American vessels in this port several of which were about to\n            proceed to the North of Europe with valueable freights. I have a ship with part of a\n            freight on board for there what will be done I know not, copies of the foregoing I shall\n            transmit Your Excellency by various routes, could I individually afford it, or knew\n            wether the expence would be reimburs\u2019d I would send a pass protected vessell with these\n            communications, considering them of such import, the ne\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 & my freind whos veracity is undoubted \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 Esqr. Consul to his B.M. assures me \u27e8mutilated\u27e9  During my stay in Spain should \u27e8mutilated\u27e9 of consequence transpire it shall be\n              \u27e8mutilated com\u27e9municated. The last posts bring acco\u27e8unts of\n            the\u27e9 seige of Dunkirk being raised, & of so\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 the\n            Spanish in Rousillon. The Fr\u27e8mutilated\u27e9 from hence in a few days on an exp\u27e8mutilated\u27e9\n            The American interest not being repr\u27e8sented\u27e9 makes the situation of its citizens\n            somew\u27e8hat un\u27e9pleasant. I have the honor to be w\u27e8ith the\u27e9 most profound respect Your\n            Excellency\u27e8s mutilated\u27e9 Obedient & Hum\u27e8mutilated\u27e9\n            Nathl Ski\u27e8nner\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0133-0001", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Fitzgerald, 9 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fitzgerald, John\n            Enclosed is an answer to the resolutions of the Citizens of Alexandria, which came under a blank cover to me, & which were ordered to\n              be published in the Gazette of that place. But if the 8th resolution is not published\n              along with the others, nor intended to be so, (which seems probable, as it is separate\n              & distinct) I request, in that case, that the answer may not appear; because I\n              have never taken notice of any resolutions, wherein one of them has not directed,\n              & it has so appeared, that they should be sent to me. considering them without this, as no more than the expression\n              of the sentiments of the meeting to the community, without any particular application.\n              Go. Washington\n              P.S. I wrote to you on monday, & shou\u2019d be\n                glad to hear from you on the subject of the Letter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0133-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: To John Fitzgerald, 8 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Fitzgerald, John\n            While the public mind is engaged, and in some degree disturbed by various subjects\n              which have arisen, consequent of a War in which most of the European powers are\n              engaged\u2014with the highest satisfaction I have received assurances from many parts of\n              the United States, of the determined resolution of the Citizens thereof to be neutral,\n              thereby securing to themselves the inestimable blessings resulting from peace; &\n              that they will give support to measures, adopted by those to whom they have confided\n              authority for that purpose, which are dictated with an evident regard to their\n              interests, & by a wish to promote the happiness of all the Citizens of the Union.\n              Among those which have been received, the resolutions of my Fellow Citizens of\n              Alexandria, enclosed by you, have contributed not a little to afford me pleasure, and\n              justify the opinion I had entertained of their good sense & patriotism. I request\n              you, Sir, to make known to them my attachment, equally with their\u2019s, to a republican\n              system, and as far as my personal endeavours will contribute, they will be employed in\n              supporting the principles of our f\u0153deral Government, and defeating any attempts which\n              might be made to violate them, or to lessen the confidence of the people therein.\n            I join with them also in expressions of gratitude to the French nation for their\n              timely & important services rendered to these States, and it is my earnest wish\n              that genuine Liberty & equal rights may pervade every Nation of the Earth.\n              Go. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0135", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Christoph Daniel Ebeling, 10 October 1793\nFrom: Ebeling, Christoph Daniel\nTo: Washington, George\n            Hambro\u2019 [Germany] October 10th 1793.\n          Your Excellency will kindly pardon the liberty I take, to offer You my Description of\n            America. You know, it is the right, as it is the heartfelt pleasure of every freeborn\n            feeling man, to admire the great and good benefactors of mankind. This pleasure I very\n            often enjoyed, when I endeavoured to describe that country, whose daily increasing\n            happiness is principally Your Work and that of those who think and act like You.\n          I am sensible that my Book is as imperfect, as great were the difficulties wherewith I\n            had to struggle in order to get authentic documents and materials for the same. But my\n            country is to desirous of, and the present times require a more particular knowledge of\n            Your Republic, whose felicity it has much reason to look at with envy. The aspect of so\n            many States enjoying all the blessings, which virtue, wise laws and liberty bestow upon\n            mankind, may have some influence on the councils of our Rulers, now united against\n            liberty, because most of them know but that which degenerated into french Anarchy or\n            british corruption. These reasons induced me to venture an undertaking, which I feel is\n            rather above my forces.\n          As soon as the Descriptions of the several States are finished, a general Introduction\n            will complete my Work. This is to contain a View of the federal Constitution of the\n            United States, and the History of Your glorious Revolution.\n          Nothing could be a greater reward of my feeble endeavours than that to be honoured with\n            Your Excellency\u2019s protection. I have no other materials for the historical part besides\n            the immortal Franklin\u2019s Works, the State-papers published during the Revolution, Adams\u2019s\n            and Ramsay\u2019s Histories, Gordon\u2019s more partial one, and\n            the Journals of Congress from 1774 to 1777, as also those of 1781. If Your Excellency\n            would graciously countenance my Undertaking, perhaps one of the many worthy men who were\n            witnesses to Your deeds, might be enduced to point out to me the defects or errors of\n            the abovementioned Histories and furnish me with more valuable materials.\n          I shall not presume to ask Your high favour for that purpose, untill my Description of\n            the single States, whereof I also most humbly offer a Copy to Your illustrious Congress,\n            is wholly published, and as I very ardently wish is found not to be\n            quite unworthy of the noble and great subject, it treats of. I have the honour to be\n            with sentiments of the most profound respect Sir Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient and\n            most humble Servant\n            Christoph Daniel EbelingProfessor of History in the great College at", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0136", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 10 October 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Washington, George\n            New York October 10th 1793\n          On my reaching this place yesterday Mr Greenleaf put into my hands your very good &\n            respected favor of the 25 of September, enclosing one hundred & twenty dollars for\n            the purchase of a Watch &c. and a Ticket for my dear little boy, in the Hotel\n            Lottery, which you have had the goodness to give him as a token of your affection.\n          I feel, my dear Sir, more than I can express for the many proofs of friendship and\n            affection with which you have honored me; and I trust that so long as it may please the\n            Supreme Ruler of Events to continue to me the use of my rational powers I shall never\n            cease to remember with gratitude & affection your goodness to me & my dear boy,\n            and to act in a manner worthy such recollection.\n          Inexpressibly happy is it for our Country that you left the unfortunate City of\n            Philadelphia before the malignant disorder had seized upon your\n            valuable life. For at all times since we have been a nation your life has been\n            considered by the good Citizens of America as essentially necessary for the prosperity\n            of our public affairs\u2014At the present juncture our existance as a united people is\n            thought to depend upon it\u2014and the universal & warm approbation which your Official\n            conduct, in the late critical state of things, has met with in those parts of the U.S.\n            where I have lately been, shews at once the high confidence which the American people\n            place in & the ardent affection which they bear towards you.\n          I shall take great pleasure in paying particular attention to your request respecting a\n            Black Smith\u2014and at the same time shall take no steps that can involve me in any\n            difficulty respecting the matter\u2014The Watch &c. for Mrs Washington will be a pleasing\n            commission for me to execute and happy shall I be to know that it gives her\n            satisfaction.\n          I have the pleasure to inform you that I left my dear boy in fine health, and under\n            every circumstance that could give satisfaction to my mind in an object on which my\n            first hopes & first wishes are placed.\n          The prospects in my business are more & more flattering as I progress in it\u2014and I\n            have no doubt but if my life & health are preserved, and no very untoward circumstances happen, I shall in a few years find myself in a\n            respectable & eligible situation. My business will detain me from sailing for Europe\n            till early in November; and it is not unlikely but that I may find it proper to visit\n            the Federal City before I embark to complete some part of the business of the Company\n            which yet remains unfinished there. In case I should go to the City I shall not be able\n            to leave that part of the Country without seeing Mount Vernon once more.\n          The disorder which prevails in Philadelphia has given an Alarm to the Eastward beyond\n            conception\u2014and the people there have no idea that Congress will think of meeting in that\n            City at the ensuing Session. The general opinion is, that the President will notify the\n            members of the Circumstances existing\u2014and recommend their\n            convening at some other place. New York is the only place I have heard mentioned as the\n            probable one for them to meet at.\n          I have not yet seen Mr Robinson who took your portrait for the Earl of Buchan, I called\n            at his lodgings but could not see him, I shall however do it before I\n            leave this place. With respect to the Person to succeed\n            Mr Sherburne, as Atty for the District of New Hampshire I confess I hardly know one who\n            on every & all accounts I could venture to mention; but a further reflection on the\n            subject may enable me to give an opinion.\n          I must beg you will have the goodness to make my best respects & most grateful\n            remembrance acceptable to Mrs Washington\u2014My love attends the Children\u2014my respects &\n            best regards Mrs F. Washington & her little ones\u2014and Mr Dandridge is rememberd by me\n            with affection & friendship. With every sentiment of gratitude & sincere &\n            respectful attachment I have the honor to be my dear sir Your faithful &\n            affectionate friend & Obedient servant\n            Tobias Lear", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0137", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edward Carrington, 11 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Carrington, Edward\n          Accompanying this, I send a Letter by post to The Secy of State. I request the favor of\n            you if there should be a probability of its remaining two or three days in the post\n            office at Richmond waiting the regular post to Charlottsville, or on any other accot to\n            have it directly conveyed to mr Jefferson by Express\u2014in which case you will be good\n            enough to let me Know the expense which may be incurred. I am &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0139", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 11 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Mount Vernon October 11th 1793.\n          Your dispatch of the 3d with it\u2019s several enclosures reached Alexandria on Wednesday\n            evening, and got to my hands yesterday morning.\n          This afternoon I shall send to the post office the Letters for mister Bankson, with my\n            signature to the Exequatur for mister Dannery, & Letters patent revoking that of\n            mister Duplane. Your letter to the latter, two to the French minister, one to his\n            Secretary mr Bournonville & another to mr Morris being approved are also\n          To a Letter written to you a few days ago, I refer for the time & place mentioned\n            for the meeting of the Heads of Departments, & hope it will be convenient for you to\n              attend. If I do not take a circuitous rout by\n            Frederick-town in Maryland &c. I shall not leave this before the 28th\u2014and in that\n            case should be glad of your company, if it is not inconvenient for you to call. Since\n            writing that letter, however, I have received the enclosed from the Attorney General\n            which may make a change of place necessary; but I shall wait\n            further advices before this is resolved on. I have also\n            received a letter from the late Speaker, Trumbull; and\n            as I understand sentiments similar to his are entertained by others\u2014query, what had I\n            best do? You were of opinion when here, that neither the Constitution nor Laws gave\n            power to the President to convene Congress at any other place than where the Seat of\n            Government is fixed by their own act. Twelve days since I wrote to the Attorney General\n            for an official opinion on this head, but have received no answer. If the importance & urgency of the case, arising from a\n            supposition that the fever in Philadelphia should not abate, would justify calling\n            together the Legislature at any other place\u2014where ought it to be? This, if German town\n            is affected, with the malady, involves the Executive in a serious & delicate\n            decision. Wilmington & Trenton are equidistant, in opposite directions, from\n            Philada\u2014both on the great thoroughfare, equally dangerous on account of the infection\n            being communicated to them, & would, I presume, be equally obnoxious to one or the\n            other set of members; according to their situations. Annapolis has conveniences\u2014but it\n            might be thought I had interested & local views in naming this place. What sort of a\n            town then is Reading, & how would \u27e8it\u27e9 answer? Neither Northern\n            nor Southern members would have cause to complain of it\u2019s situation. Lancaster would\n            favor the Southern ones most.\n          You will readily perceive, if any change is to take place, not a moment is to be lost\n            in the notification\u2014whether by a simple statement of facts (among which, I presume, the\n            House intended for them in Philada will be unfit for their reception )\u2014and an intimation that I shall be at a certain place days\n            before the first of December, to meet them in their legislative capacity, or to advise\n            with them on measures proper to be taken in the present exigency. If something of this\n            sort should strike you favorably, draw (& if necessary sign) a proper Instrument to\n            avoid delay, leaving the name of the place blank, but giving your opinion thereon.\n            German town would certainly have been the best place for them to have met in the first\n            instance, there to have taken ulterior resolutions without involving the Executive.\n          I have no objection to the Director of the Mint, with your concurrence, chusing an\n            Engraver in place of mister Wright.\n          No report has been made to me relative to the Tonnage of the French Ships from St\n          Major Lenox, I perceive by the papers, is marshall for the District of\n              Pennsylvania.\n          Limits of Jurisdiction and protection must lie over till we meet, when I request you\n            will remind me of it. I am Your Affecte Servant\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0140", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Sim Lee, 11 October 1793\nFrom: Lee, Thomas Sim\nTo: Washington, George\n          The motive which influenced me to address your Excellency on the 7th Instant must again\n            apologize for my transmitting you the enclosed copies of a letter and depositions\n            received from the British Vice Consul residing in Baltimore \u2014As this gentleman has informed me that no suit has been\n            instituted in the Court of Admiralty respecting the Brigantine mentioned in these\n            papers, I have found it my duty to require the french Vice Consul to take charge of her\n            until your Excellency shall have decided on the case \u2014I\n            have desired Mr Thornton to use all posible diligence in procuring and forwarding to me\n            the additional evidence which he expects to obtain; and\n            which when received shall be transmitted to yr Excellency without delay\u2014but although the\n            allegation of this vessel\u2019s having been taken within three miles of our coast has seemed\n            sufficient to authorise the provisionary step I have taken, it is possible that similar\n            representations may be made in cases in which it will be more\n            doubtful whether our rights of Jurisdiction shall have been infringed\u2014Your Excellency\n            will therefore I hope excuse me if I request to be favoured with your idea of the\n            distance within which hostilities are held to be unlawful; for while this point remains\n            unsettled I may expect complaints upon every case that has the smallest chance of\n            procuring the interference of government, and shall in consequence be exposed to great\n            embarrassments \u2014I have &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0141", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Sim Lee, 13 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lee, Thomas Sim\n            Mount Vernon 13th Octobr 1793.\n          The Letter with which your Excellency was pleased to favor me, dated the 7th inst. was\n            received on the 10th\u2014& might have been acknowledged the next day; but I waited the\n            arrival of Friday\u2019s mail  in hopes\n            that I should have had a report from the Secretary of War relatively to the Ship\n            Roehampton. Disappointed in this, I am not able to give any opinion thereon, uninformed\n            as I am of the specific articles of charge which have been exhibited by the British\n            Consul. The French minister complains of the detention.\n          With respect to the second case mentioned in your letter, & those of the British\n            Consuls, I have only to observe that as these Gentlemen are not ignorant that the\n            Custom-house officers in every port are instructed to keep a vigilant watch upon all\n            armed vessels, and the presumption being that they also are not inattentive, there seems\n            to have been no necessity for lodging a complaint unaccompanied with proofs.\n          It is scarcely possible to give instructions which will embrace every case minutely\n            that may arise during the war\u2014nor do I conceive it essential. Your Excellency will\n            readily perceive by the communications which have been made to you, the principles upon which the General Government  act in the recess of Congress, respecting the belligerent\n            powers. These principles are to adhere strictly to treaties, according to the plain\n            construction & obvious meaning of them\u2014and, regarding these, to act impartially\n            towards all the Nations at war. Keeping these principles in view & observing the\n            rules which are founded on them\u2014with your disposition to do justice & to preserve\n            this Country in peace\u2014I persuade myself that you can be at no loss\u2014that your decisions\n            will always be right, & I hope they will always be prompt.\n          Being removed from the public offices\u2014intending when I left Philadelphia not to have\n            been absent from that City more than fifteen or eighteen days, I brought no public\n            papers of any sort (not even the rules which have been established in these cases) along\n            with me\u2014consequently am not prepared at this place to decide points which may require a\n            referrence to papers not within my reach. but as I find cases are daily occuring which\n            call for attention & decision, I have requested the Heads of Departments to attend\n            at Philadelphia\u2014or in its vicinity, by the 1st of next month, whither I shall go &\n            be present myself. With great esteem & regard I am\n            Sir, Your mo: obt humble Servt\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0142", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 13 October 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n          I did myself the honor of writing to you about ten days ago; since which time we have been in daily hopes and expectation,\n            that a change in the temperature of the air would arrest the progress of the fever. But\n            we are still without rain or cold. Our accounts from Philadelphia are hourly more and\n            more gloomy; whether we consider the number of the deceased, of new patients, or of\n            orphan children. It is confidently reported too, that Dr Rush himself confesses, that in\n            sixteen instances he has seen glandular swellings and other symptoms of the plague,\n            notwithstanding his past publications; and that he even begins to retract his former\n            sanguine declaration, that the disorder was within the reach of medicine. I do not\n            answer for the truth of this; but Dr Shippen this morning said in my presence, that the\n            malady had scarcely any resemblance of the yellow fever; and altho\u2019 it did not in\n            strictness accord with the descriptions of the plague in all respects, it had a strong\n            likeness to it; and might with more propriety be classed under that name, than any other\n            in the books of physic. An intelligent Frenchman shortly afterwards affirmed to me, that\n            it was utterly dissimilar from what he had seen in the West-Indies.\n          In this embarrassing situation I cannot but persuade myself, that congress will not be\n            disposed to sit in Philadelphia; And that Lancaster may possibly\n            be chosen for the ensuing session. But be this as it may, I cannot satisfy the anxieties\n            of my family, without carrying them for the present to Lancaster. I prefer this place to\n            Wilmington for many reasons; tho\u2019 in fact the latter is so much\n            crouded, that I cannot promise myself any comfortable accommodation there. By this\n            destination, I shall be at hand for any instruction, which you may think proper to\n          To morrow I shall attempt to procure a messenger, who may go to the Post-office in\n            Philadelphia for any letter, which you may perhaps have directed for me. I have the\n            honor sir, to be with the highest respect and sincerest attachment yr mo. ob. serv.\n            Edm: Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0143", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Jonathan Trumbull, Jr., 13 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Trumbull, Jonathan Jr.\n          Dear SirMount Vernon Oct. 13th\n          I was duly favoured with your letter of the 2d instt.\n          The calamitous situation of Philadelphia makes it necessary that some previous steps\n            should be taken with respect to the meeting of Congress\u2014But of what kind is a serious\n            question. That the President has Power by the Constitution to Convene Congress in extraordinary cases admits of no doubt, but that he has power to summon them to meet at an unusual\n            place when the Law, has designated the seat of Government  is not merely equivocal, but in the opinion of those with whom\n            I have hitherto conversed on the subject absolutely beyond the powers of the Executive.\n            On the 30th of last month (hearing that the fever rather increased then abated) I wrote\n            to the Attorney General for an official opinion on this point, but have not yet received\n          When I left Phila. which was for the purpose of fulfilling a previous engagement of a\n            private nature that made it necessary for me to be at home the 18th of Septr  I fully expected to return to the City before the end of the\n            month but the flight of the Clerks from the public Offices which in a manner shut them\n            up and the Head of Departments being also absent my return has hitherto been delayed.\n            But public business of various kinds requiring their attendance I\n            (did some time since) desire them to meet me at Phila. or in the vicinity, the first of\n            next month whither I shall go myself. At the time of my leaving the City with these\n            expectations and till lately, I hoped the fever would be stopped, & the City so\n            purified by the approaching cool Season as to admit Congs with safety by the time\n            appointed\u2014Or Congress to there, if doubts arose then\n            for a quoram to adjourn it to some other place This would have been (for reasons\n            unnecessary to mention) more agreeable to me than to do it myself  admitting I had power. But as this is not likely to happen\n            unless a very unexpected change should take place\u2014as I have had no opinion yet from the\n            proper Law Officer of Government on this head\u2014and as you know I wish to hear the opinion\n            of my friends upon all difficult & delicate subjects I would thank you for yours on\n            this\u2014particularly with respect to the place, under present circumstances\u2014least\n              exceptionable. Your letter may meet me at this\n            place\u2014if it does not I may find it on the road\u2014if neither\u2014most certainly at whatever\n            place I shall Assemble the Officers of Governt. I am always & Affly Yours", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0144", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charles Carter, Jr., of Culpeper, 14 October 1793\nFrom: Carter, Charles Jr. (of Culpeper)\nTo: Washington, George\n            Fredericksburg [Va.] October 14th 1793\n          The credit you gave me on the purchase of yr property in this place, expired last\n            spring\u2014It is a subject of great regret to me that any delay should\n            have taken place in the fullfilment of my contract, tho\u2019 I assure you that circumstances\n            quite unforeseen by me, have occasion\u2019d it\u2014I have made\n            an advantageous sale of my property in this place, in which the lott bought from you is\n            included & could wish that you would execute a deed to Mr Richard Dobson of\n            Cumberland County, (Virginia) for it \u2014I will deposit in\n            yr hands (as a collateral security for the payment of yr money) a bond of General Weedon\n            payable 1st of January 1795 for 432\u00a3, tho I am quite certain that I shall be able to\n            make you complete payment in January next\u2014I make you this offer of Genl Weedon\u2019s bond,\n            persuaded that it is equivalent to any personal security I could give you\u2014Offer my\n            compliments to Mrs Washington & believe me Most respectfully yrs\n            Chas Carter Junr\n            I will assign the bond & deliver it to Howell Lewis if agreable to you\u2014C.C.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0146", "content": "Title: From George Washington to James Madison, 14 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Madison, James\n            \u27e8My\u27e9 dear Sir, (Private)\n            Mount Vernon 14th Oct. 1793\n          The calamitous situation of Philadelphia and the little prospect from present\n            appearances of its eligibility to receive Congress by the first monday in Decembr\n            involves a serious difficulty.\n          It has been intimated by some, that the President ought, by Proclamation, to convene\n            Congress a few days before the above period, at some other place\u2014and by others,\n            (although in extraordinary cases he has power to convene, yet) that he has none to\n            change the place. Mr Jefferson when here on his way home, was of the\n            latter opinion; but the laws were not fully examined; nor was the case at that time so\n            serious as it now is. From the Attorney General to whom I have since written on this\n            subject, requesting an Official opinion, I have\n            received no answer; nor is it probable I shall do it soon, as I believe he has no\n            communication with the Post Office.\n          Time presses, and the malady at the usual place of meeting is becoming more & more\n            alarming. What then, do you think is the most advisable cours\u27e8e\u27e9 for me to pursue in the\n            present exig\u27e8ency?\u27e9 Summons Congress to meet at a ce\u27e8rt\u27e9ai\u27e8n\u27e9 time & place in their\n            legislative capacity? Simply to state facts, & say I will meet the members at the\n            time & place just mentioned, for ulterior arrangements? or leave matters as they\n            are, if there is no power i\u27e8n\u27e9 the Executive to alter the place, legally?\n          In the first & second cases (especial\u27e8ly\u27e9 the first) the delicacy of my naming a\n            place will readily occur to you. My wishes are, that Congress could have been\n            assemble\u27e8d\u27e9 at German town (to shew I meant no part\u27e8i\u27e9ality) leaving it to themselves if\n            there should appear no prospect of getting into Philadelphia soon, to decide on what shd\n            be done thereafter; but accts say that some people have died in German town also, of the\n            malignant fever. Every death, however, is now ascribed to that cause, be the disorder\n          Wilmington & Trenton are nearly equidistant from Philadelphia in opposite\n            directions; but both are on the gre\u27e8at\u27e9 thoroughfare and equally exposed to danger from\n            the multitude of Travellers & neither may have a Chamber suffic\u2019t for the Ho. of\n            Representatives\u2014Annapolis and Lancaster are more secure and have good accomodations; but\n            to name either, especially the first, would be thought to favour the Southern\n            convenience most perhaps might be attributed to local views\u2014especially as New York is\n            talked of for this purpose. Reading if there are proper conveniences at it would favour\n            neither the Southern nor Northern interest most, but would be alike to both.\n          I have written to Mr Jefferson on this subject \u2014notwithstanding which I would thank you for your opinion, & that fully, as you\n            see my embarrassment. I even ask more, I would thank you (not being acquainted with\n            forms & having no one with me that is.) to sketch some instrument for publication\n            proper for the case you think most expedient for me to pursue in the present state of things, if the members are to be called together as beforementioned.\n            The difficulty of keeping Clerks in the public Offices had, in a manner, suspended\n            business before I left Philada; and the heads of Departments having matters of private\n            concernment which required them to be absent, has prevented my return thither longer\n            than I had intended\u2014but I have now called upon the several Secretaries to meet me there\n            or in the vicinity the first of next month, for which I shall set out the 27th or 28th\n            of the present.\n          The accounts from that City are really affecting. Two Gentlemen from New York now here\n            (Colonels Platt & Sargent) say they were told at\n            the Swedes ford of Schoolkil by a person who said he had it from Governor Mifflin that\n            by the official report from the Mayor of the City upwards of 3500 had died and the\n            disorder by all accounts was spreading, & raging more violently than ever. If cool\n            weather accompanied with rain does not put a stop to the malady, distressing indeed must\n            be the condition of that City\u2014now almost depolulated by removals & deaths. I am\n            always, and with very sincere regard & friendship Your Affectionate\n            Go: Washington\n            I would not have sent you such a scrawl, but really have no time to copy it. I came\n              here to look a little into my own private concerns, but have no time allowed me for\n              this purpose being followed by other matters.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0148", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edmund Randolph, 14 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\n            Mount Vernon 14th Oct. 1793\n          Enclosed is the copy of a Letr I wrote to you agreeably to the date\u2014since which I have\n            received yours of the 3d instt\u2014which shews it had not at that time got to your\n          I sincerely hope your son Peyton is in no danger from the sick person he saw, and that\n            the rest of your family, wherever they be, are in good health. Are you certain that the disorder of which the persons in\n            German town died was the real malignant fever of Philada? For every fever now, of which\n            people die in & about that City, will be so called. I was in hopes Congress might\n            have assembled at German town in the first instance, and there taken ulterior\n            resolutions if the City of Philadelphia at the time should be\n            thought unsafe for them to sit in.\n          I have just received a letter from the Speaker of the late house of Representatives\n            (Trumbull) suggesting the expediency of convening Congress a few days before the first\n            monday in December at some other place than Philadelphia, in order to avoid the\n            necessity of a quoram of both houses meeting there\u2014Similar sentiments I have heard, are entertained by others\u2014Query, what with\n            propriety, can the President do under the circumstances which exist? If the importance,\n            & awfulness of the occasion would justify calling the legislature together at any\n            other place than Philadelphia (on acct of the calamity with which it is visited) where\n            should it be? This question, if German Town is also visited, would involve the Executive\n            in a serious, & delicate decision\u2014Wilmington & Trenton are equidistant from\n            Philadelphia in opposite directions\u2014but both are on the great thoroughfare through the\n            Union\u2014equally liable on that account to receive the Infection\u2014and\n            each, to the members whose distance would be encreased, obnoxious. Annapolis is more out\n            of the Comn & has conveniences\u2014but it might be thought that interested & local\n            views dictated the measure. What sort of a Town is Reading, & how would it answer\n            for the purpose of a Session? Neither Northern nor Southern members would have cause to\n            complain of partiality on acct of its Situation. Lancaster would\n            be thought to favour the Southern members most.\n          You will readily perceive that if a change of place becomes indispensable, not a moment\n            is to be lost in the notification thereof, whether by Proclamation, requiring it\u2014or by a\n            simple statement of facts, accompanied with information that at a certain time and place\n            (which might be blank days before the 1st of December) I would meet the members in their\n            Legislative capacity, or for the purpose of ulterior arrangements. The latter I presume,\n            would be a novel proceeding\u2014the other an illegal Act, if there is no power delegated for\n            the purpose, & either would be food for scriblers; yet, if Philadelphia should\n            Continue in its present unfortunate & alarming state something preliminary seems\n            necessary\u2014I wish you to think seriously of this matter; and not only give me your\n            opinion thereon, but accompany it with what you may conceive a proper & formal\n            instrument for publication for my consideration; leaving the place & time blank\n            thereon, but dilated upon in a letter under the sevel views you may take of the subject;\n            especially too as (I have heard but know not on what ground that) it is made a question\n            by some, whether even the Legislature itself having in this instance fulfilled the\n            powers of the Constitution have now a right to change the places which are established\n            by law\u2014This to me I confess, seems to be a strained Construction of the Constitution and\n            is only mentioned to shew that caution is necessary.\n          The heads of the Departments you will have no opportunity to advise with on this\n            interesting subject, nor do I suppose you will be in the way of seeing professional men\n            of much eminence, otherwise I should request you to know their sentiments on the legality\u2014or expediency of Convening Congress\n            otherwise than in Philadelphia. My best wishes attend you, Mrs Randolph & family\u2014and\n            I am, Dr Sir Yours Affectly\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0150", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Oliver Wolcott, Jr., 14 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Wolcott, Oliver Jr.\n            Mount Vernon 14th Oct. 1793\n          Lest my last letter to Colo. Hamilton should have met some mischance I send a\n            duplicate, & request your care of it; the necessity\n            for the heads of Departments assembling by the first of next month becoming more &\n            more apparent. Philadelphia or vicinity, is appointed for this purpose, where I shall be\n          Let me know, I pray you, whether the malady with which Philadelphia is afflicted has\n            extended to German town, or neighbourhood. In a word, I would thank you for precise\n            information on this head, for I have not been able to get any. A letter requiring this\n            of the Attorney General is, I presume, still laying in the Post Office as I have\n            received no acknowledgment of it although written & sent from this the 30th of last\n          On the supposition that the Fever in Philadelphia will not have entirely ceased, &\n            the City Sufficiently purified by the first of December for Congress to Assemble there,\n            what conveniencies would German town afford for this purpose? thereby superceding the\n            necessity of removing the public Offices to a more distant part. If this also should be\n            conceived an unsafe, or an improper place, what other is contemplated for the residence\n            of Congress next Session? full information of the prevailing sense of those who are best\n            acquainted with the true situation of things in and about Philadelphia would be very\n            satisfactory to me, as our accts here are so vague and contradictory that we know not\n            what to rely on.\n          By report Mr Willing (President of the Bank) Mr Jno. Ross, Mr Jonathen Sergeant, Mr\n            Howell, Colo. Franks, and many others of our acquaintances have fallen victims to the\n            prevailing malignant fever; that near 4000 have died; & that the disorder rages more\n            violently than ever. Are these things true? I hope you & Mrs Wolcot keep your\n            health. with esteem & regard I am, Sir Yr Very Hble Servt\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0151", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 15 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\n            Mount Vernon 15th Octobr 1793.\n          The violence with which (from all accounts I have received) the contagious fever in\n            Philada continues to rage makes it still more necessary than ever that the meeting of\n            the Heads of Departments which I requested you to attend in a letter of the 25th Sept:\n            should not fail to take place by the first of November\n            that, among other things measures may be taken for security of the public offices &\n            Papers. I shall set out from this place in order to meet you & the other Gentlemen\n            in the vicinity of Philada at that time. The heads of\n            Departments being absent the disputes arising between the agents of the Powers at War,\n            and other matters, are transmitted immediately to me.\n          Should the continuance of the fever in the City of Philada render it unsafe &\n            improper for the members of Congress to assemble there the first of December (&\n            indeed there seems to be no hope of its disappearance by that time) what in that case is\n            to be done? Do you conceive the President is authorised by the Constitution or Laws of\n            the U.S. to interfere in such a case? Altho\u2019 the President has power to call Congress\n            together in extraordinary cases, it is denied that power is given to change the fixed place of convening\u2014By others it is thought the exigency of the present case\n            wd justify the measure. Indeed it has been made a\n            question by some whether even Congress themselves have this power. I should be glad to\n            have your opinion upon these points as soon as possible, because if\n            the Executive have power no time is to be lost in using it.\n          Admitting, however, that the President was authorised to convene Congress at any other\n            place than Philada where have you contemplated as most convenient & agreeable to all\n              parties for the ensuing Session\u2014considering it is a\n            temporary measure\u2014that the public offices are established in Phila.\u2014& the papers\n            difficult & expensive to remove? German town would certainly have been preferred by\n              me but, unfortunately, I am told the fever has\n            reached it & several people died therein but all\n            deaths now are charged to acct of the malignt fever. Wilmington & Trenton are\n            equidistant in opposite directions from Philada but situated on the great thoroughfare\n            thro\u2019 the Union, and exposed in a great degree to the communication of the\n            infection\u2014& would be equally unsatisfactory to the members whose distance would be\n            encreased. Reading is more out of the way of taking the infection, being off the great\n            road thro\u2019 the Country\u2014& could not be complained of by either northern or Southern\n            members on accot of situation. how do you think it would accomdate Congress the ensuing\n              Session? write fully and promptly as I may receive\n            your letter before I shall see you\u2014With very great estm & regard I am\u2014Dr Sir\u2014yr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0152", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 15 October 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n          since my arrival at this place which was on the 7th instant I have had the honor to\n            receive your favor of the 25th ultimo. I propose to set out on my return on Monday the\n            21st, and hope to be in the vicinity of the sorely afflicted city of Philadelphia on the\n            or before the 1st of November. I have the honor to be sir with the most perfect respect\n            and attachment Your Most obedient humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0153", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Sim Lee, 15 October 1793\nFrom: Lee, Thomas Sim\nTo: Washington, George\n          I do myself the honour to transmit to yr Excelly the copy of a letter from the British\n            Vice Consul residing in Baltimore and of a deposition corroborative of those which\n            accompanied my letter of the 11 Instant respecting the Brig Cunningham.\n          I enclose likewise the copy of a letter from the same Gentleman on the subject of the\n            Ship Roehampton captured by the french Privateer Industry.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0154-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Timothy Pickering, 15 October 1793\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Washington, George\n            The intelligence contained in the enclosed copy of a letter from Mr Storer, seemed to\n              be of sufficient consequence to trouble you with; and I should have transmitted it a\n              week ago; but the sickness in my family, and the death of a favourite son, have\n              prevented me.\n            To Governor Simcoe\u2019s public professions of regret &c. at\n              the issue of the treaty, a number of facts may be opposed. These with other\n              communications I hope to have the honour to lay before you, when it shall please God\n              to permit you to return hither with safety.\n            I have received no further intelligence from Mr Storer. It may be proper for me to\n              say, that I think Captain Ford a man of honour. He is a very sensible man; and\n              whatever information he communicates from Mr Shehan may be the\n              more relied on, as they married sisters, and the families lived under one roof. Capt.\n              Ford has come to the States for the recovery of his health.\n            The applications to Dr Rush, for two or three days past, have sensibly lessened, and\n              the reports from his patients in general, are favourable: whence I hope the\n              destructive fever is abating. It is now beginning to rain, and there is a prospect of\n              its continuance; after which we may expect a cool air and frost that may destroy the\n              fatal contagion. With great respect, I am, sir, your most obedient servant\n              Timothy Pickering", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0154-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Charles Storer to Timothy Pickering, 4 October 1793\nFrom: Storer, Charles\nTo: Pickering, Timothy\n              New-York 4th October 1793.\n            Captain Ford & Lady arrived here yesterday: they\n              left Niagara the 13th ulto & came by the way of Oswego. He gives me some\n              information of things which took place after we left that country, and which, as they\n              probably will be new to you, I herewith communicate them.\n            He says that Talbot, Brant and Shehan had arrived at Niagara some days before he sailed: that they\n              informed the Governor, that as soon as the last message was sent to the Council at the\n              Rapids of the Miami, a party of Indians was\n              dispatched to Detroit River: they crossed at Brown\u2019s Town, and arrived at\n                Caldwell\u2019s the morning after we sailed; and their\n              object was to take our party prisoners, to cut off our noses and ears, & to detain\n              us as hostages, in hopes thereby to obtain their own terms. They further say that it\n              was very fortunate we did not go to the Miami, as once intended; since the Western\n              Indians went armed into Council, and assuredly would have done us mischief. However,\n              that Captain Bunbury had been severely reprimanded by the Governor, for having\n              misconstrued his orders, in the act of refusing to let the vessel sail when the\n              Commissioners desired it. Captain Ford was also told it was his duty to have sailed\n              had the Commissioners insisted upon it. He has promised me a copy of his orders.\n            Mr Shehan, in the absence of Colo. Butler, took the direction of the Six Nations: He\n              was therefore early called upon by Colo. McKee to know his mind upon the treaty. He\n              said he went there to treat of peace; that he and the Six Nations were enclined to\n              peace, and should therefore urge it all that lay in their power. In consequence of\n              this he & McKee had a quarrel, and neither he nor Brant were admitted once into\n              the Indian Councils; but were marked out as Yankies. They both\n              have declared to the Governor that the Indians were controuled by advice, & urged\n              on to war; and that McKee and sundry traders were at the bottom of it. The Governor\n              had publicly reprobated the conduct of McKee, and the whole proceedings of the\n              Indians, regretting very much that the mission was successless.\n            Mr Givens also had been severely reprimanded by the\n              Governor for his conduct while with us; & particularly for striking Paine with his\n              drawn sword, on our return to Navy-Hall, for which he was in disgrace.\n            Brant & Shehan say, before breaking up of the Council at Miami, the Six Nations\n              were called upon to join in the war: that those present said they must first consult\n              their nations: that they had returned, & that Shehan was gone to Buffaloe Creek to\n              attend the Council. And Ford says that they and the Governor were decidedly for their\n              neutrality. When the council broke up, 3000 Indians went off to\n              strike Wayne. This account is delivered the Governor by Brant, Shehan & Talbot.\n              Captain Ford further adds, that a large party of Western Indians were preparing to\n              attack the Genesee Country: that as soon as the Governor was informed of it, he sent\n              to them positively to forbid it, saying, that as that was the route thro\u2019 which he had\n              intercourse with the states, he would stop all presents, supplies &c. to that\n              nation who should send their warriors into Genesee. This broke up the expedition. Ford\n              says the Governor is extremely provoked at the issue of the treaty, and regrets very\n              much he could not see the Commissioners on their return.\n            I asked Capt. Ford if he had learned what Welbank\u2019s business was with the Governor.\n              He says that Shehan informs him, that when Welbank returned to Miami, he related to\n              the Indians that he was sent by the Creeks and Cherokees to know if the Governor of\n              Upper Canada would assist the Western Indians against the states; in which case they\n              would continue their war with Governor Blount, & form an\n              extensive league: that Colo. Simcoe had said he had nothing to do in their dispute\n              with Govr Blount; that he would not countenance it; nor would he aid the Western\n              Indians at all against the states. That, however, both had been exchanged between the\n              Creeks, Cherokees & Western Indians; and that Welbank had gone southward.\n            Should Captain Ford communicate any thing further, I shall duly forward it to\n            Enclosed is a piece of Canada news, which I cut out of one of their papers on our\n              route. Ford says it was written by some merchant, and not by an officer. Does it not\n              sound something like Macomb?\n            I wrote you yesterday, in reply to yours of the first, and am sir with due respect yr humble servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0156", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Lee, 16 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lee, Henry\n          Dear Sir,Mount Vernon 16th Oct.\n          Since my arrival at this place I have been favoured with your\n            letters of the 17th ulto and 7th instt. For your kind attentions to me I pray you to\n            receive my sincere acknowledgments.\n          I have always (from the accounts given of it) entertained a high opinion of Colo.\n            Taliaferro\u2019s threshing Machine, but knew at the sametime I had no stream that could\n            supply water for one, on any of my Farms. This was confirmed when Mr Payne came hither\n            & examined them.\n          The model brought over by the English farmers may also be a good one, but the utility\n            of it among careless negros, & ignorant Overseers, will depend absolutely upon the simplicity of its construction; for if there be anything\n            complex in the Machinery, it will be no longer in use than a mushroom is in existence. I\n            have seen so much of the beginning & ending of these new inventions that I have\n            almost resolved to go on in the old way of treading, until I get settled again at home,\n            and can attend myself to the management of one.\n          As a proof in point of the almost impossibility of putting the Overseers of this\n            Country out of the track they have been accustomed to walk in, I have one of the most\n            convenient Barns in this, or perhaps any Country, where 30 hands may with great ease be\n            employed in threshing. I had half the Wheat of the farm stored in this Barn and nothing\n            to do but to lay it on the floor; yet, when I came home\n            about the middle of September, I found a treading yard within 30 feet of the Barn\n            door\u2014the Wheat again removed from the Barn\u2014and the horses treading it out on the ground in an open exposure liable to the vicissitudes of\n            weather. I am now erecting a building for the express purpose of treading. I have\n            sanguine expectations of the utility of it\u2014and if I am not deceived in them\u2014it may\n            afford you some satisfaction when you come into this part of the Country to call &\n          I have a grateful sense of your kind offer of Mr Workman. Previous however to the\n            communication I had engaged a manager from the Eastern shore of Maryland\u2014But the impression on my mind is not lessened on that\n          I have not, as you will perceive, touched the subject of Politics in this letter. The\n            reasons are, your letter of the 17th has expressed my ideas precisely of the conduct,\n            & views of those who are aiming I am certain at nothing short of the subversion of\n            the General Government; and that they would do it at the expence even, of plunging the\n            Country in to the horrors of a disastrous war; and because I wish to wait a little\n            longer to see what may be the sense of legally constituted bodies at the meetings about\n            to take place.\n          The public service requiring it, I shall set off in about ten days for Philadelphia or\n            vicinity. Though unknown to your lady, I beg my respectful compliments may be presented\n            to her. I wish you an agreeable & harmonious\n            Session\u2014and with much truth I am Dear Sir Your Affecte Hble Servt\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0157", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Sim Lee, 16 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lee, Thomas Sim\n            George town 16th October 1793.\n          I have received your Excellency\u2019s Letter of the 11 instant.\n          When the British Vice-Consul at Baltimore exhibits all his proofs respecting the\n            capture of the Brigantine Coningham, a better judgment can be formed\n            than at present, whether this act is an infraction of neutrality. In doing this he ought\n            to make no delay; because there can be no decision before the evidence on both sides is\n          Three miles will, if I recollect rightly, bring the Coningham within the rule of some\n            decisions, but the extent of the Territorial jurisdiction at Sea,\n            has not yet been fixed, on account of some difficulties which occur in not being able to\n            ascertain with precision what the general practice of Nations in this case has been. With very great esteem I am, Sir, Your Excellency\u2019s mot\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0159", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 17 October 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          I was the day before yesterday honored with your favor of the 7th inst. by post and\n            yesterday I received that of the 11th by express from Colo. Carrington. I will take care\n            to be at Germantown by the 1st of the month. as the ploughing thro the roads of the\n            month of January would be disagreeable with my own horses, I shall send them back from\n            Fredericksburg, for which place I will set out tomorrow (Friday) sennight, in order to\n            take the stage from thence of Monday the 28th this of course will deprive me of the\n            honor of waiting on you at Mount Vernon, but perhaps I may have that of seeing you on\n          I have carefully considered the question Whether the President may call Congress to any\n            other place than that to which they have adjourned themselves, and think he cannot have\n            such a right unless it has been given him by the constitution or the laws, & that\n            neither of these has given it. the only circumstance which he can alter, as to their\n            meeting, is that of time by calling them at an earlier day than that to which they stand adjourned, but no power to change the\n            place is given. Mr Madison happened to come here yesterday, after the reciept of your\n            letter. I proposed the question to him, and he thinks there was particular caution\n            intended & used in the diction of the Constitution to avoid giving the President any\n            power over the place of meeting; lest he should exercise it with local partialities.\n          With respect to the Executive, the Residence law has fixed our offices at Philadelphia\n            till the year 1800. & therefore it seems necessary that we should get as near them\n            as we may with safety.\n          As to the place of meeting for the legislature, were we authorized to decide that\n            question I should think it right to have it in some place in Pensylvania, in\n            consideration of the principles of the Residence bill, & that we might furnish no\n            pretext to that state to infringe them hereafter. I am quite unacquainted with Reading,\n            & it\u2019s means of accomodation. it\u2019s situation is perhaps as little objectionable as\n            that of Lancaster, & less so than Trenton or perhaps Wilmington. however I think we\n            have nothing to do with the question, & that Congress must meet in Philadelphia,\n            even if it be in the open feilds, to adjourn themselves to some other place. I am\n            extremely afraid something has happened to mister Bankson, on whom I relied for\n            continuance at my office. for two posts past I have not received any letter from him,\n            nor dispatches of any kind. this involves new fears for the duplicates of those to\n            mister Morris. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem &\n            attachment, Dear Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\n            Th: Jefferson\n            P.S. mister Randolph\u2019s and mister Trumbul\u2019s letters are returned.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0160", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Carrington, 18 October 1793\nFrom: Carrington, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\n          Enclosed I have the Honor to transmit a Voucher for the Expence of forwarding your\n            letter to the Secretary of State as requested in yours of the 11th Instant, being\n            thirteen dollars & one third of a dollar. the\n            milage is that which has been established by the Executive of the State, for such\n            Service, & a faithful Express is not to be got lower. I have the Honor to be with\n            the greatest respect your Most Ob. st\n            Ed. Carrington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0161", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Sim Lee, 18 October 1793\nFrom: Lee, Thomas Sim\nTo: Washington, George\n            Ann[apoli]s October 18. 1793\n          I beg leave to lay before yr Excellency copies of a letter and depositions received\n            yesterday from the British Vice Consul residing at Baltimore\u2014The Letters I have lately had the honour Sir of addressing to\n            you on similar occasions make it unnecessary for me to explain my object in the present\n              case\u2014I have taken the same provisionary step with\n            regard to the vessel mentioned in the depositions herewith enclosed, as was adopted\n            respecting the Brigantine Cunningham, and although I have not heard from the french Vice Consul, I have no doubt of his paying due attention to my\n              requisitions\u2014I have the Honor &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0163", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Sandwich, 18 October 1793\nFrom: Sandwich, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          Letter not found: from \n              Oct., Sandwich wrote to GW: \u201cI had the honor of addressing you the 18th", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0164", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Bowyer, 19 October 1793\nFrom: Bowyer, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\n            May it please your Excellency\n            Historic Gallery Pallmall London19 Octo. 1793.\n          The utmost apology is due for my presuming to venture upon a repetition of taking the\n            liberty to address your Excellency, who am so perfectly unknown to You, but the high\n            & flattering gratification I reced, from being honor\u2019d with a letter some time since\n            from your Excellency, has embolden\u2019d me to take liberties which otherwise I might not\n            have presumed upon. The cause of my presumption in the\n            present Instance is to beg permission to introduce to your Excellency\u2019s Notice, Mr\n            Dowlin, Surgeon, a Gentleman whose abilities in his profession & amiableness of\n            Manners & Character are worthy of the highest Panegyrick. He goes out to settle in that happy Country where every\n            blessing of Felicity & peace must ever be expected, while it has for its patron, the\n            exalted Character I am presuming to address: I must now beg leave to assure Your\n            Excellency that It is my most earnest prayer that every blessing & happiness which\n            this World or that which is to come can bestow may ever be yours. I have the honor to be\n            May it please Your Excellency Your Excellencys Most Obliged & Devoted hble Servt\n            Robt Bowyer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0165", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Matthew Clarkson, 19 October 1793\nFrom: Clarkson, Matthew\nTo: Washington, George\n            Philadelphia October 19. 1793.\n          It having pleased Divine Providence to add Doctor Phile, the naval officer of this\n            port, to the number of those to whom the present prevailing disorder hath proved fatal,\n            I am induced to solicit the appointment as his successor.\n          Confiding in that protection which hath hitherto preserved me, whilsts upwards of three\n            thousand of my fellow citizens have been removed into eternity, I shall think myself\n            happy in receiving from you Sir the means of a comfortable support and the opportunity\n            of being further serviceable to my country. I am with the most perfect esteem Sir Your\n            most obed. humb. servt\n            Matth. Clarkson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0166", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Lloyd, 19 October 1793\nFrom: Lloyd, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n            To George Washington President of the United states of America\n            Newgate prison in the City ofLondon Great BritainOctober 19th\n          The enclosed is a copy of my letter to Thomas Pinckney Minister Plenipotentiary, in\n            which I have solemnly claimed the interference of my country, I send it for your\n            information, trusting you will direct or recommend as the case may in your judgment\n            require some effectual measure, by which I may obtain the redress of the injuries I have\n          I transmit a Copy likewise to the House of Representatives of the United States.\n            Thomas Lloyd", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0168", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Pearce, 19 October 1793\nFrom: Pearce, William\nTo: Washington, George\n            Kent County [Md.] October 19th 1793\n          I Recevd you Letter with a Coppy of our Agreement\u2014you\n            Inform me that I am to Live this winter at your mansion House which I shall Like Very\n            well as it will be giving me an oppertunity of Giting acquainted with the Business\n            there\u2014But after that If it should be agreeable to you I had Rather Live in the house you\n            intended for me as I have Several small Children and I should Like to keep them at A\n            distance from the Black ones. and I thougt I saw a great many at your mansion house I\n            have spoke for the plows and Expect to bring Them down with me and the other things you\n            mention\u2014As you Intend to leave home and probable will not be there when I go Down I will\n            thank you to Leave me Every Instruction That you may think Nessessary\u2014for their is some\n            of your Business I fear I shall be at a Loss at first as to the\n              management of your farms I Hope I shall Give you Sattisfaction\n            However I shall use my utmost Indevours to Do it, for I do assure you that I would not\n            miss Giveing you Sattissfaction for twice the sum I am to Receive\u2014I am makeing Every\n            Exertion In my power to Git my Business Setled and to git in Readiness to Come as soon\n            as I possable Can, But my people has Been Very Sick and people are Generaly so\u2014that\n            hands ware not to be hired, but I hope I shall be ready to git Down before frost Set in,\n            I have been Looking out For a Carpenter that I thought would Suit you But I cannot git\n            one to Come that I think would do nor a man to Look after your house people, Dichers\n              &c.\u2014In your Letter you did not say wheather you\n            Had got Either of them\u2014I will still be upon the Look out for such Carractors as you\n            first mentiond & will Ingage them Conditionaly If I Can meet With such as I think\n            would suit and If you think proper to write and should not be suited and I should git\n            Such men I will bring them down with me. I am Sir with the Greatest Resect Your Humbe\n            William Pearce", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0169", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Rutherford, 19 October 1793\nFrom: Rutherford, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\n            Fredericksburgh [Va.] October 19th 1793\n          The direful Contagion at Philada precludes Congress, I therefore beg leave to mention\n            as the prevailing opinion, that you will recommend some place as a rallying point for\n            the representatives of the people where they Can Resolve to proceed on the business of\n            the Session. I write in haste from this place impressed with every sentiment of respect,\n            and Confidence in your enlarged prudence, and far superior Judgment, while I have the\n            honour to be with great Esteem and every good wish My Dear Sir Your Most obedt Hble\n            R. Rutherford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0171", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg, 20 October 1793\nFrom: Muhlenberg, Frederick Augustus Conrad\nTo: Washington, George\n            Providence Township, Montgomery County [Pa.]Oct. 20th 1793.\n          Lt Col. Solomon Bush, who has the Honor of being personally acquainted with You intends\n            solliciting for the Appointment of naval Officer, for the Port of Philada in the Room of\n            Dr Phile deceased, & considering his Service & Sufferings during and since the\n            late War, I take the Liberty of assuring You that I know no one whom I can more\n            cheerfully recommend than him, & that I verily believe, as far as my Knowledge\n            extends that he would give general Satisfaction to the Merchants of Philadelphia amongst\n            whom he is well acquainted. I have the Honor to be with the most unfeigned Respect Sir\n            Your most obedient humble Servant\n            Fredk A. Muhlenberg", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0172", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Oliver Wolcott, Jr., 20 October 1793\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver Jr.\nTo: Washington, George\n            Smiths House, Falls of Schuylkill [Pa.]October 20th 1793\n          I have had the honour to receive your Letter dated the 14th instant and have lost no time in obtaining the best information in my\n            power, on the several questions therein stated.\n          The malady with which the City is afflicted, has been progressive, from the time of\n            your departure, untill Monday the 14th instant, at which time it had nearly extended\n            through the City\u2014Several small remissions have been observed during that period, all of\n            which were confined to cool days, when the wind was in the northern quarter\u2014whenever the wind has shifted towards the South, the number of\n            the sick & the mortality have invariably increased. On monday there was a slight\n            fall of rain\u2014which was succeeded by cool days and several frosty nights\u2014the mortality of\n            course greatly diminished and but few comparatively fell sick\u2014the three last days have\n            been more warm, and the unfavourable effects, are at present rather increasing.\n          From repeated observations it may be infered that the cause of the malady still\n            exists\u2014that its activity is increased by heat & diminished by cold\u2014and that the City\n            will not be purified and rendered safe, untill after heavy rains or severe frosts.\n          It was very lately Doct. Rush\u2019s opinion that the disorder was more violent & more fatal, than at the time of its first\n            appearance in the City.\n          Nothing certain is known of the number of victims; for some time, information on this\n            point was carefully concealed; but from data which cannot be very\n            erroneous\u2014I judge that more than four thousand persons, have died.\n          Mr Willing was for some time sick, but has recovered, Mr John Ross, has resided in the\n            country, and is I presume well; Mr Sergeant & Colo. Franks are dead\u2014several\n            gentlemen of the name of Howell have died, & among them a relation of Mr Rawle who\n            was much esteemed\u2014the accountant of the War Department, has been indisposed, but he has\n            recovered and is now in the Country. There is no point\n            on which the public opinion is more unsettled, than in respect to the degree of danger\n            which attends any given position in the vicinity of Philadelphia. It is certain that\n            some gentlemen of good sense and those not deficient in firmness on\n            ordinary occasions, have removed from the villages and estates in the neighbourhood of\n            the City, to more interior situations\u2014a greater number who have not removed, remain at\n            home compleatly insulated from society.\n          I have regularly obtained good information of the state of the City, and the adjoining\n            places, and it is my opinion that the disorder is generally if not solely communicated\n            by specific contagion\u2014that its ravages have been confined to no age, sex, or\n            temperament\u2014and that it has affected those classes of citizens most extensively, who\n            have been most exposed to intercou[r]se with each other\u2014I mention in proof of this\n            opinion, that six Clerks of the Treasury Department, seven persons employed by the\n            Collector of the Customs\u2014a number of Clerks in the different Banks and three persons in\n            the Post Office have fallen victims\u2014several others have been affected, who have\n            recovered\u2014being in the whole, a very great proportion of all those who have been\n            exposed\u2014A number of persons, belonging to, or resident in the Country, have contracted\n            the disorder by occasional visits to the City\u2014Mr Powel doubtless lost his life in\n            consequence of a humane visit to his house in town, to provide for the accomodation of a\n            favourite servant. The malady moreover appears to be contagious by having been\n            constantly observed to extend and diverge, from infected places. though it is now spread\n            nearly through the City, yet there are some neighbourhoods where it has not yet\n          There has all along been a considerable diversity of opinion, in respect to the cause,\n            nature and manner of communicating the malady. some have supposed that it was generated\n            in the City\u2014certain facts have however, been recently stated to me, by men of\n            indisputable honour, which leave no doubt on my mind that it was introduced by an\n            American Vessell, with French passengers & property from Hispaniola\u2014It has also been\n            asserted on respectable authority, that there has been no instance of the disorder being\n            communicated to any person, who has constantly resided out of the City. I must admit\n            that of the numbers, who have died in the villages and places adjacent to the City, I\n            have known of no instance where the person affected, had not visited the City\u2014if the\n            observation should be found true in the latitude it has been made, it would militate\n            with the opinion, which I have advanced and would go far to prove, that a residence near\n              the City, admitting the malady to continue, would be absolutely\n          The Philadelphians will not abandon their present expectation, that the City will be\n            purified and safe before the meeting of Congress, without painful reluctance\u2014in that\n            event it would be their wish and that of the people adjacent that Congress should\n            convene, as near as possible to the City. Lancaster, Wilmington & Germantown have\n            been mentioned\u2014it is supposed that the latter place would under all circumstances afford\n            the best accomodations.\n          I have made full enquiry & entertain no doubt that the town is free from\n            contagion\u2014it is certain, that at present, not an individual is affected with the\n            prevailing malady.\n          I have conversed with a Majistrate of the place and am informed by him & other\n            persons, that if events should render it necessary, every exertion will be made to\n            accomodate Congress and the public Officers\u2014the School House, with the adjoining\n            buildings, may in my opinion, at a small expence, be fitted up & attired, so as to\n            afford tolerable accomodations for the two houses & their immediate Officers.\n          I have called at the house of the Attorney General near Germantown, and was informed\n            that he was at Lancaster, but was expected soon to return\u2014it was suggested that your\n            Letter had been recd and that measures had been taken for engaging a house, the result\n            of which, were not known. Col. Hamilton is in New\n            Jersey, on his way to this place, I shall therefore retain the Letter to him, untill his\n              arrival. Genl Knox is I presume from the best\n            information I can obtain, at Boston, to which place, I shall address the Letter\n            transmitted to me by Mr Dandridge, which has been just received.\n          It has been just told me, that Doct. Phile, the Naval Officer is dead; though unfounded\n            reports are often circulated I fear that this is true. I have the honour to be with the\n            most perfect respect Sir, your most obedt & humble servant\n            Oliver Wolcott Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0173", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas FitzSimons, 21 October 1793\nFrom: FitzSimons, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          The death of Mr Phile the late Naval Officer of this district haveing left a vacancy in\n            an important Office I beg leave to Call your attention to my worthy friend Mr Clymer on\n            Whose Capacity for executeing the duties of that office it is Unnecessary for me to make\n            any observation. he has for some time been determined on resigning the Appointment he at\n            present holds and only waited till the business was properly Arranged and time was\n            afforded to find a proper Sucessor.\n          It would be presumption in me to Suggest any reasons that should induce the President\n            to give him this appointment in preference to many others who will apply for it.\n          I will only take the liberty to add that it would gratify a Great Number of people in\n            this City who are Among the most respectable And the Most Zealous Supporters of\n            Government. With the Greatest respect I am Sir Yr Mo. hble Servt\n            Thos FitzSimons", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0174", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Graff, 21 October 1793\nFrom: Graff, John\nTo: Washington, George\n            [Pennsylvania] October 21. 1793\n          Your Excellency will no doubt before the receipt of this be informed of the death of\n            the late naval Officer Fred. Phile\u2014Having had the honor to represent\n            the Collector of the District of Pennsylvania (whose name is in the list inclosed) since\n            the Year 1784 untill this date under the regulations of sd state & since under our\n            happy Constitution I trust with Integrity am emboldened to sollicit a nomination for the\n            Office above named\u2014Almighty God having visited the City\n            of Philada with a great Calamity prevents me at this time to offer recommendations such\n            as I hope would be satisfactory, the Citizen in the mercantile line being dispersed in\n            this & neighboring States, shall take the liberty of forwarding further\n            recommendations as soon as may be\u2014With great Respect\n            & Esteem am Your Excellencys Most Obt huml. Servt\n            John Graff", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0175-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Ludwell Lee and Roger West, 21 October 1793\nFrom: Lee, Ludwell,West, Roger\nTo: Washington, George\n               Fairfax County [Va.] 21st Octr 1793\n            We do ourselves the honor of enclosing to you an address signed by about five hundred\n              of the most respectable Landholders, Merchants, & Inhabitants of this County\u2014It is\n              with pleasure we execute the desire of our fellow Citizens in forwarding to you this\n              token of their approbation esteem & confidence, so justly merited on your part, and so freely given on theirs. We have the honor to be with\n              the highest respect Sir Yr most Obedient, Humble Servants\n              Ludwell Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0175-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Address from Fairfax County, Virginia, Citizens, 21 October 1793\nFrom: Fairfax County, Virginia, Citizens\nTo: Washington, George\n              To George Washington President of the United States of America\n              [Fairfax County, Va., c.21 October 1793]\n            Whilst the people of America, are so generally signifying to you Sir, their perfect\n              approbation of your Proclamation; enjoining on the part of the Citizens of the United\n              States, a strict neutrality, towards the belligerent Powers of Europe; we should have remained silent, under this general\n              approbation, & not have troubled you, with our sentiments, did we not conceive,\n              that the present crisis, calls loudly on all those, who feel for the dignity of their\n              Government, to speak out, the language of their hearts\u2014When foreigners, shall be so\n              far forgetful, of the respect they owe, to the Sovereignty of the Community, in which\n              they reside, as to threaten an appeal, to the Body of the People, from the decisions,\n              & conduct of those, with whom the people have entrusted, that part of it, which\n              relates to their foreign connections; & in despite of the public authority,\n              prohibiting the contrary; shall arm & equip Vessels of war in our Ports, for the\n              purpose of capturing the property of Nations with whom we are at Peace; which things can only have for their object, internal\n              confusion, and all the calamities, of external warfare; that a stop may be put, to\n              proceedings so hurtful, & so dangerous, we think it the duty, of the Citizens, to\n              let their Sentiments be publicly known\u2014Impressed with this truth, we the Subscribers,\n              Landholders & Inhabitants of Fairfax County, have presented ourselves before you,\n              and beg leave to assure you; that, as in all your conduct as Presiding Majistrate of\n              these United States, we have seen you pursuing, with firmness &\n              propriety, the good of Mankind, & the solid glory, & interests of your\n              Country; and in no instance, we conceive, more truly honorable to yourself, or more\n              serviceable, to us, than in the conduct, you have caused to be pursued, towards the\n              Nations of Europe now at war; we shall hold ourselves bound to oppose, all attempts\n              that shall be made, to disturb the Peace, or injure the Independance, & dignity of\n              the Government, over which you preside, by the machinations of foreigners, or the\n              intemperate actions, of discontented Individuals, of our own Country\u2014We trust, that in\n              speaking thus, we do but proclaim, the Ideas of every well intentioned Citizen of\n              America, for all have felt, & we trust, will long continue to feel, the blessings\n              of an Administration, where wisdom, temper, & firmness, have so conspicuously\n            Signed by about five hundred Inhabitants And by their desire forwarded by.\n              Ludwell Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0176", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Stephen Moylan, 21 October 1793\nFrom: Moylan, Stephen\nTo: Washington, George\n            West Chester [Pa.] Octobr 21st 1793\n          the communication between the City and country is So much interupted that I am\n            uncertain whether my Letter to the Secretary of State has ever reached him, I take the\n            Liberty of inclosing a copy therof, that you Sir may Know the reason of my nonacceptance\n            of the Office of Marshal which you was pleased to Offer to me\u2014an Office is now vacant by the death of Fredrick Phyle naval Officer if you will please to confer it on me I will exert myself\n            in fullfilling the duties of it Whether you think me worthy of this favor or not you may\n            be assured Sir; it will make no alteration in the Sentiments of esteem and respect,\n            which a long acquaintance with your virtues has indelibly impressed on the mind of Sir\n            your obedient and much obliged humb. Servt\n            Stephen Moylan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0177", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Peter Muhlenberg, 21 October 1793\nFrom: Muhlenberg, Peter\nTo: Washington, George\n            Philadelphia County. Octobr 21st 93\n          Having understood that a vacancy has taken place in the naval Office, by the Death of\n            Dr Phile I presume to sollicit the appointment to that Office, provided The President\n            conceives me qualified for it\u2014I will not trouble The President with enumerating the\n            motives which occasion the solicitation, and will only beg leave to mention, That if I\n            had not been prevented by the Indian War, from removing my Family to the Western\n            Country, where I have some property in Lands\u2014I should not have become troublesome with\n            my solicitation\u2014But as I am situated at present; not having added to, but diminishd my\n            little fortune during the War, and not having it in my power to return with propriety to\n            the only occupation or calling I was brought up to\u2014I\n            wish to serve my Country as well as myself in some way or other, untill I can with\n            safety retire with my Family to the Ohio. I have the Honor to be with the highest\n            Respect Sir your most Obedt humble Servant\n            P: Muhlenberg", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0179", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Dobbs Spaight, 21 October 1793\nFrom: Spaight, Richard Dobbs\nTo: Washington, George\n            North Carolina Newbern 21st Octr 1793\n          In September I received a letter from the Collector of Wilmington informing me that the\n            Captain of the Privateer, Vanqueur de Bastille had carried his prize the British Sloop\n            Providence, down to the bar of Cape Fear river and had there shifted her guns &c.\n            from on board the Vanqueur de Bastille to the prize sloop, proceeded to sea with her and\n            was then cruizing off that Harbour, the Schooner was sent back again to Wilmington.\n          I felt myself extremely mortified that a proceeding of that nature should take place in\n            any port within this State after I had taken every step in my power to prevent it.\n          In pursuance of the instructions received from the Secretary of War of the 16th and\n            21st of August I immediately dispatched orders to the major of New Hanover Militia, to\n            order the Vanqueur de Bastile to leave the port. and that should the\n            aforesaid Sloop or any other privateer fitted out of the United States send or bring in\n            any prize or prizes into the port of Wilmington, to secure her or them to be delivered\n            to the former Owners, or to the Consul of the Nation to whom they belonged and to order\n            the privateer or privateers to depart the port immediately.\n          On the 15th instant I received letters from Col: Benjm. Smith of Brunswick County and\n            Major Wright of New Hanover informing me that the said Sloop had arrived at that port,\n            and brought with her a Spanish brig her prize, that they had agreable to my orders made\n            some dispositions to Secure the prize. but had been prevented by the officious\n            interposition of some evil disposed persons in Wilmington who sent down a boat in the\n            night to give Captain Hervieux information of their intentions, who in consequence of it\n            sent his prize to sea, where she remained about eight miles to the southward of the Bar;\n            that Colonel Smith had given orders to Captain Hervieux to leave the port. who gave in\n            excuse for his not complying with them, that he had put in there in distress and could\n            not go to sea, till his people had recovered, and his Vessel was refitted, together with\n            some other reasons mentioned in his letters to Coln. Smith and Major Wright. From the deposition marked No. 2 it appeared to me that the\n            Vessel was really in a distressed Situation\u27e8.\u27e9 I therefore wrote to those Gentlemen that\n            as the instructions I had received did not comprehend a case of that nature that they\n            might permit her to remain in port for such time as was absolutely necessary to refit\n            her for sea and then to compell her to depart\u2014as the prize was without the port on the\n            high seas I did not conceive myself at liberty to give orders to send after her. indeed\n            from her force (she carries 8 Guns and from 20 to 30 Men) it could not be easily done as\n            there is no armed vessel in the State, but I instructed them that if she should return\n            into port again to use every means in their power to take and secure her for the\n            Original Owners.\n          Captain Hervieux previous to his receiving the information from Wilmington had put on\n            board of the revenue Cutter Captain Cook a chest containing (it is said) betwe\u27e8en\u27e9\n            thirty and forty thousand dollars which he had taken out of the Spanish prize on its\n            arrival at Wilmington it was seized by the revenue Officers and placed in the hands of\n            the Mareshall. I have wrote to Major Wright to give the Mareshal orders to keep the\n            money secure till proper application is made for it by the former\n            Owners or the Consul for Spain and if no such application should be made, untill such\n            time as I should receive further instructions from you respecting what is to be done\n          The Schooner Vanqueur de Bastille lies at one of the Wharfs at Wilmington quite\n            dismantled and unrigged and no person on board of her who can be made to comply with\n            that part of your instructions of obliging her to leave the port under these\n            circumstances I should be glad to know what is to be done with her.\n          As this business is a national one it is expected that the General Government will pay\n            every expence attending it at the same time it may be requisite that this State should\n            advance in the first instance the monies necessary for the Amunition pay and subsistance\n            of such part of the Militia as may be called into service to execute the instructions of\n            the President of the United States. I shall therefore apply to the Council to authorize\n            me to draw on the treasury of this State for such sums as may be wanted. I shall\n            likewise be glad to be informed in what manner the State is to be reimbursed by the\n            United States, the monies which may be occasionally advanced.\n          I really feel myself ashamed of the Conduct of the New hanover Militia as related by\n            Major Wright. I shall direct him to take such steps as are pointed out by the laws of\n            the State to punish them for their disobedience of his orders.\n          That you may be fully acquainted with the real state of the Case I have sent you\n            enclosed copies of Col: Smith and Major Wrights letters and of the other papers which\n            accompanied them. I have the Honor to be with due respect Sir Your Mo. Obt Servant\n            Richd D. Spaight", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0181", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Wharton, 21 October 1793\nFrom: Wharton, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\n            Philada October 21st 1793.\n          My condition in life, through unmerited sufferings, which brought upon me the sacrifice\n            of faithfull industry for many years, deprived me of the means of supporting an aged\n            wife, and five Children\u2014whose Characters are, in just estimation of my fellow Citizens,\n            eminent for their virtue, and respectability.\n          It is not for the honor of Truth, that my failings should be withheld from your\n            knowledge, nor do I suppose, that the conduct of a Citizen, who once partook of your\n            esteem, hath been undiscovered to you. But, as the great Doctor Franklin said, \u201cthat\n            part of a Truth, is sometimes worse, than the whole Truth\u201d\u2014so may my infirmities have been exagerated, without those\n            extenuations, which Charity would have mollified, and which good Men deplored. Those\n            sufferings, and the consequent distresses to those, who ought not to have felt them\u2014drove me to a temporary excess\u2014which, however\n            injurious to a once well earned reputation, brought it\u2019s own remedy, by the severest\n            contrition. It hath God! to grant me fortitude, to withstand the only temptation, that\n            ever sullied my fair fame: and I have a well founded hope, that it will never revisit\n            me, either to my friends anxiety, or my own dishonor. There are Men Sir, whose\n            afflictions, cramp their virtues\u2014whose confidence becomes annihilated, and constrains\n            them to acts, which their very Souls abhor. This, unfortunately, has been my case. For,\n            having formerly had the closest connection, with most of the trading Gentlemen in the\n            United States, as well as with the principal Merchants in Europe\u2014and foreseeing no\n            prospect of reganing my station in the Commercial line, nor of aiding those Ties, who\n            are nearest to me\u2014I fell. It is not, nor ever was, the lot of\n            humanity, in such scenes of complicated misery, which I have endured for nineteen years,\n            \u201cto bring the mind, instantly, to its\u2019 condition\u201d: It was not mine. For it requires\n            time, and an exertion, not common, and scarcely known, to recover a firm dignity of\n            conduct, and lament over a fatal secession from it.\n          I have had the honor of a small correspondance with your Excelle\u27e8ncy\u27e9 respecting our\n            quondam friend Colonel Mercer, and I have enjoyed the felicity of your favor at my\n            House\u2014on board my Ship, and at the Tables of your particular acquaintance, in this once blessed City. nor have my principles been adverse, but on the contrary,\n            always flow from the purest motives, to the sacred Rights of my Countrey\u2014which in fact,\n            was the cause of my Ruin.\n          Thus having presumed to lay my circumstance, and my change of life, before your\n            rational and humane disposition\u2014I beg leave to offer myself a Candidate for the Naval\n            Office of the District, vacant by the death of Mr Frederick Phile. And, if it is\n            expedient, that a powerfull recommendation, should preced appointment; I have not the\n            least doubt of procuring signatures pleasing to your Excellency, and honorable to\n            myself\u2014nor shall competent security be unobtained from those, who are equally wealthy as\n            they zealously disposed to serve me. I foresee but one obstacl\u27e8e\u27e9 in my progress of\n            Recommendation, and that is, the extremely scattered residence of my fellow citizens in\n            this calamitou\u27e8s\u27e9 affliction.\n          I beg leave to sollicit your favorable acceptance of my application, and to pardon the\n            freedom of this tedious narrative\u2014which is written solely, that I may recover you\u27e8r\u27e9\n            esteem, favor and confidence. I am Sir, with the grest Respect Your most ob: hl.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0182", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Nathan Beers, 22 October 1793\nFrom: Beers, Nathan\nTo: Washington, George\n          Among the number of Persons who have offered themselves as Candidates for the Office of\n            Collector for this Port, I beg leave to mention to your Excellency my desire of that\n            appointment\u2014As by the Laws of These States the present duty of the Collector devolves on\n            the Surveyor, I have been lead to suppose that the appointment will not be made untill\n            the Meeting of Congress in December next, at which time I hope to forward such\n            information respecting my Charracter and Services, as I flatter myself will have some\n            weight with your Excellency, if they do not I cannot wish or desire the appointment. I\n            am with due respect your Excellencys most Obedient & Humble Servant\n            Nathan Beers", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0185", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 22 October 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n            Spencer\u2019s [Germantown, Pa.] October 22. 1793.\n          On my return from Lancaster, I found, that Major Franks had agreed to let you have his\n            house. But the terms are excessive; being no less than 150\u00a3 per annum, or for a shorter\n            period, not under six months, at the same rate. Except a looking-glass or two, and a few\n            pictures, he will not suffer any of the furniture to remain; tho\u2019 I have prevailed upon\n            his agent to permit a couple of beds and some chairs and tables to continue, until you\n            can accommodate yourself from some other quarter. But I have made no conclusive bargain;\n            leaving this and the other house, which I mentioned in my last\n            letter, and adjoins the school-house lot, free for your choice. Dr Bensel declines renting his house.\n          The best road from the main Baltimore road to German Town is from Darby to the black-horse at the seven mile stone, on the Lancaster road: from\n            thence to Righter\u2019s ferry on Skuylkill, which is about two miles from German Town.\n          We are flattered with a report, that the cold weather has given a stroke to the fever;\n            but the authority, upon which it is circulated, is not conclusive with me. I have the\n            honor, sir, to be, with the highest respect, and sincere attachment yr mo. ob. serv.\n            Edm: Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0186", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Fitzgerald, 23 October 1793\nFrom: Fitzgerald, John\nTo: Washington, George\n            Alexandria [Va.] Octor 23d 1793\n          Hearing this Morning that the Surveyor of this District was about to resign, I could not in justice to the Individual, or my own sense of\n            propriety in the Office which I have the honor to hold, forbear solliciting your\n            attention to Mr Vincent Gray; who was Mr Lee\u2019s Deputy & continues to be mine[.] his constant & Vigilant attention, his strict\n            impartiallity, & his knowledge of the business, entitle him in my estimation to a\n            decided preference to any who may claim this appointment, & I will venture to say\n            that in the performance of the duties of his office, he has\n            constantly had the most minute regard to the public good, whilst in the other hand his\n            Deportment has been such as to give the highest possible satisfaction to the Mercantile\n            Interest with which of course the business was transacted[.] Added to this the business will in future be under the same\n            Roof, which is the Mode in every large Seaport to the Northward, & will prevent an\n            amazing delay to Owners & Masters of Ships, who often have, after their business\n            with the Collector is done, to seek for a length of time after the Surveyor from whom\n            they have nothing to get but a Certificate of admeasurement, & the fees of the\n            Surveyor at this Port are inadequate to a constant attention to that duty.\n          If any doubts should remain on your mind respecting this application, I have only to\n            request that you would lay it before the immediate Head of the department who is soon to\n            meet you, & I am persuaded is well acquainted with the merits of this Gentleman,\n            & will by his observations strengthen the subject of my request. With most perfect Esteem I have the honor to be Sir your mo.\n            Obedt Servant\n            John Fitzgerald", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0187", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Samuel Fraunces, 23 October 1793\nFrom: Fraunces, Samuel\nTo: Washington, George\n            Philada 23d October 1793\n          I received your letter last Evening\u2014and it gives me\n            the greatest Satisfaction that my conduct meets your approbation\u2014was any accident to\n            happen in the Famely it would not be for want of my care and attention I strictly adhere\n            to your directions in every point\u2014The House is clean and ready for your return and every\n            thing in proper order\u2014I long to see you home where I think you will be as safe as any\n            where\u2014as our Neibourhood is entirely clear of any infection\u2014The Fever still continues to\n            abate in the City but rages in Southwark & other out parts\u2014You mention if any of the\n            Famely should be taken ill to take advice which cannot be done as there i\u27e8s\u27e9 no Person\n            of any consequence left but I hope we shall want none as your direction is quite\n            sufficient\u2014several Famelys however begin to return as it is thought they may with\n            Safety\u2014I Knew that the President lent Mr Osborn Money\n            & in consequence made an enquiry before I received your Letter, & found none but\n            fifteen dollrs with his distressed Wife which She took to the Hospital with her his\n            Trunk and some of his Cloaths are here which I detained untill I heard from you\u2014The\n            Trunk is locked what is in it I do not know\u2014Mrs Emerson\n            is well and gives her duty to Madam but She is much oppressed in Spirits\u2014Yr dutifull\n            Samuel Fraunces", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0188", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Henry Lee, 23 October 1793\nFrom: Lee, Richard Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n            Alexandria [Va.] Octr 23d 1793\n          Having been informed that you designed to go northward in a few days, and finding Mrs\n            Lees recovery to be too slow for the purpose of seeing you at Mount\n            Vernon as we travelled homewards; I had fixed on this\n            day, with my Son Ludwell to pay our respects to you. But, to my very great mortification\n            and disappointment, I was attacked with a fever last Night, the consequence of the\n            influenza that has afflicted me for some days past; and which deprives me of the\n            happiness that I this day proposed to myself. It realy gives me infinite concern to\n            find, even a few, for I am sure they are very few; who appear disposed to disturb the\n            peace of our country under the feigned pretext of favoring the cause of liberty in\n            France. I call it feigned because I think that a very careless Observer of what passes,\n            must have seen, for some time past, that the Contest in France has been less for liberty\n            than for Jacobinism or Anarchy, to favor the views of ambition and avarice. As well\n            might it be said that supporting O. Cromwell was defending the cause of liberty, when he\n            had destroyed it by erecting a despotism in his own country! But the very Men who talk\n            in favor of french liberty acknowledge our inability to go to War, and yet they are\n            inconsistent enough to counsel a conduct that must inevitably produce it! It appears to\n            me, from some of Mr Genets late proceeding, that Jacobine like, he wishes from the\n            atrocity of his own conduct, to force others into such intemperance as might at once\n            justify and excuse himself.\n          Give me leave to assure you Sir that to hear of your health and happiness will always\n            contribute greatly to mine; being with the most unfeigned affection dear Sir your friend\n            and servant\n            Richard Henry Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0189", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William MacPherson, 23 October 1793\nFrom: MacPherson, William\nTo: Washington, George\n            Chester October 23d 1793\n          Under the most sensible impressions of gratitude to you Sir for the appointment I now\n            hold, the duties of which I hope I have discharged in such manner, as to merit your\n            approbation, and that of my fellow Citizens\u2014beg leave to offer myself as a Candidate for\n            the Naval office of this District, vacant in consequence of the unfortunate Death of\n            Doctr Phile\u2014I trust Sir I shall not\n            appear presumptious or over greedy in making this request\u2014The naval office being\n            consider\u2019d a superiour Grade in the Customs\u2014I feel an honest ambition to receive this\n            further mark of your goodness Sir, which I shall value in the highest degree; as it will\n            be an evidence of my conduct having been such, as to merit your approbation. I have the\n            honor to be with the most perfect respect your most obedient Servt\n            W. MacphersonSurveyor District of Pennsylvania", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0191", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Stephen Moylan, 23 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Moylan, Stephen\n          Your letter of the 21st was handed to me last Night. As I expect to be in the vicinity\n            of Philadelphia (German town I believe) on the first of November I shall decline saying\n            any thing on the subject of your application \u2019til then\u2014It being my invariable custom to\n            possess myself of the circumstances of every case before I decide on a nomination to the\n              office\u2014With esteem & regard I am Sir Yr very Hble", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0192", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Timothy Pickering, 23 October 1793\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Washington, George\n            Philadelphia Octr 23. 1793.\n          I wrote you by Monday\u2019s post. That afternoon I went to\n            see Mr Peters; and had the pleasure to find that your accommodation and a suitable\n            provision for Congress had engaged the attention of him and divers other citizens of\n            Philadelphia who were scattered in the adjacent country. They have had some\n            consultations on the subject; and will continue them until suitable provision shall be\n            made; of which he has promised to give me early information.\n          It is Mr Peters\u2019s opinion that the city will be perfectly safe for the assembling of\n            Congress the first week in December: but lest it should be otherwise, competent\n            provision will be made at Germantown. He says that a number of the citizens of\n            Philadelphia are preparing to quit Germantown, for places on the river where they can\n            better receive and dispose of their fall goods. These removals & the other measures\n            which he and his fellow citizens will take, will make room for the members of Congress.\n            He says also, that an Academy and an adjacent building at Germantown will answer very\n            well for the meeting of the two houses of Legislature\u27e8.\u27e9 Their first object will be to\n            provide for you the most convenient house the adjacent country will afford, to which, if\n            you think proper you can soon resort. I will give you the earliest notice when this\n            provision is made.\n          As I mentioned in my last, the fever has not been known in Germantown, except with\n            persons who had carried the infection from the city. And Mr Peters mentioned a\n            remarkable fact\u2014That from all such deaths in the country, not a single instance had been\n            known of the infection being communicated. On my way to Germantown yesterday, I spoke of\n            this circumstance to a reputable man whom I knew, and who lives near Fair-Hill: He\n            confirmed it by many instances which he said had fallen\n            under his own knowledge. By this it would seem, that persons not previously contaminated\n            by the impure air of the city, were not susceptible of the disease.\n          My ride to Germantown yesterday was on purpose to see the Attorney General: but he was\n          I am waiting for an answer from the Mayor to a letter I wrote him last evening,\n            requesting authentic information of the number of deaths, and of the present state of\n            the disease.\n          I have sent my servant a second time for the Mayor\u2019s answer: but he does not return;\n            and the closing of the mail being at hand, I must conclude now, and write again by the\n            next post. I am most respectfully sir, Your obedient\n            Timothy Pickering", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0193-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Timothy Pickering, 23 October 1793\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Washington, George\n              Post Office Philaa Oct. 23. 1793\n            Since sealing my letter of this date, my servant has brought me an answer from the\n              Mayor, which I enclose. I am surprized at the number of deaths from Oct. 11th to the\n              22d. I will continue to advise you of the state of the disease, as often as I can\n              obtain any new information. very respectfully yr most obedt servt\n              Timothy Pickering", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0193-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Matthew Clarkson to Timothy Pickering, 23 October 1793\nFrom: Clarkson, Matthew\nTo: Pickering, Timothy\n              I think it may be concluded that the state of the mortal sickness is become more\n                favorable, this appears from the decrease of funerals in the City generally, and at\n                the Hospital at Bush-Hill It is not possible to ascertain, with any degree of\n                precission the degree in which it has abated.\n              The general appearance is pleasing, the Physicians have fewer applications from new\n                patients, the proportion of those who recover is abundantly greater than at the\n                commencement of the disease. The general Countenance of these Citizens who remain,\n                has changed, there is an obvious difference in their looks, a cheerfulness hath\n                taken place of a general gloom which not long since overspread every face; several\n                Shops & stores which were shut up, are again opened.\n              I have herewith sent you a New York paper in which I find a pretty accur[at]e\n                Account of the funerals from the first of August to the 11th October, this is the\n                best which can at present be obtained. since that\n                time the funerals amount to aboutto the present day. I am very respectfully\n                Sir\u2014Your most obt servt\n                Matth. Clarkson\n              Particulars since the 11\u27e8th Oct\u27e9ober\n              You will observe that returns from some of the Congegrations are not included in\n                the above\u2014for which may be added to that period\u2014say 58\u2014which will make the whole\n                from the 11th to 19 inclusive 700.\n              Note the Potter\u2019s Field return is up to the 22d and inclusive.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0194", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Edmund Randolph, 23 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\n          Your letter of the 14th only came by the Post of last night, to Alexandria, & this\n            is sent thither to day, that it may go by tomorrow\u2019s Mail, & thereby reach you as\n            soon as the nature of the case will admit.\n          As you have given no positive opinion respecting the Power of the Executive to change\n            the place for Congress to meet at, & as it is uncertain what will be the result of\n            this business; I am really at a loss to decide which of the three houses mentioned in the P.S. to your letter of the above date would best suit me, or\n            whether either of them wd.\n          If from the present state of the malady, with which Philadelphia is visited, &\n            there is an unfavorable prospect of its ceasing, Germantown should be thought unsaf\u27e8e\u27e9\n            &, of course an ineligable spot for Congress \u27e8to\u27e9 sit in, or meet at even in the\n            first i\u27e8n\u27e9stance, any kind of lodging & board would suffice\n            for the short stay I sho\u27e8uld\u27e9 have to remain there, especially as all the time not\n            e\u27e8m\u27e9ployed in business with the heads of Dep\u27e8art\u27e9ments & yourself might be spent in\n            li\u27e8ttle\u27e9 excursions to places at a small dist\u27e8ance\u27e9 therefrom\u2014of course all idea of\n            furnishing, & keeping a house myself, (being entirely unprovided with Servants or\n            means of any sort) ought to be banished entirely if it be practicable\u2014& some rooms,\n            even in a tavern, (if I could be retired in them) taken in preferrence. On the other\n            hand, if my stay there is likely to be of any continuance, then, unquestionably Colo.\n            Franks\u2019 (if to be had) wd suit me best\u2014because most commodious for myself, & the\n            entertainment of Company\u2014& next to this Bensel\u2019s.\n          This is the light in which the matter strikes me, at this distance\u2014but as you are on\n            the spot\u2014know more precisely than I possibly can do, the real state of things\u2014and\n            besides, have been in the way of hearing the various opinions of People on the subje\u27e8ct\u27e9\n            of what Congress ought to d\u27e8o,\u27e9 I would leave much to your judgment. I shall set out so\n            as to be in Germantown, or thereabouts, the first of November, if no difficulties are\n            encountered on the Road\u2014As there can be but a short interval between your receipt of\n            this letter, & my arrival, any place might do for my first reception.\n          It is not in my power to dispatch a servant before me\u2014I shall have but two neither of\n            which can be spared for such a purpose\u2014these with five horses\u2014Mr Dandridge &\n            myself\u2014form the total of my family & equipage. It\n            would be very convenient for me therefore to meet a letter from you at Wilmington, that\n            I may know better how to proceed from thence\u2014& where to cross the Schuylkill.\n          My best wishes, in which Mrs Washington unites, attend you Mrs Randolph and family\u2014we\n            are glad to hear that your apprehensions on acct of Peyton have subsided. With sincere\n            esteem & regard I am yours Affecte", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0196", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 24 October 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n            2\u00bd Miles from Philadelphia Octobr 24. 1793.\n          I arrived at my own house yesterday evening, where I found your letter of the 14\n            instant; having previously received that of the 25 of September, by the circuitous route\n            of Albany, the evening before my departure from New York.\n          As to the right of the President to convene Congress out of the ordinary course, I\n            think it stands as follows\u2014\u201che may on extraordinary occasions\n            convene both houses of Congress or either of them\u201d\u2014These are the words of the\n              Constitution. Nothing is said as to time or place\u2014nothing restrictive as to either\u2014I\n            therefore think they both stand on the same footing. The discretion of the President\n            extends to place as well as time. The\n            reason of the thing as well as the words of the Constitution, would extend it to both.\n            The usual seat of the Government may be in possession of an enemy\u2014it may be swallowed up\n            by an earthquake.\n          I know of no law that abriges in this respect the discretion of the President\u2014if a law\n            could abrige a constitutional discretion of either branch.\n          But the doubt with me is whether the \u201cextraordinary occasion\u201d\n            mentioned in the constitution be not some unforeseen occurence in the public affairs,\n            which renders it adviseable for the public service, to convene\n            Congress at some time different from that which the Constitution\n            or some law has established\u2014in other words, to anticipate their ordinary meeting\u2014to have\n            a special session, for a special object of\n              public business out of the preestablished course.\n          I doubt therefore whether the circumstance of a contagious disease existing at the seat\n            of Government be a constitutional ground for convening Congress at another place, but at the same time, they had\n            premeditated.\n          And I know that there are respectable opinions against the power of the President to\n            change the place of meeting in such a case; so as I think to render it inexpedient to\n            take the step.\n          But the President may recommend a meeting at some other place,\n            as a place of preliminary rendezvous for the members of the two houses, that they may\n            informally concert what further the exigency may require\u2014and my present opinion inclines in favor of such a measure.\n          The question then would be, what place is the most eligible?\n          Obvious reasons render it desireable that it should be as near Philadelphia as may\n            consist with the motive for naming such a place\u2014(to wit)\u2014the safety of the\n            members\u2014I\u2014Innovation upon the existing arrangement with regard to the seat of\n            Government, ought to be avoided as much as possible\u2014II. Congress may think it necessary\n            for regularity to go within the limits of the City (tho\u2019 but for an hour) to give\n            legality by some summary act to another place of Meeting\u2014and with this view it will be\n            convenient to meet at no great distance from the City. III. The place recommended may\n            influence the place of session\u2014The President and heads of Departments ought to be near\n            Congress, but they cannot be long remote from their offices, and a removal of the public\n            offices for one session would be in many ways an evil. Lastly\u2014The less the President in\n            such case departs from the preestablished course, the less room there will be for\n          All these reasons would operate in favor of German town, if competent only to the momentary accommodation of Congress. Mr Peters & some other\n            gentlemen affirm that it is. I have myself great doubt on the point, and I have not had\n            time to examine, but I cannot help paying deference to the opinion of\n            those who assert it\u2019s competency.\n          There is, however, another consideration not unworthy of attention. Experience seems to\n            decide satisfactorily that there would be due safety at Germantown; but it is very\n            probable, this would not appear to be the case to the members generally. The alarm\n            appears to be greatest in proportion as you go furthest from the seat of the disease.\n            Yet I should hope the Presidents recommendation stating the fact\n            as evidenced by experience would appease the apprehensions of the parties concerned.\n          If Germantown should not be found adequate, on the score of accommodation, Trenton,\n            Reading, Lancaster & Wilmington are the places which present themselves to choice as\n            most eligible. Nothing more notherly or southerly ought to be thought of. A place in\n            Pennsylvania will best please the Pennsylvanians. They would be very jealous of Trenton,\n            and they would have some, tho\u2019 less jealousy of Wilmington. Lancaster would afford\n            better accommodations than Reading. Wilmington would I apprehend be the most agreeable\n            of these places to Congress.\n          But I am, upon the whole, of opinion that it will be best to make Germantown do if\n            possible. It will be time enough to decide when you arrive\u2014and the interval will be\n            employed to examine the ground.\n          Mrs Hamilton & myself are very sensible to the obliging interest you have\n            manifested on our recovery. Exercise & Northern air have restored us beyond\n            expectation. We are very happy that Mrs Washington & yourself escaped. I have the\n            honor to remain &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0197", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Ludwell Lee and Roger West, 24 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lee, Ludwell,West, Roger\n            Gentlemen,\n            Mount Vernon 24 Octor 1793.\n          The address of the Landholders & Inhabitants of Fairfax County, forwarded to me by\n            you, has been received.\n          It is a source of much pleasure to me to find my Fellow Citizens of\n            Fairfax among those spirited republicans of the United States, who declare to the world\n            their firm determination to support the Government they have chosen for themselves,\n            & to oppose with manly resolution any attempts to weaken the public confidence\n            therein, or to interrupt the repose they now enjoy, or a state of peace to which their\n            interest & happiness are so closely allied.\n          In fulfilling the duties which are attendant on the trust with which my Country men\n            have honored me, my highest gratification is in meriting & receiving their approving\n            voice; I therefore request you to communicate to the Citizens of Fairfax the pleasure I\n            derive from their approbation of my public conduct, and to assure them of my constant\n            and unremitted attention to the promotion of the prosperity and happiness of my Fellow\n            Citizens of these States.\n            Go. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0199-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Nicholas Lewis, 24 October 1793\nFrom: Lewis, Nicholas\nTo: Washington, George\n              Albemarle [Va.] October 24th, 1793\n            I have the Honour, to transmitt You Sundry Resolves entered into by a considerable\n              proportion of the Inhabitants of the County of Albemarle, & I\n              have Sir assumed thus far in conformity to the last of Said enclosed Resolutions. I am\n              Sir With great respect your very Humble Servt\n              Nicholas Lewis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0200", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James Madison, 24 October 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\n          Your letter of the 14th instant did not arrive till sunday night, and being not then at home, I did not receive it till last\n            night. I now lose not a moment in complying with its request; tho\u2019 I foresee it cannot\n            reach you before you will have left Mount Vernon, and before you will probably have made\n            up a final determination on some if not on all the questions proposed. These are\n          1. Ought the President to summon Congress at a time and place to be named by him?\n          2. If the President has no power to change the place, ought he to abstain from all\n            interposition whatever? or\n          3. Ought he to notify the obstacle to a meeting at Philadelphia, state the defect of a\n            regular provision for the exigency, and suggest his purpose of repairing to  as\n            a place deemed most eligible for a meeting in the first instance?\n          4. What is the place liable to fewest objections?\n          From the best investigation I have been able to make in so short a time, the first\n            expedient, tho\u2019 most adequate to the exigency, seems to require an authority that does\n            not exist under the Constitution and laws of the U. States.\n          The only passage in the Constitution in which such an authority could be sought is that\n            which says \u201cThe President may, on extraordinary occasions, convene\n            both Houses, or either of them.\u201d  But the obvious\n            import of these terms is satisfied by referring them to the time only at which the\n            extraordinary meeting is summoned. If indeed they included a discretion as to the place\n            as well as the time, it would be unnecessary to recur to the expedient of altering the\n            time in order to get at an alteration of the place. The President could as well alter\n            the place without interfering with the time, as alter the time without interfering with\n            the place. Besides; the effect of a change as to place would not be in all respects\n            similar to a change as to time. In the latter case, an extraordinary session running\n            into the period of an ordinary one, would allow the ordinary one to go on under all the\n            circumstances prescribed by law. In the former case, this would not happen. The ordinary\n            part of the Session would be held out of the place prescribed for it\u2014unless prevented by\n            a positive act for returning to it.\n          The obvious meaning here assigned to the phrase is confirmed by other parts of the\n            Constitution. It is well known that much jealousy has always appeared in every thing\n            connected with the residence of the General Government. The solicitude of the\n            Constitution to appease this jealousy is particularly marked by the 1st paragraph of\n            section 6th & the 3d paragraph of section 7th of article I. The light in which these\n            paragraphs must be viewed cannot well be reconciled with a supposition that it was meant\n            to entrust the Executive alone with any power on that subject.\n          Laying aside the Constitution and consulting the law, the expedient seems to be no less\n            inadmissible. The act of July 1790 \u201cestablishing the temporary & permanent seat of\n            the Government of the U.S.\u201d cannot be understood to leave any such power in the\n            President. And as the power, if exercised so as to interfere with the provision relating\n            to the temporary seat, might beget an alarm lest, in the hands of a President unfriendly\n            to the permanent seat, it should be turned on some pretext or other against that\n            arrangement, prudential reasons unite with legal ones, for avoiding the precedent.\n          The 2d mode of treating the difficulty would seem to be best, if the danger at German\n            Town were out of the way. A voluntary resort to that place might be relied on; and the\n            members of the Legislature finding themselves together and with the President, might legalize the necessary steps, or if that should be thought wrong\n            might deliberate and decide for themselves on the emergency. But as the danger might\n            defeat such an expectation, it results that,\n          The 3d expedient is called for by the occasion; and being sufficient, is all that can\n            be justified by it.\n          The 4th point to be considered is the delicate one of naming the place.\n          In deciding this point, it would seem proper to attend first to\n            the risk of the infection. This consideration lies, as you observe, against Trenton\n            & Wilmington: secondly, to Northern and Southern jealousies.\n            This applies to N. York and Annapolis: thirdly, to the\n            disposition of Pennsylvania, which is entitled to some regard, as well by her calamity,\n            as by the circumstance of her being in possession of the Government.\n          In combining these considerations we are led to look for some place within the State of\n            Pennsylvania not materially different from Philada in relation to North and South.\n            Lancaster and Reading appear to have occurred. With the former I am but little\n            acquainted. The latter I never saw. If the object of the Executive should be merely to\n            put Congress in the most neutral situation possible for chusing a place for themselves,\n            as would have been the case at German Town, Reading seems to have the better\n            pretensions. If the object should be to provide a place at once marking an impartiality\n            in the Executive, and capable of retaining Congress during the Session, Lancaster seems\n            to claim a preference.\n          If the measure which my present view of the subject favors, should be deemed least\n            objectionable, something like the following form might be given to it.\n          \u201cWhereas a very dangerous and infectious malady which continues to rage in the City of\n            Philada renders it indispensable that the approaching Session of Congress should be\n            held, as well as the Executive Department be for the present administered, at some other\n            place: And whereas no regular provision exists for such an emergency; so that unless\n            some other place be pointed out, at which the members of Congress may assemble in the\n            first instance, great embarrasments may happen: Under these peculiar circumstances I\n            have thought it incumbent on me to notify the obstacle to a meeting of Congress at the\n            ordinary place of their Session; and to recommend that the several\n            members assemble at  in the State of  at which place I shall be ready to\n          With sentiments of the highest respect and attachment I remain, Dear Sir, your\n            affectionate humble servant\n            Js Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0201-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 24 October 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n              Spencer\u2019s [Germantown, Pa.] October 24. 1793.\n            My messenger, who carried into Philadelphia yesterday the letter, which I had the\n              honor of addressing to you at Baltimore, brought from\n              the post-office your favor of the 14th instant. It is but lately, that I could procure\n              an intercourse with it: but he will go in again tomorrow, in order to convey this\n              letter, and receive any others, which you may have thought proper to write to me.\n            I have travelled over the subject of your interposition as to the place for the next\n              session of congress: but have not been able to complete my remarks on paper. They will\n              be ready at your arrival at German-Town. In the mean time, I beg leave to suggest the\n              result of my reflections, as being adverse to a call of congress from the executive.\n              It seems to be unconstitutional. It is also unnecessary at this moment; for if the two\n              houses should happen to meet within the limits of Philadelphia on\n              the first monday in december, they may adjourn to some other place: if they do not\n              meet, then the President will stand justified to convene them; inasmuch as a failure\n              to meet in the present posture of public affairs on the appointed day will, by\n              producing a well-grounded apprehension, that they may not assemble for a long time, of\n              itself create an \u201cextraordinary occasion\u201d. Some days may be\n              lost, if the members may not have come into the neighbourhood; but not many more, than\n              by an adjournment of their own to a new place. By my mode the object will be\n              accomplished in an easy and natural course: by a summons from the President serious\n              discontents may be excited.\n            I ought however to inform you, sir, that the governor of Pennsylvania, (whose\n              authority is, so far as the constitution of this state goes, nearly the same with\n              yours,) will probably call his legislature a few days before the regular meeting to\n              German Town, instead of Philadelphia. Mr Dallas thinks, that he may do so with safety;\n              but the question is to be submitted to the attorney-general. He tells me, that Mr Rawle is of opinion, that altho\u2019 you\n              should convene congress, they must assemble in the first instance at Philadelphia. I\n              intended to have consulted with him and Mr Lewis; but having heard from Major Lenox,\n              that Colo. Hamilton came home last night, I shall postpone going over to them until I\n              can converse with him. But in pursuance of your instruction, I inclose, what appears\n              to be a proper proclamation, if my sentiments should unfortunately not accord with\n              your decision.\n            Concerning the place; I can with certainty give you the characters of such of the\n              towns in this state, as you have named. German Town cannot accommodate congress with\n              tolerable satisfaction; it will be surcharged with the assembly and congress together;\n              it is not willing to enter upon the task; and a great part of the very furniture,\n              which would be used, would be drawn from Philadelphia itself\u2014I called at Reading on\n              saturday last; and Judge Rush, who lives there asserted, and I believe from my\n              examination, with truth, that it could not accommodate congress. The public building might answer well enough, but if the\n              President should carry them to a place, where houserooom and supplies would be scanty,\n              because the demand is unexpected, multitudes would feel sore\u2014Lancaster is able and\n              willing to provide for congress in every shape; and I hope to\n              receive in a day or two a statement of the arrangements, which can be made for their\n              reception. In this place the Pennsylvania members will concur, and probably in no\n              other out of Philadelphia. It is an universal persuasion, that, unless Lancaster be\n              chosen, New-York will be revisited by congress\u2014Your observation on Annapolis is too\n              striking not to command an instantaneous assent. Wilmington and Trenton, besides being\n              thoroughfares, are beyond the limits of Pennsylvania, who thinks herself intitled by a\n              kind of compact to retain the temporary seat of government within its own bosom.\n            There can be no doubt of several persons dying in, and about German Town, with the\n              yellow fever.\n            Dr Rush has written to Dr Shippen, that he may advertize for the commencement of the\n              medical lectures about the first day of december; as the disorder has abated. This may be the case; but many discerning men think\n              differently. I have the honor, sir, to be, with the highest respect, and true\n              attachment yr mo. ob. serv.\n              Edm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0201-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Draft for \u201cA Proclamation By the President of the United States\u201d, 24 October 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n            Whereas the situation of public affairs requires, that the ensuing session of\n              congress should not be postponed beyond the first monday in december next, being the\n              day appointed by the constitution of the United States for the assembling thereof; and\n              there is reason to doubt, whether the city of Philadelphia, the temporary seat of\n              government, which for some time past hath laboured under a contagious fever, may on that day be fit for their\n              reception: I do therefore, by virtue of the power, in me vested by the said\n              constitution, to convene congress on extraordinary occasions, by these presents\n              convene the senate and house of representatives of the United States, at  in\n              the state of  on the  day of  next: And I do accordingly\n              hereby notify to the members of the said senate and house of representatives\n              respectively, then and there to attend for the dispatch of legislative business.\n            Given under my hand, and the seal of the United States this  day of \n              in the year of our lord 1793 and of Independance the seventeenth.\n              Qu: Altho\u2019 the above is in the best form, which occurs to me, does it not exhibit\n                many objections to the thing itself, if it be really the best form?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0202", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Sandwich, 25 October 1793\nFrom: Sandwich, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n            Fruit Hill Columbia County Georgia 25th Oct. 1793\n          I had the honor of addressing you the 18th instant from Wrightsboro\u2019 being then on a\n            journey but least any accident shod happen to that Letter\u2014I beg to repeat my observes\n            that fumigating with Tobacco will stay the effects of the present\n            dreadful disorder\u2014This was done during the plague of London & the Tobacconists shops\n            were all exempt.\n          The steam from Vinegar with rue steeped in it is used whereever the Goal distemper is\n            suspected to raje. I have the honor to subscribe sr. Your very Obdt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0203-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edward Stevens, 25 October 1793\nFrom: Stevens, Edward\nTo: Washington, George\n              Culpeper [Va.] October 25th: 1793\n            Inclosed are some Resolutions which the Yeomanry of the County of Culpeper have\n              lately entered into, and which they have enjoined on me to Transmit to you. I am with\n              the highest Respect Sir Your very Obedt hum: Servt\n              Edward Stevens. Chairman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0203-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Resolutions from Culpeper County, Virginia, Citizens, 21 October 1793\nFrom: Culpeper County, Virginia, Citizens\nTo: Washington, George\n              Culpeper County [Va.] 21st day of October 1793\n            At a meeting of the Yeomanry of Culpeper County, at the Courthouse on Monday the 21st\n              day of October 1793. the following resolutions were\n            Resolved 1st That all attempts to Subvert the federal Government or violate its\n              principals ought to be firmly and vigorously resisted.\n            2. That a continuation of the union between France and America is necessary to the\n              existance of the liberties of both: all measures therefore which may be or have been\n              adopted for the purpose of exciting a prejudice against the French nation or the\n              Citizens of France are dangerous to the welfare of America, and are injurious to the\n              cause of liberty.\n            3. That it is the interest of the united States to promote peace and harmony with all\n              nations by just and honourable means and that the executive authority ought to be\n              supported in the excercise of its constitutional powers for enforcing the laws.\n            4. That the patriotic wisdom and tried virtue of the president of the united states\n              Entitle him to the highest confidence as well as lasting gratitude of his country to\n              whose present peace liberty and happiness he has so largely contributed.\n            5. That we are attached to the federal Government, that we are attached to peace so\n              long as it can be maintained on honourable grounds, that we are attached to the French\n              nation and feel a disposition to render them every service consistant with existing\n              treaties, that we hate monarchies and more intimate connexions with them as productive\n              of the worst of evils. Attest,\n              Robt W. Peacock\n              Edward Stevens Chairman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0205", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Francis Willis, Jr., 25 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Willis, Francis Jr.\n            Mount Vernon 25th Octr 1793\n          Your letter of the 4th of Augt had to go to Phila. & come back, before I received\n          The mistakes which have happened respecting the Negros of the late Mrs Saml Washington\n            are somewhat singular; and it is not a little surprizing after the first mistake had\n            happened, and so much pains had been taken to account for, & set it right, that now after a lapse of five or Six years the whole matter should\n            assume quite a different face. it should be Discovered at this late hour that that lady\n              herself had no right to the Negros. which, by the bye, I\n            believe possession alone wd have given her.\n          If I had ever intended to avail my self of the Law for my own\n            benefit (which made me heir to those Negros) I would not have relinquished my claim\n            without a thorough investigation of the subject of defective title. For presuming tha\u27e8t\u27e9\n            all Law is founded in equity and being under a conviction tha\u27e8t if\u27e9 Mrs Washington had\n            survived her husb\u27e8and\u27e9 she would have released nothing to which she would have been\n            entitled by law, I saw no injustice or impropriety upon the ground of reciprocity of\n            receiving for my Brother\u2019s Children that which in the other case would have been taken\n            from them\u2014But not having finally resolved in my own Mind (as you may readily infer from\n            my long silence) whether to take from Mrs Washington\u2019s family for the benefit of my\n            Brothers only daughter (who from the involved State of his Affairs had left her by his\n            Will a very small pittance; and the obtainment of that, even doubtful) the whole, or\n            only part of what the law entitled me to, I let the matter rest til your second letter\n            had revived the Subject.\n          I now, in order to close the business finally, have come to the following conclusion.\n            Pay me one hundd pounds which I shall give to my Niece for her immediate support, and I\n            will quit claim to all the Negro\u2019s which belonged to Mrs Saml\n            Washington, & will releas\u27e8e\u27e9 them accordingly\u2014I am", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0206", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Cowper, 26 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Cowper, John\n          I have in my possession a bond of yours, assigned to me by Mr Jno. Lewis, for\n            \u00a3146.13.4d\u2014payable with interest the 18. day of may last. I should be glad if you would\n            cause it to be discharged as soon as convenient, as I am in want of the money.\n          Tomorrow I shall leave this for the vicinity of Philada. the money may be sent by any\n            of the Delegates of this State; or in any other manner more convenient to yourself. I am\n            Go. Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0207", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Francis Mercer, 26 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Mercer, John Francis\n            Mount Vernon 26. October 1793.\n          Since my arrival at this place from Philada the attachmt of which the enclosed is a\n            copy has been served upon me. I wish to be informed by you how I am to proceed in this\n            business, & what steps, if any, are necessary to be taken by me in consequence\n              thereof. Notwithstanding the directions you have\n            given to the contrary, there rarely comes a Collector who does not\n            present (mingled with my own) Clerk\u2019s notes on accot of your brother\u2019s Estate, &\n            these, in my absence, are paid by my Manager. I hope your orders will be so pointed in\n            future as to prevent any more coming against me, or my being subject to the paymt of\n            monies for which I receive no benefit.\n          I brought the bond of your deceased Father, & the Mortgage of your brother with me\n            from Philada for the purpose of surrendering them to you when the conveyance of the Land\n            to me is made complete; & I beg to know from you whether my signature to that\n            instrument (as it is so drawn) is, in the opinion of professional men, necessary. I shall not appear too pressing I hope to get this\n            business finally closed when, besides the desire natural to me to leave nothing open\n            that can be settled, it has become necessary, that I may take some measures with respect", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0210", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Pearce, 27 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pearce, William\n            Mount Vernon 27th Oct. 1793.\n          Your letter of the 19th came duly to hand. Tomorrow I leave this for Philadelpa or the\n            vicinity of it; where, when you have occasion to write to me, direct your letters.\n          As you seemed to be in doubt whether a proper character could be engaged in the part of\n            the Country you live in, to look after my Negro Carpenters; and (having much work to do\n            in their way, & not being willing to leave matters at an uncertainty, I have engaged\n            the person who superintends them at present to look after them another year. He is a\n            good workmen himself, and can be active; but has little authority (I ought to have said\n            command, for I have given him full authority) over those who are entrusted to him\u2014and as\n            he is fond of drink, tho\u2019 somewhat reformed in this respect, I place no great confidence\n            in him. He has, however, promised so to conduct himself, as that there shall be no cause\n            for complaint\u2014I thought it was better, therefore, to engage him than to run any\n              hazard. I have engaged no person to look after the\n            house People, Ditchers &ca in place of the one now occupied in that business; and\n            unless a very active & spirited man could be had, it will scarcely be essential\n            while you reside at the mansion house yourself. The old Man that is employed in this\n            business is, I believe, honest, sober, well meaning, and in somethings knowing; but he\n            wants activity & spirit; and from not being accustomed to Negros, in addition\n            thereto; they are under no sort of awe of him\u2014of course do as they please. His wages are\n              low, Twenty pounds pr Ann. only\u2014Under this statement of the case\n            you may do as shall seem best to yourself. If he is to go, he ought to know it\n            seasonably: his time is up at Christmas; & nothing betwn us has past either as to\n            his going, or staying.\n          I shall, before you remove, or by the time you may arrive at Mount Vernon; give you\n            full directions, & my ideas upon the several points which may, between this &\n            then, occur to me. In all things else you must pursue your own judgment, having the\n            great outlines of my business laid before you.\n          After having lived the ensuing winter at the Mansion house you will be better able to\n            decide than at the present moment, how far your convenience, my interest, and indeed\n            circumstances, may render your removal to the other place more eligable. I shall readily\n            agree to either. Materials are now providing for building a house for Mr Crow; whose\n            house it was first proposed you should live in for him to remove to. There are a great\n            number of Negro children at the Quarters belonging to the house people; but they have\n            Always been forbid (except two or 3 young ones belonging to the Cook, & the Mulatto\n            fellow Frank in the house, her husband; both of whom live in the Kitchen) from coming\n            within the Gates of the Inclosures of the Yards, Gardens &ca, that they may not be\n            breaking the Shrubs, and doing other mischief; but I believe they are often in there\n            notwithstanding: but if they could be broke of the practice it would be very agreeable\n            to me, as they have no business within; having their wood, Water, &ca at their own\n            doors without.\n          The season has been remarkably sickly, generally, but my family, except a few slight\n            touches of the intermittant fever\u2014chiefly among the blacks\u2014have shared less of it, than\n            I find from report, has been felt in most other places. I am Your friend &ca\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0211", "content": "Title: To George Washington from \u201cA Citizen of Virginia\u201d, 28 October 1793\nFrom: Citizen of Virginia\nTo: Washington, George\n          The question, no doubt, has often occurred to you; \u201cwhere will the Congress meet\u201d? \u201cby\n            their adjournment,\u201d which is law to them, at Philadelphia; but, by a physical necessity,\n            more injurious, than law itself, at Philadelphia, they cannot meet. you, Sir, as\n            President of the United States, by the impolitic and narrow jealousy of the\n            Constitution, have a right to convene Congress; but, not to appoint the place. but, in\n            this instance, the Salus populi, which is literally at Stake, is the suprema lex, &\n            must prevail. the crying necessity not only suspends the law, but, quoad hoc, rides over\n            the constitution & tramples it underfoot. clear as this is, still you may feel\n            yourself under a dilemma, because illiberal cant & prompt opposition never suffer an\n            occasion to escape, that affords an opportunity of exercising petulance, &\n            vociferating abuse\u2014to offer to you advice, who, no doubt, will adopt the fittest\n            expedient, may seem presuming; I have therefore suppressed my name, which, at your\n            desire, shall nevertheless be communicated. The expedient, I would with all deference to\n            your better judgement recommend, is, \u201cto write a circular letter to each member of\n            Congress, setting forth the difficulty of the case, (if there be in truth any in it)\n            & proposing different places for their choice, Alexandria, George Town Baltimore,\n            Annapolis, New york, or any other that you may please to enumerate, in order to extract\n            from each of them an opinion of the properest place; & whichever place the majority\n            fixed on, at that place let them be convened\u201d\u2014this may be done by Proclamation, and\n            shelter the executive from any charge of infracting the Constitution, by the assumption\n            of powers, not warranted by the Constitution\u2014should this proposal meet with your\n            approbation, there will be just time enough, to carry it into execution, for, from this\n            day there are five weeks, before the meeting of Congress.\n          Your goodness and condescension will excuse this obtrusion of my sentiments on you,\n            even if they be erroneous, from my supposing a constitutional embarrassment where there\n            is none, & impute it to my zeal, \u201cto suggest any expedient in this crisis,\u201d which my\n            weak Judgement leads me to suppose, may in any the smallest degree, tend to the\n            facilitation of government\u2014with every Consideration of respect &\n            esteem for your private & public Character I remain your fellow Citizen\u2014&\n            faithful Servant\u2014\n            \u201cA Citizen of Virginia\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0213", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Timothy Pickering, 28 October 1793\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Washington, George\n          I have the pleasure to inform you that the mortal fever which has raged in this city,\n            is prodigiously reduced. A fortnight ago, from 10 to 14 were daily buried in Friends\u2019 burying ground: but in the last Five days only three in the whole have been buried there.\n            Among the German Lutherans, the reduction appears by the following list\u2014\n          Of the burials among Friends, half were not of their society: but\n            permission was obtained to bury in their ground.\n          Last night we had a frost: I found ice in my yard the 5th of an inch thick. We may\n            expect a continuance or frequent repetition of Frost, which must destroy the contagion.\n            The rapid decrease of the sickness within a few days, well warrants that conclusion.\n            Nevertheless, I am of my first opinion, that it will not be expedient for you to come to\n            the city yet: tho\u2019 divers of the inhabitants are returning.\n          Not having been informed whether a house has been provided for you in the\n            neighbourhood, I shall ride to-day or to-morrow to see Mr Peters about it. I hope by the\n            next post to inform you that the provision is made.\n          Shops are opening, business increasing, and the countenances of the citizens look\n          I am happy to communicate such pleasing news; and remain most respectfully sir, your\n            most h\u2019ble servant\n            Timothy Pickering", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0215-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure I: Philip and Anthony Filicchi to the Governor of Leghorn, 21 October 1793\nFrom: Filicchi, Philip,Filicchi, Anthony\nTo: Governor of Leghorn\n            We have the Honor to lay before Your Eccelency a Copy of the Certificate of the Oath\n              taken in New York by every Individual of the Crew of the American Brig the Minerva (as\n              well as the Extract of the Articles of Navigation, by which every Seaman who without\n              leave of the Captain is absent from the Vessel for the space of 48 Hours loses every\n              right to claim his Wages). Alexander Haterton Mariner\n              having incurred this penalty has enter\u2019d into His Britannic Majesty\u2019s service on board\n              of the Frigate the Meleager. Several days after an Officer of the said Frigate came to\n              demand the Man\u2019s Wages, declaring moreover that he would in this Port take away by\n              force from the said Brig Minerva that navigates under the Colours of the United States\n              of America, the Mate, & one, or two more Men whom he asserts to be born in\n              England, not valuing that these People having been since naturalized Americans have\n              volontarily given up the Privelege of being consider\u2019d as Englishmen.\n            Lest a violence of this kind should take place in spite of the Laws, We, to whom the\n              Vessel is consign\u2019d, have thought it our Duty to have recourse to the Protection of\n              Your Eccelency, & the more so, as the Vessel would be\n              disabl\u27e8ed\u27e9 to proceed in her intended Voyage, if the Threats of the English Officer\n              were to be realiz\u2019d, as there being no American Sailors to be found in Leghorn, the\n              Captain would be oblig\u2019d to take Foreigners, who would be liable to be taken away from\n              him when at Sea, & lose thus both Vessel & Cargo. General Washington will be\n              pleas\u2019d to find that even without the assistance of an American Consul, notice has\n              been taken of his Circular in which he requests protection for the American\n                Colours. We remain with the greatest respect Your\n              Eccellency\u2019s Most humble & obt Servts\n              Philip & Anty Filicchi", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0216", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Gouverneur Morris, 29 October 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Washington, George\n          I take the liberty of introducing to the acquaintance of General Washington a person\n            highly deserving of his Notice: Monsieur de Volney who will have the Honor to deliver\n            this letter goes out to acquire in America an Addition to his Stock of knowledge. His Conversation equally pleasing and instructive will I\n            trust agreably relax some of your careful Hours. I am happy in the opportunity he gives\n            me of presenting him and of assuring you of my Esteem and respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0219", "content": "Title: To George Washington from J. Des Moulins, 1 November 1793\nFrom: Moulins, J. Des\nTo: Washington, George\n          Letter not found: from J. Des Moulins, 1 Nov. 1793. On 6 Jan. 1794, Moulins wrote to GW: \u201cI\n            humbly presume to remind your Excellency, of . . . a long Letter from Wilmington on the\n            1st of last Novr.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0220", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 2 November 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n          The attorney general of the United States has the honor of submitting to the President\n            of the United States the following considerations on the power and\n            propriety of convening congress to a place, different from the city of Philadelphia.\n          The constitution declares, that \u201cneither house, during the session of congress, shall,\n            without the consent of the other, adjourn for more, than three days, nor to any other\n            place, than that, in which the two houses shall be sitting.\u201d \n          The residence-act directs, that the session \u201cof congress next ensuing the present (that\n            is the session in July 1790) shall be held\u201d in the city of Philadelphia; and the adjourning order of both houses, at the close of every\n            session, since they began to sit in Philadelphia, has made no mention whatsoever of place.\n          Hence it is correct to infer, not only that Philadelphia was the place, intended by\n            congress for their next session; but also, that the constitution and residence-act have\n            rendered that city, at least until the year 1800, the constant place of session; unless\n            it be changed in some constitutional way.\n          How can such a change be effected?\n          By a new law, a concurrent vote of both houses, even without the intervention of the\n            President, or by a summons from the President.\n          The past conduct of the legislature shews their opinion of their own power, to fix a\n            temporary place for the session of congress. If it were now a question, whether by a new\n            law the permanent seat of government might be altered, much could\n            be urged in opposition upon constitutional grounds. But the temporary seat stands upon a\n            less solemn basis.\n          Had the constitution been silent as to the place for the sessions of congress, they\n            would have possessed inherently a right to assemble, wheresoever they pleased. But it is\n            more than silent: it recognizes that right; and restricts it in no respect, until the\n            permanent seat shall be established. For the temporary is not contemplated by the\n            constitution\u2014it makes no part of the ten miles square\u2014it requires no cession from\n            particular states\u2014it is liable to no exclusive legislation. It is true indeed, that the\n            temporary seat was said out of doors, at the time of the passing of the residence-act,\n            to be a condition of the permanent: that is, Pennsylvania was to enjoy the benefit of\n            congress until the year 1800, as preliminary to the final position on Potomack. Be this\n            as it may, the judgment must turn upon the rules of construction. These inform us no\n            where of this supposed condition: in 1800, the government is to be\n            transferred to the f\u0153deral city, without regard to any place, from which it is to go; and after 1800, the public offices attached to the seat\n            of government, will absolutely cease to be exercised elsewhere.\n          It may therefore be concluded, that by a new law, congress may\n            choose a new spot for the temporary seat of government.\n          Nor does the residence-act abridge the power of the two houses to adjourn to a\n            different place, even without the consent of the President; or in other words, they may\n            so adjourn by a mere vote, instead of a formal law. For, altho\u2019 it is thereby\n            established, that the offices, attached to the seat of government, among which is\n            comprehended that of President, are to remain at Philadelphia; it is practicable for\n            congress, notwithstanding the inconvenience, to carry on their business, without the\n            presence of those offices, with all their papers, or more than\n            are necessary for the matters immediately in hand.\n          In like manner may the place be varied, whensoever an extraordinary occasion shall\n            arise, which justifies the President to convene congress. It must be admitted, that he\n            will generally find the last place of session most proper for their meeting on his call:\n            Yet if the last place must be adhered to at all events, the power of convening may be\n            often annihilated in substance. For example: the extraordinary occasion may consist in a\n            foreign invasion; and the last place of session may be in the hands of the enemy. In\n            such a case, the President may surely mark out both time and place. If therefore an\n            extraordinary occasion may sometimes signify place, as well as time; the President,\n            being the judge of the nature of that occasion, may name the place, according to his\n            discretion, as soon as he has decided the time.\n          Between the act of the two houses, and his own interposition, the President will be\n            compelled to elect; should the misfortune of Philadelphia continue to oppress it; and\n            indeed it ought rather to be said, that this is the moment for determining, whether he\n            will leave the place for the next session to the will of congress in the first instance,\n            or will now convene them to a place of his own choice.\n          The objections appear so strong against the latter expedient, as to give a clear\n            preference to the former. What are extraordinary occasions, are left to the decision of\n            the President; who may pronounce definitively and without controul upon them. No individual, nor either body of legislation can refuse to comply with\n            the summons. This power therefore, like all others of a supreme nature, ought to be\n            exercised with caution.\n          It would be impossible to enumerate every species of extraordinary occasion. The most\n            obvious definition would be such a situation of public affairs, as requires the meeting\n            of congress at an earlier day, than that, on which they would meet of course. For if\n            they were bound by their own adjournment, or by the operation of the constitution, or of\n            some law, to meet sooner than, or as soon as, they could assemble under a call from the\n            President, it would be in general inexpedient to superadd a call.\n          With this criterion of an extraordinary occasion, it may be asked, whether any exists\n            independent of the contagion? It cannot but be answered, that some such does exist. The\n            contagion then may be viewed under two aspects; either as a cause for calling congress,\n            or as a cause for changing the place of session. It might perhaps amount to a cause for\n            calling congress, if we were to advert, only to the expence of double public offices\u2014the\n            danger of keeping the public archives in so exposed a city, and a well grounded\n            reluctance in the President to be responsible for ordering them to another place, not\n            designated by, but contrary to law\u2014the difficulty to public creditors in procuring\n            payments from the treasury\u2014the propriety of legalizing many acts, concerning the revenue\n            performed at the custom-houses, removed, as they are, from the port of Philadelphia\u2014the\n            interruption to the sessions of the district courts, confined as they are by law to\n            Philadelphia; and to other topics, like these. But the\n            entire energy of them is taken away, when it is notorious, that congress will come\n            together, in pursuance of their own adjournment sooner than the President could collect\n          Undoubtedly the contagion may be a cause for changing the place of session. But how\n            wide is this idea from a cause for calling congress? It would approach to an absurdity\n            to contend, that the malignant fever in Philadelphia, by being a reason for congress,\n            (if they are to meet) meeting at some other place, is of itself a reason, why they\n            should meet. In fact, the extraordinary occasion must arise, before the place can be\n            thought of; for the power of fixing the place is not given to the President expressly, but merely as an incident to the great necessity, which\n            induces the President to convene congress. And this distinction deserves the more attention; as the constitution, while it suffers him to\n            interpose on a disagreement of the two houses as to time, has not submitted to his\n            umpirage their disagreement as to place.\n          And what harm can be done, by leaving things in their usual channel? Perhaps by the\n            first monday in december next, Philadelphia may be restored to health, and freed from\n            infection. It is possible, that on the appointed day a quorum of both houses may enter\n            its limits, and adjourn to some other spot, or be content to remain. If none of these\n            events should happen during the first day, then an extraordinary occasion will be\n            created. For the legislative concerns of the U.S. will not admit delay; and it will be\n            fairly presumable, that there will be no certainty of a session before a distant day. A\n            proclamation for convening congress may therefore issue immediately afterwards.\n          Upon the whole, It seems adviseable for the President not to convene congress now. This opinion may be fortified by other subordinate\n            considerations: the exercise of a doubtful power excites clamor\u2014some members nay a\n            majority may prefer Philadelphia under all its embarrassments\u2014it may be conceived to be\n            an unnecessary cruelty to that depressed city, as yet, to\n            transfer congress elsewhere.\n          If at length, however, a place must be selected by the President, he will probably ask\n            himself, whether he means it for a previous consultation of the members, or for the\n            absolute sitting of congress. For the former purpose, German Town is sufficiently\n            convenient. But it will not escape the President\u2019s observation, that this exercise of\n            authority will be so feeble, as to betray a suspicion, that he himself distrusts his\n            right to fix the place, and therefore consigns it to congress. Besides it may be easily\n            conceived, that the representations from the different states will be very\n            disproportionate at the commencement of the session; and it will be fortunate, if any\n            accidental majority should be deprived of the opportunity of rivetting an improper place\n            of session. Nay farther: if one place if countenanced for a moment by the President, it\n            will prevent every other place from making preparations; and then congress must go to\n            some large town, New-York or Baltimore, where they can be received at the shortest\n          But if instead of a place for previous consultation, the President should seek one\n            adapted to the full session, and Philadelphia be excluded, New-York, Trenton,\n            Wilmington, Baltimore, Annapolis, German-Town, Reading, and Lancaster\n            come into competition.\n          A general objection applies to the first five. They are out of Pennsylvania, which is\n            intitled by law, as the law now stands, and by equity too, to the temporary residence.\n            If this once passes into another state, its return will be very difficult; or if it\n            should return, a precedent will be established, which will press at a future day, with\n            great force, on the removal to the f\u0153deral city. It will be argued, that the\n            residence-act had no other sanction, than an ordinary law, since it could be so easily\n            dispensed with for the sake of a seeming public utility.\n          But against those five towns, individually taken, these things may be excepted.\n            New-York will awaken old jealousies, and may not be without her hauteur\u2014Trenton is a\n            thoroughfare; considerably exposed to infection, if it exists in Philadelphia; and from\n            its past pretentions to the seat of government in its neighbourhood may also agitate the\n            minds of some. If Wilmington is equal to congress, it is also a thoroughfare. Baltimore\n            and Annapolis would be to the Pennsylvanians, as odious, as New-York would be to the\n            friends of Potomack.\n          As to the towns in Pennsylvania, Lancaster is first in rank. It is able and willing to\n            accommodate. Reading, as Judge Rush asserts, cannot undertake such a task\u2014German Town,\n            in spite of all, that may be said, cannot accommodate congress satisfactorily. The timid\n            will shrink from the neighbourhood of Philadelphia, they may with reason apprehend the\n            return of the fever in the spring; and with certainty they may expect old beds and\n            furniture from Philadelphia, which remained in many infected houses. The fare and rooms\n            will be wretched; the distance, which the members will have to travel thro\u2019 unpaved\n            streets in a muddy season, will be dreadful; the high prices, which will be demanded by\n            the people for putting themselves out of the way, will disgust, when the entertainment\n            is so indifferent; the foreign ministers will be crouded into dirty hovels; and a place\n            of worship in the English language is scarcely to be found. These disadvantages cannot\n            be counterbalanced by access to the public offices; as the papers, wanting for congress\n            from them, may be put in a compass, not very bulky.\n          Altho\u2019 the foregoing sentiments are designed to dissuade the President, if he\n            interferes at all, from interfering in an indecisive manner; yet as\n            the sense of Several members as to the place will be known, it will no doubt be treated\n            with due respect.\n          However it will be a very questionable policy for the President to recommend to them,\n            even informally, any thing preliminary; because in his intercourse with public men on\n            public subjects, he ought to be seen only as a public man himself; and because the\n            steps, which the exigency of the moment may dictate, will be so obvious to the members,\n            that an intimation from him will be deemed useless, if not intrusive.\n          If any thing is permitted to be said, as from the President, by individuals to their\n            friends, ought it to go farther than this: that if from the appearance of things on the\n            second day it shall be proper to convene congress by a special act, he will do so, and\n            at a different place. This communication may serve to bring the members into the\n            neighbourhood.\n            Edm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0222", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 3 November 1793\nFrom: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\nTo: Washington, George\n            George Town 3d Novm. 1793\n          Colo. Hooe and Majr Ross\u2019s report, which they have inclosed you will inform you of the\n            result of their examination of our accounts; that with the Treasurer stands in the place\n            of a cash account, is accurate and authorized by our warrants, which are justified by\n            Vouchers\u2014these were all compared and did not take up two days\u2014The Gentlemen went farther\n            and have given a general state of Funds, this part is not so precise, it gives a general\n            Idea, and was added under an impression; that you might perhaps think proper to publish\n            it\u2014not that they urge it, and we have no desire at all that it should be done\u2014We have much more pleasure in being able to inform you, that we\n            have a prospect by negociations with the Banks, to keep in Credit till May, even if\n            Virginia should disappoint us; and then Mr Greenleaf\u2019s payment and Loan; if not\n            extended, coming on, things may be pushed with vigour a year longer.\n          We have concerned in an application for a chartered Bank on such a system that we hope\n            the City may be bennefitted by its Gaurrantee for the payment of Interest instead of the\n            deposit of productive Funds required by Dutch Capitalists. to give the out lines of the\n            whole would be too lengthy, but it appears to us a sober plan.\n          Permit us to request your order on Virginia for her last payment\u2014We are advised the\n            Taxe\u2019s are now coming in, and we wish to make the demand early in the Session. We are\n            Danl CarrollComrs\n            P.S. Colo. Deakins has just now receivd a Letter from Mr Hopkins informing him that\n              the executive of Virginia has granted an order on the Secretary of War for 10.000", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0223", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 3 November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n            Fair Hill [Pa.] Novembr 3d 1793.\n          Not having been in condition to attend you yesterday, and (though free from fever) yet\n            not being well enough to go abroad immediately, I have concluded to submit to you by a\n            line the result of my further reflections on the subject of my last letter.\n          I believe it will be altogether safe for the ensuing session of Congress to be held at\n            Philadelphia, and that the good of the public service requires it, if possible. Under\n            the existing prospect, I do not think it would be adviseable for the President to give\n            the business a different direction by any preliminary step. But as the apprehensions of\n            distant members will probably be too much alive it is desirable they should if possible\n            be brought into the vicinity of Philada some days before hand to\n            examine and judge for themselves. It is likely they will then be satisfied that they can\n            safely sit in the City. If otherwise, their sentiments concerning another place can be\n            collected as a guide to the President.\n          To effect this end I would advise that circular letters be written (say by the Atty\n            General, the Secy of State not being here) to the respective members informally\n            recommending to them as on the part of the President to repair to Germantown and it\u2019s\n            vicinity some days not more than a week prior to the day for the meeting of Congress,\n            giving the reasons for this recommendation.\n          I prefer this to any public act, because there is an inconvenience in giving any sort\n            of formality to an unauthoritative proceeding.\n          An objection to the proceeding is that the remote southern members\n            cannot be reached in time but the answer to this is that they will probably come forward\n            of course to some neighbouring State, New York Delaware or Maryland, & letters for\n            them may be lodged in each. With true respect & attachment I have the honor to be\n            Alexr Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0224-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Observations on the Potomac River, 3 November 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Washington, George\n              Observations on the River Potomack\u2014the Country about it\u2014and the City of\n            The River Potomack forms a junction with the Bay of Chesapeak 150 miles from the Sea.\n              From thence to the head of tide-Water is about 160 miles.\n            \u201cThis River is 7\u00bd miles wide at its mouth; 4\u00bd at Nomony Bay; 3 at Aquia; 1\u00bd at\n              Hollowing-Point; 1\u00bc at Alexandria\u2014and the same from thence to the City of Washington,\n              which is within 3 miles of the head of tide Water. It\u2019s soundings are 7 fathoms at the\n              mouth; 5 at St Georges Island; 4\u00bd at Lower Matchodic; 3 at Swan\u2019s Point\u2014and the same\n              from thence to the City.\u201d (Mr Jeffersons Notes on Virginia)\n            From the Capes of the Chesapeak to the City of Washington is upwards of 300 miles;\n              but the navigation is easy and perfectly safe. [\u201c]A vessel of 1200 Hogsheads of\n              Tobacco has loaded at and sailed from Alexandria, and one of 700 at George Town\u2014which\n              is above the City.[\u201c] [(]Report of Committee[)]\n            At the City the water rises four feet in a common tide.\n            From the City of Washington to Cumberland, a flourishing town at the head of the\n              River, is about 230 miles as the River runs.\n            Early in life General Washington contemplated the opening of this River from tide\n              water to its source, so as to render it navigable for such vessels as were suitable\n              for carrying the produce of the Country to the shipping ports below. His public\n              employments in the part of the Country through which the Potomack and its branches\n              run, had given him a more complete knowledge of this River than almost any other man\n              possessed at that time and his mind was strongly impressed with its future importance.\n              But the period for undertaking a work of such magnitude had not yet arrived. The\n              Country was then but sparsely inhabited; Canals & Locks but little understood,\n              especially in America and but few men of property were willing to embark in an\n              undertaking, the cost of which they could not clearly calculate, and the profits of\n              which were to many doubtful. General Washington however kept the\n              object steadily in view, waiting until time & circumstances should enable him to\n              bring it forward with a prospect of success. The war with Great Britain took place\n              about the time when the importance of this object began to be understood and a\n              willingness to embark in it began to appear among men of property. Until the close of\n              that war nothing, however, could be attempted in the business. But no sooner had a\n              happy termination of it enabled General Washington to retire from his high public\n              station, than he resumed this object which had so long before occupied his mind. He\n              found Gentlemen of the first property and respectability in the neighbourhood of the\n              Potomack, both in Virginia & Maryland, ready to engage in the enterprize. In the\n              year 1784 a Company was formed for the purpose of removing the obstructions and\n              opening the navigation of the River from its source down to Tide-Water\u2014and an act of\n              incorporation passed by the Assemblies of Virginia & Maryland, authorizing the\n              Company to take the necessary measures for carrying into effect the objects for which\n              they were corporated\u2014and granting to them forever the tolls\n              which may arise therefrom; which tolls are fixed by the same law that empowers the\n              Company to undertake the business. The sum agreed upon to complete the navigation was\n              fifty thousand pounds sterling, divided into five hundred shares of one hundred pounds\n              each, to be paid by such instalments and at such times as the Directors of the Company\n              Shd find necessary for the prosecution of the work. Ten years were allowed to the\n              Company to finish the business.\n            The Company have prosecuted their work with great success; And, what is not common in\n              undertakings of this nature, they will complete it for something less than the sum\n              subscribed. The rate of toll being fixed, and knowing with some accuracy the quantity\n              of produce that is now brought by land from those parts of the Country which will of\n              course throw the same upon the River, they have a certainty of receiving a handsome\n              per Centage on their Capital in the first opening of the River (even without\n              calculating upon the articles which will be sent up the River)\u2014and the increase will\n              be almost incredible\u2014Those who know the Circumstances of the Country best, and some\n              who are not among the most sanguine with respect to the profits of this undertaking, have no doubt of the Capital\u2019s producing fifty per Cent\n              annually in less than ten years from the time of the Tolls commencing.\n            The principal work in completing the above mentioned navigation is at the Great\n              Falls, 14 miles above the City of Washington\u2014at the Little Falls 4 miles above said\n              City, and in clearing the River between these two falls. At the Great Falls the water\n              falls 72 feet in one mile and an half\u2014and at the Little Falls 36 feet 8 inches in\n              about two miles. At the former there will be 6 and at the latter 3 locks. The Locks at\n              the Little Falls will be finished this season and fit for use; those at the Great\n              Falls are in forwardness\u2014and with the clearing the bed of the River between the two\n              Falls, will be completed next year. This will finish the navigation of the main River\n              from Cumberland down to tide water, and enable the Company to receive the reward of\n              their expense & labour. Bateaux carrying from 150 to 200 barrels of flour already\n              pass from Cumberland to the Great Falls\u2014and many thousand barrels of flour have\n              actually been brought in boats to the latter place during the present year.\n            Besides the main River of the Potomack, its numerous & extensive branches offer\n              the prospect of transporting to the main River, and from thence to the Shipping ports,\n              an immense quantity of produce.\n            The following are the principal Streams which empty into the Potomack, above tide\n              water, and the distances to which they are navigable in their natural state, from\n              their conflux with the Potomack\u2014Patterson\u2019s Creek, which falls\n              into the River ten miles below Cumberland, is navigable twenty miles above its mouth;\n                The South Branch, seventeen miles below Cumberland, navigable\n              one hundred miles; Cape Capeon, sixty miles below, is navigable twenty miles; Connocochegue, ninety miles below, is navigable twenty four\n              miles; Opecan, one hundred & twenty five miles below, is\n              navigable twenty five miles from its mouth, and within a few miles of Winchester,\n              which, after Lancaster, is the largest inland town in the United States; The Shannandoah, one hundred & thirty miles below, runs into the\n              Country at right angles from the Potomack near two hundred miles\u2014and the navigation of\n              it for one hundred & fifty miles of that distance is but little interrupted: The\n              chief obstru[c]tion is where it enters the Potomack, and so trifling is that compared\n              with the great advantages of this noble branch, that its removal,\n              and clearing other parts, will not cost more than twenty five thousand dollars. The\n              Potomack Company have already made a beginning on this work. The Monocosy one hundred & fifty miles below Cumberland, is navigable thirty\n              miles above its mouth. This branch is within two miles of Frederick Town in Maryland,\n              one of the largest inland towns in the United States.\n            These several Streams as well as the main River, pass through a Country not exceded\n              in fertility of soil and salubrity of air by any in America, if by any in the World.\n              And no part of America can boast of being more healthy than the Potomack in\n            The number of inhabitants living in the several counties of Virginia & Maryland\n              which touch upon the Potomack or its Branches, amount to upwards of three hundred\n              thousand, according to the Census taken by order of the General Government in 1791.\n              They are all, or so nearly so that not one fiftieth part can be excepted, Cultivators\n              of the Soil. It is therefore easy to conceive that they must send an immense quantity\n              of Produce to the Shipping ports on the River. But still so extensive is the Country\n              through which the Potomack and its branches pass, that it is yet but thinly settled.\n              Its inhabitants are however very rapidly increasing as well by imigration as by the\n              natural course of population.\n            The Productions of the Country consist of Wheat\u2014Indian Corn or maize,\n              Rye\u2014Oats\u2014Tobacco\u2014Potatoes, Beans\u2014Peas\u2014and in short of every article that the best\n              farming lands are capable of producing. Hemp & Flax are cultivated here and yield\n              large quantities. The Land is rich in pasturage\u2014most parts of it admirably adapted to\n              sheep\u2014and a heavy growth of Timber fit for ship building, as well as for every other\n              purpose, is found here. There is near Cumberland, and within 10 or 12 miles of the\n              River, a tract of country that abounds with very large white pine trees suitable for\n              masts of Ships: some of these trees are from 5 to 6 feet diameter and run up one\n              hundred feet without a limb.\n            Slate, Marble, Freestone of the red & gray portland kind and Iron Ore are found\n              in abundance on the Banks of the River. Several large Iron works are already\n              established which furnish Bar Iron & Castings of an excellent quality. Limestone\n              abounds everywhere. Of coal too there is an inexhaustible quantity near Cumberland laying on the Banks of the River\u2014and in other parts at no\n              great distance from it; from whence in future not only all the towns and manufactories\n              on the River may be supplied; but it will become a capital article of exportation.\n            There is in the River a great plenty of very fine fish. Large quantities of shad and\n              Herrings are annually taken here and exported to the West Indies.\n            From the preceding observations it is easy to conceive that the Commerce of this\n              River cannot be inconsiderable: And a single view of the Situation upon which the City\n              of Washington is laid out, points out that spot as the most eligible on the River for\n              a large commercial town.\n            The City of Washington lays in Latitude 38_ 53\u2019 it is situate on the East side of the\n              Potomack about 4 miles from the head of tide water, and extends down the River nearly\n              four miles, to an angle which is formed by the junction of the Eastern Branch with the\n              Potomack; it then runs along the Eastern Branch for more than two miles. Its general\n              width is about one mile and three qua\u27e8rters.\u27e9\n            The Eastern Branch affords one of the finest harbours for Ships imaginable. It is\n              more than a mile wide at its mouth, and holds nearly the same width for almost the\n              whole distance to which the City extends upon it; it then narrows gradually to its\n              head, which is about ten miles from its conflux with the Potomack. The Channel of this\n              Branch lays on the side next the City; it has in all parts of it, as far as the City\n              extends, from 20 to 35 feet of Water. Above the City it is only navigable for small\n              craft. The Channel is generally so near the City that a wharf extended 40 or 50 feet\n              from the Bank will have water enough for the largest Ships to come & discharge or\n              receive their Cargoes. The land on each side of the Branch is sufficiently high to\n              secure shipping from any wind that blows. And one very important advantage which this\n              Branch has, as a harbour, over all extensive Rivers which freeze and are liable to be\n              broken up suddenly by freshes or land floods, is, that, on account of the short\n              distance to which it extends into the land, no rapidity of current is ever occasioned\n              by freshes; and while Vessels in the main River, if they should happen to be caught\n              there by the ice, are liable to receive great injury, and are sometimes totally lost\n              by it, those in the Branch lay in perfect security: it has also the advantage of being open some days earlier in the spring and later in the winter\n              than the main River at George Town and the upper parts of the City. The River\n              generally shuts up about Christmas and is open again the latter part of february or\n              very early in March. Sometimes there are only short interruptions by ice through the\n              winter\u2014and sometimes it happens that it is not closed so as to prevent the navigation\n              during the winter. This was the case last winter.\n            The main Channel of the Potomack opposite the City, running near the Virginia Shore,\n              that part of the City which lays on the Potomack has only a small Channel carrying\n              from 8 to 12 feet of water, until you come within about _ of a mile of George Town,\n              when the Channel turning between Mason\u2019s Island and the City, gives a depth of water\n              from 20 to 30 feet close in with the shore of the City. This renders the water lots\n              within that small space very valuable; for any ships that come up the River may here\n              lay within twenty yards of the City; and the Bateaux which bring the produce of the\n              Country down the River may at all times come here deep loaded as the\u27e8y\u27e9 come down,\n              whereas they could not go thus loaded down to the Eastern Branch, unless in very\n              smooth weather.\n            Before a particular description of the Spot &ca on which the City of Washington\n              is laid out, be given, it may not be improper to note the constitutional and legal\n              ground upon which the location of the City is made.\n            The Constitution of the United States grants to Congress the power \u201cto exercise\n              exclusive legislation in all cases whatsoever, over such district (not exceeding ten\n              miles square) as may by cession of particular States, and the acceptance of Congress,\n              become the seat of the Government of the United States.\u201d \n            In conformity with this Constitutional power the following Act was passed on the 16th\n            \u201cAn Act for establishing the temporary and permanent Seat of the Government of the\n              United States.\n            Section 1st Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United\n              States of America in Congress assembled, That a district of Territory, not exceeding\n              ten miles square, to be located as hereafter directed in the River Potomack, at some\n              place between the mouths of the Eastern Branch and Connogochegue, be, and the same is\n              hereby accepted for the permanent Seat of the Government of the\n              United States: Provided nevertheless, that the operation of the laws of the State\n              within such district shall not be affected by this acceptance, until the time fixed\n              for the removal of the government thereto, and until Congress shall otherwise by law\n            Sect. 2d And be it further enacted, that the President of the United States be\n              authorized to appoint, and by supplying vacancies happening from refusal to act or\n              other causes, to keep in appointment as long as may be necessary, three Commissioners,\n              who, or any two of whom, shall, under the direction of the President, survey, and by\n              proper metes and bounds define and limit a district of Territory, under the\n              limitations abovementioned; and the district so defined, limited & located, shall\n              be deemed the district accepted by this Act for the permanent Seat of the Government\n              of the United States.\n            Sect. 3d And be it enacted, That the said Commissioners or any two of them, shall\n              have power to purchase or accept such quantity of land on the eastern side of the said\n              River, within the said District, as the President shall deem proper for the use of the\n              United States; and according to such plans as the President shall approve, the said\n              Commissioners or any two of them, shall prior to the first monday in December, in the\n              year one thousand eight hundred, provide suitable buildings for the accommodation of\n              Congress, and of the President, and for the public Offices of the Government of the\n              United States.\n            Sect. 4. And be it enacted, That for defraying the expense of such purchases and\n              buildings, the President of the United States be authorized and requested to accept\n              grants of money.\n            Sect. 5. And be it enacted, That prior to the first Monday in December next, all\n              offices attached to the seat of the Government of the United States, shall be removed\n              to, and until the said first monday in December one thousand eight hundred, shall\n              remain at the City of Philadelphia, in the State of Pennsylvania, at which place the\n              session of Congress next ensuing the present shall be held.\n            Sect. 6. And be it enacted, That on the said first Monday in December in the year one\n              thousand eight hundred, the seat of the Government of the United States, shall, by\n              virtue of this Act, be transferred to the District and place aforesaid. And all\n              Offices attached to the seat of Government, shall accordingly be removed thereto by their respective holders, and shall, after the said day, cease to\n              be exercised elsewhere; and that the necessary expense of such removal shall be\n              defrayed out of the duties on imposts & tonnage, of which a sufficient sum is\n              hereby appropriated.\u201d \n            Upon examining the ground within the above described limits, and taking into\n              consideration all circumstances, the President fixed upon the spot upon which the City\n              has been since laid out, as the most proper for erecting the public buildings which\n              are authorized to be prepared by the foregoing Act.\n            But the Eastern Branch being made one of the boundaries within which the District of\n              ten miles square was to be laid out, an amendment of the preceding act was thought\n              necessary, so as to include a convenient part of the said Branch and the land of the\n              South Eastern side of it within the said District of ten miles square. A formal Act\n              for that purpose was accordingly passed on the third day of March 1791. By this means\n              the Commissioners were enabled so to lay off the District of ten miles square, that\n              the Centre thereof is made the centre of the spot on which the City is laid out as\n              nearly as the nature & form of the ground of the City will permit. The District of\n              ten Miles square thereby includes the River Potomack for 5 miles above & the like\n              distance below the middle of the City\u2014and extends into the State of Virginia about\n              three miles over the River.\n            The whole Area of the City consists of upwards of four thousand Acres. The ground is\n              on an average about forty feet above the water of the River. Altho\u2019 the whole taken\n              together appears to be nearly a level spot, yet it is found to consist of what may be\n              called wavy land\u2014and is sufficiently uneven to give many very extensive and beautiful\n              views from various parts of it, as well as to effectually answer every purpose of\n              cleansing and draining the City.\n            Two Creeks enter the City, one from the Main River, the other from the Eastern\n              Branch, and take such directions as to be made to communicate with each other by a\n              short Canal. By this means a water transportation for heavy Articles is opened into\n              the heart of the City.\n            No place has greater advantage of water either for the supply of the City or for\n              cleansing the streets than this ground. The most obvious source is from the head\n              waters of a Creek which seperates the City from George Town. This\n              Creek takes its rise in ground higher than the City, and can readily be conveyed to\n              every part of it. But the grand object for this purpose which has been contemplated by\n              those best acquainted with the Country hereabouts and the circumstances attending it,\n              and which has been examined with an eye to this purpose by good Judges, is the\n              Potomack. The water of this River above the Great Falls, 14 miles from the City, is\n              108 feet higher than the tide water. A small Branch, called Watt\u2019s Branch, just above\n              the falls, goes in a direction towards the City. From this Branch to the City a Canal\n              may be made (and the ground admits of it very well) into which the River, or any part\n              of it, may be turned and carried through the City. By this means the Water may not\n              only be carried over the highest ground in the City; but if necessary over the tops of\n              the Houses. This operation appears so far from being chimerical, that it is pronounced\n              by good judges, who have examined the ground through & over which it must pass,\n              that it might be effected for perhaps less money than it has and will cost the\n              Potomack Company to make the River Navigable at the Great & Little Falls\u2014and to\n              clear the bed of the River between them.\n            Should this be effected the produce of the Country will naturally be brought through\n              it, and the situation afforded thereby for Mills and Manufactories of every kind that\n              require the aid of Water, will be most excellent, and commensurate with any\n            The public buildings for the accommodation of the Congress and the President of the\n              United States are begun\u2014and progress with much spirit. They are on a scale equal to\n              the magnitude of the objects for which they are preparing\u2014and will, agreeably to the\n              plans which have been adopted, be executed in a style of architecture\n              chaste\u2014magnificent & beautiful. They will be built with beautiful white Stone\n              which is pronounced certainly equal if not superior to the best portland Stone, by\n              persons who have been long experienced in working the first quality of the Portland\n              Stone. The quantity of this Stone is fully equal to any demand that can arise for it.\n              That used for the public buildings is from an Island about 20 miles  below the City, which has been purchased by the\n              Commissioners, and from which, and a tract of land laying on the River in the\n              neighbourhood of it (the right of getting stone from which for 20 years has also been\n              purchased by the commissioners) it is supposed that enough of this\n              Stone may be obtained to answer every demand, however great.\n            Besides the buildings for the accomodation of the Government of the United States, a\n              very superb Hotel is erecting, the expense of which is defrayed by a lottery the Hotel\n              being the highest prize. This building, with all its accommodations and dependencies,\n              will perhaps be equal to any one of the kind in Europe.\n            The Original proprietors of the land on which the City is laid out, in consideration\n              of the great benefits which they expected to derive from the location of the City,\n              conveyed, in trust, to the Commissioners, for the use of the public & for the\n              purposes of establishing the City, the whole of their respective lands which are\n              included within the lines of the City, upon condition, that, after retaining for the\n              Public any number of Squares that the President may think proper for public\n              improvements or other public uses, the lots shall be fairly and equally divided\n              between the public and the respective proprietors.\n            By this means the public had possession of upwards of ten thousand lots from which\n              funds are to be raised to defray the expense of the public buildings (in addition to\n                 dollars given by the States of Virginia\n              and Maryland for that purpose)\u2014and to effect such other things as it may be incumbent\n              on the public to do in the City\u2014Between three & four thousand lots have been\n              already disposed of by the Commissioners, and the average price at their public sales\n              has exceded two hundred & forty dollars per lot. The price of lots has lately\n              risen very much\u2014and a great increase is still expected as the object comes to be more\n              investigated & better known.\n            After furnishing very ample funds for the accomplishment of every object in the City\n              on the part of the public, a large surplus of lots will remain the property of the\n              City, which hereafter may, and undoubtedly will be so applied as to defray the annual\n              expenses incident to the City\u2014and the Citizens and their property thereby be free from\n              a heavy tax which is unavoidable in other large Cities.\n            Among the many advantages which will be derived to this City, over almost all other\n              large Cities, from the Circumstance of its being originally designed for the Capital\n              of a great Nation\u2014may be ranked as the foremost, the width of the Streets\u2014(none of which are less than ninety feet, & from that to one hundred &\n              sixty) and the attention which will be paid to leveling or regulating the Streets,\n              upon a general principle, in the first instance, in such a manner as to avoid any\n              future inconvenience to such buildings as may be erected in the early establishment of\n              the City\u2014and to give that declivity to them in the several parts of the City as will\n              readily and effectually carry all filth into the common Sewers\u2014These circumstances are\n              of the highest importance as they affect the health and the lives of the\n              inhabitants.\n            Besides the advantages which the City of Washington will have from its being the Seat\n              of the Government of the United States\u2014from its being within a few miles of the Centre\n              of the Territory of the United States from North to South, and nearly the Centre of\n              population\u2014and from the immediate commerce of the Potomack\u2014it will receive an immense\n              benefit from its intercourse with the Country west of the Allegany Mountains through\n              the River Potomack, which offers itself as the most natural and the nearest Channel of\n              Commercial intercourse with that very extensive and rich Country.\n            At present the land carriage between the navigable Waters of the Monongahelia (a fork\n              of the Ohio) and the navigable Waters of the Potomack is less than forty miles, and a\n              good waggon Road is open between the two waters. Men of judgement on the subject of\n              inland navigation have examined the ground between the highest branches of the\n              Potomack and those of the Ohio, and have been decidedly of opinion that the land\n              carriage between the two places, where boats may come to each, can be reduced to\n              fifteen miles, and they have found nothing to convince them but that these waters may\n              hereafter be made to communicate with each other.\n            The Settlers on the Ohio & Mississippi will of course carry their heavy produce\n              to a market down those Rivers; but their returns will be most natural through the\n              Potomack; for they cannot ascend the Western Waters without great expense and much\n              loss of time, the current there being so rapid that a sharp boat with six oars can\n              scarcely ascend fifteen miles per day.\n            The fur and peltry trade of the great Lakes may be brought to the City of Washington,\n              through the Channel of the Potomack, four hundred miles nearer than to any other\n              shipping port to which it has hitherto been carried.\n            Mr Jefferson, in his notes on the State of Virginia, mentions this subject in the\n              following words,\n            \u201cThe Potomack offers itself under the following circumstances for the trade of the\n              Lakes and the Waters Westward of Lake Erie. When it shall have entered that Lake it\n              must coast along its southern shore on account of the number and excellence of its\n              harbours; the Northern tho\u2019 shortest having few harbours and those unsafe. Having\n              reached Cayahoga, to proceed on to New York it will have eight hundred and twenty five\n              miles and five portages; whereas it is but four hundred and twenty five miles to\n              Alexandria its emporium on the Potomack, if it turns into the Cayahoga and passes\n              through that, Big Beaver, Ohio, Yahogany (or Monongahelia & Cheat) and the\n              Potomack, and there are but two portages; the first of which from Cayahoga to Big\n              Beaver may be removed by uniting the sources of these waters which are Lakes in the\n              nighbourhood of each other and in a Champain Country: The others, from the waters of\n              the Ohio to the Potomack, will be from fifteen to forty miles, according to the\n              trouble which shall be taken to approach the two navigations. For the trade \u27e8of\u27e9 the\n              Ohio, or that which shall come into it from its own waters or from the Mississippi, it\n              is nearer through the Potomack to Alexandria than to New York by five hundred &\n              eighty miles, and is interrupted by one portage only. There is another circumstance of\n              difference. The lakes themselves never freeze; but the communications between them\n              freeze; and the Hudson\u2019s River itself is shut up by ice three months in the year;\n              whereas the Channel to the Chesapeak leads directly to a warm climate, the southern\n              parts of it very rarely freeze at all, and whenever the Northern do, it is so near the\n              sources of the Rivers, that the frequent floods to which they are liable, break the\n              ice up immediately, so that vessels may pass through the winter subject only to\n              accidental and short delays.\u201d \n            In addition to the foregoing remarks it may be only necessary to say, that there is\n              not a River in America capable of being rendered more secure from an attack by water\n              than the Potomack. Its banks are every where high and bold, with the Channel often not\n              more than two hundred yards from the Shore. Diggs\u2019 point, about ten miles below the\n              City of Washington, is remarkably well calculated for a Battery; as all vessels coming\n              up the River must present their bows to that point for the distance of three quarters of a mile; and after\n              passing, their sterns are equally exposed for about the same distance; the middle of\n              the Channel there is not more than two hundred yards from the point.\n            It may not be amiss to subjoin the following extracts from the Laws of Maryland, and\n              the terms and conditions for regulating the materials and manner of the buildings and\n              inprovements on the Lots in the City of Washington.\n            Extract from the Act of the Assembly of Maryland, entitled \u201cAn Act for opening and\n              extending the navigation of the River Potomack,\u201d in which the Shares are made real\n            \u201cBe it enacted, That foreigners shall be and are hereby enabled to subscribe for and\n              hold Shares in the Potomack Company.\u201d \n            Extract from an Act of the General Assembly of Maryland, entitled \u201cAn Act concerning\n              the Territory of Columbia, and the City of Washington.\n            Be it enacted, That any foreigner may, by deed or will, hereafter to be made, take\n              and hold lands within that part of the said Territory which lies within this State, in\n              the same manner as if he was a Citizen of this State, and the same lands may be\n              conveyed by him and transmitted to, and be inherited by his heirs or relations, as if\n              he and they were Citizens of this State Provided, That no foreigner shall, in virtue\n              hereof, be entitled to any further or other privilege of a Citizen.\u201d \n            \u201cTerms and Conditions declared by the President of the United States, for regulating\n              the materials and manner of the Buildings and Improvements on the lots in the City of\n              Washington.\n            1st\u2003That the outer and party walls of all houses within the said City shall be built\n              of Brick or Stone.\n            2d\u2003That all buildings on the streets shall be parallel thereto, and may be advanced\n              to the line of the Street, or withdrawn therefrom, at the pleasure of the improver:\n              But where any such Building is about to be erected, neither the foundation or\n              party-wall shall be begun without first applying to the person or persons appointed by\n              the Commissioners to superintend the buildings within the City, who will ascertain the\n              lines of the walls to correspond with these regulations.\n            3d\u2003The wall of no house to be higher than forty feet to the Roof in any part of the\n              city; nor shall any be lower than thirty five feet on any of the Avenues.\n            4th\u2003That the person or persons appointed by the Commissioners to superintend the\n              Buildings may enter on the land of any person to set out the\n              foundation and regulate the Walls to be built between party and party, as to the\n              breadth and thickness thereof: Which foundation shall be laid equally on the lands of\n              the persons between whom such party-walls are to be built, and shall be of the breadth\n              and thickness determined by such person proper: and the first builder shall be\n              reimbursed one moity of the charge of such party-wall, or so much thereof as the next\n              builder shall have occasion to make use of, before such next Builder shall anyways use\n              or break into the Wall\u2014The charge or value thereof to be set by the person or persons\n              so appointed by the Commissioners.\n            5th\u2003As temporary conveniences will be proper for lodging workmen and securing\n              materials for building, it is understood that such may be erected with the approbation\n              of the Commissioners: But they may be removed or discontinued by the special order of\n              the Commissioners.\n            6th\u2003The way into the Squares being designed in a special manner for the common use\n              & convenience of the occupiers of the respective squares. The property in the same\n              is reserved to the public, so that there may be an immediate interference on any abuse\n              of the use thereof by any individual, to the nuisance or obstruction of others. The\n              proprietors of the lots adjoining the entrance into the Squares, on arching over the\n              entrance and fixing gates in the manner the Commissioners shall approve, shall be\n              intitled to divide the space over the arching and build it up with the range of that\n              line of the square.\n            7th\u2003No vaults shall be permitted under the streets, nor any encroachment on the\n              footway above by steps, stoops, porches, cellar doors, Windows, ditches or leaning\n              Walls; nor shall there be any projection over the Street, other than the eves of the\n              Houses, without the consent of the Commissioners.\n            8th\u2003These regulations are the terms & conditions under and upon which conveyances\n              are to be made, According to the deeds in trust of the lands within the City.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0226", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 5 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n            [Germantown, Pa.] Tuesday Nov. 5. 1793.\n          Th: Jefferson with his respects to the President sends for his perusal some of the\n            letters which had been accumulating at his office, & which he received\n              yesterday. he will wait on the President to-day to\n            translate the Spanish papers sent by mister Short, as also with some other letters in\n            foreign languages.\n          Th: J. sends to the President a supply he received yesterday of paper, of which the\n            President will be pleased to take any proportion he may have occasion for. he sends him\n            wafers also & wax, & could furnish him copying ink, but he believes the\n            President has no press here. Th: J. did not understand yesterday whether any meeting was\n            desired to-day or at any other particular time.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0227", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard O\u2019Bryen, 5 November 1793\nFrom: O\u2019Bryen, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\n            Most Excellent Sir\n            Algiers November the 5th 1793.\n          In consequence of the Portugeese obtaining a cessation of hostilities with this\n            regency, the Algerine corsairs has captured ten american vessels the masters and crews,\n            amounting to one hundred and five subjects of the United States\u2014are employed as captive\n            slaves on the most laborious work. the[y] are in a distressed and naked situation.\n          Mathias Skjoldebrand Esqr: the Swede Consul has befriended them by advancing them money\n            to relieve theire present necessities. We hope you will order him to be reimbursed, and\n            also paid for his generous advance in the ransoming of George Smith, one of the subjects\n            of the United States.\n          The british Nation, the natural and inviterate enemies of the United States, has\n            brought about this truce or \u00bd peace for Portugal in order to alarm our commerce and\n            prevent the United States from supplying the French in theire present glorious contest\n            for liberty.\n          A Portugee frigate is at present at Algiers relative to theire peace. I have reason to\n            believe the[y] will obtain their peace for one million of dollars not including presents\n            or the redemption of sixty five Portugee captives\u2014The Algerine corsairs consists of ten\n            sail mounting from 40 guns to 16. Those of Tunis consists of twenty corsairs mounting\n          The corsairs of Algiers and Tunis in consequence of the Portugee truce has became\n            masters of the western ocean, and will of course prove very detrimental to the commerce\n            of the United States to Europe the fatal consequences of those american vessels being\n            captured I presume is fully evident to Your Excellency\u2019s known wisdom &\n            penetration.\n          Your Excellency will perceive that the United States has at present no alternative then\n            to fit out with the greatest expedition thirty frigates and corsairs in order to stop\n            those sea-robbers in capturing american vessels. Fifteen of these vessels would be\n            sufficient for a defensive war in order to guard the streights of Gibralter and prevent\n            the algerine and tuniseien corsairs even if combined from visiting the westen ocean\u2014but\n            in order to convince the Barbary states of the force and vigilence of American corsairs\n            it would be requisite the other fifteen american corsairs should be employed in the\n            Meditteranian in order to destroy many of the corsairs of the Barbary states and oblige\n            them to make a peace on somewhat honourable terms with the United States.\n          We should have accepted of the terms offered the United States by the Dey of Algiers\n            which be assured Most Excellent Sir was raisonable considering what other Nations\n              pays. But I am affraid that that favorable\n            opportunity is irrevocably lost. But depend Sir that the Dey would wish to be at peace\n            with the United States provided we paid equal to what the Dutch Swedes or Deans pays. We\n            should be at peace with all the Barbary states. Our colours free and respected and no\n            subjects of the United States slaves[.] You must needs think Sir that in case of the\n            United States fiting out this proposed fleete that those subjects of the U.S. which has\n            been nearly nine years in captivity that the[y] would when redeemed be a very valuable\n            acquisition to the American corsairs, for by theire known experience of the wayes and\n            manuvres of those crafty people, would in a great measure depend, the desired effect in\n            captureing the corsairs of this Regency.\n          Humanity towards the unfortunate american captives I presume will induce Youre\n            Excellency to coopperate with Congress to adopt some speedy and effectual plan in order\n            to restore to liberty and finally extricate the American captives from their present\n            distresses. I am with the most profound respect Your Excellencys Most obedient and\n            faithfull servt.\n            Rd OBrienLate Master of the ship Dauphinof Philadelphia, captured in\n            American captives in Algrs 10 captured in July 1785\u2014105 captured in October 1793 115 total. Cruisers going out in quest of more.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0228", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the Germantown, Pennsylvania, School Trustees, 6 November 1793\nFrom: Germantown, Pennsylvania, School Trustees\nTo: Washington, George\n            [Germantown, Pa.] Novr 6th 1793\n          The trustees of the public School of German-town have the honor to wait upon the\n            President with a respectful tender of the school buildings for the accommodation of\n            Congress, should they convene at this place.\n          To judge of the other inhabitants of German-town from our own motives, it cannot be\n            questioned they would on this occasion strive to make it as convenient a residence as\n          On the permanence of our general Government and the safety of it\u2019s supporters and\n            defenders, rests, under God in our view, whatever we hold most valuable.\n          It has been our fortune, Sir, to see you in many Seasons of difficulty & danger,\n            always surmounting them, & even now fortifying with your presence, the good spirit\n            of the Union, lately humbled by the calamity in Philadelphia; an aleveviation of which\n            we participate, doubtless in common with the Survivors of the City, in consequence of\n            your propitious return to this State.\n              Saml Ashmead\n              Joseph Ferree\n              Christian Schneider\n              Samuel Mechlin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0229", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Germantown, Pennsylvania, School Trustees, 6 November 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Germantown, Pennsylvania, School Trustees\n            Gentlemen,\n          The readiness with which the Trustees of the public School of Germantown tender the\n            buildings under their charge, for the use of Congress, is a proof of their zeal for\n            furthering the public good; and doubtless the Inhabitants of Germantown generally,\n            actuated by the same motives, will feel the same dispositions to accommodate, if\n            necessary, those who assemble but for their service & that of their fellow\n          Where it will be best for Congress to remain will depend on circumstances which are\n            daily unfolding themselves, & for the issue of which, we can but offer up our\n            prayers to the Sovereign Dispenser of life & health. His favor too on our\n            endeavours\u2014the good sense and firmness of our fellow citizens, & fidelity in those\n            they employ, will secure to us a permanence of good government.\n          If I have been fortunate enough, during the vicissitudes of my life, so to have\n            conducted myself, as to have merited your approbation, it is a source of much pleasure;\n            & shoud my future conduct merit a continuance of your good opinion, especially at a\n            time when our Country, & the City of Philada in particular, is visited by so severe\n            a calamity, it will add more than a little to my happiness.\n            Go. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0230", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 6 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          Th: Jefferson has the honor to inclose several letters for the perusal of the\n              President. when he wrote to the Governor of\n            Kentuckey, on a former intimation from the Spanish representatives, there was no\n            probability that the intervention of military force would be requisite, and as far as\n            illegal enterprizes could be prevented by the peaceable process of law, his writing was\n              proper. it is proper now, so far as the same means\n            may suffice. but should military coercion become necessary, he submits to the President\n            whether a letter from the Secretary at war should not go, Th: J. having avoided any\n            order of that kind in his letter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0231", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Howell Lewis, 6 November 1793\nFrom: Lewis, Howell\nTo: Washington, George\n          Letter not found: from Howell Lewis, 6 Nov. 1793. On 10 Nov. GW wrote Lewis: \u201cYour letter\n            of the 6th instt came duly to hand.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0232", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 7 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          Mr Smith supposes the bill he incloses must be laid before Congress. on a former suggestion of the same kind Th: J. being able to\n            find nothing which rendered it necessary, consulted the Attorney General, who was of\n            opinion it was not necessary, but promised make more diligent enquiry. the result will now be asked of him by Th: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0233", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 7 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          The Secretary of State having received from the Secretary of the territory South of the\n            Ohio a report of the Proceedings of the Governor of that territory from Mar. 1. to Sep.\n            1. 1793. has examined the same and Reports to the President That he finds nothing\n            therein which will require his immediate agency.\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0235", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Tobias Lear, 8 November 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lear, Tobias\n            German Town [Pa.] 8th Novr 1793\n          I arrived at this place at the time appointed\u2014to wit\u2014the 1st inst. but did not receive\n            your letter of the 3d until yesterday for want of a regulr Comn with the P. Office and\n            this too at a time when as you have well suppos\u2019d I was immerced in the consideration of\n            Papers from the different Departments after a seperation from the heads of them almost\n          I have, however, run over your observations on the Potomac Navigation &ca\n            &ca\u2014and in a hasty manner, as I went along at the first reading made the notes &\n            remarks which are returned with one of the copies. The statement made by you in all other respects accord with my\n            ideas of facts as far as a recolln of them will enable me to pronounce; nor can I\n            controvert by evidence even those which it would seem that I had queried by my remarks.\n            Had I more leizure and especially if I could have had recourse to my papers, I might\n            have been more correct in some things but as the 10th is the day appointed for your\n            Sailing & that happening to be on a Sunday a chosen day by Sailors for commencing\n            thier Nautical movements I did not incline to miss the Post of this day to return your\n            observations and to furnish the letters you have asked for.\n          It gives me sincere pleasure to hear that Lincoln continues well as I am sure it will\n            do the family at Mount Vernon who must remain there until it is known what Congress will\n            do; for \u2019till then I move like a snail with every thing on my back.\n          I do not yet know whether I shall get a substitute for William:\n            nothing short of excellent qualities & a man of good appearance, would induce me to\n            do it. and under my present view of the matter too, who would employ himself otherwise\n            than William did\u2014that is as a Butler as well as a Valette for my wa\u27e8nts\u27e9 of the latter\n            are so trifling that any man (as Willm was) would soon be ruined by idleness who had\n            only them to attend to\u2014Having given these ideas\u2014if your time will permit I should be\n            glad if you would touch the man upon the strings I have mentioned\u2014probe his character\n            deeper\u2014say what his age appearance & Country is\u2014what are his expectations & how\n            he should be communicated with, if, upon a thorough investigation of matters you should\n            be of opinion he would answer my purposes well for Kennedy is too little acquainted with\n            the arrangement of a Table, & too stupid for a Butler, to be continued if I could\n            get a better.\n          I once more, & I suppose for the last time before you sail, bid you adieu; my best\n            wishes wherever you go will accompany you, for with much truth I am Your sincere friend\n            & Affecte Servant\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0236", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Sinclair, 8 November 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Sinclair, John\n            German Town near Philada 8th Novembr 1793\n          Mr Lear who will have the honor of presenting this letter to you has lived many years\n            in my family & is a person for whom I have a particular esteem.\n          Having lately engaged in a Commercial Scheme he goes to Europe for the facility of his\n            Plan & being desirous of visiting some of the principal Manufacturies in Scotland I\n            take the liberty of giving him this letter of introduction to you, being persuaded he\n            would be grateful for any information he should receive from you in any matter relative\n            to this business.\n          You will find him intelligent and well disposed I am sure (as far as he is acquainted)\n            to answer any enquiry of yours respecting things in this Country.\n            With great respect I have the honor to be Sir Your Most Obedt H. Ser.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0237", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Charleston, South Carolina, Merchants, 9 November 1793\nFrom: Charleston, South Carolina, Merchants\nTo: Washington, George\n            Charleston So. Carolina 9th November 1793\n          The Memorial of James & Edward Penman & Co., North & Vesey and Jennings\n            & Woddrop of Charleston South Carolina merchants Sheweth\n          That your Memorialists, deeply impressed with the deplorable situation to which many of\n            the Inhabitants of St Domingo, now residing in this City with their families, have been\n            reduced, from Affluence, to Want of the necessaries of Life, undertook to send a Small\n            Vessel, with a confidential Shipmaster, to bring off some little Matters for their\n            Subsistan\u27e8ce\u27e9 and at same time to see if the Country was in that situation that Vessels\n            could be sent with safety, and a certainty of bring\u27e8in\u27e9g off farther Supplies.\n          That in consequence thereof, they on the 18th of August last, dispatched the Schooner\n            Pilot B\u27e8mutilated \u27e9 Trial, an American Bottom, under Command of\n            Captn Archi\u27e8bald\u27e9 Thompson, an American Citizen, with a Cargo of Rice, flo\u27e8ur\u27e9 and Pork,\n            with orders to call at St Marcs and Port au pr\u27e8ince\u27e9 and take onboard whatever property might be offered for Relie\u27e8ving\u27e9 the unfortunate persons now in this State, but advising h\u27e8im\u27e9 at\n            same time, and also our Correspondents Messrs James Gra\u27e8nt\u27e9 Forbes & Co. of Port au\n            prince \u201cThat in our sincere Wishes to be aiding in procuring some little Supplies for\n            those unhappy people here, We meant to run no Risk ourselves, nor that \u27e8mutilated \u27e9 or any others should in any shape do so, of offending\n            against \u27e8mutilated \u27e9 Laws which, unknown to us, might be made, or\n            of drawing \u27e8the\u27e9 Resentment of the Ruling Powers; that \u2019though Humanity was deeply\n            imprinted in our nature, and we had never met greater occasion to exercise it, yet it\n            was not to be expected at perils to ourselves or friends.\u201d \n          That your Memorialists have been rendered very uneasy at receiving no direct\n            Intelligence of this Vessel for some time, but have lately had open Letters sent them\n            from New providence, advising that not only the Vessel had been laid hold of by the Commissioners, but the captain and your Memorialists\u2019 Correspondent,\n            James Grant Forbes, had been put in confinement at Port au prince, on Suspicion of intending to bring off Property for Persons\n          That having candidly mentioned the Truth, they are ignorant of the reasons which can\n            have led to such a procedure: As American Citizens, they understood they had a right,\n            both by existing Laws and Treaties, to send their Vessel to a french Port which had\n            always been open to American Vessels, and to bring away their own, or the Property of\n            others, not absolutely forbid by any Law or Proclamation, of which they avow their\n            Ignorance, and which it is evident, by their Letters and Instructions they did not mean\n            to offend against.\n          They therefore humbly request your Interference with the proper persons for Relief of\n            Mr Forbes and captain Thompson and also for Redelivery of their Vessel and Cargo with\n            Damages And Your Memorialists &ca &ca\n            North & Vesey\n            Jennings & Woddrop", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0239", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 9 November 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Washington, George\n            New York November 9th 1793\n          A thousand times after my letter to you, enclosing Observations on the Potomack &c.\n            had gone, did I wish to recall it: for the more I reflected on your situation at this\n            moment, in point of business, the more did I see the impropriety, as well as the\n            unfriendliness of my adding to that burthen, which I could not but know was at least as\n            great as it ought to be, and more especially as mine was a business in which the public\n            was not interested. I have been ever since distressed on that account. And the good\n            letter with which I have been this day honored from you, has not removed my uneasiness\n            on that score; altho\u2019 it is to me another proof of that attention towards me which has\n            already made too deep an impression on my mind for time or any event to erase. I say it\n            did not remove my uneasiness; because I was convinced by it and the notes & letters\n            accompanying it, that it must have taken up more of your time than I had, upon any\n            grounds, a right to ask for at this busy moment. My thanks & gratitude, my very dear\n            & honored Sir, are too small to offer for all your goodness to me: But they are all\n            I have that can be acceptable to you.\n          I have seen Mr Robertson, who took your portrait for the Earl of Buchan, and he tells\n            me that he sent it to his Lordship, by way of Glascow, more than six months since; but\n            he had never heard whether it got to hand or not\u2014and says he is much distressed to learn\n            that the Earl had not receivd it when his letter to you was written\u2014and that he shall\n            not rest until he has ascertained its fate.\n          I have got all the information of & about the man whom I mentioned in my last, that\n            time & circumstances have permitted me to do. He is a tolerably well sized &\n            well made man of about 5 feet 8 or 9 inches\u2014and about 30 years of age\u2014a German by\n            birth\u2014speaks the french language well\u2014dresses Ladies\u2019 & Gentlemen\u2019s hair very\n          The account which he gives of himself is\u2014that he lived for upwards of four years with\n            Lord Barrymore as his Valet de Chambre and occasionally acted as his Steward. Finding\n            that the Expenses to which Lord B. was subjected from his stile of living & other\n            extravagances would not allow him to pay his domestics so regularly as their necessities\n            required, he thought best to quit him; and as a Mr Cox, who had superintended the\n            building a Theatre for Lord Barrymore, was about to come to Philadelphia for the purpose\n            of attending the building the new Theatre there, he thought it a good opportunity of\n            trying his fortune in this Country \u2014and was, after he\n            got to Philadelphia, fixed upon as a suitable person to keep the Coffee rooms in the New\n            Theatre; but the use of that Theatre having been postponed\u2014he found it necessary to\n            resort to other means for a living\u2014and followed the business of hair dressing there for\n            some months, \u2019till Mr Hyde came to this place to keep the Tontine Coffee House when he\n            came here with him & has been since the hair dresser of the Coffee House. He says he\n            understands the duties of a Butler well\u2014and can set out a table in as handsome a manner\n            as any man: But he is not acquainted with marketing or providing for a family\u2014He would\n            prefer acting as Valet & Butler to having the duty of one only. He would not\n            undertake the business for less than two hundred & fifty\n              dollars per year. Thus far the man says of & for himself. His price I tell\n            him puts him out of the question; if every thing else should answer.\n          Mr Hyde seems to be the only person who knows anything particular about the man here.\n            He says he is a sober, steady, neat man\u2014He has lived in the Coffee\n            House ever since Hyde has kept it\u2014Hyde says he thinks the man capable of doing those\n            things which he professes\u2014and from his own knowledge of the kind of person who would be\n            servicable & agreeable to you, Hyde says he could venture to recommend this man.\n          The foregoing is all I can collect respecting Jacob Baur & therefrom it must be\n            left with you, my dear Sir, to decide. Should you think any thing further of him, Mr\n            Hyde seems to be the only person capable of giving information here.\n          Tomorrow, wind & weather permitting, I shall sail\u2014and let me visit whatever clime I\n            may\u2014or let whatever will be my situation, I shall never fail, my dear & honored Sir,\n            to implore the best of Heaven\u2019s blessings for your health & happiness\u2014I feel more\n            for your goodness towards me than I can or ought to express to you\u2014Accept every thing\n            that a grateful heart can give & present me, if you please, in the most respectful\n            & dutiful manner to Mrs Washington. With truth & sincerity, I always shall be\n            your devoted & affectionate friend & servant\n            Tobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0240", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Chichester, 10 November 1793\nFrom: Chichester, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\n            Honod & very Dear Sir\n            Newington [Va.] 10th November 1793.\n          I\u2019ve to Apologise for this intrusion on Your time, with an Address of So trivial A\n            Nature\u2014And make No Doubt of Your Excuse, when You hear of my Afflicted Situation\u2014I am\n            and have been for Near three Years last Past, in So low a State of health, almost daily\n            Expecting the Dissolution of my body, and cannot Depart in Peace without endeavouring to\n            undeceive You, and Acquit myself of the charge of Misdemeanor against\n            Your Property, of Which I\u2019m entirely inocent: And ever did most cordially despise every\n            Appearance of Meaness.\n          Through the Medium of Colo. Burgess Ball, I\u2019ve lately understood that you have been\n            inform\u2019d, that I was the Person who kill\u2019d your Tame Deer (a large black buck) about Two\n            or three years ago, which hath wounded my feelings\n            beyond expression, for you to Possess Such an Idea of my Principles\u2014I Therefore take the\n            liberty to Assure You of my Inocence of the charge, and Declare most Solemnly in the\n            Presence of the Searcher of all hearts, before Whom I\u2019m in daily expectation of being\n            Summon\u2019d to Render An Acct of the Deeds done in the body, that I never even Saw a Deer\n            of that description Since my Existance in the World, Nor Did I ever directly or\n            Indirectly, to my knowledge, Injure my Neighbour, or Any Person Whatever, in Any Such\n            like Respect\u2014Truly I Should view Any Person of that conduct, in the light of a thief and\n            a Rober. The colour of Such a Deer would ever be a Sure Defence against a Shott from\n            myself or Any of my family.\n          A certain Charles Dodson, a Tenant on Ravensworth, was the Person that kill\u2019d your\n            black buck, at least he told me himself that he kill\u2019d a large Deer of that Colour Just\n            about the time I heard of the Loss of Yours\u2014It was without doubt Judg\u2019d by the\n            Neighbourhood, and himself, to be Your Deer, as the Colour prov\u2019d him Not a Native of\n            this Country, And we All had heard of Your Receiving Such Deer.\n          As Soon as I Recd Mr Dodsons Information as Above, I gave Major George Washington a\n            State of the case in Writing, And did not Suppose there was A Person in the World\n            capable of giving you Such an Information Against me, without Any foundation\u2014However, my\n            trust is, that Your Acquaintance with my General Character for Almost Thirty Years last\n            Past, Will induce you to give credit to my Solemn Declaration of Inocence at this late\n            Period of my life\u2014Which will Add much to the Satisfaction and Peace of Mind of One Who\n            ever did, and I hope ever Shall during life, Revere Your Name And Person, As a fellow\n            Citizen, And An Instrument in the hands of Divine Providence in Establishing the happy\n            Independence of America.\n          Tho\u2019 I never expect the happiness of Seeing You Again on the Stage of Action, Your\n            Prosperity and happiness in time And through Eternity will ever be\n            Remember\u2019d at the throne of Grace by Dr Sir Yr Most Obt & very H. Servant\n            Richard Chichester", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0241", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Howell Lewis, 10 November 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Howell\n            Dear Howell\n            German Town [Pa.] 10th Novr 1793\n          Your letter of the 6th instt came duly to hand, and I\n            received pleasure in learning from it, that you participated in the fine rain I\n            travelled in on the Road, and that the Wheat began to shew the effect of it. I hope the\n            second rain which fell here about the middle of last week extended also to that quarter.\n            admitting this, and that the quantity was equal to what we have had here, I persuade\n            myself it must have put the ground in a good state for plowing & that no time will\n            be lost in which the horses can be spared from other work, to expedite this business for\n            it is of essential importance to have the fields mentioned to you in my last, broke up in the course of the Fall with as little encroachment\n            on winter as may be, that the ground may be turned again in the Sprg.\n          Send me that Bills of Scantling, or copies of them, and when I see the amount of\n            Taylers I will provide some way or other to pay it. Let\n            every precaution be taken to prevent thefts, or other injury being committed on the\n            Plank Shingles, or Scantling; and particularly to guard them against fires.\n          As my Wheat Crop is the most important of all, to me, Continue to inform me how it\n            comes on in all your letters; and whethe\u27e8r\u27e9 there is any prospect of the forward sowing,\n            which was so much injured by the drought, ever being thick enough. What I mentioned in\n            my last about sowing Rye, I still wish to have done, unless the change is so great for\n            the better, that a full Crop of Wheat may be expected from the bare\n            parts which I then alluded to; & my reason for it is, as I then mentioned, that I\n            may have Rye straw for Thatching shed\u27e8s\u27e9 for Cow houses &ca next year. Take\n            particular notice of the drilled wheat, & let me know how it comes on; and how the\n            Corn is likely to yield; at least how it turns out as this business advances. What is\n            gathered and measured in the course of the Week ought always to be noted in the Weekly\n            report; for the Great object of these reports is to let me know the occurrences &\n            true state of things on the Farms once a week; & none can be more interesting than\n            the ascertainment of the Crops.\n          Whenever the quantity of Clover Seed (for I perceive you have been threshing it) is\n            known, let it be locked up safe, and inform me of the quantity.\n          Patt had better be struck of[f] the Mansion house list altogether, and if there be a\n            younger one there who has never had a child she may come to the Mansion ho. in her\n          The old Bull commonly called the Callico Bull (now at Stuarts, if not already brot to\n            the Mansion house) I would have brot there; that he may this Winter receive the benefit\n            of the litter from the Stables. And it is my earnest wish tell Butler that 12 of the\n            best Cows I have might breed from him before he goes hence & be heard of no more. I\n            do not mean 12 in addition to what is now at Mansion house but twelve in all.\n          Tell the Overseers that I will submit to no excuse for defi cient reports\u2014it is these I\n            look to for proper statements\u2014and will Submit to no neglect\u2014they shall be responsible\n            for their reports.\n          Enquire what is become of the Corn Tubs which were at Dogue run, Muddy hole, &\n            River Farm, that new ones were wanting for those places, as I see by the Coupers Report.\n            It is a most shameful thing that conveniences of this sort which ought to last for years\n            are suffered to go to destruction after once or twice using, & then new ones are to\n            be provided.\n          I request, as soon after the receipt of this letter as an opportunity shall present\n            from Alexandria, or elsewhere, that you would write in my name to Lawrence Washington to\n            come immediately to Mount Vernon, in order to proceed on to this place or Philadelphia\n            with your Aunt, as it will be proper for you to remain at my house until Mr Pearce shall\n            arrive there, which he has given me reason to hope wou\u2019d be by the\n            middle of next month, though it may possibly be later; for without you are there to\n            deliver things over to him, and give him information of matters, especially of those\n            about the Mansion house, and put him in possession of the Keys &ca (which I do not\n            incline to leave with Butler) he will have to grope in the dark for every thing; and set\n            out at last in a wrong track perhaps. I repeat my desire therefore that you would write\n            immediately to Lawrence to come down, & send letters by different conveyances, that\n            the chances of getting one to him may be multiplied & if possible rendered certain.\n            I am Your Sincere friend and Affectionate Uncle\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0242", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 10 November 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n          Sir.Spencer\u2019s [Germantown, Pa.] Novr 10.\n          After I parted from you last night, I obtained a promise from Mr\n            Dunlap, the printer, to bring out on monday his file of newspapers. This renders it unnecessary for me to continue my request as to\n            yours. But while I am thus led to recollect, that you meditate a visit to the city to\n            morrow, permit me to suggest one consideration. The mayor and the physicians dissuade\n            people from returning yet, and especially in great numbers. You will hardly be at your\n            door, before your arrival will be rumoured abroad; and multitudes, who will not\n            distinguish between a momentary stay, and absolute residence, will be induced by your\n            example to croud back, and carry fresh, and therefore more vulnerable subjects into the\n            bosom of infection. The consequences may be the more serious, as we have not yet\n            learned, that any radical precautions have commenced, for purging the\n            houses and furniture. It is strengthened too in a degree, from the uncertainty of the\n            malady, under which the soldiers from St Domingo labour, and of the effect, which the\n            late warm days may have had upon the disorder. Nor can I conceal a fear, which I have\n            often heard expressed, by the friends of yourself and the government, that your\n            indifference about danger might push you perhaps too early into Philadelphia.\n          I have Examined the addresses, resolutions and answers, which are now returned. In many\n            of them, the proclamation is called a declaration of neutrality; And therefore confirms\n            the opinion, that the speech ought, (as it clearly may) put this paper upon its true,\n            and a satisfactory footing.\n          What has been published concerning it, united with numberless misrepresentations in\n            other instances, determined me some months ago to begin a history and review of your\n            administration. I had made some progress in it; and should have advanced further, had I\n            not found some difficulty in asking from the secretary of state access to the public\n            archives, without communicating at the same time my object. However, had it not been for\n            the interruption, which has been given for some time past to every business, connected\n            with Philadelphia, I should have persevered, and endeavoured to procure the means of\n            full and accurate information. The essay of Agricola convinces me of the importance of\n            such a work, upon public as well as other interesting considerations; and let my future\n            arrangements be, as they may, I shall not relinquish it. But I am extremely apprehensive, that the pestilence of Philadelphia will reduce the\n            practice of the law within the city to such a modicum, as to force me to think of\n            reestablishing my self in Virginia. For altho\u2019 I do not doubt, that were I to go into as\n            large field, as some others of the bar here, my share of profit would content me; yet as\n            that cannot be done, consistently with my office; the share, which I had, must be\n            considerably diminished. Whatever delay may proceed from this circumstance, the work\n            itself shall proceed; and I have now taken the liberty of saying thus much to you, in\n            confidence, only to prepare the way, if on some occasion I shall find it necessary, to\n            beg the communication of any particular information.\n          I will thank you for the Virginia gazette, containing Agricola; as I wished to write to\n            Colo. Carrington, and enclose to him some remarks, which may tend to disabuse the public\n            mind. I have the honor, sir, to be, with a sincere and affectionate\n            attachment yr mo. ob. serv.\n            Edm: Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0244-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander White, 11 November 1793\nFrom: White, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n              Woodville  [Va.] 11th November\n            It is with real pleasure I obey the commands of a respectable meeting of the Citizens\n              of Frederick County, in communicating the enclosed Resolutions expressive of the\n              result of their deliberations. I am with sentiments of the most perfect respect Sir\n              Your Obt Servant\n              Alexr White", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0244-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Resolutions from Frederick County, Virginia, Citizens, 5 November 1793\nFrom: Frederick County, Virginia, Citizens\nTo: Washington, George\n              [Winchester, Va., 5 November 1793]\n            At a numerous meeting of the Inhabitants of Frederick County at the Court House in\n              Winchester on Tuesday the fifth day of november 1793 for the purpose of taking under\n              Consideration the Proclamation of the President of the United States, declaring the\n              neutrality of the said States in the present European War\u2014Alexander White is appointed\n              Chairman and John Peyton Clerk.\n            Resolved that in the opinion of this meeting the late Proclamation of the President\n              declaring the neutrality of the United States and enjoining a conduct friendly and\n              impartial towards all the Belligerent Powers of Europe was a well\n              timed Constitutional measure, and holds a conspicuous place among the many great and\n              important services rendered by him to his native Country.\n            Resolved that this meeting consider it as an incumbent duty to express their\n              approbation of the said Proclamation, and of the measures which have been pursued for\n              enforcing the same, as a tribute justly due to the Wisdom, the vigilance, and\n              unremitted attention of our Fellow Citizen in the discharge of the important Duties of\n              his high Office, more especially as attempts have been made to censure his Conduct\n              therein, and to induce a belief that it does not accord with the general Sentiments\n              and Wishes of the American People\u2014This meeting are duly impressed with the important\n              truth \u201cThat the Sovereignty of the United States is vested in the People\u201d\u2014but it being\n              impracticable to exercise that Sovereignty either in their individual or collective\n              capacity\u2014they have wisely instituted Governments, General and particular, and have\n              transferred to them every power deemed necessary to secure Peace and Liberty and\n              promote the general Welfare.\n            Resolved that it is through the several Departments of Governments alone that the\n              Will of the People can be manifested or their power exerted. That the Officers of\n              those Departments (although amenable to the People for their Conduct in the various\n              ways prescribed by the Laws and Constitutions of the Union and of the several States)\n              in the exercise of their proper functions ought to be respected and obeyed\u2014That an\n              appeal to the People at large in opposition to any Constitutional Act of Government is\n              inconsistent with the principles of Civil Society, and in all cases would prove\n              destructive of that Peace and Order for the support of which Governments are\n              instituted\u2014That should the ministers or agents of Foreign nations appeal or propose to\n              appeal from the decisions of the Excutive of the United States in matters respecting\n              their mission, to any other Department of Government, or to the People; every attempt\n              of that kind ought to meet the most pointed disapprobation of the Citizens of the\n              United States as a measure evidently tending to introduce civil dissention, discord,\n              and corruption; and finally to endanger the existence of the Government itself.\n            Resolved that this meeting retain a grateful remembrance of the distinguished\n              Services rendered to our Country by the French nation\u2014that they\n              wish to cultivate her Friendship and Alliance, to see her Government assimilated to\n              our own by the establishment of a free Republic as the best foundation of her\n              prosperity and an additional cement of our union.\n            Resolved as the opinion of this meeting that the United States are not bound by the\n              existing Treaties with France to engage in the present War against any of the European\n              nations\u2014That such a measure would prove destructive of the dearest interests of\n              America without rendering any essential service to France\u2014On the contrary that she\n              would be thereby deprived of the advantages she now recieves from our neutrality.\n            Resolved that a Copy of the several foregoing Resolutions be forthwith transmitted to\n              the President of the United States And that they also be published in the Winchester\n              TesteJohn Peyton\n              Alexr White Ch: M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0245", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Elias Boudinot, 12 November 1793\nFrom: Boudinot, Elias\nTo: Washington, George\n            Elizabeth Town [N.J.] Novr 12th 1793\n          The troubling you to read the enclosed oration may perhaps need an Apology, undoubtedly\n            the liberty I have taken, to address it to you, without your express permission, renders\n            one absolutely necessary.\n          A number of concurring Circumstances, added to the subject & design prompted me to\n            it, and a dependance on your known Candor & Friendship makes me hope, it will not\n            give Offence.\n          Mrs Boudinot joins me in the most respectful & affectionate Compliments to Mrs\n            Washington. I have the honor to be with every Sentiment of Duty & respect Dr Sir\n            Your most Obedt Hble Servt\n            Elias Boudinot", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0249", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Snowdon, 13 November 1793\nFrom: Snowdon, Richard\nTo: Washington, George\n            Newton Gloucester State of New Jersey Novbr 13th 93\n          The Author of the enclosed Volume presents it to the Worthy President of the United\n            States as a Small Tribute of that affectionate esteem which he with many thousands bear\n            for his Person whose merit both as a Hero and Citizen hath captivated\n            the feeling Heart that thrills with exalted pleasure at the loved name of\n              Washington. As the Author is one of the People called\n            Quakers he cannot consistent with his profession make use of a Style that custom hath\n            established in what is called the Polite World Shall therefore confine himself to the\n            feeling Language of the Heart and that mode of expression which he hath been educated in\n            And notwithstanding Providence hath placed him in the humble Walks of Life he is firmly\n            persuaded that like the Widows Mite it will be no less acceptable on that account And\n            shall now take the Liberty to conclude this address in the Words of Dr Young as they\n            accord with the Sentiments of his own Heart viz.\n          \u201cFarewel! thro\u2019 boundless ages fare\n            tho\u27e8u\u27e9 well! The dignity of Man and blessing of Heaven be with thee! The broad Hand of\n            the Almighty cover thee! Mayst thou Shine when the Sun is extinct\u27e8!\u27e9 Mayst thou live and\n            triumph when time Expires\u201d  is the Ardent wish of thy\n            Sincere friend and Admirer\n            Richard Snowdon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0252", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Mary Atlee, 14 November 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Atlee, Mary\n          The President wishes Mrs Atlee to be assured that, his disposition to prevent tears of\n            distress from flowing, is far beyond his means to accomplish; and that he should be\n            extremely happy if the latter were adequate to the numerous calls that are made upon the\n          Mrs Atlees case being entirely unknown to the President\u2014Her application of course, is\n            not well understood by him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0255", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Jean Louis Du Rumaine, 15 November 1793\nFrom: Rumaine, Jean Louis Du\nTo: Washington, George\n            Monsieur Le president,\n            Edenton caroline Du Nord15. 9bre 1793.\n          Les malheurs Sans nombre que j\u2019ai \u00e9prouv\u00e9 et L\u2019absolue detresse \u00e0 La quelle je Suis\n            reduit me forcent \u00e0 avoir Recours \u00e0 La commiseration Du congr\u00e8s.\n          Victime de L\u2019insurrection arriv\u00e9e dans Le quartier de jacmel isle de St Domingue, je\n            m\u2019embarquai en juillet dernier avec mon \u00e9pouse enceinte de huit mois, Sur une goelette\n            Venant \u00e0 edenton caroline Du Nord. j\u2019avais \u00e9t\u00e9 assez heureux pour Sauver des mains des\n            Brigands quelque peu d\u2019argent, mes couverts de Table et Environ Sept milliers de caffe\n            que j\u2019avais dans un magasin au bord de mer. Les corsaires anglais m\u2019ont Enlev\u00e9 En Route\n            mon argent et mon argenterie, pour comble le malheur La goelette a fait c\u00f4te au cricot,\n            et mon caff\u00e9 n\u2019a pu m\u2019\u00eatre remis que Tres avari\u00e8; arriv\u00e9 \u00e0 ma destination je me Suis\n            conform\u00e9 \u00e0 La Loi, on a verifi\u00e9 Le poids du caff\u00e9, La Seule grace que L\u2019office ait pu\n            m\u2019accorder a \u00e9t\u00e9 de me donner pour Le payement des droits un delai de 4. mois en\n            fournissant caution. ce delai est pr\u00eat d\u00e9cheoir et a peine puis-je Trouver du caff\u00e9\n            Somme Suffisante pour payer Les droits. je me Trouve par La priv\u00e9 de la Seule Ressource\n            Sur La quelle je fondais mon existence et celle de ma famille. j\u2019ai cru dans cette\n            circonstance accablante devoir m\u2019adresser au congr\u00e8s, et Vous Supplier, Monsieur Le\n            president, de Vouloir bien y appuyer ma reclamation.\n            j\u2019attens ce bienfait de L\u2019humanit\u00e9 avec La quelle Vous avez Trait\u00e9 Tous Les malheureux\n            insulaires. je Suis avec un profond Respect, Monsieur Le president,\n            Votre Tres humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant Serviteur.\n            jean Louis Du Rumaine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0260", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 16 November 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n            Falls of Schuylkill [Pa.] 16 Nov. 1793\n          I have the honor to submit two letters of Major Genl Wayne one dated the 17th of Septr\n            and the other the 5th of October with a variety of enclosures, including the proceedings\n            of the Court martial upon Ensign Morgan.\n          In addition to the information contained in these papers, I am informed that the late\n            Lt Jennifer who was cashiered, arrived at Pittsburg\n            from Head quarters who says that General Scott arrived at Fort Washington on the 7th\n            Octr a few hours after Genl Wayne had marched, with nearly six hundred mounted\n            voluntiers, and that as many more were expected hourly. I have the honor to be with the\n            highest respect sir your obedient Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0261", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Nicholas Lewis, 16 November 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Lewis, Nicholas\n            Germantown [Pa.] 16th Novemr 1793.\n          While I acknowledge that all power is derived from the people, and that the Federal\n            Government has been instituted for their happiness, I cannot but unite in the attachment\n            expressed by the freemen of Albemarle to the Constitution of the U. States. Harmony with foreign Nations is a blessing which we ought to\n            prize & to cherish; & from a desire of cultivating it the proclamation was\n              issued. Such a measure became the more eligible, as\n            it neither cancelled nor weakened our obligations to the French Nation.\n            Go. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0263", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Harriot Washington, 16 November 1793\nFrom: Washington, Harriot\nTo: Washington, George\n            Fredericksburg [Va.] November the 16, 1793\n          I receiv\u2019d My Honor\u2019d Uncle\u2019s letter, of the 25 of September  and am now seated, to return him a thousand thanks, for the money he was so obleiging as to send me. Aunt Lewis informed me, that\n            you mentioned in your last letter to her, if the fever\n            in Philadelphia did not abate, that Aunt Washington would spend the winter at Mt Vernon,\n            and if she did, you would send for me. I shall be very much pleased if you do, for I am\n            very anxious to se yourself and Aunt Washington. About a week ago Cousin Carter was so\n            unfortunate, as to lose her youngest child. she is soon\n            a going to Culpepper, and as she is very lonesome, she has perswaded me to go with her,\n            but Aunt Lewis desire\u2019d me to let you no, if you could contrive her word, about a\n            forghtnight or three week, before I go to Mt Vernon, she will pay a visit to Cousin\n            Carter and I should return with her. I acquainted Brother Lawrence with your request.\n            Aunt Lewis and Cousin Carter join me in love to you and Aunt Washington. I am Honor\u2019d\n            Uncle Your affectionate Neice\n            Harriot Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0264-0002", "content": "Title: I, November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n            Objects to be communicated in Speech & Messages\n                Proclamation\n                Embarrassments on carrying into\n                  Execution the principles of neutrality; necessity of some\n                  auxiliary provisions by law\u2014\n                Expectation of indemnification given\n                  in relation to illegal captures\u2014\n                  affairs with regard to\n                to France\u2014claim of Guarantee\u2014propositions\n                respecting Trade\u2014\u00a0\n                Indian affairs\u2014failure of Treaty \u2014state of expedition under Wayne prospects with\n                  regard to Southern Indians\u2014\n                Prudence of additional precautions for\n                  defence; as the best security for the peace of the Country\u2014 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a01\n                  fortification of principal sea ports \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a02 Corps of efficient\n                Completion of settlement of Accounts\n                  between the United and Individual States:\n                  Provision for ballances\u2014\n                Provision for a sinking fund\u2014\n                Our revenues in the aggregate have\n                  continued to answer expectation as to productiveness but if the various objects\n                  pointed out and which appear to be neccesary to the public Interest are to be\n                  accomplished it can hardly be hoped that there will be a necessity for some\n                  moderate addition to them\u2014\n                Prolongation of the Dutch installment\n                  by way of Loan\u2014terms.\n                Provision for the second installment\n                  due to the Bank of U. States\u2014\n                for interest on the unsubscribed debt\n                  during the present year. Qu\u00e6re\n                Communication of the state of cessions\n                  of Light Houses. The Cession in various instances has not been intire; it has\n                  reserved a partial right of jurisdiction for process;\n                  consequently is not strictly conformable to law\u2014\n                Commissary to receive issue &\n                  account for all public stores would conduce much to order & \u0153conomy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0264-0004", "content": "Title: III, November 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n            Sundry matters to be communicated for the information of Congress\u2014either in the\n              Speech at the opening of the Session, or by Messages thereafter, as shall be thought\n            Proclamation, informing the United States of the actual State of things as they stood\n              between them and the Powers at War.\n            State of Our application respecting the surrender of the Western Posts.\n            Additional Instructions of his Britanic Majesty relative to Corn &ca in Neutral\n            State of matters as it respects our Negociation with Spain, relative to Territory and\n              the Navigation of the River Mississipi.\n            Corrispondence with Mr Genet, Minister from the French Republic.\n            The impediments which have taken place in the intended Ransom of our Citizens,\n              captives in Algiers\u2014& treaty with the Barbary States.\n            Treaty attempted with the Western Indians, and the result of it.\n            March of the Army in consequence of it\u2014delayed by the suspension we were held in\n            State of matters as they relate to the Creeks and Cherokees\u2014& to the Frontiers of\n              Georgia and the South Western Territory.\n            Would not a trade on Public ground, with all the bordering tribes of Indians (if they can once be made sensible of\n              their folly by the Superiority of our arms) be an effectual mean of attaching them to\n              us by the strongest of all ties, Interest.\n            The utility of establishing proper Arsenals unfolds itself more & more every day.\n              And the propriety of a Military Accademy for teaching the Art of Gunnery &\n              Engineering, can scarcely be doubted. A War, at any time, would evince the impropriety\n              of such a neglect.\n            Might it not be expedient to take off the Tax upon the transportation of News Papers\n            An Act of the Legislature, So. West of the Ohio, Passed Novr 20th 1792\u2014Deposited in\n              the Secretary of States Office.\n            As both Representatives & President are newly chosen, and it is their first\n              meeting, may it not be a good occasion, & proper for the latter to express his\n              sentiments of the honor conferred on by his fellow Citizens. The former is an\n              augmented body\u2014The times are critical\u2014and much temper, & cool deliberate\n              reflection is necessary to maintain Peace with dignity & safety to the United\n            Appointments, during the recess of Congress to be laid before the Senate.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0264-0005", "content": "Title: IV, November 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: \n            As soon as the European war had embraced those nations, with which the U.S. have an\n              extensive commercial intercourse, there was reason to apprehend,\n              that this intercourse might be interrupted, and our disposition for peace drawn into\n              question, by the suspicions, usually entertained by belligerent powers. It seemed\n              therefore to be my duty, to admonish my fellow-citizens, of the consequences of a\n              contraband trade, and of hostile conduct towards any of the parties; and to obtain, by\n              a declaration of the existing legal state of things, an easier admission of our right\n              to the immunities, belonging to our situation. Under these impressions, the\n              proclamation, which will be laid before you, was issued.\n            It did not escape notice, that our treaties with France might probably produce claims\n              for the performance of many important stipulations, contained in that instrument. But these, so far as their fulfilment might depend upon\n              the opinions and authority of the executive, could not with propriety be considered,\n              as clashing with the proclamation; and they have been accordingly fulfilled.\n            Several prizes, taken by the French ships of war and privateers, were brought into\n              our ports, under the permission, given by the treaty of commerce; and being there,\n              they have been sold by the captors. Howsoever salutary a prohibition or restriction of\n              this practice might have been; it appeared to be a subject, more fit for a provision\n              by law, than for the interposition of the executive.\n            On other occasions, when the jurisdiction of the U.S. has been infringed by captures\n              within the protection of our territory, or by captures, made by vessels, commissioned\n              or equipped in our ports, I have not refused to restore them; and I have also, in many\n              instances, ordered the vessels, so equipped, to be reduced from their military\n              preparations. But, notwithstanding every precaution, some of those captures were\n              attended with such circumstances, as to render it proper for me to undertake, what is\n              expressed in a communication to the ministers of foreign courts, resident here,\n              concerning compensation.\n            It would however, have been very acceptable to me, if the constitution of the f\u0153deral\n              courts would have suffered me to consign to their decision many cases, upon which I\n              was compelled to act definitively. Even now perhaps, it may be expedient to extend\n              their cognizance of captures, as well to the ascertaining of facts by a jury, when the\n              executive shall, for its own information, request it; as even to the making of\n              restitution when restitution shall be due. The want of aids, like\n              these, induced me to adopt a system of rules, of which copies will be presented to\n            Nor is it less urgent, that some particular penalty should be enacted against those\n              foreign consuls, who shall open courts within the U.S. for the condemnation of\n              vessels, captured from their enemy. The means, which are in the hands of the executive\n              for repressing this assumption of power, will not be always equal to the mischief,\n              which may spring from it.\n            But with the wisest legislative institutions on these subjects, and with the greatest\n              vigilance of the public officers against their violation, a respect to the authority\n              of the U.S. cannot be insured from foreign vessels of force, without an ability to\n              coerce them. On some of the waters of the U.S., a few forts have been adapted to\n              effectual service; but on others, none are to be found.\n            Among other arrangements, which the posture of public affairs demands, it seems\n              adviseable to define the extent of protection and jurisdiction from the coast of the\n              U.S. into the ocean. Different nations have established different pretensions into the\n              sea. For the present, no greater distance has been assumed by the U.S., than a marine\n              league, which is the shortest distance, claimed by any nation. It remains therefore\n              for congress to determine, whether it be better to rest this unsettled point, upon\n              explanations and adjustments, which may be made thro\u2019 the channel of negotiation, or\n              to prescribe the range, to which the right of the U.S. shall be hereafter", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0264-0006", "content": "Title: V, 19 November 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: \n            The efforts which have been made without the desired effect, to adjust, by an\n              amicable negociation, all causes of difference with the hostile Indians north of the\n              Ohio, will I trust, be found demonstrative of the sincere dispositions of the United\n              States for peace, upon moderate and equitable terms, and also, of their liberal\n              intentions, of rendering more comfortable, the condition of their ignorant and\n              barbarous neighbours.\n            I have directed that all the papers relatively to the pacific overtures to the said\n              Indians, together with the result thereof, should be laid before you for your\n              information upon the subject.\n            If after the fairest experiments peace is unattainable upon reasonable grounds, it\n              appears to be incumbent on the United States to use decisively, such degrees of their\n              force, as shall be competent, as well to the immediate protection of their exposed\n              citizens, as to the exemplary punishment of those tribes, which obstinately persevere\n              in their cruel depredations upon our frontiers.\n            The season for military operations having been occupied by negociations, the public\n              force will not probably be able to undertake any considerable enterprizes in a\n              wilderness, during the remainder of the Year.\n            A return of the troops in service will be laid before you, by which, it will be\n              perceived that the numbers authorized by law, are materially deficient,\n              notwithstanding the recruiting, has been continued to the present time. It will be a\n              subject of consideration, whether the establishment shall be completed by additional\n              encouragements, or whether powerful aids of militia shall be afforded to accomplish\n              the public objects.\n            The situation in the southwestern frontiers will also claim the serious attention of\n              Congress. A statement upon this subject, together with the papers on which it is\n              founded will be laid before you in order that you may be enabled to judge of the\n              measures which it may be proper to adopt on the occasion. At the same time means may be devised for the prompt\n              punishment of bandittie Indians belonging to tribes in peace with\n              us, it would appear to be indispensible, that the laws should be so strengthened, that\n              our own violators of the peace, and existing treaties, should not escape with\n              impunity, & thereby bring down upon innocent men women and children all the\n              horrors of savage retaliation, and also involve the United States in an unjust\n            I have directed the secretary of War also to lay before you a statement of the\n              present situation of the public Magazines and Arsenals. Although it will appear, that the war like apparatus and stores, contained are\n              respectable, yet motives of prudence, require that large augmentations should be made\n              thereto. During the recess of Congress I conceived it to be my duty to direct that\n              some essential articles should be provided, and some repairs made, which might be\n              required at a time and under circumstances when they could not be obtained. The\n              expences incurred for these Objects, will be stated in the estimates for the ensuing\n              year, for which appropriations will be requisite.\n            Although it be deemed that neither our interests nor any other circumstances require\n              us to become parties to the existing war among the European powers, yet it is an\n              obligation of the highest nature, which every Nation owes to itself, to be provided at\n              all times, in full abundance, with the means necessary for its own preservation, and\n                defence. Hence it is submitted to your wisdom\n              whether the exposed situation of some of the principal Seaports of the United States\n              do not require that species of fortification which would secure them from insult or\n              surprize. Applications for this purpose have been made to me by several of the\n              excutives of the individual states, but as there was no law authorizing the measure it\n              could not be undertaken. Its propriety however is too\n              apparent to require any arguments to enforce it.\n            Being upon the subject of our defence I feel myself impelled by a sacred love for my\n              country, and by a solemn conviction of the importance of the object\u2014again to suggest\n              the propriety of establishing that bulwark of liberty and national security an\n              energetic Militia. To act in all emergencies as the advanced Guard of the Country\n              behind which the great body of the people by their representatives should have time\n              and opportunity afforded them to take such arrangements as the situation of affairs\n              might demand. With an adequate body of free citizens properly organized the United\n              States would be in a condition to meet and dissipate those events,\n              which sometimes arise in the affairs of men, and for which being unprepared, the\n              happiness and the liberty of societies have too frequently been overturned and", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0264-0007", "content": "Title: VI, 21 November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n            It is greatly to be lamented, for the sake of humanity, that the flame of War, which\n              had before spread over a considerable part of Europe has within the present year\n              extended itself much further; implicating all those powers with whom the United States\n              have the most extensive relations. When it was seen here, that almost all the maritime\n              Nations either were, or were likely soon to become parties to the\n              War, it was natural that it should excite serious reflections about the possible\n              consequences to this Country. On the one hand, it appeared desireable, that no\n              impressions in reference to it should exist\u2014with any of the powers engaged, of a\n              nature to precipitate arrangements or measurs tending to interrupt or endanger our\n                peace. On the other, it was probable, that\n              designing or inconsiderate persons among ourselves might from different motives embark\n              in enterprizes contrary to the duties of a nation at peace with nations at war with\n              each other; and, of course, calculated to invite and\n              to produce reprisals and hostilites. Adverting to these considerations, in a situation\n              both new and delicate, I Judged it adviseable to issue a Proclamation (here insert the\n              substance of the Proclamation)\u2014The effects of this measure have, I trust, neither\n              disappointed the views which dictated it, nor disserved the true interests of our", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0264-0008", "content": "Title: VII, 22 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n                  individuals (as Henfield &c.) organize themselves into military bodies within\n                  the U.S. or participate in acts of hostility by sea, where jurisdiction attaches to the person.\n                  \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0What is the present legal mode of restraint?\n                  binding to the good behavior? military restraint? or what? or can the act only be\n                    punished after it is committed?\n                \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0The Constitution having\n                  authorised the legislature exclusively to declare whether the nation, from a state\n                  of peace, shall go into that of war, it rests with their wisdom to consider Whether the\n                  restraints already provided by the laws are sufficient to prevent individuals from\n                  usurping, in effect, that power, by taking part, or\n                  arraying themselves to take part, by sea or by land, while under the jurisdiction\n                  of the U.S. in the hostilities of any one nation against any other with which the\n                  originally constituting themselves cruizers here, or those so constituted\n                  elsewhere & augmenting their force here, may they be seized & detained? by\n                  what branch of the government? e.g. the Polly or Republican at N.Y. the Jane at\n                  Philada the Industry at Baltimore. Their Prizes. may they be restored? e.g. the\n                  Lovely lass, Pr. Wm Henry, Jane of Dublin, the Spanish prize &c.\n                \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Whether the laws have\n                  provided with sufficient efficacy & explicitness, for arresting &\n                  restraining their preparations & enterprizes, & for indemnifying their\n                  within our waters, by whom to be restored? e.g. the Grange, the William, the\n                  Providence, the William Tell &c\n                \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Whether within the territory\n                  of the U.S. or those limits on it\u2019s shores to which reason & usage authorize\n                  them to extend their jurisdiction & protection, & to interdict every\n                  hostile act, even between hostile nations, the partition of the National authority\n                  between the civil & military organs is delineated with sufficient precision to\n                  leave no doubt which of the two is justified, & is bound to interpose?\n                  Betsey, and American Vessel & Swedish cargo. the Maxwell, vessel & cargo\n                \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Whether either & Which\n                  of them is authorized to liberate our own property or that of other peaceable nations, taken on the high-seas & brought into our\n                  intimation to establish all these cases with the judiciary.\n                \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Whether all such of these\n                  interferences as may be exercised by the judiciary bodies with equal efficacy,\n                  with more regularity, and with greater safety to the rights of individuals,\n                  citizen or alien, are already placed under their cognisance, so as to leave no\n                  room for diversity of judgment among them, no necessity or ground for any other\n                  branch to exercise them, merely that there may not be a defect of justice or\n                  protection, or a breach of public order?\n                  specification of some of these duties see Jay\u2019s & Wilson\u2019s charges. are they all sufficiently provided with specific\n                  punishments? \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Offences against the Law of Nations. Genet\u2019s conduct is one.\n                  by that law the President may order him away. has the law provided for the\n                  efficacy of this order?\n                \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0And Whether the duties of a\n                  nation at peace towards those at war, imposed by the laws and usages of nature,\n                  & nations, & such other offences against the law of nations as present\n                  circumstances may produce, are provided for by the municipal law with those\n                  details of internal sanction and coercion, the mode & measure of which that\n                  alone can establish?\n            other subjects\n            Proclamation\n            Report of balances between the states.\n            Western Indians\n            Provision of arms made, & to be\n                Genet\u2019s conduct\n                inexecution of treaty.\n                interception of our provisions.\n                boundary & navigation of Missisipi.\n                protection of Southern Indians.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0264-0009", "content": "Title: VIII, November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: \n            The Commissioners charged with the settlement of Accounts between the United &\n              the Individual States completed that important business within the time limited by\n              Law; and the ballances which they have reported have been placed upon the Books of the\n              Treasury. A copy of their Report bearing date the  day of  last will\n              be laid before Congress for their information.\n            The importance of the object will justify me in recalling to your consideration the\n              expediency of a regular and adequate provision for the Redemption and Discharge of the\n              Public Debt. Several obvious considerations render the \u0153conomy of time, in relation to\n              this measure, peculiarly interesting and desireable.\n            It is necessary, that provision should be also made for paying the second installment\n              of the loan of two Millions from the Bank of the U. States agreeably to the terms of\n              that loan; the first having been paid, pursuant to the provision for that purpose made\n              during the last session.\n            on the first day of June last an installment of 1000000 of florins became payable on\n              the loans of the U. States in Holland. This was adjusted by a prolongation of the\n              period of reimbusement, in nature of a new loan at an interest of 5 per Cent, for the\n              term of ten years. The charges upon this operation were a commission of three per Cent. It will readily\n              be perceived that the posture of European affairs is calculated to affect unfavourably\n              the measures of the U.S. for borrowing abroad.\n            The productiveness of the public Revenues hitherto has continued to equal the\n              anticipations which were formed of it; but it is not expected that it will prove\n              commensurate with all the objects which have been suggested. Some auxiliary provisions\n              will, therefore, it is presumed, be requisite; but these it is hoped can be made\n              consistently with a due regard to the convenience of our citizens, who cannot but be\n              sensible of the true wisdom of encountering a small present addition to their\n              contribution for the public service, to avoid a future accumulation of burthens.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0264-0010", "content": "Title: IX, 28 November 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: \n            Heads of matter, to be communicated to congress, either in the speech, or by message,\n              as collected from the notes of the President, and the other gentlemen.\n                advised speech\u2014\n                I. The acknowledgment to the people, which the reelection\n                  of the President would naturally excite\n                II. The proclamation\n                1. Referring to the time, when it issued.\n                2. Assigning the motives of it to be\n                1. to quiet the suspicions of foreign powers;\n                2. and to prevent the citizens of the U.S. from hostile\n                3. Accomplishing these ends\n                1. by indicating the existing legal state of\n                2. by admonishing the citizens of the U.S. against the\n                  consequences of contraband, and engaging on either side of the war:\n                3. but not interfering with the treaty between the U.S.\n                III. The measures flowing from, or suggested by, the\n                1. The French have brought their prizes into our ports in\n                  pursuance of the treaty and sold them without prohibition; this being thought a\n                  fitter subject for the legislature, than the executive.\n                2. In other respects, the President has formed principles\n                  involving the belligerent powers, into a system of rules;\n                To be under thehead of\n                3. And he has been also compelled to undertake the the\n                  compensation for vessels, captured under certain illegal circumstances.\n                4. to recommend auxiliary provisions to the legal code and\n                     the constitution of our courts concerning war and foreign\n                  nations, in the following cases:\n                1. To add to the legal code\n                1. by a more explicit penalty on individuals under the\n                  jurisdiction of the U.S., taking part in the war:\n                2. by a like penalty on and suppression of all\n                  unauthorized preparations within the U.S. for expeditions and enterprizes upon any\n                  belligerent party.\n                3. by saying, whether the civil or military power shall\n                  liberate the property of American citizens, or that of peaceable nations, unjustly\n                  taken, and brought into our ports:\n                doTo be referred\n                  to the head of Genet.\n                4. by saying, whether the civil or military power shall\n                  interpose, in case of the violation of the protection of the U.S. on the rivers or\n                  sea; submitting it at the same time to congress, whether it be better to rest the\n                  jurisdictional claim of the U.S. into the sea, as it stands, or to assert by law a\n                  particular distance into the sea.\n                5. by a particular penalty against the consuls of foreign\n                  nations, opening courts in the U.S.\n                6. and in general, by fixing penalties, and establishing\n                    internal coercion, against such violations of the law of\n                  nations, as circumstances may from time to time produce.\n                2. To add to the constitution of the courts, by vesting\n                  them with power to aid the executive in cases of capture\n                5. to provide means of defence, and of enforcing our\n                  national rights, against foreign nations,\n                1. by furnishing arsenals with arms, &c. in addition\n                  to those already in the public stores:\n                2. by providing means for maintaining the jurisdiction of\n                  the U.S. on its waters\n                3. by establishing corps of efficient militia: and\n                To be examined by the\n                  constitution and touched in a general way\n                4. by the creation of a military academy.\n                IV. To represent the situation of the U.S. with respect to\n                  foreign powers\n                General allusion in the\n                  speech\u2014To go by message.\n                1. The claim whatever it is of the guarantee.\n                advd\u2014two messages one to\n                  Senate the other to house of reps\n                2. The propositions concerning trade; and \n                3. Mr Genet\u2019s conduct, including the notification of a\n                  reimbursement out of the French debt, for the compensation, stipulated on certain\n                2. To Great-Britain\n                1. The inexecution of the treaty as to the Western\n                2. The interception of our provisions, under the\n                  additional instructions of the King, and vexations of commerce\n                1. The negotiation as to territory, and the\n                2. The protection of the Southern Indi\u27e8ans\u27e9qu:\n                  convention for giving up fugitives.\n                4. To the Barbary States.\n                Suspended till the\n                1. The state of the treaty with them.\n                2. The impediments in ransoming the year American\n                  prisoners at Algiers.\n                V. To lay before congress the following fiscal\n                1. The completion of the accounts between the U.S. and\n                  individual states.\n                2. The prolongation of the Dutch instalment by way of\n                3. The pecuniary arrangement, which are necessary; to\n                1. a moderate addition to the revenues.\n                2. a supply to the sinking fund.\n                3. a provision for a second instalment, due to the bank of\n                4. a provision for the interest on the unsubscribed debt,\n                  during the present year.\n                5. The expence attending the military repairs made, and\n                  the purchase of warlike stores\u2014\n                6. The expediency of taking off the tax on\n                VI. To communicate Indian affairs.\n                1. The failure of the treaty with the Western\n                2. The progress of the expedition under General\n                3. The situation of the Southern Indians, as connected\n                  with the frontiers of Georgia, and the South Western territory, so far as it may\n                  not have been detailed under the head of Spain.\n                4. The expediency of carrying on trade with the Indians on\n                VII. Miscellanea, not reducible under any of the preceding\n                1. State of the cessions of light-houses.\n                2. The propriety of having a commissary, who may receive,\n                  issue, and account for, all public stores.\n                3. The act of the legislature of the SouthWestern", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0265", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 18 November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n            Treasury Deparmt Novemr 18. 1793\n          The Secretary of the Treasury respectfully submits to the consideration of the\n            President of the United States, a communication from the Commissioner of the revenue of\n            the 6th instant, transmitting two proposals respecting the masons work for repairing the\n            Tybee Lighthouse in Georgia.\n          From the measures, which have been taken, it appears improbable that better terms are\n            obtainable, and from such means, as are possessed, of judging, there is no reason to\n            conclude that they are not reasonable. Under these circumstances, and considering the\n            distance, it is submitted, as the opinion of the Secy, expedient to close with the\n            proposal of John Armour.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0266", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 19 November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n            Treasury Departmt Novr 19. 1793.\n          The Secretary of the Treasury respectfully submits to the consideration of the\n            President of the United States a letter from the Commissioner of the revenue of the 15\n            instant, transmitting two proposals respecting the Carpenters work of the Tybee\n            Lighthouse in Georgia.\n          The Secretary agrees in sentiment with the Commissioner of the revenue that it is for\n            the interest of the United States to close with the second proposal of Adrianus van", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0267", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Marsden Pintard, 20 November 1793\nFrom: Pintard, John Marsden\nTo: Washington, George\n            Madeira 20th November 1793\n          Mr Lear under date of the 20th of August last desiers me to Ship for you two pipes of\n            wine by the first opportunity that would Sail from this port for Philadelphia after the\n            Receipt of His letter. He Requests me also to address my letters to you as he was about\n            leaving your family in a few weeks after the date of his Letter to form a Commercial\n            Establishment at the new City of Washington on the Potomack. In consequence of which I\n            now have the Honor to Inform you that By this Conveance the Sloop Lively Capt. Stephen\n            Moore I have Shiped two pipes of choice old wine for you to the address of Mr Joseph\n            Sims of Philadelphia amounting to \u00a376 Sterling as per Invoice herewith enclosed. which I\n            wish Safe to hand and to your liking. The American Ship\n            John of Boston Sailed from this a few days ago for India. I shiped by\n            her to the Care of Mr Benjamine Joy owner & Passenger on board a pipe of very choice\n            old wine with directions to him to Ship it to the Care of thomas Russell of Boston from\n            India It amounts to \u00a340 Sterling being Cased as per Invoice enclosed. the freight to Boston will be \u00a315 Str. I have desired Mr\n            Russell to Hold it at your disposall if you think proper to take If not He has my\n            directions How to dispose of it. If you Conclude on taking it you will be So obliging as\n            to Settle with Mr Joseph Sims for the amount thereof as well as the amount of the two\n            pipes I now Ship you by the Sloop Lively. Should you not think proper to take the pipe\n            that is gone to India you will be So obliging as to Inform Mr Russell So that he may\n            otherwise dispose of it as I have directed him Mrs Pintard  begs her Best Respects May be presented to you and Mrs\n            Washington and I have the Honor to be with profound Respect Sir Your Most obedient and\n            very Humble Sert\n            John M. Pintard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0269", "content": "Title: Record of Cabinet Opinions, 22 November 1793\nFrom: Cabinet\nTo: Washington, George\n          At sundry meetings of the heads of departments & Attorney General from the 1st to\n            the 21st of Nov. 1793. at the President\u2019s several matters were agreed upon as stated in\n            the following letters from the Secretary of state. to wit.\n          Nov. 8. Circular letter to the\n            representatives of France, Gr. Brit. Spain & the U. Netherlands, fixing provisorily\n            the extent of our jurisdiction into the sea at a sea-league.\n          10. Circular do to the district attornies,\n            notifying the same, & committing to them the taking depositions in those cases. same date. Circular to the foreign representatives,\n            notifying how depositions are to be taken in those cases.\n          the substance of the preceding letters were agreed to by\n            all, & the rough draughts were submitted to them & approved.\n          Nov. 14. to mister Hammond, that the\n            U.S. are not bound to restore the Roehampton. this was\n            agreed by all, the rough draught was submitted to & approved by Colo. Hamilton &\n            mister Randolph. Genl Knox was absent on a visit to Trenton.\n          10. letters to mister\n            Genet & Hammond, & the 14. to mister Hollingsworth for taking depositions in the\n            cases of the Coningham & Pilgrim.\n          15. do to Genet, Hammond\n            & mister Rawle for depositions in the case of the William.\n          14. do to Hollingsworth\n            to ascertain whether mister Moissonier had passed sentence on the Roehampton &\n            these last mentd letters of the 10th 14th & 15th were as to their substance\n            agreed on by all, the draughts were only communicated to mister Randolph and approved by\n          Nov. 13. to mister Hammond. enquiry\n            when we shall have an answer on the inexecution of the treaty. the substance agreed by all. the letter was sent off without\n            communication, none of the Gentlemen being at Germantown.\n          22. to mister Genet.\n            returning the commissions of Pennevert & Chervi because not addressed to the\n            Presiden. same date. to do enquiring whether the Lovely lass, Prince William Henry\n            & Jane of Dublin have been given up, and if not, requiring that they be now restored\n            to owners. these were agreed to by all as to their matter, and the letters\n            themselves were submitted before they were sent to the President, the Secretary of War\n            & the Attorney General, the Secretary of the treasury absent.\n            same date. to mister Gore for authentic evidence of Dannery\u2019s protest on the\n            President\u2019s revocation of Duplaine\u2019s Exequatur. the\n            substance agreed to by all. the letter sent off before communication.\n            Th: Jefferson\n            Edm: Randolph\n            Alexandr Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0270", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 22 November 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I think Colo. Humphrey\u2019s in one of his letters to you, refers to his to me, for some\n            article of News. I see nothing therein that we have not had before; but send it\n            nevertheless, for your perusal.\n          Can any thing be said, or done, respecting the Marquis de la Fayette? I send the letter\n            that you may give it another perusal. I send a letter\n            also from a French Gentleman in New York offering his Services as Engineer &ca. We may want such characters! A civil answer therefore may\n            not be amiss to give him, although he cannot be employed now, nor\n            never indeed  he is well qualified.\n          Are resignations deposited in the Office of State? If they are I send one just\n              received. Yours always\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0271", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 22 November 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n            Philadelphia 22 Nov. 1793\n          General Stewart declines the office of Inspector He says he would have done the same by\n            the naval office, and that he was induced to make the application to please his father\n            in Law; but that he intended this day to have come to me to withdraw it, as his\n            commercial prospects are exceedingly Good\u2014At the same time he is grateful for the\n          I submit a letter from Ensign John Morgan being another speciman of his indecorum. In\n            this he objects to the proceedings of the Court Martial which have been received, as not\n            being \u201cthe original proceedings\u201d of the Court. I submit this letter to-day in order that\n            if you should judge proper that the validity of those objections may be considered to\n              morrow. I have the honor to be sir with the highest\n            respect your humble Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0272", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Frances Bassett Washington, 22 November 1793\nFrom: Washington, Frances Bassett\nTo: Washington, George\n            Dear & honord Sir\n            Mount Vernon November 22d 1793\n          My Aunt expecting soon to receive a summons to attend you in Philadelphia, I take the liberty by her hand to offer a request to your\n            consideration, one however which I almost fear all the friendship you have shewn me,\n            will not justify me in making but confiding as I do, in your judgement & in your\n            kindness, I trust you will tell me, if you think me wrong, & rather ascribe my\n            errors to inexperience than to a wilful intention of acting imprudently\u2014I must also\n            assure you, that however you may think proper to decide, I shall most chearfully\n            acquiese in your opinion\u2014the request which I beg leave to make is, that while the\n            repairs are making to your house in Alexandria (which you have been so good as to offer\n            me for a habitation) the roof may be taken off, & another story\n            added, this I hope will not increase the expence considerably, & woud afford me\n            exactly the accommodation I most wish for\u2014my circumstances I am very certain will not\n            justify me in anything more than a very moderate stile of living, & I hope I have\n            considerd nothing more in my ideas of settling myself\u2014to retain a few of the\n            indulgencies I have been accustomd to, & to give my Children good educations is all\n            that I wish\u2014with devout prayers to the bestower of all blessings, long to continue to\n            you health & happiness, I subscribe myself, dear Sir, your grateful &\n            affectionate\n            Frances Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0273", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Richard Chichester, 23 November 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Chichester, Richard\n            German Town [Pa.] 23th Novr 1793.\n          On the 21st instt I was favored with your letter of the 10th.\n          I am very sorry that so trivial a matter as that related in it, should have given you\n            one moments pain. There must have been some misconception on the part of Colo. Burgess\n            Ball if he understood that I had been informed it was you, who had killed my English\n            Buck; for no such information that I can recollect ever was given to me. I had heard\n            before the rect of your letter but how, is more like a dream than reality, that that\n            particular Deer was killed on Ravensworth. Nor did I ever suppose that you would have\n            been so unneighbourly as to kill any of my Deer knowing them to be such; but as they had\n            broke out of the Paddock in wch they had been confined & were going at large\u2014and\n            besides consisted as well of Country as English Deer I wished to protect them as much as\n            I was able and upon that principle, and that alone, declined giving the permission you\n            asked to hunt some of my Woods adjoining to yours\u2014knowing that they did not confine\n            themselves within my exterior fences\u2014and moreover that, when Hounds are in pursuit no\n            person could distinguish them from the wild Deer of the Forest. I thank yo. for yr kind wishes\u2014& am sorry to hear you are\n            in such bad health yourself & sincerely wish you may be restored to that which is\n            good\u2014My Compliments to Your Lady & Mrs McCarty \n            & I am Dr Sir Yr Obedt Hble Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0274-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 23 November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n            The Secretary of the Treasury presents his respects to the President. He regrets\n              extremely that the state of his health does not permit him to attend the President\n              today. He has the honor to enclose a report on two of the letters to Mr Genet, &\n              would have embraced the third respecting the protested bills, if it had been in his\n                power. But no inconvenience can in this case ensue,\n              as the supposed mistake with regard to the funds already promised has been adjusted,\n              and the enclosed report embraces and answers the question of advance upon a future\n              fund. The report would have been more full & precise, if my situation had\n              permitted, but my frame is so disordered as almost to unfit me for business.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0275", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Humphreys, 23 November 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Washington, George\n          (Secret & confidential)\n          My dear Sir.Alicant [Spain] Novr 23d\n          By my letter of the 19th to the Secry of State, &\n            particularly by that of this date to him (of which I forward Duplicates) you will find\n            that the Dey of Algiers has refused to grant a Passport for me to come to Algiers. All hopes of any accomodation by negotiation for the\n            present are therefore at an end. To use the Dey\u2019s own expression, \u201che\n            would not treat with us, even if we were to lavish Millions.\u201d\n          It seems unfortunate that my full Powers had not arrived at the time, or soon after,\n            the notice did of their being in preparation, in order that an experiment of treating\n            might have been made before these late innovations had taken place at Algiers: but it\n            was exceedingly fortunate, arriving when they did, that I was obliged by the\n            Instructions of the Secretary of State to go to Gibralter to settle Mr Barclay\u2019s\n            accounts \u2014otherwise the property of the U.S. now with\n            us would in all probability have been lost, & other disagreeable consequences might\n            possibly have ensued.\n          It is now some consolation, that the money is at hand, to be applied (at least a part\n            of it) to the immediate cloathing & comfort of our naked & distressed Countrymen\n            who are in captivity. I hope & trust that my arrangements herein (which will be more\n            fully explained in my next letter to the Secry of State) will meet with your\n              approbation; and that I may have the satisfacton of\n            knowing that to be the case\u2014That circumstance, in addition to the consciousness of\n            having attempted to do my duty, will be the only compensation I can ever receive for no\n            small portion of fatigue, anxiety & distress, that I have experienced in the course\n            of this business.\n          When I arrive at Madrid, I shall disclose the whole state of affairs to Mr Carmichael\n            & Mr Short, and shall be influenced very much by their advice in respect to the\n            ulterior measures which ought to be pursued. I need not mention to you, my dear &\n            most respected General, that a naval force has now (to a certain degree) become\n            indispensable; or that the future reputation of the U.S. in Europe & Africa will\n            depend very much, & for a very great length of time, on the success of our fleet at\n            its very first appearance on the Ocean. For this effect, it will not, I am confident,\n            escape your recollection that the whole Nation ought, from every sentiment of\n            patriotism, liberty & humanity, to be roused into exertion, as one Man. Whether, in the midst of such an afflicting national calamity,\n            the resources of Religion ought not to be called into our aid, by setting apart a day of\n            solemn fasting & prayer, throughout the U.S., to implore the blessing of Heaven on\n            our arms, and for the liberation of our fellow Citizens from Slavery, you can best\n            determine.\n          It will doubtless be thought expedient to publish some Proclamation, Manifesto, or\n            Statement of facts\u2014Forcible truths set home to men\u2019s feelings are apt to have an effect.\n            It is time to awaken mankind from the Lethargy of Ages.\n          How far considerable preparations can be made for offensive war, under a public idea of\n            only furnishing convoys to our merchantmen, I do not know\u2014but this would probably be the\n            only way by which we could hope to catch some of the Corsairs seperated, & perhaps\n            out of the Mediterranean. I will not be remiss in my endeavours to make combinations\n            with any Nation in similar circumstances, & to keep you informed of the result.\n            Adieu, my dear General, and believe me, in offering my best respect to Mrs Washington\n            and our friends. Your most affe and devoted Servant\n            D. Humphreys\n            P.S. I leave the discussion of the policy & agency which brought about those\n              inauspicious truces to a more convenient occasion.\n            This ought to be the time (& I hope to God it will) for extinguishing all the\n              little affects of party spirit among ourselves.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0276", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander White, 23 November 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: White, Alexander\n            Germantown [Pa.] 23d Novemr \u201993.\n          The advantages which result from a state of peace & amity (preserved upon\n            respectable conditions) with all nations\u2014and particularly when applied to our Country,\n            yet in its infancy, are too striking to need elucidation; & such as must be obvious\n            to the least accurate enquiry into the subject.\n          To secure these advantages to the United States, it was thought expedient to pursue a\n            friendly & impartial conduct towards the belligerent powers; & with a view to\n            this object, and to the advancement of the prosperity of these States, the proclamation\n            declaring the actual state of things was thought right & accordingly issued\u2014and I am\n            pleased to find the measure approved by the enlightened Citizens of Frederick\n          I cherish a grateful recollection of the distinguished services rendered to our Country\n            by the French Nation, & unite my wishes to those of my Fellow Citizens of Frederick,\n            that it may establish a Government for itself upon those principles, which are best\n            calculated to make it happy.\n          If in the discharge of the duties attendant on the trust committed to me by my Fellow\n            Citizens, my conduct should meet their approbation, it will be my highest glory\u2014& I\n            am happy to have it approved by the Citizens of Frederick County.\n            Go. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0278", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Clinton, 24 November 1793\nFrom: Clinton, George\nTo: Washington, George\n            New York 24th November 1793\n          I have recently received a Letter from the Secretary of War dated the 12th and also\n            another dated the 13th Instant in Answer to mine of the\n            8th of September last.\n          On recurring to my Correspondence with the Minister of France a Copy of which was\n            enclosed in that letter it will appear that my Object was to procure the departure of\n            the privateers Petit Democrat and Carmagnole Agreeably to your decision communicated to\n            me in a letter from the Secretary of War dated the 16th of August; but as it was mentioned to be your desire that forcible\n            Measures Should not be resorted to until every other effort had been tried, I thought it\n            proper to Submit to your Consideration the Measure proposed by the French Minister\u2014In\n            the interim the Petit Democrat departed from this harbour without any Augmentation of\n            her Military equippments So far as my knowledge extends. The Carmagnole Still remains\n            here, And it Seems is the Vessel to which my letter of the 15th refers. I now transmit a\n            Second letter which I have written to the French Minister on this Subject And his\n              Answer, And have only to request to be informed\n            whether Any farther interferences on my part is expected.\n          As I Shall in a Short time Set out for Albany to Attend the Meeting of our Legislature\n            I take this opportunity of Apprising You of it in Order that if any Arrangements are\n            thought Necessary which may require my personal Attention they may be concerted before\n            my departure, As it is Uncertain whether I Shall return to this City before Spring. I am\n            with Sentiments of the highest Respect Your most Obedient Servant\n            Geo. Clinton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0280", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Pearce, 24 November 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pearce, William\n            German Town [Pa.] 24th Novr 1793.\n          On my way to this place (about the last of Octr) I lodged a letter for you in the Post\n            Office at Baltimore, which I hope got safe to your hands, although I have not heard from\n          I shall begin, now, to throw upon Paper such general thoughts, and directions, as may\n            be necessary for your government when you get to Mount Vernon; and for fear of\n            accidents, if transmitted to you thro\u2019 any other channel, will deposit them in the hands\n            of my Nephew, Mr Howell Lewis, who will remain (though inconvenient to me) at that place\n            until your arrival there, that he pray put you in possession, and\n            give you such information into matters as may be useful.\n          As my farms stand much in need of manure, and it is difficult to raise a sufficiency of\n            it on them; & the Land besides requires something to loosen & ameliorate it, I\n            mean to go largely (as you will perceive by what I shall hand to you through Mr Lewis)\n            upon Buck Wheat as a Green manure (Plowed in, when full in blossom)\u2014for this purpose I\n            have requested a Gentleman of my acquaintance in the County of Loudoun, above Mount\n            Vernon, to send to that place in time 450, or 500 bushels of this article for Seed. And as I do not wish to go largely upon Corn, it is\n            necessary I should sow a good many Oats; my calculation (allowing two bushels to the\n            acre) is about 400 bushels wanting. Not more than the half of which can I calculate I\n            have of my own, for Seed next Spring, & therefore if you could carry round with you\n            two hundred, or even 300 bushels to be certain; of those which are good in quality,\n            & free from Onions, I will readily pay for them and the accustomed freight. That I\n            may know whether to depend upon yr doing this, or not, write me word; that in case of\n            failure with you, I may try to obtain them through some other channel. I am Your friend\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0281", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 24 November 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n            German Town [Pa.] November 24th 1793.\n          Upon the proceedings against Ensign Morgan two questions may arise. The first is,\n            whether the President, as the constitutional commander in chief of the army, ought to\n            pass his judgment on them; and if he ought, the second will be, whether the sentence of\n            the court-martial is supported by the testimony, and the articles of war.\n          When the subject was opened yesterday for consideration, and I had the honor of\n            expressing to you my sentiments in favor of your interference, I went upon general\n            principles, drawn from your official relation to the army, without\n            having had an opportunity of consulting those articles. But now, after having examined\n            them, I am induced by the rules \u201cfor the administration of\n              justice\u201d to a contrary opinion\u2014By the second\n            article of that head; general courts martial are to be ordered, as often as the cases\n            may require, by the general or officer commanding the troops; and in this instance Mr\n            Morgan\u2019s court martial has been ordered by General Wayne. The article further declares,\n            that no sentence of a court martial shall be carried into execution, until after the\n            whole proceedings shall have been laid before the said general,\n            or officer commanding the troops for the time being. Who is meant by the said general?\n            The general, who had ordered the court martial: This construction is enforced by several\n            considerations. Altho\u2019 the President is the constitutional commander in chief, he will\n            seldom be the commander in the field, and he being therefore necessarily absent from the\n            scene of action, the arrest of an officer would be continued contrary to the spirit of\n            the sixteenth article of the same head, by the time spent in sending backwards and\n            forwards to him. Again; the proceedings are to be laid\n            before the general, or the officer; that is, before the one or the other, as the one or\n            the other may be in the command. The exception, by which no sentence of a general court\n            martial in time of peace, extending to the dismission of a\n            commissioned officer, shall be carried into execution, until the whole proceedings shall\n            be laid before congress, does not affect a case in time of war.\n            Consequently in this time of war, the proceedings against Mr Morgan are to be laid\n            before the same officer, before whom they would have been laid under the preceding\n            clause of the article; that is, General Wayne. And such is the language which follows:\n            \u201cAll other sentences[\u201c] (that is, except those extending to life or dismission in time\n            of peace, or a general officer, in time of peace or war) \u201cmay be confirmed and executed\n            by the officer ordering the court to assemble, or the commanding officer for the time\n            being, as the case may be[\u201c]\u2014The oath, taken by the\n            members of a court martial prohibits them from divulging the sentence of the court,\n            until it shall be published by the commanding officer;  in no manner intimating thereby, that the publication of it is\n            to depend upon the will of another\u2014Farther: in the 13th article of the same head, it is\n            directed, that no commissioned officer shall be cashiered or dismissed from the service,\n              excepting by order of Congress, or by the sentence of a general\n            court martial. Now if we suppose that the President, not being in the field, has\n            succeeded Congress in this particular; (as we must suppose, to prevent a link in the\n            chain from being broken) there appears to be a contrast between him, and the actual\n            commander in the field.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0282", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Armstrong, 25 November 1793\nFrom: Armstrong, John\nTo: Washington, George\n            Honored Dear Sir\n          Please to accept my sincere Congratulations on the reputed State of your good health\n            & safe return to our Afflicted Capitol, or the invirons thereof.\n          The design of this letter which ought to have been much sooner addressed, is to tender\n            my Cordial thanks & acknowledgments of your Excellencys friendly rememberance of my\n            son in the appointment proposed to him\u2014of which thro\u2019 an accidental delay in his\n            correspondence, I knew nothing until a short time before your last setting out to Mount\n            Vernon. his non-acceptance I find gave him some pain for certain reasons distinct from\n            the change of his residence to that of New York, which he thinks\n            would not correspond to his circumstances in life; and which I hope he may in some\n            degree have explain\u2019d in the acknowledgments incumbent upon him. It has been amongst my wishes for and advices to him, to keep a\n            constant eye to the common dictates of providence, seeking resignation in Such Station\n            as most naturally presented itself however private it might be, and I trust he has in a\n            good degree began to see the propriety thereof, and the Sovereign disposal of men &\n            things which this world presents to the observation of every day! his elder brother who\n            never looked for any thing out of the sphere of his own profession, and which former bad\n            health had even obliged him to lay aside, is now called forth to deliberations of a very\n            important kind for which he hath few possitive quallifications beyond the native\n            Simplicity and firmness of his mind, yet such is the course of human conduct.\n          In regard to our Western Affairs, a Solemn Silence at present prevails\u2014if Genl Wayne\n            has carried out 3000 effectives, from the consideration of more discipline & better\n            appointments, there is much to hope he has reach\u2019d the Villages near the begining of\n            this month. If a general Action should take place it is not likely to be obstinate, as\n            the Novelty joined to the terror of the Horse has a tendency at once to intimidate &\n            discomfit the Enemy, who in my opinion have no rational motive at all for a general\n            engagement except their numbers far Exceed our computation; their present estimation of\n            their own Superiority at Arms may prove a Stimulas to produce a general battle, but if\n            they persist, (the circumstances of light & ground being favourable) the Stimulas I\n            hope will prove a Snare to these inflated men.\n          Publick prayers have been offered in these parts for the Success of our little Army\u2014the\n            preservation of our Country & the Capitol of this state from wasteing &\n            contagious diseases\u2014and the Governor I see has recommended another day of the like\n              Ser\u27e8illegible\u27e9 which may be more generally attended to\u2014this to\n            be sure is both laudible & highly expedient, but pity it is, where the holy Bible\n            may be so easily consulted that this devout prescription should appear to be wanting in\n            a Capital Article\u2014as of the merits & intercession of jesus Christ, the proclamation\n            sayeth nothing! without a special respect thereto (if revelation be true) the other good\n            things mentioned therein can avail nothing\u2014but the people we hope will make this\n            necessary Supplement.\n          The late afflictive Visitation of God to the inhabitants of Philada is truly Alarming\n            & ought to awaken not only the reflexion of Pennsylvania, but of every State in the\n            Union\u2014nor is the limittation of the infection to that spot (as is generally reported)\n            less extraordinary, from which we are not unnaturally led to augur some good to this\n            country\u2014happy however at the present in hearing not only of a gradual abatement of this\n            malignant disease for more than a month past, but now of it\u2019s total abolition.\n          I should but improperly offer to touch the publick difficulties of the present moment\n            and can only express my earnest wishes that together with the country where you preside\n            you may be safely carried through the political intricacies that either now or hereafter\n            may fall in the way\u2014You were Sir, I firmly believe providentially called to this\n            checkered task, and in a diligent attention not only to your official, but Christian\n            duty, have cause to be of good Courage, not because of an imperfect discharge of these\n            duties, but because the lord reigns & will do all his pleasure, who can carry you\n            through this maze of things, with honor and dignity to the end. And this dear Sir in the\n            simplicity of truth is the habitual desire of your frail but invariable friend\n            John Armstrong", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0283", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joseph Barrell, 25 November 1793\nFrom: Barrell, Joseph\nTo: Washington, George\n            Much Respected Sir,\n            Pleasant Hill Charlestown,state Massts,\n          By Major Sargeant, I have taken the liberty to send you, the only intire Sea Otter\n            Skin, brought to this Country, which was procured by the Columbia & Washington, on\n            the North West Coast of America; the first American Vessels that ever visited that\n            Coast, or went round the Globe.\n          If you will please to Accept it as a seat for your Sadle, you will very much gratify\n            One, who is with the highest Respect, and most sincere esteem Your most Obedient and\n            very humble Servant\n            Joseph Barrell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0284", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Stephen Cross, 25 November 1793\nFrom: Cross, Stephen\nTo: Washington, George\n            Newbury port [Mass.] November 25 1793\n          Inclosed is A Coppy of my last letter to the Secretary of the Treasury and his answer\n            thereto, since which I have waited more than a year but have receiv\u2019d nothing ferther\n            from him, and Concluding that in the Multiplisity of Buisness he has forgoten boath me\n            and his promis. Therefore I now take the liberty of\n            addressing your Excelency, requesting your attention and reconsideration of my Case I am\n            not insencible that it is in your power to remove any Officer of the Customs or Revenue\n            without giveing any reason. But this power I conclude you will not exersise without a\n            suffisiant reason operating in your own Mind. But that maters may be misrepresented, or\n            such a Construction put upon A Persons Conduct as may lead to A wrong Judgement espesial\n            when it is by those who are ameing at Revenge, had You been fully knowing to my whole\n            conduct, and the temper and views of those who inform\u2019d against me, I cannot but think\n            it would have appeared to you in a verry differant light. although I was not gratified\n            with an Information who my accuser was, I have good reason now to think who the person\n            was which was the principal mover, and most offisious. And who I have reason to think\n            was actuated by A malisious and revengful temper, and for no other reasons that I can\n            conceive of but the following Viz: first I was ever a Zealous opposer of the British\n            Goverment in their measures against this Countrry. And this person though lately crept\n            into life and importance in his own esteem, his Connections fully attached to the\n            British and of course Inemical to me. Second when I wanted assistance of Councill either\n            in my private or Offsial capasity I did not Imploy him but another person whom I Esteeme\n            his Supriour. And third my Brother & myself had A\n            matter in Law in which this person was Imploye against us in which he used his utmost\n            indevour to destroy my Brothers Reputation, and prevent me from obtaining my Just due in\n            booth which he failed and to his great Mortification as it planly appeard. And fourthly\n            I could not be prevailed on to imploy A Friend of his as an officer in the Customs who I\n            deemed unworthy and unfit for the trust, and although he has since been imployed yet I\n            believe it is evident to all who has been witness to his Conduct that he is not a\n            sutable Person.\n          These are the only reasons I can think of which Indused him to use all his Contrivance\n            to stir up every person he could perswade to joyn him in A representation to the\n            Secretary of the Treasury against me. And although he failed with most of those with\n            whoom he took much pains and earnestly soliseted to joyn him, (as some have since\n            Inform\u2019d me) and who dispised him for this Conduct, Yet I conclude he prevailed with\n            some persons that were disafected for my strict attention to the Law and not Constureing\n            it agreeable to their wish and in the Close watch I kept on their movements of those\n            persons I had reason to suspect of fraudelant designs agains the Revenue. That this\n            person Who had been seeking accaison against me should be Particularly pointed out by\n            the Secretary to take depositions respecting my deportment in Office. And as I have been\n            Informed had A private interview with that Mr Joseph Whittemor before the examination as\n            (I suppose) to state the questions, and forme the answers. And to make A great perade\n            invited most of the Merchants in the Town to attend an examination against me, all of\n            which rejected and despised his invitation except three Persons, one of which was his\n            Brother in law, and the person with whom my Brother and myself had the law sute before\n            mentioned and one of the persons I had reason to suspect had defrauded the Revenue, and\n            either he or his partner I suspect be Informers against me. And what was the enquiry, the questions will Shew. And no other\n            part of my Conduct enquired into, as they had no hope of any thing which would serve\n            their perpose, but must all terminte in my favour. And what was found against me, why\n            really this and this only Viz. one of the under Officers had left in my hand A sum of\n            money for me to divide with the Naval officer & Surveyer (and this was done of his\n            own free will accord and without my ever makeing any proposal, or changing A word with\n            him on the subject) and afterward when I found this was represented to my disadvantage I\n            had paid it to him. this together with my imploying\n            some of my own connections and against whome no one pretended were unfit or their\n            Conduct improper: is the great Crime for which I have been removed from Office, not\n            being even called on for my defence. And was ordered to\n            deliver up the Bonds I had taken for duties and without that allowance, which the Law\n            would have given my family if my removal had been by Death.\n          In my own justification I do now Sir assert that I did not look on my Office as A\n            sinecure, but I ever attended to the duties of office in my own person I cast the duties\n            on all goods, wrote all Bonds for duties and made the first entry with my own hands. I\n            received and payed all monies, (except fees) administered the oaths required by Law, and\n            in the presence of the Naval officer, and never allowed it to be done by him (and that\n            in my absence) These matters I never Intrusted to any other person. I gave Bond in\n            season, and to acceptance for my faithfull performance of the duties of my Office. And\n            no person can support an accusation of intemperance against me. If my conduct had been\n            different in any or all these maters I might have expected notice would have been taken\n            of me, Whether all those now in office can say thus much of themselves and support It, I\n            leave to those whose Buisness it is to enquire. Or whether the old adage yet holds good,\n            that one man may better Steal A Hors than another look over the Hedge.\n          In support of my faithfull Conduct in office I appeal to all those who have been\n            knowing thereto, and to a Letter wrote by some of the principall Merchanst in this Town\n            to Mr Goodhew one of our Representatives in Congress and which was laid before the\n            Secretary & also A letter wrote by some of the principal stockholders in this Town\n            to the Secretary A coppy of one of them I have been since favoured with, and been told\n            the purport of the other. And even to the Secretary\n            himself respecting those matters which Came under his knowledge. And I challange all who\n            have been acquainted with me from early life to fix on me one act of injustice or fraud.\n            And suerly if I had been charged in a Court of Judicature with a crime of the most\n            hanious nature, and even if it had been proved upon me yet all my other conduct through\n            life would have in some measure pleaded a mitigation of some degree of punishment or at\n            least pity for me (if not for me) yet for my inocent family espesially if they must be\n            great sharers in the punishment. And although I have committed no breach of law or of\n            trust or done any act of fraud either to the Publick whose servant I was or to any\n            private pe\u27e8rson\u27e9 what ever, and that no officer in the United states kept a more Regular\n            office pa\u27e8id\u27e9 greatetr attention to the duties of it kept closer to the law or gave\n            better satisfaction to the Merchants. To the truth of what I now assert I dare appeal to\n            all, even my enemies and that my conduct should be contrasted with\n            the person now holding the office I dare to challange,\n            yet punished I feel myself to be, and that with severity, and my inocent family which\n            are dependant on me for support are sharers in my punishment and we are fallen on a\n            sacrifice (as I verrily believe) to malice and revenge. And if Inocence and A faithfull\n            discharge of the duties of any office can plead for a reconsideration, I think myself\n            Intitled to it. And if you Shall think to do it, And enquire respecting my general\n            carrecter, Mr Goodhew and Judge Holten, as well as Mr Wingate of New Hamshire, will be\n            able to inform you what it has been and now is. To the\n            two last mentioned Gentlemen I have communicated all that has past between the Secretary\n            and me on this mater. And on A reconsideration I flatter myself that my conduct will\n            appear in a differant light from what it did when I was removed from office. And on your\n            Considering the Importance of this matter to me and my family I flatter myself you will\n            excuse me for thus troubleing you. And I dout not of that Justice you shall find me\n            intitled to as a faithfull servant of the Publick. And if their should be an opening\n            that you will replace me in some Situation to serve the Publick as well as my own\n            family, which will be accepted with gratitude. By your Excellcy most Obedient Humble\n            Stepn Cross", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0287", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Elias Boudinot, 27 November 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Boudinot, Elias\n            Philadelphia 27th Novr 1793.\n          I have been duly favoured with your letter of the 12th instt and the Pamphlet which\n            accompanied it. I am sensible of the honor you have done me in the Address, and am\n            grateful for the flattering expression of it.\n          Sure I am, I shall peruse the sentiments which you have breathed in the Pamphlet with\n            pleasure as soon as my leizure will allow me to read it. At present I\n            am occupied in collecting & arranging the materials for my communications to\n          With best wishes for the health & happiness of Mrs Boudinot & yourself and with\n            very great esteem & regard I am\u2014Dear Sir Your Most Obedt Hble Servt\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0288", "content": "Title: From George Washington to George Clinton, 27 November 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Clinton, George\n          Dear Sir,Philadelphia 27th Novr\n          Not having the letters at hand, I am unable to refer to dates;\n            but the one with which you were pleased to favour me, dated sometime in September, did\n            not reach my hands before I had left this City. Immediately, however, upon the receipt\n            of it (at my own house in Virginia) I put it under cover to the Secretary of War with\n            directions to answer it conformably to the rules which had been adopted for Government\n            in such cases; but before my letter got to this place he also had left it, for Boston.\n            This being the true state of the case will, I hope, apologize for your being so long\n            without an acknowledgment of the first letter, whilst those of subsequent date have been\n            answered with more promptitude.\n          Whenever it shall be perfectly convenient to you, I\n            would thank you for a statement of our joint concern in the Mohawk Land\u2014that is\u2014for\n            information of what Lots have been sold, and what remain on hand, with the numbers of\n              each. My compliments & best wishes attend you,\n            Mrs Clinton & the family\u2014& with real regard\n            & friendship I am\u2014Dear Sir Your Affecte & Obedt Servt\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0289", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 27 November 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Enclosed is another Specimen of Mr Genets Indecent conduct towards the Executive\n            Government of the U. States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0290", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 29 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          Th: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President some letters brought by the\n            Rider yesterday afternoon, & which he found on his return home in the night.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0291", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 29 November 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n            War Department Nov. 29. 1793\n          I know not what dependence to place upon the second paragraph of the following\n            intelligence just received from Major Craig, dated Pittsburg 22d November, but it is my\n            duty to communicate it.\n          \u201cBy accounts from Kentuckey, it appears that the army was on the 18th of October six\n            miles advanced of Fort Jefferson\u2014and that a small party escorting either Forage or\n            Commissary stores, commanded by Lieut. Lowrey, had been attacked\u2014Lieut. Lowrey killed,\n            and the party defeated.\n          \u201cBy account this moment arrived via of Niagara, and Genesee, it appears that our army\n            has had a general engagement with the enemy, and has obtained a complete victory\u201d. I am\n            Sir with great respect Your obedt servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0292", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Marshall, 29 November 1793\nFrom: Marshall, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n            Woodford County, Buck-pond [Ky.] Novr 29th\n          I have taken the liberty of inclosing you a publication which appeard in the Lexington\n            paper of the 16th of this Month. It is said to be written by a gentleman, an acquantance\n            of yours, who is at the head of a very powerful party in this Country. I shall make no farther observation on the subject, only that I am really\n            affraid that something is brewing in this country that may end disadvantageously to the\n            United States as well as to us.\n          I wish my suspicions may have no other foundation than a wachful jealousy grounded on\n            the knowledge of some past transactions of a very suspicious nature. I have the honor to\n            be with the most respect esteem Sir Your most obedient Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0293", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Thornton, 29 November 1793\nFrom: Thornton, William\nTo: Washington, George\n            Wilmington (Delaware) November 29th 1793.\n          I have lately been informed that your Secretary, Mr Lear, has taken his departure for\n            England, on private Business, and as I imagine the multiplicity of your Engagements, and\n            the extent of your Correspondence will require a Substitute I take the liberty of\n            tendering my Services; yet with a degree of hesitation mixed with Confidence. I\n            hesitate, lest my Abilities may not be equal to all that might be requisite; but I\n            should rest much Confidence in my Endeavours to render Satisfaction, and to prove myself\n            worthy of the Trust reposed in me. While, however, I solicit this Trust I cannot be\n            ignorant of a Circumstance that might operate to my disadvantage. My Situation in Life\n            has precluded me from the honor of being but very partially known to you, and I must\n            request a reference to one of my Friends. I had the pleasure of residing for some years\n            in the same House with Mr Madison, to whom I should with much Satisfaction submit my\n              Reputation.\n          I am well aware, Sir, that numerous applications are made to you upon Occasions of this\n            sort, and I reluctantly trouble you with this, but my desire to dedicate my time to you\n            and my Country, would not permit me to be silent. Whatever may be your Determination in\n            this Instance it cannot lessen my wish to serve you to the utmost of\n            my power, nor affect the sincerity with which I have the honor of declaring myself your\n            respectful, and affectionate Friend &c.\n            William Thornton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0295", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 30 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          Th: Jefferson presents his respects to the President & incloses him some letters\n            just received.\n          Mr Pinkney\u2019s & mister Morris\u2019s information relative to the doing & undoing the\n            decrees of the National assembly, in the case of the ship Lawrence and some other\n            expressions in mister Morris\u2019s letter seem to render it proper to lower the expression\n            in the message purporting the just & ready redress of wrongs\n            on the high sea afforded by that government, which Th: J. will accordingly attend", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0296", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 30 November 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n            War Department Nov. 30. 1793\n          I have the honor of submitting to you, a letter with enclosures from Major General\n            Wayne\u2014dated on the 23d of the last month\u2014and I also submit the draft of a letter\n            proposed to be sent to Ensign Morgan. I have the honor\n            to be, with the greatest respect Sir Your very obedt servt\n            H. Knox Secy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0298", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the Commissioners for the District of Columbia, 1 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Commissioners for the District of Columbia\n            Gentlemen\n            Philadelphia 1st Decr 1793\n          Your Letter of the 3d of last Month came to me by the Post of yesterday with the George\n            Town mark of the 27th of November. What caused such delay in forwarding it, you better\n            than I, can explain. For the reason mentioned therein it is to be regretted.\n          I shall not lose a Post in transmitting the enclosed Order (to you) and wish it may be\n            in time to produce the desired effect at the Treasury of Virginia.\n          I am glad to hear your prospect with the Banks will enable you to look forward with\n            well grounded hope of another vigorous operation next year, without depending upon the\n            offers of Dutch Capitalists. I hope & expect, that all things will work well. With\n            great, & very Sincere esteem & regard I am Gentlemen Your Most Obedt Hble\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0299", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 1 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Is there no clue to Mr Morriss meaning respecting Monsr Merlino? The next paragraph of his letter is enigmatical to me, from the\n            want of my recollecting perfectly the subjects alluded to. What are the orders given him\n            which he will implicitly obey, and which were, according to his acct, received so very\n              opportunely? Has not a letter of his of subsequent\n            date to that laid before me yesterday, acknowledged the receipt of the Plans of the\n            Federal City.\n          There can be no doubt since the information which has come to hand from our Ministers\n            at Paris & London of the propriety of changing the expression of the Message as it\n            respects the Acts of France. And if any bad\n            consequences (which I declare  I see no cause to\n            apprehend) are likely to flow from a public communication of\n            matters relative to G. Britain it might be well to revise the thing again in your own mind, before it is sent in; especially as the Secretary of the\n            Treasury has, more than once declared, and has offered to discuss & prov\u27e8e\u27e9 that we\n            receive more Substantial benefits (favors are beside the question with any of them,\n            because they are not intended as such) from British regulations with respect to the\n            Commerce of this Country than we do from those of France; antecedant I mean, to those of\n            very recent date. We should be very cautious if this be the case\n            not to advance any thing that may recoil; or take ground we cannot maintain well. Yours always\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0300", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 2 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n            Treasury Dept Decemr 2d 1793.\n          The Secretary of the Treasury on the letter from the Minister plenipotentiary of France\n            to the Secretary of State of the 15 instant,\n            respectfully makes the following report to the President of the United States.\n          It is true as alleged by the Minister that certain drafts of his on the Treasury have\n            not been admitted.\n          Some of them were predicated upon the fund engaged to him in November; but one of them\n            for twenty thousand dollars was expressed to be upon the funds which should be at the\n            disposal of France in Jany 1794.\n          With respect to the first kind an accidental error occasioned the temporary exclusion\n            of some drafts, which were within the proper limit. The clerk charged with registering\n            the bills as presented had noted one as for Forty thousand dollars, which was afterwards\n            found to be for only fourteen thousand, whereby the fund stipulated appeared to have\n            been exceeded, when in fact there was yet a balance. But as soon as the error was\n            discovered, the consequences were rectified.\n          The draft expressed to be upon funds to be at the disposal of France in January 1794,\n            was refused, because it was not warranted by any previous arrangement, or even\n          The funds by arrangement put in the disposal of the Minister were definite vizt, one million and five hundred thousand livres payable on the third\n            of September last, deducting Ninety four thousand five hundred six dollars and ten and a\n            half cents to be paid for bills drawn by the Administration of St Domingo, and one\n            million of livres payable on the fifth day of November following. The precision given to\n            this arrangement will be seen by the copy of my letter to him of the 24. of July last,\n            herewith communicated. no other arrangement was\n          The Minister ought not to have operated upon the accessory fund of interest, for two\n            reasons\u2014first, because the terms of the arrangement with him did not include\n            it\u2014Secondly, because it could only have been properly considered as payable of course if it had been mutually understood as absolutely becoming\n            due, unaffected by any antecedent payment; whereas the Minister had been informed, that\n            the advances which had been made were supposed to have exceeded the sums due, according\n            to the stipulated course of payment.\n          It need only be added that to preserve order in money transactions it is essential to\n            proceed with regularity; that an unauthorised latitude of drawing upon the Treasury\n            could not without impropriety & inconvenience be countenanced by it, and that it was\n            reasonable to expect that Mr Genet, being at no greater distance than New-York, would\n            not have undertaken to exceed the limit concerted with him without previous notice &\n            Alexr HamiltonSecy of the Treasy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0302", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 2 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          I am very well satisfied with the train things are in. You will recollect that the\n            Proclamation, Rules and other things are referred to in the Speech\u2014I shall depend upon there being got ready at your Office. Yours &ca\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0303-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Nathaniel Falconer to Thomas Mifflin, 29 November 1793\nFrom: Falconer, Nathaniel\nTo: Mifflin, Thomas\n              Wardens Office Philadelphia 29th November 1793.\n            In Obedience to Your Excellency\u2019s Letter of this Morning, I have seen Mr Jacob Shoemaker, one of the Owners of the Ship\n              Delaware; he informs me that they intend their ship for Cape Nichola Mole, and\n              expected to take a Number of passengers, if they Offered; but they Assure me, only one\n              person has as Yet engaged his passage in the Ship Delaware; I have requested of Mr\n              Shoemaker and Captain Art, that whatever French Men, may engage their passages, that\n              they will bring them to me, in Order to declare the Object of their Voyage. I have also been with the Owners of the Goillette, Betsey,\n              who are Reed and Ford; who inform that She is not\n              Bound to Jeremie nor the Mole, but Chartered by a French Gentleman for Guadaloupe, to\n              go there in Order to bring off his property, Some passengers are going in her for that\n              Island. You may rest Assured, I will pay every attention to those Vessels; and if I\n              can discover any thing like Armament, I shall give Your Excellency immediate Notice of\n              it. I am Your Excellency\u2019s most Obedt Humble servt\n              Nathaniel Falconer,Master Warden of the port of Philadelphia", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0304", "content": "Title: To George Washington from James White, 2 December 1793\nFrom: White, James\nTo: Washington, George\n            [Augusta, Ga.] December the 2 179[3]\n          May it please your Exelency this is my third Letter to you in Which I gave you A true\n            State of my Case as thay have Misd Your perusal I Shall\n            Trouble you with this I Early Ingaged In the Cause of Independancey and was Imployed in\n            making of Cannon and Bullets for which the British Disstroyd all my Tools Stock and\n            provisions to the Amount of 200 pounds Worth at the Lowest Calcullation this I Could\n            have Born But our own Armey Came and Sat Down on my plantation and Staid thare Six\n            Months in which time thay Did not Leave me A rail Nor A tree to Make a rail of Which\n            Abloiged me to Sel my plantation for which I Received 5233 Contonantal Dollars of the\n            omishons May the 20 1777 and April the 11 1778 I moved\n            out into the State of North Carolinah whare the whole of it wood not purchase Me one\n            Bushel of Corn I was Informd thare was A man appointed by Congress to take it and Give\n            me Sumthing in Lew that mite purchase Bread for my family Who was plaisd in the wild\n            woods whare was not A grub taken Up I traviled Down to him which was more then 200 miles\n            Distance but he wood not take it on Saying he had wrot to Congress to apoint a man in\n            Every County to take it in as it Hurt the Back peopel by Coming all the way Down to Him\n            I had to Return towards home with my money but Was Soon Convins\u2019d it was no money\n            Calling at A tavern for a feed for my horse and Self telling the Landlord I had No money\n            But them omissions that was Cald in of which I wood Give his own Asking But he Said he\n            would not Give me A grots worth for the full of A washen tub of That Sort of Money\n            Travilling on till night it Being Dark I lost my way and was Abloiged to Lay in the\n            woods with Hunger and Cold for my Compny Your Exellency may\n            Judg of my thoughts About the Congress but hoping under This New Constestution to have\n            Sum Justice Dun me I wrote to the Speaker Mr Mulenburg who Informd me\n            It was in the power of Congress to make me whole if they had Gon A littel farther and\n            told me wheather thay wood make me Whole or not it mite have prevented my troubling your\n            Exellency with my Scrowls The Congres has Been Very\n            Lavish in heeping their Greautuites and Anuieties upon Barron Steubain who Did Not A\n            whit more for Independanc\u27e8e\u27e9 Then my Self he Lost\n            nothing All I had was taking away By the Brittish and by our own Army as Above He Did\n            Teuterd the Armey I Made Cannon and Bullets I Do not Plead for Gifts or Rewards for Gods\n            Sake Let me have my Just Dew if You will Not Make me up the Lose of my Tools Make Good\n            Your Resolutions and Suffer me not To Live Wretched Now to wards the Decline of Life for\n            I have Labourd at a Grait Dissadvantaige Not Being Abel to purchase me A set of Tools\n            Sence the British Distroyed Mine I Might have Been A very Servisable ma\u27e8n\u27e9 To my Country\n            Being Very Capebel of performing Many of the Macannackel Arts But I fear I ha\u27e8ve\u27e9\n            Intruded two mutch upon your patience when I Reflect Our Country Suffaring for the want\n            of A true Standard of Weights and measures I Canot but Pray Your Exell\u27e8ency\u27e9 To Appoint\n            Sum Suteable person to Exammen Weights and Measures it wood prevent mutch Defraud Among\n            the pooerer Sort of peopel the wellfair of Which Depends Mutch upon Your Exellincy Good\n            Conduck the Experionce of Which is Highly Aplaud By all Ranks of peopel Whatsoever this\n            from your Humbel petissioner\n            James White\n            Pray Sir If you think A poor mans Case worth Notice and Send mee A line or two Direct\n              to Mr John Smith printer in Agusta Richmon County State of Georgia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0305", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Sundry Frenchmen in a Philadelphia Jail, 3 December 1793\nFrom: Sundry Frenchmen in a Philadelphia Jail\nTo: Washington, George\n            Monsieur\n            A philadelphie ce 3. D\u00e9cembre 1793\n          Je prend La Libert\u00e9 de vous Ecrire La presente pour R\u00e9clamer aupres de vous La justice\n            a LEgard des peines Et traveaux que L\u2019on nous fait Subir dans vos prisons innocemment,\n            En Bravant Les Loix de La Republique francaise qui D\u00e9ffend de punir aucun Citoyen francais de deux maniere Si votre Ministre veut nous faire p\u00e9rir icy,\n            afin que nous ne puissions pas nous justifier devant notre patrie; vous pouvez dans vos\n            Etats nous tirer des fers afin que nous puissions nous procurer les moye\u27e8ns\u27e9 De\n            rejoindre nos Drapeaux que nous n\u2019avons pas voulu quitter pour Entrer dans La L\u00e9gion du\n            Citoyen Genet, voila Le Sujet qui nous tien\u27e8t\u27e9 Dans Les fers: En quittant notre patrie\n            La Municipalit\u00e9 de Brest nous a fait pr\u00eater Serment de ne pas quitter nos Drapeaux Et\n            nous L\u2019avons jur\u00e9 Et Le jurons Encore de ne Les quitter qu\u2019a La mort; Si nous avons\n            quitt\u00e9 notre vaissaux, c\u2019est par L\u2019ordre Du Ministre qui nous a D\u00e9sarm\u00e9 En nous\n            arr\u00eattant les vivres a Bord Et nous a Refus\u00e9 La Subsistance En ville pour nous forcer a\n            prendre party dans une L\u00e8gion inconn\u00fce de La R\u00e9publiqu\u27e8e\u27e9 francaise C\u2019est a ce Sujet\n            qu\u2019a notre arriv\u00e9 nous nous Sommes present\u00e9 devant vous pour vous annoncer notre arriv\u00e9\n            En vous Demandant La Subsistance Lorsque vous nous avez donn\u00e9 une ordre pour porter\n            imm\u00e9diatement au Consul francais pour faire rentrer Les troupes qui Etoit Sortit pour\n            nous arr\u00eatter, d\u00e8s que le Consul Eut fait la Lecture de vos ordres il a chifonn\u00e9 le\n            Billet D\u2019un air de m\u00e9pris Et nous fit passer pour des Laches d\u00e9serteur\u27e8s\u27e9 Sans nous\n            Laisser justifier devant La justice voila trois mois que nous Souffrons Sans Espoir d\u2019En\n            Sortir Si nous Etions Coupables Le Ministre nous auroit bien vite fait passer En france\n            pour nous faire punir mais comme il n\u2019a que Des injuste d\u00e9nonciation contre nous il\n            cherche a nous faire p\u00e9rir dans Les fers par La fain La froideur Et La mis\u00e9re En nous\n            m\u00ealant parmi des criminels Et nous faire Subir Les traveaux de gal\u00e9res avec Les marques\n            de m\u00e9rite Et d\u2019Enciennet\u00e9 de Service portant Lhabit Militaire de La nation francaise\n            dans vos gal\u00e9res Sans Distinction. Nous Sommes avec Respect Les Republiquains francais\n            prisonniers\n            Maurice Matelota Bettuy aide Canonnier\n            Tholom\u00e9 Sergent Conquete Segonde\n            du Clot Caporalle metre\n            jan pier Reboure contre metre\n            marjan pinare gabies de grand hune\n            augustin ville cart\u00fc maitre\n            jean Baptiste verrier\n            pignatelle canonnier", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0306", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 3 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\n            Fellow Citizens of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives\n          Since the commencement of the term, for which I have been again called into office, no\n            fit occasion has arisen for expressing to my fellow Citizens at large, the deep and\n            respectful sense, which I feel, of the renewed testimony of public approbation. While on\n            the one hand, it awakened my gratitude for all those instances of affectionate\n            partiality, with which I have been honored by my Country; on the other, it could not\n            prevent an earnest wish for that retirement, from which no private consideration should\n            ever have torn me. But influenced by the belief, that my conduct would be estimated\n            according to its real motives; and that the people, and the authorities derived from\n            them, would support exertions, having nothing personal for their object, I have obeyed\n            the suffrage which commanded me to resume the Executive power; and I humbly implore that\n            Being, on whose Will the fate of Nations depends, to crown with\n            success our mutual endeavours for the general happiness.\n          As soon as the War in Europe had embraced those Powers, with whom the United States\n            have the most extensive relations; there was reason to apprehend that our intercourse\n            with them might be interrupted, and our disposition for peace, drawn into question, by\n            the suspicions, too often entertained by belligerent Nations. It seemed therefore to be\n            my duty, to admonish our Citizens of the consequences of a contraband trade, and of\n            hostile Acts to any of the parties; and to obtain by a declaration of the existing legal\n            state of things, an easier admission of our right to the immunities, belonging to our\n            situation. Under these impressions the Proclamation, which will be laid before you, was\n          In this posture of affairs, both new & delicate, I resolved to adopt general rules,\n            which should conform to the Treaties, and assert the priviledges, of the United States.\n            These were reduced into a system, which will be communicated to you. Although I have not thought myself at liberty to forbid the\n            Sale of the prizes, permitted by our treaty of Commerce with France to be brought into\n            our ports; I have not refused to cause them to be restored, when they were taken within\n            the protection of our territory; or by vessels commissioned, or equipped in a warlike\n            form within the limits of the United States.\n          It rests with the wisdom of Congress to correct, improve or enforce this plan of\n            proceedure; and it will probably be found expedient, to extend the legal code, and the\n            Jurisdiction of the Courts of the United States, to many cases which, though dependent\n            on principles, already recognized, demand some further provisions.\n          Where individuals shall, within the United States, array themselves in hostility\n            against any of the powers at war; or enter upon Military expeditions, or enterprizes\n            within the jurisdiction of the United States; or usurp and exercise judicial authority\n            within the United States; or where the penalties on violations of the law of Nations may\n            have been indistinctly marked, or are inadequate; these offences cannot receive too\n            early and close an attention, and require prompt and decisive remedies.\n          Whatsoever those remedies may be, they will be well administered by\n            the Judiciary, who possess a long established course of investigation, effectual\n            process, and Officers in the habit of executing it.\n          In like manner; as several of the Courts have doubted, under\n            particular circumstances, their power to liberate the vessels of a Nation at peace, and\n            even of a citizen of the United States, although siezed under a false colour of being\n            hostile property; and have denied their power to liberate certain\n            captures within the protection of our territory; it would seem proper to regulate their\n            jurisdiction in these points. But if the Executive is\n            to be the resort in either of the two last mentioned cases, it is hoped, that he will be\n            authorized by law, to have facts ascertained by the Courts, when, for his own\n            information, he shall request it.\n          I cannot recommend to your notice measures for the fulfilment of our duties to the rest of the world, without again pressing upon you the\n            necessity of placing ourselves in a condition of compleat defence, and of exacting from\n              them the fulfilment of their duties\n            towards us. The United States ought not to endulge a persuasion,\n            that, contrary to the order of human events, they will for ever keep at a distance those\n            painful appeals to arms, with which the history of every other nation abounds. There is\n            a rank due to the United States among Nations, which will be withheld, if not absolutely\n            lost, by the reputation of weakness. If we desire to avoid insult, we must be able to\n            repel it; if we desire to secure peace, one of the most powerful instruments of our\n            rising prosperity, it must be known, that we are at all times ready for War. The\n            documents, which will be presented to you, will shew the amount, and kinds of Arms and\n            Military stores now in our Magazines and Arsenals: and yet an addition even to these\n            supplies cannot with prudence be neglected; as it would leave nothing to the uncertainty\n            of procuring a warlike apparatus, in the moment of public danger.\n          Nor can such arrangements, with such objects, be exposed to the censure or jealousy of\n            the warmest friends of Republican Government. They are incabable of abuse in the hands\n            of the Militia, who ought to possess a pride in being the depositary of the force of the\n            Republic, and may be trained to a degree of energy, equal to every military exigency of\n            the United States. But it is an inquiry, which cannot be too solemnly pursued, whether\n            the act \u201cmore effectually to provide for the national defence by establishing an uniform Militia throughout the United States\u201d has organized them so as\n            to produce their full effect; whether your own experience in the several States has not\n            detected some imperfections in the scheme; and whether a material feature in an\n            improvement of it, ought not to be, to afford an opportunity for the study of those\n            branches of the Military art, which can scarcely ever be attained by practice alone?\n          The connexion of the United States with Europe, has become extremely interesting. The\n            occurrences, which relate to it, and have passed under the knowledge of the Executive,\n            will be exhibited to Congress in a subsequent communication.\n          When we contemplate the war on our frontiers, it may be truly affirmed, that every\n            reasonable effort has been made to adjust the causes of dissention with the Indians,\n            North of the Ohio. The Instructions given to the Commissioners evince a moderation and\n            equity, proceeding from a sincere love of peace, and a liberality, having no restriction\n            but the essential interests and dignity of the United States. The attempt, however, of an amicable negotiation having been\n            frustrated, the troops have marched to act offensively. Although the proposed treaty did\n            not arrest the progress of Military preparation; it is doubtful, how far the advance of\n            the Season, before good faith justified active movements, may retard them, during the\n            remainder of the year. From the papers and intelligence, which relate to this important\n            subject, you will determine, whether the deficiency in the number of Troops, granted by\n            law, shall be compensated by succours of Militia; or additional encouragements shall be\n            proposed to recruits.\n          An anxiety has been also demonstrated by the Executive, for peace with the Creeks and\n            the Cherokees. The former have been relieved with Corn and with clothing, and offensive\n            measures against them prohibited during the recess of Congress. To satisfy the\n            complaints of the latter, prosecutions have been instituted for the violences committed\n            upon them. But the papers, which will be delivered to you, disclose the critical footing\n            on which we stand in regard to both those tribes; and it is with Congress to pronounce,\n            what shall be done.\n          After they shall have provided for the present emergency, it will merit their most\n            serious labours, to render tranquillity with the Savages permanent, by creating ties of\n            interest. Next to a vigorous execution of justice on the violators of\n            peace, the establishment of commerce with the Indian nations in behalf of the United\n            States, is most likely to conciliate their attachment. But it ought to be conducted\n            without fraud, without extortion, with constant and plentiful supplies; with a ready\n            market for the commodities of the Indians, and a stated price for what they give in\n            payment, and receive in exchange. Individuals will not pursue such a traffic, unless\n            they be allured by the hope of profit; but it will be enough for the the United States\n            to be reembursed only. Should this recommendation accord with the opinion of Congress,\n            they will recollect, that it cannot be accomplished by any means yet in the hands of the\n            Executive. Gentlemen of the House of Representatives\n          The Commissioners, charged with the settlement of Accounts between the United and\n            Individual States, concluded their important functions, within the time limited by Law;\n            and the balances, struck in their report, which will be laid before Congress, have been\n            placed on the Books of the Treasury.\n          On the first day of June last, an instalment of one million of florins became payable\n            on the loans of the United States in Holland. This was adjusted by a prolongation of the\n            period of reimbursement, in nature of a new loan, at an interest of five per cent for\n            the term of ten years; and the expences of this operation were a commission of three\n          The first instalment of the loan of two millions of dollars from the Bank of the United\n            States, has been paid, as was directed by Law. For the second it is necessary, that\n            provision should be made.\n          No pecuniary consideration is more urgent, than the regular redemption and discharge of\n            the public debt: on none can delay be more injurious, or an \u0153conomy of time more\n          The productiveness of the public revenues hitherto, has continued to equal the\n            anticipations which were formed of it; but it is not expected to prove commensurate with\n            all the objects, which have been suggested. Some auxiliary provisions will, therefore,\n            it is presumed, be requisite; and it is hoped that these may be made, consistently with\n            a due regard to the convenience of our Citizens, who cannot but be sensible of the true\n            wisdom of encountering a small present addition to their contributions, to obviate a\n            future accumulation of burthens.\n          But here, I cannot forbear to recommend a repeal of the tax on the transportation of\n            public prints. There is no resource so firm for the Government of the United States, as\n            the affections of the people guided by an enlightened policy; and to this primary good,\n            nothing can conduce more, than a faithful representation of public proceedings,\n            diffused, without restraint, throughout the United States.\n          An estimate of the appropriations, necessary for the current service of the ensuing\n            year, and a statement of a purchase of Arms and Military stores, made during the recess,\n            will be presented to Congress. Gentlemen of the\n            Senate, and of the House of Representatives.\n          The several subjects, to which I have now referred, open a wide range to your\n            deliberations; and involve some of the choicest interests of our common Country. Permit\n            me to bring to your remembrance the magnitude of your task. Without an unprejudiced\n            coolness, the welfare of the Government may be hazarded; without harmony, as far as\n            consists with freedom of sentiment, its dignity may be lost. But, as the Legislative\n            proceedings of the United States will never, I trust, be reproached for the want of\n            temper or of candour; so shall not the public happiness languish, from the want of \u27e8my\n            strenuous and warmest co-operation.\n            Go: Washington.\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0307", "content": "Title: Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., to Thomas Jefferson, 4 December 1793\nFrom: Dandridge, Bartholomew Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          Bw Dandridge has the honor to inform the Secy of State that Congress adjourn at 1\n            o\u2019Clock to day, so that no message can now go. By the President\u2019s order B. D. also\n            informs the Secy that the Presidt wishes, if practicable, a meeting may be had with the\n            Gentlemen\u2014in order that the papers intended to have been sent to day, may go to Congress\n            as early tomorrow as possible.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0310", "content": "Title: To George Washington from David Lenox, 5 December 1793\nFrom: Lenox, David\nTo: Washington, George\n            Philadelphia 5th Decemr 1793\n          I feel myself in a very delicate situation respecting the subject on which I am about\n            to address you.\n          The Death of Mr Thomas Smith has made a vacancy in an Office to which I conceive my\n            abilities equal & for which I beg leave to apply.\n          I declare to you Sir that I think the Appointment with which you have favored me\n            equally honorable, but there are circumstances which to\n            me would make a change very agreeable. Should I be so fortunate as to succeed to my\n            wishes, my best endeavours shall not be wanting to execute the Duties of the Office with\n            justice to the Public & reputation to myself. I have the honor to be With every\n            sentiment of Respect Sir Your Most Obedt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0312", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 5 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\n            Gentlemen of the Senate,\n            United States,December the 5th 1793.\n          I nominate Stephen Moylan, to be Commissioner of Loans for the State of Pennsylvania;\n            vice Thomas Smith, deceased.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0313", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 5 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\n            Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives.\n            United States [Philadelphia], Decemb. 5th 1793\n          As the present situation of the several Nations of Europe, and especially of those with\n            which the U.S. have important relations, cannot but render the state of things between\n            them and us matter of interesting inquiry to the legislature, & may indeed give rise\n            to deliberations to which they alone are competent, I have thought it my duty to\n            communicate to them certain correspondences which have taken place.\n          The Representative and Executive bodies of France have manifested generally a friendly\n            attachment to this Country; have given advantages to our commerce & navigation; and\n            have made overtures for placing these advantages on permanent ground; a decree however\n            of the National Assembly, subjecting vessels laden with provisions to be carried into\n            their Ports, & making enemy goods lawful prize in the vessel of a friend, contrary\n            to our Treaty, tho\u2019 revoked at one time, as to the U.S. has been since extended to their\n            vessels also, as has been recently stated to us\u2014Representations on this subject, will be\n            immediately given in charge to our Minister there, and the result shall be communicated\n            to the legislature.\n          It is with extreme concern I have to inform you that the proceedings of the person whom\n            they have unfortunately appointed their Minister Plenipy here, have breathed nothing of\n            the friendly spirit of the Nation which sent him. their tendency on the contrary has\n            been to involve us in war abroad, & discord & anarchy at home. So far as his\n            Acts, or those of his agents, have threatned our immediate commitment in the war, or\n            flagrant insult to the authority of the laws, their effect has been counteracted by the\n            ordinary cognisance of the laws, and by an exertion of the powers confided to me. Where\n            their danger was not imminent, they have been borne with, from sentiments of regard to\n            his Nation, from a sense of their friendship towards us, from a conviction that they would not suffer us to remain long exposed to the action\n            of a person who has so little respected our mutual dispositions, and, I will add, from a\n            reliance on the firmness of my fellow citizens in their principles of peace and order.\n            In the mean time, I have respected and pursued the stipulations of\n            our Treaties, according to what I judged their true sense; and have withheld no act of\n            friendship which their affairs have called for from us, & which justice to others\n            left us free to perform. I have gone further. rather than employ force for the\n            restitution of certain vessels which I deemed the U.S. bound to restore, I thought it\n            more adviseable to satisfy the parties by avowing it to be my opinion, that if\n            restitution were not made, it would be incumbent on the U.S. to make compensation. The papers now communicated will more particularly\n            apprize you of these transactions.\n          The vexations and spoliation understood to have been committed, on our vessels and\n            commerce, by the cruizers & officers of some of the belligerent powers, appeared to\n            require attention, the proofs of these however not having been brought forward, the\n            description of citizens supposed to have suffered were notified, that on furnishing them\n            to the Executive, due measures would be taken to obtain redress of the past, and more\n            effectual provisions against the future. Should such\n            documents be furnished, proper representations will be made thereon, with a just\n            reliance on a redress proportioned to the exigency of the case.\n          The British Government having undertaken, by orders to the Commanders of their armed\n            vessels, to restrain generally our Commerce in Corn and other provisions to their own\n            ports & those of their friends, the instructions now communicated were immediately\n            forwarded to our Minister at that Court. In the mean time some discussions on the\n            subject, took place between him & them. these are also laid before you; and I may\n            expect to learn the result of his special instructions in time to make it known to the\n            legislature during their present session.\n          Very early after the arrival of a British Minister here, mutual explanations on the\n            inexecution of the Treaty of peace were entered into with that Minister. these are now\n            laid before you for your information.\n          On the subjects of mutual Interest between this Country & Spain, negociations &\n            conferences are now depending. The public good requiring that the present state of these\n            should be made known to the legislature in confidence only, they\n            shall be the subject of a separate & subsequent Communication.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0315", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Robert Denny, 6 December 1793\nFrom: Denny, Robert\nTo: Washington, George\n            Annapolis Decr 6th 1793\n          I am favor\u2019d with a letter from the Comptroller of the United States, dated the 28th\n            ulto inclosing me a Commission from your Excellency as Collector of the Customs at this\n          permit me Sir, to return you my thanks for this distinguished favor, But as Auditor of\n            the State of Maryland, I am prohibited by an Act of the legislature from holding any\n            office under the General Government, And the legislature of the United States having\n            also, by their Act, precluded an Officer of the Customs, almost, from pursuing any other\n              business, that contrary to my wishes, being obliged\n            to relinquish one of the appointments, in Justice to myself, from prudential motives, I\n            am induced to decline the Acceptance of that with which you have honored me, I have\n            therefore returned the Commission, and hope from the peculiar circumstances of the case,\n            I shall stand fully justified to your Excellency.\n          the Salary allowed me as Auditor of this State is indeed small, but it appears that the\n            emoluments arising as Collector of the Customs at this port is much less, and very\n            inadequate to the exigencies of a family, independent of other resources.\n          To fill an office in one of the Executive departments of this rising Republic is one of\n            my first wishes, and if your Excellency should be pleased to honor me with a future\n            trust, I shall endeavor to execute it agreeably to the intentions of the appointment,\n            according the best of my abilities. I have the honor to be with much respect your\n            Excellencys most Obedient & Hble Servt.\n            Robert Denny", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0316", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Julbin and Rapelling, 6 December 1793\nFrom: Julbin and Rapelling\nTo: Washington, George\n            Monsieur WasginethonPr\u00e9sident des Etats Unisde L\u2019Am\u00e9rique\n            Philadelphie ce 6. Decembre 1793\n          Victimes de l\u2019horrible Despotisme q\u2019exercent \u00e0 Saint Domingue, deux hommes aussi\n            m\u00e9chants que pervers, et Press\u00e9s par le Sentiment qu\u2019inspirent les premiers besoins de\n            la vie, en l\u2019absence des moyens pour les Satisfaire, Deux Colons Infortun\u00e9s enhardis,\n            par L\u2019Exemple de vos Vertus viennent avec confiance en epancher l\u2019expression dans votre\n            Ame G\u00e9n\u00e9reuse autant que Sensible et Solliciter aupr\u00e8s de vous quelques Secours, en\n            attendant que des Circonstances plus heureuses leur permettent de retourner dans leurs\n            foyers. Ils Sont avec Le plus profond respect, Vos tr\u00e8s humbles & tres obeissants\n            Serviteurs\n            Julbin; et Rapelling", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0317", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Laurent De Sax\u00ff and Laurent De Verne\u00fcil, 6 December 1793\nFrom: Sax\u00ff, Laurent de,Verne\u00fcil, Laurent de\nTo: Washington, George\n            A N\u00e9wcastel Ce 6 Decembre 1793\n          Votre Bienfaisance et votre humanit\u00e9 Monsieur, nous Sont ass\u00e9s conn\u00fce, pour nous faire\n            Esp\u00e9rer que vous tendrez Une main Secourable \u00e1 deux meres de familles charger De quatres\n            Enfants, dont L\u2019ain\u00e9e n\u2019a que huit ans Echapp\u00e9s Nuitament aux Satt\u00e9lites des\n            commissaires Civils qui avoients donn\u00e9s L\u2019ordres, De nous Egorg\u00e9s Apr\u00e9s avoir fait\n            Embarqu\u00e9s il y a un an nos maris,\n            Nous avons donc \u00e9t\u00e9 forc\u00e9s de fuir de nos habitations Pour nous refugi\u00e9r dans votre\n            pa\u00ffs, ou nous sommes arriv\u00e9e sans mo\u00ffens N\u2019y aucunes Ressources, nous Sommes descend\u00fce a\n            philadelphie Le premier D\u2019aoust En arrivant quelques personnes s\u2019emplo\u00fferent pour Nous\n            procur\u00e9r quelques Secours, ce que nous \u00f4btimmes De la caisse de Bienfaisance, mais\n            m\u2019alheureusement Nous n\u2019umes Ses secours que jusqu\u2019au premier S\u00e9ptembre, Epoque \u00e1 laquel\n            nous avons quitt\u00e9 Philadelphie, parcequ\u2019il y faisoit trop chers vivre Et que les lo\u00ffer \u00ff\n            sont aussi Exc\u00e9ssivement chers Nous Cro\u00ffons qu\u2019il nous en couteroit moins ic\u00ff, nous Nous trouvons Monsieur dans Le plus grand Embaras faute de\n            mo\u00ffens il ne nous reste que Deux portugaises pour tout Bien \u00e1 L\u2019entr\u00e9 de L\u2019hiver et\n            N\u2019a\u00ffant pas Les mo\u00ffens de nous procurer les V\u00e9tements n\u00e9c\u00e9ssaires Pour nous m\u00e9ttre \u00e1\n            l\u2019abr\u00ff du Grand froids ains\u00ff que Nos m\u2019alheureux Enfants, s\u2019es en vous seul Monsieur,\n            que nous Esp\u00e9rons persuadez que vous nous donnerai quelque S\u00e9cours, ayant L\u00e2me Sensible, si vous Etes p\u00e9re, vous s\u2019entira\u00ff combien\n            notre Situ\u00e2tion est D\u2019ouloureuses puis ceque nous sommes \u00e1 la v\u00e9ille de n\u2019avoir Pas\n            dequoy subvenir \u00e1 L\u2019existance de ce qui nous reste De plus chers aux monde, Pardon\n            Monsieur de vous Importun\u00e9 en vous faisant part de nos m\u2019alheurs honnor\u00e9 moy je vous\n            prie d\u2019une reponce et veuillez je vous prie la mettre Sous Le couvert de Mr Cameron \u00e1\n            Newcastel pour m\u00eatre remises, so\u00ffez je vous prie Persuadez de toutes notre\n            Reconnoissance, elle ne finira qu\u2019avec la vie de celle qui a L\u2019honneur D\u00eatre tres\n            parfaitemente Monsieur Votre tres humble et tres \u00f4bte servante,\n            Laurent De Sax\u00ff\n            Laurent De Verne\u00fcil", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0318", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion, 7 December 1793\nFrom: Cabinet\nTo: Washington, George\n          At a meeting of the heads of departments & Attorney Genl at the President\u2019s on the\n          Mr Genet\u2019s letter of Dec. 3. questioning the right of requiring the address of Consular\n            commissions to the President was read. it is the opinion that the address may be either\n            to the U.S. or to the President of the U.S. but that one of these shoud be insisted\n          A letter from James King was read, dated Philadelphia Nov.\n          25. 1793. complaining of the capture of his schooner Nancy by a British privateer &\n            carried into N. Providence, and that the court there has thrown the onus probandi on the\n            owners, to shew that the vessel & cargo are American property. it is the opinion\n            that mister King be informed that it is a general rule that the governmt should not\n            interpose individually, till a final denial of justice has taken place in the courts of\n            the country where the wrong is done; but that, a considerable degree of information\n            being shortly expected relative to these cases, his will be further considered &\n            attended to at that time.\n          The Secretary of state informed the President that he had received a number of\n            applications from mister Genet on behalf of the refugees of St Domingo who have been\n            subjected to tonnage on their vessels & duties on their property on taking asylum in\n            the ports of this country, into which they were forced by the misfortunes of that\n            colony. it is the opinion that the Secretary of state may put the\n            petitions into the hands of a member of the legislature in his private capacity to be\n            presented to the legislature.\n            Th: Jefferson\n            Edm: Randolph\n            Alexandr Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0319-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Moultrie, 7 December 1793\nFrom: Moultrie, William\nTo: Washington, George\n              Columbia [S.C.] 7th December 1793\n            I have the Honor of transmitting to you the Resolves of the Legislature of this State\n              together with a Number of Affidavits, setting forth that Certain Persons in this State\n              have been enlisting Men for the Service of the French Republic to go on an Expedition\n              against a Power not at War with the United States\u2014the Investigation of the whole\n              Business is fully expressed in the Report of the Committee.\n            In the Message with which the Resolves & affidavits were sent to me, I am desired\n              to request, that the names of the several Witnesses will not be known\u2014the Necessity of\n              this Secrecy is obvious. I have\n              the Honor to be with great Respect & Esteem, Sir, your most obedient & most\n              humble Servant\n              Willm Moultrie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0319-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Resolves, 6 December 1793\nFrom: South Carolina House of Representatives\nTo: Washington, George\n              state of South CarolinaIn the House of Representatives December 6th\n            The Committee to whom was referred the business of examining unto and ascertaining\n              the truth of a Report\u2014That an Armed force is now levying within this State by Persons\n              under a foreign Authority without the pemission and Contrary to the express\n              prohibition of the Government of the United States and of this State.\n            That they have made diligent Enquiry respecting the truth of this report and have\n              collected such Evidence relating thereto as was immediately within their reach\u2014That\n              your Committee are perfectly satisfied from the information on the Oaths of divers\n              credible Persons which they have received\u2014That William Tate, Jacob R. Brown William\n              Urby Robert Tate, Richard Speake Citizens of this State and other Persons unknown to\n              your Committee also Citizens of this State have received & accepted military\n              Commissions, from M. Genet Minister Plenipotentiary from the Republic of France to the United States of America Authorising them and instructions\n              requiring them, to raise, organise, train and Conduct Troops within the United States\n              of America\u2014That the avowed purpose for which these\n              Troops are now raising is to rendezvous in the State of Georgia and from thence to\n              proceed into the Spanish Dominions with a view to Conquest or plunder as their\n              Strength might enable or opportunity might tempt them That in the Event of a French\n              Fleet approaching the Coa[s]ts of the Southen States a junction and co:operation with\n              it is contemplated by the Persons abovementioned But that tho this was the avowed\n              Object of these Troops and their Leaders among themselves from the injunction to\n              conceal the whole System from persons not initiated and the Subordination established\n              to Mr Genet, the author of the plan and the Source of Authority to the Officers\u2014It is\n              probable that the Corps when raised must yeild to any change of destination which the\n              Judgment or inclination of M. Genet may point out to them: That several of the Persons\n              above named received together with their Commissions instructions by which they were\n              to regulate their enrollments of Men Stating the pay, rations, Cloathing, plunder and\n              division of conquered Land, to be allotted to the officers and Men who should enter\n              into this Service and marking the proportions of the Acquisitions to be reserved to\n              the republic of France. That the persons abovenamed in pursuance of the powers vested\n              in them by the said Commissions and in obedience to the instructions of M. Genet and\n              his Agents particularly\n            M. Mangourit who signed some of the papers have\n              proceeded by themselves and by their Agents without any Authority from the United\n              States, or from this State to enroll numbers of the Citizens of this State whom they\n              deluded with the hopes of plunder and the Acquisition of riches in the Service of the\n              Republic of France to be subject to the orders of M. Genet the Minister\n              plenipotentiary of France.\n            That Stephen Drayton and John Hamilton also Citizens of this State have made\n              application to the Good Citizens thereof to engage in this scheme of raising Men in\n              this State for the Service of France to Act under the orders of M. Genet, and to\n              commit Acts of hostility against nations at peace with the United States of America,\n              and have avowed that they acted by the Authority of M. Genet the Minister\n              plenipotentiary of the Republic of France: That upon\n              the whole of the information which your Committee have been able to\n              obtain This is a daring and dangerous attempt by a Foreign Minister to intermeddle in\n              the Affairs of the United States, to usurp the powers of Government and to levy Troops\n              in the bosom of the Union without the Authority and contrary to the express Sense of\n              the Government of the United States and in Violation of the Laws of Nations.\n            That the direct tendency of these measures of the foreign Minister is to disturb the\n              internal tranquility of the United States and to involve them in hostilities with\n              Nations with whom they are now at peace, which sound policy requires should be\n            That in the Opinion of your Committe this attempt is the more dangerous, and alarming\n              as many Citizens of the United States, have been thereby Seduced from their duty by\n              insiduous Arts practised on their kindred Affection to the french Republic and have\n              been drawn into a Scheme in the execution of which they have usurped the functions of\n              Government and exercised the power of the sword which the wisdom of the Constitution\n              hath vested exlusively in the Congress and President of the United States\u2014That this\n              Committee therefore recommend that the Governor of this State be requested to issue\n              his proclamation forbidding all persons from enrolling any of the Citizens of this\n              State and prohibiting the Citizens from enlisting under any Officers or for any\n              purposes not previously Sanctioned by the Government of the United States or of this\n              State And also forbidding all unlawful Assemblages of Troops unauthorized by\n                Government, And that the Governor be requested to\n              exert the whole public force to the utmost extent if necessary to insure obedience to\n              his proclamation.\n            That in the oppinion of this Committee the said William Tate Jacob R. Brown Robert\n              Tate, Stephen Drayton John Hamilton and Richard Speke have been guilty of Hight Crimes\n              and Misdemeanours and they recommend that the Attorney General and Solicitors be\n              directed forthwith to institute or cause to be instituted and conducted prosecutions\n              in the proper Courts of Law against the said William Tate Jacob R. Brown Robert Tate,\n              Stephen Drayton John Hamilton and Richard Speke for accepting or engaging to accept\n              Commissions from a foreign power to raise Troops within the United States and for\n              going about within the State levying or Attempting to levy Troops and for seducing and\n              endeavouring to seduce the Citizens of this State to enroll themselves for foreign Service to commit Acts of hostility against Nations with whom\n              the United States are at peace without the permission of the Government and contrary\n              to the proclamation of the President of the United States declaring these States to be\n              in a State of Nutrality and Peace\u2014That Copies of the Evidence collected by this\n              Committee together with the proceedings of this House thereon be forwarded immediately\n              to the President of the United States and to the Executives of the State of North\n              Carolina and Georgia for their information.\n            Resolved Unanimously that this House do concur in the said Report.\n            Ordered that the Report and Resolution be sent to the Senate for their\n              concurrence.\n            By order of the HouseJohn Sandford Dart C. H. R.\n            Resolved unanimously that this House do concur with the House of Representatives in\n              the foregoing Report and Resolution.\n            Ordered That the Report and Resolution be sent to the House of\n              Resolution.\n            By Order of the SenateFelix Warley C. S.\n            A true Copy, and which I Attest\n            John Sandford DartClerk of the House of Representatives\n              Columbia December 9th 1793", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0320", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Francisco Rendon, 7 December 1793\nFrom: Rendon, Francisco\nTo: Washington, George\n            Madrid December the 7th 1793\n          Having Constantly in my memory the many marks of Esteem with which you honoured me\n            while my residence in the United states; and take for granted that you will hear with\n            pleasure any thing which may Contribute to my wellfare and\n            happiness\u2014I take the liberty to acquaint you that Tho\u2019 I have been for some years past\n            in a very disagreable \u27e8situation\u27e9 and which has prevailed upon me to \u27e8declined\u27e9 all my\n            Correspondence with my american friends I am now again in a very diferent Circumstances\n            Clear\u2019d from the darkness of my past \u27e8mist\u27e9.\n          \u27e8The King\u27e9 my Mastter well Informed at last of my services by His Excellency D. Diego\n            de Gardoqui, has been pleased to honoured me with the appointment of the Intendence of\n              \u27e8illegible\u27e9 new orleans and all the other establishments of\n            that part of America, Declearing to me also the fun[c]tions and honours of Intendent of\n            his majesty\u2019s Army. This honorable Commission affords to me a great satisfaction not\n            only on account of my advancement and the service I may be able to render to my Contry,\n            but the Circumstances of been placed so near neighbour to the United states which I may\n            probable find occasion to shew to the Inhavitants of them my sincere disposition to\n            Contribute in any manner to their happiness as well as to Establish a perfect harmony\n            with those of the Possessions of my sovereign.\n          The City of my residence will be that of New orleans where (if pleased to god) I hope\n            to arrive Early in the spring next, and where I expected to receive your Commands with\n            the agreable news of your perfect health and that of Mrs Washington to who I beg you to\n            present my best respects; and you sir be assured of the true affection and respect with\n            which I am and shall be for ever your most obedt and most humble servt\n            Francisco Rendon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0322", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States House of Representatives, 7 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States House of Representatives\n            Gentlemen,\n          I shall not affect to conceal the cordial satisfaction, which I derive, from the\n            Address of the House of Representatives. Whatsoever those services may be, which you\n            have sanctioned by your favor, it is a sufficient reward, that they have been accepted\n            as they were meant. For the fulfilment of your anticipations of the future, I can give\n            no other assurance, than that the motives, which you approve, shall continue\n            unchanged.\n          It is truly gratifying to me to learn, that the proclamation has been considered, as a\n            seasonable guard against the interruption of the public peace. Nor can I doubt, that the subjects, which I have recommended to\n            your attention, as depending on legislative provisions, will receive a discussion suited\n            to their importance. With every reason, then, it may be expected, that your\n            deliberations, under the divine blessing, will be matured to the honor and happiness of\n            the United States.\n            Go: Washington.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0323", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Joshua Gayle, 8 December 1793\nFrom: Gayle, Joshua\nTo: Washington, George\n            Honerabl. Sir,\n            Virginia Decer 8th 1793\n          Your Excellency has a Tract of Land laying in Gloucester County on North River, I have\n            heard You have a mind to Sell it, if so, be please\u2019d to let me no Your lowest price in\n            Cash or Credit and the Terms of Credit, as I would wish to purchase if the Terms can be\n            made Agreeable, the Land is at present in a bad\n            Sitiuaten Distuate of Houses fenceses & all in Wildderness, which point I will\n            referr you to Colol John Page, being Acquinted with the same. I am sir, Your Excency Mos. Obet Hbe Sert\n            Joshua Gayle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0324", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Daniel Carroll, 9 December 1793\nFrom: Carroll, Daniel\nTo: Washington, George\n            George Town Decr 9th 1793\n          Mr Hoban is desirous of forwarding to you a sample of Free Stone found on your Land\n            (about Mount Vernon), on or near the River\u2014Captn Butler has offerd to take charge of\n              it\u2014Mr Hoban says, that it is harder than the Bath\n            Stone from the sample, which was taken from the outSide, & probably will be found\n            better on getting into the quarry.\n          I have the pleasure to inform you, that several persons from England, are allmost\n            weekly reaching this place\u2014Besides farmers, there are some in the Mechanical &\n            Commercial line with property.\n          The proposd Bank Bill has passd our General Assembly\u2014Messrs Johnson & Stuart were to have been here at this time; In consequence of a\n            letter from Mr Greenleaf, who intends to be with us about the 15th Instant the meeting\n            has been postpond to that time\u2014Yr favor of the 1st\n            Instant is come to hand. I have the honor to be with\n            sentiments of the greatest Respect, Sr yr Most Obt & very Hble Servt\n            Danl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0325", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 9 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\n            Gentlemen of the Senate,\n            United States, Decemb: 9th 1793.\n          I nominate Walter Stewart, to be Surveyor for the District of Philadelphia, and\n            Inspector of the Revenue for the port of Philadelphia; vice William McPherson, appointed\n            Naval Officer. and, Daniel Lionel Huger, of South Carolina, to be Marshall for the\n            District of South Carolina; vice Isaac Huger, resigned.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0326", "content": "Title: To George Washington from the United States Senate, 9 December 1793\nFrom: United States Senate\nTo: Washington, George\n            To The President of the United States.\n          Accept, Sir, the thanks of the Senate for your Speech delivered to both Houses of\n            Congress at the opening of the session. Your reelection\n            to the chief magistracy of the United States gives us sincere pleasure. We consider it as an event every way propitious to the\n            happiness of our Country; and your compliance with the call, as a fresh instance of the\n            patriotism which has so repeatedly led you to sacrifice private inclination, to the\n            public good. In the unanimity which a second time marks this important national act, we\n            trace with particular satisfaction, besides the distinguished tribute paid to the\n            virtues and abilities which it recognizes, another proof of that just\n            discernment, and constancy of sentiments and views, which have hitherto characterized\n            the Citizens of the United States.\n          As the European powers with whom the United States have the most extensive relations\n            were involved in war in which we had taken no part; it seemed necessary that the\n            disposition of the Nation for peace should be promulgated to the world, as well for the\n            purpose of admonishing our Citizens of the consequences of a contraband trade and of\n            acts hostile to any of the belligerent parties, as to obtain by a declaration of the\n            existing legal state of things, an easier admission of our rights to the immunities of\n            our situation, we therefore contemplate with pleasure, the proclamation by you issued,\n            and give it our hearty approbation. We deem it a\n            measure well timed, and wise; manifesting a watchful solicitude for the welfare of the\n            Nation and calculated to promote it. The several important matters presented to our\n            consideration will, in the course of the Session, engage all the attention to which they\n            are respectively entitled; and as the public happiness will be the sole guide of our\n            deliberations, we are perfectly assured of receiving your strenuous & most zealous\n            cooperation.\n            John Adams, Vice President of the U. States,and Presidt of the", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0328", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Hugh Williamson, 9 December 1793\nFrom: Williamson, Hugh\nTo: Washington, George\n          You will readily believe that I am extremely desirous of being near my Children so as\n            to have an Eye on the Progress of their Education and this cannot well be in Carolina\n            where the State of the Climate proves unfavourable to the means of Learning. With this\n            Impression I take the Liberty to intimate that a respectable Employment viz. any Office\n            by the immediate nomination of the President and at the Seat of Government would be\n            acceptable to me. Some Office may chance to be erected or may become vacant to the\n            Duties of which I might not be unequal. In such Case, if my name should be thought of, I\n            have only to promise for myself Diligence and Fidelity, of the other necessary Talents\n            you are a much better Judge. I have also to observe that as Offices to which large\n            Salaries are attached generally require superior Talents and are at the same Time\n            Objects of Competition and Envy, my Ambition does not aspire to such Places.\n          You will be pleased to excuse the Liberty I have taken in this Intimation and to be\n            assured that I am with the most profound Respect Your most obedient and very humble\n            Hu. Williamson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0329", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Carl Andreas Kierrulf, 10 December 1793\nFrom: Kierrulf, Carl Andreas\nTo: Washington, George\n            Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sidentVotre Excellence\n            Philadelphie ce 10 Dec. 1793\n          Pour m\u2019annoncer digne de Votre faveur, j\u2019ai cr\u00fb le meilleur mo\u00ffen d\u2019\u00eatre de Vous donner\n            le Tableau d\u2019un Caracter dans les suivants Papiers, qui font voir mon Portrait, et mes\n            \u00e9sperances de profiter de votre faveur.\n          Un autre que moi, Vous fera plus des compliments: moi au contraire je Vous \u00e9stime au\n            point de croire, que des mots vuides du sens ne conviennet pas \u00e0 un Caracter si Grand,\n            comme le Votre\u2014Les faits, et la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 toute nue, voila ce qui convient d\u2019etre \u00e9ntend\u00fb\n            du premier homme de notre si\u00eacle\u2014Une r\u00e9putation si bien \u00e9tablie est au dessus de mes\n            \u00e9loges, et n\u2019en a pas besoin; et en Vous donnant justice, je ne fait que r\u00e9peter les \u00e9xpressions des interress\u00e9 des hommes \u00e0 l\u2019Estime universelle, qui se\n            sont donn\u00e9 les premiers places dans la R\u00e9publique des lettres\u2014Je sais tout ce que\n            l\u27e8\u2019\u27e9Am\u00e9rique, que tout le monde enfin, r\u00e9spirant le Civisme, Vous doit: j\u2019en suis\n            charm\u00e9, et souhaite tous les succ\u00e9s en accord avec vos sentiments conn\u00fbs, et vos vu\u00eas\n            Patriotiques? Je r\u00e9commande la conten\u00fbe de mon r\u00e9qu\u00eate dans Votre souvenir, et Vous\n            demande comme juge de ma conduite et de mes pens\u00e9es, \u00e9tant avec le plus profond estime\n            et d\u00e9vouement Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident de votre Excellence Le plus soumis serviteur\n            Charles Andr\u00e9 Kierrulf", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0331", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Taylor, 10 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Taylor, Robert\n          Letter not found: to Robert Taylor, 10 Dec. 1793. On 30 Jan. 1794, Taylor wrote to GW: \u201cI\n            was favoured with two letters from you under date of the 10th and 17th December.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0332", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate, 10 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate\n            Gentlemen\n          The pleasure, expressed by the Senate, on my reelection to the station, which I fill,\n            commands my sincere and warmest acknowledgments. If this be an event, which promises the\n            smallest addition to the happiness of our country, as it is my duty, so shall it be my\n            study to realize the expectation.\n          The decided approbation, which the Proclamation now receives from your house, by\n            completing the proof, that this measure is considered, as manifesting a vigilant\n            attention to the welfare of the United States, brings with it a peculiar gratification\n          The other important subjects, which have been communicated to you, will, I am\n            confident, receive a due discussion; and the result will, I trust, prove fortunate to\n            the United States.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0333", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 11 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\n            Philadelphia 11th Decr 1793\n          I was led the other day to reflect, whether I had ever put into your hands the last, as\n            well as the first letter, which A.G. Frauncis wrote to me concerning the Warrants. Finding no trace of any remarks from you to me, I take it\n            for granted, that I omitted to do with respect to the last, what I had done with respect\n            to the first. But being uncertain, how far the new matter, which is suggested, may be\n            thought worthy of your attention, I have concluded to forward it to you; and when you\n            have read it, you will return it to Dear Sir Yours sincerely\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0334", "content": "Title: Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., to Thomas Jefferson, 11 December 1793\nFrom: Dandridge, Bartholomew Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          By the Presidents order Bw Dandridge has the honor to transmit the enclosed papers\n            relating to the truce between Portugal & Algiers, to the Secretary of State\u2014& to inform the Secretary that the President wishes\n            him to prepare such information respecting the same as may be necessary to be made\n            public\u2014and as considerable expence has been incurred in the conveyance of said\n            intelligence to the Goverment of the U.S. to consider what communication shall be made\n            thereupon to Congress.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0335", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 11 December 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n            War Department, December 11th 1793.\n          I have the honor to submit to you, some new propositions from the Six Nations of\n            Indians, relatively to boundaries; and a Map, by which they explain their meaning, by\n            black lines drawn up the River Muskinghum, and round certain spots at the mouth of the\n            Scioto, Fort Washington, and General Clark\u2019s Trace at the falls\u2014And, I also submit two\n              journals. I have the honor to be, Sir, with the\n            highest respect, Your most obedt Servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0336", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Pinckney, 12 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\n            Philadelphia 12th Decr 1793\n          You would oblige me by giving the letter & Roll herewith sent for Mr Young a safe,\n            and as speedy a conveyance as you can, without saddling him with Postage.\n          Although I believe the enclosd letter from Mr Keith Wray is little more than the child\n            of imagination, I would notwithstanding, thank you for directing one of your domestics\n            to enquire into the truth of the information which it contains.\n          This letter will be handed to you by Mr Willm Morris, third Son of Mr Robt Morris, to\n            whom for domestic occurances of a private nature, I shall refer you\u2014those of another\n            kind you will, of course receive from the Secretary of State.\n          I pray you to offer my best respects, in which Mrs Washington joins to Mrs Pinckney\n            & accept assurances of the sincere esteem & regd with which I am &ca", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0337", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Arthur Young, 12 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Young, Arthur\n            Philadelphia 12th Decembr 1793\n          I wrote to you three months ago, or more, by my late secretary and friend, Mr Lear; but as his departure from this Country for Great Britain,\n            was delayed longer than he or I expected, it is at least probable that that letter will\n            not have reached your hands at a much earlier period than the one I am now writing.\n          At the time it was written, the thoughts which I am now about to disclose to you were\n            not even in embryo; and whether, in the opinion of others, there be impropriety, or not,\n            in communicating the object which has given birth to them, is not for me to decide. My\n            own mind reproaches me with none, but if yours should view the subject differently, burn\n            this letter and the draught which accompanies it, and the whole\n            matter will be consigned to oblivion.\n          All my landed property East of the Apalachian Mountains is under Rent, except the\n            Estate called Mount Vernon. This, hitherto, I have kept in my own hands; but from my\n            present situation; from my advanced time of my life; from a wish to live free from care,\n            and as much at my ease as possible during the remainder of it; & from other causes\n            which are not necessary to detail, I have, latterly, entertained serious thoughts of\n            letting this estate also\u2014reserving the mansion house farm for my own\n            residence\u2014occupation\u2014and amusement in agriculture\u2014provided I can obtain what in my own\n            judgment, and in the opinion of others whom I have consulted the low Rent which I shall\n            mention hereafter\u2014& provided also I can settle it with good\n          The quantity of ploughable land (including meadows)\u2014the relative situation of the farms\n            to one another; and the division of these farms into seperate inclosures; with the\n            quantity & situation of the Woodland appertaining to the tract, will be better\n            delineated by the sketch herewith sent (which is made from actual surveys, subject\n            nevertheless to revision & correction) than by a volume of words.\n          No estate in United America is more pleasantly situated than this\u2014It lyes in a high,\n            dry & healthy country, 300 miles by water from the Sea\u2014and, as you will see by the\n            plan, on one of the finest Rivers in the world. Its margin is washed by more than ten\n            miles of tidewater; from the bed of which, and the enumerable coves, inlets & small\n            marshes with which it abounds, an inexhaustable fund of rich mud may be drawn as a\n            manure; either to be used seperately, or in a compost, according to the Judgment of the\n            farmer. It is situated in a latitude between the extremes of heat & cold, and is the\n            same distance by land & water, with good roads & the best navigation (to &)\n            from the Federal City, Alexandria & George town; distant from the first twelve, from\n            the second nine, and from the last sixteen miles. The federal City in the year 1800,\n            will become the seat of the general Goverment of the United States. It is increasing\n            fast in buildings, and rising into consequence; and will, I have no doubt, from the\n            advantages given to it by nature, and its proximity to a rich interior country and the\n            western territory, become the emporium of the United States.\n          The Soil of the tract I am speaking, is a good loam, more inclined however to Clay than\n            sand. From use, and I might add abuse, it is become more & more consolidated, and of\n            course heavier to work. The greater part is a greyish clay\u2014some\n            part is a dark mould\u2014a very little is inclined to sand\u2014and scarcely any to stone. A\n            husbandmans wish would not lay the farms more level than they are, and yet some of the\n            fields (but in no great degree) are washed into gullies, from which all of them have\n            not, as yet, been recovered.\n          This River, which encompasses the land the distance abovementioned, is well supplied\n            with various kinds of fish at all seasons of the year; and in the Spring with the\n            greatest profusion of Shad, Herring, Bass, Carp, Perch, Sturgeon &ca. Several\n            valuable fisheries appertain to the estate; the whole shore in short is one entire\n          There are, as you will perceive by the plan, four farms besides that at the Mansion\n            house: these four contain 3260 acres of cultivable land\u2014to which some hundreds more,\n            adjoining, as may be seen, might be added, if a greater quantity should be required\u2014but\n            as they were never designed for, so neither can it be said they are calculated to suit\n            tenants of either the first, or of the lower class; because those who have strength\n            & resources proportioned to farms of from 500 to 1200 acres (which these contain) would hardly be contented to live in such\n            houses as are there on\u2014and if they were to be divided and subdivided, so as to\n            accomodate tenants of small means\u2014say from 50 to one or 200 acres, there would be none;\n            except on the lots which might happen to include the present dwelling houses of my\n            Overlookers (called Bailiffs with you), Barns, & Negro Cabins. Nor would I chuse to\n            have the woodland (already too much pillaged of its timber) ransacked for the purpose of\n            building many more. The soil, howevr, is excellent for Bricks, or for Mud walls; and to\n            the buildings of such houses there wd be no limitation, nor to that of thatch for the\n            cover of them. The towns already mentioned (to those who might incline to encounter the\n            expence) are able to furnish scantling, plank and shingles to any amount, and on\n            reasonable terms; and they afford a ready market also for the produce of the land.\n          On what is called Union farm (containing 928 acres of arable & Meadow) there is a\n            newly erected Brick Barn equal perhaps to any in America, & for\n            conveniences of all sorts particularly for sheltering & feeding horses, cattle\n            &ca scarcely to be exceeded any where. A new house is now building in a central\n            position, not far from the Barn, for the Overlooker; which will have two Rooms 16 by 18\n            feet below and one or two above nearly of the same size. Convenient thereto is\n            sufficient accomodation for fifty odd Negroes (old & young); but these buildings\n            might not be thought good enough for the workmen, or day labourers of your Country.\n            Besides these, a little without the limits of the farm (as marked in the Plan) are one\n            or two other houses very pleasantly situated; and which, in case this farm should be\n            divided into two (as it formerly was) would answer well for the Eastern division. The\n            buildings thus enumerated are all that stand on the premises.\n          Dogue run farm (650 acres) has a small but new building for the Overlooker\u2014one room\n            only below, and the same above, about 16 by 20 each; decent and comfortable for its\n            size. It has also covering for forty odd negroes, similar to what is mentioned on Union\n            farm. It has a new circular barn now finishing on a new construction; well calculated,\n            it is conceived, for getting grain out of the straw more expeditiously than in the usual\n            mode of threshing. There are good sheds also erecting, sufficient to cover 30 work\n            horses and Oxen.\n          Muddy hole farm (476 acres) has a house for the Overlooker, in size & appearance,\n            nearly like that at Dogue run; but older. The same kind\n            of covering for about thirty negroes\u2014and a tolerable good barn, with stables for the\n            work horses.\n          River farm which is the largest of the four, and seperated from the others by little\n            hunting Creek (contains 1207 acres of ploughable land)\u2014has an Overlookers Ho. of one\n            large & two small rooms below, and one or two above; sufficient covering for 50 or\n            60 Negroes like those beforementioned. A large barn & stables (gone much to decay,\n            but will be replaced next year with new ones).\n          I have deemed it necessary to give this detail of the buildings that a precise idea\n            might be had of the conveniences and inconveniences of them; and I believe the recital\n            is just in all its parts. The Inclosures are precisely, and accurately delineated in the\n            plan; & the fences now are, or soon will be, in respectable order.\n          I would let these four farms to four substantial farmers, of wealth & strength\n            sufficient to cultivate them; and who would insure to me the regular payment of the\n            Rents; and I would give them leases for seven or ten years, at the rate of a spanish\n            milled dollar, or other money current at the time, in this country, equivalent thereto,\n            for every acre of ploughable & mowable ground within the Inclosures of the\n            respective farms, as marked in the plan; and would allow the tenants during that period\n            to take fuel; and use timber from the Woodland to repair the buildings and to keep the\n            fences in order; until live fences could be substituted in place of dead ones; but in\n            this case no subtenants would be allowed.\n          Or if these farms are adjudged too large, and the Rents of course too heavy for such\n            farmers as might incline to emigrate, I should have no insuperable objection against\n            dividing each into as many small ones as a society of them, formed for the purpose,\n            could agree upon among themselves; even if it shd be by the fields as they are now\n            arranged (which the plan would enable them to do)\u2014provided such buildings as they would\n            be content with, should be erected at their own expence, in the manner already mentioned. In which case as in the former, fuel, & timber\n            for repairs, would be allowed; but as an inducement to parcel out my grounds into such\n            small tenements, and to compensate me at the sametime for the greater consumption of\n            fuel & timber, & for the trouble and expence of collecting small Rents, I should\n            expect a quarter of a dollar pr acre in addition to what I have already mentioned. But\n            in order to make these small farms more valuable to the occupants, and by way of\n            reimbursing them for the expence of their establishment thereon, I would grant them\n            leases for 15 or 18 years; although I have weighty objections to the measure, founded on my own experience of the\n            disadvantage it is to the Lessor, in a Country where lands are rising every year in\n            value. As an instance in proof, about 20 years ago I gave leases for three lives, in\n            land I held above the blue Mountain, near the Shanondoah River, Seventy miles from\n            Alexandria or any shipping port, at a Rent of one shilling pr Acre (no part being then\n            cleared) and now land of similar quality in the vicinity, with very trifling\n            improvements thereon, is renting currently at five & more shillings pr acre &\n          My motives for letting this estate having been avowed, I will add,\n            that the whole (except the Mansion house farm) or none, will be parted with, and that\n            upon unequivocal terms; because my object is to fix my income (be it what it may) upon a\n            solid basis in the hands of good farmers; because I am not\n            inclined to make a medley of it; and above all, because\n            I could not relinquish my present course without a moral certainty of the substitute\n            which is contemplated: for to break up these farms\u2014remove my Negroes\u2014and to dispose of\n            the property on them upon terms short of this would be ruinous.\n          Having said thus much, I am disposed to add further, that it would be in my power, and\n            certainly it would be my inclination (upon the principal above) to accomodate the\n            wealthy, or the weak handed farmer (and upon reasonable terms) with draught horses,\n            & working mules & Oxen; with cattle, Sheep & Hogs; and with such impliments\n            of husbandry if they should not incline to bring them themselves, as are in use on the\n            farms. On the four farms there are 54 draught horses, 12 working Mules, and a sufficiency of Oxen, broke to the yoke\u2014the precise number\n            I am unable at this moment to ascertain as they are comprehended in the agregate of the\n            black cattle. Of the latter there are 317. Of sheep 634 of hogs many, but as these run\n            pretty much at large in the Woodland (which is all under fence) the number is uncertain.\n            Many of the Negroes, male & female, might be hired by the year as labourers, if this\n            should be preferred to the importation of that class of people; but it deserves\n            consideration how far the mixing of whites & blacks together is advisable;\n            especially where the former, are entirely unacquainted  with the latter.\n          If there be those who are disposed to take these farms in their undevided state, on the\n            terms which have been mentioned; it is an object of sufficient magnitude for them, or\n            one of them in behalf of the rest, to come over & investigate the premises\n            thoroughly, that there may be nothing to repro[ac]h themselves or me with if (though\n            unintentionally) there should be defects in any part of the information herein given\u2014or\n            if a society of farmers are disposed to adventure, it is still more incumbent on them to\n            send over an Agent for the purposes abovementioned: for with me the measure must be so\n            fixed as to preclude any cavil or discussion thereafter. And it may not be malapropos to\n            observe in this place, that our Overlookers are generally engaged, & all the\n            arrangements for the ensuing Crops are made before the first of\n            September in every year; it will readily be perceived then, that if this period is\n            suffered to pass away, it is not to be regained until the next year. Possession might be\n            given to the Newcomers at the Season just mentioned to enable them to put in their grain\n            for the next Crop; but the final relinquishment could not take place until the Crops are\n            gathered; which, of Indian Corn (maiz) seldom happens \u2019till toward Christmas as it must\n            endure hard frosts before it can be safely housed.\n          I have endeavoured as far as my recollection of facts would enable me, or the documents\n            in my possession allow, to give such information of the actual state of the farms as to\n            enable persons at a distance to form as distinct ideas as the nature of the thing is\n            susceptible short of ones own view. and having communicated the motives which have\n            inclined me to a change in my System, I will announce to you the origin of them.\n          First\u2014Few Ships, of late, have arrived from any part of G: Britain or Ireland without a\n            number of emigrants, and some of them, by report, very respectable & full handed\n            farmers. A number of others, they say, are desirous of following; but are unable to\n            obtain passages; but their coming in that manner, even if I was apprised of their\n            arrival in time, would not answer my views for the reason already assigned\u2014and which, as\n            it is the ultimatum at present, I will take the liberty of repeating\u2014namely\u2014that I must\n            carry my plan into complete execution, or not attempt it; and\n            under such auspices too as to leave no doubt of the exact fulfilment\u2014and\n          2dly because from the number of letters which I have received myself (& as it would\n            seem from respectible people) enquiring into matters of this sort, with intemations of\n            their wishes and even intention of migrating to this County, I can have no doubt of\n              succeeding\u2014But I have made no reply to these\n            enquiries, or if any, in very general terms, because I did not want to engage in\n            corrispondences of this sort with persons of whom I had no knowledge, nor indeed leizure\n            for them if I had been so disposed.\n          I shall now conclude as I began, with a desire, that if you see any impropriety in\n            making these sentiments known  to that class of\n            people who might wish to avail themselves of the occasion, that it may be mentioned. By a law, or by some regulation of your government,\n            Artizans I am well aware, are laid under restraints; and for this\n            reason I have studiously avoided any overtures to Mechanics although my occasions called\n            for them\u2014But never having heard that difficulties were thrown in the way of Husbandmen\n            by the Government, is one reason for my bringing this matter to your view\u2014a 2d is, that\n            having, yourself expressed sentiments which shewed that you had cast an eye towards this\n            Country, & was not inattentive to the welfare of it, I was led to make my intentions\n            known to you, that if you, or your friends were disposed to avail yourselves of the\n            knowledge, you might take prompt measures for the execution. and 3dly I was sure if you\n            had lost sight of the object yourself, I could, nevertheless rely upon such information\n            as you might see fit to give me, and upon such characters too as you might be disposed\n            to recommend.\n          Lengthy as this epistle is, I will crave you patience while I add, that it is written\n            in too much haste, and under too great a pressure of public business at the commencement\n            of an important session of Congress to be correct or properly digested. But the season\n            of the year & the apprehension of Ice are hurrying away the last vessel bound from\n            this Port to London. I am driven therefore to the alternative of making the matter known\n            in this hasty manner, & giving a rude sketch of the farms, which is the subject of\n            it\u2014or to encounter delay, the first I preferred. It can hardly be necessary to add,\n            that, I have no desire that any formal promulgation of these\n            sentiments should be made. To accomplish my wishes,\n            in the manner herein expressed would be agreeable to me, and in a way that cannot be\n            exceptionable wd be more so. With much estm & regd\u2014I am\u2014Sir Yr Most Obedt Servt\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0338", "content": "Title: Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., to Henry Knox, 13 December 1793\nFrom: Dandridge, Bartholomew Jr.\nTo: Knox, Henry\n          By the Presidents command Bw Dandridge has the honor to send to the Secretary of War\u2014a\n            Letter from the Govr of North Carolina, of 26 Nov. 93 to the\n            President, covering depositions respecting the Spanish prize carried into Wilmington by\n            Capt Hervieux\u2014& to inform the Secretary that the President wishes him to take such\n            measures thereupon as may seem to him adviseable.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0339", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 13 December 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n            War Department December 13th 1793\n          The Secretary of War respectfully submits to the President of the United States the\n            following statement relatively to the South Western Frontiers of the United States as\n            connected with the State of Georgia and the Creek Indians and the Territory of the\n            United States South of the Ohio and the Cherokee Indians.\n          That in the month of November 1792. James Seagrove a temporary Agent held a conference\n            with the lower Creeks, at which were present upwards of One thousand Men, Women, and\n            Children. That the objects of this conference were to confirm the treaty which had been\n            made with them at New York and by administering to their necessities, they being greatly\n            in want of Corn & Clothing to attach them more firmly to the interest of the United\n          That as the said Indians expressed themselves with great gratitude for the kindness\n            they received, a hope was indulged that beneficial consequences would flow from the\n            measure, especially as it was directed that the said Agent should repair both to the\n            lower and upper Creek Towns in order to tranquillize their minds upon past, and prevent\n            any misconceptions respecting the future conduct of the United States.\n          But on the eleventh day of March these prospects were clouded by a party of about\n            thirty of the Seminoles (some of them living to the Southward of the Territory of the\n            United States) who plundered a store upon the St Mary\u2019s River of a large quantity of\n            goods and killed several persons.\n          This outrage being followed by some others excited a general alarm on the frontiers of\n            Georgia. The Governor of that State called into service considerable\n            bodies of Militia, Horse, and Foot for the protection of the exposed inhabitants.\n          That upon the receiving information of the aforesaid event, the President on the 30th\n            of May directed that the Governor of Georgia should be informed that from considerations\n            of policy at this critical period relative to foreign powers and during the pending\n            Treaty with the Northern Indians, it was deemed adviseable for the present to avoid\n            offensive expeditions into the Creek Country. But that from the circumstances of the\n            recent depredations on the frontiers of Georgia, it was thought expedient to increase\n            the force in that quarter for defensive purposes, and therefore the Governor was\n            authorized to call into service in aid of the Continental Troops One hundred horse and\n            one hundred foot of the Militia of the said State.\n          That as it did not appear that the whole of the Creek Nation were disposed for or\n            engaged in hostility, it was considered that the above force was sufficient for the\n            purposes designated.\n          That the case of a serious invasion of Georgia by large bodies of Indians must be\n            referred to the provisions of the Constitution.\n          That on the 10th of June the Governor of South Carolina was requested to afford aid to\n            Georgia, in case that it should be seriously invaded by large bodies of Indians.\n          That a Magazine of two thousand Arms and a proportionable quantity of Ammunition and\n            some other military Stores have been established in Georgia as a provisional measure in\n            case the said State should be invaded, the said articles in that event being subject to\n            the order of the Governor.\n          That on the 12th of June the Governor transmitted information of an intended expedition\n            into the Creek Country, to consist of a body of about Seven hundred Volunteers and on\n            the 18th of the same month he transmitted the result thereof, by which it appeared that\n            the said Volunteers commanded by General Twiggs proceeded to the Oakmulgie, about forty\n            miles distant from the Oconnee and from circumstances of their provisions being nearly\n            exhausted, many horses tired and other adverse events\n            they returned on the 12th of the Month.\n          That on the 13th of August the Governor transmitted information that he had convened a\n            Council of General Officers on the subject of reducing the five inimical Towns in the\n            Creek Nation; the propositions to, with the answers of the Council he transmitted for the purpose of being laid before the President of the United\n              States. That in an answer to the said letter dated\n            the 5th September, the Governor was informed that as an offensive expedition against the\n            Creeks of the nature and under the circumstances mentioned was a subject of great and\n            complicated importance to the United States, it had engaged the serious consideration of\n            the President, and as the deliberate result thereof he utterly disapproved the measure\n            at that time as being unauthorized by law\u2014as contrary to the present state of affairs,\n            and as contrary to the instructions heretofore given upon the subject.\n          That on the 2d of October the Governor transmitted the information of Two Officers who\n            commanded an expedition against a Creek Town which they surprized on the 21st of\n            September and killed Six Warriors and took eight Women and Children Prisoners.\n          That it appears from the representations of James Seagrove that the Indian Town which\n            was surprized as before mentioned on the 21st of September was situated on the\n            Chatahoochee River and called \u201cThe little Oakfuskie\u201d that the people belonging to it\n            were among the most friendly of the Creeks and no way concerned in stealing of Horses,\n            they being under the direction of the White Lieutenant.\n          That it has been the opinion of James Seagrove communicated in his various dispatches,\n            that notwithstanding the outrage of the 11th of March last and the subsequent Conduct of\n            some of the Banditti that the main body of the Creek Nation are desirous of remaining at\n            peace with the United States. That in pursuance of his directions from the President of\n            the United States and his own opinion he had been endeavouring for some months past to\n            make arrangements to go into the Creek Nation for the purpose of obtaining the\n            punishment of the Banditti Indians who have committed the outrages aforesaid and of more\n            closely attaching the Creeks to the United States.\n          That he had made an agreement to meet a number of friendly Indians on the Oakmulgie\n            River about the 30th of September and with them to proceed into the Indian Towns for the\n            purposes aforesaid. But the expedition of the 21st of September and the violent threats\n            of a number of lawless Whites on the frontiers of Georgia had prevented him. Some of\n            these people appear to oppose every effort for peace and ardently desire a War.\n          That by his letter of the 21st October it appears that two parties were preparing to go\n            to War against the Creeks, the result of which has not yet been known.\n          That the information of the Governor of Georgia to James Seagrove dated the 26th of\n            August last, to wit \u201cthat under the law of the United States as well as for the security\n            of this state, the government of Georgia cannot recognize the establishment of peace\n            without having Commissioners at the Treaty\u201d is a matter which requires serious\n          It is to be observed that the Governor of Georgia has not organized the hundred horse\n            and hundred Militia foot, which he was authorized to do by the President on the 30th May\n            last; but instead thereof he has kept up considerable bodies of mounted Volunteers of\n            the Militia, of which no Returns have been received; but which perhaps may be nearly or\n            quite five hundred Men. The payment of these troops will probably amount to a very large\n            sum of Money, and it may become a question of importance whether the United States are\n            responsible for their payment; the circumstances of the case being duly considered.\n          It is suggested in the papers which accompany this statement, that it is highly\n            probably that it is owing to some of these troops that Mr Seagrove has been hitherto\n            restrained from adjusting amicably the causes of difference with the Creek Nation; and\n            also probably that it was a part of them who surprized the little Oakfuskie Town.\n          From a review of the representations contained in the letters of James Seagrove, Major\n            Gaither (the commanding Officer) and Constant Freeman herewith submitted, it will appear\n            that the Creeks are generally disposed for peace, but that there is too much reason to\n            apprehend that the unjustifiable conduct of certain lawless Whites on the frontiers of\n            Georgia will prevent that desireable event from being realized.\n          The present state of this part of the frontier involves national considerations of\n            great magnitude\u2014whether viewed as relative to the expence which has been incurred during\n            the the past summer, of which payment will most probably be demanded of the United\n            States\u2014whether with regard to the claims of the Governor of Georgia of a right of\n            interference in any treaty with the Creeks, which is presumed to be contrary to the\n            Constitution of the United States\u2014or whether with regard to a War with the powerful tribes of the Creeks, with the long and almost unlimited train of\n            collateral and consequent evils attendant thereon\u2014a measure which perhaps may be\n            avoided, if means could be devised to keep the bold and turbulent of both sides in\n          Of the Territory of the United States South West of the\n            Ohio and the Cherokees.\n          That it will appear from the papers relative to the Cherokees on the files of Congress\n            that in the Year 1792 a partial disposition for war existed among the Cherokees being\n            chiefly confined to the five lower Towns so called embracing to the utmost one third of\n            that Nation or Six hundred and fifty Warriors.\n          That however by the abilities and assiduity of Governor Blount this disposition in the\n            commencement of the Year was greatly changed and the said five Towns were supposed to be\n            desirous of an accomodation.\n          That while this business was negociating a party of armed Men under Captain John Beard,\n            who had been called into service by Governor Blount\u2014with a view of protecting the\n            Settlers, did on the 12th of June in defiance of their orders cross the Tennessee and\n            surprize and kill a number of our best friends among the Indians at the moment Governor\n            Blounts messengers were among them.\n          This violent outrage, so disgraceful to the United States, has been followed by several\n            others and the South Western Territory is involved in a War with the Cherokees which as\n            it relates to the above event must be considered as highly unjust. It is to be\n            apprehended and regretted that from the prejudice against Indians on the frontiers, it\n            is but too probable that the perpretators of these violences will escape unpunished\u2014Such\n            measures, as the laws authorize, have been directed,\n            but as yet no result has been transmitted.\n          Great bodies of Militia have been brought into service on this occasion in order to\n            guard against the effects of savage retaliation. Much expence has been already incurred\n            nor is it yet terminated. For however hostilities shall be restrained by the severity of\n            the Winter yet they may be expected to break out with renewed violence in the\n          The evil seems to require a remedy. But no Indian peace will be permanent unless an\n            effectual mode can be devised to punish the Violators of it on both\n            sides. It will be with an ill grace that the United States demand the punishment of\n            Banditti Indians, when at the same time the guilty Whites escape with impunity. All\n            which is respectfully submitted\n            H. Knoxsecy of war", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0341", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 14 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          Th: Jefferson has the honor to inform the President that the Spanish papers are now all\n            ready. he sends him a set for his examination & will send two others Monday morning.\n            he also sends the draught of the message he would propose, with the blank filled up\n            which had been left in it whenever the President is satisfied about it, either with or\n            without amendments, Th: J. will have copies made out.\n          The Algerine papers will not be ready till tomorrow when they shall be submitted to the\n            examination of the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0342", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 14 December 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n            War Department December 14th 1793.\n          I have the honor to submit a Return of the Ordnance, Arms and Military stores in\n            possession of the United States.\n          It resulted from the casual circumstances of the late War, that these stores were\n            accumulated principally at the following points, Viz: New London in Virginia \u2014Philadelphia\u2014West Point on Hudsons river\u2014and Springfield on\n            Connecticut River; all of which perhaps, excepting Springfield, are improper places for\n            permanent Magazines.\n          The important characteristics for magazines and arsenals, seem to be perfect security\n            against enemies, internal and external, blended with an easy access by water. The\n            expence of land transportation of heavy articles for a series of years, compared with that by water, renders the latter quality indispensible for a\n          The Situation of New London being destitute of Water communication with the Ocean, is\n            not a proper place for a permanent magazine, and it would seem therefore necessary that\n            some other position should be sought on James River, more suitable for the erection of\n            proper buildings.\n          It may be questionable whether a populous City is a proper place for the repository of\n            large quantities of Military stores on account of the accidents to which such places are\n            liable by fire and other causes. Hence it is intended that a part of the stores now\n            deposited in Philadelphia shall be removed to some safe position, higher up the\n          West Point on Hudson River, although a precious link in the chain which binds the\n            States together, has on account of the well known navigation of that river, and the easy\n            access from the Ocean, been considered as an improper place for an extensive magazine.\n            For this reason part of the surplus stores have been removed temporarily to Albany.\n          During the late War a number of valuable brick buildings were erected at Carlisle in\n            Pennsylvania, as well for the reception of stores, as to accomodate a number of Workmen\n            in the Ordnance Department, but these buildings were not much used, after the\n            apprehensions of invasions subsided owing to the expence and delay occasioned by the\n            land transportation. The same causes still prevent their use in any considerable\n          The situation of the United States would seem to require that three capital Magazines\n            should be established permanently, one for the Southern, one for the Middle, and one for\n            the Eastern States, with such subdivisions as may be deemed indispensible for General\n          It would also seem to be a dictate of sound national policy that the United States\n            should always possess, one hundred thousand arms placed in their respective Arsenals,\n            and that the battering and field Artillery, and ammunition should be in ample\n            proportion.\n          It is presumed that all the Cannon, Arms, and ammunition required by the United States\n            might be fabricated among ourselves. It is possible the expence may be greater than if\n            the articles were imported, but this circumstance is not of such moment as to be compared with the solid advantages which would result from\n            extending and perfecting the means upon which our safety may ultimately depend. I have\n            the honor to be with the highest respect Sir, your Obedient Servant.\n            H: Knox.Secretary of War.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0343", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 15 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          Th: Jefferson has the honor to return to the President the letter of mister Rumaine\n            praying to be relieved from duties on the wrecks of fortune with which he escaped from\n            St Domingo. Th:\n          J. has put the letter of the same person to himself, with those of mister Genet into\n            the hands of mister Murray, to make them the foundation of a bill of relief.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0344", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Henry Knox, 15 December 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Washington, George\n            [Philadelphia] 15 Decr 1793\n          I beg leave respectfully to submit to Your consideration the draft of a letter, which\n            if it meets Your approbation, I propose to prefix to the return of ordnance and military\n            Stores, which will be transmitted to Congress tomorrow.\n            I am sir Your most obedient Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0345", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Frances Bassett Washington, 15 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Washington, Frances Bassett\n            My dear Fanny,\n            Philadelphia 15th Decr 1793\n          Your Aunt has delivered me your letter of the 22d ulto\u2014but as she did not arrive in\n            this City until the 9th instt and forgot she had such an one until some days afterwards,\n            this answr, I fear, will not reach Mount Vernon until you will have left it. I will have\n            the furniture ready to send by the Spring Vessels to Alexandria. The frost will soon put\n            a stop to all intercourse between the two places until that period.\n          I would very chearfully have complied with your request to add another Story to my\n            house in town would the lower frame support it. But as it is a single house and not\n            calculated to receive such an additional weight, it would endanger the whole fabrick\n            & every thing within; especially as if I am not mistaken, it is at present a Story\n            & half of flush Walls\u2014Of this however I am not half as certain as I am that the\n            frame is too weak, and in no respect calculated to receive the weight of another Story\n            which could not, now, be so framed as to resist high winds &\n            impetuous storms.\n          I have directed this letter in such a manner as that, if you should have left Mount\n            Vernon; it may follow you without expence under the care of Mr Julius\n              Dandridge\u2014I wish you a pleasant journey and a happy\n            meeting with your friends below\u2014My compliments to them and love to the Children\n            concludes me Your Affecte friend\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0346", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Daniel Carroll, 16 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Carroll, Daniel\n            Philadelphia 16th Decr 1793\n          I have been favored with your letter of the 9th & sample of free stone from my\n            Quarry, sent by Mr Hoban; for which I thank you both; and should be obliged to him for\n            information of the spot from whence it was taken. I always knew, that the River banks\n            from my Spring house, to the Ferry formerly kept by Captn Posey, were almost an entire bed of free stone; but I had conceived\n            before the late sample came to hand, that is was of a very soft\n          As the quantity, from outward appearances, is, in a manner, inexhaustable; I should\n            have no objection to an investigation of the Banks by skilful, & orderly people; as\n            the public as well as myself might be benefitted by the discovery of a quarry of good stone, so near the Federal City.\n          Mr Greenleaf is, I presume, with you, he left this City for George Town on friday\n              last. He has a plan for the disposal of lots, &\n            building thereon; to which he expressed a wish to receive the sanction of my opinion: I\n            told him, my wish was, that all matters of that sort should come to me through the\n            Commissioners; and when approved by them (after the consideration which I knew would be\n            given to any proposition which seemed to have a tendency to advance the growth of the\n            City) would certainly not be discountenanced by me. A\n            similar answer I gave to a suggestion respecting the site for the Hospital in the City;\n            Which he seemed desirous of giving grounds out of the City in\n            exchange for. My motive for hinting these things to you, in this manner, is that you may\n            understand precisely what passed between us on these subjects. For some reasons which he\n            assigned, he thought a Hospital in the bosom of the City improper & dangerous. I am\n              inclined to that opinion, but realy, as I told him, did not\n            recollect that it had been so intended. I remain in haste Your Obedt & Affe.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0347", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Goddard, 16 December 1793\nFrom: Goddard, William\nTo: Washington, George\n            Johnston (near Providence) Decr 16, 1793.\n          Removed to the humble Vale of rural Life, it was but recently that the \u201cMemoirs of the\n            Life of Charles Lee, Esquire,\u201d &c. &c. fell under my observation\u2014and as I once\n            announced a Design of publishing a Work nearly similar in Title, though far different in\n            Contents, I am impelled by the most unfeigned Respect to your Character, as well as\n            Justice to myself, to address you on the Subject, presuming upon the Liberality and\n            Candour I have formerly experienced from you, that you will give due Credit to my\n            Assertions, when I utterly disclaim, as I now solemnly do, all Share, or Concern, in the\n            printed \u201cMemoirs,\u201d that have been so improperly ushered (vi\u00e2 London) to the Public\n          The Editor, while I was absent, clandestinely took the Manuscripts of General Lee from\n            my House, and urged by his Necessities and Avarice, hath, without Judgment to\n            discriminate, compiled, and sent abroad, a heterogeneous Collection of Letters, Essays\n            and Fragments\u2014even private Letters, written to and by distinguished Characters, at\n            Periods of Friendship and Confi dence, which ought, and, I am persuaded, was the Wish of\n            the Writers, to have been buried in Oblivion.\n          When I contemplated the Publication of the Memoirs of the late General Lee, my Design\n            was to publish certain literary and military Papers, with such epistolary Writings, as\n            would, I judged, by interesting the Public, at once promote my own Interest, as a\n            Printer, and enhance the Fame of a departed Friend, who, it must be allowed, inherited,\n            from Nature, a rare and brilliant Genius, and possessed a cultivated understanding\u2014It\n            was, indeed, foreign to my Design to introduce an Essay, a Letter, or a Sentiment, that\n            would wound the Feelings, or excite the Disapprobation, of a single worthy Person\u2014or\n            cast the least Blemish upon the Reputation of General Lee, by sporting with his lively\n            Sallies, and unguarded (because confidential) Communications\u2014or even to give Currency to\n            a single Line that, dying, he would wish to blot.\n          Sensible, Sir, of the great Importance (particularly at this Juncture) of your\n            Avocations, I shall not presume longer to obtrude on your time, having, I hope, been\n            sufficiently explicit to exculpate myself from an Imputation of Disrespect to a\n            Character\u2014for whom, with applauding Millions, I feelingly accord my humble, tho\u2019\n            sincere, Tribute of grateful Veneration.\n            William Goddard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0348", "content": "Title: To George Washington from G. Legal, 16 December 1793\nFrom: Legal, G.\nTo: Washington, George\n            Monsieur Le President\n            Pr\u00e8s Charleston, Caroline Du Sud, Middleton Place,16. Xbre 1793\n          C\u2019est parce que Je Suis plein de Confiance dans vos Dispositions a obliger des\n            malheureux, que Je prends La Libert\u00e9 de m\u2019adresser directement a vous pour un objet dans\n            le quel d\u2019ailleurs votre intervention me sera du plus grand Secour.\n          Vous avez eu dans la Guerre derniere, au Service des Etats unis, Sous vos ordres, Je ne\n            Sai dans quelle partie de ce continent, un officier nomm\u00e9 Jacques Lemaire, Capitaine a\n            la Suite des Dragons en france, & au quel Les Etats unis ont accord\u00e9 dans la Suite\n            L\u2019ordre du Cincinnatus, & un grade que Je crois \u00eatre celuy de Colonel des dits\n          Cet officier obtint \u00e9galement une ou plusieurs Concessions (Je crois que c\u2019est deux)\n            d\u2019une assez considerable portion de Terrein, a titre d\u2019Indemnit\u00e9 ou de R\u00e9compense de Ses\n            Services; mais Je ne Sai ni le nombre d\u2019acres, ni le lieu ou ils Sont Situ\u00e9s, ni\n            l\u2019\u00e9poque de la Concession, ni Le Bureau on peut eu avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 fait L\u2019enr\u00e9gistrement: Je\n            n\u2019ai eu les titres en ma possession qu\u2019a une \u00e9poque ou il m\u2019\u00e9toit impossible d\u2019y porter\n            assez d\u2019attention, pour que ces circonstances restassent Grav\u00e9es dans ma m\u00e9moire.\n          Je suis un Pauvre Saint-Domingois, Comme tant d\u2019autres ruin\u00e9 par Les Evenements, charg\u00e9\n            d\u2019une femme & d\u2019un enfant \u00e9galement malheureux, & finalement Sans moyen\n            quelconque.\n          Mr Jacques Lemaire est d\u00e9ced\u00e9 a St Domingue; Je Suis celui qui le represente dans Sa\n            Succession; ma Position cruelle me met dans la necessit\u00e9 de rechercher tous les moyens\n            de la rendre plus Supportable, & elle le Servit en effet Si J\u2019\u00e9tois mis en\n            possession des Terres accord\u00e9es au deffunt Lemaire.\n          Mais dans un Pa\u00ffs ou Je ne connois que peu de Personnes & ou Je Suis Tr\u00e8s peu\n            Connu, il me Seroit bien difficile de Savoir Comment & a qui m\u2019adresser pour obtenir\n            ce que je demande. Les Bonnes Dispositions des chefs peuvent donc Seules me tirer\n            d\u2019embarras, & Je vous prie d\u2019Etre infiniment Convaincu Monsieur, qu\u2019il m\u2019a falu une\n            grande Confiance dans vos bont\u00e9s, & L\u2019ignorance de tout autre moyen de R\u00e9ussite,\n            Pour oser occuper une Seule minute de vos moments pr\u00e9cieux.\n          J\u2019ai perdu par le Concours des Evenements, tous les titres relatifs\n            a ma r\u00e9clamation, mais Je vais faire L\u2019impossible pour me procurer des Expeditions de\n            ceux qui me donnent des Droits Sur la Succession Lemaire: Le Service essentiel que Je\n            Reclame donc de vous Monsieur, & qui Excitera a Jamais toute ma Reconnoissance,\n            C\u2019est de vous employer assez pour moi, pour me procurer des Exp\u00e9ditions des Concessions\n            accord\u00e9es a celui que Je represente. J\u2019ai L\u2019Espoir que la Connoissance de toutes les\n            affaires de ce tems, des Bureaux qui ont pu en Connoitre, & peut \u00eatre quelque\n            Souvenir de cet officier, vous rendront vos obligeantes d\u00e9marches moins difficiles.\n          Recevez de Rechef mes Excuses, & L\u2019assurance du Profond respect avec le quel Je\n            Suis Monsieur Le President Votre Tr\u00e8s humble & tr\u00e8s ob\u00e9issant Serviteur\n            P. S. Mad[am]e Middleton chez la quelle Je passe L\u2019hiver, ayant Su que J\u2019avois\n              L\u2019honneur de vous \u00e9crire, me charge de vous offrir, Monsieur, Ses Compliments &\n              L\u2019assurance de Son Respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0349", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 16 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\n            Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives.\n            United States December 16th 1793.\n          The situation of affairs in Europe, in the course of the Year 1790. having rendered it\n            possible that a moment might arrive favorable for the arrangement of our unsettled\n            matters with Spain, it was thought proper to prepare our representative at that Court to\n            avail us of it. A confidential person was therefore dispatched to be the bearer of\n            instructions to him, and to supply by verbal communications any additional information\n            of which he might find himself in need. The Government of France was at the same time\n            applied to for it\u2019s aid and influence in this negociation. Events however took a turn which did not present the occasion\n          About the close of the ensuing Year, I was informed through the representatives of\n            Spain here, that their Government would be willing to renew at Madrid the former\n            conferences on these subjects, though the transfer of\n            scene was not what would have been desired, yet I did not think it important enough to\n            reject the proposition; and therefore, with advice and consent of the Senate, I\n            appointed Commissioners plenipotentiary for negociating and concluding a treaty with\n            that Country on the several subjects of boundary, navigation and Commerce, and gave them\n            the instructions now communicated. Before these\n            negociations however could be got into train, the new troubles which had arisen in\n            Europe had produced new combinations among the powers there, the effects of which are\n            but too visible in the proceedings now laid before you.\n          In the mean time, some other points of discussion had arisen with that country, to wit,\n            the restitution of property escaping into the territories of each other, the mutual\n            exchange of fugitives from Justice, and above all the mutual interferences with the\n            Indians lying between us. I had the best reason to believe that the hostilities\n            threatened and exercised by the Southern Indians on our border were excited by the\n            agents of that government. Representations were thereon directed to be made, by our Commissioners, to the Spanish Government, and a proposal to cultivate\n            with good faith the peace of each other with those people. In the mean time, corresponding suspicions were entertained, or\n            pretended to be entertained on their part, of like hostile excitements by our agents to\n            disturb their peace with the same nations. These were brought forward by the\n            representatives of Spain here, in a stile which could not fail to produce attention. A\n            claim of patronage and protection of those Indians was asserted, a mediation between\n            them and us, by that Sovereign assumed, their boundaries with us made a subject of his\n            interference, and at length, at the very moment when these savages were committing daily\n            inroads on our frontier, we were informed by them that \u201cthe continuation of the peace,\n            good harmony, and perfect friendship of the two nations was very problematical for the\n            future unless the U.S. should take more convenient measures and of greater energy than\n            those adopted for a long time past.\u201d \n          If their previous correspondence had worn the appearance of a desire to urge on a\n            disagreement, this last declaration left no room to evade it, since it could not be\n            conceived we would submit to the scalping knife and tomahawk of the Savage, without any\n            resistance. I thought it time therefore to know if these were the views of their\n            sovereign, and dispatched a special messenger with instructions to our Commissioners\n            which are among the papers now communicated. Their last letter gives us reason to expect\n            very shortly to know the result. I must add that the\n            Spanish representatives here, percieving that their last communication had made\n            considerable impression, endeavored to abate this by some subsequent professions which\n            being also among the communications to the legislature, they will be able to form their\n            own conclusions.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0350-0001", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 16 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\n              Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives.\n              United States Decemr 16th 1793.\n            I lay before you a Report of the Secretary of State on the measures which have been\n              taken on behalf of the United States for the purpose of obtaining a recognition of our\n              Treaty with Morocco, and for the ransom of our\n              Citizens and establishment of peace with Algiers.\n            While it is proper our Citizens should know that Subjects which so much concern their\n              interests and their feelings have duly engaged the attention of their Legislature and\n              Executive, it would still be improper that some particulars of this communication\n              should be made known. The confidential conversation stated in one of the last Letters\n              sent herewith, is one of these\u2014both justice and policy require that the source of that\n              information should remain secret. So a knowledge of\n              the sums meant to have been given for peace and ransom might have a disadvantageous\n              influence on future proceedings for the same objects.\n              Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0350-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Report on Morocco and Algiers, 14 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n            The Secretary of State having duly examined into the Papers and documents of his\n              Office relative to the negotiations proposed to be undertaken with the Governments of\n              Morocco and Algiers, makes thereupon to the President of the United States, the\n            The Reports which he made on the 28th of Decemr 1790, on the trade of the United\n              States in the Mediterranean to the House of Representatives, and on the situation of\n              their Citizens in captivity at Algiers to the President, having detailed the\n              transactions of the United States with the Governments of Morocco & Algiers from\n              the close of the late war to that date, he begs leave to refer to them for the state\n              of things existing at that time.\n            On the 3d of March 1791, the Legislature passed an Act appropriating the sum of\n              20,000 Dollars, to the purpose of effecting a recognition of the Treaty of the United\n              States with the new Emperor of Morocco, in\n              consequence whereof Thomas Barclay, formerly Consul General for the United States in\n              France was appointed to proceed to Morocco in the character of Consul for the United\n              States, to obtain a recognition of the Treaty; and on the 13th of May in the same year\n              the following Letter was written to him.\n                  To Thomas Barclay Esqr.\n                You are appointed by the President of the United States to go to the Court of\n                  Morocco for the purpose of obtaining from the new Emperor a recognition of our\n                  Treaty with his father. As it is thought best that you should go in some definite\n                  character, that of Consul has been adopted, and you consequently receive a\n                  Commission as Consul for the United States, in the dominions of the Emperor of\n                  Morocco, which having been issued during the recess of the Senate, will of course\n                  expire at the end of their next session. It has been thought best however not to\n                  insert this limitation in the Commission as being unnecessary, and it might\n                  perhaps embarrass. Before the end of the next session of the Senate it is expected\n                  the objects of your mission will be accomplished.\n                Lisbon being the most convenient port of correspondence between us and Morocco, sufficient authority will be given to Col. Humphreys, Resident\n                  for the United States at that place, over funds in Amsterdam for the objects of\n                  your mission. On him therefore you will draw for the sums herein allowed, or such\n                  parts of them as shall be necessary. To that port too, you had better proceed in\n                  the first vessel which shall be going there, as it is expected you will get a\n                  ready passage from thence to Morocco.\n                On your arrival in Morocco, sound your ground, and know how things stand at\n                  present. Your former voyage there having put you\n                  in possession of the characters through whom this may be done, who may best be\n                  used for approaching the Emperor and effecting your purpose, you are left to use\n                  your own knowledge to the best advantage.\n                The object being merely to obtain an acknowledgment of the Treaty, we rely that\n                  you will be able to do this, giving very moderate presents. As the amount of these\n                  will be drawn into precedent on future similar repetitions of them, it becomes\n                  important. Our distance, our seclusion from the ancient world, its politics and\n                  usages, our agricultural occupations and habits, our poverty, and lastly our\n                  determination to prefer war in all cases to tribute under any form and to any\n                  people whatever, will furnish you with topics for opposing and refusing high or\n                  dishonoring pretensions, to which may be added the advantages their people will\n                  derive from our commerce, and their Sovereign from the duties laid on whatever we\n                  extract from that country\n                Keep us regularly informed of your proceedings and progress, by writing by every\n                  possible occasion, detailing to us particularly your conferences either private or\n                  public, and the persons with whom they are held\u2014\n                We think that Francisco Chiappe has merited well of the United States, by his\n                  care of their peace & interests. He has sent an account of disbursements for\n                  us amounting to 394 Dollars. Do not recognize the account, because we are\n                  unwilling, by doing that, to give him a color for presenting larger ones\n                  hereafter, for expenses which it is impossible for us to scrutinize or controul.\n                  Let him understand that our Laws oppose the application of public money so\n                  informally; but in your presents, treat him handsomely, so\n                  as not only to cover this demand, but go beyond it with a liberality which may fix\n                  him deeply in our interests. The place he holds near the Emperor renders his\n                  friendship peculiarly important: Let us have nothing further to do with his\n                  brothers, or any other person. The money which would make one good friend, divided\n                  among several will produce no attachment.\n                The Emperor has intimated that he expects an Ambassador from us. Let him\n                  understand that this may be a custom of the old world, but it is not ours: that we\n                  never sent an Ambassador to any Nation.\n                You are to be allowed from the day of your departure till your return 166._\n                  dollars a month for your time and expenses, adding thereto your passage money and\n                  Sea stores going and coming.\n                Remain in your post till the 1st of April next, and as much longer as shall be\n                  necessary to accomplish the objects of your mission, unless you should receive\n                  instructions from hence to the contrary.\n                With your Commission you will receive a letter to the Emperor of Morocco, a\n                  Cypher & a letter to Col. Humphreys. I have\n                  the honor to be with great esteem &c:\n                A private instruction which Mr Barclay is to carry in his\n                  memory, and not on paper, lest it should come into improper hands\u2014\n                We rely that you will obtain the friendship of the new Emperor, and his\n                  assurances that the treaty shall be faithfully observed, with as little expense as\n                  possible. But the sum of Ten thousand Dollars is fixed as the limit which all your\n                  donations together are not to exceed.\n            A Letter was at the same time written to\n              Francisco Chiappe a person employed confidentially near the Emperor, who had been\n              named Consul there for the United States by Mr Barclay on his former mission, and\n              appeared to have acted with zeal for our interest. It was in these words.\n                  To Francisco Chiappe.\n                Since my entrance into the Office of Secretary of State I have been honored with\n                  several of your letters, and should sooner have acknowledged the receipt of them,\n                  but that I have from time to time expected the present occasion would occur sooner\n                I am authorized to express to you the satisfaction of the President at the zeal\n                  and attention you have shewn to our interests, and to hope a continuance of\n                Mr Barclay is sent in the character of Consul of the United States to present our\n                  respects to his Imperial Majesty, for whom he has a letter from the President. We\n                  have no doubt he will receive your aid as usual to impress the mind of the Emperor\n                  with a sense of our high respect and friendship for his person and character, and\n                  to dispose him to a cordial continuance of that good understanding so happily\n                  established with his father.\n                Our manner of thinking on all these subjects is so perfectly known to Mr Barclay,\n                  that nothing better can be done than to refer you to him for information on every\n                  subject which you might wish to enquire into. I am with great esteem, Sir\n            To this was added a Letter to Col. Humphreys our Resident at Lisbon, through whom it\n              was thought proper to require that the draughts of money should pass. It was in the\n              following words.\n                  To Col. David Humphreys.\n                Mr Thomas Barclay is appointed by the President of the United States to go to\n                  Morocco in the character of Consul for the purpose of obtaining from the new\n                  Emperor a recognition of our treaty with his father.\n                Ten thousand dollars are appropriated for presents in such form and to such\n                  persons as Mr Barclay in his discretion shall think best; and he is to receive for\n                  himself at the rate of Two thousand dollars a year and his sea expenses.\n                It is thought best that the money for these purposes should be placed under your\n                  controul, and that Mr Barclay should draw on you for it. Thirty-two thousand one\n                  hundred and seventy-five Guilders current are accordingly lodged in the hands of\n                  our Bankers in Amsterdam, and they are instructed to answer your draughts to that\n                  amount, you notifying them that they are to be paid out of the fund of March 3d 1791, that this account may be kept clear of all\n                  others. You will arrange with Mr Barclay the manner of making his draughts so as\n                  to give yourself time for raising the money by the sale of your Bills.\n                A confidence in your discretion has induced me to avail the public of that, in\n                  the transaction of this business, and to recommend Mr Barclay to your counsel and\n                  assistance through the whole of it. I inclose you one Set of the Bills for 13,000\n                  dollars before mentioned and a copy of my Letter to the Bankers. Duplicates will be sent to them directly. I have the\n                  honor to be, with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir, &c:\n            On Mr Barclay\u2019s arrival in Europe he learned that the dominions of Morocco were\n              involved in a general Civil war, the subject of which was the succession to the\n              Throne, then in dispute between several of the Sons of the late Emperor: nor had any\n              one of them such a preponderance as to ground a presumption that a recognition of the\n              Treaty by him would ultimately be effectual. Mr Barclay therefore took measures for\n              obtaining constant intelligence from that country, and in the mean time remained at\n              Lisbon, Cadiz or Gibraltar, that he might be in readiness to take advantage of the\n              first moments of the undisputed establishment of any one of the brothers on the\n              Throne, to effect the objects of his mission.\n            Tho\u2019 not enabled at that time to proceed to the redemption of our captive Citizens at\n              Algiers, yet we endeavoured to alleviate their distresses by confiding to Col.\n              Humphreys the care of furnishing them a comfortable sustenance, as was done in the\n              following letter to him.\n                  To Col. David Humphreys.\n                Mr Barclay having been detained longer than was expected, you will receive this,\n                  as well as my letter of May 13. from him. Since the date of that, I have received\n                You are not unacquainted with the situation of our captives at Algiers. Measures\n                  were taken and were long depending, for their redemption: during the time of their\n                  dependance we thought it would forward our success to take no notice of the\n                  captives; they were maintained by the Spanish Consul, from whom applications for\n                  reimbursement through Mr Carmichael often came; no answer of any kind was ever\n                  given. A certainty now that our measures for their redemption will not succeed\n                  renders it unnecessary for us to be so reserved on the subject and to continue to\n                  wear the appearance of neglecting them. Though the Government might have agreed to\n                  ransom at the lowest price admitted with any nation (as for instance, that of the\n                  French Order of Merci) they will not give any thing like the price which has been\n                  lately declared to be the lowest by the Captors. It remains then for us to see\n                  what other means are practicable for their recovery: in the mean time it is our\n                  desire, that the disbursements hitherto made for their subsistence by the Spanish\n                  Consul, or others be paid off, and that their future comfortable subsistence be\n                  provided for. As to past disbursements, I must beg the favor of you to write to Mr\n                  Carmichael, that you are authorized to pay them off, and pray him to let you know\n                  their amount, and to whom payments are due. With respect to future provision for\n                  the captives, I must put it into your hands. The impossibility of getting letters\n                  to or from Mr Carmichael, renders it improper for us to use that channel. As to\n                  the footing on which they are to be subsisted, the ration and cloathing of a\n                  soldier would have been a good measure, were it possible to apply it to articles\n                  of food and cloathing, so extremely different as those used at Algiers. The\n                  allowance heretofore made by the Spanish Consul, might perhaps furnish a better\n                  rule, as we have it from themselves that they were then comfortably subsisted.\n                  Should you be led to correspond with them at all, it had better be with Captain\n                  Obrian, who is a sensible man, and whose conduct since he has been there, has been\n                  particularly meritorious. It will be better for you to avoid saying any thing\n                  which may either increase or lessen their hopes of ransom. I write to our Bankers\n                  to answer your draughts for these purposes, and enclose you a duplicate to be\n                  forwarded with your first draught. The prisoners\n                  are fourteen in number\u2014their names and qualities as follows\u2014Richard Obrian, and\n                  Isaac Stephens Captains-Andrew Montgomery and Alexander Forsyth Mates-Jacob\n                  Tessanier a french passenger, William Paterson, Philip Sloan, Peleg Lorin, John\n                  Robertson, James Hall, James Cathcart, George Smith, John Gregory, & James\n                  Hermet, seamen. They have been twenty one or twenty two. I have the honor to be\n                  with great esteem, Dear Sir &c:\n            On the 8th of May 1792, the President proposed to the Senate the following\n                If the President of the United States should conclude a Convention or Treaty with\n                  the Government of Algiers for the ransom of the thirteen Americans in captivity\n                  there, for a sum not exceeding forty thousand dollars, all\n                  expenses included, will the Senate approve the same? Or is there any, and what\n                  greater or lesser sum, which they would fix on as the limit beyond which they\n                  would not approve the ransom?\n                If the President of the Unites States should conclude a Treaty with the\n                  Government of Algiers for the establishment of peace with them at an expense not\n                  exceeding twenty five thousand dollars paid at the signature, and a like sum to be\n                  paid annually afterwards during the continuance of the Treaty, would the Senate\n                  approve the same? Or are there any greater or lesser sums which they would fix on\n                  as the limits beyond which they would not approve of such Treaty?\n                Go: Washington\n            These questions were answered by the following resolution of the Senate, of May 8th\n                Resolved, That if the President of the United States shall conclude a Treaty with\n                  the Government of Algiers, for the establishment of a peace with them, at an\n                  expense not exceeding forty thousand dollars paid at the signature, and a sum not\n                  exceeding twenty five thousand dollars, to be paid annually afterwards, during the\n                  continuance of the treaty, the Senate will approve the same. And in case such\n                  treaty be concluded, and the President of the United States shall also conclude a\n                  Convention or Treaty with the Government of Algiers for the ransom of the thirteen\n                  American prisoners in captivity there, for a sum not exceeding forty thousand\n                  dollars, all expenses included, the Senate will also approve such Convention or\n                Attest Sam. A. Otis. Secy\n            In order to enable the President to effect the objects of this Resolution, the\n              Legislature by their Act of May 8th 1792 C. 41 \u00a7. 3. appropriated a sum of fifty\n              thousand dollars to defray any expence which might be incurred in relation to the\n              intercourse between the United States and foreign Nations.\n            Commissions were hereupon made out to Admiral Paul Jones for the objects of peace and\n              ransom, and a third to be Consul for the United States at Algiers. And his\n              instructions were conveyed in the following Letter.\n                  To Admiral John Paul Jones\n                The President of the United States having thought proper to appoint you\n                  Commissioner for treating with the Dey and Government of Algiers on the subjects\n                  of peace and ransom of our captives, I have the honor to inclose you the\n                  Commissions, of which Mr Thomas Pinckney now on his way to London as our minister\n                  plenipotentiary there, will be the bearer. Supposing that there exists a\n                  disposition to thwart our negotiations with the Algerines, and\n                  that this would be very practicable, we have thought it adviseable that the\n                  knowledge of this appointment should rest with the President, Mr Pinckney and\n                  myself: for which reason you will perceive that the Commissions are all in my own\n                  hand writing\u2014for the same reason, entire secrecy is recommended to you, and that\n                  you so cover from the public your departure & destination as that they may not\n                  be conjectured or noticed; and at the same time that you set out after as short\n                  delay as your affairs will possibly permit.\n                In order to enable you to enter on this business with full information, it will\n                  be necessary to give you a history of what has passed.\n                On the 25 July 1785, the Schooner Maria, Capt. Stevens, belonging to a Mr Foster\n                  of Boston, was taken off Cape St. Vincents by an Algerine Cruiser; and five days\n                  afterwards, the Ship Dauphin, Capt. Obrian, belonging to Messrs Irvins of\n                  Philadelphia was taken by another about 50 leagues westward of Lisbon. These\n                  vessels with their Cargoes and Crews, twenty-one persons in number, were carried\n                  into Algiers. Mr John Lamb appointed Agent for treating of peace between the\n                  United States and the Government of Algiers, was ready to set out from France on\n                  that business, when Mr Adams and myself heard of these two captures. The ransom of\n                  prisoners, being a case not existing when our powers were prepared, no provision\n                  had been made for it. We thought however we ought to endeavor to ransom our\n                  countrymen, without waiting for orders; but at the same time, that, acting without\n                  authority, we should keep within the lowest price which had been given by any\n                  other nation. We therefore gave a supplementary instruction to Mr Lamb to ransom\n                  our Captives, if it could be done for 200 dollars a man, as we knew that three\n                  hundred French captives had been just ransomed by the Mathurins, at a price very\n                  little above this sum. He proceeded to Algiers: but his mission proved fruitless.\n                  He wrote us word from thence, that the Dey asked 59,496 dollars for the 21\n                  Captives, and that it was not probable he would abate much from that price: but he\n                  never intimated an idea of agreeing to give it.\n                  As he has never settled the accounts of his mission, no further information has\n                  been received. It has been said that he entered into a positive stipulation with\n                  the Dey to pay for the prisoners the price above mentioned, or something near it;\n                  and that he came away with an assurance to return with the money. We cannot believe the fact true; and if it were, we\n                  disavow it totally, as far beyond his powers. We have never disavowed it formally,\n                  because it has never come to our knowledge with any degree of certainty.\n                In February 1787, I wrote to Congress to ask leave to employ the Mathurins of\n                  France in ransoming our captives, and on the 19th of Septemr I received their\n                  orders to do so, and to call for the money from our Bankers at Amsterdam as soon\n                  as it could be furnished. It was long before they could furnish the money, and, as\n                  soon as they notified that they could, the business was put into train by the\n                  General of the Mathurins, not with the appearance of acting for the United States\n                  or with their knowledge, but merely on the usual ground of charity. This expedient\n                    was rendered abortive by the Revolution of France, the\n                  derangement of ecclesiastical orders there, and the revocation of Church property,\n                  before any proposition perhaps had been made in form by the Mathurins to the Dey\n                I have some reason to believe that Mr Eustace while in Spain endeavored to engage\n                  the Court of Spain to employ their Mathurins in this same business, but whether\n                  they actually moved in it or not, I have never learned\u2014\n                We have also been told that a Mr Simpson of Gibralter; by the direction of the\n                  Mres. Bulkleys of Lisbon, contracted for the ransom of our prisoners (then reduced\n                  by death and ransom to 14) at 34,792 28/38 dollars. By whose orders they did it we\n                  could never learn. I have suspected it was some association in London, which\n                  finding the prices far above their conception, did not go through with their\n                  purpose, which probably had been merely a philanthropic one: be this as it may, it\n                  was without our authority or knowledge.\n                Again, Mr Cathalan, our Consul at Marseilles, without any instruction from the\n                  Government, and actuated merely, as we presume, by a willingness to do something\n                  agreeable, set on foot another negotiation for their redemption, which ended in\n                These several volunteer interferences, though undertaken with good intentions,\n                  run directly counter to our plan; which was to avoid the appearance of any purpose\n                  on our part ever to ransom our Captives, and by that semblance of neglect, to\n                  reduce the demands of the Algerines to such a price as might make it hereafter\n                  less their interest to pursue our Citizens than any others. On the contrary they\n                  have supposed all these propositions, directly or indirectly, came from us: they\n                  inferred from thence the greatest anxiety on our part, where we had been\n                  endeavoring to make them suppose there was none; kept up their demands for our\n                  captives at the highest prices ever paid by any nation; and thus these charitable,\n                  though unauthorized interpositions, have had the double effect of lengthening the\n                  chains they were meant to break, and of making us at last set a much higher rate\n                  of ransom, for our Citizens present and future, than we probably should have\n                  obtained, if we had been left alone to do our own work, in our own way. Thus\n                  stands this business then at present. A formal bargain, as I am informed, being\n                  registered in the books of the former Dey, on the part of the Bulkeleys of Lisbon,\n                  which they suppose to be obligatory on us, but which is to be utterly disavowed,\n                  as having never been authorized by us, nor its source ever known to us\u2014\n                In 1790 this subject was laid before Congress fully, and at the late session\n                  monies have been provided, and authority given to proceed to the ransom of our\n                  captive Citizens at Algiers, provided it shall not exceed a given sum, and\n                  provided also a peace shall be previously negociated within certain limits of\n                  expense. And in consequence of these proceedings your mission has been decided on\n                  by the President.\n                Since then no ransom is to take place without a peace you will of course first take up the\n                  negotiation of peace, or if you find it better that peace and ransom should be\n                  treated of together, you will take care that no agreement for the latter be\n                  concluded, unless the former be established before, or in the same instant.\n                As to the conditions, it is understood that no peace can be made with that\n                  Government but for a larger sum of money to be paid at once for the whole time of\n                  its duration, or for a smaller one to be annually paid. The former plan we\n                  entirely refuse, and adopt the latter. We have also understood that peace might be\n                  bought cheaper with naval Stores than with money: but we will not furnish them\n                  naval Stores, because we think it not right to furnish them means which we know\n                  they will employ to do wrong, and because there might be no economy in it, as to\n                  ourselves in the end, as it would increase the expense of that coercion which we\n                  may in future be obliged to practice towards them. The only question then is, what\n                  sum of money will we agree to pay them annually for peace?\n                By a Letter from Captain Obrian, a copy of which you receive herewith, we have\n                  his opinion that a peace could be purchased with money for\n                  \u00a360,000 sterling, or with naval Stores for 100,000 Dollars.\n                  An annual payment equivalent to the first, would be \u00a33,000\n                  sterling, or 13,500 dollars, the interest of the sum in gross. If we could obtain\n                  it for as small a sum as the second in money, the annual\n                  payment equivalent to it would be 5,000 dollars. In another part of the same\n                  letter Capt. Obrian says \u201cif maritime Stores, and two light cruisers given and a\n                  tribute paid in maritime stores every two years, amounting to 12,000 dollars in\n                  America,\u201d a peace can be had. The gift of\n                  Stores and Cruizers here supposed, converted into an annual equivalent, may be\n                  stated at 9,000 dollars, and adding to it half the biennial sum, would make 15,000\n                  dollars to be annually paid. You will of course use your best endeavours to get it\n                  at the lowest sum practicable, whereupon I shall only say, that we should be\n                  pleased with 10,000 dollars, contented with 15,000, think 20,000 a very hard\n                  bargain, yet go as far as 25,000. if it be impossible to get it for less; but not\n                  at a copper further, this being fixed by law as the utmost limit: these are meant\n                  as annual sums. If you can put off the first annual payment to the end of the\n                  first year, you may employ any sum not exceeding that in presents to be paid down:\n                  but if the first payment is to be made in hand, that and the presents cannot by\n                And here we meet a difficulty, arising from the small degree of information we\n                  have respecting the Barbary States. Tunis is said to be tributary to Algiers; but\n                  whether the effect of this be that peace being made with Algiers, is of course\n                  with the Tunisians without separate treaty, or separate price, is what we know\n                  not. If it be possible to have it placed on this footing so much the better. At\n                  any event it will be necessary to stipulate with Algiers that her influence be\n                  interposed as strongly as possible with Tunis, whenever we shall proceed to treat\n                  with the latter; which cannot be till information of the event of your\n                  negociation, and another Session of Congress.\n                As to the articles and form of the Treaty in general, our treaty with Morocco was\n                  so well digested that I inclose you a copy of that to be the model with Algiers,\n                  as nearly as it can be obtained, only inserting the clause with respect to\n                The ransom of the Captives is next to be considered. they are now thirteen in\n                  number, to wit Richard Obrian, and Isaac Stevens, Captains\u2014Andrew Montgomery and\n                  Alexander Forsyth, Mates\u2014Jacob Tessanier, a French passenger, William Patterson,\n                  Phillip Sloan, Peleg Lorin, James Hull, James Cathcart, George Smith, John\n                  Gregory, James Hermit, seamen. It has been a fixed principle with Congress to\n                  establish the rate of ransom of American captives with the Barbary States at as\n                  low a point as possible, that it may not be the interest of those States to go in\n                  quest of our Citizens in preference to those of other countries. Had it not been\n                  for the danger it would have brought on the residue of our Seamen, by exciting the\n                  cupidity of those rovers against them, our Citizens now in Algiers, would have\n                  been long ago redeemed without regard to price. The mere money for this particular\n                  redemption neither has been, nor is an object with any body here. It is from the\n                  same regard to the safety of our Seamen at large that they have now restrained us\n                  from any ransom unaccompanied with peace: this being secured, we are led to\n                  consent to terms of ransom, to which otherwise our Government would never have\n                  consented; that is to say, to the terms stated by Capt. Obrian in the following\n                  passage of the same Letter-\u201cby giving the minister of the marine (the present\n                  Dey\u2019s favorite) the sum of 1,000 Sequins. I would stake my life that we would be\n                  ransomed for 13,000 Sequins, and all expences included.\u201d Extravagant as this sum\n                  is, we will, under the security of peace in future, go so far; not doubting at the\n                  same time that you will obtain it as much lower as possible, and not indeed\n                  without a hope that a lower ransom will be practicable from the assurances given\n                  us in other letters from Capt. Obrian, that prices are likely to be abated by the\n                  present Dey, and particularly with us, towards whom he has been represented as\n                  well disposed. You will consider this sum therefore, say 27,000 dollars, as your\n                  ultimate limit, including ransom, duties, and gratifications of every kind.\n                As soon as the ransom is completed, you will be pleased to have the Captives well\n                  cloathed, and sent home at the expense of the United States, with as much economy\n                  as will consist with their reasonable comfort.\n                It is thought best that Mr Pinckney, our minister at London should be the\n                  confidential channel of communication between us. He is enabled to answer your\n                  draughts for money within the limits before expressed: and as this will be by\n                  redrawing on Amsterdam, you must settle with him the number of days after sight; at which your Bills shall be payable in London\n                  so as to give him time, in the mean while, to draw the money from Amsterdam.\n                We shall be anxious to know as soon and as often as possible, your prospects in\n                  these negociations. You will receive herewith a cypher which will enable you to\n                  make them with safety. London and Lisbon (where Col. Humphreys\n                  will forward my letters) will be the safest and best ports of communication. I\n                  also inclose two separate Commissions for the objects of peace and ransom. To\n                  these is added a Commission to you as Consul for the United States at Algiers, on\n                  the possibility that it might be useful for you to remain there till the\n                  ratification of the treaties shall be returned from hence; though you are not to\n                  delay till their return, the sending the Captives home, nor the necessary payments\n                  of money within the limits before prescribed. Should you be willing to remain\n                  there, even after the completion of the business, as Consul for the United States,\n                  you will be free to do so, giving me notice, that no other nomination may be made.\n                  These Commissions, being issued during the recess of the Senate, are in force, by\n                  the Constitution, only till the next session of the Senate; but their renewal then\n                  is so much a matter of course, and of necessity, that you may consider that as\n                  certain, and proceed without interruption. I have not mentioned this in the\n                  Commissions, because it is in all cases surplusage, and because it might be\n                  difficult of explanation to those to whom you are addressed.\n                The allowance for all your expenses and time (exclusive of the ransom, price of\n                  peace, duties, presents, maintenance and transportation of the Captives) is at the\n                  rate of 2,000 dollars a year, to commence from the day on which you shall set out\n                  for Algiers, from whatever place you may take your departure. The particular\n                  objects of peace and ransom once out of the way, the 2000 dollars annually are to\n                  go in satisfaction of time, services, and expenses of every kind, whether you act\n                  as Consul or Commissioner.\n                As the duration of this peace cannot be counted on with certainty, and we look\n                  forward to the necessity of coercion by cruises on their coast, to be kept up\n                  during the whole of their cruising season, you will be pleased to inform yourself,\n                  as minutely as possible, of every circumstance which may influence or guide us in\n                  undertaking and conducting such an operation, making your communications by safe\n                  opportunities.\n                I must recommend to your particular notice Capt. Obrian, one of the Captives,\n                  from whom we have received a great deal of useful information. The zeal which he\n                  has displayed under the trying circumstances of his present situation has been\n                  very distinguished, you will find him intimately acquainted with the manner in\n                  which and characters with whom business is to be done there, and perhaps he may be\n                  an useful instrument to you, especially in the outset of your undertaking, which\n                  will require the utmost caution, and the best information. He will be able to give\n                  you the characters of the European Consuls there, tho\u2019 you will probably not think\n                  it prudent to repose confidence in any of them.\n                Should you be able successfully to accomplish the objects of your mission in time\n                  to convey notice of it to us as early as possible during the next session of\n                  Congress, which meets in the beginning of November and rises the 4th of March, it\n                  would have a very pleasing effect. I am with great esteem &c:\n                  Rough estimate not contained in the letter.\n            Mr Pinckney then going out as our Minister plenipo. to the Court of London, it was\n              thought best to confide the Letter to him\u2014to make him the channel of communication,\n              and also to authorize him, if any circumstance should deprive us of the services of\n              Admiral J. P. Jones, to commit the business to Mr Barclay, who it was hoped would by\n              this time be completing the object of his mission to Morocco. The letter was therefore\n              delivered to him, and the following one addressed to himself.\n                  To Thomas Pinckney.\n                  Philadelphia June 11th 1792\n                The Letter I have addressed to Admiral Jones, of which you have had the perusal,\n                  has informed you of the mission with which the President has thought proper to\n                  charge him at Algiers, and how far your Agency is desired for conveying to him the\n                  several papers, for receiving and paying his draughts to the amount therein\n                  permitted, by redrawing yourself on our Bankers in Amsterdam, who are instructed\n                  to honor your Bills, and by acting as a channel of correspondence between us. It\n                  is some time however since we have heard of Admiral Jones. Should any accident\n                  have happened to his life, or should you be unable to learn where he is, or should\n                  distance, refusal to act or any other circumstance deprive us of his services on\n                  this occasion, or be likely to produce too great a delay, of which you are to be\n                  the judge, you will then be pleased to send all the papers confided to you for\n                  him, to Mr Thomas Barclay our Consul at Morocco, with the letter addressed to him,\n                  which is delivered you open, and by which you will perceive that he is, in that\n                  event, substituted to every intent and purpose in the place of Admiral Jones. You\n                  will be pleased not to pass any of the papers confided to you on this business\n                  through any post Office. I have the honor to be &c:\n            The Letter mentioned as addressed to Mr Barclay was in these words.\n                 From the President of the\n                  United States to Thomas Barclay Esq.\n                Philadelphia, June 11th 1792.\n                Congress having furnished me with means for procuring peace, and ransoming our\n                  captive Citizens from the Government of Algiers, I have thought it best, while you\n                  are engaged at Morocco, to appoint Admiral Jones to proceed to\n                  Algiers, and therefore have sent him a Commission for establishing peace, another\n                  for the ransom of our Captives, and a third to act there as Consul for the United\n                  States, and full instructions are given in a Letter from the Secretary of State to\n                  him, of all which papers, Mr Pinckney, now proceeding to London as our Minister\n                  plenipotentiary there, is the bearer, as he is also of this Letter. It is some\n                  time however since we have heard of Admiral Jones, and as, in the event of any\n                  accident to him, it might occasion an injurious delay, were the business to await\n                  new Commissions from hence, I have thought it best, in such an event, that Mr\n                  Pinckney should forward to you all the papers addressed to Admiral Jones, with\n                  this Letter, signed by myself, giving you authority on receipt of those papers to\n                  consider them as addressed to you, and to proceed under them in every respect as\n                  if your name stood in each of them in the place of that of John Paul Jones. You\n                  will of course finish the business of your mission to Morocco with all the\n                  dispatch practicable, and then proceed to Algiers on that hereby confided to you,\n                  where this Letter with the Commissions addressed to Admiral Jones, and an\n                  explanation of circumstances, will doubtless procure you credit as acting in the\n                  name and on the behalf of the United States, and more especially when you shall\n                  efficaciously prove your authority by the fact of making, on the spot, the\n                  payments you shall stipulate. With full confidence in the prudence and integrity\n                  with which you will fulfil the objects of the present mission, I give to this\n                  Letter the effect of a Commission and full powers, by hereto subscribing my name\n                  this Eleventh day of June, One thousand seven hundred and ninety two.\n            By a Letter of July 3d the following arrangements for the payment of the monies was\n              communicated to Mr Pinckney, to wit.\n                To Thomas Pinckney Esqr.\n                Enclosed is a letter to our Bankers in Amsterdam, covering a Bill of Exchange\n                  drawn on them by the Treasurer for one hundred and twenty-three thousand seven\n                  hundred and fifty current Guilders which I have endorsed thus\u2014\u201cPhiladelphia, July\n                  3d 1792. enter this to the credit of the Secretary of State for the United States\n                  of America. Th: Jefferson\u201d \u2014to prevent the\n                  danger of interception: my letter to them makes the whole, subject to your order.\n            On Mr Pinckney\u2019s arrival in England he learned the death of Admiral J. P. Jones. The\n              delays which were incurred in conveying the papers to Mr Barclay on this event will be\n              best explained in Mr Pinckney\u2019s own words extracted from his letter of December 13th\n              1792, to the Secretary of State. They are as follows:\n                As soon after my arrival here as the death of Admiral J. P. Jones was ascertained\n                  I endeavored to obtain information whether Mr Barclay was still at Gibralter, or\n                  had returned to Morocco; but not knowing his correspondent here, and Mr Johnson\n                  our Consul not being able to clear up the uncertainty it was some time before I\n                  learnt that he was still at Gibralter\u2014the particular injunctions of caution in the\n                  conveyance which I received with Mr Barclay\u2019s dispatches, and the secrecy which I\n                  knew to be so essential to the success of his operations determined me to intrust\n                  them to none but a confidential person\u2014I accordingly endeavored to find some one\n                  of our countrymen (who are frequently here without much business) who might be\n                  induced to undertake the conveyance; but tho\u2019 in addition to my own enquiries, I\n                  requested our Consul and several American Gentlemen to endeavor to procure a\n                  confidential person to undertake a journey for me without naming the direction, it\n                  was a considerable time before I met with success\u2014the rage for quitting the City\n                  which emptied all the western parts of this town during the summer months seemed\n                  to have swept away all our unemployed Countrymen, and the failure of Mr Short\u2019s\n                  dispatches for which I could not account, the miscarriage of some of my private\n                  letters, added to the extraordinary jealousy and watchfulness of correspondences\n                  here, made me unwilling to employ any but an American in this business. At length\n                  however I prevailed on a Mr Lemuel Cravath a native and Citizen of Massachusetts\n                  to undertake the delivery of the dispatches into Mr Barclay\u2019s hand, whether at\n                  Gibralter or Morocco, and to remain a few weeks with Mr Barclay if he should\n                  require it to reconvey his answer; for which service I agreed to pay him One\n                  hundred Guineas, besides defraying his expenses. No vessel for Gibralter or any neighboring port offered immediately, but Mr\n                  Cravath availed himself of the first which occurred, and embarked about a month\n                  ago in an English vessel bound to Cales, from whence he may readily get to\n                  Gibralter: so that if the wind has proved favorable Mr B. may by this time have\n                  set out on his mission. I fear the terms of Mr Cravath\u2019s journey will be\n                  considered as expensive, but when I reflected on the importance of the object\n                  & the delay which had already occasioned me so much uneasiness I would\n                  undoubtedly have given much more had he insisted on it. I trust however that Mr\n                  Barclay could not have arrived at a better time at his place of destination to\n                  avoid interruption in his negotiations from the European powers as their attention\n                  is now wholly engrossed by the more interesting theatre of politics in Europe.\n            In the mean time Mr Barclay had been urged to use expedition by the following letter,\n                 To Thomas Barclay.\n                Philadelphia, Novr 14th 1792.\n                Your Letters to the 10th of September are received. Before this reaches you, some\n                  papers will have been sent to you, which on the supposition that you were engaged\n                  in your original mission were directed to Admiral J. P. Jones, but in the event of\n                  his death were to be delivered to you. That event happened. The papers will have\n                  so fully possessed you of every thing relating to the subject,\n                  that I have nothing now to add, but the most pressing instances to lose no time in\n                  effecting the object. In the mean while the scene of your original mission will\n                  perhaps be cleared, so that you may then return and accomplish that. I am,\n            Mr Barclay had received the papers, had made preparations for his departure for\n              Algiers, but was taken ill on the 15th and died on the \n              th of January 1793, at Lisbon. This unfortunate event was known here on the\n              18th of March, and on the 20th and 21st the following letters were written to Mr\n              Pinckney & Col. Humphreys.\n                 To Thomas Pinckney Esq.\n                Philadelphia, March 20th 1793.\n                The death of Mr Barclay having rendered it necessary to appoint some other person\n                  to proceed to Algiers on the business of peace and ransom, the President has\n                  thought proper to appoint Col. Humphreys, and to send on Captain Nathaniel Cutting\n                  to him in the character of Secretary, and to be the bearer of the papers to him. I\n                  am to ask the favor of you to communicate to Col. Humphreys whatever information\n                  you may be able to give him in this business, in consequence of the Agency you\n                  have had in it. I have given him authority to draw in his own name on our Bankers\n                  in Amsterdam for the money deposited in their hands for this purpose according to\n                  the Letter I had the honor of writing to you July 3d. 1792. I have now that of\n                  assuring you of the sincere sentiments of esteem and respect, with which I am\n                  To Col. David Humphreys.\n                Philadelphia, March 21st 1793.\n                The deaths of Admiral Paul Jones first, and afterwards of Mr Barclay, to whom the\n                  mission to Algiers explained in the inclosed papers was successively confided,\n                  have led the President to desire you to undertake the execution of it in person.\n                  These papers, being copies of what had been delivered to them will serve as your\n                  guide. But Mr Barclay having also been charged with a mission to Morocco, it will\n                  be necessary to give you some trouble with respect to that also.\n                Mr Nathaniel Cutting the bearer hereof, is dispatched specially, first to receive\n                  from Mr Pinckney in London any papers or information, which his Agency in the\n                  Algerine business may have enabled him to communicate to you. He will then proceed\n                  to deliver the whole to you, and accompany and aid you in the character of\n                It is thought necessary that you should, in the first instance settle Mr\n                  Barclay\u2019s accounts respecting the Morocco mission, which will probably render it\n                  necessary that you should go to Gibralter. The communications you have had with Mr\n                  Barclay in this mission will assist you in your endeavors at a settlement. You\n                  know the sum received by Mr Barclay on that account and we wish as exact a\n                  statement as can be made of the manner in which it has been\n                  laid out, and what part of it\u2019s proceeds are now on hand. You will be pleased to\n                  make an Inventory of these proceeds now existing. If they or any part of them can\n                  be used for the Algerine mission, we would have you by all means apply them to\n                  that use, debiting the Algerine fund, and crediting that of Morocco with the\n                  amount of such application. If they cannot be so used, then dispose of the\n                  perishable articles to the best advantage, and if you can sell those not\n                  perishable for what they cost, do so, and what you cannot so sell, deposite in any\n                  safe place under your own power. In this last stage of the business return us an\n                  exact account 1st of the specific articles remaining on hand for that mission, and\n                  their value. 2d of its cash on hand. 3d of any money which may be due to or from\n                  Mr Barclay or any other person on account of this mission, and take measures for\n                  replacing the clear balance of Cash in the hands of Messrs W. & T. Willinks\n                  and Nichs & Jacob van Staphorsts and Hubbard.\n                This matter being settled, you will be pleased to proceed on the mission to\n                  Algiers. This you will do by the way of Madrid, if you think any information you\n                  can get from Mr Carmichael, or any other may be an equivalent for the trouble,\n                  expense and delay of the journey. If not, proceed in whatever other way you please\n                Proper powers and Credentials for you addressed to that Government are herewith\n                  enclosed\u2014The instructions first given to Admiral Paul Jones are so full that no\n                  others need be added, except a qualification in one single article, to wit: Should\n                  that Government finally reject peace on the terms in money,\n                  to which you are authorized to go, you may offer to make the first payments for\n                  peace and that for ransom in naval Stores, reserving the\n                  right to make the subsequent annual payments in money.\n                You are to be allowed your travelling expenses, your Salary as minister Resident\n                  in Portugal going on. Those expenses must be debited to the Algerine mission, and\n                  not carried into your ordinary account as Resident. Mr Cutting is allowed one\n                  hundred dollars a month, and his expenses, which as soon as he joins you, will of\n                  course be consolidated with yours. We have made choice of him as particularly\n                  qualified to aid under your direction in the matters of account, with which he is\n                  well acquainted. He receives here an advance of one thousand dollars by a draught\n                  on our Bankers in Holland in whose hands the fund is deposited. This and all other\n                  sums furnished him to be debited to the Algerine fund. I inclose you a Letter to\n                  our Bankers giving you complete authority over these funds, which you had better\n                  send with your first draught, though I send a copy of it from hence by another\n                This business being done, you will be pleased to return to Lisbon, and to keep\n                  yourself and us thereafter well informed of the transactions in Morocco, and as\n                  soon as you shall find that the succession to that Government is settled and\n                  stable so that we may know to whom a Commissioner may be addressed, be so good as\n                  to give us the information that we may take measures in consequence. I am\n            Captain Nathaniel Cutting was appointed to be the Bearer of these Letters and to\n              accompany and assist Col. Humphreys as Secretary in this mission. It was therefore\n              delivered to him, and his own Instructions were given in the following Letter.\n                 To Captain Nathaniel Cutting.\n                Philadelphia, March 31st 1793.\n                The Department of State with the approbation of the President of the United\n                  States, having confidential communications for Mr Pinckney, our Minister plenipoy\n                  at London, and Col. Humphreys, our Minister Resident at Lisbon, and further\n                  services to be preformed with the latter\u2014you are desired to take charge of those\n                  communications, to proceed with them in the first American vessel bound to London,\n                  and from thence without delay, to Lisbon in such way as you shall find best. After\n                  your arrival there, you are appointed to assist Col. Humphreys in the character of\n                  Secretary, in the business now specially confided to him, and that being\n                  accomplished, you will return directly to the United States, or receive your\n                  discharge from Col. Humphreys, at your own option. You are to receive, in\n                  consideration of these services, one hundred dollars a month, besides the\n                  reasonable expences of travelling by land and sea (apparel not included) of\n                  yourself and a servant: of which expenses you are to render an account and receive\n                  payment from Col. Humphreys, if you take your discharge from him, or otherwise\n                  from the Secretary of State if you return to this place: and in either case Col.\n                  Humphreys is authorized to furnish you monies on account within the limits of your\n                  allowances: which allowances are understood to have begun on the 20th day of the\n                  present month, when you were engaged on this service, and to continue until your\n                  discharge or return. You receive here One thousand dollars on account, to enable\n                Th: Jefferson, Secretary of State.\n            But by a vessel which sailed on the day before from this port to Lisbon directly, and\n              whose departure was not known till an hour before, the following Letter was hastily\n              written and sent.\n                  To Col. David Humphreys.\n                Philadelphia, March 30th 1793.\n                Having very short notice of a vessel just sailing from this port for Lisbon,\n                  direct, I think it proper to inform you summarily that powers are made out for you\n                  to proceed and execute the Algerine business committed to Mr Barclay. Capt.\n                  Cutting who is to assist you in this special business as Secretary, leaves this\n                  place three days hence, and will proceed in the British packet by the way of\n                  London, and thence to Lisbon where he will deliver you the papers. The\n                  instructions to you are in general to settle Mr B\u2019s Morocco account and take care\n                  of the effects provided for that business, applying such of them as are proper to\n                  the Algerine mission, and as to the residue converting the perishable part of it\n                  into cash, and having the other part safely kept. You will be pleased therefore to\n                  be preparing and doing in this what can be done before the\n                  arrival of Mr Cutting, that there may be as little delay as possible. I am\n            Captain Cutting took his passage in a vessel bound for London which sailed about the\n              13th or 14th of April, but he did not leave England till the 3d of September, and on\n              the 17th of that month Col. Humphreys embarked from Lisbon for Gibraltar, from whence\n              he wrote the Letter herewith communicated, of October the 8th last past informing us\n              of the truce of a year concluded between Algiers and Portugal, and from whence he was\n              to proceed to Algiers.\n            These are the circumstances which have taken place since the date of the former\n              reports of December 28th 1790. and on consideration of them it cannot but be obvious\n              that whatever expectations might have been formed of the issue of the mission to\n              Algiers at it\u2019s first projection, or the subsequent renewals to which unfortunate\n              events gave occasion, they must now be greatly diminished, if not entirely abandoned.\n              While the truce with two such commercial Nations as Portugal and Holland has so much\n              lessened the number of vessels exposed to the capture of these Corsairs, it has opened\n              the door which lets them out upon our commerce and ours alone; as with the other\n              nations navigating the Atlantic they are at peace. Their first successes will probably\n              give them high expectations of future advantage, and leave them little disposed to\n              relinquish them on any terms.\n            A circumstance to be mentioned here is that our Resident and Consul at Lisbon have\n              thought instantaneous warning to our commerce to be on it\u2019s guard, of sufficient\n              importance to justify the hiring a Swedish vessel to come here express with the\n              intelligence; and there is no fund out of which that hire can be paid.\n            To these details relative to Algiers it is to be added as to Morocco, that their\n              internal war continues, that the succession is not likely soon to be settled, and that\n              in the mean time their vessels have gone into such a state of decay as to leave our\n              commerce in no present danger for want of the recognition of our treaty: but that\n              still it will be important to be in readiness to obtain it the first moment that any\n              person shall be so established in that Government as to give a hope\n              that his recognition will be valid.\n              Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0352", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Robert Taylor, 17 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Taylor, Robert\n          Letter not found: to Robert Taylor, 17 Dec. 1793. On 30 Jan. 1794, Taylor thanked GW for\n            \u201ctwo letters from you under date of the 10th and 17th December.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0356-0001", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Pearce, 18 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pearce, William\n              Philadelphia 18th Decemr 1793.\n            The paper enclosed with this letter will give you my ideas, generally, of the course\n              of Crops I wish to pursue. I am sensible more might\n              be made from the farms for a year or two\u2014but my object is to recover the fields from\n              the exhausted state into which they have fallen, by oppressive crops, and to restore\n              them (if possible by any means in my power) to health & vigour. But two ways will\n              enable me to accomplish this. The first is to cover them with as much manure as\n              possible (winter & summer). The 2d a judicious succession of Crops.\n            Manure cannot be had in the abundance the fields require; for this reason, and to\n              open the land which is hard bound by frequent cultivation and want of proper\n              dressings, I have introduced Buck Wheat in the plentiful manner you will perceive by\n              the Table, both as a manure, and as a substitute for Indian Corn for horses &ca;\n              it being a great ameliorater of the Soil. How far the insufferable conduct of my\n              Overseers, or the difficulty of getting Buck Wheat & Oats for Seed, will enable me\n              to carry my plan into effect, I am unable at this moment to decide. You, possibly,\n              will be better able to inform me sometime hence. Colo. Ball of Leesburgh has promised\n              to use his endeavours to procure & send the first to Mount Vernon; but where to get as much of the latter as will answer my\n              purposes (unless I send them from this City) I know not; but before\n              I can decide on the quantity it may be necessary for me to purchase, it is essential I\n              should know the quantity grown on my own estate; and which after I went to Virginia in\n              September last I directed should no longer be fed away. The common Oats which are\n              brought from the Eastern shore to Alexandria for sale, I would not sow\u2014first, because\n              they are not of a good quality\u2014and 2dly because they are rarely, if ever, free from\n              Garlick & wild Onions; with which, unfortunately, many of my fields are already\n              but too plentifully stocked from the source already mentioned; and that too before I\n              was aware of the evil.\n            I have already said that the insufferable conduct of my Overseers may be one mean of\n              frustrating my plan for the next year\u2014I will now explain myself. You will readily\n              perceive by the rotation of Crops I have adopted, that a great deal of Fall plowing is\n              indispensible. Of this I informed every one of them, and pointed out the fields which\n              were to be plowed at this season. So anxious was I, that this work should be set about\n              early, that I made an attempt soon after you were at Mount Vernon in September, to\n              begin it; and at several times afterwards repeated the operation in different fields\n              at Dogue run farm; but the ground being excessively hard & dry, I found that to\n              persevere would only destroy my horses without effecting the object, in the manner it\n              ought to be, & therefore I quit it; but left positive directions that it should\n              recommence at every farm as soon as ever there should come rain to moysten the\n              earth\u2014& to stick constantly at it, except when the horses were employed in\n              treading out Wheat (which was a work I also desired might be accomplished as soon as\n              possible). Instead of doing either of these, as I ordered, I find by the reports, that\n              McKoy has, now & then, plowed a few days only as if it were for amusement. That\n              Stuart has but just begun to do it. and that neither Crow, nor Davy at Muddy hole, had\n              put a plow into the ground so late as the 7th of this month. Can it be expected then,\n              that frosts, Snow & Rain will permit me to do much of this kind of work before\n              March or April? When Corn planting, Oats sowing, and Buck Wht for manure, ought to be\n              going into the grd, in a well prepared state, instead of having it to flush up at that\n              Season\u2014and when a good deal of Wheat is to be got out with the same horses. Crow\n              having got out none of his that was stacked in the field, nor\n              Stuart & McKoy much of theirs, which is in the same predicament; the excuse being,\n              as far as it is communicated to me, that their whole time & force since the month\n              of October has been employed in securing their Corn\u2014When God knows little enough of\n              that article will be made.\n            I am the more particular on this head for two reasons\u2014first to let you see how little\n              dependence there is on such men when left to themselves (for under Mr Lewis it was\n              very little better)\u2014and 2dly to shew you the necessity of keeping these Overseers\n              strictly to their duty\u2014that is\u2014to keep them from running about, and to oblige them to\n              remain constantly with their people; and moreover, to see at what time they turn out\n              of a morning\u2014for I have strong suspicions that this, with some of them, is at a late\n              hour, the consequence of which to the negroes is not difficult to foretell. All these\n              Overseers as you will perceive by their agreements, which I herewith send are on\n              standing wages; and this with men who are not\n              actuated by the principles of honor or honesty, and not very regardful of their\n              characters, leads naturally to endulgences\u2014as their profits,\n              whatever may be mine, are the same whether they are at a horse\n              race or on the farm\u2014whether they are entertaining company (which I believe is too much\n              the case) in their own houses, or are in the field with the Negroes.\n            Having given you these ideas, I shall now add, that if you find any one of them\n              inattentive to the duties which by the articles of agreement they are bound to\n              perform, or such others as may reasonably be enjoined, Admonish them in a calm, but\n              firm manner of the consequences. If this proves ineffectual, discharge them, at any\n              season of the year without scruple or hesitation, & do not pay them a copper;\n              putting the non-compliance with their agreemt in bar.\n            To treat them civilly is no more than what all men are entitled to, but my advice to\n              you is, to keep them at a proper distance; for they will grow upon familiarity, in\n              proportion as you will sink in authority, if you do not. Pass by no faults or neglects\n              (especially at first)\u2014for overlooking one only serves to generate another, and it is\n              more than probable that some of them (one in particular) will try, at first, what\n              lengths he may go. A steady & firm conduct, with an inquisitive inspection into\n              and a proper arrangement of every thing on your part, will, though it may give more trouble at first, save a great deal in the end\u2014and you may\n              rest assured that in every thing which is just, and proper to be done on your part,\n              shall meet with the fullest support on mine. Nothing will contribute more to effect\n              these desirable purposes than a good example\u2014unhappily this was not set (from what I\n              have learnt lately) by Mr Whiting, who, it is said, drank freely\u2014kept bad company at\n              my house and in Alexandria\u2014& was a very debauched person\u2014where ever this is the\n              case it is not easy for a man to throw the first stone for fear of having it returned\n              to him: and this I take to be the true cause why Mr Whiting did not look more\n              scrupulously into the conduct of the Overseers, & more minutely into the smaller\n              matters belonging to the Farms\u2014which, though individually may be trifling, are not\n              found so in the agregate, for there is no addage more true than an old Scotch one,\n              that \u201cmany mickles make a muckle.\u201d\n            I have had but little opportunity of forming a correct opinion of my white Overseers,\n              but such observations as I have made I will give.\n            Stuart appears to me to understand the business of a farm very well, and seems\n              attentive to it. He is I believe a sober man, & according to his own account a\n              very honest one. As I never found him (at the hours I usually visited the farm) absent\n              from some part or another of his people I presume he is industrious, & seldom from\n              home. He is talkative, has a high opinion of his own skill & management\u2014and seems\n              to live in peace & harmony with the Negroes who are confided to his care. He\n              speaks extremely well of them, and I have never heard any complaint of him\u2014His work\n              however, has been behind hand all the year, owing, he says, and as I believe, to his\n              having too much plowing to do\u2014and the last omission, of not plowing when he knew my\n              motives for wishing it, has been extremely reprehensible\u2014But upon the whole, if he\n              stirs early, & works late, I have no other fault to find than the one I have just\n              mentioned\u2014His talkativeness & vanity may be humoured.\n            Crow is an active man, & not deficient in judgment. If kept strictly to his duty\n              would, in many respects, make a good Overseer. But I am much mistaken in his character\n              if he is not fond of visiting, & receiving visits. This, of course, withdraws his\n              attention from his business, and leaves his people too much to themselves; which produces idleness, or slight work on one side, & flogging on\n              the other\u2014the last of which besides the dissatisfaction which it creates, has, in one\n              or two instances been productive of serious consequences\u2014I am not clear either, that\n              he gives that due attention to his Plow horses & other stock which is necessary,\n              although he is very fond of riding the former\u2014not only to Alexandria &ca but about\n              the farm, which I did not forbid as his house was very inconvenient to the scene of\n              his business.\n            McKoy appears to me to be a sickly, slothful and stupid fellow. He had many more\n              hands than were necessary merely for his Crop, & though not 70 acres of Corn to\n              cultivate, did nothing else. In short to level a little dirt that was taken out of the\n              Meadow ditch below his house seems to have composed the principal part of his Fall\n              work; altho\u2019 no finer season could have happened for preparing the Second lot of the\n              Mill Swamp for the purpose of laying it to grass. If more exertion does not appear in\n              him when he gets into better health he will be found an unfit person to overlook so\n              important a farm, especially as I have my doubts also of his care & attention to\n            As to Butler, you will soon be a judge whether he will be of use to you or not. He\n              may mean well, and for ought I know to the contrary may, in something have judgment;\n              but I am persuaded he has no more authority over the Negroes he is placed, than an old\n              woman would have; and is as unable to get a proper days Work done by them as she\n              would, unless led to it by their own inclination wch I know is not the case.\n            Davy at Muddy hole carries on his business as well as the white Overseers, and with\n              more quietness than any of them. With proper directions he will do very well, &\n              probably give you less trouble than any of them, except in attending to his care of\n              the stock, of which I fear he is negligent; as there are deaths too frequent among\n            Thomas Green (Overlooker of the Carpenters) will, I am persuaded, require your\n              closest attention, without which I believe it will be impossible to get any work done\n              by my Negro Carpenters\u2014in the first place, because, it has not been in my power, when\n              I am away from home, to keep either him, or them to any settled work; but they will be\n              flying from one trifling thing to another, with no other design, I believe, than to\n              have the better opportunity to be idle, or to be employed on their own business\u2014and in the next place, because\u2014although authority is given\n              to him\u2014he is too much upon a level with the Negroes to exert it; from which cause, if\n              no other every one works, or not, as they please, & carve out such jobs as they\n              like. I had no doubt when I left home the 28th of Oct. but that the house intended for\n              Crow wd have been nearly finished by this time, as in order to facilitate the\n              execution I bought Scantling, Plank & Shingles for the building, instead of this I\n              do not perceive by his weekly report that a tool has yet been employed in it\u2014nor can I\n              find out by the said report that the Barn at Dogue run is in much greater forwardness\n              than when I left it.\n            To correct the abuses which have crept into all parts of my business\u2014to arrange it\n              properly, & to reduce things to system; will require, I am sensible, a good deal\n              of time and your utmost exertions; of the last, from the character you bear, I\n              entertain no doubt; The other, I am willing to allow, because I had rather you should\n              probe things to the bottom, whatever time it may require to do it, than to decide\n              hastily upon the first view of them; as to establish good rules, and a regular system,\n              is the life, and the Soul of every kind of business.\n            These \u27e8are general thoughts\u2014In my next letter (which, if possible shall be by the\n              next Post) I will go more into detail upon some particular matters. In the mean while\n              I remain Your friend & Servant\n              Go: Washington\u27e9\n              Fig. 3. Washington\u2019s drawing of his farms at Mount Vernon, 1793. (Henry E.\n                Huntington Library, San Marino, Calif.)\n            Higher resolution map (1530 x 1133 pixel, 621 KB)", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0356-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Crop Rotations for Mount Vernon Farms, 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n    The above fields are not exactly of the same size, but the average of them is 70 Acres\u2014and when cultivated in regular succession, agreeably\n to the above course, the annual plowing in each will be, both as it respects seasons, and the number of days required for each working, nearly\n as follow.\n acres      Crops         Kind of Plowing                                         Seasons at wch these plowings shd be given\n Fields     growing       for these Crops              Fall       Winter      Mar:        Aprl        May     June     July    Augt     Sepr     Total\n 70         of Wheat      The above work in quantity, & seasons, does for this Crop\n 70         of Clover     nothing being sown on the Wheat in February\n 70         of Wheat      nothing being put in as above\n 70         Pasture       to Manure on for the Crop of Corn\u2014nothing\n     The annual yield of the foregoing fields\u2014cultivated in the manner, and for the purposes there mentioned\u2014may reasonably be calculated as\n  follow\u2014and it is hoped they will become more and more productive every year, from the mode of cropping them\u2014and from the advantage this\n  Farm will have in an abundance of Mowing ground\u2014and the increase of stock consequent thereof.\n              Clover             fed the yr the Wheat comes off\n  70          Ditto              Mowed or fed accordg to cir[cumstance]s.\n                                             The probable consumptn of Corn on this Farm will be\u2014for\n  The horses will be fed with Oats & Buck Wheat; the latter chopped at the Mill. Other animals will be supported on Hay, Indian Corn fodder,\nand Straw.\n  Besides the produce of the above fields, there will be three lots adjoining the Barn as may be seen by the plan of about 5 acres each\u2014one of\nwhich will be in Potatoes, succeeded the Spring following by Oats; with clover sown thereon for the purpose of soiling the work horses &ca the\nyear following & affording good pasturage in the mean while. The 3d year this field will be in prime order for cutting, either for Hay, or for the\npurpose of feeding green as above, to the horses. The other two fields follow the same course in Rotation.\n  When No. 5 is cultivated in Corn & Potatoes in 1795, as may be seen by the foregoing table, the woodland part of it (about 15 acres) must\nbe cleared and tilled in these articles along with the rest of the Inclosure, to replace the difficiency therein, occasioned by taking from it the\nground for the Barn, the Barn yard, and two of the three lots abovementioned for Clover amounting altogether to 12\u00bd acres. 2\u00bd being for\nthe Yard.\n                                                       Crops which will be in each of those fields in the years\n   The above fields like those of the preceeding Farm at Dogue run are not exactly of a size, but the average of them is 118 acres and when\n cultivated in regular succession agreeably to the above course the annual ploughing will be nearly as follow.\n Acres    acctualy     Kind of Plowg\n in the   thereon      necessary for                                          Seasons at wch these plowings shd be given\n Fields   annually     these Crops                       Fall      Wintr      Mar.    Aprl     May     June     July     Augt   Sep   Total\n   When the fields at this Farm (Union) come to be cropped in the order mentioned in the preceeding Table, it is presumed the yield of them\n may be estimated as follow\n      The probable consumption of Corn on this Farm will be\n Fields                                                      Crops which will be in each field in the years\n   The above fields, like those of Dogue run and Union Farm are a little varient in point of size\u2014but not essentially so\u2014The average of them is\n 125 acres. The annual ploughings, when brought into regular succession will be as follow.\n Acres                         Kind of Plowgs                                  Seasons at wch these Plowgs shd be given\n Fields     growg thereon      these Crops                Fall     Wintr      Mar.      Aprl     May        June   July     Aug.   Sep.     Total\n    The rotation of Crops at the River farm being precisely the same (when the fields are brought into a regular course) as that of Union farm, it\n is unnecessary to repeat the observations, and to suggest the same things over again as are there mentioned; because they apply without the least\n variation equally to this Farm. And the lands differing but little in quality the yield\u2014to the Acre\u2014must be nearly the same\u2014as follow. viz.\n The quantity of Corn required at this Farm may be estimated as follow\n                                                   Crops which will be in each field in the years mentioned at\n   The above fields like those of the other Farms, differ a little in size, but the average number of acs. in each is 64\u2014The annual Plowings in\n each when the fields are in regular rotine will be as follow\n Acres    growg      Kind of Plowgs                                  Seasons at wch these plowings shd be given\n Fields   annually   these Crops                  Fall      Wintr   Mar.        Apl      May      June      July      Aug.   Sep.   Total\n 64       Wheat      The above work puts in this Crop of Wheat\n128      In Pasture\u2014& for Manuring\n   The rotation at this Farm being the same as at the last two, in all respects; and the suggestions and observations applying equally to it nothing\n further is necessary than to refer to them.\n   Yield of the foregoing fields may be computed\u2014& the land being indifferent & much exhausted as below\n   Toll Corn received by the Mill will contribute in a degree towards the supply of my demands for this article; but as there are contingent ex-\n penditures & waste that cannot be accurately calculated this resource may be placed against them upon a supposition that they will be adequate\n thereto.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0357-0001", "content": "Title: To George Washington from George Clinton, 19 December 1793\nFrom: Clinton, George\nTo: Washington, George\n              New York 19th December 1793\n            Although Mr Williamson mentions in his Letter to me of the 26th of November that he\n              has transmitted to the secretary of state the affidavit of George Rankin yet I have\n              thought proper to enclose a duplicate of it together with a Copy of his said\n                Letter It is my duty at the same time not only to\n              solicit redress from the Union of the Injury this State sustains from a foreign\n              power\u2019s continuing to hold military posts within our territory but also to express to\n              you my apprehensions that the repeated insults which our Citizens experience from\n              those garrisons may at length provoke a retaliation which it will not be in my power\n              to prevent and which may involve consequences of the highest national concern.\n            Permit me sir to remind you of the exposed condition of our Frontiers\u2014To the Westward\n              we are accessible to the depredations of the Indians now in actual hostility against\n              the United states\u2014and perhaps our only immediate security against\n              their incursions arises from the friendly disposition of the six nations, which ought\n              not to be too much confided in.\n            The Caughnawagas of lower Canada (a settlement of whom, has, as I am informed since\n              the peace been established under the patronage of the British Government at\n                Oswegotchie on our side of the River st Lawrance)\n              have joined the confederacy of Hostile Indians\u2014which places our Northern Frontiers in\n              a critical situation\u2014and what increases the danger is that our Militia in those\n              exterior settlements are generally destitute of fire arms and many are without the\n              means of procuring them.\n            There is reason to believe that considerable inattention has taken place in this\n              respect from an expectation that Congress would have made some efficient provision for\n              arming the Militia.\n            Nor is our sea-board in a more eligible condition\u2014This Port which is so easy of\n              access and on which the public revenues so mu\u27e8ch\u27e9 depend, has no fortifications to\n              defend it from the insults even of a single Pirate. I am with the highest respec\u27e8t\u27e9\n              Your most humble and most Obedt serv\u27e8t\u27e9", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0357-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure I: Charles Williamson to George Clinton, 26 November 1793\nFrom: Williamson, Charles\nTo: Clinton, George\n              Bath Ontario County 26 Novr 1793\n            I have the Honor to inclose you an Affidavit taken before me as a Magestrate of this\n              County\u2014as the outrage complained of has been attended with the most distressing\n              consequences to some of the sufferers, and a most dangerous Precident to the safety of\n              the Settlers on this Frontier\u2014I thought it my duty to lay it before your\n              Excellency.\n            As I consider this unwarantable stretch of Local power on the part of the British\n              goverment\u2014as a gross insult to the goverment of the United States\u2014I took the liberty\n              of transmitting to Mr Jefferson a Copy of the Affidavit enclosed to your\n              Excellency\u2014requesting of him to lay it before the President of the United States.\n            That spirited Exertion which has ever marked your Excellencys goverment will I hope\n              on this Occasion lead you to recommend to the Executive of the United States such\n              measures as will at once put an end to such Authorised Insults and show to the\n              goverment of Upper Canada that however insignificant they may suppose the County of\n              Ontario\u2014that its Inhabitants have the Honor of living under a free goverment that will\n              protect its Citizens from Insult\u2014I have the Honor to be with great esteem Sir your\n              most Obet and humble Sert\n              Chas Williamson(Copy[)]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0357-0003", "content": "Title: Enclosure II: Affidavit of George Rankin, 26 November 1793\nFrom: Rankin, George\nTo: \n            Personally appeared before me Chas Williamson one of the judges of the Court of\n              Common Pleas for the County Ontario in the State of New York. Geo. Rankin of\n                Newtonpoint in the County and State aforesaid who\n              being duly sworn, deposeth and saith that he this deponent with three other Men in Two\n              boats passed the British Garrison at oswego within the jurisdiction of the State of\n              New York, About 20th August last, that said Boat had on board Cargoes consisting of\n              Castings, Tar, Iron, and one Barrel Gin; valued at about 500\n              Dollars, that he this Deponent with said Boats proceeded to a place called the 18 Mile\n                Creek, where about one half of said Cargoes were\n              landed\u2014and from there proceeded with the remaining part of said Cargoe to a distance\n              of about 12 Miles from the Garrison at Niagara both of which said places, where the\n              Cargoes were landed is within the jurisdiction of the County of Ontario in the State\n            And he this deponent further saith that he went to Tarento now in the possession of\n              the British with a view to obtain permits for Entering said cargoes in the British\n              lines\u2014that permits were Granted, and now in possession of this Deponent\u2014but that in\n              the Intermediate time a Seizure was made of said Cargoes at the several places, where\n              they had been landed by Men (as this Deponent was informed) under the direction and\n              orders of a Revenue Officer of Upper Canada.\n            And he the Deponent further saith that in Consiquence of said Seizures he personally\n              applyed to a Sheriff of one of the Counties in said Upper Canada for a writ of\n              Replevin\u2014that said Sheriff replyed that he could not grant a writ of Replevin as the\n              seizure had been made within the jurisdiction of the Goverment of the United\n            And further this Deponent saith that the Cargoes mentioned as Aforesaid had not to\n              his knowledge while as his property been out of the jurisdiction of the United States\n              and that he saw an advertisement at Niagara exposing to sale said Cargoes as\n              Contraband property and as such he believes was actually sold\u2014which said advertisement\n              was signed by a Mr McKnab whome this Deponent believes to be a revenue Officer under\n              the Goverment of Upper Canada.\n            And this Deponent further saith that a Mr Lafferty and James McDonald were Chief\n              Owners in the property together with this Deponent\u2014that said permits were granted in\n              their Several Names that he this deponent veryly believes that said Men will be\n              materially affected by loss of said property\u2014as being men in low Circumstances in\n            And further this Deponent saith not.\n            George Rankin\n            Sworn before me Chas Williamson this Twenty sixth Day of Novr 1793 at Bath in the\n              County of Ontario and the State of New York.\n              Chas Williamson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0360", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Richard Dobbs Spaight, 19 December 1793\nFrom: Spaight, Richard Dobbs\nTo: Washington, George\n            North Carolina Fayetteville Dec: \n          By the last post I received the Secretary of wars letter of the 12th Novem: in answer\n            to my letter to you of the 21st of October last respecting the trunk of money which was\n            taken from Captain Hervieux by the revenue officers and lodged in the hands of the\n            deputy Marshal at Wilmington, and which I had given him in order to detain on a\n            presumtion, it had been taken from on board the Spanish brig a prize to L\u2019Amee\n              Margueritte.\n          From the depositions which I sent you in novem: I have no doubt but that the money was\n            the property of the Spaniards and taken from them by Captain Hervieux, but in order to\n            get every information that can be obtained to prove the fact, I have directed the\n            Marshal (which I did not think myself authorized to do before I knew whether any part of\n            the prize was to be secured, that was within the jurisdiction of the State.) to have the\n            invoices and such other of the shipping papers as are in the trunk fait[h]fully\n            translated and authenticated and sent on to me: and if they cannot be translated there\n            to send the original papers that I may have it done.\n          Should those papers make it fully appear that the property was taken from on board the\n            Spanish brig, which I am confident will be the case, I shall be glad to know to whom I\n            shall cause the trunk money and papers to be delivered: as the brig\n            her Captain and crew, have been carried into Charleston So. Carolina where they at\n            present remain and there is no Spanish Consul in this State.\n          I should further wish to be informed whether the expence and trouble of the deputy\n            Marshall, in detaining and Securing the property (he having as I understand employed\n            some persons to assist him to guard it) is to be paid by the persons to whom the\n            property is restored or by the United States.\n          The Secretary of War in his letter of the 12th of Novem: and that of the 16 August last\n            makes a difference of two months, between the time, after which prizes brought or sent\n            into the ports of the United States by proscribed vessels shall be secured for the\n            purpose of restoring them to their former owners. In his letter of the 16th August, the\n            5th of that month was the time specified in that of the 12th of Novem: he goes back to\n            the fifth of June last.\n          As the instructions are contradictory I shall not take any steps to secure the L\u2019Amee\n            Margueritte formerly the Sloop providence untill I shall receive further instructions\n            from you on that head: the more so, because in my letter to you of the 24th June last I\n            particularly mentioned that the Vanqueur de la Bastille, sailed from the port of\n            Charleston on the 7th day of June last, and afterwards captured the Sloop providence of\n            Montego bay, and brought her into the port of Wilmington.\n          The Secretary of wars letter of the 7th August which conveyed to me the general\n            instructions respecting the conduct I should persue, in regard to Vessels arm\u2019d and\n            equipped in the United States as privateers on behalf of any of the parties at War, did\n            not contain any instructions to secure the Sloop providence for her former owners: nor\n            did I receive any instructions to secure any prize whatever \u2019till it was communicated to\n            me by the Secretary\u2019s letter of the 16th Augt. I am\n            therefore induced to conclude that he has made a mistake in his letter of the 12th\n            Novem: by inserting the 5th June instead of the 5th Augt.\n          The Sloop L\u2019Amee Margueritte remains still in the port of Wilmington but near the mouth\n            of Cape Fear river, where the Militia without the assistance of an armd Vessel cannot\n            readily take her. The revenue cutter I have reason to beleive is neither armed or well\n            manned\u2014As Capt: He[r]vieux will wait the decision respecting the money and his\n            commission being likewise in the hands of the marshal, it is probable\n            he will not leave the port before I have an answer from you. I have the honor to be wt. respect Sr yrs &c.\n            Rd D. Spaight", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0361", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Hyde, 20 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hyde, John\n          Letter not found: to John Hyde, 20 Dec. 1793. In a letter to GW of 23 Dec., Hyde\n            mentioned receiving \u201cyour Letter of the 20.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0362", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Frederick Augustus Conrad Muhlenberg, 20 December 1793\nFrom: Muhlenberg, Frederick Augustus Conrad\nTo: Washington, George\n          Permit me to lay before You a Recomendation of Jno. Witman of the Borough of Reading\n            for the Office of Inspector of the Revenue of that District & to assure You that I am with the highest Respect Sir Your\n            most obdt humble Servt\n            Fredk A. Muhlenberg", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0364", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 22 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          Th: Jefferson has the honor to return to the President Govr Clinton\u2019s letter. also to send him a statement of mister Genet\u2019s conversation\n            with him in which he mentioned Gouvernr Morris. this paper Th: J. prepared several days\n            ago, but it got mislaid which prevented it\u2019s being sent to the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0367", "content": "Title: From George Washington to John Christian Ehlers, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Ehlers, John Christian\n            Philadelphia Decr 23d 1793.\n          By a Vessel which left this City ten or twelve days ago I sent you Grafts of several\n            kinds of fruit, according to a list which was enclosed to Mr Lewis, & which I\n            presume he gave you.\n          I now give you a letter to a Gentleman living about 12 miles from you, where there used\n            to be, and I dare say still is, a great variety of choice apples and other fruits\u2014Go then when you find it convenient, for them, & it\n            may be done by land or water, as you like best. Do not omit grafting a good many of the\n            Golden Pippin which grows in my own Orchard.\n          I expect Mr Pearce who is to superintend my business will be at Mount Vernon by the\n            time this letter will get to your hands, and I expect you will observe his directions,\n            & pay the same attention to any regulations he may establish, as if they were given, and made by myself; the same will be expectd from your wife, and\n            from John\u2014The last of whom, that is John, you may inform, has displeased me, by giving\n            himself impudent airs, in saying he would not have this thing, nor he would not have\n            that thing, because they were either not good enough, or not made to his liking. You may tell him from me, that this is neither the way to\n            make me his friend, or to get better things. The way to obtain them is to ask for what\n            he wants modestly; without wch he will not get them at all\u2014or at least nothing more than\n            what is absolutely necessary.\n          I hope, and do expect, that you will use your best exertions in planting out\n            trees\u2014making good the hedges\u2014Keeping the Gardens\u2014the Lawns\u2014and the Vineya\u27e8rd\u27e9 in order,\n            with such other things as was to have been done last winter but was not then\n            accomplished. And as I have desired Mr Pearce to have cuttings of the Lombardy Poplar,\n            & the Willows planted along the ditches at the Plantations, for hedges do not trim\n            those along the Walks, or elsewhere until they are wanted for this purpose.\n          I shall not close this letter without exhorting you to refrain from spiritous\n            liquors\u2014they will prove your ruin if you do not. Consider how little a drunken Man\n            differs from a beast; the latter is not endowed with reason\u2014the former deprives himself\n            of it; and when that is the case acts like a brute; annoying, and disturbing every one\n            around him\u2014But this is not all\u2014nor as it respects himself the worst of it; By degrees it\n            renders a person feeble & not only unable to serve others but to help himself\u2014and\n            being an act of his own he fall from a state of usefulness into contempt and at length\n            suffers, if not perishes in penury & want.\n          Don\u2019t let this be your case. Shew yourself more of a man, and a Christian, than to\n            yield to so intolerable a vice; which cannot, I am certain (to the greatest lover of\n            liquor) give more pleasure to sip in the poison (for it is no better) than the\n            consequences of it in bad behaviour at the moment, & the more serious evils produced\n            by it afterwards, must give pain. I am\u2014Your friend\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0368", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Green, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Green, Thomas\n            Philadelphia 23d Decembr 1793\n          It is eight weeks this day since I left Mount Vernon\u2014and what have you done? Not a\n            stroke to Crows House so late as the 15th of this month (the date of the last\n            report)\u2014Not a stroke to the sheds at Dogue run Barn. Very little that I can discover to\n            the Barn itself; and scarcely any thing else, except running to Alexandria and repairing\n            your own house. In doing which (by your own reports) you have employed Tom Davis &\n            Muclus  days: at a time too, when, on account of the season of the year, not one\n            man out of their labour ought to have been withdrawn from the out doors work on Crows\n            house, and the Walls of the Barn sheds.\n          Is it possible for any misconduct, or impudence to exceed this transaction? when you\n            knew how extremely anxious I was to get the Brick work of these buildings done before\n            the frosts set in; & when I had told you in the most explicit language I was able,\n            that my Carpenters should stick close to those works until they were compleated; and\n            that this was the case while I remained at home you know\u2014yet, notwithstanding my anxiety\n            on this head; notwithstanding my express orders on the occasion: No soone\u27e8r\u27e9 was my back\n            turned than every man set about what pleased him best; and, as usual, I have got little\n            or nothing done.\n          I know full well, that to speak to you is of no more avail, than to speak to a bird\n            that is flying over one\u2019s head; first, because you are lost to all sense of shame, &\n            to every feeling that ought to govern an honest man, who sets any store by his\n            character; and secondly, because you have no more command of th\u27e8e\u27e9 people over whom you\n            are placed, than I have over the beasts of the forists: for if they chuse to work, they\n            may; if they do not you have not influence enough to make them; or if they incline to do\n            one sort work (only for an excuse to be idle or, to be after their own pranks) you can\n            not compel them to do another: why else has Is\u27e8aac\u27e9 been the Lord knows how long getting\n              \u27e8illegible\u27e9 when I expressly ordered that Nothing should take\n            them from the work I left you engaged in, until it was compleated?\n            And how durst you, take Tom Davis from the Brick work I directed him to execute, before\n            it was done in order to execute your own projects.\n          Although you pay so little regard to my orders at a distance, and your time, and those\n            of my Carpenters are so miserably mispent, it may be well for you to know that, I have\n            got a person now, who is not only a man of character, but is also a good judge of Work;\n            and, that he has not only the authority, but he has my express orders, if he finds you\n            inattentive to your duty, in any respect whatsoever, unable to govern the people who are\n            placed under you, or to regulate their work to the best advantage; or finds you\n            departing from the articles of your agreement, to discharge you that momt; and to\n            disposses your family of the house they are in; for I\n            cannot, nor will not submit to such infamous treatment as I meet with from you, how ever\n            well disposed I may be to befriend them\u2014or wish to be your friend, if you would let\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0370", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Alexander Hamilton, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n            Treasury Depart. Decr 23d 1793.\n          The Secretary of the Treasury has the honor respectfully to submit to the President of\n            the U. States a communication from the Commissioner of the revenue of the 18 inst:\n            enclosing a provisional Contract for the Stakage of Neus River in North Carolina; the\n            ratification whereof appears to be for the interest of the Ud States.\n            Alexandr HamiltonSecy of the Treasy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0371", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John Hyde, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Hyde, John\nTo: Washington, George\n            Honor\u2019ed Sir\n          your Letter of the 20 I am favour\u2019d with, I have\n            communed with Mr Baur on the Several parts of it he Excepts the fortytwo Guineas a year,\n            I have taken the Liberty to send him to philadelphia, he will deliver this Letter to\n            your Excellence, and I hope he will be a good and faithfull Sart. I am your Excellence\u2019s most obliged most Humble Sart to", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0373", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Johnson, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Johnson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n            Washington 23d Decemr 1793.\n          We are just about finishing the Business of this Meeting. it has been very important,\n            much influenced by the Considerations hinted in our general Letter and I hope will meet\n            your Approbation\u2014Funds are now secured, I think, to\n            carry on the public Buildings to a considerable Length under the most disagreeable\n            Events and if our public Affairs should brighten a powerful Influence is secured to do\n            what is right and proper and which ought to have been done in the Outset.\n          Mr Blodget has involved us in unpleasant Circumstances Doctr Stuart and I cannot quit\n            our Post to our own Satisfaction till we see the present Lottery in a Way of being\n            settled and we had all determined that another should not be offered in the present\n            Temper of the public or at all \u2019till without a farther Security than mere Honor\u2014I will\n            deal frankly with you, Sir, tho\u2019 I dare say your own Observation renders mine\n            unnecessary Mr Blodget will not be useful in the Affairs of the City he wants Judgment\n            and Steadiness I cannot think of leaving him to a Successor we all wish to part from him\n            and that quietly.\n          As soon as the Lottery Business is smoothed, and I hope it will be so by the first of\n            March, I wish to be relieved: my Affairs are pretty extensive and require much of my\n            Attention: I wish too to avail myself of the Moment which I saw and has almost past away\n            to benefit myself by the rise of the City to which a long Friendship for Potomack and\n            every Exertion in my power in it\u2019s favor fairly intitle me. I am sir. with the most\n            perfect Esteem and Respect. Your very affectionate Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0375", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry Knox, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Knox, Henry\n            Philadelphia 23d Decr 1793\n          I have read the proposed message to the \u201cSachems, Chiefs and Warriors of the Six\n            Nations\u201d and approve of it, except that I question whether the 8th and the 11th\n            paragraphs are expressed quite strong enough. The 8th gives too\n            much ground, in my opinion, to expect a compliance with their request in its full\n            extent; and the 11th although the sense is plain, seems hardly decisive enough for\n            Indian comprehension & there shd be no misconception. Yrs always\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0376", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Henry McCoy, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: McCoy, Henry\n            Philadelphia Decr 23d 1793.\n          You may well conceive how di\u27e8s\u27e9appointed and vexed I have been at the manner in which\n            your plowing has been carried on since the rains, which set in the\n            latter end of October, put the ground in order to be flushed. Had you forgot the\n            repeated charges I gave you on this head, and the early attempts that were made, but\n            discontinued, on account of the drought, and the hardness of the ground? Did you forget\n            that I told you there were three fields to flush up this fall; and that all of them, but\n            one in particular was so wet that it was almost impos\u27e8sib\u27e9le to work it after the rains\n            set in, \u27e8unti\u27e9ll late in the Spring? And did you forget moreover that I charged you to\n            have your \u27e8illegible\u27e9 in order, that not a moment might be lost\n            when the ground was in such a state as to admit plowing to advantage? How durst you \u27e8illegible\u27e9 disobey this order, and instead of bringing the whole\n            force of your plows to \u27e8illegible\u27e9 employ them now & then\n            only\u2014or one or two a week, as if it were for amusement? thereby doing everything which\n            was in your power to derange my whole plan for the next year; the probability now being,\n            that the frosts\u2014the Snows and the Rains of the Winter, which makes the ground at Dogue\n            Run extremely wet & heavy, will prevent your plowing till the spring months; when\n            the Oats, & Buck Wheat for Manure, ought to be sown; & Corn planting will be\n          What excuse can you have fo\u27e8r\u27e9 this neglect? Was it the great quantity of Corn you\n            made? God knows there will be little enough of that I fear; Was it the great quantity of\n            Meadow you prepared in the Mill swamp? Of this you did nothing\u2014In short, since the month\n            of October, the principal part of your work seems to ha\u27e8ve\u27e9 been to level a little dirt\n            that was thro\u27e8wn\u27e9 out of the Ditch below your House. I bore more of this when I was at\n            home \u27e8than\u27e9 I should have done, on account of the \u27e8ill\u27e9ness with which you were\n            afflicted. but I now desire you to be impressed with this belief; that the person who\n            has now undertaken the superintendency of my Estate is a man of property, of good\n            character, and well skilled in the business he is employed in; and that he is not only\n            vested with authority, but has it in positive orders, that if you are not attentive to\n            your business in all its parts. If you are not constantly at home, & with your\n            people; and executing with fidility & strictness, the articles to which you are\n            bound by the agreement you have entered into (and which he is in possession of) to turn\n            you of[f] the Plantation at any season of the year without paying you a shilling. My money is to be paid, and the allowances are to be\n            made, for services which are expressed, & stipulated on your\n            part\u2014If these are rendered with industry and good faith, the obligations on mine shall\n            be fulfilled with great punctuality. But If I suffer by your neglect, you shall not\n            benefit by the money of one, who wishes to be your friend, if your conduct will entitle\n            you to it from Yours\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0377", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Pearce, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pearce, William\n            Philadelphia [23d] Decr 1793\n          The letter which I wrote to you on the 18th and the papers therein enclosed with the\n            Plans of the several farms (which Mr Lewis was directed to leave with you) were designed\n            to give you a general view of the business entrusted to your care. I shall now, as\n            intimated in that letter, give you my sentiments on many other matters of a more\n            particular nature.\n          Among the first things to be done after you are well fixed yourself, will be, I\n            presume, that of taking an exact account of the Stock of every species\u2014Tools\u2014and\n            implements on each of the farms: charging them therewith; that a regular account thereof\n            may be rendered whenever called for. Buy in Alexandria a proper (bound) book for this\n            purpose, and another to enter the weekly reports in. The latter is required not only for\n            my present satisfaction, but that it may also, at any time hereafter shew in what manner\n            the hands have been employed; and the state of the Stock and other things at any past\n            period; and it is my wish, as this is intended as a register of the proceedings on the\n            farms, that they may be made with correctness; always comparing the last with the\n            preceeding weeks report and all differences satisfactorily accounted for. The Overseers\n            are allowed paper for these Reports. Suffer no excuse therefore for their not coming\n            into you every Saturday night, that you may be enabled\n            to forward a copy of them to me by the wednesday\u2019s Post following. And as it is not only\n            satisfactory, but may be of real utility, to know the state of the weather as to heat\n            & cold, but drought or moisture; prefix, as usual, at the head of every weeks report\n            a meteorological account of these; The Thermometer which is at Mount\n            Vernon will enable you to do the first.\n          The work essentially necessary to be done by my Carpenters, & which presses\n            most\u2014is\u2014compleating the New Barn at Dogue Run, & the sheds there for horses\n            &ca\u2014building the house for Crow\u2014Repairing my house in Alexandria for Mrs Fanny\n            Washington\u2014which must be done before the first of\n            May\u2014Inclosing the lot on which it stands for a Garden or Yard. Repairing the Millers\n            house. Removing the larger kind of the Negro quarters (the smaller ones or cabbins, I\n            presume the people with a little assistance of Carts can do themselves) to the ground\n            marked out for them opposite to Crows New house. Repairing at a proper time those he\n            will remove from. Lending aid in drawing the houses at River farm into some uniform\n            shape, in a convenient place. Repairing the Barn & Stables at Muddy hole.\n            Compleating the Dormant Windows in the back of the Stables at Mansion house and putting\n            two in the front of it agreeably to directions already given to Thomas Green\u2014after\n            which, and perhaps doing some other things which do not occur to me at this moment, my\n            intention is to build a large Barn, and sheds for Stables upon the plan of that at Dogue\n            run (if, on trial it should be found to answer the expectation wch is formed of it) at\n          I give you this detail of Carpenters work, that by having the subject before you in a\n            collected view, you may be the better able to direct the execution; and to prevent Green\n            from flying from one thing to another without order or system; and thereby judging\n            whether he carries it on with that dispatch & judgment which is necessary.\n          As you know my anxiety with respect to the Substitution of live fences in place of dead\n            ones (as soon, & as fast as the nature of things will admit) I should not again\n            mention it, were it not that this is the Season for saving the Haws of the thorn\u2014Berries\n            from the Cedar trees\u2014and such things as are fit for the purpose of hedging; and to\n            prevent trimming the Lombardy Poplar and Willows, that the cuttings may be applied to\n            this use\u2014for as these two last are of very quick growth, I am of opinion fences might soon be raised by means of them, that will be\n            competent against every thing but Hogs, whilst those of slower growth may be coming on\n            to supply their places; and whether it is not better to raise Porke in Styes, is a\n            matter worthy of serious consideration\u2014for I believe by the common\n            mode I never get the half of what is raised by the Sows; especially if they are kept in\n            good order; to do which is attended with no small expence, & to have them stolen afterwds is vexatious.\n          When I left home, Davy at Muddy hole had finished getting out his wheat, and had\n            nothing but the security of his Corn & some fencing, to employ his people about,\n            during the fall and Winter\u2014I was induced from this consideration, and the anxious desire\n            I have to reclaim, and lay to grass my Mill Swamp, to order him to give all the aid he\n            could to McKoy in the accomplishment of this work but it really appears to me that the\n            fall, fine as it has proved, has actually been spent About I know not what. What can be\n            done with those swamps, must now be left to you\u2014& the state the weather will put\n            them in. My hope, & expectation once, was, that the second lot might have been laid\n            to grass next spring if not this Fall, and that the one above it, would have been\n            ditched\u2014grubbed\u2014& planted in Corn\u2014but as the matter now stands, you must be governed\n            by circumstances and your own view of the case; with this caution, not to undertake in\n            this, or any thing else, more than you can accomplish well: recollecting always, that a\n            thing but half done is never done; and well done, is, in a manner done for ever.\n          At McKoys, I staked out two Clover lots adjoining the Barn yard, and gave him & Tom\n            Davis (who was present) my ideas respecting them. The sooner these can be\n            inclosed\u2014especially that on the West side, next the Wood\u2014the better; as it is my wish to\n            plough it this fall, & plant Potatoes therein in the Spring. Serving that on the\n            East side of the Barn in like manner next year\u2014and the Spot which was in oats, adjoining\n            thereto the year following. It is my intention also to run a lane from the first Gate\n            you enter going into this Farm up to the Barn yard\u2014and another lane from the Wood to No.\n              4 across the Meadow, and between fields No. 3 &\n            5. I do not expect that all these things can be accomplished in a moment\u2014but having them\n            in your view at the sametime you will know better how to proceed\u2014As the Wood in No. 5\n            will be to be cleared when that field comes into Corn, it will be proper that all the\n            Timber, Rails and wood that is wanted on the farm, should be taken from hence as far as\n            it will go\u2014and cut with an eye to this event.\n          One of the Grass lots at Muddy hole, the South western one (pointed\n            out to Davy) ought to be plowed up this fall, & planted with Potatoes in the Spring.\n            And at Union farm it is intended to take of four five acre lots from field No. 2\n            directly in front of the Barn as will appear more clearly by the Sketch herewith\n            enclosed\u2014The lots marked No. 1 & 2 in which, should be sowed in Feby or beginning of\n            March with clover seed on the Wheat. At the Rive[r] farm I propose three lots for Grass,\n            South of the lane in front of the Barn, as you will perceive by another Sketch also\n              enclosed. What will be done with the ground between\n            the Barn at that place & No. 6 when the fence comes to be run there, is left to\n            yourself to decide, after taking a full view of things & seeing what the force is\n            competent to in fencing (of which much is wanting) &ca\u2014Stuart wished much for\n            another fellow at this place, and as that boy Cyrus, at Mansion house, is now nearly a\n              Man, and very unfit I believe to be entrusted with\n            horses, whose feed there is strong suspicions he steals, I have no objection to your sending there. nor indeed have I any to your disposing of\n            any of the others, differently from what they are, after you have taken time to consider\n            what arrangements can be made for the best, & most advantageous purposes. Thomas\n            Davis & Muclus must however be considered as among the tradesmen; & when not\n            employed in making & laying of Bricks & other jobs in that way, may be aiding\n            the Carpenters. and the fellow called Muddy hole Will, as he has for many years been a\n            kind of Overseer, had better remain in his present Station; with respect to the rest, I\n            have no choice about them.\n          There is nothing which stands in greater need of regulation than the Waggons &\n            Carts at the Mansion House which always whilst I was at home appeared to me to be most\n            wretchedly employed\u2014first in never carrying half a load; 2dly in flying from one thing\n            to another; and thirdly in no person seeming to know what they really did; and\n            oftentimes under pretence of doing this, that, and the other thing, did nothing at all;\n            or what was tantamount to it. that is\u2014instead of bringing in, or carrying to any place,\n            full loads, and so many of them in a day; the Waggon, or a Cart, under pretence of\n            drawing wood, or carrying Staves to the Mill wd go the places from whence they were to\n            be taken, and go to sleep perhaps; and return with not more than half a load. Frequently\n            have I seen a Cart go from the Mansion house, or from the river side to the new Barn\n            with little or no more lime or sand in it, than a man would carry on\n            his back\u2014the consequence of this was that the Brick layers were half their time idle;\n            for it required no more time to make the trip with a full load than it did with half a\n            load\u2014of course, double the qty would be transported under good regulation.\n          You will perceive by my agreemt with Ehler, the Gardener, that he & his wife were\n            to eat of the Victuals that went from my Table (in the Cellar) instead of having it\n            Cooked by his wife as had been the custom with them.\n            At the time that agreement was made I kept a Table for Mrs Fanny Washington, but as she\n            has resolved to live in Alexandria, this will no longer be kept up; and therefore it\n            would be best I should conceive, to let them return to their old mode, & for the\n            young Gardener to eat with them\u2014but as the agreement\n            is otherwise I would not force this upon them, unless it was their own choice\u2014especially\n            if Butler remains there, for in that case as Lucy (the Cook) must get Victuals for him,\n            it will make but little difference whether she gets for one or more; you will therefore\n            do what seems best, & most agreeable in this matter taking care that they have a\n            sufficiency without waste, or misapplication\u2014I am very willing to allow them enough, and\n            of such provisions, day by day, as is wholesome & good, but no more\u2014they have, each\n            of them been allowed a bottle of Beer a day\u2014and this must be continued to them\u2014that is a\n            quart each, for when I am from home the Beer will not be bottled though it may be brewed\n            as the occasion requires\u2014The Gardener has too great a propensity to drink, and behaves\n            improperly when in liquor; admonish him against it as much as you can, as he behaves\n            well when sober\u2014understands his business\u2014and I believe is not naturally idle\u2014but only so\n            when occasioned by drink\u2014His wife has been put in charge of the spinners\u2014that is, to\n            deliver out the Wool & flax, & receive the thread yarn &ca; she seems well\n            disposed, but how far she is worthy of trust, or is capable of having the work done\n            properly, you will be better able to judge after a while, than I am now. Method, in all\n            these things, is desirable, and after it is once adopted, and got into a proper train\n            things will work easy.\n          Do not suffer the Quarter Negro Children to be in the Kitchen, or in the yards unless\n            brought there on business\u2014As besides the bad habit\u2014they too frequently are breaking\n            limbs, or twigs from, or doing other injury to my shrubs\u2014some of which at a considerable\n            expence, have been propagated.\n          From some complaints made by my Negroes, that they had not a sufficent allowance of\n            meal, and from a willingness that they should have enough, the quantity was increased by\n            Mr Whiting so as to amount (by what I have learnt from Mr Stuart) to profusion. This is\n            an error again on the other side\u2014My wish & desire is that they should have as much\n            as they can eat without waste and no more. Under these Ideas I request you would examine\n            into this matter & regulate their allowance upon just principles. I always used to\n            lay in a great quantity of Fish for them\u2014and when we were at home Meat, fat, & other\n            things were now and then given to them besides; But it would seem (from their accts at\n            least) that the Fish which were laid in for them last Spring have disappeared without\n            their deriving much benefit from them.\n          By this time I expect the Hogs that were put up for Porke, either are killed\u2014or are fit\n            to kill. I request, after every person has had their allowance given to them, that the\n            residue may be made into Bacon, and due attention given to it; for allmost every year,\n            since we left home, half of it or more, has been spoilt\u2014either for want of salt, or want\n            of proper attention in smoking it; if not spoiled in the pickle. Davy at Muddy hole, has\n            always had two or three hundd weight of Porke given to him at killing time, & I\n            believe the Insides of the Hogs\u2014that is\u2014the Hastlets, Guts (after the fat is stripped\n            of) &ca is given among the other Negroes at the different places.\n          After the drilled Wheat at Union farm is taken off, let particular care be used to\n            prevent its being mixed with any other; as, if it answers the character given of it, it\n            will be a great acquision. that, & the drilled Wheat at Stuarts are of the same\n            kind, and were sown in drills that the ground might be worked whilst it was growing, and\n            the most made of it that can be. Whether to sow the ground which is at Union farm (in\n            this Wheat) with Buck Wheat and grass Seeds immediately after harvest or with Buck Wheat\n            alone to be plowed in for manure & grass seeds afterwards I shall leave to you to\n            decide. I shall want all the ground within that Inclosure laid down with grass &\n            leave the manner of doing it to you. And as the other parts within the same Inclosure\u2014as\n            also in that of McKoys, was sown very late in the fall with grass-seeds pray examine\n            them attentively, from time to time, and if you shall be of opinion that the Seed is not\n            come well, or is too thin, sprinkle as much more over it as you shall deem necessary, as\n            I am very anxious to have them well taken, & without delay with\n            grass. The Wheat fields at Dogue run are to be sown in the Month of February or March\n            with grass Seeds\u2014No. 3 with Clover alone\u2014The other with Clover & Timothy or Clover\n            & Orchard grass mixed, as it is intended to be laid to Grass.\n          It is indispensably necessary that the alteration marked out in the Mill Race should be\n            accomplished as soon as possible\u20141st because the waste of Water in the old part (which\n            it avoids) is more than can be afforded except at times of the greatest plenty\u2014and 2dly because I am at more expence and trouble in\n            repairing (after every heavy rain) the breaches, in the part that will be thrown out,\n            than in digging the new. There is another job that is\n            essential; and that is, to make the Post & Rail fence from the Millers house up to\n            the trunnel fence which runs across the meadow, or to the next cross fence, if that lot\n            is cultivated next year of such stout & strong materials and of such a height as to\n            bid defiance to trespassers of every kind, among wch the worthless people who live near\n            it are the worst as I am satisfied they give every aid in their power which can be done\n            without discovery to let in their Hogs\u2014The whole of this outer fence, will be, I am\n            sure, to be done anew; but it can only be accomplished by degrees\u2014but let that which is\n            done, be compleated effectually as well by a good and sufficient ditch as by a stout Post & rail fence\u2014along which if a hedge of Honey\n            locust could be got to grow entirely round it would form a sufficient barrier against\n            bad neighbours as they would hardly attempt to cut them down to let their stock in upon\n            me which, I am sure is the case at present as without the aids some of them derive from\n            my Inclosures and their connexion with my Negroes they would be unable to live upon the\n            miserable land they occupy.\n          Whenever the field No. 3 at Union farm is prepared for a Crop, which was intended to be\n            the case next year\u2014if the piece of Wood within, is touched at all, let there be a\n            handsome clup of trees left at the further end of it\u2014or more than one\u2014according to the\n            shape & growth of the Wood.\n          I have, for years past, been urging the Superintendant of my business at Mount Vernon\n            to break a number of Steers to the yoke, that no set of Oxen may be worked low\u2014but do not believe it is yet done to the extent I wish.\n            My reasons for this measure are, that the Oxen may never be worked after they are eight\n            years of age, but then fatted for marked; that by having a number of\n            them, they may, by frequent shifting, always be in good order; and because, when they\n            are only fed, when they do work\u2014and at other times only partake of the fare which is\n            allowed to the other Cattle, twenty yoke is not more expensive than five yoke.\n          The Potatoes which were made last year, except such as you may require for your own\n            eating, which you are welcome to, must all be preserved for Seed; & will be short\n            enough, I fear, for the purposes they are intended. It has been intimated that several\n            of the large stone Jugs which were sent to the different farms with spirits in them at\n            Harvest has never yet been returned. Call upon the several Overseers to give them in\n            immediately, or they will have to pay for them. Enclosed is an Inventory of the several\n            articles which are in the Store house at Mansion house which I send for your\n            information\u2014Take an account of what is delivered from thence\u2014to whom\u2014and for what\n            purpose\u2014that it may be known how things go.\n          There is one thing I wish to impress you pretty strongly with, that you may use every\n            precaution in your power to guard against\u2014and that is\u2014suffering my horses to be rode at\n            unseasonable hours in the night without your knowledge or that of the Overseers\u2014No doubt\n            rests upon my mind that this is too much practiced and is one, if not the primary cause\n            of my loosing a number of horses\u2014the poverty of others\u2014and the slinking of foals which\n            happens so frequently that I make a miserable hand of breeding Mules. It must be\n            remembered in time, that the Jacks and Stud horse are advertised for covering the\n            ensuing Season\u2014February or beginning of March; however, will be in time.\n          I am told that the Well by the Quarter is rendered useless for want of a proper rope.\n            It is sometime since I wrote to Mr Lewis to get a hair one (for none other answers well)\n            from the rope maker in Alexandria\u2014but what he has done in it I know not. He will be able to inform you; and he, and the Gardeners wife,\n            will let you know what Negroes have been cloathed & who are yet to Cloath, with the\n            means of doing it.\n          My Superfine, & fine flour always waits for directions from me, to be sold; but the\n            midlings & Ship stuff you will dispose of whenever you can get a suitable price, and\n            your want of money may require. And this also may be done with Beeves, Mutton &ca;\n            after supplying the several demands upon the former, where it has not\n            already been done. The Miller and Thomas Green, I understand, have each had a Beef the\n            weights of which will, I presum\u27e8e\u27e9 be given to you by Mr Lewis; and as it will exceed\n            their allowance of this article they must account for it by lessening the quantity of\n            Porke, or be charged the (Alexandria) market price for it. And as Thomas Green has drawn\n            in the course of last year more Meal from my Mill than his allowance let him be charged\n            with the Overplus and It is necessary you should know that he is always craving money\n            and other things but let him no more than his dues\u2014for he is in debt I believe to every\n            body and what ever is advanced beyond would probably be lost.\n          I have directed Mr Lewis to leave with you an Acct of all the money he has paid, &\n            what (if any) may remain in his hands. And it is my request that you will pay no Accts\n            (not of your own contracting) without learning from him that they are due, or first\n            sending them on to me; for Mr Whiting always paid as he went, & what was left unpaid\n            either by him, or contracted after his death, was paid to the utmost farthing whilst I\n            was at home. So that I know of nothing remaining unpaid except the Overseers wages, and\n            to the Weaver, but what has fallen under Mr Lewis\u2019s management since I left home &\n            of course can be explained by him.\n          Send me an exact account of the quantity of Corn made at each farm and the yield of\n            each field. I directed Mr Lewis to have a certain quantity, at each farm put into\n            seperate Corn houses for the use thereof; and the residue in other houses for the\n            Mansion house, and other purposes\u2014& I hope it has\n            been done, but wish to be informed. The keys of the last mentioned houses I did not\n            intend should be left in the care of the Overseers, but the doors well secured and, the\n            keys remain in your own custody.\n          As your family may be the better accomodated by it, I wrote Mr Lewis sometime ago that\n            you might lodge, yourself, in the room which he now occupies; and I repeat it to you, as I am willing to make your situation\n            as comfortable as may be.\n          It would be well to have the Seins overhauled immediately, that if new ones are\n            wanting, or the old ones requiring much repair, they may be set about without loss of\n            time; for if this work is delayed until the Spring the Sein Netters will be so much\n            employed, as to disappoint you altogether & of course my people of Fish. If twine is not to be had in Alexandria let me know it, and I will, by the first\n            vessel afterwards send it from hence.\n          If I recollect rightly, Thomas Green is allowed a certain quantity of Wood, by the\n            agreement which has been entered into between us (by the old one I know it was so) it\n            would be well therefore to have the quantity carried to his house and corded up at once,\n            otherwise he will be always complaining, and denying that the quantity (Six cord I think\n            it is) has been recd by him.\n          I shall write to you if nothing extraordinary prevents it, by every Mondays Post, and\n            shall expect a copy of the weekly reports by the Mail which leaves Alexandria on\n            Thursday if no change has taken place\u2014by which means I shall write to you, & receive\n            a letter from you every week when the occurrences (not contained in the reports) may be\n            mentioned. And now, having given you my sentiments upon all those points with which my\n            recollection has furnished me I have only to add that the enclosed letters (which are\n            sent open for you to peruse & then to put wafers in) will shew the person to whom\n            they are directed what it is they have to expect, & the ground they stand upon. Wishing you well I remain Your friend &ca\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0378", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Stuart, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Stuart, William\n            Philadelphia Decr 23d 1793\n          I am extremely dissatisfied at your not commencing your fall Plowing the moment the\n            Rains, which began the latter end of October, and continued all through the Month of\n            Novr, put the ground in a proper state for it. This neglect, and having your Wheat yet\n            to tread out, will, with the frosts, snows, & Rains of Winter, inevitably defeat all\n            my plans for the next year; for instead of having the ground which was intended for Oats\n            and Buck wheat, ready to receive the first early in March, & the other shortly\n            after: & the Corn Ground ready for listing; all\n            will be to be broke up at that time. This is an extremely mortifying circumstance to me, as I did not intend that any thing should, any longer, prevent me\n            from adopting my system of rotation, which I have been preparing to carry into affect\n            for some years past.\n          I have given Mr Pearce full power & authority to manage my business the same as if\n            I was present myself; you will therefore apply to him for what is wanting on the farm,\n            and follow his directions in the same manner as if they came from my own mouth.\n          You will shew him the places \u27e8we\u27e9 had viewed as the best for the reception of the Negro\n            quarters, that when the time shall arrive at which they can be moved conveniently, they\n            may be placed to the best advantage. Shew him the place on which the fence between No. 6\n            and the Orchard Inclosure used to run, and where it ought still to go, to keep the said\n            No. 6 to the size it originally was. What use he will put the ground to, which lye\n            between that fence (whenever it is run) an\u27e8d\u27e9 the lane, must be determined by\n            circumstances. He may be shewn too, in wh\u27e8at\u27e9 manner it was proposed to enlarge the lot\n            just before your door. I am\u2014Your friend &ca\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0379", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\n            Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives.\n            United States 23d December 1793.\n          Since the communications which were made to you on the affairs of the United States\n            with Spain and on the Truce between Portugal and Algiers, some other papers have been\n            received which making a part of the same subjects are now communicated for your\n              information.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0380", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Elizabeth Foote Washington, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, Elizabeth Foote\nTo: Washington, George\n          Your letter of the 9th covering Doctor Tates opinion came duly to hand\u2014Mr Washington acknowledges himself very much oblig\u2019d to you for\n            the part you have taken in this business, & highly approves\n            of your sending him forword immediately\u2014he has anxiously look\u2019d for him on every Stage\n            day Since, but as yet has seen nothing of him, he begs if he has not yet left\n            Philadelphia for the purpose of coming to Virginia you will urge him to as speedy\n            departure for that purpose as is possible\u2014Mr Washington is much in the same situation as\n            he has been for some length of time past, except we think he sees less & less every\n            day almost, indeed it may be said he cannot see any thing more than the light, mr\n            Washington joins in most respectful compliments to Mrs Washington & her children,\n            & believe us dear Sir to be yours most affectionately\n            Eliza. Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0383", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Edmund Randolph, 24 December 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\n          Permit me either to have a personal interview with you on thursday, if the eruption on my hand will permit, or to write to you a\n            candid opinion upon your kind, and always too friendly conduct towards me. I hope, that\n            this delay will not be too long. I have the honor to be, Dear sir, with sincere and\n            affectionate attachment and respect yr obliged humble serv.\n            Edm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0385", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Tobias Lear, 25 December 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Washington, George\n            Glasgow [Scotland] December 25th 1793\n          I have the vanity to think you will not be displeased to hear of my safe arrival at\n            this place. We had a passage of 28 days from New York, and in the course of it\n            experienced much stormy weather.\n          I have been here a fortnight, during which time I have been busily engaged in viewing\n            the several large manufactories in the City and its neighbourhood, in some of which they\n            exceed any other part of Great Britain, particularly in the fabric of muslins, which\n            branch they have, \u2019till within this year past, carried on to a vast extent, not less\n            than two hundred thousand persons having been employed in the several\n            parts of this manufacture in this place & its vicinity: But the war and its\n            concomitants have thrown more than 5/6ths of the above number out of employment.\n            Notwithstanding which, and the similar effect which I am told is produced in other large\n            manufacturing places in the Kingdom, there seems to be no prospect of a peace.\n          As the muslin is made here in greater perfection than perhaps in any other part of\n            Europe, and knowing that you & Mrs Washington have sometimes occasion to purchase\n            goods of this kind I have ventured to send you a few articles agreeably to the enclosed\n            Invoice, as they are of a quality not often met with in America\u2014and much cheaper than I\n            know such things are with you. The Cotton Cambrick is a\n            new attempt at a substitute for that usually worn, and it bids fair to become a great\n            object, as this sent is afforded at less than one half of what cambrick of equal quality\n            generally costs. I have also added 3 dozen of glass tumblers for punch from a\n            manufactory here which is an excellent one lately established, and with great\n            improvements in its operation, all the cut & cypher work in the glass being\n            performed by a steam engine, which has lessened the cost of cut glass more than 20 pr\n            Cent. I gave to the manufacturer the crest of your arms which I had on the seal of a\n            letter, which he has engraved on the front of each glass.\n          I trust to that goodness which I have so often experienced to pardon the liberty which\n            I have taken to send these articles without being desired to do it. Whenever it is\n            convenient Mr Dandridge may pay the amount to my friend Mr James Greenleaf.\n          Our Country is here pronounced emphatically the happy land\u2014and the wisdom of keeping\n            out of the bloody contest in which the nations of Europe are engaged has given a\n            respectability to the American Government in the opinion here, which it would have been\n            long in obtaining without the intervention of such a crisis to bring it to the test; and\n            it seems to be as much the ardent prayer of many here that we may continue to preserve\n            our enviable situation, as it would be of those who felt more immediately the blessings\n            of it. Curses seem to be imprecated everywhere hereabouts upon those Barbarians, the\n            Algeriens, who have again committed depredations on some of our unfortunate Countrymen,\n            and an astonishment is expressed at their being permitted by the maritime powers to pass\n            thus with impunity: But interest in a national question will\n            generally prevail over humanity.\n          I shall tomorrow set out for Edinburgh, where I shall continue for a few days, and then\n            proceed to London, visiting such manufacturing places as Leeds\u2014Manchester, Sheffield\n            &c. which lay almost in my route.\n          A Report of the taking of Toulon by the French is all we have new of a public nature;\n            and as the vessel which takes this letter may not sail for two or three weeks, you will\n            undoubtedly know whether this is a fact or not before this reaches you.\n          In riding about to the manufactories in this neighbourhood I observed the hedges were\n            mostly of furze, and that it formed an excellent hedge, and finding on enquiry that it\n            grew readily, I got a pound of the seed, which is in the box with the other things, and\n            likewise a pound of the Scotch Kail seed, which is said to be hereabouts of a superiour\n            quality\u2014it stands the winters here without injury\u2014and at this time there are fields of\n            it round the City that have all the verdure of a fresh clover field; but this is not to\n            be wondered at, for there has been not the smallest symptom of frost in this County yet;\n            the weather since I have been here corresponds very well with ours in Philada in April I\n            have forwarded your letter to Mr Young\u2014and when I get\n            to London I shall remember the thorn bushes which I am to send out for you.\n          I have taken up more of your valuable time with this letter than I intended when I\n            began; but will trespass no further than to beg the favour of having my best &\n            grateful respects made acceptable to your good Mrs Washington & my love to Mr\n            Dandridge & my young friends. With the purest respect & truest affection I have\n            the honor to be, my dear Sir, Your grateful friend & faithful servant\n            Tobias Lear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0386", "content": "Title: To George Washington from John George Gibson, 26 December 1793\nFrom: Gibson, John George\nTo: Washington, George\n            South Hiendly near Pomfret Yorks.[England] Decr 26th 1793\n          Having often heard it mentioned in our family that we were in some distant manner\n            connected to your Excellency, I have anxiously wished to ascertain the truth of the\n            report, feeling a great ambition to rank amongst my relatives, a man, whose public and\n            private virtues have so eminently exalted him in the hearts and opinion of mankind.\n            Being on a visit last summer at a distant relations (a Mrs White\u2019s, whose Maiden name\n            was Gibson) I was making some inquiry respecting the family, when she likewise mentioned\n            the circumstance of our being distantly related, and as a proof, said she had a Letter,\n            which she gave me, wrote in the year 1699, by Your Excellency\u2019s Grand Father in Virginia\n            to his Sister in England, who married my Great Grand Father, of which the following is a\n                Dear & Loving Sister,\n              \u201cI had the happiness to see a Letter which you sent to my Aunt Howard, who died\n                about a year and a half ago; I had heard of you by\n                her before, but could not tell whether you were alive or not. It was truly great joy\n                to hear that I had such a relation alive as yourself; not having any such a one by\n                my Father\u2019s side as yourself. My Father had one Daughter by my Mother, who died when\n                she was very young, before my remembrance. My\n                Mother had three Daughters when my Father married her, one died last winter, and\n                left four or five Children, the other two are alive & married and have had\n                several children. My Mother married another man after my Father, who spent all, so\n                that I had not the value of twenty shillings of my Fathers Estate, I being the\n                youngest & therefore the weakest, which generally comes off short. But I thank God my Fortune has been pretty good since, as I\n                have got a kind and loving Wife, by whom I have had three Sons\n                and a daughter, of which I have buried my daughter and one Son. I am afraid I shall never have the happiness of seeing you,\n                since it has pleased God to set us at such a distance: But hoping to hear from you\n                by all opportunities, which you shall assuredly do from him that is, Your ever\n                loving Brother till death\n              Jno. Washington\n                If you write to me direct yours to me in Stafford County on\n                  Portomack River in Virginia, Vale. J.W.\n                To Mrs Mary Gibson, Living at Hawnes in Bedf\u2019s., These sent\n          From this Letter it appears that your Excellency\u2019s Grandfather, and\n            my Fathers Grand Mother were Brother and Sister. And as a proof that it must be the same\n            family of the Gibson\u2019s (there being a great number of that name) There is a small Estate\n            at Hawnes of about 40\u00a3 a year, half of which at the death of the above mentioned Mrs\n            White, devolves to me, as Heir at law to my Father who is lately dead, and which was\n            left him and his heirs by his Uncle, (Mrs White\u2019s Father who purchased it of his\n            Brother, to whom it had descended) at Mrs Ws. decease without heirs. This Ancestor of\n            mine whom yours married was the Vicar of Hawnes and purchased this Estate, who as well\n            as his Wife lie buried there.\n          Understanding from report that Your Excellency had not many relations living, I thought\n            it might not be considered by you as too great a liberty, if I informed you, that there\n            were some in this Country who consider themselves honoured in being allied to you tho in\n            a distant manner.\n          Having (as I before observed) lately lost my Father, the Family now, consist only of my\n            self, a Sister and Brother. I married 4 years ago\u2014a daughter of Mr Charles Payne\n            Sharpe\u2019s of the Island of St Vincents, by whom I have had three Children, the eldest I\n            lost. The little fortune I obtain by my Wife, added to my income as Curate, amounts to\n            \u00a3140 a year, with which tho small, being happily possessed of domestic felicity, I\n            should feel contented did I not look forward, to the claims of an increasing family, as\n            the whole of our income (my Wife\u2019s being an Annuity) dies with us. Had the man, whom I\n            was proud, and honoured in being permitted to call friend, lived a few years longer, I\n            should have been provided for, but by the death of Sr Geo. Savile, I was deprived of\n            one, who possessed both the ability and inclination to serve me: I have however a prospect, tho distant, of possessing a\n            small Living in South Wales in the gift of a relation of my Wife\u2019s. My Sister married a\n            son of the Revd Mr Rawstorne, Rector of Badsworth, an uncle of Sr Thomas Pilkington\u2019s,\n            and is connected with his Brothers in a Cotton Manufactory. My Brother is nearly the eldest Lieut. in His majesty\u2019s 54th\n              Regt\u2014I will not trespass further on your time than to\n            observe, that Mr Naylor, the Gentleman in this Country who transmits this to Mr Bond to\n            be forwarded to your Excellency, will answer any question you may think proper to ask\n            relative to me, through the medium of Mr Bond, or his Brother the Agent to Mr Naylor, in\n            America; and should you wish to see the original Letter, of which the inclosed is a\n            copy, I will transmit it with pleasure. With the greatest respect I remain Your\n            Excellency\u2019s Most Obedt Hle Sevt\n            John George Gibson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0387", "content": "Title: Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., to Thomas Jefferson, 26 December 1793\nFrom: Dandridge, Bartholomew Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          By the President\u2019s direction Bw Dandridge has the honor to transmit to the Secretary of\n            State a resolution of the House of representatives, just received\u2014& to request the Secretary to furnish the several papers\n            therein required.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0388", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Mifflin, 26 December 1793\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          Inclosed I have the honor to communicate to you, copies of a letter, which I have\n            received from Mr Cassan, the Vice-Consul of the French Republic, and of the answer which\n            I have transmitted to him, relatively to the intended departure of the Brigantine Peggy\n            for the Mole and Jeremie.\n          The sentiments, which I have expressed on this occasion, are in conformity to those\n            that were lately communicated to me as yours, in the letter of the Secretary at War,\n            instant. I am, with perfect respect,\n            Sir, Your most obed. & most Hble Serv.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0390", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Laurent De Sax\u00ff & Laurent De Verne\u00fcil, 26 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Sax\u00ff, Laurent de,Verne\u00fcil, Laurent de\n            Philadelphia 26th Decr 1793.\n          I have been favored with your letters of the 6th & 10th of the present month, but\n            not in due time.\n          I wish my resources were equal to the relief of the distresses which you, and many\n            others under like circumstances have described. But the truth is, my private purse is\n            inadequate, & there is no public money at my disposal.\n          Such as the first was competent to, I placed early in the hands of a Committee in this\n            City, to be disposed of for the benefit of the unfortunate Sufferers from St Domingo\n            whose necessities \u27e8were\u27e9 greatest & means least.\n          I prefered this mode of contributing my mite, 1st because it was not\n            in my power to enquire into the degree of individual wants\u20142dly because I did not\n            possess the means of Administering to them in the extent which might be required. and\n            3dly to guard against impositions, several of which had been attempted with Success.\n          In almost every City and large Town in the United States, Committees similar to the one\n            I have already mentioned, are established. To the one nearest you, I should conceive it\n            might be well to make your case known. In the meanwhile to supply your momentary wants I\n            send you Twenty five dollars in Bank notes.\n          With very poignant feelings for the distress you describe yourselves to be in I\n            am\u2014Madames Your Most Obedt and Very Hble Servant\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0394", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Auguste de Grasse, 28 December 1793\nFrom: Grasse, Alexandre-Fran\u00e7ois-Auguste de Grasse-Rouville, comte de (marquis de Tilly)\nTo: Washington, George\n          Duplicata\n          Mon G\u00e9n\u00e9ralcharleston [S.C.] le 28 Xbre 1793\n          \u00e1 mon arriv\u00e9e ici dans les premiers jours d\u2019aoust, j\u2019ai Eu\n            L\u2019honneur de Vous Ecrire par la Voie de la poste Et par celle de la mer En m\u00eame\n          je n\u2019ai re\u00e7u de Vous aucune reponse, j\u2019ai Soup\u00e7onn\u00e9s que Les Calamit\u00e9s de philadelphie\n            avoient detou[r]n\u00e9es mes Lettres de leur destination. Et je vous En ait adress\u00e9 de\n            nouvelles par Le Commodore Guillon qui se disposoit a partir pour philadelphie\n            immediatement apr\u00e9s L\u2019iss\u00fce de L\u2019assembl\u00e9e de la Caroline du Sud, mais dans\n            L\u2019incertitude ou je suis sur la Realit\u00e9 de son d\u00e9part Et Consequemment sur Le sort des\n            Lettres que je lui ait Confi\u00e9, je profites Encor de la voye de la poste persuad\u00e9 que Les\n            premiers inconveniens qui ont p\u00fb detourner mes Premieres Lettres, ne subsistent plus Et\n            que je serai plus heureux.\n          je ne vous Jetois aucuns details G\u00e9n\u00e9rale, des malheurs de St domingue Et des Ev\u00e9n\u00e9mens\n            qui m\u2019avoient forc\u00e9 de fuir Et de venir, Comme presque tous Les habitans de cette\n            Colonie, me refugier ici, j\u2019Etois pass\u00e9 a St domingue dans Le Cours de 1788,\n            relativement aux biens Considerables que mon Pere m\u2019y avoit Laiss\u00e9, je comptois y Rester\n            peu de tems Parce que L\u2019Etat militaire au quel j\u2019Etois attach\u00e9 me rapelloit \u00e0 mes\n            devoirs mais la Revolution fran\u00e7aise m\u2019y Surprit En 1789. Les troubles de la france, la\n            desorganisation de tous les Etats, la degradation de la noblesse, Les dangers aux quels\n            Elle y Etoit Expos\u00e9e, Les Entraves que Les assembl\u00e9es de St domingue mirent au depart\n            des Colons Pour L\u2019Europe Et plus que tous cela, Encore L\u2019insurection G\u00e9n\u00e9rale des\n            Esclaves dans cette Colonie, me determina \u00e0 me\n            consacrer avec mes Concitoyens a la Guerre Cruelle Et infructueuse qui nous \u00e1 accabl\u00e9e,\n            tous nos Efforts n\u2019ont p\u00fb faire rentrer nos Esclaves dans L\u2019ordre, un demon invisible\n            rendoit nos Succ\u00e8s innutiles, Et je n\u2019ai p\u00fb Comme bien d\u2019autres Evitter L\u2019incendie Et La\n            destruction de mes Biens, Enfin Les derniers Exc\u00eas du 20 juin dernier ont mis Le Comble\n            \u00e0 nos infortunes, Et ne nous ont Laiss\u00e9 que Le Choix de la fuitte ou d\u2019une mort\n              Cruelle, Et je Suis arriv\u00e9s ici avec ma femme\n            nouvellement accouch\u00e9e au milieu des flames Et des poignards. Mr de la hogue Conseillier\n              au Conseil Superieur du Cap mon beau pere Et son Epouse, apr\u00e8s\n            avoir Et\u00e9 depouill\u00e9s En mer sur un Corsaire de la providence, nous avons trouv\u00e9s ici tous Les secours que L\u2019humanit\u00e9 peut\n            offrire En pareille Circonstence, Et avec une G\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9 Et des temoignages de\n            sensibilit\u00e9 bienfait pour demeurer Grav\u00e9s Eternellement dans nos C\u0153urs, mais ces\n            Bienfaits doivent avoir un terme, Et Les Circonstences ne nous Permettent pas Encor de\n            ne pas En abuser trop Longtems, D\u2019ailleurs ils sont Born\u00e9s \u00e0 une Existence mediocre Et\n            G\u00e9nante pour nos Bienfaiteurs Et pour nous, C\u2019Est pour cela mon G\u00e9n\u00e9ral, que dans ma\n            premiere Lettre je vous demendois au nom de la m\u00e9moire de mon pere au quel Vous av\u00e9s\n            Donn\u00e9s des temoignages d\u2019Estime, Les Conseils necessaires pour Sortir de Cet Etat\n            precaire Et pour n\u2019Etre plus journellement \u00e0 charge, ainsi que la famille de ma femme \u00e0\n            des personnes aux quelles nous avons trop d\u2019obligations pour ne pas desirer de les\n            delivrer de la Surcharge que nous Leurs occasionnons, Et En m\u00eame tems S\u2019il ne seroit pas\n            Possible d\u2019obtenir des Etats unis un Emprunt d\u2019ont L\u2019Employ put Subvenir \u00e0 notre\n              Existence je n\u2019aurois cependant \u00e1 offrire pour gage\n            de Cet Emprunt que mes Biens de france Et Ceux de St domingue dont j\u2019ignore Le Sort\n            present Et avenir, je ne puis Guere Songer \u00e0 retourner En france tant que Les troubles\n            Et L\u2019anarchie y Subsisteront, mon nom y Est peut Etre un Crime, quand a St domingue\n            C\u2019Est aussi un probl\u00ebme dont la Resolution Est Ensevelie dans Les Evenements avenir. je\n            dois avoir dans un des Etats de L\u2019amerique des propriet\u00e9s En terre qui ont Et\u00e9 conced\u00e9s\n            par Le Congr\u00e9s \u00e0 mon pere, mais je n\u2019ai pas Encor\u27e8e\u27e9 malgr\u00e9s mes demarches me procurer\n            aucune connoissances sur Leurs consistences Et sur\n            Leurs situation, je vous prie Mon G\u00e9n\u00e9ral de me donner S\u2019il Est Possible quelques\n            renseignements \u00e0 Cet Egard Et Sur Les moyens d\u2019En prendre possession, j\u2019ai Encor une\n            autre Grace Particuliere a Vous demender, des L\u2019instant de la naissance de ma fille, je\n            lui ait donn\u00e9e Le nom de Caroline, Et je me suis promis de Vous inviter \u00e0 Etre Son\n            parein, j\u2019Espere que vous ne me refuser\u00e9s pas cette faveur, Et En ce Cas je vous Prieois\n            d\u2019Envoyer \u00e0 cet Effet votre pouvoir pour vous representer Et de faire choix de la\n            mareine, Et des noms que vous voudr\u27e8ez\u27e9 ajouter \u00e0 celui de Caroline que je lui ait d\u00e9ja\n            donn\u00e9 En m\u00e9moire de L\u2019acceuil fraternel que nous avons re\u00e7u des habitans de cet\n              Etat, je me flattes mon G\u00e9n\u00e9ral\n            que j\u2019aurois Enfin la satisfaction de recevoir une Reponse de Vous, Et je ne Cesserai de\n            la Solliciter tant que j\u2019aurai lieu de Croire que vous n\u2019aur\u00e9s Pas re\u00e7u mes Lettres.\n          Mon Epouse, mon beau pere Et ma belle mere Vous Prie Mon G\u00e9n\u00e9ral d\u2019agreer Leurs\n            respects Et Civilit\u00e9s. j\u2019ai L\u2019honneur D\u2019Etre avec Respect Et Consideration Mon G\u00e9n\u00e9ral\n            Votre tr\u00eas humble Et tr\u00eas obeissent Serviteur\n            Auguste De Grasse", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0396", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 28 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n            Saturday Afternoon [28 December 1793]\n          I have received with vexation the enclosure you have just sent me from the French\n            Minister: and pray you to take the opinion of the Gentlemen upon the measure proper to\n            be taken in this business. Every day, more & more\n            discovers the intention of this Agent to perplex this Government, and to scatter thick\n            & wide the Seeds of dissention. Yours always\u2014\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0397", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William Pearce, 28 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Pearce, William\n            Philadelphia Decr 28th 1793\n          Your letter of the 24th instant from Kent County in Maryland came to hand\n              yesterday. I am sorry to find you had not then\n            removed to Mount Vernon, and am concerned for the cause of your detention. Acts of\n            Providence no human foresight can guard against, and it is our duty to submit to them.\n            In the situation you describe your daughter to be, I certainly should not have desired\n            you to leave her; however inconvenient, & injurious\n            your not doing it, is to me: the last of which has been, & will continue to be very\n            injurious, among other things, on Account of the Hogs which were up for Porke\u2014and with\n            which no body at Mount Vernon will know what to do, especially as your arrival at that\n            place has been expected ever since the 20th of this month, agreeably to the advice I had\n            communicated to my Nephew Mr Lewis; who is young &\n            entirely unacquainted with every thing of this sort; and is only left there merely to\n            keep things together until you were present to take charge of them.\n          By the Post, several days ago, I wrote very fully to you in two letters, giving you my\n            sentiments on every thing which had occurred to me that I conceived it might be\n            necessary for you to be informed in, respecting my business\u2014these\n            letters were sent under cover to Mr Lewis, & you will find them at Mt Vernon. You\n            will perceive by them, & others enclosed in them, to my Overseers how much I have\n            been dissatisfied with the conduct of the latter since I left home in October. I shall not repeat it here. How far it may be in your power, by\n            considerable exertions, to recover the business from their neglects will depend very\n            much upon the nature of the Winter and Spring.\n          I had, in order to make your situation at Mount Vernon more comfortable (even if you\n            had removed wi\u27e8th\u27e9 your whole family, as you will percei\u27e8ve\u27e9 by one of the letters which\n            you will find there) offered you the room in the house which Mr Lewis usually lodges\n            in\u2014& you may, as your own furniture can not now be got round until the Winter frosts\n            are passed, make use of any of mine which you shall find necessary to your comfort &\n            convenience \u2019till this happens; and you are very welcome to such provisions from my Meat\n            house &ca as you shall find occasion for.\n          I shall only add my best wishes for the restoration of health to your afflicted\n            daughter\u2014and that I am Your friend &ca\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0398", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 30 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          I am informed, by the Director of the Mint, that an impediment has arisen to the\n            coinage of the precious Metals, which it is my Duty to lay before you.\n          It will be recollected, that, in pursuance of the Authority, vested in the President,\n            by Congress, to procure Artists from abroad, if necessary, Mr Drotz,\n            at Paris, so well known by the superior style of his coinage, was engaged for our mint;\n            but that, after occasioning to us a considerable delay, he declined coming: That\n            thereupon, our minister at London, according to the instructions he had received,\n            endeavored to procure, there, a Chief Coiner and Assayer; That, as to the latter, he\n            succeeded, sending over a Mr Albion Coxe, for that Office, but that he could procure no\n            person, there, more qualified to discharge the duties of chief Coiner, than might be had\n            here; and therefore did not engage one. The Duties of\n            this last Office, have consequently been hitherto performed, and well performed by Henry\n            Voight, an Artist of the United States: but the law requiring these Officers to give a\n            security in the sum of 10,000 dollars each, neither is able to do it. The coinage of the precious metals, has, therefore, been\n            prevented, for sometime past, though, in order that the mint might not be entirely idle,\n            the coinage of copper has been going on; the trust in that, at any one point of time,\n            being of but small amount.\n          It now remains to determine how this difficulty is to be got over. If, by discharging\n            these Officers, and seeking others, it may well be doubted if any can be found in the\n            United States, equally capable of fulfilling their duties; and to seek them from abroad,\n            would still add to the delay; and if found either at home or abroad, they must still be\n            of the description of Artists, whose circumstances & connections rarely enable them\n            to give security in so large a sum. The other alternative would be to lessen the\n            Securityship in money, and to confide that it will be supplied by the vigilance of the\n            Director, who, leaving as small masses of metal in the hands of the Officers, at any one\n            time, as the course of their process will admit, may reduce the risk to what would not\n            be considerable.\n          To give an idea of the extent of the trust to the several Officers, both as to sum, and\n            time, it may be proper to state the course of the Business, according to what the\n            Director is of Opinion it should be. The Treasurer, he\n            observes, should receive the Bullion; the Assayer, by an operation on a few Grains of\n            it, is to ascertain it\u2019s fineness. The Treasurer is then to deliver it to the Refiner to\n            be melted and mixed to the standard fineness\u2014the\n            Assayer, here again, examining a few grains of the melted mass, and certifying when it\n            is of due fineness; the Refiner then delivers it to the Chief Coiner\n            to be rolled and coined, and he returns it when coined, to the Treasurer. By this it\n            appears, that a few grains only, at a time, are in the hands of the Assayer, the mass\n            being confided, for operation, to the Refiner and Chief Coiner. It is to be observed\n            that the law has not taken notice of the Office of Refiner, though so important an\n            officer ought, it should seem, to be of the President\u2019s nomination, and ought to give a\n            Security nearly equal to that required from the Chief Coiner.\n          I have thought it my duty to give this information, under an impression that it is\n            proper to be communicated to the Legislature, who will\n            decide in their Wisdom, whether it will be expedient to make it the Duty of the\n            Treasurer to receive and keep the Bullion before coinage.\n          To lessen the pecuniary Security required from the Chief Coiner & Assayer; And\n          To place the office of the Refiner under the same nomination with that of the other\n            Chief Officers, to fix his Salary, & require due Security.\n          I have the honor to be with the most perfect respect & attachment Sir, your most\n            obedient & most humble servant,\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0399-0002", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Lafayette\u2019s Revolutionary War Account, 24 December 1793\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: \n   Received of Mr Trumbull the 31st March 1778 on his\n   Leaving this sum to be accounted for, to be reduced at 5 for one,  1620.\n   His pay as Major General from the 31st July 1777 to the 31st\n   December 1780, 41 months & 1 day a[t] 166 dollars p. Month. . . .  6811.48\n   His pay for the year 1781 on interest 1st Jany 1782 . . . . . . .  1992.\n   His pay for the year 1782 interest 1st Jany 1783 . . . . . . . . . 1992.\n   Commutation of 5 years full pay in lieu of half during life . . .  9960.\n   To extra pay, while on separate command, suppose one year\n   the precise time to be ascertained a future period . . . . . 1992.\n            War Department Accountants office December 24th 1793 Signed Joseph Howell Accountant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0400", "content": "Title: To George Washington from William Vans Murray, 30 December 1793\nFrom: Murray, William Vans\nTo: Washington, George\n          Among the candidates for the office of Collector of the port of Annapolis is Mr\n              Pinckney\u2014a young gentleman in high estimation among\n            his acquaintances\u2014He is a store Keeper but not an importer. He is a steady, competent\n            & worthy man to whom the office might be an object & of whose capacity as well\n            as integrity I have a very good opinion. I am Sir with great\n            deference Yr most obt ser.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0402", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 30 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\n            Gentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives,\n            United States 30th December 1793.\n          I communicate to you the translation of a letter received from the Representatives of\n            Spain here, in reply to that of the Secretary of State to them of the 21st inst: which\n            had before been communicated to you.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0403", "content": "Title: From George Washington to the United States Senate and House of Representatives, 30 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: United States Senate and House of Representatives\n            Gentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives\n            United States Decr 30. 1793.\n          I lay before you for your consideration a letter from the Secretary of State, informing\n            me of certain impediments, which have arisen to the coinage of the precious metals at\n          As also a letter from the same Officer relative to certain advances of money, which\n            have been made on public account. Should you think proper to sanction what has been\n            done, or be of opinion that any thing more shall be done in the same way, you will judge\n            whether there are not circumstances which would render secrecy expedient.\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0404", "content": "Title: From George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 31 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n          It is my wish that the result of the determination on Mr G\u2014ts request may go to him\n            with your Signature, and of this date. It was for this\n            reason I aimed at a decision on it Sunday or yesterday.\n            Yours always\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0405", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Jefferson, 31 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n            Philadelphia Decr 31. 1793.\n          I have the honor to enclose you a statement of the expenditure of the monies\n            appropriated to our intercourse with foreign nations to be laid before the legislature\n            according to the requisitions of the law.\n          The account of the Secretary of State commences July 1. 1792, where that rendered at\n            the last session, ended; and is brought down to this time. In the two preceding Years of\n            this appropriation, Bills of Exchange were given me from the Treasurer on our Bankers at\n            Amsterdam: so that the remittance of these Bills to the Bankers, for the credit of the\n            Department of State, constituted a separate Deposite in their hands, on which the public\n            Agents abroad, might draw for their salaries & other authorized expenditures. For\n            the last year an order was given me by the Treasurer on the Bank of the United States,\n            Bills of Exchange were purchased by an Agent employed for that purpose, and the money\n            was paid to the Drawers by the Bank, on my Orders. As Amsterdam was at one time in\n            danger of an attack, and the seat of war continued not very distant from it, it was\n            thought safer to make the Bills payable to Mr Pinckney, our Minister in London, to be\n            remitted by him to our Bankers in Amsterdam, if the place were safe.\n          The Deposite being thus transferred to the Bankers of the United States in Amsterdam,\n            the monies pass from them into the hands of the public agents abroad, with whom the\n            expenditures are final, being for their salaries and other authorized disbursements. The\n            account of the Bankers now rendered, from July 1. 1792 to July 1. 1793, shews the sums\n            paid to each of these.\n          With these payments the ministers are debited, and are required annually on the 1st day\n            of July to state and forward their separate accounts to be settled by the proper\n            officers of the Treasury. This, with the payments to occasional Agents (generally a very small Article) completes the system of accounts for the foreign fund\n            confided to the Department of State.\n          I enclose herewith Statements from the accounting Officers of the Treasury vouching my\n            own account, begging leave only to observe that the 4,786 dollars, 67 Cents therein\n            stated to be due from me, are the same which are stated in my account to be remaining on\n            hand in the Bank, and which never have been taken out of it, as is vouched by the Bank\n              book. I have the honor to be, with the most perfect\n            respect and attachment, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servant\n            Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0407", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Thomas Mifflin, 31 December 1793\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n          I have the honor, by the inclosed copies, to communicate to you, a second letter, dated\n            the 30 instant, which M. Cassan the Vice-Consul of the French Republic has addressed to\n            me, relatively to the intended departure of the Brigantine Peggy, as he supposes, for\n            the Mole and St Jeremie; and \u27e8my\u27e9 answer to him on the subject.\n          This opportunity is, likewise, taken, to lay before you, a copy of the report of the\n            Master Warden of the port of Phila., on the real destination of the\n            vessel in question. I am, with perfect respect, Sr, Yr\n            most obed. serv.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0409", "content": "Title: From George Washington to William White, 31 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: White, William\n          Dear Sir,Philadelphia 31st Decembr\n          It has been my intention ever since my return to the City, to\n            contribute my mite towards the relief of the most needy\n            inhabitants of it. The pressure of public business hitherto, has suspended, but not\n            altered my resolution. I am at a loss, however, for whose benefit to apply the little I\n            can give; & into whose hands to place it; whether for the use of the fatherless\n            children & widows (made so by the late calamity) who may find it difficult, whilst\n            Provisions, Wood & other necessaries are so dear, to support themselves; or to\n            other, and better purposes (if any) I know not; and therefore have taken the liberty of\n            asking your advice.\n          I persuade myself, justice will be done my motives for giving you this trouble. To\n            obtain information, & to render the little I can afford without ostentation or\n            mention of my name are the sole objects of these enquiries\u2014With great & sincere\n            esteem and regard I am\u2014Dear Sir Your Most Obedt & Affecte Servt\n            Go: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0410", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Adhemar de Brethoux, December 1793\nFrom: Brethoux, Le Chevalier Adhemar de\nTo: Washington, George\n            Mon general\n          de grands malheurs qui vous sont d\u00e9ja Connus M\u2019ont oblig\u00e9 de venir reclammer un asile\n            de la generosit\u00e9 du peuple que vous presides, et contre toute attente, aulie\u00fb d\u2019arriver\n            \u00e1 philadelphie pour o\u00fb je M\u2019\u00e9tois embarqu\u00e9 d\u2019autres malheurs qu\u2019on risque \u00e0 la mer, ont apparemment Contraints le Capitaine de faire voile \u00e1 la\n            providance o\u00fb je suis arriv\u00e9 de mon depart de lisle de saint domaingue.\n          les Sollicitudes, les chagrins, que me casent ma famille passe dans des terres\n            etrangeres, et des persecutions personnelles dans le pays francais, ont tellement alter\u00e9\n            ma sant\u00e9 que je nai cess\u00e9 d\u2019etre malade dans c\u00e9tte ville o\u00fb ma situation me fait luire\n            un jour que je n\u2019avais jamais v\u00fb, m\u00eame, au milieu, des revolutions o\u00fb je me suis trouv\u00e9.\n            Je ne parle point la langue, j\u2019ai tout perdu dans l\u2019incendie du Cap francais, argent\n            bijoux habits et presque la vie. mon sort, et les grands actions dont mes parents qui\n            etoient \u00e0 la tete de l\u2019arm\u00e9e dans le francaise puis et qui ont servi avec vous, m\u2019ont\n            parl\u00e9 sancesse a votre sujet, Mon general, m\u2019ont encourag\u00e9 dans mes peines actuelles et\n            me font esperer que vous prandrai part aux infortunes d\u2019un gentilhomme qui a projett\u00e9\n            depuis plusieurs annees de venir vous pries d\u2019accuillir ces civilit\u00e9s respectueuses, et\n            admirer un grand homme, C\u2019est une Continuation de contrariet\u00e9 qui casent que je ne suis\n            pas deja a philadelphie. Vuilles Bien je vous prie mon general ecrire au gouverneur de\n            c\u00e9tte ville l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00e9t que vous voudres prandre a moi, et de me secourir dans des Besoins\n            que je n\u2019avois jamais prev\u00fb. je lui remettres votre\n            lettre; on m\u2019a assur\u00e9 qu\u2019il etoit on ne peut pas plus digne d\u2019un emploi de\n            Bienfaisance.\n          j\u2019aurai mille fois mieux aim\u00e9 vous conter de vive voix Ce qui est dans ma lettre, mais\n            j\u2019espere Bien M\u2019en dedommager des que je le pourrai en vous presentent Ces Sentiments\n            respectueux avec les quels j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre Mon general Votre tres humble et tres\n            obeissant Serviteur\n          le chevalier adhemar de Brethoux\n            Chevalier honnaraire de l\u2019ordre des Malthe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0413", "content": "Title: Rotations of Crops for Dogue Run, 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: \n              for Manure                 or Grass       or Grass          or Grass     Potatoes\n                         Number of Plowings\u2014the times at which they must be given\u2014and the days it will take\n The above Rotation favors the land very much; inasmuch as there are but three Corn Crops taken in Seven years from any field, & the\n first Wheat Crop is followed by a Buck Wheat manure for the second Wheat Crop, wch is to succeed it; & which by being laid to Clover\n or Grass & continued therein three years will aford much Mowing or Graising, according as the Seasons happen to be, besides being\n a restorative to the Soil. But then, the produce of the Saleable Crops is small, unless encreased by the improving State of the fields.\n Nor will the Grain for the use of the Farm be adequate to the consumpti<on> of it in this Course, and this is an essential object to\n attend to--& quere--whether the Clover does not remain too long.\n No. of\n By the above Rotation, 900 bushls of B. Wheat, amounting to \u00a375, is added to the proceeds of No. 1 at the expence\n of 200 days more plowing--And no two Corn Crops follow in immediate succession. Wheat, in one instance, follows\n a Clover lay on a single Plowing; the success of this, tho\u2019 well ascertained in England, may not answer so well in\n this Country, where our lands from the exhausted State of them require more manure than the Farm can afford &\n our Seasons are very precarious.\n No. of\n              Grasses      Grasses\n              for Manure   or other   or other                         or other     or other     Potatoes\n     7     75     Wheat sown as above\n The above Rotation in point of produce & profit is precisely the same as No. 2 but differs in the succession of Crops.\n It requires about the same Plowings; and these plowings are pretty regularly distributed through the Spring & Summer\n Months. The Wheat field which follows the B: Wheat manure, might have the Stubble turned in immediately after harvest\n for manure and for Green food (proceeding from the shattered grain) for Sheep, Calves &ca in the Winter & Spring.\n No. of\n      \u23ac   150    Wheat\u2014one field\n                 The other Clover.\n This Rotation, for quantity of Grain & the profit arising from it, is more productive than either of the\n preceeding; and with no more plowing, excepting No. 1\u2014No field gives more than three Corn Crops in 7. years, except\n the Crop of B: Wht. The last of wch with the Indian Corn, will be more than adequate for all the demands of the\n Farm. The Clover is to be Sown with the B. W. in July; and by being only one year in the grd may be too expensive\n on acct of the Seed\u2014nor will the fields in this Course receive any green manure. and the advantages of sowing Wheat\n on a Clover lay in this Country is not well ascertained\u2014again, preparg 2 fields for B. Wht may in practi<ce> be\n found difficult\u2014Wheat Stubble might be plowed in here for Spring food.\n No. of\n By the above Rotations, the quantity of Grain is nearly equal to that of No. 4, and the value of it greater;\n occasioned by the encrease of Wheat. This rotation is effected with as little plowing as No. 1. and with less than\n in either of the other three Numbers, 2, 3 & 4. But in this course no Green manure is introduced, except plowing in\n Clover is so considered; and the quality of the Clover on much reduced Land is to be questioned\u2014& the practice of\n sowing on it as has been observed in some of the other numbers not much used, nor the advantages of it well\n ascertained\u2014Besides there is the expence of Clover Seed for 150 Acres every year to be encountered.\n No. of\n              for Manure    Potatoes                      for Manure     the Stubble   \u00bd Crop &\n              for Manure    the stubble   \u00bd Crop                         for Manure    Potatoes\n  The above is the 2d most productive Rotation; but the fields receive no rest, being every year under the\n  Plow, nor in this course is there any field in grass or pasture: and besides, the qty of Plowing exceeds any\n  of the other Rotations by 280 days & most of them considerably more. The advantage it has over any of\n  the others is, the frequent dressings with Green manure. Plowing one of the Wheat fields immediately\n  after Harvest will by means of the Wheat Stubble also help the Land, and afford Green food for Ewes &\n  Lambs, Calves & Mules during the Winter & Spring.\n  Note,\n    No mention is made of Harrowing in any of the foregoing Rotations; because, except in the Indian\n  Corn, it may be done principally, if not wholly by Oxen.\n    The plowing is calculated at \u00be of an Acre pr day. If then, one Plow will go over a\n  75 Acre field in 100 days\u2014five plows will do it in 20 days. In some ground, in the State of it\u2014and \n  according to the Seasons, an Acre at least ought to be plowed pr day by each Team; but \u00be of an Acre is\n  calculated upon in order to reduce it to more certainty.\n    The fields are all estimated at 75 Acs. each (although they run a little more or less) for the sake of\n  more easy calculation of the Crops & to shew their comparative yield.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-18-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Washington/05-14-02-0414", "content": "Title: To George Washington from Anonymous, 1793\nFrom: Anonymous\nTo: Washington, George\n          permettez moi, mr le pr\u00e9sident qu\u2019apr\u00e8s avoir lu un voyage fait dans votre heureuse\n            r\u00e9publique en 1788 je vous fasse part de l\u2019effusion de\n            mon Coeur et des r\u00e9fl\u00e9xions quil m\u2019a fait faire.\n          Je Suis ravi, enchant\u00e9 de la beaut\u00e9, de la bont\u00e9 de votre gouvernement et Ce qui me\n            Comble C\u2019est que je vois dans l\u2019avenir, Si vous Continuez t\u2019jours de meme Ce que\n            j\u2019espere, r\u00e9aliser Ce r\u00e9ve enchanteur de l\u2019age d\u2019or, reve du jour fait par toutes les\n            ames Sensibles, caress\u00e9s par tous les coeurs aimants, tourn\u00e9 et retourn\u00e9 en tous Sens\n            par tous les esprits orn\u00e9s, d\u00e9crit dans toutes les langues, racont\u00e9 dans tous les\n            idiomes, \u00e0 la veill\u00e9e au Coin du feu, un grand genie a dit\u2014\n          un jour, peut-etre un jour Ces flatteuses images\n          Seront la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 pour des hommes plus Sages\n          d\u00e9ja n\u2019a-on pas vu l\u2019intr\u00e9pide Boston\n          dirig\u00e9 par Franklin Conduit pa\u27e8r\u27e9 Washington\n          rompre les fers honteux d\u2019un indigne esclavage\n          et S\u2019elever au rang que donne le Courage . . .Braves, genereux, inconcevables\n            Am\u00e9ricains restez unis vous Serez, Sinon invuln\u00e9rables, du moins indomptables, vous\n            Serez heureux, vous am\u00e9liorerez l\u2019espece humaine, vous Serez les Sauveurs de la terre\n            entiere, et la d\u00e9couverte de l\u2019am\u00e9rique Si fatale \u00e0 Ses anciens habitans Sera le refuge\n            de tous les infortun\u00e9s ou proscrits des autres Continens. les Europ\u00e9ens inform\u00e9s de vos\n            ressources vont Se Cacher et chercher leur Salut dans la playe horrible quils ont faite\n            \u00e0 Cette belle partie de la terre; C\u2019est Ce qui doit resoudre le probleme\u2014Si la\n            decouverte de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique a et\u00e9 avantageuse ou non \u00e0 l\u2019humanit\u00e9. pauvre Europe combien\n            l\u2019am\u00e9rique va te laisser en arriere! Sa destin\u00e9e future est, non de tout envahir, mais\n            de tout eclairer. quels rapides progrets vous faites d\u00e9ja dans tous les genres! que vous\n            etes estimables, que votre hystoire devient interessante! quelle diff\u00e9rence, d\u2019avec\n            l\u2019hystoire ancienne de tous les peuples! vos Commencemens Sont aussi brillans que leurs\n            beaux Siecles. vous faites Sur la terre la meme Sensation qu\u2019un astre eclatant \u27e8et\u27e9\n            nouveau ferait au Ciel. Comme vous etes Cr\u00e9ateurs aspirez \u00e0 la gloire de donner des noms\n            propres, nouveaux, beaux, Sonores, expressifs \u00e0 tout ce que vous trouvez, \u00e0 tout Ce que\n            vous inventez. les noms d\u2019europe que vous donnez \u00e0 vos villes naissantes, un jour Si\n            florissantes! ne doivent pas vous rappeller des id\u00e9es bien flatteuses, et leur hystoire,\n            pour la plupart, des traits bien honorables. Europ\u00e9enis\u00e9s, Anglis\u00e9s Francis\u00e9s les noms\n            anciens des lieux, des arbres, des plantes, des rivieres, des montagnes &c. ohio\n            ramasse toutes mes id\u00e9es Sur le Cours majestueux de Cette riviere dont les bords rians\n            et fertiles enchantent le voyageur.\u2014la belle riviere\u2014ne fait pas le meme effet et puis\n            pourquoi trois mots pour un Seul qui est encor plus indicatif. Comme \u00e0 st Domingue o\u00f9 il\n            ni a pas un Seul quartier qui n\u2019ayt Sa grande riviere &c. il fallait Conserver les\n            noms propres dont les anciens habitans Se Servaient, ou du moins en donner d\u2019analogues.\n            l\u2019arbre \u00e0 pain avait S\u00fbrement un nom propre, Cet arbre nourissier est l\u2019arbre v\u00e9ritable\n            de la libert\u00e9, il faut le planter, le naturaliser par tout o\u00f9 il Sera possible de\n            l\u2019aclimater et prodiguer, Sil le faut les d\u00e9penses n\u00e9cessaires, les Soins \u27e8les\u27e9 peines\n            Constans et Suivis pour le faire reussir. le chene, l\u2019orme, le Cerisier &c. de st\n            domingue nous rappellent des arbres d\u2019europe qui ne Sont pas les memes, ils avaient S.d.\n            leurs noms Comme l\u2019acajou; l\u2019acouma, le Sapotier &c. pourquoi ne leur avoir pas\n            Conserv\u00e9? l\u2019erable \u00e0 sucre qui va donner une nouvelle branche de Commerce n\u2019est pas le\n            meme que l\u2019erable qui n\u2019en donne point; il merite donc bien l\u2019honneur d\u2019avoir un nom\n            propre. la reconnaissance vous y invite. un genie vers\u00e9 dans cette nomenclature qui\n            S\u2019appliquerait \u00e0 classer, Sp\u00e9cifier et nommer chaqu\u2019objet important rendrait un plus\n            grand Service \u00e0 l\u2019hystoire qu\u2019on ne pense, il Serait Sur d\u2019aller \u00e0 l\u2019immortalit\u00e9. quelle\n            Confusion S\u2019accumule pour la Suite des Siecles! la nouvelle Angleterre, la nouvelle\n            France, la nouvelle hollande &c. Seront vielles alors, et l\u2019on S\u2019implifierait les\n            noms de toutes especes en leur otant le Surnom d\u2019europe ou d\u2019am\u00e9rique.\n          Vous r\u00e9unissez aux productions de l\u2019am\u00e9rique Celles des trois autres Continens avec\n            leurs variet\u00e9s; vous am\u00e9liorerez le regne v\u00e9g\u00e9tal en croisant les especes, peut-etre en\n            produirez vous de nouvelles: la nature qui n\u2019a que la force productive est Si f\u00e9conde\n            lorsque l\u2019art la Seconde! avec de l\u2019adresse, du travail et de la patience vous vous\n            aproprirez les grains, les fruits les legumes de tous les Continens en les mariant aux\n            votres. il en Sera de meme des animaux utiles et domestiques: ah! Si les hommes en\n            eussent toujours agi ainsi nous Serions tous dans le jardin d\u2019Eden.\n          \u00f4 bons Am\u00e9riquains, terre r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ratrice, terre hospitaliere qui avez ouvert votre Sein\n            paternel \u00e0 la foule innombrable de malheureux que la tirannie royale, minist\u00e9rielle,\n            feodale, Sacerdotale... Sacerdotale! la pire de toutes a forc\u00e9 de fuir de tous les Coins\n            de l\u2019europe avilie. que je regrette avec une infinit\u00e9 d\u2019autres de ne pouvoir aller jouir\n            de vos bienfaits! il ni a que mon Corps en europe, mon esprit et mon Coeur Sont chez\n            vous; mes yeux mourans Se fixeront Sur vous, mon dernier Souhait, mon dernier Soupir\n            Seront pour vous. Courage, Courage, nation intr\u00e9pide allez en avant ne vous rebutez\n            d\u2019aucun obstacle: eh! il ni en a point pour vous, vous les franchissez tous de plein\n            Saut. C\u2019est de vous S.d. qu\u2019Horace a voulu parler lorsqu\u2019il a dit audacieuse race de\n              Japet. profitez des 1ies marches que l\u2019europe a\n            pos\u00e9es pour monter plus haut. les hommes de toutes les nations, de toutes les couleurs,\n            de toutes les langues, de toutes les religions fondus en un ont produit Ce genie unique\n            qui vous distingue Sp\u00e8cialement, qui vous fera tout entreprendre et reussir en tout et\n            partout: Comme aussi de tous les idiomes reunis mel\u00e9s Sortira la langue americaine,\n            langue mere, langue universelle qui Sera Celle de la nature que parleront dans un\n            heureux avenir tous les hommes reunis en une Seule famille. tous les gouts, toutes les\n            habitudes, toutes les modes prendront aussi un ton, une tournure, une forme\n            particulieres dans la fonte g\u00e9n\u00e9ralle qui S\u2019en fera en Am\u00e9rique. heureux Ceux qui, peut\n            etre dans moins d\u2019un Siecle naitront pour jouir de vos bonnes in[s]titutions, de vos\n            utiles ou agr\u00e9ables d\u00e9couvertes! Combien ils b\u00e9niront les auteurs de tant de biens!\n          Si un concert unanime vous fait Constamment tendre tous au meme but, vos destin\u00e9es\n            Seront plus brillantes et plus Solides que Celles des Grecs et des Romains parce quelles\n            Seront assises Sur la base de la nature Ciment\u00e9e par les Siences. aussi voyez quels\n            progr\u00e8s rapides vous avez fait dans environ l\u2019espace d\u2019un Siecle, et la france apr\u00e8s 14\n            ou 15 Siecles Se voit aujourdhui forc\u00e9e de renverser Son gouvernement rapetass\u00e9s pour\n            l\u2019\u00e9tablir Sur des bases plus naturelles.\n          vous travaillez avec la vigueur de la jeunesse et la maturit\u00e9 de la viellesse, avec la\n            force des instrumens neufs et la perfection des anciens, Comment ne reussir\u00e9z vo\u27e8us\u27e9\n            pas! l\u2019imprimerie, don du Ciel! qui met partout o\u00f9 elle est etablie la bibioteque\n            d\u2019alexandrie \u00e0 l\u2019abri de la fureur des tyrans, vous met Sous les yeux les d\u00e9couvertes,\n            les usages, les Coutumes, les Costumes de tous les ages; de tous les peuples; les lois\n            de tous les gouvernemens; les Secrets de la nature et des arts: tout vous est d\u00e9voil\u00e9,\n            et votre genie familier, Comme Celui de Socrate vous poussera tjours au meilleur choix.\n            les autres ont Couru pour vous les risques et le hazard des essais. aussi votre\n            gouvernement passe-il pour le plus parfait de tous ceux qu\u2019on Connaisse. le d\u00e9luge a\n            noy\u00e9 les hommes Sans les changer, vous les changez Sans les noyer. vous enchainez les\n            ames, et les Corps Sont \u00e0 vous. C\u2019est vous nouveaux Am\u00e9ricains race ch\u00e9ri de Dieu et des\n            hommes qui devez relever les ruines eparses que les europ\u00e9ens les papistes et les\n            Musulmans ont laiss\u00e9 partout ou ils ont pu penetrer.\n          L\u2019imprimerie est le jardin de la libert\u00e9 o\u00f9 Se trouvent r\u00e9unis toutes les productions\n            propres \u00e0 la faire d\u00e9sirer, chercher, cherir et Conserver apr\u00e8s l\u2019avoir trouv\u00e9e. les\n            auteurs fournissent les plantes, les imprimeurs les Cultivent. C\u2019est de Ce jardin dont\n            on ne peut plus detruire les plantes parce quelles Sont heureusement multipli\u00e9es \u00e0\n            l\u2019infini que Sont Sortis des fruits de toutes les especes pour Satisfaire tous les gouts\n            et nourrir jusqu\u2019a une utile et agr\u00e9able Satiet\u00e9 tous les Commensaux de Cette table\n            universelle. le Genie du Mexique et du perou profond\u00e9ment endormi depuis plusieurs\n            Siecles a Soulev\u00e9 Sa tete au 1er bruit de votre Ste insurrection, il S\u2019est retourn\u00e9 et\n            apr\u00e8s un long Soupir il est retomb\u00e9 dans un Sommeil leger, Semblable \u00e0 Celui du matin,\n            embelli par le Songe flatteur et prophetique de la libert\u00e9 qui lui annonce la d\u00e9livrance\n            prochaine de Ces beaux empires trop longtems courb\u00e9s Sous un indigne joug. C\u2019est vous\n            encor, vous les 1ers qui en Susciterez le r\u00e9veil enchanteur en r\u00e9alisant Son heureux\n            Songe. Ces beaux empires remontront au rang et \u00e0 la dignit\u00e9 des nations. il Se trouvera\n            quelque rejetton du bon Ataliba qui, Sortant tout \u00e0\n            Coup de Son abaissement profitera des Connaissances europ\u00e9ennes pour relever le trone de\n            Ses ancetres Sur une base plus Solide que l\u2019or; il prendra le nom Sacr\u00e9 et cheri\n            d\u2019Incas, il tirera Ses Sujets de l\u2019esclavage, les gouvernera en pere de famille, leur\n            rendra la religion naturelle avec le culte Sublime du Soleil qui r\u00e9unit tous les\n          la politique des hommes la plus profonde, la plus r\u00e9fl\u00e9chie et la mieux Suivie ne peut\n            rien Contre le Cours lent mais in\u00e9vitable de la nature et du tems. qui aurait pu pr\u00e9voir\n            que Ce Serait l\u2019angleterre qui, la 1ere, Couperait le fil qui aretait le mouvement du\n            nouveau monde, elle qui avait tant d\u2019interet \u00e0 le Conserver, le jumeler et le\n          le duc de Montezuma que l\u2019espagne nourrit bonnement dans Son Sein Se rappellera un jour\n            que Ses ancetres y ont regn\u00e9 et qu\u2019un interregne quoique long n\u2019ote pas le droit au\n              trone. heureux Ceux qui verront et jouiront de Ces\n            Salutaires et in\u00e9vitables r\u00e9volutions. Cest ainsi que la d\u00e9couverte de l\u2019am\u00e9rique qui,\n            Contre toute attente, n\u2019avait encor rien produit de grand pr\u00e9pare une epoque qui\n            Surpassera toutes Celles dont les fastes de l\u2019univers nous ont Conserv\u00e9 la memoire.\n            C\u2019est ainsi que la libert\u00e9 a fait eclorre aux Seins des arts votre r\u00e9publique qui, d\u00e8s\n            Son aurore parait avec tant d\u2019eclat: les Sciences la Soutiendront, l\u2019exp\u00e9rience de\n            toutes les nations qui la Composent formera les loix les plus Sages, une tol\u00e9rance\n            eclair\u00e9e les consolidera. \u00f4 bons p\u00e8ruviens, habitans de quito, habitans de Cusco, et\n            vous M\u00e9xicains ecras\u00e9s Sous le double joug de la politique et de la Superstition prenez\n            Courage, relevez vous tous, vos l\u00e2ches tirans vont disparaitre voyez venir les\n            Am\u00e9ricains nouveaux, tendez leur les bras, Ce Sont Ceux quil faut recevoir Comme des\n            Dieux tutelaires qui viennent rompre vos chaines et vous rendre avec la libert\u00e9 le beau\n            gouvernement et les Stes loix de vos Sages Incas qu\u2019a juste titre vous avez tant de\n            raison de regretter.\n          On a \u00e9tabli une chapelle catholique \u00e0 Boston, dit Ce meme voyageur, je Suis Surpris et fach\u00e9 que les Am\u00e9riquains Si Sages, Si\n            pr\u00e9voyans, idolatres de leur libert\u00e9 ayent laiss\u00e9 prendre racine dans leur r\u00e9publique \u00e0\n            une plante aussi dangereuse, aussi vorace: il n\u2019i a qu\u2019avec les intol\u00e9rants quil faut\n            etre intolerans et les papistes le Sont par principes, par orgeuil et par gout; il ne\n            faut pas les pers\u00e9cuter, mais leur deffendre absolument tout Culte ext\u00e9rieur et public.\n            j\u2019aimerais mieux y voir \u00e9tablir le Culte grossier et lascif du Dieu des jardins, les bonnes moeurs, la pudeur naturelle, le ridicule le\n            feraient tomber bien vite; au lieu que l\u2019exterieur eclatant et fastueux que les pretres\n            Catholiq\u27e8ues\u27e9 Romains \u00e9taleront \u00e0 l\u2019envie dans leurs C\u00e9r\u00e9monies religieuses en imposera\n            \u00e0 la longue au peuple qui Se laisse prendre par les Sens, il Suivra machinalement Son\n            penchant \u00e0 l\u2019erreur et ne S\u2019apercevra du piege que lorsquil ne pourra plus S\u2019en tirer.\n            il est tems heureux Am\u00e9ricains, pensez que le mal est plus facile \u00e0 pr\u00e9voir qu\u2019a\n            d\u00e9truire; pensez que partout o\u00f9 le mal a pris on n\u2019a pu l\u2019extirper qu\u2019avec le fer et le\n            feu. voyez les ravages qu\u2019il fait en france, tandis que Ses partisans auraient pu et du\n            en faire le bonheur en aretant ou Calmant les maux in\u00e9vitables d\u2019une r\u00e9volution\n            quelconque.\n          vous avez eu le Courage et l\u2019adresse de vous d\u00e9livrer des betes feroces et v\u00e9nimeuses\n            qui infestaient le beau pays que vous habitez, apr\u00e8s avoir appris \u00e0 vous gu\u00e9rir de leurs\n            morsures et de leur venin. vous avez vaincu, eloign\u00e9 de vos fertiles habitations les\n            Sauvages de la mauvaise espece apr\u00e8s vous etre li\u00e9s de Commerce et d\u2019amiti\u00e9 avec Ceux de\n            la bonne. vous avez forc\u00e9 \u00e0 demander la paix Ces orgueilleux anglais vos freres qui,\n            dans une guerre de famille vous ont fait tous les maux qu\u2019une animosit\u00e9 aveugle, une\n            vengeance r\u00e9fl\u00e9chie ont pu inventer. eh bien tous les maux r\u00e9unis Seront Surpass\u00e9s chez\n            vos neveux infortun\u00e9s Si vous aidez ce germe fatal \u00e0 Se d\u00e9velopper parmi vous dans toute\n            Sa pl\u00e9nitude: et ne pensez pas quil y ait \u00e0 Composer avec lui, partout o\u00f9 vous le\n            laisserez croitre il etouffera les plantes indigenes. ne vous laissez pas endormir vous\n            ou les votres, vous vous exposeriez \u00e0 un r\u00e9veil plus \u00e9pouventable et plus r\u00e9el que Celui\n            quils nous ont peint apr\u00e8s le grand Sommeil. n\u2019oubliez jamais et gravez le en Caracteres\n            ineffacables dans le Coeur de vos enfans qui en feront de meme aux leurs pour d\u00e9truire\n            absolument enfin la peste religieuse de dessus la terre, n\u2019oubliez pas, dis-je Ce qu\u2019a\n            dit l\u2019autheur universel et Sublime qui a travaill\u00e9 toute Sa vie \u00e0 ramener l\u2019homme \u00e0 la\n            raison\u2014que S\u2019il etait possible de ramasser dans un lac immense tout le Sang humain que\n            la religion cr\u00e9tienne a fait r\u00e9pandre l\u2019on pourrait y faire voguer un navire \u00e0 pleines\n            voiles. et puis r\u00e9fl\u00e9chissez pourquoi et Comment Cette enorme quantit\u00e9 de Sang a \u00e9t\u00e9\n            r\u00e9pandu vous verrez que Celui qui a dit\u2014homo lupus est homini\u2014n\u2019as pas dit ass\u00e8s pour les fanatiques il fallait\n            mettre\u2014tigris\u2014encor Ces especes ne Se dev\u27e8orent\u27e9 et ne Se mangent pas elles memes, leurs\n            besoins Satisfaits elles ne d\u00e9truisent pas inutilement et par plaisir, elles reposent\n            jusqu\u2019aux nouveaux besoins; au lieu que parmi les hommes les plus civilis\u00e9s, dans des\n            tems de despotismes, de r\u00e9volutions, de fanatisme, de fl\u00e9au quelconque on a vu des\n            atrocit\u00e9s r\u00e9fl\u00e9chies, des barbaries Si grandes qu\u2019on les a cru jusqu\u2019alors inouies, et\n            Tjours et partout la rage Sacerdotale S\u2019est distingu\u00e9e. les beaux empires de l\u2019asie qui\n            Semblent pos\u00e9s Sur des bases eternelles n\u2019ont \u00e9vit\u00e9 leur ruine assur\u00e9e qu\u2019en expulsant\n            absolument de leurs vastes etats Cette Secte cr\u00e9tienne qui Si etait gliss\u00e9e furtivement\n            et qui d\u00e9ja, Se croyant ass\u00e8s forte, voulait donner des loix.\n          La reconnaissance envers l\u2019etre Supreme dans les biens; la r\u00e9signation \u00e0 Ses d\u00e9crets\n            dans les maux. ne pas faire \u00e0 autrui Ce que l\u2019on ne voudrait pas que l\u2019on nous fit \u00e0\n            nous memes\u2014et Si l\u2019on a le Courage d\u2019aller plus loin\u2014faire \u00e0 autrui Ce que l\u2019on voudrait\n            qu\u2019on nous fit \u00e0 nous memes. voila la Seule religion utile et n\u00e9cessaire, la Seule qui\n            puisse Soutenir l\u2019examen Severe de la philosophie. toutes les autres Servent d\u2019amulettes\n            aux vielles femmes, de joujoux aux enfans, d\u2019egide aux l\u00e2ches et d\u2019armes aux\n          admettre pour vertus Cardinales, la tol\u00e9rance fille ain\u00e9e de la philosophie, la\n            bienfaisance Sa fille favorite, la temperance et la propret\u00e9: n\u2019admettre que des Cultes\n            Simples qui donnent \u00e0 l\u2019ame la Consolation, la gayet\u00e9 et l\u2019instruction. le Culte riant\n            de Bacchus chez les anciens, en lui Sacrifiant un bouc qu\u2019on faisait rotir avec des\n            broches de Coudrier, disait au peuple. ne laissez pas entrer les chevres dans les vignes\n            et ne faites point d\u2019\u00e9chalas de bois de Coudrier il mange la graisse de la terre\n            &c.\u2014Celui de Venus Uranie temperait celui de Venus aux\u2014belles fesses\u2014&c. aussi\n            voyons nous par les armures et les travaux des anciens quils etaient plus fort que nous\n            malgr\u00e9 les d\u00e9bauches que nous leur pr\u00e8tons. jett\u00e9s une digue Sur un torrent il S\u2019arrete\n            quelque tems, Se gonfle et finit par d\u00e9border de tous Cot\u00e9s: il faut en laissant \u00e0 la\n            nature un Cours ais\u00e9 et libre le diriger et Conduire adroitement \u00e0 une heureuse fin.\n          Ceux qui viendront longtems apr\u00e8s nous liront, je crois notre hystoire presente Comme\n            nous lisons l\u2019hystoire fabuleuse des anciens; ils Seront Surpris entrautres faits\n            Singuliers qu\u2019un peuple qui Se croyait ass\u00e9s eclair\u00e9 pour Se dire le precepteur du genre\n            humain ayt, en fait de religion fait Complettement la Sottise dont Ciceron a parl\u00e9\n            lorsquil a dit\u2014il ne reste qu\u2019une Sottise \u00e0 faire aux hommes\u2014C\u2019est de manger leur Dieu.\n            et ce dieu conserve la memoire des abominables Sacrifices hum[ains]. J\u2019ai lu avec peine\n            que les am\u00e8ricains libres ont dress\u00e9 des chiens de race anglaise pour la chasse des\n            Sauvages, le Seul moyen quils ont trouv\u00e9 pour les d\u00e9couvrir dans leurs embuscades. eh\n            bien ne les voila-il pas assimil\u00e9s en Ce Cas \u00e0 Ces espagnols \u00e0 jamais ex\u00e9crables qui ont\n            d\u00e9truit les paisibles habitans de St Domingue? on reproche aux Sauvages des d\u00e9fauts\n            qu\u2019on ne peut nier quils tiennent tous ou presque tous de leur Communication avec les\n            europ\u00e9ens. le portrait que le Celebre pen en a fait est encor ressemblant\u2014forts, bien\n            taill\u00e9s, adroits; leur langage est elev\u00e9, Concis; aimant leurs enfans, g\u00e9n\u00e9reux, braves,\n            pleins de bonne foy, hospitaliers. \u00f4 dieu que de vertus\n            Sublimes reunies! vous les tenez de votre bonne mere, enfans de la nature, que vous avez\n            eu le Courage de ne pas abandonner. ils Sont fins, rus\u00e9s, m\u00e9fians, irascibles,\n            vindicatifs, cruels \u00e0 l\u2019exc\u00e9s quand ils sont offens\u00e9s, diton, mais Ce Sont les europ\u00e9ens\n            qui les ont forc\u00e9 \u00e0 devenir tels: ils Sont chez eux, nous les en chassons, Ce sont leurs\n            terres que nous envahissons tout d\u2019un Coup ou \u00e0 la longue. que dirions nous, que ferions\n            nous Si un peuple quelconque venait tenir parmi nous en europe une pareille Conduite? il\n            aurait pourtant les memes droits. les espagnols n\u2019ont-ils pas extermin\u00e9s, chass\u00e9s les\n            Maures jusqu\u2019au dernier de toutes les espagnes quand ils l\u2019ont pu? les portugais, les\n            fran\u00e7ais &c. n\u2019ont-ils pas fait le meme chose \u00e0 plusieurs reprises \u00e0 l\u2019egard des\n            juifs apr\u00e8s les avoir d\u00e9pouill\u00e9s; Comme les anglais ont fait pour les loups dans leur\n            isle? et dans Ces derniers tems les jesuites dont l\u2019europe a craint l\u2019ambition d\u00e9mesur\u00e9e\n            n\u2019ont-ils pas ete an\u00e9antis? l\u2019espagne n\u2019a-elle pas rench\u00e9ri Sur les autres nations? elle\n            a proscrit le Corps et chass\u00e9 Sans mis\u00e9ricorde de toutes Ses possessions tous les\n            individus.\n          Jai beaucoup lu, j\u2019ai un peu voyag\u00e9, j\u2019ai ecout\u00e9 les discours des hommes de toutes les\n            classes, etudi\u00e9 leur maniere de faire et d\u2019agir, apr\u00e9ci\u00e9 leurs actions publiques et\n            Secrettes j\u2019ai vu que partout, \u00e0 quelques nuances pr\u00e8s ass\u00e9s l\u00e9geres, notre espece est\n            tjours la meme: dans l\u2019asie, dans l\u2019europe, dans l\u2019afrique, dans l\u2019amerique, Cest\n            l\u2019espece humaine que l\u2019on y trouve avec Ses habitudes Caractheristiques; Comme toutes\n            les autres especes ont aussi partout les leurs: et Si lon decouvre un 5e Continent Ce\n            Sera de meme S.d.\u2014mais un point essentiel qui distingue la notre dans tous les Coins o\u00f9\n            elle Se trouve C\u2019est Sa r\u00e9union Constante et uniforme dans l\u2019adoration dun Seul Dieu.\n            C\u2019est\u2014l\u2019interet\u2014Ce vil dieu des mortels, on lui a trouv\u00e9 partout des autels. quelques\n            Sages pourtant Conduits par l\u2019instinc, la raison, ou la philosophie dans tous les ages\n            et parmi toutes les nations n\u2019ont pas fl\u00e9chi le genou devant le veau d\u2019or Cest le Seul\n            et doux espoir qui nos avive qu\u2019en ramassant leurs preceptes Sublime\u27e8s\u27e9 epars dans les\n            \u00e9crits pr\u00e9cieux qui nous en restent, l\u2019homme pourra atteindre enfin au gouvernement le\n            plus parfait dont Sa Condition est Susceptible.\n          C\u2019est dans un pays neuf o\u00f9 l\u2019aire est nette, c\u2019est chez vous que doit S\u2019operer Ce\n            prodige, C\u2019est chez vous que la pauvre humanit\u00e9 partout ecras\u00e9e a os\u00e9 lever Sa tete\n            quelle tenait courb\u00e9e depuis tant de Siecles: elle a Souris \u00e0 vos 1er \u00e9lans, un doux\n            espoir l\u2019anime, elle vous h\u00e2te, elle vous tend les bras, Soutenez les, de grace Soutenez\n            les, n\u2019abandonnez pas une Cause Si g\u00e9n\u00e9ralle, jamais, non jamais il n\u2019en fut port\u00e9e une\n            plus majestueuse, aussi interessante au tribunal des nations: elles ont toutes les yeux\n            Sur vous, la terre attentive attend de vous Son Salut. oubliez, laissez de Cot\u00e9 les\n            richesses, les honneurs particuliers, meme publics pour ne tendre qu\u2019au but unique qui\n            doit procurer un bonheur incalculable aux peuples, et \u00e0 vous une gloire immortelle.\n            rappellez vous Sans Cesse, n\u2019oubliez pas un instant que le denouement de la pi\u00e8ce doit\n            faire de vous le 1er de tous les peuples. C\u2019est vous qui devez donner au monde entier le\n            bonheur Constant et g\u00e9n\u00e9ral qui ne S\u2019est trouv\u00e9 que passager dans quelque r\u00e9publique ou\n            Sous quelques bons princes.\n          Mais je ne le vois, je ne le Sens que trop. C\u2019est avec la plus vive douleur que je\n            laisse Couler Cette affreuse v\u00e9rit\u00e9 de ma plume. la guerre a ete de tous tems parmi les\n            hommes occasionn\u00e9e par la diversit\u00e9 d\u2019opinions, d\u2019interets, de religions, elle y Sera\n            toujours Seulement plus ou moins Selon les Circonstances. le bonheur g\u00e9n\u00e9ral ou la paix\n            universelle ne Sera, je crois que dans le Coeur des hommes bons Sera Tjours le voeu\n            ch\u00e9ri des ames Sensibles; mais l\u2019un ou l\u2019autre n\u2019en restera pas moins un reve charmant,\n            une belle chimere qui pourra etre quelquefois partielle, temporaire, mais jamais\n            universelle. heureux Ceux qui Se trouveront dans un de Ces \u00e9claircis.\n          la position de notre planette ne peut l\u2019admettre. le nord est le foyer non le plus\n            ardent mais le plus vigoureux de l\u2019espece humaine. je Suppose \u00e9teintes dans le Coeur de\n            l\u2019homme l\u2019ambition, la fureur des Conquetes, le fanatisme, la Soif de l\u2019or, toutes les\n            passions destructives: la nature et la raison lui prescrivent d\u2019eviter la douleur et de\n            chercher le plaisir. les peuples du nord hardis et forts las d\u2019etre Sous la neige et Sur\n            la glace S\u2019empareront quand ils le pourront, Comme ils l\u2019ont fait de tous tems des beaux\n            pays fertilis\u00e9s par des climats plus heureux. les Russes aguerris aujourdhui veulent\n            enlever aux terres Ces belles et vastes provinces dont Ces derniers S\u2019emparerent jadis\n            lorsqu\u2019ennuy\u00e9s de vivre dans les d\u00e9serts de l\u2019arabie ils epouvanterent Successivement\n            l\u2019asie, l\u2019afrique et l\u2019europe du bruit de leurs rapides conquetes. Ces fiers Conquerants\n            ne donnerent point d\u2019autres\u2014manifestes\u2014que la loi du plus fort La meme loi peut donc\n            leur oter une possession usurp\u00e9e malgr\u00e9 une jouissance de trois Siecles qui, Selon\u2014les\n            droits de l\u2019homme\u2014ne la justifie pas. tous les peuples qui ont abandonn\u00e9 tant de fois la\n            zone glaciale pour chercher les douceurs d\u27e8\u2019une\u27e9 r\u00e9gion temper\u00e9e Sont persuad\u00e9s que la\n            terre est un domaine o\u00f9 tous les hommes ont le droit de choisir un espace qui fournisse\n            \u00e0 leurs besoins, o\u00f9 ils puissent trouver l\u2019aisance et le bonheur. il en a presque tjours\n            et\u00e9 de meme malgr\u00e9 les Conventio\u27e8ns\u27e9, pourtant il y reste un espoir, C\u2019est de vous qu\u2019on\n            l\u2019attend et, Comme je lai dit plus haut vous reussirez en tout; C\u2019est vous qui, Sil est\n            possible devez \u00e9tablir parmi les hommes une autre loi g\u00e9n\u00e9ralle que Celle du plus fort,\n            C\u2019est l\u2019unique moyen de remettre tout \u00e0 Sa place. Comme aussi, Si vous n\u2019avez point de\n            noms, propres aux choses que vous trouvez, que vous inventez, forgez en d\u2019analogues,\n            avec des epitetes et les Verbes Signifiants, vous enrichirez votre langue d\u2019autant.\n          Je pr\u00e9vois deux d\u00e9couvertes bien int\u00e9ressantes pour les Societes nombreuses, elles Sont\n            dignes de vos recherches, vous etes \u00e0 meme, et je ne doute pas que vous n\u2019ajoutiez \u27e8illegible\u27e9 un jour Ces deux inestimables bienfaits \u00e0 Ceux dont vous\n            Comblez l\u2019humanit\u00e9\u2014pr\u00e9parer le Cuivre\u2014dessecher les morts\u2014il est dit dans l\u2019hystoire des\n            Incas que les anciens am\u00e9ricains avaient trouv\u00e9 la fa\u00e7on de pr\u00e9parer ou de tremper le\n            C\u27e8uivre\u27e9 de Sorte que leurs vases de Ce metal ne donnaient pas plus de ver de gris que\n            \u27e8Ceux\u27e9 d\u2019or: Cette pr\u00e9cieuse d\u00e9couverte Serait bien pr\u00e9ferable aux mines d\u2019or qu\u2019on a\n            trouve dans Ces riches Contr\u00e9es, quelqu\u2019ami de lhumanit\u00e9 pourrait proposer un prix, pour\n            tacher de retrouver l\u2019usage Salubre d\u2019un m\u00e9tal Si avantageux \u00e0 la Societ\u00e9 populeuse les\n            indigenes, est-il dit, outr\u00e9s des atrocit\u00e9s des espagnols leur Cacherent ce Secret \u27e8illegible\u27e9 beaucoup d\u2019or quils enfouirent; la reconnaissance\n            pourrait faire trouver ce que la haine a fait Cacher; vous etes Sur les lieux. voici\n            l\u2019indice pour l\u2019autre decouverte.\n          Dans la guerre de 1744 l\u2019escadre espagnolle aux ordres de dom Navarro etait bloqu\u00e9e \u00e0\n            Toulon par Matheus amiral anglais; dans un Combat \u00e0 la\n            Sortie du port, le royal philippe que montait le g\u00e9n\u00e9ral bless\u00e9 descendit \u00e0 la Calle et\n            ne reparut plus; Mr de G\u00e9rardin, officier fran\u00e7ais 1er Capitaine du royal philippe fut\n            bless\u00e9 \u00e0 mort. Mr de Lage deffendit avec une bravoure rare le vaisseau espagnol. les\n            Anglais qui avaient r\u00e9solu de le d\u00e9truire envoierent un brulot pour le r\u00e9duire en\n            Cendres. voici ce quil raconte de l\u2019intr\u00e9pidit\u00e9 des officiers du brulot anglais\u2014\u201davant\n            l\u2019embrasement du brulot j\u2019i avais vu deux jeunes officiers habill\u00e9s de bleu et un 3e\n            plus ag\u00e9 en veste rouge: je les entendis ordonner de mettre le feu aux artifices, ils\n            regardaient la mort avec un m\u00e9pris infini, ils pouvaient Se Sauver Sils n\u2019avaient pas\n            et\u00e9 d\u00e9termin\u00e9s \u00e0 acrocher le royal ph. je les vis donc Sauter en lair, je les Conduisis\n            des yeux jusqu\u2019a la hauteur de leur hune de misaine Sans que leurs habits changeassent\n            de Couleur. \u00e0 Cette \u00e9levation ils furent envelopp\u00e9s de flammes et r\u00e9duits en charbons.\n            ils tomberent \u00e0 Cot\u00e9 du royal phi. legers Comme du li\u00e8ge nayant pas plus de deux pieds\n            de long\u201d dans l\u2019honneur fran\u00e7ais par Saci, tome onzieme p. 109e \u00e0 paris chez noyon en\n          chercher \u00e0 dessecher ainsi les morts avec de la poudre en les enfermant dans quelques\n            machines propres \u00e0 recevoir l\u2019explosion et \u00e0 en procurer l\u2019effet d\u00e9sir\u00e9 et Sans danger;\n            lop\u00e9ration est Subite. Cette m\u00e9thode ne doit pas tant r\u00e9pugner que l\u2019id\u00e9e Seule de\n            pourriture qui attend nos Corps apr\u00e8s la mort. on d\u00e9pense tant de poudres inutilement,\n            en fetes ou \u00e0 d\u00e9truire les hommes, Celle ci du moins leur Serait utile. peut-etre\n            parviendrait-on ainsi \u00e0 peu de frais \u00e0 remettre en vigueur l\u2019usage des anciens et\n            Conserver dans des urnes propres et Commodes les Cendres cheries de nos parens et de nos\n            amis. on pourrait inventer une machine, peut etre bien Simple et peu dispendieuse o\u00f9\n            l\u2019on enfermerait le, ou les Corps morts pour operer l\u2019explosion Sans danger. proposer un\n            prix ou une Souscription en faveur de l\u2019inventeur d\u2019une machine Si utile, Si n\u00e9cessaire.\n            Cette op\u00e9ration Serait bien Salutaire dans les \u00e9pid\u00e9mies et Surtout en tems de peste, en\n            Cas de grandes mortalit\u00e9s pour \u00e9viter l\u2019infection et l\u2019embarras des morts qui dans de\n            pareilles Circonstances Sont trait\u00e9s d\u2019une maniere atroce et d\u00e9sesperante pour les\n            vivans que le meme Sort attend; Comme il arriva \u00e0 la peste de Marseille o\u00f9 les Cadavres\n            pestif\u00e9r\u00e9s pourissaient Sans Sepulture dans les rues, \u00e0 la Campagne, et dont un grand\n            nombre flottait dans le port p\u00e8le-m\u00e8le avec dix mille chiens morts attaqu\u00e9s des memes\n            mal. Mr Lavoisier, quel Souvenir! quel Soupir amer il tire du fond du Coeur des am\u27e8is\u27e9\n            des arts! dans l\u2019appareil pour faire des exp\u00e9riences Sur l\u2019air avait invent\u00e9 une machine\n            pour bruler de l\u2019air inflammable et de l\u2019air vital qui r\u00e9unis brule\u27e8nt\u27e9 par un proc\u00e9d\u00e9\n            qui pourrait aussi Conduire \u00e0 la meme d\u00e9couverte par un autre moyen tir\u00e9 de la chymie\n            qui renferme encor bien des Secrets.\n          quel Service l\u2019on rendrait aux hommes Si l\u2019on pouvait trouver et mettre en usage Ces\n            deux objets! que je m\u2019estimerais heureux d\u2019en avoir donn\u00e9 le 1er \u00e9veil! dumoins je ne\n            Serais pas n\u00e9 en vain, j\u2019aurais rempli ma t\u00e2che Sur la terre que je quitterais Sans\n            regret, Satisfait de laisser aux g\u00e9n\u00e9rations \u00e0 venir une aisance de plus.\n          je Suis avec un entier et admirable devouement votre tr\u00e9s obeissant Serviteur\n            p.S. le ministre thayer de Boston dit\u2014que la vie et les miracles du bienheureux labre\n              lui ont ouvert les yeux \u00e0 la lumiere et quil va la repandre dans le nouveau\n                Continent. thayer est un fourbe qui veut Se faire\n              remarquer, ou un pauvre docteur S\u2019il n\u2019a pas appr\u00e9ci\u00e9 dans Son voyage d\u2019italie Ce que\n              C\u2019est que le papisme. il choisit un plaisant heros pour modele, un gueux dont toute la\n              vie pass\u00e9e dans la plus honteuse mendicit\u00e9 repugne \u00e0 tout homme qui pense, et \u00e0 qui\n              rome moderne n\u2019a pas rougi d\u2019avoir donn\u00e9 l\u2019apoth\u00e9ose \u00e0 la fin du 18e Siecle!\n            eloignez, chassez de vos possessions nouvelles qui demandent des bras cette vermine\n              dont labre est le patron, elle S\u2019engendre et Se nourrit dans le Sein de la religion\n              romaine. il y ramenerait plutot les tenebres que vous avez Si heureusement dissip\u00e9. un\n              autre protestant qui avait bien examin\u00e9 Cette indigne Cour a frapp\u00e9 au but, il dit\n              qu\u2019il etait Surpris que tous les hommes Sens\u00e9s ne Se r\u00e9unissaient pas pour aller\n              exterminer Cette vermine insolente, ce repaire de brigans amphibis qui depuis tant de\n              Siecles Souillaient la terre et foulaient les Cendres des anciens Romains, ce Serait\n              votre t\u00e2che judicieux Am\u00e9ricains Si Cette Cour ridicule etait chez vous; ce Sera S.d.\n              Celle des fran\u00e7ais: puissent-ils parvenir enfin un jour \u00e0 n\u00e9toyer Cette \u00e9curie\n              d\u2019augias! amen\u2014amen\u2014Echos r\u00e9p\u00e9t\u00e9s ce doux refrein.\n            un homme instruit et digne de foi qui a pass\u00e9 l\u2019hyver de 179\u27e83\u27e9 \u00e0 Baltimore m\u2019a dit\n              avoir assist\u00e9 \u00e0 la messe d\u2019un eveque qui y r\u00e9side, que le peuple faisait foule \u00e0 Cette\n              messe pour le voir habiller par d\u2019autres pretres, et voir les autres C\u00e9r\u00e9monies\n              ridicules aux yeux de l\u2019homme Sens\u00e9 qui ne voit, dans Cet homme qu\u2019un pretre Comme un\n              autre. il me dit aussi que quelques chanoines de paris Si etaient r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s avec les\n              vases Sacr\u00e9s quils avaient enlev\u00e9s de leur Cathedrale, quils avaient pret\u00e9 le Soleil\n              pour donner la b\u00e9n\u00e9diction, que les assistans en avaient beaucoup admir\u00e9 la\n                beaut\u00e9. le magnifique disque du Soleil de Cusco\n              embleme Sublime de Celui dont il avait emprunt\u00e9 le nom annoncait aux hommes un point\n              de fraternit\u00e9 de r\u00e9union: Celui Ci renferme un talisman fatal qui a port\u00e9 la\n              d\u00e9solation partout o\u00f9 il S\u2019est fourr\u00e9.\n            celui qui a dit\u2014le tems pr\u00e9sent est gros de l\u2019avenir\u2014n\u2019a pas pr\u00e9vu S.d. toutes ces\n              Suites facheuses de Cette grossesse, il aurait indiqu\u00e9 quelque moyen pour nous\n              procurer un acouchement moins laborieux.\n            vous etes hors de dangers, fortun\u00e9s mortels, et Semblables a une mere heur\u27e8eusemt\u27e9\n              delivr\u00e9e, vous oubliez vos maux pass\u00e9s pour jouir des fruits de votre heureux\n              r\u00e9volution. \u00f4 Washington! votre nom est grav\u00e9 en Caractheres in\u00e9ffa\u00e7ables dans le\n              Coeur de tous les amis de l\u2019humanit\u00e9, et nos derniers neveux, heureux encor par vous,\n              vous rendront des hommages bien plus merit\u00e9s que Ces demi dieux dont l\u2019antiquit\u00e9 nous\n              a tant vant\u00e9 les prouesses. labre a des autels . . . et Pen le divin Pen n\u2019en a\n                point! les Si\u27e8ens\u27e9 Sont plac\u00e9s dans le Coeur de\n              tous les hommes Sensibles, les autres Seraient trop grossiers pour une ame Si", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0389", "content": "Title: Bill for the Relief of Lewis Garanger, 2 January 1793 (Abstract)\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nAbstract. 2 January 1793. The bill authorizes the comptroller of the treasury, \u201cin the adjustment of the claims of Lewis Garanger, to allow him the pay and subsistence of a Captain of Artillery\u201d from 29 Sept. 1780 until 15 Nov. 1783.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0390", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Hubbard Taylor, 3 January 1793\nFrom: Taylor, Hubbard\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nYour favor by Majr Lee of the 29th. Sepr. was duly received. I am much oblige to you for your good wishes on my behalf while the election for Respres. \u27e8to\u27e9 Congress was depending in this state. As I failed the Successfull Candidate stood first in my view, in whoom I hope you will find a sound republican, and good Representative; should this be the case I shall not (as to myself) so much regret the loss of my election, only so far as it disappointed me from the pleasure of seeing my friends & some other advantages that I might have derived from usefull information &C.\nI very forceably feel the weight of your observations, respecting the fermentations of our new state; and hope the disorders will be cured in a short time; but I fear the prospect is not on the favorable side at present as public interest is too much sacrificed to popular views.\nI am extreamly sorry for the attack on the Secretary of State, and particularly more so on account of the object at which its leaveled. It was a matter entirely new here\u2014as I had not seen or heard any thing of it untill the rect. of your favor. I hope ee\u2019r its long to hear that the matter will be ended on the favourable and republican side.\nIt is reported among us that there is a considerable majority of both branches of the Genl. Govt. in favor of carr[y]ing on a vigorous war with the Indian tribes, the ensuing spring. Our existance almost depends on it in a toofold point of view, first as to defence, secondly as to the circulating money amongst us\u2014which is much less than wd. have been had the main Army come down the last fall. Nothing else could have keep us from distress untill the trade of the Mississippi shall be opened the prospect of which we are flattered brightens [e]very day, but a confirmation of it would be greatfull tidings Indeed.\nThe Second session of our Legislature ended the 22d. Decr. No meterial alteration took place either in the Judiciary or Revenue Laws. A Resolution passed the house of Reps. for the discrimination of Lands, for Taxation as to quality, A Bill was brought forward in consequence of it to which was added, the payment of a part of all Tax\u2019s (those on Law process excepted) in either Tobo. or hemp this with some objections to the mode of Classing the Lands occationed it to be lost\u2014tho it was not intended to take effect for the present year.\nOur Country has encreased very much this last year both by way of the Wilderness as down the river. Our Crops the last year were generally good, particularly small Grain which has been better than usual. No great quantity of Tobo. was made this year the discouragement for two years past ocation but little attention to the Culture of that Article. A part Cash is now biding for that Article tho\u2019 at the Low price of 12/ & 14/\u2014& could we get all cash even at those prices it would be productive to the inhabitants. Hemp is at about 20/\u2014\u214c 100 but little of this Article has as yett been exported as very great consumption is necessary for the Citizens and new adventurers. We n[e]ver untill this last summer derived any real services from the purchase of Horses in this County for public Service the former having been through the hands of the Merchants. Those last made by Bills D: Q: M has been for Cash only\u2014& by advertising some time before which gives every one an oppy. to apply by which means the Money has been more generally circulated over the State & the public much better provided with good Horses and at a Low price.\nOur friends in this quarter are all well, and beleave me to be with the greatest esteem Dr Sir Yr. Affe. and very humble: sert:\nH Taylor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0391", "content": "Title: Military Establishment, [5 January] 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[5 January 1793]\n   On 20 December 1792 Steele introduced a resolution to reduce the military establishment and to repeal the relevant sections of \u201cAn Act for making further and more effectual provision for the protection of the frontiers of the United States\u201d of 1792, which JM had reported from committee during the first session. Steele\u2019s resolution was taken up in Committee of the Whole on 2 January 1793 (Annals of CongressDebates and Proceedings in the Congress of\nMr. Madison said the present discussion involved a revival of the question agitated the last session, whether the militia or regular troops were to be preferred in carrying on the Indian war? It is said that this is not the time to reduce the military force of the country\u2014that the President is invested with the power of reducing the army\u2014that while important negociations are pending, it will be attended with inauspicious effects to lessen the impressions of our power on the mind of the Indians. These considerations, he acknowledged to be weighty\u2014but if the force of the country can be continued on as respectable a footing as at present, and at the same time the expence greatly diminished, the government would be inexcusable not to do it. It is supposed that this may be done in perfect consistency with impressing the enemy with the fullest impression of our power. He suggested therefore the eligibility of compleating the effective force by the addition of volunteer militia\u2014to organize compleatly the regular troops already raised\u2014and to restrict them to the number that they at present consist of. To reduce this idea to effect, he suggested to the gentleman from North-Carolina a modification of his motion, by an amendment in conformity to these ideas.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0393", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Francis Corbin, ca. 10 January 1793\nFrom: Corbin, Francis\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter not found. Ca. 10 January 1793. Mentioned in Corbin to JM, 29 Jan. 1793. Requests JM \u201cto write to the old judge Pendleton upon the Subject of the Ensuing Election to Congress: and to intercede with him in my behalf.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0394", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Joseph Jones, ca. 12 January 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jones, Joseph\nLetter not found. Ca. 12 January 1793. Mentioned in Jones to JM, 21 Jan. 1793. Encloses newspapers with intelligence of the military victories and the establishment of the First Republic in France. Requests that the papers be forwarded to Ambrose Madison.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0395", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Daniel Carroll, 13 January 1793\nFrom: Carroll, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,\nYour favor of the 11th Ulto. came to hand. Notwithstanding I have hitherto been disappointed in procureing the intelligence requested respecting the Potok. Navigation, I have not desisted in my endeavours & have hopes of success. I have allways considerd the Success of this undertakeing in so important a view in many respects, that my utmost endeavours have been exerted in favor of it, & in some instances not without effect. There has been a delay from what causes I do not know alltogether. The funds being ample, delay in such an interest is self evident folly, indeed the greatest possible extravagance. The Business now appears to wear a much more favourable aspect. The Stock of the Co. is fifty thousand pounds Sterling\u2014in shares of \u00a3100 Stg each. Little more than \u00bd has been expended. The Locks for the Little falls are on hand, & the Directors purpose to enter likewise on those at the Great falls immediately. You will say why not at the Great falls first? It is intended whilst they are compleating to have a small portage from the tail of the Canal to the Bed of the River & from thence to proceed by the Little falls to tide Water &ca. About 50 to 60 hands are now employd in takeing out the Rocks from the Canal of the Little falls, & walling\u2014some of these on Monthly wages others on Contracts, & the Directors contracting for more. Mr. Harbaugh with his Men engagd in getting the Timber for the Locks at the Little falls, & will have a number of Masons employ\u2019d immediately in makeing dry walls there to be ready against the Lock frames are prepard. It is intended that some of the hands engagd or to be engagd shall be employ\u2019d at such places as may be necessary in the River between the two falls in proper season, and as I mention\u2019d preparations for the Locks at the great falls to be enterd on. Applications were made to the Assemblys of Maryland & Virginia to take of[f] the restrictions on Slaves being employd from either State, so that they might be obtaind for public purposes. Maryland granted\u2014Virginia refusd, not from any enmity to those measures, but as I am informd from mismanagement in bringing forward & conducting the business. On the River considerable improvement it is said was done last year by Contract, & a further Contract enterd into with the same person for work to be done to the highest part of the Navigation. Captn. Henry is at work with 27 hands at a place Calld Hauses falls cutting a passage through a small neck of Land that runs into the River. I beleive some other contracts are made on the Poto.\u2014& some small matters done in the Shannadore. Captn. Henry informd me lately that there are abt 50 Boats belonging to the upper Navign for the transportation of produce in the present State of the Navigation.\nI observe what you say about the tax on horses. It must certainly be a direct tax\u2014as to the inequallity between N & S. I have not materials to judge by. I suppose yr. debates will afford some. If horses are to be the objects, will it not be impossible to draw the line between those for pleasure, & otherwise. Wou\u2019d not Taxes on Carriages be more simple & equall; but still this is a direct Tax. Of these matters however I am no judge.\nI congratulate you on the Success of the French agt Brunswick &ca. in other words of the Cause of Liberty against Despotism. If they seal these successes by exhibiting a magnanimity, wisdom & moderation in their civil institutions yet to be formd, their glory will be crownd, & the benefits to ma[n]kind in general ensur\u2019d.\nIn What Situation is the M La Fayette? I feel strongly for that most worthy & great Man. I see an extraordinary article in the paper\u2014of a Message from the Senate to yr. House of a letter from some of the Citizens of Thoulouse addressd to Congress denouncing La Fayette. Explain this.\nFew things cou\u2019d have given me more pleasure than the information from you respecting my young friend Browse Triste, I participate in the happiness this event occasions among my worthy friends, whom I sincerely congratulate on the occasion, & remain, My Dear Sir, allways & Sincerely Yr most affte friend & Sert\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0396", "content": "Title: Indian Lands, [17 January] 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[17 January 1793]\n   On 14 November 1792 the House appointed a committee headed by White to prepare a bill \u201cto regulate trade and intercourse with the Indian tribes,\u201d which he reported on 29 November. On 15 January 1793 JM moved an amendment which the House took up two days later (Annals of CongressDebates and Proceedings in the Congress of\nMr. Madison\u2019s amendment, which had been ordered to be printed, was taken into consideration. It is in the following words\u2014viz. Strike out the eighth Section, in the words following,\n\u201cAnd be it further enacted, That no sale of land, made by any nation or tribe of Indians within the United States, shall be valid to any person or persons, or to any state, whether such state may have the right of preemption of such land or not, unless the same shall be made, and duly executed, at some public treaty held for that purpose, under the authority of the United States.\u201d\nAnd in lieu thereof insert the following:\nAnd be it enacted, That no person shall be capable of acquiring any title, in law or equity, to any lands beyond the Indian boundaries, and within those of the United States, by purchase, gift or otherwise, from the Indians, holding or claiming the same; and that it shall be a misdemeanor in any person, punishable by fine and imprisonment, at the discretion of a jury, to obtain, accept, or directly or indirectly, to treat for any title to such lands from the said Indians, or any other for them. And that, where any such Indians shall, of their own accord, desire to sell any part of their lands, and it shall be deemed for the interest of the United States, that a purchase shall be made, the same shall be done no otherwise than by treaty or convention, to be entered into pursuant to the constitution; the lands so purchased, to enure to the use of whoever may have the right of pre-emption thereto, and shall pay the price thereof.\nMr. Madison observed, that misunderstandings, quarrels and wars with the Indians had originated from the circumstance of persons having obtained, through fraud or other improper means, possession of the lands belonging to the Indians. This consideration rendered it highly important that this whole business should be under the absolute and sole direction of the public authority, in order to guard effectually against the fatal consequences which may result to the public by being precipitated into a war, thro\u2019 the arts of unprincipled persons, who while the public are made to sustain great calamities, often find means to extricate themselves from bearing their proportion of the inconveniences and expences.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0397", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Jones, 21 January 1793\nFrom: Jones, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sr.\nFredg. 21st. Janry. 1793.\nI have recd. your favor inclosing the Papers containing the late important and agreeable intelligence from Europe. The affairs of France have taken a very favorable turn and bid fair to establish the new republic. I agreeable to your request, forwarded the papers to Mr. Ambrose Madison under the care of Mr. J. Blair who promised they shod. have the earliest conveyance. This day is set apart here for a public dinner and rejoicing in consequence of the news received and has been ushered in by a discharge of Cannon. Yr. friend & Sevt\nJos: Jones.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0400", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Lee Turberville, 28 January 1793\nFrom: Turberville, George Lee\nTo: Madison, James\nMy very dear Friend,\nJany. 28th. 1793. Richmond County Virginia\nYour favor of December 2d. last past reached me in 22 days, for which receive my thanks, a severe fit of the Gout has deprived me of the use of my Limbs ever since, tho\u2019, thank heaven the mildness of the Winter, surpassing every thing the Memory of Man ever knew in this Country is again bringing me about. Mild as the Winter has been, no Snow having as yet ever whiten\u2019d the ground, & very little frost, Still it has been fatal to numbers more hearty young men & greater numbers of people having gone off precipitately with violent peripneumonies than were ever known\u2014before, three Physicians have gone off & Doctor Jones (who I hope will be with you in Congress from this District) has had a narrow escape & is just recovering. So much for the events of the neighbourhood.\nThe French Republic is in my opinion confirmed\u2014the Potentates allied agt. France will be puzzled to bring into the Field, a Force adequate to that of the last year, & the French Nation, now a Nation of soldiers, will be better prepared to withstand their attack, they are more united, & less Factious too. The Fate of human nature is involved in Europe at least in the Event of the French Revolution, & I do think that we may now without the Spirit of Prophecy predict, that the Reign of Despotism in whatever form it may appear in Europe will scarcely survive the 18th. Century. America may rejoice, & plume herself in the idea of having made the Rent in the great Curtain that withheld the light from human nature by her exertions she let in the day & the Rights of Man became legible & intellegible to a shakled World. O may her future Conduct be alike serviceable to human nature, if the same spirit reigned in the bosoms of our Eastern Bretheren, that inspired their Breasts in 1776. & 1777. when their Members in Congress rose & with true Patriotic virtue assented to a sacrifice of their Fortunes in the Bestruction [sic] of Boston for the good of the Common Cause, we shou\u2019d not Now see Assumption schemes, endless Funding Schemes, & Factious acts to aggrandize the Few at the expence of the great mass of the People prevalent in almost every debate, & Visible in almost every Act of Congress.\nI mean to be in the next Assembly & my Object is to carry a Remonstrance in the most solemn Mode from this State to Congress, in which our sister States shall be invited to concur, having real justice & the evident good of all our Citizens (that is the honest & disinterested ones) for its object I cannot but hope it will generally avail, & in order to compass it, I cou\u2019d wish to possess if it can be had an Authentic Statement of the Public Paper interest, funded, Bank\u2014&c &c\u2014and also as accurate a state of the sources from which the Revenue that supports this mass of Paper wealth is drawn\u2014for I am well assured, that 9/10ths. of the Paper are in the hands of Persons north of Susquehanhah, & 7/8ths. of the Revenue is raised from the Labour on the South of that River\u2014it is impossible to give you even the outline of what I contemplate in a letter, but if you can repose a confidence in me to furnish me with the Statements above mentioned I give you my word they shall not be acted upon before we \u27e8meet?\u27e9 & if it is not possible for you to come down amongs\u27e8t us\u27e9 next summer, I will most certainly spend a few days with you when you shall appoint in order to confer upon the undertaking that I do assure you is now uppermost in my mind.\nA Recurrence to fundamental principles is Absolutely necessary upon all occasions if we mean to continue a free people, how fortunate for us it wou\u2019d be if every man cou\u2019d be brought, to feel precisely as he did in 1777. & 1778, much I fear that no people ever suffered a greater chang\u27e8e\u27e9 in the Same space of time, than those of our Fellow Citizens in the U. S. who reside on the North of susquehannah have done in 17 years last past. My Paper is out\u2014I write in bed\u2014near Midnight, excuse the incoherent scrawl, thank heaven my dear Wife has mended surprizingly, altho within a few days the two abcesses have become connected & the Syringe throws water near 8 inches thro\u2019 \u27e8the\u27e9 side\u2014from hole to hole, My little Boy often talks of you he is now asleep. Mrs. T. join\u27e8s\u27e9 in best Affection, & beleive me to remain with real regard & respect Yrs. very sincerely\nGeorge Lee Turberville", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0402", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Francis Corbin, 29 January 1793\nFrom: Corbin, Francis\nTo: Madison, James\nMy Dear Sir\nTwo or three weeks ago I wrote to you and requested you to write to the old judge Pendleton upon the Subject of the Ensuing Election to Congress: and to intercede with him in my behalf. Having heard nothing from you since\u2014and being under some apprehensions that Mr. J. Taylor has interfered to injure me, by infusing his Antifederal Spirit into one or two men here, I have thought it well again to address you on the Subject. I am now in King Wm. in the midst of Electioneering forth and have no proper implements for writing so that you must Excuse the Paper &c.\nLet not my apprehensions with respect to Taylor be known to any body but our friend Mercer. I am Dr Sir with much sincerity & Regard Yr: Mo: Ob. St.\nFrancis Corbin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0403", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Joseph Jones, 7 February 1793\nFrom: Jones, Joseph\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. Sr.\nFredg. 7th. Febry. 1793\nI have received your letters with the papers inclosed and have delivered to Mr. Blair those intended for your brother to be forwarded by the first conveyance. The good fortune of the Frenchmen seems to be joyfully entertained by the Republicans in Boston and the public display of their joy will I hope produce a good effect on the minds of many of the people in that quarter and revive their attachment to and call forth their efforts to maintain those republican sentiments for which they were once distinguished but which for some time past seems to have languished among them from, I hope, a supposed state of security, rather than any real change in their principles respecting government. I am much pleased to find by some resolutions that have passed there will be a strict scrutiny into the management of the public money and hope e\u2019re long to see our System of finance more simple and in great degree freed from its present complicated arrangement, which requires the penetration and labourious attention of an acute calculator to investigate and comprehend\u2014these matters are unavoidably intricate to a degree, but ours seem to me to be designedly involved\u2014the more they are freed from these intricacies, the more easily will error or misconduct be discovered and the examination of the accounts entered upon with less reluctance. There is no branch of public administration more unwilling\u27e8ly\u27e9 undertaken by those whose duty it is to superintend it, than the investigation of intricate public accounts, and to this cause we are to ascribe in general the abuse of financial trust, and the misapplication of public money. The friends of our finance system appear to be disposed to push every measure this Session wch. they conceive expedient to establish and compleat the System, and will I expect succeed if the terminatio\u27e8n\u27e9 of the Session does not interfere.\nOur wheat is geting up again, it is now six shillings for 60 lb wt. How is it in Philadelphia and what the supposed prospect of its being highe\u27e8r?\u27e9 Yr. friend & Servt\nJos: Jones.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0404", "content": "Title: Compensation of the President and Vice-President, [7 February] 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[7 February 1793]\n   The House took up \u201cthe bill fixing the compensation of the President and Vice President of the United States.\u201d Mercer moved to amend the bill by placing on it a four-year time limit to ensure the dependence of the executive upon the legislative branch. Livermore and Gerry opposed the amendment.\nMr. Madison said, that the independence of the executive with regard to the legislative, as contemplated by the constitution, went no further, than as it prevented the legislature from changing the salary of the supreme executive magistrate during the time of his election. The motion, he conceived, in no manner infringed on this part of the constitution, either on its letter or on its spirit.\nThe salary hitherto allowed the supreme magistrate he did not look upon as ever having been fixed by a proper and equal representation. He did not conceive that the former legislature, tho\u2019 organized agreeably to the constitution, could be considered in that light, it was necessarily but an imperfect representation. From this consideration he wished the succeeding house, who would really represent the will of the people, as unshackled as the present house is, when they come to fix the compensation of the President and Vice President.\nThe experience which the present President will have had of the expence necessary to support, with propriety, the duties and dignity of the office will be a sure guide to a future legislature when they come to affix a permanent salary to the office.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0405", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Daniel Carroll, 11 February 1793\nFrom: Carroll, Daniel\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir,\nfeby 11th. 1793\nYour favor of the 27th Ulto came to hand. With respect to yr. proceedings I have not receiv\u2019d the papers sufficiently regular to follow you. I hope intentions are good, all then will be right. How it is to be in Europe Father time only will say. I expect all Ireland will be in America shortly; if the people can only lay in a Sufficient Stock of potatoes to keep themselves alive on their passage. Do you never cast yr. mind to the British Parliament now setting; How will the Kings speech read? Try your hand, & compare hereafter. The debates will be very interesting, & many good speakers be apt to stammer\u2014from our short conversations at Baltimore you saw I was no Jacobin. They may have been useful in rousing a Spirit which opposd & defeated an invasion, but a very different Spirit than what has been manifested on sevl occasions in my opinion must prevail to ensure their liberty & happiness. I wish we may have some opportunity of conversing over these and other matters. I shall be in G Town from the 4th. of Next Mo several days after. What time do you propose returning? Can you make a Sacrifice of a few days in this neighbourhood?\nRemember me affectionately to the Ladies of the family, & to those of my friends who sometimes cast a thought, on Dr Sr., yours Sincerely & affecy\nDanl Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0406", "content": "Title: Public Debt, [11 February] 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[11 February 1793]\n   The House passed a resolution on 21 November 1792 requesting the secretary of the treasury to report a plan for the reduction of the public debt. On 3 December Hamilton submitted his report, which the Committee of the Whole considered on 11 February 1793 (Annals of CongressDebates and Proceedings in the Congress of\n          the United States, 1789\u20131824 (42 vols.; Washington, 1834\u201356)., 2d Cong., 2d sess., 711, 722, 733, 870). Giles moved that the committee rise, arguing that the information provided by the secretary was insufficient for the committee to enter \u201cinto a discussion on the subjects of the new loans, and new taxes.\u201d FitzSimons urged the committee to \u201ctake up the propositions offered by the Secretary, and adopt or reject them.\u201d\nMr. Madison defended an observation brought forward by Mr. Giles, which was that there was a manifest impropriety in bringing forward abstract propositions for discussion, when it was not known what consequences were involved in the adoption of those propositions. Mr. Madison stated a variety of particulars to shew that such abstract propositions are improper. He professed his wishes that some provision should be made for reducing the debt; he believed his colleague was sincere in his professions to the same purpose. He recapitulated some of the objections arising from the imperfect state of the information before the House.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0409", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Richard Peters, 26 February 1793\nFrom: Peters, Richard\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nAlways attentive to your Requests I have looked over & considered the Bill about which you spoke to me. Time is too short to correct it. Yet I rather retract this Idea, not being in the Predicament of one of our State Circuit Judges, who wrote, a few Weeks ago, a long Letter to our Assembly, & told them \u201chis Time was so prodigiously taken up that he had not Leisure to shorten his Letter.\u201d I should correct the Bill by striking out two thirds of it.\nAll that is really necessary & now pressing is, by a short Clause, to give to your Circuit & District Courts the Power of appointing Commissioners to take Bail. This will remedy, every Inconvenience now requiring Redress & you may amuse yourselves when you have more Leisure with the other Matters & entitle them Legal Sports. The Circuit Court should have this Power, for civil Causes particularly, & the District Court for Revenue Cases, but in both it may be generally vested. It is hard that a Defendant should be brought down from a Distance merely to give Bail.\nAs to the Affidavit Business & Endorsement of Prosecutors it will embarrass the US in Prosecutions & Pltffs in civil Causes so as more frequently to defeat Justice in the Pursuit of fair & honest Demands, than to protect Defendants from Oppression.\nThe 8th. & 9th. Clauses are proper enough & some Things may be picked out of one or two other Clauses, that will not be found wholesome as they are now mixed with morbific Matter.\nThe 7th. Clause is now & may be productive of great Abuses & Mischiefs. It is happy that it did not pass long enough before Blanchard\u2019s Aeronautic Voyage & Descent. For if our Citizen Peasants in the Pine Barrens of Jersey had had Notice of such a Law, they would have supposed the Balloon to be a federal Vehicle laden with Ca. fa\u2019s, fi: fa\u2019s & Copies of Judgments against the Bipeds & Fellow Mortals of Jersey, obtained, for ought they knew, by Default, in Georgia or New Hampshire. Blanchard would have stood no more Chance among them than would an Aristocrat or Monarchy Man in the Section of Marseilles at Paris. They would have shot him (not having the Convenience of the Lanterne) not as a Post Master, but a Post Marshall. Forever after, their Fears would be kept alive by Flights of Crows, Wild Geese or Pidgeons, which they would suppose were other aerial Mails, filled with Alias & Pluries Castigations. Happy Blanchard! Thy Descent from the Clouds was more fortunate to thee than if it had been from Kings! Forgive my laughing a little on a grave Subject. H\u00e6 Nug\u00e6 ad seria ducient. Believe me very sincerely and affectionately Yours\nRichard Peters", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0411", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Madison, Sr., 1 March 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, James, Sr.\nHond Sir\nPa. March 1. 93.\nI red. yesterday yours inclosing a letter to Mr Chew, which I forward this morning. The one here inclosed from him came to hand a few days ago. For the news I refer to the inclosed papers, having not a moment to spare for adding more than that I remain Yr. Affee. son\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0412", "content": "Title: Resolutions Censuring the Secretary of the Treasury, [1 March] 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n   In the final political attack on Hamilton of the second session, Representative William Branch Giles on 27 February introduced nine resolutions censuring the official conduct of the secretary of the treasury. \u201cGiles\u2019s resolutions \u2026 were so worded as to carry innuendo that something was very wrong\u201d (Freeman, Washington, VII, 4\u20135 nn. 23, 24). They were probably intended to influence the Virginia congressional elections, which had been postponed until 18 March because of delayed redistricting (Norman K. Risjord, Chesapeake Politics, 1781\u20131800 [New York, 1978], p. 422). On 28 February the House referred the third through eighth resolutions to the Committee of the Whole. On 1 March the committee considered the third resolution, which asserted that Hamilton had violated the Funding Act of 1790 (Annals of CongressDebates and Proceedings in the Congress of\n          the United States, 1789\u20131824 (42 vols.; Washington, 1834\u201356)., 2d Cong., 2d sess., 895, 899\u2013900, 905, 907). A spirited debate ensued.\nMr. Madison. He wished not, he said, to waste a moment of the small portion of time left, by regretting its insufficiency for a full discussion of the subject before the committee. But he thought it due to truth and to the honourable and independent motives of his colleague (Mr. Giles) in proposing the resolutions, to remark that the lateness of the day to which they had been postponed did not justify the strictures which had been made on it. If the delay was not to be considered as unavoidable, some blame at least would fall elsewhere. The enquiries in which the whole business originated, had been moved by his colleague and passed the house some weeks ago. The reports in answer to these enquiries had not been finally made and printed a single day before the present resolutions were submitted to the house. He admitted that it might have been impracticable to report the information called for as early as was desired by the house: He was sensible of the anxiety that would be naturally felt by the officer called upon, to present every consideration that might place his conduct in the most favourable point of view: yet with all these allowances, it was impossible to deny that the reports contained things which did not belong to them, and therefore consumed time which belonged to the period for discussion. He would mention one instance on which there could not possibly be a difference of opinion; viz. the vindication, formally undertaken by the secretary, of the policy of borrowing money abroad. Whether this policy was right or wrong, the legislature had themselves decided in favour of it; and it was the duty of the Secretary in complying with the orders of the house, to inform the house, how the law had been executed, not why it had been made; to explain his own conduct, not to justify that of the legislature.\nIt had been asked why the call for information had not been sooner made? The answer was obvious and simple. It was not sooner perceived by the house, that there was such a necessity for it. The want of information was first suggested by the bill for paying 2,000,000 of dollars to the bank although 200,000 only were immediately due, and for authorising another foreign loan to the amount of 2,000,000. From the dawn of light thrown by some circumstances incident to the occasion, on the darkness in which the house had remained, proceeded those doubts and enquiries which had led to the information now possessed. His colleague had great merit in having brought about this development. He had rendered a service highly valuable to the legislature, and no less important and acceptable to the public. One good effect of the information had been, that it prevented the passage of the bill for borrowing 2,000,000 of dollars as an anticipated payment to the bank. The bill had dropt from the hand of its patron with the first light that broke in upon the house. What other measures would have been prevented or varied, if a like knowledge of our funds and finances had been sooner obtained, was matter of serious consideration.\nAnother consequence of the reports taken together, was that the face of them presented to his colleague, an evidence of the charges contained in the resolutions. Whether at so late a day it was best to leave the subject as exhibited by the various documents in print, for the examination and opinion of the public, or to press it on the consideration of the house, was a point which every member had a right to decide for himself. His colleague had viewed the positions stated in his motion as too important to be suspended; and as supported by such clear and authentic proofs, that a small portion of time would suffice for the subject. Under this impression, what was his right became his duty; and he had discharged it by offering his resolutions to the house.\nAs the house had refused to commit the two introductory resolutions which established the rule of judgment to be applied to the case, and the last also, which declared the inference to be drawn; the task of the committee was limited to a simple enquiry into the facts stated. They were to make out and report a special verdict of these, and leave it to the house to pronounce the proper judgment arising from them.\nThe resolution immediately before the committee imported \u201cthat the Secretary of the Treasury had violated the law passed on the 4th of August 1790, making appropriations of certain monies,\u201d first, \u201cby applying a certain portion of the principal borrowed, to the payment of interest on that principal\u201d\u2014secondly, \u201cby drawing part of the same monies into the United States, without the instruction of the President.\u201d\nThe questions here are questions of fact; and whatever quality may be attached by different gentlemen to the several facts, it would seem as if the facts themselves are too clearly supported by the reports of the Secretary, and the documents attending them to be denied or controverted:\nThe law of August 4, 1790, authorised the President to cause to be borrowed 12,000,000 of dollars to be applied to the foreign debt of the United States. A subsequent law of August 12, 1790, authorised another loan of 2,000,000 of dollars, to be applied to the domestic debt of the United States.\nA power to make these loans was delegated on the 28th August 1790, to the Secretary by a general commission in the usual form, referring to the several acts above-mentioned; but without any farther discrimination of the loans to be made. As the law however for applying loans to the foreign object was prior in date, the presumption would rather be that it was to have a priority of execution; that the first money borrowed was to belong to the first object provided for. It was unnecessary however to dwell on this consideration, because the President had removed all uncertainty by the precise explanations and instructions which accompanied the power to the Secretary, and which ought in truth to be deemed a part of the commission.\nThe instruction having been more than once read to the committee, he would content himself with referring to it. (The part referred to is in the following words, \u201cI do hereby make known to you, that in the execution of the said trust, you are to observe and follow the orders and directions following, viz. Except where otherwise especially directed by me, you shall employ in the negotiation of any loan or loans which may be made in any foreign country, William Short, Esquire, you shall borrow or cause to be borrowed, on the best terms which shall be found practicable, and within the limitations prescribed by law, as to time of repayment and rate of interest, such sum or sums as shall be sufficient to discharge, as well all instalments or parts of the principal of the foreign debt, which now are due, or shall become payable to the end of the year 1791, as all interest and arrears of interest which now are or shall become due, in respect to the said debt, to the same end of the year 1791. And you shall apply, or cause to be applied, the monies which shall be so borrowed, with all convenient dispatch, to the payment of the said instalments, and parts of the principal and interest, and arrears of interest of the said debt. You shall not extend the amount of the loan which you shall make, or cause to be made, beyond the sum which shall be necessary for completing such payment, unless it can be done upon terms more advantageous to the United States, than those upon which the residue of the said debt shall stand or be. But if the said residue, or any part of the same can be paid off by new loans, upon terms of advantage to the United States, you shall cause such further loans as may be requisite to be made, and the proceeds thereof to be applied accordingly. And for carrying into effect the objects and purposes aforesaid: I do hereby further empower you to make or cause to be made, with whomsoever it may concern, such contract or contracts, being of a nature relative thereto, as shall be found needful and conducive to the interest of the United States.\u201d)\u2014By this formal act issued along with the commission to the secretary, the President designated the object to which the loans to be made, were to be applied; and by declaring the object to be that provided for by the act of August 4th 1790, he expressly placed the loan under the authority and provision of that act; so that the moment the money should be borrowed, it was to stand legally appropriated to its specified object; as much as if another law, authorising another loan, for another purpose had not existed.\nThis arrangment of the President was the more proper, not only because provision for the payment of the foreign debt had been the primary object of the legislature, and the payment of the French debt, the anxious wish of their constituents but because payments to France were no longer matter of option, but of strict and positive obligation on the United States. In proof of this, he stated, that the debt to France, calculated to the end of 1791, and computing the livre at 5 4\u201310 to a dollar, amounted to 4,814,814 dollars, whilst the payments actually made, computing the florin at 2 1\u20132 to a dollar, amounted to no more than 3,372,717, leaving as a balance at the end of 1791\u20131,442,097 dollars. Adding to this balance, the instalments due for 1791, amounting to 638,888 dollars\u2014there were to be paid within that year 2,082,985 dollars. The entire payments, however, composed of 656,500 dollars in Europe, and 726,000 put to the account of St. Domingo (although 444,263.83 were actually paid) amounted to 1,382,500 dollars, leaving due at the end of 1791, a balance of 698,485.\nHere he adverted to and read a paragraph in the report of the secretary page 16, where in allusion to the measure of drawing bills in the latter part of 1792, he says \u201cI feel myself the more at liberty to do it, because it did not interfere with a compleat fulfilment of the public engagements in regard to the foreign debt. It could be done consistently with a full reimbursement of all arrears & instalments which had accrued on account of that debt.\u201d Mr. M. observed, that as he could not reconcile this paragraph with the calculations which he had stated, and which were drawn from official documents, he must regard it as an unquestionable error produced by some hasty view of the subject.\nReturning to the commission, Mr. M. repeated that all the money which that instrument, defined and qualified by the instruction annexed to it, authorised the secretary to borrow, was actually and specifically appropriated to the payment of the foreign debt, and under circumstances particularly urgent, in relation to a part of it.\nIn what manner had this trust been carried into execution? It was to be observed with regret, that on the very day, on which the commission and instruction issued from the President, the secretary commenced his arrangement for diverting part of a loan, accepted and ratified by virtue of his commission to a purpose different from that specified and required by his instruction. That a fact of so extraordinary a complexion, might be grounded on the most unexceptionable proof, Mr. M. said, he should take the liberty of supporting it by the authority of the secretary himself. Here he read from the secretary\u2019s letter dated August 28, 1790, to the Dutch houses from whom the loan had been accepted, the following passages, viz \u201cI should also wish, for particular reasons that the business may be so regulated as to give it the form of two loans one for two millions under the first act, and the other for one million under the second. But neither about this, am I so solicitous as to be willing that it should constitute an embarrassment.\u201d\n\u201cI destine a million and an half of this sum as a payment to France under the direction of Mr. Short, our charg\u00e9 des affairs at that court, whose orders for that purpose you will please to follow.\u201d\nThe aspect here presented by a comparison of the several documents, was singular and remarkable. The subordinate officer appeared in direct opposition to the chief magistrate. The agent was seen over-ruling by his own orders, the orders of his principal. The language of the president was\u2014By virtue of the power vested in me by law, I destine the money to be borrowed, to the discharge of the instalments and interest of the foreign debt. The language of the secretary was\u2014I destine a part of the money only to that purpose, and a part to be brought to the United States for other purposes. He left every member to make his own reflections on the subject. He would only observe in general that it demonstrated the truth asserted in the proposition that the secretary had violated both the law of August 4th. 1790, and the instruction of the President relating to it.\nHe then proceeded to a more distinct view of the two points particularly stated in the resolution.\nThe first was \u201cThat a certain portion of the principal, borrowed under the act of August 4, 1790, had been applied to the payment of the interest falling due on that principal.\u201d As the fact, would not, he presumed be denied, he forbore to quote that part of the documents, which admitted and authenticated it. He would however, premise to any observations on it, a cursory view of the nature of appropriations.\nIt was unnecessary to repeat the emphatic remarks on this subject, which had fallen from the member from Pennsylvania (Mr. Findley). It was sufficiently understood: he concluded that appropriations of money were of a high and sacred character; that they were the great bulwark which our constitution had carefully and jealously established against executive usurpations. He meant only to take notice of the different plans into which appropriations might be moulded, and of the particular operation, which ought to be given to them.\nOne of the plans, was that of appropriating specified funds to specified objects; in which the supposed certainty of the funds was adjusted to the supposed importance of the objects.\nThe other plan formed all the branches of revenue into an aggregate fund; on which the several objects should have a priority of claim, according to their superiority of importance.\nIt was evident, that in both these cases, the legislature alone, possessed the competent authority. The exclusive right of that department of the government to make the proper regulations, was the basis of the utility and efficacy of appropriations.\nThere was a third question incident to the doctrine of appropriations, viz. Whether, under specific appropriations, such as had been adopted by Congress, the executive authority could, without special permission of the law, apply the excess of one fund to the aid of a deficient one; or borrow from one fund for the object of another. On this question there might perhaps be a difference of opinion. He would only remark, that admitting such a discretion to be implied in the trust of executing the laws, it would still be requisite that the due sanction of the executive should be given, that a regular account should be kept between the different funds, and that all advances from one to the other should be replaced as soon as possible. This was equally necessary to the preservation of order in the public finances, and to a proper respect for the authority of the laws.\nIn the present case it did not appear that the monies taken at different times from the loans designated by the President, and thereby placed under the appropriation of the act of August 4, 1790, to the foreign debt, had ever been replaced. It did not appear that any such replacement was regularly planned or provided for. It was particularly worthy of observation moreover, that the only use within the United States for which any loan in Europe could be assigned, was that of the sinking fund; that the trustees of this fund had never been even informed of the drafts; that if all the monies drawn had been carried to the sinking fund, the limited sum of 2,000,000 of dollars would have been exceeded; and that the statements and accounts had in fact been so wound up, as mentioned by the Secretary, that not a single dollar of the money laid out in purchasing the public debt, had been charged on loans drawn into the United States; altho\u2019 such was the only purpose to which they were legally applicable, and such the principal reason assigned for making the drafts.\nHe did not go into a particular proof that the sum drawn into the United States, after subtracting the whole sum placed to a foreign account, exceeded the sum of 2,000,000 of dollars, because the fact had been conceded on the other side, particularly by the statement of the member from Connecticut (Mr. Hillhouse).\nThus it appeared clearly, in confirmation of the first point, that the application of a certain portion of the principal borrowed in Europe, to payment of the interest, was not a mere transposition of monies, to prevent the sending them backwards or forwards; nor an advance of money from an overflowing fund in favor of a deficient one; but an absolute diversion of appropriated money: and consequently a violation of the law making the appropriation.\nThe second point in the resolution, related to the drawing of monies into the United States without the instruction of the President.\nThis point had been fully established by the documents and explanations applied to the first. They had done more: They had demonstrated that the instructions of the President which dedicated the loans to be made under his commission, to a foreign object, were an express prohibition of drafts for any domestic object. It was sufficient therefore to refer to the instructions of the President, and to the contradictory steps taken by the Secretary.\nTwo attempts had been made to elude the force of these official proofs.\nThe first appealed to the President\u2019s speech at the opening of the Session in 1790; to the report of the Secretary made in consequence of it to the house; and to the supplementary act of Congress passed in conformity to the report.\nHad the circumstances involved in this transaction been attended to by those who seemed to rely on it, Mr. M. was persuaded that a reference to it would never have been made by gentlemen on that side. As they had thought fit however to draw arguments from that source, it was proper to give an answer to them; and the best answer would be a naked statement of facts.\nThe instruction of the President to the Secretary, was given, as has been seen, on the 28th of August 1790. The letter of the secretary contravening this instruction, was dated, as has also been seen, on the same 28th day of August, 1790.\nThe actual drawing of bills by the secretary commenced the 15th of December, 1790.\nThe law now pleaded in justification of the conduct of the secretary passed on the 3d of March 1791.\nThere are other facts material to a correct and full view of the business.\nThe speech of the President was delivered on the 8th of December, 1790. It briefly informed the two houses that \u201ca loan of three millions of florins, towards which some provisional measures had previously taken place, had been completed in Holland,\u201d and, \u201cThat the secretary of the treasury had his direction to communicate such further particulars as might be requisite for more precise information.\u201d\nThe consequent report of the secretary recommending the provision in the supplementary act, was not received till the 25th of February, 1791: six days only before the constitutional dissolution of the house.\nIn the interval between the speech of the President and the secretary\u2019s report, he had proceeded to draw bills to the amount of 793,392 florins.\nHis report, notwithstanding, what had been said of it, contained not a word from which it could be known, that a single florin had been actually drawn over to the United States.\nThe other attempt to elude the evidence before the committee recoiled with equal force on the gentlemen who had hazarded it. In the report lately made by the trustees of the sinking fund, is a statement laid before them by the secretary, in which it is noted, \u201cthat the acceptance of the loan of three millions of florins, and the application of one third of it to the purpose of that fund, was under the consideration of the President.\u201d\nFrom this fact it had been inferred, not only that the secretary had withheld no proper information from the trustees, but that the result of the President\u2019s deliberations on the subject had varied the purpose signified by his first instructions to the secretary.\nIt happened however most unfortunately for the gentlemen who exulted in this argument, that they had entirely overlooked the dates of the two papers. The paper laid before the trustees, and alledged to have explained the final purpose of the President, was dated on the 25th of August 1790. The paper relied on by the other side, as the final, as well as the most formal, designation of the will of the President, was dated the 28th of August 1790. The gentlemen, therefore, instead of the inference they had made, should have reversed their premises, and joined with their opponents in concluding that the President was led, by a consideration of the subject, not to do what the secretary in his note to the trustees seemed to anticipate, but what had been evinced by the President\u2019s own act of posterior date.\nThe second point then, as well as the first, rests on the most solid proofs taken from a collective view of authentic documents.\nMuch has been said on the necessity of sometimes departing from the strictness of legal appropriations, as a plea for any freedoms that may have been taken with them by the secretary. He would not deny that there might be emergencies, in the course of human affairs, of so extraordinary and pressing a nature, as to absolve the executive from an inflexible conformity to the injunctions of the law. It was, nevertheless, as essential to remember, as it was obvious to remark, that in all such cases, the necessity should be palpable; that the executive sanction should flow from the supreme source; and that the first opportunity should be seized for communicating to the legislature the measures pursued, with the reasons explaining the necessity of them. This early communication was equally enforced by prudence and by duty. It was the best evidence of the motives for assuming the extraordinary power; it was a respect manifestly due to the legislative authority; and it was more particularly indispensible, as that alone would enable the legislature, by a provident amendment of the law, to accommodate it to like emergencies in future.\nIn the proceedings falling under the present enquiry, no necessity appeared for the liberties which had been taken, the money appropriated in Europe being more wanted there than at home. It appeared that the instructions of the Supreme Executive, instead of warranting those liberties, had precluded them. Nor had the proper explanations been disclosed in due time to the Legislature.\nTo place the subject in a more distinct point of view, it was proper to advert to the precise authorities and duties of the Secretary, as his office is defined by the act establishing the treasury department. For this purpose Mr. M. read the second section of that act, which is in the words following\u2014\u201cThat it shall be the duty of the Secretary of the treasury to digest & prepare plans for the improvement and management of the revenue, and for the support of public credit; to prepare and report estimates of the public revenue, and the public expenditures; to superintend the collection of the revenue; to decide on the forms of keeping and stating accounts and making returns, and to grant under the limitations herein established, or to be hereafter provided, all warrants for monies to be issued from the treasury, in pursuance of appropriations by law; to execute such services relative to the sale of the lands belonging to the U. States as may be by law required of him; to make report and give information to either branch of the Legislature, in person or in writing (as he may be required) respecting all matters referred to him by the Senate or House of Representatives, or which shall appertain to his office; and generally to perform all such services relative to the finances, as he shall be directed to perform.\u201d\nThis establishment of the office, evidently had no reference beyond the case of superintending the regular and ordinary collection of the revenue, and granting warrants for monies issued from the treasury, in pursuance of appropriations by law.\nThe case of loans, as an occasional and extraordinary resource, was left to be provided for by particular laws for the purpose. The authority with respect to the loans in question was accordingly committed to the President, in order to secure for so special a trust, the highest responsibility to be found in the government. And when it was considered that the whole sum contemplated was no less than fourteen millions of dollars; and when the latitude as to the terms and contracts was combined with the vastness of the sum; it might well be questioned whether so great a power would have been delegated to any man in whom the legislature and the people of America, had less confidence than they so justly reposed in the existing chief magistrate; and whether an equal power will ever be committed to a successor.\nThis distinction between the case of ordinary revenue and that of loans, is not only consonant to the actual policy of our laws, but is founded in obvious and solid considerations.\nIn the collection and disbursement of the ordinary revenues arising from taxation, the business flows in official channels; is subject in every stage to official checks; and the money being in constant influx and efflux, nowhere accumulates in immense sums.\nThe case of loans is in all these respects different. In settling the terms and arranging the negociations, there is always an important discretion involved. When the loans are foreign as well as great, regulations concerning the bills of exchange form another occasion where great latitude is implied in the trust. Whilst the magnitude of the sums falling under the same direction at the same moment, present a further and material variance between the two cases.\nThe tendency of these observations is to shew, that as the permanent law establishing the treasury department does not extend the authority of the secretary to the case of loans, and as the law authorising loans, exacts, for special reasons, a responsibility from the President himself, the authority of the secretary in executing the loans and the appropriation of them, must be derived from the President; and, consequently where that authority fails, there can be no resort to the law establishing the department, much less to any general discretion incident to his official character. It is evident, that the President, although no doubt guided by the most proper considerations in employing the agency of the secretary of the treasury in the business of the loans, might, if he had judged fit, have substituted the agency of another; and that whatever agency he might prefer, his own instructions would always regulate the extent and exercise of the power conferred.\nThe want of any apparent authority from the President had led several gentlemen to insist on presumed authorities, superceding the instruction joined with the commission to the secretary: But here again the fair inference was to be reversed. A communication of the authorities given by the President to the secretary as to the application of the foreign loans, had been expressly requested by the vote of the house. It was not to be supposed that the secretary, if he had received further authorities or instructions would have failed to produce them, or to refer to them, in the justification of his conduct. Far less could it be presumed that the President, if he had given any superceding authorities or instructions, would not have caused them to be communicated to the house; or that he would have suffered a partial communication to mislead the house into an error, as to so important a fact. The President was the last man in the world to whom any measure whatever of a deceptive tendency could be credibly attributed.\nThus far said Mr. M. his observations had departed as little as possible from the question in its strictest sense. He should now avail himself of the opportunity afforded by the terms of the last clause which spoke of drafts generally, to take a more particular notice of those recently made; in doing which he considered himself safe within the rules of the House, which were so rigorously enforced against the affirmative side of the question.\nThe whole amount of foreign loans transferred directly or indirectly to the United States, appeared from the several statements to be about three millions of dollars.\nThe amount of the direct draughts was 2,304,769.13.\nOf the drafts made since the 16th of April 1792, and sold by the bank, the proceeds now in the bank, or payable into it, before the 1st of April next, amount to 1,220,476.01 dollars. Of this sum, 510,000 dollars have been drawn in the course of the present session of Congress.\nWith respect to the times and the amount of these draughts, hitherto absolutely unknown to the Legislature, because the account of them had remained in the books of the bank without ever appearing in the books of the Treasurer, Mr. M. confessed that he had found no explanations that to him were satisfactory. He had looked through all the reports and all the communications before the house, without discovering either that they had been made by the authority or with the knowledge of the President; or had been required for, or applied to the purchase of the public debt; or had been ever communicated to the trustees of the sinking fund, who had the direction of such purchases; or that they were the effect of any necessity that could justify them.\nAnd if there was no evident necessity for the proceeding, it was the more to be lamented that whilst we were every where sympathising with our allies, in their arduous struggles for liberty, and echoing from every part of the union, our congratulation, and good wishes, the pecuniary succours, so critically necessary to their cause, and the most substantial proof of the sincerity of our professions, should be silently withdrawn across the Atlantic, from the object for which they were intended: succours too, which were not merely a tribute of gratitude, of generosity, or of benevolent zeal for the triumph of liberty; but a debt moreover of strict and positive obligation, for value acknowledged and received. In contemplating the subject in this point of view, he felt a pain which he could not easily express; and to which he persuaded himself, the breast of no other member could be a stranger.\nLaying aside however, all these unfavourable considerations, the important question still remained, why the legislature had been uninformed of the monies so unexpectedly drawn into the bank, and to so very great an amount. If the drafts had received every requisite sanction; if they had been produced by the most justifiable causes, the existence of 1,220,476 dollars in a situation so different from what had been contemplated, was a fact, which the representatives of the people had a right to know; which it was important to them, and their constituents, that they should know; and which it was the indispensable duty of the officer charged with it, to have made known.\nThis omission was the more remarkable, when considered in relation to the measure above mentioned, of paying off at once the whole sum of 2,000,000 dollars, payable to the bank by instalments in ten years. A bill for this purpose had been introduced, and was on its passage. The object of it had been patronized by a report of the secretary not long since made. In one of his last reports, he expressly states among the inducements to such extensive drafts of money from Europe, that they were made \u201cwith an eye to placing within the reach of the legislature\u201d\u2014the means requisite for this object. Was it not extraordinary; was it not unaccountable, that so important a measure should be recommended, and be actually introduced, and that money otherwise appropriated in Europe, should be transferred to this country and deposited in the bank, in order that it might be within the reach of being applied by the legislature to that measure; and yet that no disclosure should be made to the legislature of the fact, that the money was so drawn & lay at the bank within their reach to be so applied.\nIf any thing could heighten astonishment on this occasion, it must be the reason assigned by the Secretary for any obscurity that might have hung over our finances\u2014\u201cthat till the last resolutions, no call had been made on the department, which rendered it proper to exhibit a general view of the public monies and funds, or to shew the amount and situation of such as were unapplied.\u201d Mr. M. would not decide that the Legislature was free from blame, in not using more full and efficacious means of obtaining such information, as would have removed all obscurity. But whatever degree of blame might fall on them, it never could be admitted, that their calls on the department had furnished no proper occasion for exhibiting a full view of the public finances. He referred generally to the various resolutions, which, without the least force of construction, would have extended to every proper article of information. He reminded the committee of the latitude of reports under certain other orders of the House; and asked whether less freedom of construction was to be allowed when information was to be given, than when power or discretion was to be exercised? But independently of this view of the matter, Mr. M. held it to be clear and palpable, that the very situation of the money, afforded an occasion which rendered it proper, that the House should be informed of it. If a liberty could be taken, of removing money from Europe where it stood appropriated by law, to this country, where there was no legal object that required it, and with an eye, as was stated, to an object to which no money was applicable, without the authority of the Legislature, how could it possibly be supposed improper to take the further liberty of communicating what was done, to the Legislature?\nHe concluded with recurring to the particular form, in which the subject presented itself to the committee, and repeating, that whatever quality might be attached to the facts charged, or however improper it might be thought by some, to proceed in haste to any affirmative decision on them, it appeared irreconcilable with the evidence which had been produced, to decide, by a negative vote, against the truth of the facts.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0413", "content": "Title: Advice to the President, [2 March] 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nThe President having some doubts with respect to the \u201cAct for extending the time for receiving on loan that part of the Domestic Debt &c\u201d\u2014whether it might not prevent the Commissioners from closing the Accts. between the U. S. and Individual States within the time limited\u2014desired the Opinion of the Secretary of the Treasury on that head; who gave it decidedly, that it related only to the Debt proper of the U. S. and had nothing to do with the assumption, or with the Accts. of individual states, and therefore could not interfere with the settlemt. of those Accts. The Secretary of State was not at his House, neither could he be found so as to obtain his opinion before the signing of the bill. The Opinion of the Attorny Genl. was requird, and given, agreeing with that of the Secy of the Treasury. Mr. Madison happening to be at the Attorney Genls. when his opinion was desird, the Attorney requested Mr. Madison\u2019s sentiments on the subject, who observed, that he had opposed the bill in its passage through the House; but it was brought in when the House was much pressed with business, and he did not give it the full consideration he wished to have done; but on a reexamination of it at this time, he did not think it could be productive of the inconvenience wh. the President apprehended, and which he himself had thought it tended to produce.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0414", "content": "Title: Notes on Proposed Constitutional Amendments, [ca. 3 March] 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nThe following amendments to the Constitution have it is said been laid before the Senate by the Members from Virginia, and will claim the attention and consideration of the public in the interval between the late and the Ensuing Session.\nHere insert the amendts.\nAs one of the amendts. has for its object the purification of the Legislature from the pecuniary influence which has been so much complained of, it is apparent that some more efficatious remedy should be applied to so great an evil? It has occurred to several friends of a pure republican administration of our Govt. that it wd. be justifiable and expedient to add to the above amendts. a proposition, to the following effect\u2014to wit \u201cthat each member of Congs. at the times of taking his seat & the qualification now required by the Constitution, shall state on oath, the amount of his property in public and Bank Stock of every kind; and shall moreover swear that during the term of his continuing a member, he will not purchase or deal in any such paper, or any public lands, or any other public property whatever.\u201d If such a prohibition be necessary or salutary in the case of the several officers in the Executive line on whom it has been laid, the reasons seem to be far more cogent in relation to the members of the Legislature, who have it so much more in their power to convert public trust to their private emoluments.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0415", "content": "Title: Memorandum by Thomas Jefferson, 11 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nQu. 1? What sacrifice may be made to retain mr Johnson in the office of Commissioner for the federal territory?\nAnsw. For such an object it is worth while to give up the plan of an allowance per diem, to give, instead of that, a sum in gross, and to extend that sum to 500. Dollars per annum, and expences; the latter to be rendered in account.\nIf mr. Johnson persists in resigning, as it is evident Dr. Stewart will not continue even for the above allowance; & mr. Carrol does not appear to make any conditions, the President will be free as to mr. Carrol & two new associates to adhere to the allowance per diem already proposed, or to substitute a sum in gross.\nQu. 2? May new commissioners be chosen in the town?\nAnsw. It is strongly desireable that the Commissioners should not be of the town, nor interested in it; and this objection is thought a counterpoise for a sensible difference in talents. But if persons of adequate talents & qualifications cannot be found in the country, it will be better to take them from the town, than to appoint men of inadequate talents from the country.\nQu. 3. How compensate them?\nAnsw. If they come from the country, the per diem allowance is thought best. If from the town, a sum in gross will be best, and this might be as far as 300. D. a year, & no allowance for expences: if partly from the town & partly from the country, then 300. Dol. a year to the former, and the same with an allowance of expences to the latter.\nMr. Madison, mr. Randolph & Th: Jefferson having consulted together on the preceding questions, with some shades of difference of opinion in the beginning, concurred ultimately & unanimously in the above answers.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-14-02-0417", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Hubbard Taylor, 16 March 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Taylor, Hubbard\nLetter not found. 16 March 1793. Acknowledged in Taylor to JM, 23 May 1793. Encloses newspapers and reports on the attempt during the recently adjourned congressional session to censure the secretary of the treasury\u2019s official conduct.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0001", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 24 March 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirAlexanda. Mar: 24: 93\nI wrote at Baltimore, but the letter being too late for the mail, I have suppressed it. It contained nothing of consequence. We arrived here to day (2 OC) and shall proceed to Colchester tonight. Our journey has been successful; tho\u2019 laborious for the horses. The roads bad generally from Head of Elk; on the North of Baltimore, and thence to George Town, excessively so. I am just told by Mr. R. B. Lee here, that Rutherford is elected, so is Griffin, Nicholas, & New. The other elections are unknown here. Yrs. always & affey.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0002", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, [25 March] 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nTh: Jefferson to J. Madison.[25 March 1793]\nThe idea seems to gain credit that the naval powers combining against France will prohibit supplies even of provisions to that country. Should this be formally notified I should suppose Congress would be called, because it is a justifiable cause of war, & as the Executive cannot decide the question of war on the affirmative side, neither ought it to do so on the negative side, by preventing the competent body from deliberating on the question. But I should hope that war would not be their choice. I think it will furnish us a happy opportunity of setting another precious example to the world, by shewing that nations may be brought to do justice by appeals to their interests as well as by appeals to arms. I should hope that Congress instead of a denunciation of war, would instantly exclude from our ports all the manufactures, produce, vessels & subjects of the nations committing this aggression, during the continuance of the aggression & till full satisfaction [be] made for it. This would work well in many ways, safely in all, & introduce between nations another umpire than arms. It would relieve us too from the risks & the horrors of cutting throats. The death of the king of France has not produced as open condemnations from the Monocrats as I expected. I dined the other day in a company where the subject was discussed. I will name the company in the order in which they manifested their partialities, beginning with the warmest Jacobinism & proceeding by shades to the most heartfelt aristocracy. Smith (N. Y.) Coxe. Stewart. T. Shippen. Bingham. Peters. Breck. Meredith. Wolcott. It is certain that the ladies of this city, of the first circle are all open-mouthed against the murderers of a sovereign, and they generally speak those sentiments which the more cautious husband smothers. I believe it is pretty certain that Smith (S. C.) and miss A. are not to come together. Ternant has at length openly hoisted the flag of monarchy by going into deep mourning for his prince. I suspect he thinks a cessation of his visits to me a necessary accompaniment to this pious duty. A connection between him & Hamilton seems to be springing up. On observing that Duer was secretary to the old board of treasury, I suspect him to have been the person who suggested to Hamilton the letter of mine to that board which he so tortured in his Catullus. Dunlap has refused to print the peice which we had heard of before your departure, and it has been several days in Bache\u2019s hands, without any notice of it. The President will leave this about the 27th. inst. & return about the 20th. of April. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0004", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 31 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nTh: J. to J. Madison.Philada. Mar. 31. 1793.\nNothing remarkeable this week. What was mentioned in my last respecting Bache\u2019s paper was on misinformation, there having been no proposition there. Yours of the 24th. from Alexandria is received. I inclose you the rough draught of a letter I wrote on a particular subject on which the person to whom it is addressed desired me to make a statement according to my view of it. He told me his object was perhaps to shew it to some friends whom he wished to satisfy as to the original destination of the 3. mill. of florins, and that he meant to revive this subject. I presume however he will not find my letter to answer his purpose. The President set out on the 24th. I have got off about one half my superfluous furniture already and shall get off the other half within two or three days to be shipped to Virginia: & shall in the course of the week get on the banks of the Schuylkill. Ham. has given up his house in Market Street & taken a large one in Arch. Street near 6th.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0005", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 31 March 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLetter not found. 31 March 1793, Orange. In his list of letters to Jefferson (DLC: Rives Collection, Madison Papers), JM noted that this letter, like that of 24 Mar., concerned \u201cElections in Virga.\u201d Received by Jefferson 9 Apr. (Jefferson\u2019s Epistolary Record [DLC: Jefferson Papers]).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0006", "content": "Title: From James Madison to the Minister of the Interior of the French Republic, April 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Roland, Jean Marie\nSirVirginia. April 1793\nI have recd. your letter of the 10th. of Octr. accompanying the decree of the National assembly of the 26. of Augst. last; which confers the title of French Citizen on several foreigners among whom I have the honor to be named.\nIn the catalogue of sublime truths and precious sentiments recorded in the revolution of France, none is more to be admired, than the renunciation of those prejudices which have perverted the artificial boundaries of nations into exclusions of the philanthropy which ought to cement the whole into one great family. The recitals of the Act which you communicate, contain the best comment on this great principle of humanity: and in proportion, as they speak the magnanimity of the French Nation, must claim the gratitude & affection of the Individuals so honorably adopted into her citizenship. For myself I feel these sentiments with all the force which that reflection can inspire; and I present them with peculiar satisfaction as a Citizen of the U. S. which have borne so signal a part towards banishing prejudices from the World & reclaiming the lost rights of Mankind; & whose public connection with France is endeared by the affinities of their mutual liberty, and the sensibility testified by the Citizens of each Country to every event interesting to the fortunes of the other.\nTo this tribute of respectful affection, I beg leave to add my anxious wishes for all the prosperity & glory to the French Nation which can accrue from an example corresponding with the dignified maxims they have established, and compleating the triumphs of Liberty, by a victory over the minds of all its adversaries.\nBe pleased, Sir, to accept acknowledgts. due to the sentiments you have personally expressed in transmittg. the public act with which you were charged.\nJ. M.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0007", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Ambrose Madison, 4 April 1793\nFrom: Madison, Ambrose\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter not found. 4 April 1793. Described as a one-page letter in the lists probably made by Peter Force (DLC, series 7, container 2).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0008", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 7 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nTh: J. to J. Madison.Philadelphia Apr. 7. 93.\nWe may now I believe give full credit to the accounts that war is declared between France & England. The latter having ordered Chauvelin to retire within eight days, the former seemed to consider it as too unquestionable an evidence of an intention to go to war, to let the advantage slip of her own readiness, & the unreadiness of England. Hence I presume the first declaration from France. A British packet is arrived. But as yet we learn nothing more than that she confirms the accounts of war being declared. Genest not yet arrived. An impeachment is ordered here against Nicholson their Comptroller general, by a vote almost unanimous of the house of Representatives. There is little doubt I am told but that much mala fides will appear: but E. R. thinks he has barricaded himself within the fences of the law. There is a good deal of connection between his man\u0153uvres & the accomodating spirit of the Treasury deptmt. of the US. so as to interest the impeachors not to spare the latter. Duer now threatens that, if he is not relieved by certain persons, he will lay open to the world such a scene of villainy as will strike it with astonishment. The papers I occasionally inclose you, be so good as to return, as they belong to my office. I move into the country tomorrow or next day. Adieu your\u2019s affectionately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0010", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 12 April 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirOrange April 12. 1793\nYour favor of the 31. Ult: and the preceding one without date have been received. The refusal of Dunlap in the case you mention confirms the idea of a combined influence against the freedom of the Press. If symtoms of a dangerous success in the experiment should shew themselves, it will be necessary before it be too late to convey to the public through the channels that remain open, an explicit statement of the fact and a proper warning of its tendency. In the mean time it is perhaps best to avoid any premature denunciations that might fix wavering or timid presses on the wrong side. You say that the subject of the 3 Mil. flos. is to be revived. Have you discovered in what mode; whether through the next Congs. or thro\u2019 the press; and if the latter, whether avowedly or anonymously. I suspect that the P. may not be satisfied with the aspect under which that and other parts of the fiscal administration have been left.\nAs far as I can learn, the people of this country continue to be united & firm in the political sentiments enpressed [sic] by their Reps. The reelection of all who were most decided in those sentiments is among the proofs of the fact. The only individual discontinued, is the one who dissented most from his colleagues. The vote at the election stood thus\u2014for R. 886\u2014S. 403\u2014W. 276. It is said that the singular vote on assuming the balances, gave the coup de grace to his popularity. We were told at Alexa. that if the member for that district had been opposed, his election wd. have failed; and at Fredg. that a notice of G\u2019s vote on the resolutions of censure had nearly turned the scale agst. him. I have seen & conversed with Mr. F. Walker. I think it impossible he can go otherwise than right. He tells me that I. Cole, and not Clay as in the Newspaper is elected for the Halifax District. Hancock, is the new member from the district adjoining Moore; & Preston for that beyond him. I fell in with Mr. Brackenridge on his way to Kentucky. He had adverted to Greenup\u2019s late vote with indignation and dropped threats of its effect on his future pretensions.\nThe sympathy with the fate of Louis has found its way pretty generally into the mass of our Citizens; but relating merely to the man & not to the Monarch, and being derived from the spurious accts. in the papers of his innocence and the bloodthirstyness of his enemies, I have not found a single instance in which a fair statement of the case, has not new modelled the sentiment. \u201cIf he was a Traytor, he ought to be punished as well as another man.\u201d This has been the language of so many plain men to me, that I am persuaded it will be found to express the universal sentiment whenever the truth shall be made known.\nOur fields continue to anticipate a luxuriant harvest. The greatest danger is apprehended from too rapid a vegetation under the present warm & moist weather. The night before last it received a small check from a smart frost. The thermometer was down at 37\u00b0 and we were alarmed for the fruit. It appears however that no harm was done. We have at present the most plentiful prospect of every kind of it.\nWill you be so good, in case an oppy. shd. offer to enquire of Docr. Logan as to the plows he was to have made & sent to Mrs. House\u2019s; and to repay there what may have been advanced for those & two or three other articles that were to be forwarded to Fredg. by water. I forgot to make the proper arrangements before I left Philada. Adieu Yrs. Affy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0012", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 15 April 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDr SirApl. 15. 93\nSince sealing the inclosed I have a letter from Mr. Jef\u2014son of Aprl. 7. He says war is certainly declared between Engd. & F. & inclosed a newspaper which gives the acct. The decln. commenced on the part of the latter, and seems to be grounded on its alledged actual existance on the part of the former. \u201cAn impeachment (says Mr. J.) is ordered here agst. Nicholson the Comptroller, by a vote almost unanimous of the H. of Reps. There is little doubt, I am told but that much mala fides will appear: but E. R. thinks he has barricaded himself within the fences of the law. There is a good deal of connection between his man\u0153uvres & the accomodating spirit of the Treasy. Dept. of the U. S. so as to interest the Impeachors not to spare the latter. Duer now threatens that if he is not relieved by certain persons; he will lay open to the world such a scene of villainy as will strike it with astonishment.\u201d I give you Mr. J.s own words that you may judge in what degree any part of them are confidential. Adieu\nJ. M. Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0013", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 28 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirPhiladelphia Apr. 28. 1793.\nYours of the 12th. inst. is received, and I will duly attend to your commission relative to the ploughs. We have had such constant deluges of rain & bad weather for some time past that I have not yet been able to go to Dr. Logan\u2019s to make the enquiries you desire, but I will do it soon. We expect mr. Genest here within a few days. It seems as if his arrival would furnish occasion for the people to testify their affections without respect to the cold caution of their government. Would you suppose it possible that it should have been seriously proposed to declare our treaties with France void on the authority of an ill-understood scrap in Vattel 2.\u00a7.197. (\u2018toutefois si ce changement &c\u2014gouvernement\u2019) and that it should be necessary to discuss it? Cases are now arising which will embarras us a little till the line of neutrality be fairly understood by ourselves, & the belligerant parties. A French frigate is now bringing here, as we are told, prizes which left this but 2. or 3. days before. Shall we permit her to sell them? The treaty does not say we shall, and it says we shall not permit the like to England? Shall we permit France to fit out privateers here? The treaty does not stipulate that we shall, tho\u2019 it says we shall not permit the English to do it. I fear that a fair neutrality will prove a disagreeable pill to our friends, tho\u2019 necessary to keep us out of the calamities of a war. Adieu, my dear Sir. Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0014", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 29 April 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLetter not found. 29 April 1793, Orange. Acknowledged in Jefferson to JM, 13 May 1793. In his list of letters to Jefferson (DLC: Rives Collection, Madison Papers), JM noted that this letter concerned \u201cpolitical sentiments of Va.\u201d Received by Jefferson 8 May (Jefferson\u2019s Epistolary Record [DLC: Jefferson Papers]).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0015", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 5 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nTh: J. to J. Madison.May. 5. 93.\nNo letter from you since that of Apr. 12. I received one from mr. Pinckney yesterday informing me he expected to send me by the next ship a model of the threshing mill. He had been to see one work, which with 2. horses got out 8. bushels of wheat an hour. But he was assured that the mill from which my model was taken get outs [sic] 8 quarters (i.e 64 bushels) of oats an hour with 4. horses. I have seen Dr. Logan. Your ploughs will be done in a week & shall be attended to. Seal & forward Monroe\u2019s letter after reading it. Adieu. Your\u2019s affectly.\nP. S. I inclose a Boston paper as a proof of what I mention to Monroe of the spirit which is rising. The old tories have their names now raked up again; & I believe if the author of \u2018Plain truth\u2019 was now to be charged with that pamphlet, this put along side of his present Anglomany would decide the voice of the yeomanry of the country on his subject.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0018", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Dawson, 13 May 1793\nFrom: Dawson, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir!May 13. 1793.\nOur correspondence has been discont[in]ued for some time, much against my wish.\nOn Friday last Citizen Gennet passd this place on his way to Philadelphia. He appears to me to be a man possessd of much information, added to the most engageing & agreeable manners that I ever saw. He is very easy, communicative & dignified & will precisely suit the taste of our countrymen. All who have seen him are delighted, & if I mistake not he will do much honour to the republic he represents, & will soon throw Hammond, Vanberkle & Co far behind him.\nWe have an account this Morning from Norfolk, which is said to come by an American ship from London\u2014which I most sincerely hope is not true, tho I fear much\u2014\u201cthat there has been a violent mob in Paris, & have put to death Petion, Condorset, Monvel & several others.\u201d With much esteem Yr. friend & Sert\nJ Dawson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0019", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, [13 May] 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nTh: J. to J. Mad.[13 May 1793]\nI wrote you on the 5th. covering an open letter to Colo. Monroe. Since that I have received yours of Apr. 29. We are going on here in the same spirit still. The Anglophobia has seised violently on three members of our council. This sets almost every day on questions of neutrality. H. produced the other day the draught of a letter from himself to the Collectors of the customs, giving them in charge to watch over all proceedings in their districts contrary to the laws of neutrality or tending to infract our peace with the belligerent powers, and particularly to observe if vessels pierced for guns should be built, and to inform him of it. This was objected to 1. as setting up a system of espionage, destructive of the peace of society. 2. transferring to the Treasury departmt. the conservation of the laws of neutrality & our peace with foreign nations. 3. it was rather proposed to intimate to the judges that the laws respecting neutrality being now come into activity, they should charge the grand juries with the observance of them; these being constitutional & public informers, & the persons accused knowing of what they should do, & having an opportunity of justifying themselves. E. R. found out a hair to split, which, as always happens, became the decision. H. is to write to the collectors of the customs, who are to convey their information to the Attornies of the districts, to whom E. R. is to write to receive their information & proceed by indictment. The clause respecting the building vessels pierced for guns was omitted. For tho\u2019 3. against 1. thought it would be a breach of neutrality, yet they thought we might defer giving a public opinion on it as yet. Every thing my dear Sir, now hangs on the opinion of a single person, & that the most indecisive one I ever had to do business with. He always contrives to agree in principle with one, but in conclusion with the other. Anglophobia, secret Antigallomany, a federalisme outr\u00e9e, and a present ease in his circumstances not natural, have decided the complexion of our dispositions, and our proceedings towards the Conspirators against human liberty & the Assertors of it, which is unjustifiable in principle, in interest, and in respect to the wishes of our constituents. A manly neutrality, claiming the liberal rights ascribed to that condition by the very powers at war, was the part we should have taken, & would I believe have given satisfaction to our allies. If any thing prevents it\u2019s being a mere English neutrality, it will be that the penchant of the P. is not that way, and above all, the ardent spirit of our constituents. The line is now drawing so clearly as to shew, on one side, 1. the fashionable circles of Phila., N. York, Boston & Charleston (natural aristocrats), 2. merchants trading on British capitals. 3. paper men, (all the old tories are found in some one of these three descriptions) on the other side are 1. merchants trading on their own capitals. 2. Irish merchants. 3. tradesmen, mechanics, farmers & every other possible description of our citizens. Genest is not yet arrived tho\u2019 hourly expected. I have just heard that the workmen I had desired from Europe were engaged & about to embark. Another strong motive for making me uneasy here. Adieu my dear Sir.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0020", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 18 May 1793\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirAlbemarle May 18. 1793.\nI have just returned home from an attendance on the courts at Fredbg & Richmond & promise myself repose at least for a short time. I called on Colo. Taylor from whom I enclose you a letter. I found he had been very busily employed upon some subjects of an interesting nature since he reached home. He has written near 60. (56. I believe) folio pages upon the subject of the bank and the funds in which I found many useful & judicious observations addressed in his humorous style concluding in the sentimt. that the bank shod. be demolished & proprietors of the latter excluded from the publick councils. His idea is that it be published in a pamphlet & abt. the commencement of the next session. I think it may be much curtailed & in some instances strengthen\u2019d\u2014he proposes to forward it to you as soon as transcribed for that purpose. It has been revised by Mr. Pendleton & approved. He says that altho\u2019 the old gentn. was right in the outline of his politicks yet he had no idea of the extent to which things had been hurried, or of the turpitude which had obtained in the publick councils.\nI saw Giles and Parker in Richmond. They were in spirits & inculcating doctrines to wh. that loyal city seemed a stranger. Mr Dawson I think their only associate in sentiment.\nI have heard nothing from Phila. except a line from Mr. Beck[le]y, nor have I seen the piece left behind. I cod. wish Taylor had, or might yet be possessed, of a copy, before his escapes him, as it is precisely on the same subject & terminating in the same result\u2014only his more copious & comprehensive. Mr. Beckley says he has sent a packet for you covering some of the copies for us both.\nI found Mrs. M. & child well. We are preparing our lower office, plaistering &ca for our accomodation that the upper may be appropriated to our friends. In a few days we hope to have this accomplished. We hope soon for the pleasure of yr. company. We shall be quite in retirement, unvisited I believe by any one unless Mr. Jones shod. call on his return, so that we hope you will come up shortly.\nPeter will bring the articles at yr. house; and likewise some [of?] Wilsons if arrived. Our best respects to the fam\u27e8il\u27e9y. Sincerely I am yr. friend & s\u27e8ervt.\u27e9\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0021", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 19 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nTh: J. to J. Mad.Phila. May 19. 1793.\nI wrote you last on the 13th. Since that I have received yours of the 8th. I have scribbled on a separate paper some general notes on the plan of a house you inclosed. I have done more. I have endeavored to throw the same area, the same extent of walls, the same number of rooms, & of the same sizes, into another form so as to offer a choice to the builder. Indeed I varied my plan by shewing what it would be with alcove bedrooms, to which I am much attached. I dare say you will have judged from the pusillanimity of the proclamation, from whose pen it came. A fear lest any affection should be discovered is distinguishable enough. This base fear will produce the very evil they wish to avoid: for our constituents seeing that the government does not express their mind, perhaps rather leans the other way, are coming forward to express it themselves. It was suspected that there was not a clear mind in the P\u2019s consellors to receive Genet. The citizens however determined to recieve him. Arrangements were taken for meeting him at Gray\u2019s ferry in a great body. He escaped that by arriving in town with the letters which brought information that he was on the road. The merchants i.e. Fitzsimmons & co. were to present an address to the P. on the neutrality proclaimed. It contained much wisdom but no affection. You will see it in the papers inclosed. The citizens determined to address Genet. Rittenhouse, Hutcheson, Dallas, Sargeant &c were at the head of it. Tho a select body of only 30. was appointed to present it, yet a vast concourse of the people attended them. I have not seen it: but it is understood to be the counteraddress. Ternant\u2019s hopes of employment in the French army turn out to be without grounds. He is told by the minister of war expressly that the places of Marechal de camp are all full. He thinks it more prudent therefore to remain in America. He delivered yesterday his letters of recall, & mr. Genet presented his of credence. It is impossible for any thing to be more affectionate, more magnanimous than the purport of his mission. \u2018We know that under present circumstances we have a right to call upon your [sic] for the guarantee of our islands. But we do not desire it. We wish you to do nothing but what is for your own good, and we will do all in our power to promote it. Cherish your own peace & prosperity. You have expressed a willingness to enter into a more liberal treaty of commerce with us; I bring full powers (& he produced them) to form such a treaty, and a preliminary decree of the National convention to lay open our country & it\u2019s colonies to you for every purpose of utility, without your participating the burthens of maintaining & defending them. We see in you the only persons on earth who can love us sincerely & merit to be so loved.\u2019 In short he offers every thing & asks nothing. Yet I know the offers will be opposed, & suspect they will not be accepted. In short, my dear Sir, it is impossible for you to concieve what is passing in our conclave: and it is evident that one or two at least, under pretence of avoiding war on the one side have no great antipathy to run foul of it on the other, and to make a part in the confederacy of princes against human liberty. The people in the Western parts of this state have been to the excise officer & threatened to burn his house &c. They were blacked & otherwise disguised so as to be unknown. He has resigned, & H. says there is no possibility of getting the law executed there, & that probably the evil will spread. A proclamation is to be issued, and another instance of my being forced to appear to approve what I have condemned uniformly from it\u2019s first conception. I expect every day to receive from mr. Pinckney the model of the Scotch threshing machine. It was to have come in a ship which arrived 3. weeks ago, but the workman had not quite finished it. Mr. P. writes me word that the machine from which my model is taken threshes 8. quarters (64. bushels) of oats an hour, with 4. horses & 4. men. I hope to get it in time to have one erected at Monticello to clean out the present crop. I inclose you the pamphlet you desired. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0022", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Hubbard Taylor, 23 May 1793\nFrom: Taylor, Hubbard\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirClarke County 23d May 1793\nYour last of the 16th. March was handed me by Colo. Orr. I am much obliged to you for the papers inclosed. I am sorry to find the necessaty of calling the conduct of so high an officer as the Secretary of the Treasury into question: but at the same time am very happy to find such strict enquiry and examination of Matters so important to the publick good.\nIndian Affairs are in my opinion in a very bad way, little benifit will result either from the treaty or Army this year. I am well pursuaded that but a small proportion of the Indian tribes will attend the treaty, and while we are feasting a few at the expence of the U. States they will have parties commiting the most barbarous massacres on our defenceless inhabitants. God only knows when we are to be free\u2019d from them by the present mode of Conducting Military matters.\nI long much to hear some thing respecting the trade of the Mississippi the time draws on that great quanti[ti]es of Tobo., Flour, Beef, pork, Hemp, &c will be for market. Improvements in this Country is almost beyond conception, both as to society and agriculture as well as an increase of Inhabitants the latter of which has been considerable the fall & Spring past\u2014which has occationed the Lands in the interior parts of the Country to sell high unimproved Lands frequently from \u00a375 to \u00a3100 \u214c 100 Acres, those improved from 25/ to 40/\u2013 \u214c acre. You may Judge from this what our Country would soon be if the Indians was at peace, the Mississippi open, & the titles to our Lands adjusted; if I live to see all those take place, I shall behold the happiest & richest Country in the world: But the want of either of these three obje[c]ts will operate greatly to lessen the advantages dependant on the other two.\nOur Court of appeals has now begun to do business\u2014and I beleave from what I can learn will give pretty general Satisfaction. I have not a copy of the Rules by me or wd. inclose them, if I should procure them before the bear[e]r of this Letter sets out will send them. Our papers generally contain nothing of consequence but what comes through the Atlantic States\u2014and being too often filled with personal abuse renders them not worth sending a distance. Our relations both in Jefferson and this quarter are all well, and are geting themselves well fixed with good little farms Comfortable Houses & plentifull Stocks, which are necessary appendages for an agreable life.\nYou will be pleased to remember me to all yr Fathers & brothers Famil[i]es in which Clary beg leave to Join. And beleave me to be at all times Dr. Sir Yr sincere & Affe: hble sert:\nH. Taylor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0023", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 27 May 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirMay 27. 1793\nI have recd. your letter with the unsealed one for Monroe & have forwarded the latter. Your subsequent one, which I calculate to have been written on the 12th. inst: came to hand two days ago. I feel for your situation but you must bear it. Every consideration private as well as public require a further sacrifice of your longings for the repose of Monticello. You must not make your final exit from public life till it will be marked with justifying circumstances which all good citizens will respect, & to which your friends can appeal. At the present crisis, what would the former think, what could the latter say? The real motives, whatever they might be would either not be admitted or could not be explained; and if they should be viewed as satisfactory at a future day, the intermediate effects would not be lessened & could not be compensated. I am anxious to see what reception Genest will find in Philada. I hear that the fiscal party in Alexa. was an overmatch for those who wished to testify the American sentiment. George Town it is said repaired the omission. A public dinner was intended for him at Fredericksburg, but he passed with such rapidity that the compliment miscarried. It would not be amiss, if a knowledge of this could be in a proper mode get to him. I think it certain that he will be misled if he takes either the fashionable cant of the Cities or the cold caution of the Govt. for the sense of the public; and I am equally persuaded that nothing but the habit of implicit respect will save the Executive from blame if thro\u2019 the mask of Neutrality, a secret Anglomany should betray itself. I forgot when I requested your attention to my plows to ask the favor of you to pay for them, & to let me know the amount of your several advances. Yours always & affy.\nJs. Madison Jr\nThe plows are to be consigned to the care of Mr. Jno. Anderson Mercht: Fredg. Billy at Mrs. Houses was charged to look out for the first Vessel that offers. If the Newspapers shd. present one to your eye be so good as to let him have notice that he put them on board.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0024", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 27 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nI wrote you last on the 19th. The doubts I then entertained that the offers from the Fr. rep. would be declined, will pretty certainly be realized. One person represents them as a snare into which he hopes we shall not fall. His second of the same sentiment of course. He whose vote for the most part, or say always, is casting, has by two or three private conversations or rather disputes with me, shewn his opinion to be against doing what would be a mark of predilection to one of the parties, tho not a breach of neutrality in form. And an opinion of still more importance is still in the same way. I do not know what line will be adopted: but probably a procrastination, which will be immediately seen through. You will see in the papers two blind stories, the one that DuMourier is gone over to the Austrians; the other that he has cut to peices 10,000 Prussians, & among them the K. of Prussia & D. of Brunswick. The latter has come through another channel, placing Custin\u00e9 instead of DuMourier, & sayg nothing of the K. & Duke. But no attention is paid to either story. We want an intelligent prudent native, who will go to reside at N. Orleans as a secret correspondent, for 1000. D. a year. He might do a little business, merely to cover his real office. Do point out such a one. Virginia ought to offer more loungers equal to this & ready for it, than any other state. Adieu. Yours affectionately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0025", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 29 May 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirOrange May 29. 93.\nI wrote you two or three days ago with an inclosure of Newspapers &c since which I have been favored with yours of the 19th. I thank you for the plans & observations which far exceeded the trouble I meant to give you. The sentiments expressed by Genest would be of infinite service at this crisis. As a regular publication of them cannot be expected till the meeting of Congress, if then, it were to be wished they could in some other mode make their way to the press. If he expressed the substance of them in his verbal answer to the address, or announces them in open conversation, the Printers might surely hand them to the public. The affection to France in h\u27e8er st\u27e9ruggles for liberty would not only be increased by a knowledge that she does not wish us to go to war; but prudence would give its sanction to a bolder enunciation of the popular sentiment. I inclose a letter to the French Minister of the Interior which has been written some time. I pray you to look it over with an eye to every proper consideration, and if you find a particle in it wrong or doubtful not to seal & forward it, till I have an opportunity of makg. the requisite variations. I hope your model of the Threshing Machine is by this time arrived & answerable to expectation. You will have much use for it if your harvest should turn out according to the promises of our fields in this quarter. Wheat was never known to be more uniformly excellent. Adieu. Yrs. always & affy.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0026", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 2 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nI wrote you on the 27th. Ult. You have seen in the papers that some privateers have been fitted out in Charleston by French citizens, with their own money, manned by themselves, & regularly commissioned by their nation. They have taken several prizes & brought them into our ports. Some native citizens had joined them. These are arrested & under prosecution, & orders are sent to all the ports to prevent the equipping privateers by any persons foreign or native. So far is right. But the vessels so equipped at Charleston are ordered to leave the ports of the US. This I think was not right. Hammond demanded further a surrender of the prizes they had taken. This is refused, on the principle that by the laws of war the property is transferred to the captors. You will see, in a paper I inclose, DuMourier\u2019s address to his nation, & also Saxe Cobourg\u2019s. I am glad to see a probability that the constitution of 1791. would be the term at which the combined powers would stop. Consequently that the reestablishment of that is the worst the French have to fear. I am also glad to see that the combiners adopt the slow process of nibbling at the strong posts on the frontiers. This will give to France a great deal of time. The thing which gives me uneasiness is their internal combustion. This may by famine be rendered extreme. E. R. sets out, the day after tomorrow, for Virginia. I have no doubt he is charged to bring back a faithful statement of the dispositions of that state. I wish therefore he may fall into hands which will not deceive him. Have you time & the means of impressing Wilson Nicholas, (who will be much with E. R.) with the necessity of giving him a strong & perfect understanding of the public mind? Considering that this journey may strengthen his nerves, and dispose him more favorably to the proposition of a treaty between the two republics, knowing that in this moment the division on that question is 4. to 1. & that the last news has no tendency to proselyte any of the majority, I have myself proposed to refer taking up the question till his return. There is too at this time a lowering disposition perceivable both in England & Spain. The former keeps herself aloof & in a state of incommunication with us, except in the way of demand. The latter has not begun auspiciously with C. & S. at Madrid, and has lately sent 1500. men to N. Orleans, and greatly strengthened her upper posts on the Missisipi. I think it more probable than otherwise that Congress will be convened before the constitutional day. About the last of July this may be known. I should myself wish to keep their meeting off to the beginng of October, if affairs will permit it. The invasion of the Creeks is what will most likely occasion it\u2019s convocation. You will see mrs. House\u2019s death mentioned in the papers. She extinguished almost like a candle. I have not seen mrs. Trist since, but I am told she means to give up the house immediately, & that she has suffered great loss in her own fortune by exertions hitherto to support it. Browse is not returned, nor has been heard of for some time. Bartram is extremely anxious to get a large supply of seeds of the Kentucky coffee tree. I told him I would use all my interest with you to obtain it, as I think I heard you say that some neighbor of yours had a large number of the trees. Be so good as to take measures for bringing a good quantity if possible to Bartram when you come to Congress. Adieu. Yours affectionately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0027", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 9 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nI have to acknolege the receipt of your two favors of May 27. & 29. since the date of my last which was of the 2d. inst. In that of the 27th. you say \u2018you must not make your final exit from public life till it will be marked with justifying circumstances which all good citizens will respect, & to which your friends can appeal.\u2019 To my fellow-citizens the debt of service has been fully & faithfully paid. I acknolege that such a debt exists: that a tour of duty, in whatever line he can be most useful to his country, is due from every individual. It is not easy perhaps to say of what length exactly this tour should be. But we may safely say of what length it should not be. Not of our whole life, for instance, for that would be to be born a slave. Not even of a very large portion of it. I have now been in the public service four & twenty years; one half of which has been spent in total occupation with their affairs, & absence from my own. I have served my tour then. No positive engagement, by word or deed, binds me to their further service. No commitment of their interests in any enterprize by me requires that I should see them through it. I am pledged by no act which gives any tribunal a call upon me before I withdraw. Even my enemies do not pretend this. I stand clear then of public right in all points. My friends I have not committed. No circumstances have attended my passage from office to office, which could lead them, & others through them, into deception as to the time I might remain; & particularly they & all have known with what reluctance I engaged & have continued in the present one, & of my uniform determination to retire from it at an early day. If the public then has no claim on me, & my friends nothing to justify, the decision will rest on my own feelings alone. There has been a time when these were very different from what they are now: when perhaps the esteem of the world was of higher value in my eye than every thing in it. But age, experience & reflection, preserving to that only it\u2019s due value, have set a higher on tranquility. The motion of my blood no longer keeps time with the tumult of the world. It leads me to seek for happiness in the lap and love of my family, in the society of my neighbors & my books, in the wholesome occupations of my farm & my affairs, in an interest or affection in every bud that opens, in every breath that blows around me, in an entire freedom of rest or motion, of thought or incogitancy, owing account to myself alone of my hours & actions. What must be the principle of that calculation which should balance against these the circumstances of my present existence! Worn down with labours from morning till night, & day to day; knowing them as fruitless to others as they are vexatious to myself, committed singly in desperate & eternal contest against a host who are systematically undermining the public liberty & prosperity, even the rare hours of relaxation sacrificed to the society of persons in the same intentions, of whose hatred I am conscious even in those moments of conviviality when the heart wishes most to open itself to the effusions of friendship & confidence, cut off from my family & friends, my affairs abandoned to chaos & derangement, in short giving every thing I love, in exchange for every thing I hate, and all this without a single gratification in possession or prospect, in present enjoyment or future wish. Indeed my dear friend, duty being out of the question, inclination cuts of[f] all argument, & so never let there be more between you & me, on this subject.\nI inclose you some papers which have passed on the subject of a new loan. You will see by them that the paper-Coryph\u00e6us is either undaunted, or desperate. I believe that the statement inclosed has secured a decision against his proposition. I dined yesterday in a company where Morris & Bingham were, & happened to set between them. In the course of a conversation after a dinner Morris made one of his warm declarations that, after the expiration of his present Senatorial term, nothing on earth should ever engage him to serve again in any public capacity. He did this with such solemnity as renders it impossible he should not be in earnest. The President is not well. Little lingering fevers have been hanging about him for a week or ten days, and have affected his looks most remarkeably. He is also extremely affected by the attacks made & kept up on him in the public papers. I think he feels those things more than any person I ever yet met with. I am sincerely sorry to see them. I remember an observation of yours, made when I first went to New York, that the satellites & sycophants which surrounded him had wound up the ceremonials of the government to a pitch of stateliness which nothing but his personal character could have supported, & which no character after him could ever maintain. It appears now that even his will be insufficient to justify them in the appeal of the times to common sense as the arbiter of every thing. Naked he would have been sanctimoniously reverenced. But inveloped in the rags of royalty, they can hardly be torn off without laceration. It is the more unfortunate that this attack is planted on popular ground, on the love of the people to France & it\u2019s cause, which is universal. Genet mentions freely enough in conversation that France does not wish to involve us in the war by our guarantee. The information from St. Domingo & Martinique is that those two islands are disposed & able to resist any attack which Great Britain can make on them by land. A blockade would be dangerous, could it be maintained in that climate for any length of time. I delivered to Genet your letter to Roland. As the latter is out of office, he will direct it to the Minister of the Interior. I found every syllable of it strictly proper. Your ploughs shall be duly attended to. Have you ever taken notice of Tull\u2019s horse-houghing plough? I am persuaded that that, where you wish your work to be very exact, & our great plough where a less degree will suffice, leave us nothing to wish for from other countries as to ploughs, under our circumstances. I have not yet received my threshing machine. I fear the late long & heavy rains must have extended to us, & affected our wheat. Adieu. Your\u2019s affectionately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0028", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 13 June 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear SirOrange June 13. 93.\nMy last was of the 27 May. It inclosed among other things a letter to the French Ministre de l\u2019Interieur, in answer to one inclosing a Decree of the Nat: Assemb. On the propriety of the answer I wished your freest judgment; and as the sending one at all may be rendered by events improper, I must request the favor of you not to forward the letter, if intelligence should confirm such to be the State of things that it would be totally mal-apropos there. Provided it be proper there, and consequently proper in itself, I shall not trouble myself about any comments which the publication attending all such things, may produce here. The letter preceding my last as well as the last, contained some other papers which I wish to know have been reced.\nYour two last favors were of May 27. & June 2. The latter confirms the apostacy of Dumourier, but relieves us from the more alarming account of his being supported in it by the army. Still however much is to be dreaded from the general posture of things. Should they take a turn decidedly wrong, I fear little regard will be paid to the limited object avowed by the Austrian General in his first proclamation. In fact if the plan of Dumourier had succeeded, it is probable that under the clause of the Proclamation relating to an amendment of imperfections in the Constitution of 1791 the form of the national sanction would have been obtained, as in the Restoration of Charles II, to whatever establishment military despotism might please to dictate. The only hope of France, next to the success of her own efforts, seems to lie in the number of discordant views of her combined enemies.\nI observe that the Newspapers continue to criticise the President\u2019s proclamation; and I find that some of the criticisms excite the attention of dispassionate & judicious individuals here. I have heard it remarked by such with some surprise that the P. should have declared the U. S. to be neutral in the unqualified terms used, when we were so notoriously & unequivocally under eventual engagements to defend the American possessions of F. I have heard it remarked also that the impartiality enjoined on the people was as little reconciliable with their moral obligations, as the unconditional neutrality proclaimed by the Government is with the express articles of the Treaty. It has been asked also whether the Authority of the Executive extended by any part of the Constitution to a declaration of the Disposition of the U. S. on the subject of war & peace? I have been mortified that on these points I could offer no bona fide explanations that ought to be satisfactory. On the last point I must own my surprise that such a prerogative should have been exercised. Perhaps I may have not attended to some part of the Constitution with sufficient care, or may have misapprehended its meaning: But, as I have always supposed & still conceive, a proclamation on the subject could not properly go beyond a declaration of the fact that the U. S. were at war or peace, and an enjunction of a suitable conduct on the Citizens. The right to decide the question whether the duty & interest of the U. S. require war or peace under any given circumstances, and whether their disposition be towards the one or the other seems to be essentially & exclusively involved in the right vested in the Legislature, of declaring war in time of peace; and in the P. & S. of making peace in time of war. Did no such view of the subject present itself in the discussions of the Cabinet? I am extremely afraid that the P. may not be sufficiently aware of the snares that may be laid for his good intentions by men whose politics at bottom are very different from his own. An assumption of prerogatives not clearly found in the Constitution & having the appearance of being copied from a Monarchical model, will beget animadversion equally mortifying to him, & disadvantageous to the Government. Whilst animadversions of this sort can be plausibly ascribed to the spirit of party, the force of them may not be felt. But all his real friends will be anxious that his public conduct may bear the strictest scrutiny of future times as well as of the present day: and all such friends of the Constitution will be doubly pained at infractions of it under auspices that may consecrate the evil till it be incurable.\nIt will not be in my power to take the step with the Friend of our Friend, which you recommend. It is probable too that it would be either unnecessary or without effect. If the complexion of the former be such as is presumed, he will fairly state the truth & that alone is wanted. If, as I deem not impossible, his complexion be a little different from the general belief, there would be more harm than good in the attempt. The great danger of misconstruing the sentiment of Virginia with regard to Liberty & France is from the heretical tone of conversation in the Towns on the post-road. The voice of the Country is universally and warmly right. If the popular disposition could be collected & carried into effect, a most important use might be made of it in obtaining contributions of the necessaries called for by the danger of famine in France. Unfortunately the disaffection of the Towns which alone could give effect to a plan for the purpose, locks up the public gratitude & beneficence.\nOur fine prospects in the wheat fields have been severely injured by the weather for some time past. A warm & moist spring had pushed the wheat into rather a luxuriant state. It had got safe into the head however, and with tolerable weather would have ripened into a most exuberant crop. Just as the grain was in a milky state, the weather became wetter than ever, and has continued raining or cloudy almost constantly since. This has brought on a little of the rust, and pretty universally in this quarter a decay of the ear called the Rot. Should the weather be ever so favorable henceforward, a considerable proportion will be lost: And if unfavorable, the loss may be almost entire. We are at this moment both excessively wet & hot. The forwardest wheat is turning fast & may be nearly safe. The generality is not sufficiently advanced to be out of danger of future or beyond the effect of past causes.\nThe (Kentucky) Coffee Trees in this Neighbourhood are all too young to bear for some years. I will do all I can to get the seed for Bartram from Kentucky as soon as possible. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0031", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 17 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter not found. 17 June 1793. Mentioned in Jefferson to JM, 23 June: \u201cMy last was of the 17th. if I may reckon a single line any thing.\u201d Acknowledged in JM to Jefferson, 29 June: \u201cYour last was of the 17th. inst: & covered one paper of the 12th.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0032", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 19 June 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirOrange June 19. 1793.\nThe date of my last was the 17th. It acknowledged yours of the 9th. instant. Our harvest commenced today. It will turn out I think far beyond expectation. On one of two little farms I own, which I have just surveyed, the crop is not sensibly injured by either the rot or the rust, and will yield 30 or 40 perCt. more than would be a good crop in ordinary years. This farm is on the Mountain Soil. The other is on a vein of limestone and will be less productive, having suffered a little both from the rot & the rust. My father\u2019s & brother\u2019s crops will not be inferior to mine. From these samples, and those of the neighbourhood generally as far as I am informed, the alarm which has of late prevailed is greater than the calamity. I have not heard from the neighbourhood of Monticello, but can not doubt that its situation ensures it an equal fortune with the similar one here. The weather at present is extremely favorable for the harvest, being dry. It is the reverse however for the laborers, being excessively hot. The Thermometer at this moment (4 OC. P. M.) is up at 96\u00b0.\nEvery Gazette I see (excerpt [sic] that of the U. S.) exhibits a spirit of criticism on the anglified complexion charged on the Executive politics. I regret extremely the position into which the P. has been thrown. The unpopular cause of Anglomany is openly laying claim to him. His enemies masking themselves under the popular cause of France are playing off the most tremendous batteries on him. The proclamation was in truth a most unfortunate error. It wounds the National honor, by seeming to disregard the stipulated duties to France. It wounds the popular feelings by a seeming indifference to the cause of liberty. And it seems to violate the forms & spirit of the Constitution, by making the executive Magistrate the organ of the disposition the duty & the interest of the Nation in relation to war & peace, subjects appropriated to other departments of the Government. It is mortifying to the real friends of the P. that his fame & his influence should have been unnecessarily made to depend in any degree on political events in a foreign quarter of the Globe: and particularly so that he should have any thing to apprehend from the success of liberty in another country, since he owes his preeminence to the success of it in his own. If France triumphs the ill-fated proclamation will be a mill-stone, which would sink any other character, and will force a struggle even on his.\nYour plan is much approved & will be adopted by my brother. I find I was misunderstood in my enquiry as to the proper width of the Portico: I did not mean the proportion it ought to bear to the side of the House to which it is attached: but the interval between the columns & the side of the House; or the distance which the Pediment ought to project. If there be any fixt rule on this subject, I will thank you to intimate it in your next. Yrs. always & affey.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0033", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Taylor, 20 June 1793\nFrom: Taylor, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirCaroline June 20. 1793\nIn coming from Philadelphia, alone, and meditative, after Congress had risen, the occurrences which had trodden on each others heels, in too rapid succession for much reflection during the session, began to pass muster in my mind, and to peice themselves together, so as to exhibit an unity of design. Connecting these with several important laws of the union, a variety of fantasies were engendered between them, some of which, like youthful dreams, made such an impression [on] me, that I have employed the few intervals of leisure which have occured, in writing them down. And they are now presented to you.\nSeveral ideas and arguments, which I thought it adviseable to impress, are repeated. The impropriety of repetitions was not forgotten, but it was remembered that the performance was pro tempora\u2014Oh tempora!\nThe plagiarisms are few, and chiefly from myself. There is neither title or dedication. When the work was finished, I felt myself ready to exclaim, as Quin did on seeing a person ridiculously attired\u2014\n\u201cAngels & ministers of grace defend us!\nBe thou a spirit of grace or goblin damned,\nBring with the[e] airs from heaven or blasts from hell,\nBe thy intents wicked or charitable,\nThou comest in such a questionable shape,\nThat I will speak to thee. I\u2019ll call thee\u2014\nBy G\u2014d I don\u2019t know what to call thee.\u201d\nSome of my friends must therefore stand godfather to the brat, and baptize it, either with the holy ghost\u2014or with fire.\nAnd if Brutus could surmount a natural affection for his offspring of flesh and blood, so as calmly to behold the axe do its office, when the good of the commonwealth required it; doubt not but that my amor patri\u00e6, can in humble imitation of his Example, attain apathy enough towards mine of ink and paper, to bear with great composure its contorsions in the flames.\nHaving no private object in view, and knowing how much better you can judge of the publick good\u2014besides you are impartial\u2014I pray you to arrest without reserve this mischief\u2014if it be a mischief. In this event, the only reprieve I will ask for it, is, that you will return it to me, to undergo perpetual imprisonment, by way of refining upon its punishment.\nAnd if it is reclaimable by correction\u2014correct it.\nShould you approve of the production, ought it to appear in a pamp[h]let or in the newspapers. The latter are meer ephemere, and tho\u2019 containing merit, read & forgotten. The best political essays being often supposed to proceed from the printers in a course of trade. Besides the sphere of their circulation is circumscribed.\nOr would it be proper to print it in phila., to be distributed either among the state assemblies at their fall meeting, or at the opening of the next Congress. In the latter case, to make a direct impression on the members of Congress; in the first, to subjoin the influence of their constituents.\nThe repeal of the bank law, and some emendations of the constitution, are the only fruits, to be expected from any such impression, and therefore it seems to me, that on the very meeting of the next Congress, a firm and bold attempt should be made to gather them.\nEven a disapointment will not frustrate every use of such an attempt. It will operate as a check\u2014gain time for new elections\u2014and alarm the publick mind into a discussion of principles.\nIf the performance is adjudged worthy of being printed in a pamp[h]let, I submit it to you, whether it ought not to be done in the cheapest stile, for the sake of circulation, for it will hardly have merit enough to circulate itself.\nBut how is it to get printed? I would expend fifty dollars for my share, in that way, or more, if I ought.\nI have not written to Mr: Jefferson, because a justification for wasting any portion of his time did not present itself. But if you have an opportunity, the production may be laid before him, and I hereby invest him with a power over it, coextensive with your own.\nI would also wish Colo. Monroe to see it. And altho\u2019 it has been out of my power to prevent its being known here, that I have been writing something, it is my wish that no one else should be told what that something is.\nIf you could have been a week here, and the work is capable of being turned to any use, how useful might it have been made? Indeed you may yet give it great value, if you please. It begins and ends with a blank sheet.\nMr: Pendleton approves of its doctrines, and recommends its publication.\nThrough Randolph, whom I have not seen, I learn that the President believes, that the Virga. interest as it is called, designs to attack him, and that it gives him great unneasiness. Of what individuals he supposes the interest to be compounded, I know not. However this idea, with the comments on his conduct in the papers\u2014the addressing arts\u2014and the cunning insinuation, that the republicans mean to intimidate him, correspond to inlist him in a party. I am not so conversant in cabinet affairs, as to form even a conjecture, touching his reclaimability from this error, or whether a well manufactured dedication to him, would operate towards that object?\nI am convinced from the same source, that no impression unfavourable to the se\u2014\u2014y of the treasury, was made last winter, on the president\u2019s mind. R informed Mr: Pendleton, that the President thought him an honest man, and he brought & presented to him all Hamilton\u2019s reports, bound up in one book.\nBesides, in the case touching the suability of a state, page 20. the attorney concludes his argument with these very extraordinary, and unnecessary expressions. \u201cThe states need not fear an assault from bold ambition, or any approaches of covered stratagem.\u201d I consider him as the best thermometer by which to measure the president\u2019s opinions at present.\nBut to return to this same production. Let me ask, whether political rectitude will not suffer me to with: draw from the political world? If I can earn my wages, they are earned. My bolt is shot. If the publick good should be advanced by it, my discharge is demandable on the score of Service\u2014if not, it will be due on the score of insufficiency. Cannot you think of some other as sharp set as I have been, to substitute in the place of one, gorged as I am, with publick service?\nBesides, since I have been beating my brains for the good of the nation, two white hairs have appeared on the top of my head, and have caused me to think very gravely.\nI give up the idea as to H. It would probably succeed, but it might do mischief.\nA man who has \u201cgiven pledges to fortune,\u201d is confined within a magical circle, and can therefore promise nothing. Had my inclinations only governed my conduct, I should have accepted of your invitation without hesitation; but there are duties to be discharged.\nAnd yet a trip to the mountains would probably help me, for I feel as if my malady last fall had regenerated me for the worse. Such a gratification of my wishes, would be a considerable consolation for a suspension of health. I am with great respect & esteem Yr: mo: obt: Sert.\nJohn Taylor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0034", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 23 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirJune 23. 1793.\nMy last was of the 17th. if I may reckon a single line any thing. Yours of the 13th. came to hand yesterday. The proclmn. as first proposed was to have been a declaration of neutrality. It was opposed on these grounds 1. that a declaration of neutrality was a declaration there should be no war, to which the Executive was not competent. 2. that it would be better to hold back the declaration of neutrality, as a thing worth something to the powers at war, that they would bid for it, & we might reasonably ask as a price, the broadest privileges of neutral nations. The 1st. objection was so far respected as to avoid inserting the term neutrality, & the drawing the instrument was left to E. R. That there should be a proclamn. was passed unanimously with the approbation or the acquiescence of all parties. Indeed it was not expedient to oppose it altogether, lest it should prejudice what was the next question, the boldest & greatest that ever was hazarded, and which would have called for extremities, had it prevailed. Spain is unquestionably picking a quarrel with us. A series of letters from her commissioners here prove it. We are sending a courier to Madrid. The inevitableness of war with the Creeks, and the probability, I might say the certainty of it with Spain (for there is not one of us who doubts it,) will certainly occasion your convocation. At what time I cannot exactly say. But you should be prepared for this important change in the state of things. The President is got pretty well again. He sets off this day to Mount Vernon, & will be absent a fortnight. The death of his manager, hourly expected, of a consumption, is the call. He will consequently be absent on the 4th. of July. He travels in a Phaeton & pair. Doctr. Logan sends you the inclosed pamphlet. Adieu. Your\u2019s affectionately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0035", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 29 June 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear SirJune 29. 93.\nYour last was of the 17th. inst: & covered one paper of the 12th. The weather has been very unfavorable for saving our crops of wheat. It has been from the commencement of the harvest either rainy, cloudy, or hot & damp. I still hope however our crops will be respectable. I have not been able to learn how Albemarle has fared. I have no reason to apprehend that you have more to complain of than we have. The present appearance of the weather is rather favorable. A few days more will put the wheat out of its reach.\nMy last was of the 19th. I have since seen several of the Natl. Gazettes which continue to teem with animadversions on the Proclamn. My opinion of it was expressed in my last. I foresee that a communication of it will make a part of the Speech to the next Congs. & that it will bring on some embarrassments. Much will depend on events in Europe; and it is to be regretted that the popularity of the President, or the policy of our Government should ever be staked on such contingencies. I observe that our vessels are frequently & insolently seized & searched for French goods. Is not this complained of by our own people as a breach of the Modern law of nations; and whilst British goods are protected by the Neutrality of our bottoms, will not remonstrances come from France on the subject? The present conveyance to Fredg. being made known at this instant only, I am obliged to conclude in haste with assurances of the affection with which I remain Dear Sir Yrs. sincerely\nJ. M. Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0036", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 29 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nI wrote you on the 23d. and yesterday I received yours of the 17th. which was the more welcome as it acknoleged mine of the 9th. about the safety of which I was anxious. I now risk some other papers, the sequel of those conveyed in that. The result I know not. We are sending a courier to Madrid to make a last effort for the preservation of honorable peace. The affairs of France are recovering their solidity: and from the steadiness of the people on the defection of so popular & capital a commander as Dumourier, we have a proof that nothing can shake their republicanism. Hunger is to be excepted; but the silence of the late papers on that head & the near approach of harvest makes us hope they will weather that rock. I do not find that there has been serious insurrection but in Brittany, and there, the noblesse having been as numerous as the people, & indeed being almost the people, the counterrevolutionary spirit has been known always to have existed since the night in which titles were suppressed. The English are trying to stop the torrent of bankruptcies by an emission of 5. millions of Exchequer bills, to be loaned on the pawn-broking plan: consequently much inferior to the assignats of France. But that paper will sink to an immediate level with their other public paper, & consequently can only complete the ruin of those who take it from government at par, & on a pledge of pins, buckles &c of double value, which will not sell so as to pay storage in a country where there is no specie, and now we may say no paper of confidence. Every letter which comes expresses a firm belief that the whole paper system will now vanish into that nothing on which it is bottomed. For even the public faith is nothing, as the mass of paper bottomed on it is known to be beyond it\u2019s possible redemption. I hope this will be a wholsome lesson to our future legislature. The war between France and England has brought forward the Republicans & Monocrats in every state so openly, that their relative numbers are perfectly visible. It appears that the latter are as nothing. H. is endeavoring to engage a house in town for the next year. He is in the country for the summer.\nAs I must ere long put my general plan of farming into the hands of my Elkton manager, I have lately endeavored to establish a proper succession of crops for a farm of red highland of about 500. acres of open land fit for culture. In all successions of crops, the feilds must be supposed equal, each feild to go through the same succession, and each year\u2019s crop be the same. On these data, the laws of combination pronounce that the number of feilds & number of years constituting a compleat rotation, must be always equal. If you cultivate three equal feilds only, your rotation will be of 3. years, 5. feilds, 5 years &c. I propose 8. feilds of 60. acres each, & of course an 8. years rotation, in the following succession. 1st. year, wheat & fall fallow. 2d peas with Indn. corn thinly planted. 3d. wheat & fall fallow. 4th. potatoes with Indn. corn thinly planted. 5th. rye or barley & fall fallow. 6th. 7th. & 8th. red clover. The following diagram will shew the system better; the initials of every article only being written in each square or feild, to wit\n  cl.\n  for\n  clover\n  co.\n  corn\n  fallow\n  pe.\n  peas\n  po.\n  potatoes\n  rye\n  wheat.\n1st year\n2d\n3d\n4th\n5th\n6th\n7th\n8th\nA\nwf\npe co.\nwf\npo. co.\nrf\ncl.\ncl.\ncl.\nB\npe. co.\nwf.\npo. co.\nrf.\ncl.\ncl.\ncl.\nwf.\nC\nwf\npo. co.\nrf.\ncl.\ncl.\ncl.\nwf.\npe. co.\nD\npo. co.\nrf.\ncl.\ncl.\ncl.\nwf.\npe. co.\nwf.\nE.\nrf.\ncl.\ncl.\ncl.\nwf.\npe. co.\nwf.\npo. co.\nF\ncl.\ncl.\ncl.\nwf.\npe. co.\nwf.\npo. co.\nrf.\nG\ncl.\ncl.\nwf.\npe. co.\nwf.\npo. co.\nrf.\ncl.\nH.\ncl.\nwf\npe. co.\nwf\npo. co.\nrf.\ncl.\ncl.\n  This gives\n  feilds\n  of wheat\n  acres\n  of rye or barly\n  of peas & corn\n  potatoes & corn\n  of the\n  1st. year\u2019s clover\n  Also\n  eighths of your farm are\n  cleansing\n  every year.\n  eighths\n  fallowing\n  eighths\n  resting\nBye articles as follow.\nOats & flax, a few acres only wanting. To be with the new sown clover.\nHemp, turneps, pumpkins, in the new clearings.\nArtichokes in a perpetual feild.\nOrchard grass in the hill sides too steep for the plough. Qu?\nLucerne, St. foin, cotton, in appropriate feilds.\nBuckwheat to be ploughed into the washed lands.\nWhen a 9th. feild shall be added by new clearings, add it to the rotation as a feild at absolute rest or spring fallowed.\nSo of a 10th. &c.\nAs you are now immersed in farming & among farming people, pray consider this plan for me, well, and give me your observations fully & freely as soon as you can. I mean to ask the same from the President, and also from my son in law. Cattle to be raised in proportion to the provision made for them. Also what number of labourers & horses will be necessary? Errors are so much more easy to avoid than to correct afterwards, that I am anxious to be well advised before I begin. Adieu, Yours affectionately.\nP. S. June 30. Since writing the above yours of June 19. is received. A Portico may be from 5. to 10. diameters of the column deep, or projected from the building. If of more than 5. diameters there must be a column in the middle of each flank, since it must never be more than 5. diameters from center to center of column. The portico of the Maison quarr\u00e9e is 3 intercolonnations deep. I never saw as much to a private house. The Commissioners (Irvine &c) yesterday delivered in their books & accounts, so that that business is closed. The result not yet known. In Fenno\u2019s paper of yesterday you will see a peice signed pacificus in defence of the proclmn. You will readily know the pen. I know it the more readily because it is an amplification only of the topics urged in discussing the question when first proposed. The right of the Executive to declare that we are not bound to execute the guarantee was then advanced by him & denied by me. No other opinion expressed on it. In this paper he repeats it, & even considers the proclamation as such a declaration. But if any body intended it as such (except himself) they did not then say so. The passage beginning with the words \u2019the answer to this is &c[\u2019] is precisely the answer he gave at the time to my objection that the Executive had no authority to issue a declaration of neutrality, nor to do more than declare the actual state of things to be that of peace. \u2018For until the new government is acknoleged the treaties &c are of course suspended.\u2019 This also is the sum of his arguments the same day on the great question which followed that of the Proclamn., to wit Whether the Executive might not, & ought not to declare the treaties suspended? The real\u2014milk and water\u2014views of the Proclamn. appeared to me to have been truly given in a piece published in the papers soon after, & which I knew to be E. R\u2019s from it\u2019s exact coincidence with what he had expressed. Upon the whole, my objections to the competence of the Executive to declare neutrality (that being understood to respect the future) were supposed to be got over by avoiding the use of that term. The declaration of the disposition of the US. can hardly be called illegal, tho\u2019 it was certainly officious & improper. The truth of the fact lent it some cover. My objections to the impolicy of a premature declaration were answered by such arguments as timidity would readily suggest. I now think it extremely possible that Hammond might have been instructed to have asked it, & to offer the broadest neutral privileges, as the price, which was exactly the price I wanted that we should contend for. But is it not a miserable thing that the three heresies I have above quoted from this paper, should pass unnoticed & unanswered, as they certainly will? For none but mere bunglers & brawlers have for some time past taken the trouble to answer any thing. The Probationary odes (written by S. G. T. in Virga.) are saddled on poor Freneau, who is bloodily attacked about them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0037", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 7 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirJuly 7. 1793.\nI wrote you on the 30th. ult. and shall be uneasy till I have heard you have received it. I have no letter from you this week. You will perceive by the inclosed papers that they are to be discontinued in their present form & a daily paper published in their stead, if subscribers enough can be obtained. I fear they cannot, for nobody here scarcely has ever taken his paper. You will see in these Colo. H\u2019s 2d. & 3d. pacificus. Nobody answers him, & his doctrine will therefore be taken for confessed. For god\u2019s sake, my dear Sir, take up your pen, select the most striking heresies, and cut him to peices in the face of the public. There is nobody else who can & will enter the lists with him. Never in my opinion, was so calamitous an appointment made, as that of the present minister of F. here. Hotheaded, all imagination, no judgment, passionate, disrespectful & even indecent towards the P. in his written as well as verbal communications, talking of appeals from him to Congress, from them to the people, urging the most unreasonable & groundless propositions, & in the most dictatorial style &c. &c. &c. If ever it should be necessary to lay his communications before Congress or the public, they will excite universal indignation. He renders my position immensely difficult. He does me justice personally, and, giving him time to vent himself & then cool, I am on a footing to advise him freely, & he respects it. But he breaks out again on the very first occasion, so as to shew that he is incapable of correcting himself. To complete our misfortune we have no channel of our own through which we can correct the irritating representations he may make. Adieu. Yours affectionately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0038", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 14 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nI wrote you on the 7th. since which yours of the 29th. of June is received acknoledging mine to the 17th. of June. I am anxious to know as early as possible the safe delivery of my letters to you. I am not able to say any thing more about the convening of Congress at an earlier day than the regular one. I have lately suspected some disinclination to it. But the grounds are slight. I must see you & be with you some days before it meets. Whether here or at Monticello must depend on the time of it\u2019s meeting. But we shall have warning enough to arrange the particulars. I am excessively afraid that an open rupture will take place between the Fr. min. & us. I think there has been something to blame on both sides, but much more on his. He is so evidently in the wrong that those are pressing for an appeal to the people, who never looked towards that tribunal before. They know too well that the whole game is played into their hands, & that there is right enough on both sides to marshal each nation with it\u2019s own agents, and consequently against one another, & consequently also us with England. I have written a long letter to-day to Munroe, & must therefore be shorter with you. Adieu. Your\u2019s affectionately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0040", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 21 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nI wrote you on the 14th. since which I have no letter from you. It appears that two considerable engagements took place between France & the combined armies on the 1st. & 8th. of May. In the former the French have had rather the worst of it, as may be concluded by their loss of cannon & loss of ground. In the latter they have had rather the best: as is proved by their remaining on the ground, & their throwing relief into Cond\u00e9 which had been the object of both battles. The French attacked in both. They have sent commissioners to England to sound for peace. Genl. Felix Wimpfen is one. There is a strong belief that the bankruptcies & demolition of manufactures through the three kingdoms, will induce the English to accede to peace. E. R. is returned. The affair of the loan has been kept suspended, & is now submitted to him. He brings very flattering information of the loyalty of the people of Virginia to the general government, & thinks the whole indisposition there is directed against the Secretary of the Treasury personally, not against his measures. On the whole he has quieted uneasiness here. I have never been able to get a sight of Billy till yesterday. He has promised to bring me the bill of your ploughs which shall be paid. Adieu. Your\u2019s affectionately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0043", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 30 July 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirJuly 30. 1793\nMy last was of the 22d inst. I have since red. yours covering the paper now returned, that covering the report of the Commsrs of Accts between the U. S. & the particular States, and that of the 21st. inst. The intermediate one of the 14th. was left by mistake in a secure place by the person who was to bring it up from Fredg., and is not yet arrived. The delay has been inconvenient as it deprives me of part of the publication which I wish to see in all its parts before I formed a regular view of any. As I intimated in my last I have forced myself into the task of a reply. I can truly say I find it the most grating one I ever experienced; and the more so as I feel at every step I take the want of counsel on some points of delicacy as well as of information as to sundry matters of fact. I shall be still more sensible of the latter want when I get to the attack on French proceedings, & perhaps to the last topic proposed by the writer, if I ever do get to it. As yet I have but roughly and partially gone over the first; & being obliged to proceed in scraps of time, with a distaste to the subject, and a distressing lassitude from the excessive and continued heat of the season, I can not say when I shall finish even that. One thing that particularly vexes me is that I foreknow from the prolixity & pertinacity of the writer, that the business will not be terminated by a single fire, and of course that I must return to the charge in order to prevent a triumph without a victory.\nDo you know what is the idea of France with regard to the defensive quality of the Guarantee; and of the criterion between offensive & defensive war which I find differently defined by different jurists; also what are the ideas of the P. on these points. I could lay my course with more advantage thro\u2019 some other parts of the subject if I could also know how far he considers the Procln. as expressing a neutrality in the sense given to that term, or how far he approves the vindication of it on that ground.\nI am sorry to find the journey to Virga. from which useful lessons were hoped, ending in a confirmation of errors. I can only account for it by supposing the public sentiment to have been collected from tainted sources wch. ought to have suggested to a cautious & unbiassed mind the danger of confiding in them. The body of the people are unquestionably attached to the Union, and friendly to the Constitution: but that they have no dissatisfaction at the measures & spirit of the Government, I consider as notoriously untrue. I am the more surprised at the misconception of our Friend as the two latest sources consulted, the two brothers I mean, are understood to be both of them, right[l]y disposed as well as correctly informed.\nI have got my plows at last. They are fine ones & much admired. Repeat my thanks to Dr. Logan if you have an oppy. & think of it. The patent plow is worth your looking at if you should visit his farm. You will see your theory of a mouldboard more nearly realised than in any other instance, and with the advantage of having the iron wing, which in common bar shares or in great lies useless under the wood, turned up into the sweep of the Board & relieving it from the brunt of the friction. By fixing the Colter, which is detached, to the point of the share, it will I think be nearly compleat. I propose to have one so constructed. The detached form may answer best in old clean ground; but will not stand the shocks of our rough & rooty land, especially in the hands of our ploughmen.\nLittle wheat having been yet tried in bread I can not say how the quality will turn out. The more I see & hear of it, the more I fear it will be worse than was at first supposed. The Corn suffers now for want of rain, but appearances as to that article are on the whole very flattering. The worst effect of the dry weather, at present felt, is the extreme hardness of the earth which makes plowing, particularly in fallow land, but barely possible. So many heavy rains on ground wet for six months, succeeded by the present hot spell, has almost beat it & baked it into Brick.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0044", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 3 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nYours of July 18. & 22. are received & have relieved my anxi[e]ties about mine of June 27. 30. & July 7. Those of July 14. 21. & 28. I hope soon to have acknoleged. We have decided unanimously to require the recall of Genet. He will sink the republican interest if they do not abandon him. Hamilton pressed eagerly an appeal to the people. It\u2019s consequences you will readily seize, but I hope we shall prevent it tho the president is inclined to it. The loan is agreed to to the full extent on E. R.\u2019s advice splitting off a few dollars to give himself the airs of independence.\nI will send you the little peice written by him on the proclamation if I can find it. I will here note your several requisitions in your letter of July 22. 1. What concessions have been made on particular points behind the curtain. I think it is better you should not know them. 2. How far the president considers himself as committed with respect to some doctrines. He is certainly uneasy at those grasped at by Pacificus and as the author is universally known & I believe indeed denied not even by himself, it is foreseen that the vulnerable points, well struck, stab the party vitally. 3. Lights from the law of nations on the constructions of treaties. Vattel has been most generally the guide. Bynkershoeck often quoted, Wolf sometimes. 4. No call was made by any power previous to the proclamation. Genet has been fully heard on his most unfounded pretensions under the treaty. His ignorance of every thing written on the subject is astonishing. I think he has never read a book of any sort in that branch of science. The question whether the war between France & Gr. Br. is offensive or defensive has not been particularly discussed. Hamilton has insisted it was offensive by the former. I will send you the French collection of papers on that subject. A paper inclosed will lead you to inform yourself on questions which may come into discussion perhaps at the next session of Congress. They were prepared for the judges who however will not agree I believe to give opinions. I informed the president by letter three days ago that I should resign the last day of September. Consequently I shall see you the middle of October. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0048", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 11 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirAug. 11. 1793.\nI wrote you last on the 3d. inst. Your\u2019s of July 30. came to hand yesterday. Besides the present which goes by post, I write you another today to go by mr. D. Randolph who sets out the day after tomorrow for Monticello, but whether by the direct route or vi\u00e2 Richmond is not yet decided. I shall desire that letter to be sent to you by express from Monticello. I have not been able to lay my hands on the newspaper which gave a short but true view of the intention of the proclamation. However having occasion to state it in a paper which I am preparing, I have done it in the following terms, and I give you the very words from the paper, because just as I had finished so far, the president called on me, I read it to him, he said it presented fairly his view of the matter, he recalled to my mind that I had, at the time, opposed it\u2019s being made a declaration of neutrality on the ground that the Executive was not the competent authority for that, & therefore that it was agreed the instrument should be drawn with great care. My statement is in these words. \u2018On the declaration of war between France & England, the US. being at peace with both, their situation was so new & unexperienced by themselves that their citizens were not, in the first instant, sensible of the new duties resulting therefrom, & of the laws it would impose even on their dispositions towards the belligerent powers. Some of them imagined (and chiefly their transient sea-faring citizens) that they were free to indulge those dispositions, to take side with either party, & enrich themselves by depredations on the commerce of the other, & were meditating enterprizes of this nature, as was said. In this state of the public mind, and before it should take an erroneous direction difficult to be set right, & dangerous to themselves & their country, the President thought it expedient, by way of Proclamation, to remind our fellow citizens that we were in a state of peace with all the belligerent powers, that in that state it was our duty neither to aid nor injure any, to exhort & warn them against acts which might contravene this duty, & particularly those of positive hostility, for the punishment of which the laws would be appealed to, and to put them on their guard also as to the risks they would run if they should attempt to carry articles of contraband to any.\u2019 \u2014\u2014 \u2018Very soon afterwards we learnt that he was undertaking to authorize the fitting & arming vessels in that port, enlisting men, foreigners & citizens, & giving them commissions to cruize and commit hostilities against nations at peace with us, that these vessels were taking & bringing prizes into our ports, that the Consuls of France were assuming to hold courts of Admiralty on them, to try, condemn & authorize their sale as legal prize, & all this before mr. \u2014\u2014 had presented himself or his credentials to the President, before he was received by him, without his consent or consultation, & directly in contravention of the state of peace existing & declared to exist in the Pres\u2019s proclmn., & which it was incumbent on him to preserve till the constitutional authority should otherwise declare. These proceedings became immediately, as was naturally to be expected, the subject of complaint by the representative here of that power against whom they would chiefly operate &c.\u2019 This was the true sense of the proclamn. in the view of the draughtsman & of the two signers, but H. had other views. The instrument was badly drawn, and made the P. go out of his line to declare things which, tho\u2019 true, it was not exactly his province to declare. The instrument was communicated to me after it was drawn, but I was busy, and only run an eye over it to see that it was not made a declaration of neutrality, & gave it back again, without, I believe, changing a tittle.\nPacificus has now changed his signature to \u2018No Jacobin.\u2019 Three papers under this signature have been publd. in Dunlap. I suppose they will get into Fenno. They are commentaries on the laws of nations, & on the different parts of our treaty with France. As yet they have presented no very important heresy. Congress will not meet till the legal day. It was referred to a meeting at my office to consider & advise on it. I was for calling them. Kn. against it. H said his judgment was against it, but he would join any two who should concur so as to make a majority either way. R was pointedly against it. We agreed to give our opinions separately, & tho\u2019 the P. was in his own judgment for calling them, he acquiesced in the majority. I pass on to the other letter: so Adieu. Your\u2019s affectionately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0050", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, [12 August] 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe paper for J. F. could not otherwise get to him than with your aid. You must therefore take the trouble of having it handed into the post office whence the penny post will take it, unless you can do it at some shorter hand. I wish you to look over what is sd. critically, and if you think there be any thing of importance wrong, or that may do more harm than good, that you will either erase it, where that will not break the sense, or arrest the whole till I can make the correction. Delay I know is bad; but vulnerable parts that wd. be siezed for victories & triumphs would be worse. I beg you also to attend particularly to three passages slightly marked with a pencil, the first, the declaration of the principles & sentiments of the author\u20142d. beginning with \u201cWriters such as Locke & Montesqeue &c[\u201d]\u2014to the pencil mark in the \u00b6. 3 the quotation from the Federalist. If you think the first had better be omitted it can come out without leavg. the least gap. So can the 2d. My doubts as to that proceed from the danger of turning the controversy too much into the wilderness of Books: I use Montesqeue also from memory, tho I believe witht. inaccuracy. The 3d. can also come out witht. affecting the piece, and I wish you to erase it if you think the most scrupulous delicacy, conjecturing the author, cd. disapprove it. One No. more or 2 short Nos. will close the first topic & supersede the last. They will be sent as soon as finished & copied. These wd. have been sent somewhat sooner, but for the delay caused by the last circumstance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0051", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 18 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirAug. 18. 93.\nMy last was of the 11th. since which yours of the 5th. & 11th. are received. I am mortified at your not having your cypher. I now send the key of the numbers in mine of the 3d. This with my letter of the 11th. by post & another of the same date by Davy Randolph who will be at Monticello the last week of this month will put you in possession of the state of things to that date. The paper I now inclose will fill up chinks & needs not a word of explanation. To these I must add that orders are given to drive out of our ports the privateers which have been armed in them before the 5th. of June, by gentler means if it can be done, & if not, by the ultima ratio: and we are seising the prizes brought in since Aug. 7. to restore them to their owners. For those between June 5. & Aug. 7. we engage restitution or compensation. The inclosed paper will explain these distinctions of date, & justify the proceedings. I return you the little thing of Ld. Chath\u2019s because, for particular reasons, were it now to appear it would be imputed to me, & because it will have more effect if publd. after the meeting of Congress. I rejoice at the resurrection of Franklin. There was a charming thing from the same pen (I conjecture) on the subject of instrumentality lately publd. by Freneau from the Virga. papers. The addresses in support of the proclmn. are becoming universal, and as universal a rising in support of the President against Genet. Observe that the inclosed paper has been only read in cabinet for the 1st. time as yet. On that reading H. objected to expressions implying a censure on other nations (\u2018the war of liberty on herself &c\u2019). He thought expressions of frdship to France suited the occasion. But R. protested against every expression of friendship to that nation lest they should offend the other party, and intimated that he should move to eradicate them all. It will pretty effectually tear up the instrument if he succeeds. Nous verrons. Adieu.\nP. S. You are free to shew the inclosed to Colo. Monroe. If the appeal which I have mentioned to you, should be pushed, I think that by way of compromise, I shall propose that instead of that, the whole correspondence be laid before Congress, merely as a matter of information. What would you think of this?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0052", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, ca. 19 August 1793\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nLetter not found. Ca. 19 August 1793. Mentioned in JM to Jefferson, 20 Aug. 1793. Seeks consultation with JM before Monroe departs for a court session (of the state district court that convened at Staunton on 1 Sept.).", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0055", "content": "Title: Madison\u2019s \u201cHelvidius\u201d Essays, 24 August\u201318 September 1793 (Editorial Note)\nFrom: \nTo: \nEditorial Note\nA mixture of morality and political expediency was brewing on the American political scene during the summer of 1793. A full-strength potion known as the two-party system was about to emerge, giving form and content to the contests first fought in the ratification struggle of 1787\u201388. The catalytic agent was the French Revolution and its aftermath, for President Washington\u2019s Neutrality Proclamation posed a dilemma to JM and his political colleagues who were sympathetic to French republicanism. To them, the 1778 alliance with France was still in force and obligated the United States to defend the French West Indies. They welcomed the abolition of the monarchy and felt little remorse at the execution of their erstwhile benefactor, Louis XVI. JM himself accepted honorary French citizenship from the revolutionary regime. American Republicans viewed neutrality as dishonorable: an abandonment of political principles and treaty obligations, dictated by the Federalists\u2019 desire to maintain profitable trade with the belligerent European powers, particularly Great Britain. Yet they were bound by personal loyalty and political expediency to avoid a direct attack on Washington.\nDomestic politics polarized as the new French minister to the United States, Edmond Charles Genet, indiscreetly mocked the president\u2019s proclamation by passing out military commissions and letters of marque to American citizens. Hamilton entered the fray with his \u201cPacificus\u201d essays, charging Republicans with subordinating American foreign policy to French interests. Washington\u2019s proclamation had scrupulously avoided the term \u201cneutrality,\u201d but the treasury secretary defended the document by giving it a Federalist interpretation and arguing for a suspension of the French treaty. Jefferson was alarmed, not least because Hamilton\u2014safely disguised under a pseudonym\u2014was publicly airing confidential cabinet discussions.\nAmerican military and naval strength was no match for that of the European belligerents, and Republicans opposed a naval armament and a standing army. The president\u2019s foreign policy, moreover, enjoyed wide political support. In these circumstances, the secretary of state accepted the necessity of a de facto neutrality. To Jefferson, however, the administration\u2019s headlong announcement of neutrality threw away a trump card in negotiations with the British for the commercial treaty that the American government had so long desired: \u201cI now think it extremely possible that Hammond [the British minister to the United States] might have been instructed to have asked it, & to offer the broadest possible neutral privileges, as the price, which was exactly the price I wanted that we should contend for.\u201d Jefferson lamented that \u201cnone but mere bunglers & brawlers have for some time past taken the trouble to answer any thing.\u201d Without an authoritative reply to Hamilton, Jefferson insisted, \u201chis doctrine will therefore be taken for confessed. For god\u2019s sake, my dear Sir, take up your pen, select the most striking heresies, and cut him to peices in the face of the public. There is nobody else who can & will enter the lists with him\u201d (Jefferson to JM, 29 June 1793 [postscript of 30 June] and 7 July 1793).\nEven as Jefferson was prevailing upon JM to defend the French alliance, he had come to recognize the necessity of dissociating Franco-American relations from Genet. The French minister had become a political liability. \u201cNever in my opinion, was so calamitous an appointment made,\u201d Jefferson wrote. \u201cHe will sink the republican interest if they do not abandon him\u201d (Jefferson to JM, 7 July and 3 Aug. 1793 [partly in code]). Thus the challenge to JM was delicate and unenviable: affirm loyalty to Washington and avoid discussing the merits of neutrality, but question the constitutionality of declaring neutrality by executive proclamation; distance the Republicans from Genet, yet advocate American support for the French Revolution. He wrote with other disadvantages as well; while he could draw on his general knowledge of international law and his library at Montpelier, many source materials were unavailable in rural Virginia.\nJM took up the task reluctantly: \u201cI can truly say I find it the most grating one I ever experienced\u201d (JM to Jefferson, 30 July 1793). He began work on the \u201cHelvidius\u201d essays by 22 July and completed them by 20 August. He was distracted by other literary duties; he consulted Monroe on drafting the Resolutions on Franco-American Relations of circa 27 August and editing John Taylor of Caroline\u2019s Enquiry into the Principles and Tendency of Certain Public Measures. As a result of these limitations, JM was dissatisfied with his performance as \u201cHelvidius.\u201d He had his drafts copied by a friend or relative at Montpelier to preserve anonymity, then sent them to Jefferson in Philadelphia. He authorized his friend to do considerable editing, but the secretary of state was pleased with the work and made only minor changes. Jefferson arranged for their delivery to Federalist John Fenno\u2019s Gazette of the United States. JM wanted his reply to appear in the same newspaper that had published \u201cPacificus.\u201d\nThough he was writing for the popular press, JM primarily aimed the \u201cHelvidius\u201d series to persuade an audience with an intellectual interest in politics, as he had done in The Federalist. \u201cNone but intelligent readers will enter into such a controversy,\u201d he believed, \u201cand to their minds it ought principally to be accomodated\u201d (JM to Jefferson, 22 July 1793). For his pseudonym he chose the name of Helvidius Priscus, the first-century Roman leader who, as described by Tacitus, resisted the imperial regime. Because of the political constraints on his argument, JM focused on the issue of executive versus legislative control of foreign policy. In his treatment of war powers, he advocated legislative supremacy and strict construction of executive powers, doctrines which became hallmarks of Republican constitutional theory. To Federalists, JM seemed to have departed from the principles of strong central government that he had advocated only five years before. Yet he quoted \u201cPublius\u201d of 1788 to rebut \u201cPacificus\u201d of 1793, implying that Hamilton himself had abandoned the constraints on executive power that had reassured readers of The Federalist. Thus the \u201cHelvidius\u201d essays revealed how much the issues and alignments of American politics had changed since the contest over the ratification of the Constitution. (For a recent discussion of the \u201cHelvidius\u201d essays in the context of political theory, see Richard Loss, introduction to Alexander Hamilton and James Madison, The Letters of Pacificus and Helvidius [1845; Delmar, N.Y., 1976 reprint], pp. ix\u2013xv.)", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0056", "content": "Title: \u201cHelvidius\u201d Number 1, [24 August] 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \nSeveral pieces with the signature of Pacificus were lately published, which have been read with singular pleasure and applause, by the foreigners and degenerate citizens among us, who hate our republican government, and the French revolution; whilst the publication seems to have been too little regarded, or too much despised by the steady friends to both.\nHad the doctrines inculcated by the writer, with the natural consequences from them, been nakedly presented to the public, this treatment might have been proper. Their true character would then have struck every eye, and been rejected by the feelings of every heart. But they offer themselves to the reader in the dress of an elaborate dissertation; they are mingled with a few truths that may serve them as a passport to credulity; and they are introduced with professions of anxiety for the preservation of peace, for the welfare of the government, and for the respect due to the present head of the executive, that may prove a snare to patriotism.\nIn these disguises they have appeared to claim the attention I propose to bestow on them; with a view to shew, from the publication itself, that under colour of vindicating an important public act, of a chief magistrate, who enjoys the confidence and love of his country, principles are advanced which strike at the vitals of its constitution, as well as at its honor and true interest.\nAs it is not improbable that attempts may be made to apply insinuations which are seldom spared when particular purposes are to be answered, to the author of the ensuing observations, it may not be improper to premise, that he is a friend to the constitution, that he wishes for the preservation of peace, and that the present chief magistrate has not a fellow-citizen, who is penetrated with deeper respect for his merits, or feels a purer solicitude for his glory.\nThis declaration is made with no view of courting a more favorable ear to what may be said than it deserves. The sole purpose of it is, to obviate imputations which might weaken the impressions of truth; and which are the more likely to be resorted to, in proportion as solid and fair arguments may be wanting.\nThe substance of the first piece, sifted from its inconsistencies and its vague expressions, may be thrown into the following propositions:\nThat the powers of declaring war and making treaties are, in their nature, executive powers:\nThat being particularly vested by the constitution in other departments, they are to be considered as exceptions out of the general grant to the executive department:\nThat being, as exceptions, to be construed strictly, the powers not strictly within them, remain with the executive:\nThat the executive consequently, as the organ of intercourse with foreign nations, and the interpreter and executor of treaties, and the law of nations, is authorised, to expound all articles of treaties, those involving questions of war and peace, as well as others; to judge of the obligations of the United States to make war or not, under any casus federis or eventual operation of the contract, relating to war; and, to pronounce the state of things resulting from the obligations of the United States, as understood by the executive:\nThat in particular the executive had authority to judge whether in the case of the mutual guaranty between the United States and France, the former were bound by it to engage in the war:\nThat the executive has, in pursuance of that authority, decided that the United States are not bound: And,\nThat its proclamation of the 22d of April last, is to be taken as the effect and expression of that decision.\nThe basis of the reasoning is, we perceive, the extraordinary doctrine, that the powers of making war and treaties, are in their nature executive; and therefore comprehended in the general grant of executive power, where not specially and strictly excepted out of the grant.\nLet us examine this doctrine; and that we may avoid the possibility of mistating the writer, it shall be laid down in his own words: a precaution the more necessary, as scarce any thing else could outweigh the improbability, that so extravagant a tenet should be hazarded, at so early a day, in the face of the public.\nHis words are\u2014\u201cTwo of these (exceptions and qualifications to the executive powers) have been already noticed\u2014the participation of the Senate in the appointment of officers, and the making of treaties. A third remains to be mentioned\u2014the right of the legislature to declare war, and grant letters of marque and reprisal.\u201d\nAgain\u2014\u201cIt deserves to be remarked, that as the participation of the Senate in the making treaties, and the power of the legislature to declare war, are exceptions out of the general executive power, vested in the President, they are to be construed strictly, and ought to be extended no farther than is essential to their execution.\u201d\nIf there be any countenance to these positions, it must be found either 1st, in the writers, of authority, on public law; or 2d, in the quality and operation of the powers to make war and treaties; or 3d, in the constitution of the United States.\nIt would be of little use to enter far into the first source of information, not only because our own reason and our own constitution, are the best guides; but because a just analysis and discrimination of the powers of government, according to their executive, legislative and judiciary qualities are not to be expected in the works of the most received jurists, who wrote before a critical attention was paid to those objects, and with their eyes too much on monarchical governments, where all powers are confounded in the sovereignty of the prince. It will be found however, I believe, that all of them, particularly Wolfius, Burlamaqui and Vattel, speak of the powers to declare war, to conclude peace, and to form alliances, as among the highest acts of the sovereignty; of which the legislative power must at least be an integral and preeminent part.\nWriters, such as Locke and Montesquieu, who have discussed more particularly the principles of liberty and the structure of government, lie under the same disadvantage, of having written before these subjects were illuminated by the events and discussions which distinguish a very recent period. Both of them too are evidently warped by a regard to the particular government of England, to which one of them owed allegiance;\n   The chapter on prerogative, shews how much the reason of the philosopher was clouded by the royalism of the Englishman.\n and the other professed an admiration bordering on idolatry. Montesquieu, however, has rather distinguished himself by enforcing the reasons and the importance of avoiding a confusion of the several powers of government, than by enumerating and defining the powers which belong to each particular class. And Locke, notwithstanding the early date of his work on civil government, and the example of his own government before his eyes, admits that the particular powers in question, which, after some of the writers on public law he calls federative, are really distinct from the executive, though almost always united with it, and hardly to be separated into distinct hands. Had he not lived under a monarchy, in which these powers were united; or had he written by the lamp which truth now presents to lawgivers, the last observation would probably never have dropt from his pen. But let us quit a field of research which is more likely to perplex than to decide, and bring the question to other tests of which it will be more easy to judge.\n2. If we consult for a moment, the nature and operation of the two powers to declare war and make treaties, it will be impossible not to see that they can never fall within a proper definition of executive powers. The natural province of the executive magistrate is to execute laws, as that of the legislature is to make laws. All his acts therefore, properly executive, must pre-suppose the existence of the laws to be executed. A treaty is not an execution of laws: it does not pre-suppose the existence of laws. It is, on the contrary, to have itself the force of a law, and to be carried into execution, like all other laws, by the executive magistrate. To say then that the power of making treaties which are confessedly laws, belongs naturally to the department which is to execute laws, is to say, that the executive department naturally includes a legislative power. In theory, this is an absurdity\u2014in practice a tyranny.\nThe power to declare war is subject to similar reasoning. A declaration that there shall be war, is not an execution of laws: it does not suppose pre-existing laws to be executed: it is not in any respect, an act merely executive. It is, on the contrary, one of the most deliberative acts that can be performed; and when performed, has the effect of repealing all the laws operating in a state of peace, so far as they are inconsistent with a state of war: and of enacting as a rule for the executive, a new code adapted to the relation between the society and its foreign enemy. In like manner a conclusion of peace annuls all the laws peculiar to a state of war, and revives the general laws incident to a state of peace.\nThese remarks will be strengthened by adding that treaties, particularly treaties of peace, have sometimes the effect of changing not only the external laws of the society, but operate also on the internal code, which is purely municipal, and to which the legislative authority of the country is of itself competent and compleat.\nFrom this view of the subject it must be evident, that although the executive may be a convenient organ of preliminary communications with foreign governments, on the subjects of treaty or war; and the proper agent for carrying into execution the final determinations of the competent authority; yet it can have no pretensions from the nature of the powers in question compared with the nature of the executive trust, to that essential agency which gives validity to such determinations.\nIt must be further evident that, if these powers be not in their nature purely legislative, they partake so much more of that, than of any other quality, that under a constitution leaving them to result to their most natural department, the legislature would be without a rival in its claim.\nAnother important inference to be noted is, that the powers of making war and treaty being substantially of a legislative, not an executive nature, the rule of interpreting exceptions strictly, must narrow instead of enlarging executive pretensions on those subjects.\n3. It remains to be enquired whether there be any thing in the constitution itself which shews that the powers of making war and peace are considered as of an executive nature, and as comprehended within a general grant of executive power.\nIt will not be pretended that this appears from any direct position to be found in the instrument.\nIf it were deducible from any particular expressions it may be presumed that the publication would have saved us the trouble of the research.\nDoes the doctrine then result from the actual distribution of powers among the several branches of the government? Or from any fair analogy between the powers of war and treaty and the enumerated powers vested in the executive alone?\nLet us examine.\nIn the general distribution of powers, we find that of declaring war expressly vested in the Congress, where every other legislative power is declared to be vested, and without any other qualification than what is common to every other legislative act. The constitutional idea of this power would seem then clearly to be, that it is of a legislative and not an executive nature.\nThis conclusion becomes irresistible, when it is recollected, that the constitution cannot be supposed to have placed either any power legislative in its nature, entirely among executive powers, or any power executive in its nature, entirely among legislative powers, without charging the constitution, with that kind of intermixture and consolidation of different powers, which would violate a fundamental principle in the organization of free governments. If it were not unnecessary to enlarge on this topic here, it could be shewn, that the constitution was originally vindicated, and has been constantly expounded, with a disavowal of any such intermixture.\nThe power of treaties is vested jointly in the President and in the Senate, which is a branch of the legislature. From this arrangement merely, there can be no inference that would necessarily exclude the power from the executive class: since the senate is joined with the President in another power, that of appointing to offices, which as far as relate to executive offices at least, is considered as of an executive nature. Yet on the other hand, there are sufficient indications that the power of treaties is regarded by the constitution as materially different from mere executive power, and as having more affinity to the legislative than to the executive character.\nOne circumstance indicating this, is the constitutional regulation under which the senate give their consent in the case of treaties. In all other cases the consent of the body is expressed by a majority of voices. In this particular case, a concurrence of two thirds at least is made necessary, as a substitute or compensation for the other branch of the legislature, which on certain occasions, could not be conveniently a party to the transaction.\nBut the conclusive circumstance is, that treaties when formed according to the constitutional mode, are confessedly to have the force and operation of laws, and are to be a rule for the courts in controversies between man and man, as much as any other laws. They are even emphatically declared by the constitution to be \u201cthe supreme law of the land.\u201d\nSo far the argument from the constitution is precisely in opposition to the doctrine. As little will be gained in its favour from a comparison of the two powers, with those particularly vested in the President alone.\nAs there are but few it will be most satisfactory to review them one by one.\n\u201cThe President shall be commander in chief of the army and navy of the United States, and of the militia when called into the actual service of the United States.\u201d\nThere can be no relation worth examining between this power and the general power of making treaties. And instead of being analogous to the power of declaring war, it affords a striking illustration of the incompatibility of the two powers in the same hands. Those who are to conduct a war cannot in the nature of things, be proper or safe judges, whether a war ought to be commenced, continued, or concluded. They are barred from the latter functions by a great principle in free government, analogous to that which separates the sword from the purse, or the power of executing from the power of enacting laws.\n\u201cHe may require the opinion in writing of the principal officers in each of the executive departments upon any subject relating to the duties of their respective offices; and he shall have power to grant reprieves and pardons for offences against the United States, except in case of impeachment.\u201d These powers can have nothing to do with the subject.\n\u201cThe President shall have power to fill up vacancies that may happen during the recess of the senate, by granting commissions which shall expire at the end of the next session.\u201d The same remark is applicable to this power, as also to that of \u201creceiving ambassadors, other public ministers and consuls.\u201d The particular use attempted to be made of this last power will be considered in another place.\n\u201cHe shall take care that the laws shall be faithfully executed and shall commission all officers of the United States.\u201d To see the laws faithfully executed constitutes the essence of the executive authority. But what relation has it to the power of making treaties and war, that is, of determining what the laws shall be with regard to other nations? No other certainly than what subsists between the powers of executing and enacting laws; no other consequently, than what forbids a coalition of the powers in the same department.\nI pass over the few other specified functions assigned to the President, such as that of convening of the legislature, &c. &c. which cannot be drawn into the present question.\nIt may be proper however to take notice of the power of removal from office, which appears to have been adjudged to the President by the laws establishing the executive departments; and which the writer has endeavoured to press into his service. To justify any favourable inference from this case, it must be shewn, that the powers of war and treaties are of a kindred nature to the power of removal, or at least are equally within a grant of executive power. Nothing of this sort has been attempted, nor probably will be attempted. Nothing can in truth be clearer, than that no analogy, or shade of analogy, can be traced between a power in the supreme officer responsible for the faithful execution of the laws, to displace a subaltern officer employed in the execution of the laws; and a power to make treaties, and to declare war, such as these have been found to be in their nature, their operation, and their consequences.\nThus it appears that by whatever standard we try this doctrine, it must be condemned as no less vicious in theory than it would be dangerous in practice. It is countenanced neither by the writers on law; nor by the nature of the powers themselves; nor by any general arrangements or particular expressions, or plausible analogies, to be found in the constitution.\nWhence then can the writer have borrowed it?\nThere is but one answer to this question.\nThe power of making treaties and the power of declaring war, are royal prerogatives in the British government, and are accordingly treated as Executive prerogatives by British commentators.\nWe shall be the more confirmed in the necessity of this solution of the problem, by looking back to the \u00e6ra of the constitution, and satisfying ourselves that the writer could not have been misled by the doctrines maintained by our own commentators on our own government. That I may not ramble beyond prescribed limits, I shall content myself with an extract from a work which entered into a systematic explanation and defence of the constitution, and to which there has frequently been ascribed some influence in conciliating the public assent to the government in the form proposed. Three circumstances conspire in giving weight to this cotemporary exposition. It was made at a time when no application to persons or measures could bias: The opinion given was not transiently mentioned, but formally and critically elucidated: It related to a point in the constitution which must consequently have been viewed as of importance in the public mind. The passage relates to the power of making treaties; that of declaring war, being arranged with such obvious propriety among the legislative powers, as to be passed over without particular discussion.\n\u201cTho\u2019 several writers on the subject of government place that power (of making treaties) in the class of Executive authorities, yet this is evidently an arbitrary disposition. For if we attend carefully, to its operation, it will be found to partake more of the legislative than of the executive character, though it does not seem strictly to fall within the definition of either of them. The essence of the legislative authority, is to enact laws; or in other words, to prescribe rules for the regulation of the society. While the execution of the laws and the employment of the common strength, either for this purpose, or for the common defence, seem to comprize all the functions of the Executive magistrate. The power of making treaties is plainly neither the one nor the other. It relates neither to the execution of the subsisting laws, nor to the enaction of new ones, and still less to an exertion of the common strength. Its objects are contracts with foreign nations, which have the force of law, but derive it from the obligations of good faith. They are not rules prescribed by the sovereign to the subject, but agreements between sovereign and sovereign. The power in question seems therefore to form a distinct department, and to belong properly neither to the legislative nor to the executive. The qualities elsewhere detailed as indispensable in the management of foreign negotiations, point out the executive as the most fit agent in those transactions: whilst the vast importance of the trust, and the operation of treaties as Laws, plead strongly for the participation of the whole or a part of the legislative body in the office of making them.\u201d Federalist vol. 2. p. 273.\nIt will not fail to be remarked on this commentary, that whatever doubts may be started as to the correctness of its reasoning against the legislative nature of the power to make treaties: it is clear, consistent and confident, in deciding that the power is plainly and evidently not an executive power.\nHelvidius.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0057", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 25 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nYou will percieve by the inclosed papers that Genet has thrown down the gauntlet to the President by the publication of his letter & my answer, and is himself forcing that appeal to the people, and risking that disgust, which I had so much wished should have been avoided. The indications from different parts of the continent are already sufficient to shew that the mass of the republican interest has no hesitation to disapprove of this intermeddling by a foreigner, and the more readily as his object was evidently, contrary to his professions, to force us into the war. I am not certain whether some of the more furious republicans may not schismatise with him.\nThe following arrangements are established.\nSep. 10. the Pr. sets out for Mt. Vernon, & will be here again the 30th. Oct. 5th. or a little sooner I set out to be absent 6. weeks, by agreement. Consequently I shall be here again about Nov. 17. to remain to Dec. 31. I break up my house the last of Septemb. Shall leave my carriage & horses in Virginia & return in the stage, not to have the embarrasment of ploughing them through the mud in January. I shall take private lodgings on my return. Billy who is just going on a nautical expedition to Charleston, called on me yesterday to desire I would send you the inclosed account which he said was necessary for you to debit those for whom the articles were. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0058", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 27 August 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirAug: 27. 1793\nI wrote you a few lines by the last post from this place just to apprize you of my movement to it. I have since seen the Richmond & the Philada. papers containing, the latter the certificate of Jay & King & the publications relating to the subject of it, the former the proceedings at Richmond dictated no doubt by the Cabal at Philada. It is painful to observe the success of the management for putting Wythe at the head of them. I understand however that a considerable revolution has taken place in his political sentiments under the influence of some disgusts he has recd. from the State Legislature. By what has appeared I discover that a determination has been formed to drag before the public the indiscretions of Gen\u00e8t; and turn them & the popularity of the P. to the purposes driven at. Some impression will be made here of course. A plan is evidently laid in Richd. to render it extensive. If an early & well digested effort for calling out the real sense of the people be not made, there is room to apprehend they may in many places be misled. This has employed the conversation of \u2014\u2014 & myself. We shall endeavor at some means of repelling the danger; particularly by setting on foot expressions of the public mind in important Counties, and under the auspices of respectable names. I have written with this view to Caroline, and have suggested a proper train of ideas, and a wish that Mr. P. would patronise the measure. Such an example would have great effect. Even if it shd. not be followed it would be considered as an authentic specimen of the Country temper; and would put other places on their guard agst. the snares that may be laid for them. The want of opportunities, and our ignorance of trust worthy characters will circumscribe our efforts in this way to a very narrow compass. The rains for several days have delayed my trip to the Gentleman named in my last. Unless tomorrow shd. be a favorable day, I shall be obliged to decline it altogether. In two or three days I shall be in a situation to receive & answer your letters as usual. That by Mr. DR. has not yet reached me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0062", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Archibald Stuart, 1 September 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Stuart, Archibald\nDear SirSepr 1. 1793\nBeing well persuaded of your attachment to the public good, I make no apology for mentioning to you a few circumstances which I conceive to be deeply connected with it. It appears by accounts recd. by Col: Monroe & myself from Mr Jefferson, as well as by the face of the late Newspapers that a variance of a very serious nature has taken place between the federal Executive and Mr. Genet the French Minister. From whatever causes it may have particularly resulted, and whatever blame may belong to the latter, the event will give great pain to all the enlightened friends of those principles of liberty on which the American & French Revolutions are founded, & of that sound policy which ought to maintain the connection between the two countries. Unfortunately this character is not due to every description of persons among us. There are some who dislike republican Government. There are others who dislike the connection with France. And there are others misled by the influence of both. From those quarters attempts are already issuing to make the worst instead of the best of the event, to turn the public sensation with respect to Genet against the French Nation, to give the same turn to the public veneration for the President to produce by these means an animosity between America & France, as the hopeful source of a dissolution of their political & commercial union, of a consequent connection with G. B. and under her auspices, of a gradual approximation towards her Form of Government. In this state of things Is it not the duty of all good citizens to deliberate on the best steps that can be taken for defeating the mischief? And can there be any doubt that a true and authentic expression of the sense of the people will be the most effectual as well as the most proper antidote that can be applied? It is as little doubtful in my opinion what the sense of the people is. They are attached to the Constitution. They are attached to the President. They are attached to the French Nation and Revolution. They are attached to peace as long as it can be honorably preserved. They are averse to Monarchy. And to a political connection with that of Great Britain, and will readily protest against any known or supposed designs that may have this change in their situation for their object. Why then can not the sense of the people be collected on these points, by the agency of temperate & respectable men who have the opportunity of meeting them. This is the more requisite in the Country at large at present, as the voice of particular places distinguished by particular interests & opinion may otherwise, be mistaken for that of the nation, and every hope be thence cut off, of preserving the esteem & affection as yet existing between the French & the American people. A great deal might be said on this subject. To you a very little will suffice: and the less as you will learn from Col: Monroe all the particulars which may explain the ground of what I have taken the liberty of suggesting. I shall only therefore add my request that you will consider this letter as entirely Confidential, and as a proof of the esteem & regard with which I am Dear [Sir] Your sincere friend & Hble servt.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0064", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 2 September 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirSepr. 2. 93\nI write this by your servant on his way to George Town with a Horse. He applies to me for his best route. I advise the circuitous one by Fredg. in preference to the shorter one, in which he would probably lose more by mistakes than would be equal to the difference between the two in point of distance. I left Monroe\u2019s yesterday. My stay was spun out by waiting for Mr. D. R. who did not arrive at Monto: till Friday evening. Your letter by him was duly recd. On getting home last night I found your subsequent one of the 18th. inst. I have not yet read the paper inclosed in it. I shall write you in the course of the day by another opportunity for the post which will afford me time to say what I could not say now without detaining the Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0065", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 2 September 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear SirSepr. 2d. 1793\nI dropped you a few lines this morning by the servant going to George Town with your horse. I had not time, without detaining him to say more than that I had your two favors of the 11th. Ult: by Mr. D. R. and of the 18th. by post. The former was communicated to Monroe, as shall be the latter in case of opportunity. The conduct of Gen\u00e8t as developed in these, and in his proceedings as exhibited in the newspapers, is as unaccountable as it is distressing. The effect is beginning to be strongly felt here in the surprize and disgust of those who are attached to the French cause, and viewed this minister as the instrument for cementing instead of alienating the two Republics. These sensations are powerfully reinforced by the general and habitual veneration for the President. The Anglican party is busy as you may suppose in making the worst of every thing, and in turning the public feelings against France, and thence, in favor of England. The only antidote for their poison, is to distinguish between the nation & its Agent, between principles and events; and to impress the well mea[n]ing with the fact that the enemies of France & of Liberty are at work to lead them from their honorable connection with these, into the arms and ultimately into the Government of G. B. If the genuine sense of the people could be collected on the several points comprehended in the occasion, the calamity would be greatly alleviated if not absolutely controuled. But this is scarcely possible. The Country is too much uninformed, and too inert to speak for itself; and the language of the towns which are generally directed by an adverse interest will insidiously inflame the evil. It is however of such infinite importance to our own Government as well as to that of France, that the real sentiments of the people here should be understood, that something ought to be attempted on that head. I inclose a copy of a train of ideas sketched on the first rumour of the war between the Ex. & Genet, and particularly suggested by the Richmond Resolutions, as a groundwork for those who might take the lead in county meetings. It was intended that they should be modified in every particular according to the state of information and the particular temper of the place. A copy has been sent to Caroline with a hope that Mr. P. might find it not improper to step forward. Another is gone to the District Court at Staunton in the hands of Monroe, who carried a letter from me on the subject to A. Stuart; and a third will be for consideration at the District Ct. at Charlottesville. If these examples should be set, there may be a chance of like proceedings elsewhere: and in themselves they will be respectable specimens of the principles and sensations of the Agricultural, which is the commanding part of the Society. I am not sanguine however that the effort will succeed. If it does not, the State Legislatures, and the federal also if possible, must be induced to take up the matter in its true point of view. Monroe & myself read with attention your despatch by D. R. and had much conversation on what passed between you & the P. It appd. to both of us that a real anxiety was marked to retain you in office, that over & above other motives, it was felt that your presence and implied sanction might be a necessary shield against certain criticisms from certain quarters; that the departure of the only counsellor possessing the confidence of the Republicans would be a signal for new & perhaps very disagreeable attacks; that in this point of view, the respectful & conciliatory language of the P. is worthy of particular attention; and that it affords a better hope than has existed of your being able to command attention, and to moderate the predominant tone. We agreed in opinion also that whilst this end is pursued, it would be wise to make as few concessions as possible that might embarrass the free pursuit of measures which may be dictated by Repubn. principles & required by the public good. In a word we think you ought to make the most of the value we perceive to be placed on your participation in the Ex: Counsels. I am extremely glad to find that you are to remain another quarter. The season will be more apropos in several respects; and it will prevent any co-operation which a successor might be disposed to make towards a final breach with France. I have little hope that you will have one whose policy will have the same healing tendency with yours. I foresee, I think, that it will be either King, if Johnson is put at the Treasy: or E. Rutlege, if Walcot should be put there. I am glad the President rightly infers my determination from antecedent circumstances, so as to free me from imputations in his mind connected with the present state of things. Monroe is particularly solicitous that you should take the view of your present position & opportunities above suggested. He sees so forcibly the difficulty of keeping the feelings of the people as to Gen\u00e8t distinct from those due to his Constituents, that he can hardly prevail on himself absolutely, and openly, to abandon him. I concur with him that it ought to be done no further than is forced upon us, that in general silence is better than open denunciation and crimination; and that it is not unfair to admit the apologetic influence of the errors in our own Government which may have inflamed the passions which now discolor every object to his eye: such as the refusal in the outset of the Government to favor the commerce of F. more than that of G. B\u2014the unfortunate appt. of G. M. to the former: the language of the proclamation\u2014the attempts of Pacificus to explain away & dissolve the Treaty, the notoriety of the Author, and the appearance of its being an informal manifestation of the views of the Ex. &c.\nI paid a short visit to Mr. W. N. as I proposed. He talks like a sound Republican, and sincere friend to the French cause in every respect. I collected from him that E. R. had admitted to him that he drew the Procln., that he had been attacked on it at Chatham by Mr. Jos: Jones, that he reprobated the comment of Pac\u2014f\u2014s\u2014&c. W. N observed that H. had taken the Ex. in by gaining phrases of which he could make the use he has done. The circumstances which derogate from full confidence in W. N. are 1st. his being embarked in a variety of projects which call for money, and keep him in intercourse with the merchts. of Richd. 2d. his communication & intimacy with Marshal of whose disinterestedness as well as understanding he has the highest opinion. It is said, that Marshal who is at the head of the great purchase from Fairfax, has lately obtained pecuniary aids from the Bank or people connected with it. I think it certain that he must have felt, in the moment of the purchase an absolute dependence on the monied interest, which will explain him to every one that reflects, in the active character he is assuming. I have been obliged to write this in great haste, the bearer impatiently waiting the whole time.\nI hope you have rcd. the five Nos. of Hel\u2014v\u2014d\u2014s. I must resume the task I suppose, in relation to the Treaty\u2014& Gratitude. I feel however so much awkwardness under the new posture of things, that I shall deliberate whether a considerable postponement at least may not be adviseable. I found also on my return a House full of particular friends who will stay some weeks and receive & return visits from which I can not decently exclude myself. If I sd. perceive it impossible or improper to continue the publication so as to avail myself the channel used to the press, I shall suspend it till I see & talk with you on the whole matter. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0067", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 8 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nI have received and am charmed with No. V. I thought the introduction an useful lesson to others as I found it to myself, for I had really, by constantly hearing the sound, been led into a pretty free use of it myself. I struck out the passage you desired in the last page. I struck out also the words \u2018and neutrality\u2019 in the following passage \u2018taking the proclamation in it\u2019s proper sense as reminding all concerned that as the US. were at peace, the laws of peace and neutrality were still obligatory.\u2019 Also a paragraph of 4. lines that a minister from France was hourly expected when the proclamation issued. There was one here at the time\u2014the other did not arrive in 6. weeks. To have waited that time would have given full course to the evil.\nI went through Franklin with enchantment; & what peculiarly pleased me was that there was not a sentence from which it could be conjectured whether it came from N. S. E. or West. At last a whole page of Virginia flashed on me. It was in the section on the state of parties, and was an apology for the continuance of slavery among us. However this circumstance may be justly palliated, it had nothing to do with the state of parties, with the bank, encumbered a good cause with a questionable argument; many readers who would have gone heart & hand with the author so far would have flown off in a tangent from that paragraph. I struck it out. Justify this if you please to those concerned, and if it cannot be done say so & it may still be reestablished. I mentioned to you in my last that a Fr. Consul at Boston had rescued a vessel out of the hands of a marshal by military force. Genet has at New York forbidden a marshal to arrest a vessel and given orders to the French squadron to protect her by force. Was there ever an instance before of a diplomatic man overawing & obstructing the course of the law in a country by an armed force? The yellow fever increases. The week before last about 3. a day died. This last week about 11. a day have died; consequently from known data about 33. a day are taken, and there are about 330. patients under it. They are much scattered through the town, and it is the opinion of the physicians that there is no possibility of stopping it. They agree it is a non-descript disease, and no two agree in any one part of their process of cure. The Presidt. goes off the day after tomorrow as he had always intended. Knox then takes flight. Hamilton is ill of the fever as is said. He had two physicians out at his house the night before last. His family think him in danger, & he puts himself so by his excessive alarm. He had been miserable several days before from a firm persuasion he should catch it. A man as timid as he is on the water, as timid on horseback, as timid in sickness, would be a ph\u00e6nomenon if the courage of which he has the reputation in military occasions were genuine. His friends, who have not seen him, suspect it is only an autumnal fever he has. I would really go away, because I think there is rational danger, but that I had before announced that I should not go till the beginning of October, & I do not like to exhibit the appearance of panic. Besides that I think there might serious ills proceed from there being not a single member of the administration in place. Poor Hutcheson dined with me on Friday was sennight, was taken that night on his return home, & died the day before yesterday. It is difficult to say whether the republican interest has suffered more by his death or Genet\u2019s extravagance. I sometimes cannot help seriously believing the latter to be a Dumourier, endeavoring to draw us into the war against France as Dumourier while a minister, drew on her the war of the empire. The Indians have refused to meet our Commissioners unless they would make the Ohio a boundary by preliminary condn. Consequently they are on their return & we may suppose Wayne in movement. Since my last which was of the 1st. your\u2019s of the 22d. Aug. & 2d. Sep. are received. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0068", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Hatley Norton, 12 September 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Norton, John Hatley\nDear SirOrange Sepr. 12. 1793\nI have recd. your favor of the 15th. June, as also a preceding one on the same subject: & have delayed acknowledging them till the return of Majr. Hite, an opportunity which you seem to have had in view. As far as I recollect no claims similar to your\u2019s have yet been allowed by Congress, and some circumspection has been observed against establishing any principle that might lead to them. I can not therefore foresee much chance of success in an application for redress in your case; bu\u27e8t\u27e9 if you think proper to make the experiment, any service of mine in relation to it will be afforded with all the readiness & pleasure you have anticipated. A petition to Congress will be the proper mode of the application; and the evidence in support of the facts, ought to be collected in the usual form, & to be the best which the circumstances of the case will admit. If any of the officers belonging to the troops are alive, and can be applied to, their certificates would be proper & perhaps may be expected. I thank you for your very friendly invitation to take Winchester in my way to Philada. and should be happy in such an opportunity of calling on you; but I must sacrifice the inducements to that route, to the conveniences which give a preference to the shorter & more usual one. My father & the family beg you to accept a return of their best respects for those you have so kindly presented to them. With great esteem & regard I am Dear Sir Your Obedt. friend & Servt.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0069", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 12 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nThe fever spreads faster. Deaths are now about 30. a day. It is in every square of the city. All flying who can. Most of the offices are shut or shutting. The banks shut up this day. All my clerks have left me but one: so that I cannot go on with business. I shall therefore set out in 3. or 4. days & perhaps see you before you get this. H had truly the fever, and is on the recovery, & pronounced out of danger.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0070", "content": "Title: \u201cHelvidius\u201d Number 4, [14 September] 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[14 September 1793]\nThe last papers compleated the view proposed to be taken of the arguments in support of the new and aspiring doctrine, which ascribes to the executive the prerogative of judging and deciding whether there be causes of war or not, in the obligations of treaties; notwithstanding the express provision in the constitution, by which the legislature is made the organ of the national will, on questions whether there be or be not a cause for declaring war. If the answer to these arguments has imparted the conviction which dictated it, the reader will have pronounced, that they are generally superficial, abounding in contradictions, never in the least degree conclusive to the main point, and not unfrequently conclusive against the writer himself: whilst the doctrine\u2014that the powers of treaty and war, are in their nature executive powers\u2014which forms the basis of those arguments, is as indefensible and as dangerous, as the particular doctrine to which they are applied.\nBut it is not to be forgotten that these doctrines, though ever so clearly disproved, or ever so weakly defended, remain before the public a striking monument of the principles and views which are entertained and propagated in the community.\nIt is also to be remembered, that however the consequences flowing from such premises, may be disavowed at this time or by this individual, we are to regard it as morally certain, that in proportion as the doctrines make their way into the creed of the government, and the acquiescence of the public, every power that can be deduced from them, will be deduced and exercised sooner or later by those who may have an interest in so doing. The character of human nature gives this salutary warning to every sober and reflecting mind. And the history of government, in all its forms and in every period of time, ratifies the danger. A people therefore, who are so happy as to possess the inestimable blessing of a free and defined constitution, cannot be too watchful against the introduction, nor too critical in tracing the consequences, of new principles and new constructions, that may remove the landmarks of power.\nShould the prerogative which has been examined, be allowed in its most limited sense, to usurp the public countenance, the interval would probably be very short, before it would be heard from some quarter or other, that the prerogative either amounts to nothing, or means a right to judge and conclude that the obligations of treaty impose war, as well as that they permit peace. That it is fair reasoning, to say, that if the prerogative exists at all, an operative rather than an inert character ought to be given to it.\nIn support of this conclusion, there would be enough to echo, \u27e8\u201cthat the prerogative in this active sense, is connected with the executive\u27e9 in various capacities\u2014as the organ of intercourse between the nation and foreign nations\u2014as the interpreter of national treaties\u201d (a violation of which may be a cause of war) \u201cas that power which is charged with the execution of the laws of which treaties make a part\u2014as that power, which is charged with the command and application of the public force.\u201d\nWith additional force, it might be said, that the executive is as much the executor as the interpreter of treaties: that if by virtue of the first character it is to judge of the obligations of treaties, it is by virtue of the second, equally authorised to carry those obligations into effect. Should there occur for example, a casus federis, claiming a military co-operation of the United States, and a military force should happen to be under the command of the executive, it must have the same right, as executor of public treaties to employ the public force, as it has in quality of interpreter of public treaties to decide whether it ought to be employed.\nThe case of a treaty of peace would be an auxiliary to comments of this sort. It is a condition annexed to every treaty that an infraction even of an important article, on one side extinguishes the obligations on the other: and the immediate consequence of a dissolution of a treaty of peace is a restoration of a state of war. If the executive is \u201cto decide on the obligation of the nation with regard to foreign nations\u201d\u2014\u201cto pronounce the existing condition (in the sense annexed by the writer) of the nation with regard to them; and to admonish the citizens of their obligations and duties as founded upon that condition of things\u201d\u2014\u201cto judge what are the reciprocal rights and obligations of the United States, and of all and each of the powers at war:\u201d\u2014add, that if the executive moreover possesses all powers relating to war not strictly within the power to declare war, which any pupil of political casuistry, could distinguish from a mere relapse into a war, that had been declared: With this store of materials and the example given of the use to be made of them, would it be difficult to fabricate a power in the executive to plunge the nation into war, whenever a treaty of peace might happen to be infringed?\nBut if any difficulty should arise, there is another mode chalked out by which the end might clearly be brought about, even without the violation of the treaty of peace; especially if the other party should happen to change its government at the crisis. The executive, in that case, could suspend the treaty of peace by refusing to receive an ambassador from the new government, and the state of war emerges of course.\nThis is a sample of the use to which the extraordinary publication we are reviewing, might be turned. Some of the inferences could not be repelled at all. And the least regular of them must go smoothly down with those, who had swallowed the gross sophistry which wrapped up the original dose.\nEvery just view that can be taken of this subject, admonishes the public, of the necessity of a rigid adherence to the simple, the received and the fundamental doctrine of the constitution, that the power to declare war including the power of judging of the causes of war is fully and exclusively vested in the legislature: that the executive has no right, in any case to decide the question, whether there is or is not cause for declaring war: that the right of convening and informing Congress, whenever such a question seems to call for a decision, is all the right which the constitution has deemed requisite or proper: and that for such more than for any other contingency, this right was specially given to the executive.\nIn no part of the constitution is more wisdom to be found than in the clause which confides the question of war or peace to the legislature, and not to the executive department. Beside the objection to such a mixture of heterogeneous powers: the trust and the temptation would be too great for any one man: not such as nature may offer as the prodigy of many centuries, but such as may be expected in the ordinary successions of magistracy. War is in fact the true nurse of executive aggrandizement. In war a physical force is to be created, and it is the executive will which is to direct it. In war the public treasures are to be unlocked, and it is the executive hand which is to dispense them. In war the honors and emoluments of office are to be multiplied; and it is the executive patronage under which they are to be enjoyed. It is in war, finally, that laurels are to be gathered, and it is the executive brow they are to encircle. The strongest passions, and most dangerous weaknesses of the human breast; ambition, avarice, vanity, the honorable or venial love of fame, are all in conspiracy against the desire and duty of peace.\nHence it has grown into an axiom that the executive is the department of power most distinguished by its propensity to war: hence it is the practice of all states, in proportion as they are free, to disarm this propensity of its influence.\nAs the best praise then that can be pronounced on an executive magistrate, is, that he is the friend of peace; a praise that rises in its value, as there may be a known capacity to shine in war: so it must be one of the most sacred duties of a free people, to mark the first omen in the society, of principles that may stimulate the hopes of other magistrates of another propensity, to intrude into questions on which its gratification depends. If a free people be a wise people also, they will not forget that the danger of surprise can never be so great, as when the advocates for the prerogative of war, can sheathe it in a symbol of peace.\nThe constitution has manifested a similar prudence in refusing to the executive the sole power of making peace. The trust in this instance also, would be too great for the wisdom, and the temptations too strong for the virtue, of a single citizen. The principal reasons on which the constitution proceeded in its regulation of the power of treaties, including treaties of peace, are so aptly furnished by the work already quoted more than once, that I shall borrow another comment from that source.\n\u201cHowever proper or safe it may be in a government where the executive magistrate is an hereditary monarch to commit to him the entire power of making treaties, it would be utterly unsafe and improper to entrust that power to an elective magistrate of four years duration. It has been remarked upon another occasion, and the remark is unquestionably just, that an hereditary monarch, though often the oppressor of his people, has personally too much at stake in the government to be in any material danger of being corrupted by foreign powers. But that a man raised from the station of a private citizen to the rank of chief magistrate, possessed of but a moderate or slender fortune, and looking forward to a period not very remote, when he may probably be obliged to return to the station from which he was taken, might sometimes be under temptations to sacrifice his duty to his interest, which it would require superlative virtue to withstand. An avaricious man might be tempted to betray the interests of the state to the acquisition of wealth. An ambitious man might make his own aggrandizement, by the aid of a foreign power, the price of his treachery to his constituents. The history of human conduct does not warrant that exalted opinion of human virtue, which would make it wise in a nation, to commit interests of so delicate and momentous a kind as those which concern its intercourse with the rest of the world, to the sole disposal of a magistrate, created and circumstanced, as would be a President of the United States.\u201d\nI shall conclude this paper and this branch of the subject, with two reflections, which naturally arise from this view of the Constitution.\nThe first is, that as the personal interest of an hereditary monarch in the government, is the only security against the temptation incident to a commitment of the delicate and momentous interests of the nation which concern its intercourse with the rest of the world, to the disposal of a single magistrate, it is a plain consequence, that every addition that may be made to the sole agency and influence of the Executive, in the intercourse of the nation with foreign nations, is an increase of the dangerous temptation to which an elective and temporary magistrate is exposed; and an argument and advance towards the security afforded by the personal interests of an hereditary magistrate.\nSecondly, As the constitution has not permitted the Executive singly to conclude or judge that peace ought to be made, it might be inferred from that circumstance alone, that it never meant to give it authority, singly, to judge and conclude that war ought not to be made. The trust would be precisely similar and equivalent in the two cases. The right to say that war ought not to go on, would be no greater than the right to say that war ought to begin. Every danger of error or corruption, incident to such a prerogative in one case, is incident to it in the other. If the Constitution therefore has deemed it unsafe or improper in the one case, it must be deemed equally so in the other case.\nHelvidius.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0071", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 15 September 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear SirSepr. 15. 93.\nSince I parted from you I have had several letters from Mr. J. in which all the facts involving Gen\u00e9t are detailed. His conduct has been that of a madman. He is abandoned even by his votaries in Philada. Hutcheson declares that he has ruined the Republican interest in that place. I wish I could forward the details I have recd. but they are too confidential to be hazarded by the casual conveyance to which this is destined. They ought however to have no other effect on the steps to be pursued, than to caution agst. founding any of them on the presumed inculpability of Gen\u00e9t. As he has put himself on such unjustifiable ground, perhaps it is fortunate that he has done it in so flagrant a manner. It will be the more easily believed here that he has acted agst. the sense of his Constituents, and the latter will be the less likely to support him in his errors. I find that the Anglicans & Monocrats from Boston to Philada. are betrayed by the occasion into the most palpable discovery of their real views. They already lose sight of the Agent; and direct their hostilities immediately agst. France. This will do good, if proper use be made of it. You will see by the late papers that G. B. has made war on our commerce, by intercepting uncontraband articles bound to unblockaded ports, and taking them to herself at her own price. This must bring on a crisis with us, unless the order be revoked on our demand, of which there is not the least probability. I understand that the malignant fever in Philada. is raging still with great violence; and all the inhabitants who can, flying from it in every direction. The mortality at first was in the ratio of 3 out of 4. It had been reduced to 1 out of 3. Mr. J. is in raptures with the performance of our friend in C\u2014l\u2014n\u2014e. He means to have it appear about two weeks before the meeting of C\u2014\u2014s. This will not coincide with the plan of the Author, who wished its publication to be in time for the meeting of the State Legislature. Think of this & let me have your ideas. On my return home I found a letter from Mr. Jones wch. I inclose as the shortest way of making you acquainted with what he wishes. With all due respects to Ms. Monroe. I am Yrs. affey.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0072", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 15 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nSchuylkill Sep. 15. [1793]\nI have to acknolege yours of Aug. 27. & Sep. 2. The fever in town is become less mortal, but extends. Dupont the Fr. Consul is dead of it. So is Wright the painter. His wife also. Lieper is said to be dead, but that is not certain. J. Barclay ill. Ham. and his wife recovered. Willing on the recovery. The banks are not shut up, as I had been falsely informed when I wrote you last. I have some expectation to set out tomorrow, and shall make it eight days to your house; but it is very possible I may yet be detained here two or three days. The arrangement on which I had consented to remain another quarter was that the President was to be absent three weeks, and after that I was to be absent 6. weeks. This got me rid of 9. weeks of the 13. and the remaining 4. Congress would be setting. My view in this was precisely to avoid being at any more councils as much as possible, that I might not be committed in any thing further. This fever by driving me off sooner, will bring me back sooner, & so far counteract my view. But I need not take the trouble of writing on this subject, as I shall see you as early as you will get this letter. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0076", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Monroe, 25 September 1793\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirAlbemarle Sepr. 25. 1793.\nI am still doubtful whether I shall visit Fredericksburg this term\u2014if I do will call on you as I go down perhaps on Monday\u2014but I shall in case I do not sit out on that day for Richmond, so that I shall not have the pleasure of se[e]ing you here till the week after.\nI found at Staunton impressions had been made by letters from Richmd. Mr. M. had written to Gl. Jones who was there to promote an address correspondent with that from the metropolis. The letters however I took with me effectually changed the current and gave it a direction against the anti-republican faction. A meeting took place & resolutions were passed in a tone of sentiment perfectly correct & proper. Messrs. Jay & King were put upon the same footing with the French minister in a resolutn. whose object was to conciliate France & express the attachment of the place to her revolution. They were enclosed to Mr. Gamble to be handed the Printer but as yet have not appeared.\nI return\u2019d home sick of the Influenza & was indisposed thro\u2019 the court here. W. Nicholas was unwell & did not come up till the day the ct. adjourned. Gilmer was in Rockingham\u2014and the clerk was averse & circulated resolutions of a different complexion. Finally a notice was put up for a meeting of the freeholders on the last day of the court\u2014but few met so that the project failed, very much to the chagrin of all who did, & indeed of every one who heard of it, except a few only. It is however to be renewed at the next county court when it is intended to part the pro\u2019s & con\u2019s. A little incident has given me some pain\u2014being sick & hearing the Clerk had shewn some improper resolutions, & that he likewise disapproved those of Staunton, I furnished Bell, who called on me, with those we had approved to be copied & given to Mr. Randolph that the latter might alter the style. This was done, but unfortunately a schism took place in that family, between those drawn there and the original set\u2014Peter Carr prefering the latter\u2014so that both were shewn, & I am told that since those from Caroline have appeared, their correspondence with these, has been notic\u2019d. I shall adjust this matter in the best manner possible.\nMr. Jefferson I hear is arrived. I shall see him this morning. I have written a piece for Richmond but doubt the propriety of its publication\u2014as upon a review it bears the aspect of too pointed an attack upon a certain personage\u2014& likewise treats with too much asperity G. Morris. Very affectionately I am yr. friend & servt\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0077", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Taylor, 25 September 1793\nFrom: Taylor, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDr. SirBowling Green Sepr. 25. 1793\nYours of the 20th. is this instant handed to me.\nHad you been present, & wielding the pencil of a Hogarth, you might have depicted a lively sensation of human nature, on having the approbation it relates, announced to it.\nThe approbation of the good, is only inferior to a consciousness of having served mankind, in the pleasurable emotions it excites.\nThe emendation of the paper, is not only permited, but highly approved of, by me.\nBut I observe that Freneau is publishing extracts from it. This is both unwise and indelicate. Unwise, as mutilated anticipations, will weaken its effect, if it should appear in a pamphlet. Indelicate, as in that event, the performance will exhibit the ludicrous aspect, of a compilation from his news papers.\nInstantly on the receipt of yours from Albermarle, notifications were dispersed, and in five days; resolutions were formed by a very numerous meeting. They are in some papers, and will appear in others. I hope you will approve of them. I wish they may differ enough from those of Stt., to avoid a suspicion of their being coined in the same mint. I was obliged to come forward in a speechification. But, as I thought best, the chairman fathered & conducted, the whole business. Be happy.\nJ. T.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0078", "content": "Title: To James Madison from James Maury, 26 September 1793\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,Liverpool 26 Septr 1793\nIt is long since I had this pleasure. With this you have the review of last month, in which I wish you may find Something entertaining. It is with great anxiety we Wait Intelligence from America subsequent to your being informed of the Instructions from this Government to their Cruizers. Many of our Vessells have been Captured & brought in\u2014principally from the Suspicion of there being French property on Board: but the process in the Court of Admiralty is not ended in any case, where the captured have defended themselves.\nAs to the Contest on the Continent; I refer you to the News papers. Today there are some Accounts of considerable Advantages gained by the Antirevolutionists, which, in some Measure, counterbalance those lately obtained over the combined Armies before Dunkirk\u2014where the Carnage has been dreadful. By this Days accounts vast Bodies of the Convention Troops were collecting in the Neighbourhood of Toulon in order to recover that place. This Great people united among themselves would be equal to all their Enemies at least.\nThe Glimmering of a Rupture with the United States aided by some other Circumstances have lately mended the Article of Tobaccoe a little. I have availed of it by disposing of some of your\u2019s which had remained on hand since last year. I am with particular Esteem & Regard dr Sir Yr most obt Servant\nJames Maury\n3 \u214c Ct Consols 74 & a fraction\nExchange with paris 8 5/8d Sterg\nfor 3 It Tournuis\nSay 8 5/8d Sterg for 3 Livres assignats", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0079", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Abram Trigg, 1 October 1793\nFrom: Trigg, Abram\nTo: Madison, James\nSirMontgomery County October 1st. 1793\nI take the liberty to inclose you a Copy of sundry charges which have been forwarded to the President of the United States against Captain William Preston touching his conduct in an Election, held for a representative in Congress each charge having a reference to such part of the deposition\u2019s with which they were accompany\u2019d as seem to support it.\nWill you Sir be so good as to favour me with your direction\u2019s how to proceed for avoiding the said Election, or if practicable to obtain my seat. It is with great diffidence I make the application; but the Occasion I hope will justify the intrusion; as I conceive essential to the existance of a republican Government that Election\u2019s of representatives of the people should be absolutely free, and that therefore this attempt by a military force to prescribe to free men who they shall choose will meet with your disapprobation. I beg leave further to observe that in Washington County, indirect measures were used in diver\u2019s respect\u2019s particularly a number of person\u2019s were poll\u2019d that lived in the state of Kentuckey & in the Territory of the United States South of the River Ohio and the poll continued open the second day without any legal cause existing, other than its being Court day & the votes of that County mostly running in Mr. Preston\u2019s favour; when in other County\u2019s within the district the polls were closed on the first day of the Election to the exclusion of a sufficient number of votes to have given me the majority who actually appeared before sun set, and tendred their votes in my favour, All Which doing\u2019s is considered to be contrary to the Letter & Spirit of the Constitution, and flagrant breach of the rights of freemen.\nYour Friendship and Friendly Offices in this business will imprint upon my mind the most lasting impressions of Gratitude & Esteem. I am Sir with the greatest Respect your Most Obedient Servant.\nAbram Trigg.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0080", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Harry Toulmin, 11 October 1793\nFrom: Toulmin, Harry\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,Alexandria Octr. 11. 1793\nIt is with pleasure I recollect the few hours in which I was so happy as to enjoy your company though I regret that a little indisposition, which was then beginning, & which terminated in a bilious fever, prevented it me from enjoying it so much as I should otherwise have done. I had then some distant thoughts of extending my little tour to the western country\u2014and you were so obliging as to offer to introduce me to your friends in Kentucky, should I determine upon carrying this idea into execution. I am now on my return from Carlisle and Lancaster to Winchester in this state, where it would afford me great pleasure to be favoured with a line from you to any gentleman in Kentucky, for I mean to proceed from Winchester to that country in about the space of a fortnight.\nI have much reason to acknowledge with thankfulness, similar favours which you have already conferred upon me. Mr Belmain has been peculiarly obliging and friendly.\nMy first object in going to Kentucky is to procure some knowledge of the country for the information of friends in England: and as my partiality for America, makes me rather desire to continue here, than to return to my native country, my second object is to see if there be any prospect of my establishing myself there as an instructor of youth in classical knowledge & other branches of liberal education. At present indeed I am connected with a society in England as a minister of religion: but I believe my faith is too simple to admit of any similar connection in America.\nI have great reason, however, to speak of the liberality of some worthy men with whom I have been so fortunate as to form an acquaintance, & especially Mr Belmain. With the highest esteem, I am, Sir Your obliged and most respectful Sert\nH. Toulmin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0082", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Robert R. Livingston, 20 October 1793\nFrom: Livingston, Robert R.\nTo: Madison, James\nDr SirClerMont 20th. Octr 1793\nMr. Adair the bearer of this having done me the favor to spend a few days here I found so much pleasure in his society that I am persuaded that I shall do you a mutual favor in bringing you acquainted with each other. He proposes to pass some months in Virginia. You will find him extremely well informed on most subjects & particularly so in every branch of natural history & chymistry. He will communicate to you some new discoverys & improvments which have not yet reachd us in the ordinary channels. You will not be less pleased with his politics than with his philosophy since he is a firm & decided friend to the rights of man & thinks with us on the subject of popular governments. I condole with you upon the disstress of Philadelphia. Would it not be prudent to order the offices to remove some time before the meeting of Congress so that they may perform the necessary quarantine & remove the objections which may other wise arise to their reception at such place as Congress may think proper to adjourn to. I am extreamly anxious for their meeting which I think shd. have been long since. I am Dr. Sir with greatest esteem & regd. Your Most Obt hum: Servt\nRobt R Livingston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0083", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Washington, 24 October 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Washington, George\nDear SirOrange October 24th. 1793.\nYour letter of the 14th. instant did not arrive till sunday night, and being not then at home, I did not receive it till last night. I now lose not a moment in complying with its request; tho\u2019 I foresee it cannot reach you before you will have left Mount Vernon, and before you will probably have made up a final determination on some if not on all the questions proposed. These are\n1. Ought the President to summon Congress at a time and place to be named by him? or,\n2 If the President has no power to change the place, ought he to abstain from all interposition whatever? or\n3. Ought he to notify the obstacle to a meeting at Philadelphia, state the defect of a regular provision for the exigency, and suggest his purpose of repairing to  as a place deemed most eligible for a meeting in the first instance?\n4. What is the place liable to fewest objections?\nFrom the best investigation I have been able to make in so short a time, the first expedient, tho\u2019 most adequate to the exigency, seems to require an authority that does not exist under the Constitution and laws of the U. States.\nThe only passage in the Constitution in which such an authority could be sought is that which says \u201cThe President may, on extraordinary occasions, convene both Houses, or either of them.\u201d But the obvious import of these terms is satisfied by referring them to the time only at which the extraordinary meeting is summoned. If indeed they included a discretion as to the place as well as the time, it would be unnecessary to recur to the expedient of altering the time in order to get at an alteration of the place. The President could as well alter the place without interfering with the time, as alter the time without interfering with the place. Besides; the effect of a change as to place would not be in all respects similar to a change as to time. In the latter case, an extraordinary session running into the period of an ordinary one, would allow the ordinary one to go on under all the circumstances prescribed by law. In the former case, this would not happen. The ordinary part of the Session would be held out of the place prescribed for it\u2014unless prevented by a positive act for returning to it.\nThe obvious meaning here assigned to the phrase is confirmed by other parts of the Constitution. It is well known that much jealousy has always appeared in every thing connected with the residence of the General Government. The solicitude of the Constitution to appease this jealousy is particularly marked by the 1st. paragraph of section 6th & the 3d. paragraph of section 7th. of article I. The light in which these paragraphs must be viewed cannot well be reconciled with a supposition that it was meant to entrust the Executive alone with any power on that subject.\nLaying aside the Constitution and consulting the law, the expedient seems to be no less inadmissible. The Act of July 1790 \u201cestablishing the temporary & permanent seat of the Government of the U. S.\u201d cannot be understood to leave any such power in the President. And as the power, if exercised so as to interfere with the provision relating to the temporary seat, might beget an alarm lest, in the hands of a President unfriendly to the permanent seat, it should be turned on some pretext or other against that arrangement, prudential reasons unite with legal ones, for avoiding the precedent.\nThe 2d mode of treating the difficulty would seem to be best, if the danger at German Town were out of the way. A voluntary resort to that place might be relied on; and the members of the Legislature finding themselves together and with the President, might legalize the necessary steps, or if that should be thought wrong might deliberate and decide for themselves on the emergency. But as the danger might defeat such an expectation, it results that,\nThe 3d expedient is called for by the occasion; and being sufficient, is all that can be justified by it.\nThe 4th. point to be considered is the delicate one of naming the place.\nIn deciding this point, it would seem proper to attend first to the risk of the infection. This consideration lies, as you observe, against Trenton & Wilmington: secondly, to Northern and Southern jealousies. This applies to N. York and Annapolis: thirdly, to the disposition of Pennsylvania, which is entitled to some regard, as well by her calamity, as by the circumstance of her being in possession of the Government.\nIn combining these considerations we are led to look for some place within the State of Pennsylvania not materially different from Philada. in relation to North and South. Lancaster and Reading appear to have occurred. With the former I am but little acquainted. The latter I never saw. If the object of the Executive should be merely to put Congress in the most neutral situation possible for chusing a place for themselves, as would have been the case at German Town, Reading seems to have the better pretensions. If the object should be to provide a place at once marking an impartiality in the Executive, and capable of retaining Congress during the Session, Lancaster seems to claim a preference.\nIf the measure which my present view of the subject favors, should be deemed least objectionable, something like the following form might be given to it.\n\u201cWhereas a very dangerous and infectious malady which continues to rage in the City of Philada. renders it indispensable that the approaching Session of Congress should be held, as well as the Executive Department be for the present administered, at some other place: And whereas no regular provision exists for such an emergency; so that unless some other place be pointed out, at which the members of Congress may assemble in the first instance, great embarrasments may happen: Under these peculiar circumstances I have thought it incumbent on me to notify the obstacle to a meeting of Congress at the ordinary place of their Session; and to recommend that the several members assemble at  in the State of  at which place I shall be ready to meet them.\nWith sentiments of the highest respect and attachment I remain, Dear Sir, your affectionate humble servant\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0084", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Edmund Randolph, 28 October 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear friendGerman Town October 28. 1793\nI am satisfied, that there will be great man\u0153uvring about the place of congress for the next session. New-York seemingly declines a visit from them; but steps are taken to distract preparations in this state, and produce a kind of necessity to go thither, as being the only spot, where accommodations can be found at short notice. A precedent, too is much wished by some, for violating the compact concerning the final residence, by shewing the power of congress over the temporary. I beseech you to be here the day before the appointed time. Yrs. afftely\nEdm: Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0085", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Monroe, 29 October 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear SirOcr. 29. 1793\nInclosed are two Newspapers one of which contains the Resolutions proposed at Fredg. and a letter from Bourdeaux which is not uninteresting. You will find also two pieces one from Alexanda. & another answering it which as connected with the present crisis may be worth reading. At Culpeper Court, the proposed meeting took effect, Genl. Stephens in the Chair. The result as stated to me, is not censurable if at all on the score surmised. It has not the smallest tincture either of Anglomany or Aristocracy. I am informed that one of the Resolutions which speaks of the attempts to alienate America from France, in the past as well as future tense, was carried in the Come. after considerable debate, and confirmed by the people on a motion to amend. The Resolutions in Fauquier are said to be a servile eccho of those in Richmond. When you come on pray bring with you such of Davis\u2019s papers as may have been recd. since I left you. I send the little balance of Tea due to Mrs. Monroe which I intended but failed to procure before my late trip. As you are becoming a worshipper of Ceres I add an Ear of Corn which is forwarder by three weeks than the ordinary sort; and if given to your overseer may supply a seasonable dish on your return next summer. Mr. Jefferson is so delighted with it that he not only requested me to forward some of it to Mr. Randolph but took an Ear with him to be brought back on his return, that there might be no possible disappointment. Should you have an oppy. after you know the day of your setting out, be so good as to drop me notice of it. My Compliments to Mrs. Monroe. Yrs. Always & Affey.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0086", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 2 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear SirGermantown Nov. 2. 1793.\nI overtook the President at Baltimore, & we arrived here yesterday, myself fleeced of seventy odd dollars to get from Fredericksburg here, the stages running no further than Baltimore. I mention this to put yourself & Monroe on your guard. The fever in Phila. has so much abated as to have almost disappeared. The inhabitants are about returning. It has been determined that the President shall not interfere with the meeting of Congress. R. H. & K. were of opinion he had a right to call them to any place but that the occasion did not call for it. I think the President inclined to the opinion. I proposed a proclamn. notifying that the Executive business would be done here till further notice, which I believe will be agreed. H. R. Lewis, Rawle &c all concur in the necessity that Congress should meet in Phila. & vote there their own adjournment, if it shall then be necessary to change the place. The question will be between N. York & Lancaster. The Pensylva. members are very anxious for the latter, & will attend punctually to support it as well as to support Muhlenburg & oppose the appointment of Smith (S. C.) speaker, which is intended by the Northern members. According to present appearances, this place cannot lodge a single person more. As a great favor I have got a bed in the corner of the public room of a tavern: and must so continue till some of the Philadelphians make a vacancy by removing into the city. Then we must give from 4. to 6 or 8. dollars a week for cuddies without a bed, and sometimes without a chair or table. There is not a single lodging-house in the place. Ross & Willing are alive, Hancock is dead. Johnson of Maryld has refused. Ru. L. & Mcl. in contemplation. The last least. You will have seen Genet\u2019s letters to Moultrie & to myself. Of the last I know nothing but from the public papers; and he published Moultrie\u2019s letter & his answer the moment he wrote it. You will see that his inveteracy against the President leads him to meditate the embroiling him with Congress. They say he is going to be married to a daughter of Clinton\u2019s. If so, he is afraid to return to France. Hamilton is ill, & suspicious he has taken the fever again by returning to his house. He of course could not attend here to-day. But the Pr. had shewed me his letter on the right of calling Congress to another place. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0087", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 9 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nGermantown. Nov. 9. 93.\nThe stages from Philadelphia to Baltimore are to be resumed tomorrow. The fever has almost disappeared. The Physicians say they have no new subjects since the rains. Some old ones are still to recover or die, & it is presumed that will close the tragedy. The inhabitants, refugees, are now flocking back generally; this will give us accomodation here. The Pr. sets out tomorrow for Reading, & perhaps Lancaster to return in a week. He will probably remain here till the meeting of Congress, should Philadelphia become ever so safe, as the members may not be satisfied of that point till they have time to inform themselves. Toulon has surrendered to Engld. & Spain. Grand Anse in St. Domingo to England. The British have recieved a check before Dunkirk, probably a great one, but the particulars cannot yet be depended on. It happened about the 10th of September. When Monroe & yourself arrive here, come to Bockeus\u2019s tavern (sign the K. of Prussia) I will have engaged beds there for you for your temporary accomodation. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0088", "content": "Title: To James Madison from George Nicholas, 15 November 1793\nFrom: Nicholas, George\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir,\nNovr. 15th. 93\nI thank you for your friendly letters dated in March and August last.\nWe have been in a great state of anxiety on account of the French, but our fears begin to subside and give way to our hopes for their success. Their cause is so good and their conduct in the general so great that we are naturally inclined to overlook their imprudencies. It is more than probable that many things which appear so to us at this distance proceed from the peculiarity of their situation. The difference of our manners may also make many things seem strange to us that are natural to them. However as I am always inclined to think well of a man tho\u2019 some of his actions will not bear a strict examination provided they in general are good, so I am willing to overlook what is improper in their conduct, and most ardently wish them success.\nThe situation in which America stands respecting them is delicate. Prudence forbids her taking an active part, but I doubt honour and gratitude would speak another language. At any rate the delicacy of our situation was such as in my opinion to make it proper to say as little about it as possible. In this point of view the proclamation was certainly wrong; as far as I can judge it was unnecessary and could answer no good purpose as it gave no additional efficacy to the existing laws on the subject. But if as I conceive it was contrary to the impressions which we ought to have felt, it is a dishonourable acknowledgment that we are void of those sentiments. Supposing that the President could be justified by the duty of his office, what apology can be made for the numerous addressers who have voluntarily stept forward on this occasion. Cloak their real sentiments as they will it must be obvious to all that the profits which they expect from the neutrality are what stimulate them to this conduct; and altho\u2019 these addresses come only from the mercantile part of America yet the silence of the farmers prove that they have imbibed the same sentiment. How few of them say any thing about the French revolution, and how faint are the expressions of regard to their cause in those few, when compared with their approbation of a measure which they suppose will keep up the price of their wheat. The thinking part of the present age must despise such conduct, and posterity will regret that their ancestors should so soon tarnish the reputation they have acquired as lovers of liberty.\nThe game that is playing by the two parties to make French politicks answer their purposes in our internal divisions is as disgraceful to those who are concerned in it as it is insulting to the understandings of the people of America. The longer I live the more I am convinced that man will always be a dupe. The senseless multitude who are concerned in these addresses have no idea that they will be used to strengthen the hands of those who are the advocates of measures which they detest. This tho\u2019 will certainly be the case and this proclamation with the use that will be made of it, if I am not deceived will have a great effect on all the measures of the next Congress. The object of Jay and King was so apparent that I am astonished that it did not defeat them. Let Genet\u2019s conduct have been ever so improper it was highly unbecoming America as a nation to take any notice of it. There is some mystery in that business which it would have been more to the honour of the President to have cleared up.\nYou will probably hear something said of an attempt being made here to raise an army to go against the Spaniards. The history of that business is shortly this. Genl. Clarke in February last wrote to the French minister offering his services for that purpose and stating the practicability of effecting something considerable if he had power given him to appoint the proper officers, and if he was furnished with three thousand pounds sterling. In June last he received a commission of Major General in the French service with power to appoint his officers and to draw under certain restrictions for the money. When Clarke wrote it is supposed that he was influenced by O Fallon who had married his sister, before he received an answer they had parted. When the French agent got to Clarke he found him totally incapable of conducting such a business, and entirely without influence. Clarke having also lost his counsellor has become very cool in the business, expressed his own doubts of the success of it, and declared that some who had induced him to propose it had deserted him. The agent then sounded different characters in this country, but finding no disposition to engage in such an enterprise, he gave it up and has returned.\nThis proposition of Clarke\u2019s altho\u2019 it has ended without producing the effect which he and the French minister expected from it, will be attended with the most serious consequences. It has shewn us unquestionably that the French may be induced to join us in procuring what we are now satisfied our government wants inclination and spirit to obtain for us. The want of inclination we infer from the conduct of the former Congress and the silence of the present one. The want of spirit may be sufficiently proved from the late addresses. We can have no reason to suppose that a people who make money their god will enter into a war to procure a just right for a particular part of America when the greater part besides the expences of the war suppose that this right will be prejudicial to them. Our eyes are opened on this subject; you will hear plain truths, do not despise them. We have but one Voice on the occasion. You must determine whether America shall continue united or whether a division shall take place, which will necessarily be attended with applications to foreign powers for support. We must we will have what we are entitled to: we will no longer be amused with negociations that may be spun out for ages. When we demand a right there is no occasion for supplications either to our government or that which with holds the right from us. The Western country united can bid defiance to the rest of America and to the Spaniards too.\nWould our government have been quiet so long if the Delaware had been blocked up by a foreign nation! What is the difference between the two cases in point of right and duty! We retain our affection for our brethren in America and for it\u2019s government; but it is not a childish one depending on mamas: it proceeds from an opinion that that affection is reciprocal, and that mutual advantages may be derived from the government. Convince us (and that is nearly done) that this is a delusion and we would sooner be united to the savages who you court in vain than remain as a part of a government from which we derive no benefits.\nIt is time for our rulers to think seriously on this subject; a connection like our\u2019s if once dissolved is scarcely ever renewed. Great Britain would before the close of the war have granted twice as much to America as she refused with disdain at the beginning of it. If policy will not influence their conduct how will they reconcile it to justice to suffer a part of their fellow citizens to be oppressed and injured by a tyrant. The day for asserting the rights of nations is now come; the opportunity is favorable; our all is at stake for we can never be a flourishing people until we have what we demand and we had better lose what we possess in attempting to get what is necessary to it\u2019s free enjoyment than hold it in the terms we now do.\nI have written to Col: John Taylor my ideas respecting the operations against the Indians. To him I refer you for all the information I can give on this subject.\nMuch is expected from, and much depends on the next session of Congress. Much national good and reputation, or much evil and discredit will result from their deliberations. It is to be lamented that when all the wisdom of America would be necessary to enable her to act properly that her councils should be distracted and divided by parties. But is not this one of the things which will always attend human governments, and a tax which all must submit to.\nWishing you health and happiness, and a sufficient number of honest members to assist in doing what is right, I am Dr. Sir, with the greatest respect and regard; yr. most obdt. servt.\nG. Nicholas.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0089", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Thomas Jefferson, 17 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nGermantown. Nov. 17. 1793.\nI have got good lodgings for Monroe & yourself, that is to say, a good room with a fire place & two beds, in a pleasant & convenient position, with a quiet family. They will breakfast you, but you must mess in a tavern; there is a good one across the street. This is the way in which all must do, and all I think will not be able to get even half beds. The President will remain here I believe till the meeting of Congress, merely to form a point of union for them before they can have acquired information & courage. For at present there does not exist a single subject in the disorder, no new infection having taken place since the great rains the 1st. of the month, & those before infected being dead or recovered. There is no doubt you will set in Philadelphia, & therefore I have not given Monroe\u2019s letter to Seckel. I do not write to him, because I know not whether he is at present moving by sea or by land, & if by the latter, I presume you can communicate to him. Wayne has had a convoy of 22. waggons of provision & 70. men cut off 15 miles in his rear by the Indians. 6. of the men were found on the spot scalped, the rest supposed taken. He had nearly reached Fort Hamilton. R. has given notice that he means to resign. Genet by more & more denials of powers to the President and ascribing them to Congress, is evidently endeavoring to sow tares between them, & at any event to curry favor with the latter to whom he means to turn his appeal, finding it was not likely to be well received with the people. Accept, both of you, my sincere affections.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0090", "content": "Title: From James Madison to George Nicholas, 18 November 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Nicholas, George\nDear Sir\nOrange Novr. 18. 1793.\nMr. Toulmin will either hand you this, or see you in consequence of it. He is lately from England, and very warmly recommended to me by Mr. Maury our Consul at Liverpool as meriting particular attention. His primary object in visiting Kentucky is to procure a knowledge of the Country for the information of his friends in England who have an eye to America as a more eligible portion of the Earth than their native spot is at present. His next object is of a more personal nature. His partiality to our Country makes him anxious to settle in it: and as he is not likely to find a Religious Society with which he could connect himself as a Minister professing the Unitarian System taught by Priestly & others, he wishes to see if there be any prospect of his establishing himself as an instructor of youth in classical knowledge and other branches of liberal education; for which he is probably well qualified. Any friendly offices you may find it convenient to render him will be of much service to him in his plans, and will moreover be acknowledged by Dear Sir Your mo: Obedt. hble servt.\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0091", "content": "Title: From James Madison to John Breckinridge, 19 November 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Breckinridge, John\nDear Sir\nOrange Novr. 19. 1793\nI take the liberty of making known to you the Revd. Mr. Toulmin who visits Kentucky with a view to transmit its character to a body of his friends in England who wish to exchange their native Country for some part of ours. He has a secondary view of trying whether he can be engaged on acceptable conditions as an Instructor of youth in classical and other liberal branches of education. At present he is connected with a Religious Society in England of the principles taught by Docr. Priestly and other Dissenting Clergymen; but he supposes his faith too simple to admit of any similar connection in this Country. He has been very strongly recommended to me, and every other circumstance within my knowledge has contributed to vouch his merits. Your counsel and civilities will I am persuaded be of much use to him, and I hope you will pardon my freedom in asking them f\u27e8or\u27e9 him. With very sincere esteem & regard, I am Dr Sir your mo: obed: hble servt.\nJs. Madison Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0093", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Henry Lee, 22 November 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Lee, Henry\nLetter not found. 22 November 1793. Offered for sale in Emily Driscoll Catalogue No. 8 (1949), item 58, which notes that the letter introduces James Makittrick Adair: \u201cI ask your attentions for him \u2026 with an assurance that they will be both merited & repaid.\u201d Acknowledged in Lee to JM, 23 Jan. 1794.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0094", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Maria Butler, 23 November 1793\nFrom: Butler, Maria\nTo: Madison, James\nSir\nPittsburgh Novb th 23\u20131793\nI hope you will be indulgent, to the liberty I am about to take, in an address to you on a subject; that I hoped my Country would have saved me the pain of Mentioning.\nDeeply interested for the present, and future wellfare, of A Little helpless charge, that has been left to my care Alone, from the fatal Fourth of Novb\u2014When I with them, was removed in a moment, from the sunshine of prosperity, and the pleasing Anticipation, of gliding down life streams in Ease and competency\u2014To the shade of Affliction dispair and comparative Want.\nSucceeding misfortunes, owing to the first great Loss, in the fall of Genl Butler, has compled me to seek the Influence of some of the Worthy Members of Congress\u2014for A compensation to the Family, of an Old and Brave Soldier\u2014whose best days was spent in Camps and Siges, to the satisfaction of his Countery, though finally his Blood has flowd in vain, on the plains of Miami, and the Malignancy of Fortune deny him A grave, in the land he fought for. I hope with his children, to be Embraced by the liberallity of a Goverment, he spent sleepless Nights to Obtain.\nIt may be suggested by some, economists in Goverment, that we cannot be left unprovided for; But I answer to it, our property, being chiefly in unproductive lands, and they lieing in the paths of the savage, that they can neither be cultivated or sold at present to any advantage. And bad health, precludes any exertion, on my part, to create, a living to my Children. All the hope that remains to light the solitary Hou[r]s of repining and grief, is that my Countery will not pass me by in silance.\nThey [sic] Members of this state, will generaly be in favour of my Wish\u2014and I hope it will be the case with those of yours though I am well aware; it is an unfavourab[l]e Crisis, for such Appli[c]ations Whilst so much War is to be dreaded, but I hope it will be remembered, that Common Wealths may Florish, whilst Individuals are ruined forever.\nNothing Sir but a great Anxiety to rais my Children has caused me to trouble you on this subject, which you must pardon, as being directed to you as A Man of Worth and Sensibility\u2014From the Effervescence of a Heart full of the Bitterness of this World Whilst I am with respect your\nMaria Butler", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0095", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Madison, Sr., ca. 23 November 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, James, Sr.\nLetter not found. Ca. 23 November 1793. Mentioned in JM to James Madison, Sr., 25 Nov. 1793: \u201cI wrote from Fredg. by Col: Monroe\u2019s servant & informed you that I had left with Mr. Jones \u00a318\u201312\u20135 which would be del[i]vered to your order.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0096", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Thomas Jefferson, 24 November 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nFredg. Novr. 24. 93.\nI have your 3 letters. The last of the 17th. fell into my hands here when I arrived on friday night. Col. Monroe was a day before me. Accept our thanks for your provision in our behalf at Germanto[w]n. We set off in 5 Minutes in a machine we have procured here, & which we shall keep on with till it fails us, or we can do better. I hope we shall be with you by sunday evening, or monday morning. Giles & Venable being before us, they will give you the intelligence from Richmond. The inclosed paper contains a scrap which may be of later date. If the Senate rejected as we understand, the vote relating to the procln., the answer of the Govr. jointly to the Come. of the two houses is a curious one. Yrs. affly.\nJ. M. Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0097", "content": "Title: From James Madison to James Madison, Sr., 25 November 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Madison, James, Sr.\nHond Sir\nDumfries Novr. 25. 93\nHaving procured at this place a substitute for Daman I shall send back Sam, after going a few miles just to try the new arrangement. He will be in Fredg. tonight and will thence make the best of his way home. A letter red. at Fredg. from Mr. Jefferson says that the fever has entirely vanished. Another of the 20th. from a gentleman in Philada confirms it in the most decided terms. And I understand here from S. Carolina gentlemen returning from their Northern Tour, that it is expected the Legislature will meet at once in Philada. Our present plan is to go to Germantown in the first instance. If we change it, it will be in consequence of the fuller information we receive as we approach the end of the journey. I wrote from Fredg. by Col: Monroe\u2019s servant & informed you that I had left with Mr. Jones \u00a318\u201312\u20135 which would be del[i]vered to your order. I have a letter from Mr. Maury of Liverpool of Sepr. 26, which says the carnage on the British & allied troops in the late actions at Dunkirk was dreadful & that the Republican forces were advancing to recover Toulon; but that some advantages had been gained (according to report) by the counterrevolutionalists within. I forgot to leave direction for Sawney to let M. C. have the White Horse as soon as the waggon is finished: be so good as to supply the omission. Yrs. affy.\nJs. Madison Jr.\nMemorandm. for Majr. Lee who is requested to send J. M. jr.\nCoffee-nuts, as many & as soon as can be convenient.\nA few peccan nuts, if to be had without trouble.\nA few of the nuts or seeds of such of trees of Kentucky, as are in any degree peculiar to the Western Country.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0100", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Dawson, 6 December 1793\nFrom: Dawson, John\nTo: Madison, James\nMy dear Sir\nRichmond December 6. 93\nYour session no doubt commencd on the last monday & the communications which you will have it in your power to make to your friends for some time will be very interesting. I feel great anxiety to learn what direction the politiks of the present congress will take & must solicit a renewal of our correspondence.\nThe general assembly will probably adjourn in two days. Those resolutions relative to suits commencd by citizens of one state agt. another state will be forwarded to you & to each member representing the state. They determind to appoint the general officers of the militia themselves & Generals are now to be met at every corner. With much esteem Yr. friend & Sert\nJ Dawson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0101", "content": "Title: To James Madison from the Governor of Virginia, 6 December 1793\nFrom: Governor of Virginia,Lee, Henry\nTo: Madison, James\nSir,\nRichmond December 6th. 1793.\nIn obedience to the direction of the General Assembly I transmit a copy of the resolutions passed by that honorable body respecting the late unexpected decision of the supreme Court of the United States which asserts that Court\u2019s right of Jurisdiction in all controversies wherein a State may be a party, and I flatter myself that the request of the General Assembly will receive from you firm and zealous support. I am Sir &c.\nHenry Lee.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0103", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Dawson, 22 December 1793\nFrom: Dawson, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir!\nRichmond Der. 22. 93\nRecieve my thanks for your favour of the 15. which came by the last evening\u2019s stage.\nYou cannot expect any thing new from this quarter. We all look with g[r]eat anxiety towards Phia. for a full disclosure of the very momentous communications made by the President. While G. B carri[e]d on the war only on our frontiers, the merchant, & all those in the middle secure country felt themselves very little interested. But now that she has attachd as well Algerines as well as Indians I trust that it will raise a general just indignation against that proud imperious nation, & that the Congress will as much as possible restri[c]t our commerce with her. With real regard I am dr Sir yr friend & Sert\nJ Dawson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0104", "content": "Title: Closed Sessions of the House, [27 December] 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: \n[27 December 1793]\n   Algerine corsairs had preyed on American shipping in the Mediterranean since the Revolution. In December 1793 reports arrived in the United States that Portugal had signed a twelve-month truce with Algiers. Britain had persuaded its Portuguese ally to halt the Algerine war\u2014which had previously prevented the corsairs from entering the Atlantic\u2014in order to concentrate the war effort against France. Algerine corsairs soon captured several American ships, and on 16 December the president transmitted to the House the secretary of state\u2019s report on the measures taken for \u201cobtaining a recognition of our Treaty with Morocco, and for the ransom of our citizens and establishment of peace with Algiers.\u201d In his message, Washington asked the House to consider the report in closed sessions to protect its source of information. He asserted that publicizing the amount of tribute and ransom \u201cmight have a disadvantageous influence on future proceedings for the same objects.\u201d The Committee of the Whole considered the report in closed sessions on 24 and 26 December. The next day, a rule of the House was read which provided \u201cthat the House shall be cleared of all persons but the members and clerk\u201d during discussion of confidential communications from the president. Boudinot spoke in favor of the rule (Craig L. Symonds, Navalists and Antinavalists: The Naval Policy Debate in the United States, 1785\u20131827 [Newark, Del., 1980], pp. 27\u201329; \u201cExtract of a letter from the Captain of an American vessel to his owner in America dated Gibraltar 19th. Octr: 1793\u201d [DLC]; Annals of CongressDebates and Proceedings in the Congress of\n          the United States \u2026 (42 vols.; Washington, 1834\u201356)., 3d Cong., 1st sess., 143, 149\u201350).\nOn the other hand, Mr. Nicholas and Mr. Madison spoke in favour of open galleries. The latter observed that the order was originally made upon a particular emergence, and never had been intended for general application. It was the business of the house at all times to favour publicity, and it ought not to be in the power of any individual to shut out the constituents of congress but for the strongest reasons. He disliked the idea of wrapping up the proceedings of the house in mystery. He had heard of nothing in yesterday\u2019s reading, after strangers were excluded that required concealment; not a single document, or a single fact. He did not wish to go into a committee till that order was reconsidered. What if after the galleries were shut, a member should make a motion, and a debate should ensue on a question foreign to the object of the communications? Were the public here also to be bolted out?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0105", "content": "Title: To James Madison from Alexander White, 28 December 1793\nFrom: White, Alexander\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nWoodville 28th. Decr. 1793\nThe promptitude with which you answered my letter is very pleasing. I shall not spend time in discussing the comparative advantages of our correspondence. Sensible of my own pleasure arising from it I shall freely express my sentiments or relate facts as they occur to my mind, and memory. The unanimity which appears to prevail in Congress in support of the great interests of our Country is to me a most pleasing circumstance. It is no more than I hoped, and indeed expected, but there were many who feared (and I am sorry to believe there were some who wished) that the influence of Genet would cause a Schism in Congress which would greatly clog the wheels of Government, and render abortive the Vigorous and decisive measures of the President in support of our rights of neutrality. I acknowledge I was not without my Apprehensions\u2014tho\u2019 my hopes preponderated. My fears are now vanished. I believe Good, and not evil will arise from the imprudent conduct of Genet, it has not, I can venture to affirm, as far as my acquaintance extends, lessened the prevailing Attachment to the French Nation. Should he be recalled; and his conduct disavowed by their Goverment, that attachment will be encreased. From Genets conduct America has become alive to the Idea of Forreign influence, and I really believe it will be more difficult for a Forreign Minister at any future period to make an impression on our Goverment or People than it might have been had the subject never been brought to view, in the manner his imprudence has exposed it.\nI am not insensible of the truly critical state in which we stand with regard to Forreign Nations, but from this too, I augur more good than evil. It will show the People of America the necessity of placing themselves in a state of defense, by establishing an effective militia, of providing for the security of our Coasts by Armed Vessels and fortifications, and perhaps of equipping a small Squadron to check the Algerines\u2014regulations and burdens to which they would not submit until the danger became imminent. These things done I hope and believe we shall avoid a War. To whose interest is a War? The People of England complain of the War with France. Will their Goverment encrease their burdens and inflame their discontent by extending it to America? Will Spain stake the Mines of Mexico against the Wild Woods of Kentucky? I feel the degraded situation in which we are placed by the Belligerent Powers of Europe. But will a War relieve us? Let us however prepare for the worst. I have read with eagerness everything on which I can lay my hands respecting our relation to Forreign Nations\u2014and anxiously wait the Publication of the Presidents communications. On these subjects I flatter myself there is and will be an unanimity as to the end, a differrence of sentiments with regard to the means may therefore be adjusted without that agitation which the nature of the subjects would otherwise excite. Should this be the case my heart is at ease, tho\u2019 I confess our interior affairs are important and open a wide field for discussion, and for a differrence of sentiment both as to the means and end of particular Laws or regulations without impeaching either side of the question with the want of a due regard to the great end which ought to be equally the object of all, the General Good. A Mans own circumstances and those of his Constituents, their modes of life, and the nature of their property, make impressions not easily eradicated from the most candid heart, and naturally create a difference of opinion where their respective avocations and properties are to be affected by legal provisions. The Presidents Proclamation I ever understood as he himself explains it in his letter to me as Chairman of the Meeting at Winchester. His words are, \u201cthe Proclamation declaring the actual State of things, was thought right, and accordingly issued.\u201d Adieu, and believe to be with great esteem, Your sincere Friend\nAlexr White\nP.S. Our Post will ride to Alexandria but once a fortnight during the three ensuing Months. The 2d & 4th. Mondays of January, & so the Mondays of every second Week thereafter during that period will be the Mails by which letters will obtain the most speedy Conveyance.\nA W.\nPast Nine O\u2019Clock, I have just received the News Paper sent by last Post, whose arrival was several hours later than usual, for which I return you thanks.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0106", "content": "Title: From James Madison to Tench Coxe, [29 December] 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Coxe, Tench\n[29 December 1793]\nMr. Madison presents his respects to Mr. Coxe. He wishes to have a little conversation with him this forenoon or tomorrow if convenient, and will thank Mr C. to name by the bearer an hour at which Mr. M. may wait on him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Madison/01-15-02-0107", "content": "Title: To James Madison from John Dawson, 29 December 1793\nFrom: Dawson, John\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nNorfolk 29 Der 1793\nI have this day written a letter to our friend Colo: Monroe relative to the arrival and continuance of a British frigate in this harbour. The contents of this letter I presume he will communicate to you, & if with myself & many in this place you are of opinion that it is a subject that demands serious & immediate attention I am persuaded that you will interest yourself in a business wh may prove very serious to our country.\nOn the arrival of this vessel application was made by the british councel at this place to the Executive. We then learnt that she only wanted water, & a few repairs wh were absolutely necessary for her safety at sea. But we were also of opinion that we had nothing to do with the affair\u2014that it belongd to the f\u0153deral goverment, & to the commander in chief of the militia of State. I wish to know whether a report was made by that officer to the Secy. of State. With real esteem Yr. friend & Ser\nJ Dawson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0001", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Brown, 1 January 179[3]\nFrom: Brown, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond 1st: Janry 1792 [i.e. 1793]\nI am honord with your letter of the 20th. Uto. covering two Letters to the Consul of U S at Marseilles for which Accept my best thanks. Both Ships will sail in course of this Week and I hope will meet a good Reception. My advices from France are of Old dates 20h: Septr. in which there is little encouragement for Shipments of Tobacco every Port being glutted. At Havr\u00e9 alone not less than 15,000 Hhds: part of which the Owners have begun to export to Other Markets.\nShould Col: Eppes deposite any Money with Me it will be attended to and brought to your Credit. No late arrivals in this Quarter, should advices at any Period justify a Purchase or Shipment of Produce I will take it Kind your communicating the same. Mean time I am D Sir Your very Hle Sr\nJames Brown", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0002", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Divers, 1 January 1793\nFrom: Divers, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nAlbemarle County Virginia 1st. Jany 1793\nI have been favord with yours of the 26th. Novemr. I would advise you to purchase One Still that will work 85 one of 45 and a Copper Kettle of Sixty Gallons. With these Stills and Boiler you may make from 70 too 80 Gallons of whisky \u214c Week and feed 60 or 70 Hogs. The feeding that number of Hogs will be an object to you as it will save a considerable quantity of Indian Corn, from which Consideration I have been induced to recommend it to you to purchase Stills of the above size, that you may be able to keep them at work for 7 months in the year in which time they will Distill about 900 Bushls. of grain. If you wish to carry on the business to a greater extent you can add 10 or 15 Galls. to each Still but I would not exceed 100 Galls. for  the large or 70 Galls. for the small one. A pewter worm is better than Copper.\nI am sorry to hear that wheat and Flour is not in demand to the Northward hope it will be Higher in the spring. Your friends in this part of the Country are well, Doctr. Gilmer I think in a better state of health than he has been since his attack of the palsy. I am Dr. Sir Yr. friend & Servt.\nGeorge Divers", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0003", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 1 January 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 1 January 1793\nI transmit herewith a Duplicate of what I had the Honor to write on the twenty first of last Month. Since that Period this Government, perceiving that they had been Wholly deceiv\u2019d respecting the british Nation, have made Advances towards Conciliation. At least so I am inform\u2019d, and also that these Advances are by a Declaration that however general the Terms of their Decree they had no Idea of exciting Revolt except in the Dominions of the Powers leagu\u2019d against them. That as these Powers had entered into France with Design to change the established Government, they are justified in turning against them the Weapons of Revolt which they had intended to use. If this should ever become an Object of diplomatic Controversy, it will perhaps be objected that, untill the asserted Meaning of a general Decree be declared by some other Decree, the Words must be taken in their plain and natural Import. Should such new Decree be passed, which by the bye would take from France a very powerful Engine, the Case of Savoy will be quoted where, whatever may have been the supposed Intentions, no Facts existed to support the Conduct which has been pursued, in such Manner as to shew a Consistency with the limited Interpretation put upon the Decree. Lastly as to the Austrian Netherlands, it will, I presume be alledg\u2019d that not only the Aggression was on the Part of France, but that it was avowedly made with a View to excite Revolt in that Country. But I do not beleive that we shall have any such War of Words, for I am convinc\u2019d that France must, to avoid a War, do Something more than make Professions and Explanations. I say Nothing about the Navigation of the Scheld and the projected Invasion of Holland. I shall not either make any Remarks on the Unanimity in the British Parliament which your Good Sense and Knowlege of that People had certainly anticipated.\nEnclos\u2019d is the Copy of a Letter receiv\u2019d from Mr. de la Motte (or rather an Extract therefrom) with Copy of my Answer of the twenty seventh of December. Accept I pray you Sir the Compliments of this Season and beleive me truly yours\nGouv Morris\nP.S. The french Armies are at length permitted to go into Winter Quarters; that under Dumouriez amounted, by the last Returns, to 35000 Effectives after the Junction of Valence and Miranda.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0004", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Timothy Pickering, 1 January 1793\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nGenl. Post Office Jany. 1. 1793.\nI have received your note of this date. It will certainly be most eligible for the Messenger destined to Georgia to take a passage from New-York in a vessel bound to Savannah or Charleston\u2014perhaps preferably to Charleston, where on his arrival he can find a vessel destined to return to New York by the time he can go to Augusta and get back to Charleston\u2014the trade of Charleston requiring so many more vessels than Savannah. I will give him a letter to the Postmaster at Charleston, who is a very excellent one to render him all necessary aid. Yr. most obedt Servt.\nTimothy Pickering", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0005", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 1 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Jan. 1. 1793.\nI have it in charge from the President of the United States, to desire you to be very attentive to the embarkation of troops from the British dominions in Europe, to those in America, and particularly to Quebec\u2014and to give us the earliest advice of their numbers, destination, object and other material circumstances. I have the honor to be with great and sincere esteem, Dear Sir Your most obedient and most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0006", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 1 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Jan. 1. 1793.\nI have duly considered the translation of the letter of Dec. 27. from M. de la Forest stating that the French Consuls here have a right to recieve their salaries at Paris, that under the present circumstances they cannot dispose of their bills, and desiring that our government will take them as a remittance in part of the monies we have to pay to France. No doubt he proposes to let us have them on such terms as may ensure us against loss either from the course of exchange of cash for cash at Philadelphia, Amsterdam and Paris, or from the difference between cash and assignats at Paris, in which latter form they will probably be paid. I do not observe any objection from the treasury that this channel of remittance would be out of their ordinary line and inadmissible on that account.\u2014Taking it therefore on the ground merely of an advance unauthorised by the French government, I think the bills may be taken. We have every reason to believe the  money is due to them, and none to doubt it will be paid, every creditor being authorised to draw on his debtor. They will be paid indeed in assignats, at the nominal value only, but it is previously understood that these will procure cash on the spot of the real value we shall have paid for them. The risk, if any, is certainly very small, and such as it would be expedient in us to encounter in order to oblige these gentlemen. I think it of real value to produce favorable dispositions in the agents of foreign nations here. Cordiality among nations depends very much on the representations of their agents mutually, and cordiality once established, is of immense value, even counted in money, from the favors it produces in commerce, and the good understanding it preserves in matters merely political. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect respect & attachment, Sir, your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0007", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Barclay, 2 January 1793\nFrom: Barclay, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCadiz, 2 Jan. 1793. Contrary winds having detained the vessel by which he intends to proceed to Set\u00fabal on his way to Lisbon, he may go by way of Ayamonte. He encloses \u201ca letter of some Consequence\u201d he has just received from Gibraltar and hopes to reach that place this month.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0008", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Smith Barton, 2 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barton, Benjamin Smith\n[Ed. Note: This letter, printed in Vol. 24: 687\u20138 under its inscribed date of 2 Dec. 1792, was almost certainly written on 2 Jan. 1793. See note to Barton to TJ, 4 Jan. 1793.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0009", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Eppes, 2 January 1793\nFrom: Eppes, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nEppington Janry. 2d. 1793\n Yours of 19th. of last month I received the day before yesterday. Carys Exr. has mentiond no particular sum tho\u2019 told me it woud be considerable, its the whole amount of the hire of 180 Negros for the last year. I expect to see the Exr. on the tenth of this month after which I will write you more particularly, in the mean time, shou\u2019d he make me a payment, it shall be deposited in Mr. Browns hands, subject to your order; that is your proportion of what ever I receive. I am at present unable to inform you what will be the amount of the whole debt tho hope after seeing Mr. Hay the Commisioner shall be furnishd with the papers and will then inform you, from what Idea I have of the payments it cant be far short of \u00a33000 however this is mear conjecture for I have had no papers in my possession for several years. I am glad to hear of the Dukes retreat. I cant help Flatering myself its preparatory to his being Cornwallis\u2019d or Burgoind a circumstance that will give me highest gratification. Wheat fluctuates here from a dollar to 6/8 but by no means fixd. The Merchants seam determin\u2019d to take every advantage of the planter-necessities. You will oblige me very much by informing what you think of this business, whether the European prices will justify more than the above prices and whether then it will be prudent to keep wheat until spring. Tell Jack he has grown lazy. We think he might write oftner. We are all well and unite in our best affections to yourself Polly and Jack. I am Dr Sir Your Friend\nFrans. Eppes\n P.S. Tell Jack I shall write him on the tenth from Richmond.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0011", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, 2 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: House of Representatives\nSir\nPhiladelphia, January 2nd 1793.\nAccording to the Resolution of the House of Representatives of the 31st of December, delivered to me yesterday, I have the honor to lay  before you a list of the several persons employed in my Office, with the Salaries allowed to each, as follows\nDollars\nGeorge Taylor Jr. (of New York) Chief Clerk, his salary fixed by law\nJacob Blackwell (of New York) Clerk\nGeorge Pfeiffer (of Pennsylvania) Clerk\nPhilip Freneau (of New York) Clerk for foreign Languages\nSampson Crosby (of Massachusetts) messenger and office keeper\nThe Act of Congress of June 4th. 1790. c. 18, allowed me an additional Clerk with the same salary as the chief Clerk. After the retirement of the person first appointed, whose services had been particularly desirable because of his long and intimate acquaintance with the papers of the Office, it did not appear necessary to make further use of the indulgence of that Law. No new appointment, therefore, has been made.\nThe Clerk for foreign Languages has but half the usual Salary. I found his clerkship on this establishment when I came into office, and made no change in it, except that, in the time of his predecessor, where translations were required from any language with which he was unacquainted, they were sent to a special translator and paid for by the public. The present Clerk is required to defray this expense himself. I have the honor to be, with the most perfect respect, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0012", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Harry Innes, 3 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Innes, Harry\nSir\nPhiladelphia January 3rd. 1793.\nNo list of the Votes of the Electors of your district for a President and Vice President at the last election having yet been received by the President of the Senate, I do, in obedience to the law, send the Bearer hereof  as special messenger, to desire that you will be  pleased to transmit by him to the Seat of Government the list of the said Votes lodged in your hands by the Electors of your District. I have the honor to be with the most perfect respect Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0014", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 3 January 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 3d Janry 1793\nYour several letters of the 6, 8th and 13th November (under one cover) and 20th of the same month by Mr. Tellier together with your private favor of the 3d December by packet with their several inclosures reached me in the course of yesterday and the day preceeding. I have only time to say by the present opportunity that their contents  shall be duly attended to. I have strongly urged the adoption of equitable regulations concerning seamen and from a conference with Lord Grenville this day I have greater hope of a favorable termination of this negociation than I hitherto entertained. My expectations on this head are however only founded on what Lord Grenville declares to be his own ideas of the subject at present, but as this business particularly concerns another department nothing conclusive can be relied on from a declaration thus expressly confined. There is every appearance of grain bearing a high price in Europe through the present year. Immense preparations are making for the next campaign; even the Pope is said to have a considerable body of forces on foot. This Country appears to be on the Eve of embarking in the general contest, their naval preparations are going on with vigour though the decisive measure of issuing press warrants has not yet been adopted. The most important intelligence you will find in the few Gazettes I send by the packet is the formal declaration of neutrality made by the Court of Spain to the Executive of the French Government through the avowed diplomatic Agent of his Catholic Majesty at Paris.\nI have at length despaired of procuring proper persons in this Country for undertaking the offices of Chief Coiner and Engraver in our mint for the salaries proposed; I have therefore refer\u2019d the Matter to Mr. Morris: and this with the greater readiness as upon investigation I find that Mr. Droze who both on account of his integrity and ability would be a most valuable acquisition to us is employed in Paris not greatly to his satisfaction. With respect to an Assayer I have a prospect of soon engaging one here with such recommendations as will be satisfactory. I shall be very glad to be occasionally informed of the Progress of your negociation with Mr. Hammond, for though I carefully avoid every thing that may tend to remove the discussion to this side of the Atlantic yet the communication may be useful for the purpose of a more exact cooperation. The Dutch minister here (whom I consider very much in the same light with one of the Ministry of this Government) told me a few days ago that he knew Monr. Genest who is going in a diplomatic character from France to our Country, that he was artful and intriguing and he apprehended would endeavor to induce us in case of a naval war to furnish the french West India Islands with provisions and to attempt to protect them in case of an attack. I answerd that it was evidently our interest and I could assure him our inclination to avoid all interference in the present disputes:\u2014that we should undoubtedly sell to the French as much provision as they might have occasion for and as for anything farther it was always in the power of this country to induce us to be neuter. I have the honor  to be with the utmost respect Dear Sir Your most obedient and most humble Servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0016", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 3 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Jan. 3. 1793.\nMy last private letter to you was of Oct. 16. since which I have recieved your No. 103. 107. 108. 109. 110. 112. 113. and 114. and yesterday your private one of Sep. 15. came to hand. The tone of your letters had for some time given me pain, on account of the extreme warmth with which they censured the proceedings of the Jacobins of France. I considered that sect as the same with the Republican patriots, and the Feuillants as the Monarchical patriots, well known in the early part of the revolution, and but little distant in their views, both having in object the establishment of a free constitution, and differing only on the question whether their chief Executive should be hereditary or not. The Jacobins (as since called) yeilded to the Feuillants and tried the experiment of retaining their hereditary Executive. The experiment failed completely, and would have brought on the reestablishment of despotism had it been pursued. The Jacobins saw this, and that the expunging that officer was of absolute necessity, and the Nation was with them in opinion, for however they might have been formerly for the constitution framed by the first assembly, they were come over from their hope in it, and were now generally Jacobins. In the struggle which was necessary, many guilty persons fell without the forms of trial, and with them some innocent. These I deplore as much as any body, and shall deplore some of them to the day of my death. But I deplore them as I should have done had they fallen in battle. It was necessary to use the arm of the people, a machine not quite so blind as balls and bombs, but blind to a certain degree. A few of their cordial friends met at their hands the fate of enemies. But time and truth will rescue and embalm their memories, while their posterity will be enjoying that very liberty for which they would never have hesitated to offer up their lives. The liberty of the whole earth was depending on the issue of the contest, and was ever such a prize won with so little innocent blood? My own affections have been deeply wounded by some of the martyrs to this cause, but rather than it should have failed, I would have seen half the earth desolated. Were there but an Adam and an Eve left in every country, and left free, it would be better than as it now is. I have expressed to you my sentiments, because they are really those of 99 in an hundred of our citizens. The universal feasts, and rejoicings which have lately been had on account of the successes of the French shewed the genuine effusions of their hearts. You have been wounded by the sufferings of your friends, and have by this circumstance been hurried into a  temper of mind which would be extremely disrelished if known to your countrymen. The reserve of the Prest. of the U.S. had never permitted me to discover the light in which he viewed it, and as I was more anxious that you should satisfy him than me, I had still avoided explanations with you on the subject. But your 113. induced him to break silence and to notice the extreme acrimony of your expressions. He added that he had been informed the sentiments you expressed in your conversations were equally offensive to our allies, and that you should consider yourself as the representative of your country and that what you say might be imputed to your constituents. He desired me therefore to write to you on this subject. He added that he considered France as the sheet anchor of this country and its friendship as a first object. There are in the U.S. some characters of opposite principles; some of them are high in office, others possessing great wealth, and all of them hostile to France and fondly looking to England as the staff of their hope. These I named to you on a former occasion. Their prospects have certainly not brightened. Excepting them, this country is entirely republican, friends to the constitution, anxious to preserve it and to have it administered according to it\u2019s own republican principles. The little party above mentioned have espoused it only as a stepping stone to monarchy, and have endeavored to approximate it to that in it\u2019s administration, in order to render it\u2019s final transition more easy. The successes of republicanism in France have given the coup de grace to their prospects, and I hope to their projects.\u2014I have developed to you faithfully the sentiments of your country, that you may govern yourself accordingly. I know your republicanism to be pure, and that it is no decay of that which has embittered you against it\u2019s votaries in France, but too great a sensibility at the partial evil by which it\u2019s object has been accomplished there. I have written to you in the stile to which I have been always accustomed with you, and which perhaps it is time I should lay aside. But while old men feel sensibly enough their own advance in years, they do not sufficiently recollect it in those whom they have seen young. In writing too the last private letter which will probably be written under present circumstances, in contemplating that your correspondence will shortly be turned over to I know not whom, but certainly to some one not in the habit of considering your interests with the same fostering anxieties I do, I have presented things without reserve, satisfied you will ascribe what I have said to it\u2019s true motive, use it for your own best interest, and in that fulfill completely what I had in view.\nWith respect to the subject of your letter of Sep. 15. you will be sensible that many considerations would prevent my undertaking the  reformation of a system of which I am so soon to take leave. It is but common decency to leave to my successor the moulding of his own business.\u2014Not knowing how otherwise to convey this letter to you with certainty, I shall appeal to the friendship and honour of the Spanish commissioners here, to give it the protection of their cover, as a letter of private nature altogether. We have no remarkeable event here lately, but the death of Dr. Lee: nor have I any thing new to communicate to you of your friends or affairs. I am with unalterable affection & wishes for your prosperity, my dear Sir, your sincere friend and servant.\nP.S. Jan. 15. Your Nos. 116. 117. and Private of Nov. 2 are received.\u2014Congress have before them a statement of the paiments to France. It appears none were made from Dec. till Aug. nine. This long previous suspension and paiment the day before the tenth August begot suspicions on Gov. Morrise. Hamilton cleared him and leaves it on you by denying that Morris had any thing to do with it, and he clear[s] himself by saying that you had no order[s] from hence either for the suspension or paiment. Contrive to convey to me the truth of this and I will have it so used for your justification as to clear you with all and injure you with none.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0017", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Smith Barton, 4 January 1793\nFrom: Barton, Benjamin Smith\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nIn consequence of your note, I have waited on Mr. Michaux. He assures me, that he will relinquish all thoughts of his journey to South-Carolina, and that he will engage in his scheme, as soon as you think proper. He seems much pleased with the prospect of having so valuable a guide, to Kaskaskia, as the one you have pointed out, and will be happy to have an opportunity of conversing with the Indian, whenever you shall appoint a time, for the purpose.\nI have ventured, this morning, to be very explicit with my friend on the pecuniary head. He seems content to undertake the arduous  task (for such it, undoubtedly, is) with a very moderate assistance in the off-set. This assistance he does not even ask for until his arrival at Kaskaskia, where, he thinks, it would be p[roper] that he should have the \u201cpower\u201d of drawing for the sum of One hundred guineas. Upon his return, he supposes (provided he shall make discoveries of any interesting importance) he shall be entitled to something handsome. In consequence of some conversation which I had with my uncle (Mr. D. Rittenhouse), last evening, I ventured to tell Mr. Michaux that I did not doubt his expectation would be gratified.\nI shall be happy to have an opportunity of conversing with the Indian, on the subject of the journey. Meanwhile, I remain, with great respect, Sir, Your obliged and very humble Servant, &c.\nB: S: Barton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0018", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to J. P. P. Derieux, 4 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Jan. 4. 1793.\nWe have been so long without a conveyance to Bordeaux that in the mean time I have recieved a letter from Mr. Fenwick dated Bordeaux Sep. 28. 1792. wherein he says \u2018The bill Mr. Derieux drew for 5000.\u20b6is paid, and which closes the account of his legacy, his brother or uncle having received the other 10,000.\u20b6\u2019\nI sincerely congratulate you on the triumphs of France over her enemies, and am with great esteem Dr. Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I return your letter for Mr. Fenwick, and Mr. Vaughan\u2019s memorandum.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0019", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 4 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, Francis\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Jan. 4. 1793.\nThe greatest council of Indians which has been or will be held in our day, is to be at the river Au glaise, about the South-West corner of L. Erie early in the spring. Three Commissioners will be appointed to go there on our part. Jack is desirous of accompanying them, and, tho\u2019 I do not know who they will be, I presume I can get him under their wing. The route I expect will be through Hudson\u2019s river, the Mohawks river, Lake Ontario and Lake Erie, and to return by Fort Pitt, Winchester &c. I imagine he can be at home in July. The expence will probably be 300. Dollars, rather more than less. He says you had agreed he should go to Boston in the spring which would cost within 100. Dollars as much. He can go there at any time, but will never have another chance for seeing so great a collection of Indians (probably 3000.) of nations from beyond the lakes and Missisipi: it is really important that those who come into public service should know more of those people than we generally do, and such a knowlege may often give a man a preference over competitors otherwise equal. I think it will be 4. or 5. months profitably employed, and know no reason against it but that Mrs. Eppes will be thinking about his scalp. However you may safely trust his where the Commissioners will trust theirs. I think both will be in perfect safety. We shall await your determination. I am with best affections to Mrs. Eppes & the family, Dear Sir your affectionate friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. They will set out early in February.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0020", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 4 January 179[3]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTreasury Department Jany: 4 1792 [i.e. 1793]\nI have the honor to inclose you the Copy of a letter I have received from Mr. Geo. Latimer of this City, relating to some concerns of his, with the Govt. of St. Domingo, to which I have answered in substance as heretofore communicated to you on a similar subject. I have the honour to be With Respect Sir Your Obed Servt\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0021", "content": "Title: Notes on Alexander Hamilton\u2019s Report on Foreign Loans, [after 4 January 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\n[after 4 Jan. 1793]\nThe most prominent suspicion excited by the Report of the S. of the T. of Jan. 3. 1793. is that the funds raised in Europe and which ought to have been applied to the paiment of our debts there, in order to stop interest, have been drawn over to this country and lodged in the bank, to extend the speculations and increase the profits of that institution.\nTo come at the truth of this, it becomes necessary to arrange the articles of this Report into two accounts. viz.\n1. An account of the funds provided in Europe, for which the treasury is to be debited: while it is to be credited for the application of these funds to such disbursements as they were by law appropriated to. The balance remaining on hand there, must still belong to the same purposes.\n2. An account of the funds provided in America for the objects which are entered in this report, or may be brought forward to support it; which are to be Debited to the Treasury, while it is Credited for the applications of them to the purposes to which they have been appropriated by law.\nThe two following Accounts are raised on these principles.\nThe Treasury, for Receipts & Disbursements in Europe, in account\nDr.\nwith the U.S. of America\nCr.\nTo nett amount of monies borrowed in Amstdm. & Antwerp.\nBy disbursements for the purposes to which the loans were appropriated by law. vz (bank law \u00a7.11.) To the bank for the subscription of the US.\n \u2003\u2003florins\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u0192\u2003\u2003D\n D\n D\nNote.\nWe have here admitted that the whole 2,000,000 D subscribed to the bank might have been paid out of the funds in Europe. Whereas in truth their subscription being on the 1st. Jan. 1792. there should have been paid on that day the first instalment only of 500,000 D. and before any other instalment became due, there was the loan of 2,000,000 D. from the bank, on  the same day, which might have been applied, so as to spare the European fund. There would then have remained 1,500,000 D. more in Europe to pay off the French debt and stop it\u2019s interest, instead of lying dead in the bank. But wave this, because it admits some cavil.\n To France\n for other foreign loans\nCommission &ca\npostage, & advertizing\ninterest to foreign officers\nTo Spain\nbalance stated to be in hands of the Commissioners 407,287\u20137\u20138 =\nDeficit not found in their hands\nThe Treasury, for Receipts & Disbursements in America in Account\nDr\nwith the U.S. of America\nCr.\nTo Deficit in the European fund as per contra\nBy Departmt. of state for Barbary & foreign transactions [acts 90. July 1. c.22. 92. May 8. c.41.]\nD\nTo loan from the bank\nBy paid to France for St. Domingo\nTo Surplusses of revenues approprd to Purchase of Public debt. (suppose)\nBy paid in purchase of Public Debt [see Report of Commrs. of Nov. 17. 92. pa. 4.]\nBalance remaining in bank ought to be 1,708,416.74. but if to avoid cavil, we admit the 191,316.90 D rightly drawn from Europe into the hands of the bank to pay certain foreign officers in Europe as by contract, then we must credit that sum\nthe Balance in bank will then be 1,517,099.84\nThe only possible deduction which could be made from this balance further would be so much of the 967,821.65 D paid in purchase of the public debt as exceeds the Surplusses of Revenue applicable to that purchase. If there has been no surplus at all then from\nwe must deduct the whole\n\u2003\u2002which would leave a balance in the bank still of\nThere being certainly then a balance of 549,278.19 D. and probably much more in the bank, there must have been a balance of 39,278.19 D. before the last draughts for 510,000 D. were made in it\u2019s favor. Why then were they made? But to put these matters out of question two further statements are requisite. viz\n1. The account of the U.S. with the bank, from which we may see whether the state of the account was such as to require this paiment?\n2. a statement of the surplusses of revenue which actually arose, and might have been applied to the purchase of the publick debt. The amount of these surplusses are to be added to our balance against the bank.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0022", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Commissioners of the Federal District, 5 January 1793\nFrom: Commissioners of the Federal District\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWashington 5th Jany 1793\nWe have your two favors of the 13th and that of the 17th of last month before us. It appears to us more and more desirable to expedite the Stone-cutting by machinery, not more on account of the expence, which the State of our funds require to be attended to, than to insure the quantity wanted in time for we have as yet only about \u2155 done of what would be wanted on the large scale of the President\u2019s house, to the water table of it. Mr. Harbaugh who is very ingenious and chearfully renders us every assistance in his power after seeing the Schetch inclosed by you a draft by Mr. Hallet and having, as it appears to us a perfect idea of Mr. Mullikin\u2019s plan, has made and shewn us a model of a Stone saw mill to be worked with horses or oxen on the principle of giving motion to the Saws by a Spiral Line, the Simplicity and cheapness of it and our hope of its effectual operation have induced us to desire him to set up one instantly which he has undertaken. We do not however rely on the success of this effort. We have agreed on the most generous Terms for the introduction of Foreigners and inclose you a Copy of them as well as our Letter open to Mr. Traquair. If the whole number, which we do not expect, should be engaged, we should be rather over burthened for the too probable State of our finances, otherwise we could wish to have the cut stone so forward that a sufficient number might be early spared to assist private buildings, which would tend to beautify the City. Messrs. Mason & Fenwick will have the charge of this business in France assisted by a Letter from Mr. Hallet. Mr. Delius\u2019s house, in Bremen, for Germany. Mr. Hoben has fallen on measures for some from Dublin as Mr. Williamson has for some from Scotland and we hope Mr. Traquair may succeed in part.\nAs it is not expected to get higher next year than the Water Tables, that is, 13 feet in elivation there are Carpenters enough who may be had on the spot and we shall want but a few additional Masons next season, for some in each line have already purchased and agreed to sink the price by their work, so that we think it can be no object to introduce others from Connecticut. Yet we are almost certain that there will be employment for a great many Mechanics in the City and Geo. Town next season in private building on Connecticut wages which are rather lower than here. The provisioning the workmen draws after it so many expences and so much waste that we have hitherto left them to  provide for themselves. We are under the necessity of doing otherwise with the labourers, a part of whom we can easily make up of negroes and find it proper to do so. Those we have employed this summer have proved a very useful check and kept our affairs cool.\nWe have agreed with Mr. Blodget for his services and hope that his assistance will be very useful. He has great confidence in a Lottery. We find ourselves at liberty and agree to it. Our communications with him go into some particulars which we suppose need not be repeated here. Mr. Walker we understand will go soon to Scotland, any thing he could do there for us, we imagine may be done at least as well by Mr. Traquair through his correspondent, and we must be excused from giving signs of approbation and confidence that we do not feel.\nMr. Hallet looses nothing of our estimation of him: he has not been able to finish his plan so soon as he hoped, but says it shall be ready in about three weeks.\nThe survey seems to us very tedious and we know it is very expensive. We have had some explanations with Majr. Ellicott but do not yet know how they may end. Indeed in the other parts of our business we have necessarily not profusely entered into engagements to a great amount with officers, which will be thought extravigant unless our funds hold out to fill up with actual labour. Much depends on the next sales. On weighing every thing we think one sale the 17th Septr. gives the best chance. We are Sir With Regard & Respect Your most obedt. Servants\nTh. Johnson\nDd. Stuart\nDanl. Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0024", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Carey, 6 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carey, James\nSir\nPhiladelphia Jan. 6. 1793.\nI will beg the favor of you to furnish the office of the Secretary of state with your paper, sending it by post sealed up, and addressed to the Secretary of state, not mentioning the name as that might produce confusion in the accounts of the office and the man. Be so good as to let me know the price, time of payment &c and it will be duly attended to by Mr. George Taylor, chief clerk of the office. If you can send the papers from the 1st. day of January, our year may as well begin then. I am Sir Your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0025", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 6 January 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 6 January 1793\nMr. Short, who is so kind as to take Charge of my Letters as far as Bourdeaux, will go he says this Day. I therefore take the latest Opportunity to write, and to inform you that the Appearances have not at all changed since mine of the first. Dumouriez has been some Days in Paris; He stays at Home under Pretence of Illness, but in Fact to receive and consider the Propositions of the different Parties. It would seem that he is not reconcild to Pache the Minister of War. Pache is very strong in Paris, and that Circumstance renders him formidable both to his Colleagues and to the Convention. I am told that the Majority of the latter Body expect soon to be supported by a considerable Number of Volunteers from the Departments. I am also told, that it cannot be long before the Bursting of the Storm which has been so long brewing. This last Intelligence is from one of those who, tho a Promoter of the last Revolution, is now marked as one of the Victims. He says he will die hard but laments the  Feebleness of Temper which he experiences among those who, like him, are doom\u2019d to Destruction. On the other Hand, a Person of cool discerning Temper and Understanding, who is in the Confidence of those who direct the Jacobines, told me when I last saw him that they are determin\u2019d to rule or perish. You will easily suppose that this Prevision of Horrors is far from pleasant. I have, I assure you, been not a little tempted to spend a few Days with some of my friends in the Country during the Festive Season, which would render such an Excursion natural, but the critical State of Things with Great Britain might take a Turn which it would be important for you to know and therefore it is right that I stay here. I am Sir with Esteem and Respect your obedient Servant\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0026", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Bulkeley & Son, 7 January 1793\nFrom: John Bulkeley & Son\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLisbon 7th. January 1793.\nWe had the honour to receive the original and copy of your esteem\u2019d favour 11th. October L. Y. the latter via London on the 10th. Ulto. and the other the 24th. Do. by the Ship Dominick Terry, Capn. De Hart, from your Port. It affords us pleasure to find you approv\u2019d of the quality of the Termo white wine, we sent you, and desiring us to Ship for you three pipes of the same, by first conveyance bound to Richmond addressed to the care of Mr. James Brown, which will be complied with, and each Pipe cas\u2019d as you direct. We also receiv\u2019d your Bill of 225 Dollars your Currency, on Messrs. Donald & Burton of London, which we sent forward, and when we are advis\u2019d the English Sum that will be given for it, as it mentioned no Exchange, will credit you the amount in Portse. Currency. We sincerely thank you for your friendship and politeness in recommending our Wines to your friends, and you may depend on our doing all justice, and Credit, in that or any other recommendations, you may honour us with. The present situation of the most part of Europe, anxiously looks towards the U.S. for supplies of grain as they all will be in want of bread towards next Spring. We receivd two Cargoes lately from Philadelphia, of wheat and Indian Corn, which we sold at about 420 rs. the one and 260  rs. the other \u214c alqr. on board, which are as good prices as any of the surrounding Markets, would afford at present. Wishing you the Compliments of the Season & a series of happy years, we remain with Esteem.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0027", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 7 January 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLisbon, 7 Jan. 1793. He has received TJ\u2019s letter of 6 Nov. 1792, with postscript of the 7th, acknowledging receipt of his letters numbered 54 to 59. He presumes TJ meant to acknowledge receipt of numbers 44 to 59 or else the miscarriage of so many of his letters would not have gone unnoticed. \u201cThe last public Dispatch I had the honour to receive, previous to that which I now acknowledge, was dated the 9th. of April 1792.\u201d Upon the receipt of the enclosed letter from Captain O\u2019Bryen a few days ago, he interviewed Pinto, the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, about the report that Portugal was on the verge of signing a treaty with Algiers. The Secretary replied that, although the matter fell within the domain of the Minister of Marine, it was impossible for negotiations to be carried on without his knowledge, that he had often heard that minister declare he \u201cwould suffer his head to be cut off\u201d before concluding a peace with Algiers that involved the payment of any money, which would be better employed in keeping a fleet than in bribing those pirates, and that there was no truth to the report. Although he had already believed this to be the case\u2014a reliable gentleman having informed him a short time before that the Minister of Marine had told the last Portuguese ambassador who negotiated with Algiers that \u201c\u2018if he made a peace he would do well, but if he did not he would do better\u2019\u201d\u2014he writes in this detail to prevent the alarm which the report would produce in America. He plans to answer O\u2019Bryen\u2019s letter, the first he has received from him, as soon as possible, though communication is infrequent, difficult, and likely to be unproductive. P.S. He will also send Carmichael a copy of his letter to O\u2019Bryen in order to learn whether the debts due for the subsistence of the prisoners in Algiers have been ascertained and if their future subsistence has been arranged, so that the money may be paid.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0029", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Rittenhouse, 7 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rittenhouse, David\nTh: Jefferson, beginning to pack his useless furniture, finds nothing more so than the article he now sends to Mr. Rittenhouse. He wishes he could propose it to his acceptance for a better reason: but if two bad reasons will make one good one, to that of the uselessness of the thing he will add (what will be equally useless to him) the sincere affection of the giver; as a testimony of which he desires Mr. Rittenhouse to give it house-room.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0030", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Rittenhouse, 7 January 1793\nFrom: Rittenhouse, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nI have herewith enclosed the result of our Assays &c. of the Coins of France, England, Spain, and Portugal. In the course of the Experiments a very small source of Error was detected, too late for the present occasion, but which will be carefully guarded against in future. I am with the most perfect esteem, Your most obedient humble servant\nDavd. Rittenhouse \nDirector of the Mint", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0031", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Assay of Foreign Coins, 7 January 1793\nFrom: Rittenhouse, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nEnclosureAssay of Foreign Coins\n Assay of Gold coins\nIn 24 Grains\nspecific gravity\nIn 24 Grains\nspecific gravity\n Fine Gold\n Alloy\n Fine Gold\n Alloy\n Date\nGrs.\n 32d Parts\ngrs.\n 32d parts\n Date\nGrs.\n 32d parts\nGrs.\n 32d parts\nFrench Guineas\nEnglish \nGuineas\nDouble\ndo.\nHalf\nJoannes\u2019\nSpanish\nof\nPistoles\nPortugal\nSilver Coins\nIn 12 Ounces\nIn 12 Ounces\n Fine Silver\n Alloy\n Fine silver\nAlloy\n Oz.\u2007\u2007 dwt.\u2007\u2007grs.\n Oz.\u2007\u2007dwt.\u2007\u2007grs.\n Oz.\u2007\u2007dwt.\u2007\u2007grs.\nOz.\u2007\u2007dwt.\u2007\u2007grs.\n English half Crown of Willm. III\n Spanish Dollar of\nEngl. Shillg.\n\u2007\u2007do.\nFrench Crown\n\u2007\u2007do.\ndo. Half Crown\n\u2007\u2007do.\n\u2007\u2007do.\nAssayed by Mr. David Ott, under my Inspection, at the Mint, in pursuance of a resolution of Congress of Nov. 29th. 1792. I have added the specific gravity of each piece of Gold Coin.\nMint January 7. 1793.\nDavd. Rittenhouse \nDirector of the Mint", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0032", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste Ternant, 7 January 1793\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nPhiladelphie 7. de Janvier 1793.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous addresser la copie d\u2019une r\u00e9quisition que vient de me faire parvenir la Commission nationale, charg\u00e9e d\u2019exercer l\u2019autorit\u00e9 supr\u00eame de la M\u00e9tropole \u00e0 St. Domingue. Dans des circonstances assez interessantes au salut de la colonie pour avoir p\u00fb n\u00e9cessiter une r\u00e9quisition de cette nature, j\u2019estime que, malgr\u00e9 le d\u00e9faut d\u2019instructions ministerielles ad hoc, et malgr\u00e9 les justes observations contenues dans votre reponse officielle du 20 Nove. dernier, je n\u2019en dois pas moins renouveller mes sollicitations aupr\u00e8s du Gouvernement des Etats Unis, et le presser de venir complettement au secours de St. Domingue sur la base du decret dont j\u2019ai e\u00fb l\u2019honneur de vous donner connoissance, en pourvoyant, tant au payement des traites Coloniales non encore accept\u00e9es qu\u2019\u00e0 la solde du compl\u00e9ment des quatre millions, de maniere \u00e0 ce que ce dernier objet puisse \u00eatre employ\u00e9 aussit\u00f4t \u00e0 des achats de vivres pour la Colonie.\nD\u2019apr\u00e8s les dispositions favorables dans lesquelles j\u2019ai toujours trouv\u00e9 le gouvernement des Etats Unis, j\u2019ose esperer que dans la circonstance actuelle, il ne se refusera pas de concourir efficacement au salut d\u2019une colonie utile a son propre commerce, en fournissant \u00e0 nos Commissaires nationaux les moyens qu\u2019ils requierent comme indispensables au succ\u00e8s de leurs op\u00e9rations.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de joindre ici un etat des traites non accepte\u00e9s, avec un tableau indicatif des epoques de payment; d\u2019o\u00f9 il resulte que sauf erreur dans l\u2019evaluation des traites inconnues, il ne restera \u00e0 employer pour un envoy imm\u00e9diat de vivres \u00e0 St. Domingue, qu\u2019environ trente six mille piastres formant le compl\u00e9ment des quatre Millions, au pair de change pr\u00e9c\u00e9demment convenu entre nous.\nJe vous prie, Monsieur, de vouloir bien, en mettant cette lettre sous les yeux du President, solliciter une d\u00e9cision favorable au voeu de la r\u00e9quisition qui s\u2019y trouve jointe. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec les sentimens les plus parfaits d\u2019estime et de respect, Monsieur, Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tr\u00e8s obeissant serviteur\nTernant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0034", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Ernst Frederick Guyer, 8 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Guyer, Ernst Frederick\nSir\nPhiladelphia Jan. 8. 1793\nI am really sorry that I cannot, by the advance of 600 Dollars enable you to set up the Type-founder\u2019s business: but it is entirely out of my power for reasons respecting my private affairs which need not be explained. Your wish to set out on a plan which would require capital, but would produce profit in proportion, is natural to a young artist. I wish you may be able to do it: but you will surely not be discoraged should the ordinary course of young artists prove to be yours, that of struggling against difficulties, and having patience till time, industry and talents can enable them to set up for themselves. I am with wishes for your success Sir your most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0035", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 8 January 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nLisbon Janry 8th. 1793\nAlthough I was well acquainted with your reluctance to come into the office you hold, having seen the letters which passed on the subject; yet I cannot avoid being much distressed by your determination to quit it so soon. I entertained hopes that a desire to assist the President in the execution of his important office, together with some other motives resulting from a consciousness of your abilities and dispositions to render service to your Country, would have withheld you from your favourite retirement, at least, a few years longer. Since you have judged otherwise, be assured, my dear Sir, my best wishes and real friendship will attend you to the domestic and philosophic walks of life. I will not say how much I envy the situation of those who are competent to retire from the noise and jarrings of the great world at a reasonably  early hour. But I will say, that the strong feelings I possess in favour of my Country and its Government are every day heightened by what I see or hear in other Countries. If I was a true Republican, when I left America, I flatter myself I shall not become the less so by my absence from it. However I study most earnestly to avoid giving offence to the Government or People where I reside. And for this purpose the virtues of silence are uncommonly necessary.\nI have attended to your intimation respecting the admission of our flour, and I can only promise that zeal on my part in attempting to promote the interests of the U.S. shall not be wanting. This Country affords little curious for your amusement, but in case I may find any thing I apprehend will contribute towards it, I shall take a particular pleasure in the communication. And in all events shall be extremely happy to hear from you whenever your leisure will permit. In sincerely wishing that your successor in office may be as useful to the Public, as acceptable to the President, and as friendly to myself, as I have ever found you; I conclude by offering the heartfelt homage of esteem & respect, with which I have the honour to be, My dear Sir, Your most obedient & Most humble Servant\nD. Humphreys\nP.S. If I can be any ways useful to you while abroad, or whenever I may return home, I beg you will command my services with unlimited confidence of being cheerfully obeyed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0036", "content": "Title: Report on Foreign Coinage, 8 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: House of Representatives\nThe Secretary of State, to whom was referred by the President of the United States, the Resolution of the House of Representatives of the 29th. of Novr. 1792. on the subject of Experiments on the Coins of France, England, Spain, and Portugal,\nReports\nThat assays and experiments have been accordingly made at the Mint by the Director, and under his care and inspection, of sundry Gold and Silver Coins of France, England, Spain and Portugal, and a statement of the quantity of fine metal and Alloy in each of them, and the specific gravities of those of Gold given in by the Director, a  copy of which, and of the letter covering it, are contained in the papers marked A. and B.\nTh: Jefferson ", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0038", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste Ternant, 8 January 1793\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphie 8 Janvier L\u2019an 2 de la Republique\nDeux objets qui int\u00e9ressent le service de ma nation m\u2019obligent de recourir encore au Gouvernement des Etats unis. Il sagit de pourvoir aux besoins pressans que la difficult\u00e9 de placer des traites sur france fait \u00e9prouver depuis longtems \u00e0 nos agens consulaires et de mettre celui d\u2019entr\u2019eux qui reside \u00e0 Boston, en \u00e9tat de Solder un envoy de vivres qu\u2019il a \u00e9t\u00e9 ministeriellement autoris\u00e9 de faire \u00e0 St. Pierre et Miquelon, et qu\u2019il va ne pouvoir acquitter \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9ch\u00e9ance du contrat, par l\u2019impossibilit\u00e8 actuelle de faire valoir \u00e0 cet effet une traite sur notre tr\u00e9sor national. Pour remplir convenablement le premier de ces objets, il faudroit huit mille deux cens piastres, et le second en exigeroit dix huit cens. Je crois ne pouvoir mieux faire dans la circonstance, que de proposer au Gouvernement des Etats unis, d\u2019avancer encore ces deux sommes aux conditions stipul\u00e9es pour les fonds relatifs au Service de St. Domingue, et d\u2019en mettre le montant \u00e0 la disposition du Sieur Laforest qui l\u2019employera sur sa responsibilit\u00e9.\nVoulez vous bien, Mr. mettre cette proposition sous les yeux du Pr\u00e9sident, et l\u2019assurer que je ne me Suis d\u00e9termin\u00e9 \u00e0 la faire que dans l\u2019intime persuasion, que le Gouvernement fran\u00e7ais verra avec satisfaction un mode circonstanciel de remboursement qui pourvoit au maintien de Ses agens et de Son Service national au dehors.\nSign\u00e9 Ternant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0042", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andrew Ellicott, 9 January 1793\nFrom: Ellicott, Andrew\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nGeo. Town Jany. 9th 1793\nFrom a conversation which I had with you some time ago, I remember you was desirous of discovering the Indian name of the Eastern Branch of the Potomak: by some old surveys it appears to be Annakostia.\nThe reasons of my disagreement with the Commissioners, and ultimate determination to quit the business of the City of Washington, on the first day of May next, shall be published immediately after that date: And I have no doubt, but that from a clear investigation of facts, my conduct, and exertions, will be approved of, by the candid and discerning. I am with much esteem Your Real Friend\nAndrew Ellicott", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0043", "content": "Title: Note on Balloons, [ca. 9 January 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nBlanchard tells me that it takes\n3000 \u2114 vitriolic acid}for a single person to ascend in a baloon.\n2000 \u2114 iron filings\nthe vitriolic acid costs in London 4d. sterl. per \u2114.\nthe baloon he ascended in was 22. feet French in diam.\ncalculating this without regard to fractions, and on supposition it was equal to a sphere of that diameter, it would contain 6800. cub. feet. this is about 3/10 \u2114 of iron to every cub. foot of air.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0044", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 9 January 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello Jan: 9: 1793.\nSince the 26. of October I have not passed 6 successive days at Monticello and consequently have not paid that attention to the work you requested me to direct, which I could have wished. It is by no  means so forward as it might have been. The Window frames which you ordered were prepared immediately. A quantity of Stone which appears to me to be about \u2154 of what will be required has been brought to the top of the Mountain. Jupiter from what I can learn has not raised more than \u00bc of the lime-stone you ordered: he is now at work with 2 assistants. The 2 men who were with Colvard return on the 17: when with 2 others they will begin to get timber for the stables &c. I was grieved on my arrival last night to find poor little Anna much indisposed again. She looks pale today but we are comforted by finding a large jaw-tooth which has just pierced the gum. We have no reason to apprehend a return of her former disorder. Patsy and the little boy are well. We are extremely anxious to be assured that you and Polly are in good health. Your most affectionate friend & hble Servt.\nTh: M. Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0045", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Caspar Wistar, Jr., [9 January 1793]\nFrom: Wistar, Caspar, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nWednesday Morning [9 Jan. 1793]\nDr. Wistars respectful Compliments to Mr. Jefferson and sends the Vials for which he requests Mr. J. to procure a passage in the Balloon. Three facts may be ascertained by bringing down some of the upper Atmosphere\u2014viz The proportion of pure air; The proportion of fixed air, or the absence of it; and the Comparative state of Expansion of the Atmosphere. To ascertain this last Circumstance the temperature of the air at the time of inclosing it should be noted. The State of the Barometer must of course be marked.\nP.S. Mr. Blanchard must be requested to empty the Bottles and Cork them well at the greatest height.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0046", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from J. P. P. Derieux, 10 January 1793\nFrom: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCharlottesville, 10 Jan. 1793. Owing to the carelessness of the Richmond courier, TJ\u2019s letters of 22 Nov. and 14 Dec. arrived simultaneously. He has now received from Gamble another 250 dollars obtained by TJ as an advance from Vaughan, which relieves him of some financial difficulty because, his bill of exchange having been returned to Gamble protested, Gamble had credited the first 250 dollars to his account. Since Gamble needs the money loaned in March, there might be a way of concluding his business if Vaughan did not plan to accept the profit for the 25 cases of glass window panes in Homassel\u2019s hands, for which he has received an order from Darcel via Boston that he encloses. But if TJ believes that any awkwardness would result for Vaughan, he should not comply in this matter, and Derieux will arrange to settle his account with Gamble with the first remittance from TJ. Gamble has notified him to prepare for the settlement of protest charges, which clearly occurred either because Gamble forgot to denote Fenwick as the person to whom first application was to be made or because his correspondents were negligent. He assumes that he will have to pay at least the greater part of the charges because Gamble wishes to settle this transaction on liberal principles. He asks TJ to forward the enclosed letters to his uncle and to Mme. Bellanger. Although he has written to the latter several times since TJ left Virginia, he has received but one letter from her dated June. He hopes that with news improving, communication will be easier, and the letters will not be examined by the government. Having joyfully learned from the latest gazette of the enemy\u2019s evacuation of France, they hope that the Republic will take shape and carry on to the satisfaction of all. He and his wife present their respects. [P.S.] He requests a copy of the memorandum Vaughan must have given TJ about the best goods from Bordeaux and Nantes because, his uncle having written some time ago about power of attorney for the settlement of a small inheritance expected soon because of the imminent death of an old aunt in Tours, he desires him to have an account beforehand of goods that will sell more promptly and surely in Philadelphia than feathers and other fantasy items that have only a fashionable appeal and momentary value.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0048", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 11 January 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nFriday January 11th: 1793\nT. Lear is ordered by the President of the U.S. to transmit to the Secretary of State a letter and its enclosures, together with a draft of the Survey of the federal District, which he has received from the Commissioners.\nThe President requests that the Secretary will take this matter into consideration and report to the President his opinion whether it should be laid before Congress or not.\nTobias Lear\nSecretary to the President of the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0049", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Rittenhouse, 11 January 179[3]\nFrom: Rittenhouse, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nMrs. Rittenhouse is greatly obliged to you for your Valuable present. To me it is more acceptable than any other thing of its kind in existence, but the pleasure it wou\u2019d otherwise afford is greatly abated by an expression in the note accompanying it, That you are packing up your useless furniture: by which I suppose I am to understand that you are going to take your flight to the summit of the South-Mountain. On this occasion I feel most sensibly the misfortune of contracting so very few friendships in youth, which is certainly the proper season for providing whatever will be necessary to us in old age. However on recollection I do not find cause to reproach myself much on this account. When I have Voluntarily forborn to take advantage of opportunities that offered of cultivating intimate friendships, it has been for reasons that still appear sufficently Weighty, such as too great a dissimularity of Views and pursuits, perhaps of vices. I am indeed in a fair way of doing what many a selfish old fellow has done, to give up all expectations of social happiness out of the limits of my own family, but I shall ever remember with pleasure, whilst memory continues to perform its office, that I have counted the name of Mr: Jefferson in the very short list of my friends. I am, Dr Sir, with great sincerity Yours\nD. Rittenhouse\nI was complaisant enough to walk an hour thro\u2019 the Mud with Dr. Smith a few days ago, and the consequence is a Violent Cold.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0050", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 13 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSunday Jan. 13. 93.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to send to the President a sketch which he has submitted to a gentleman or two in the legislature on the subject of Indian purchases.\nHe sends him also two letters received last night from Mr. Gouverneur Morris.  The correspondence referred to in one of them, is in French, and being improper to go into the hands of a clerk, Th:J. is translating it himself for the use of the President. It is lengthy, and will require a good part of to-day to do it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0051", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Clause for Bill Regulating Trade with the Indians, [13 January 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nEnclosureClause for Bill Regulating Trade with the Indians\nBe it enacted &c that no person shall be capable of acquiring any title, in law or equity, to any lands beyond the Indian boundaries and within those of the U.S. by purchase, gift, or otherwise, from the Indians holding or claiming the same: and that it shall be a misdemeanor in any person, punishable by fine and imprisonment at the discretion of a jury, to obtain, accept, or directly or indirectly to treat for, any title to such lands from the said Indians or any other for them.But where any such Indians shall of their own accord desire to sell any part of their lands, and it shall be deemed the interest of the U.S. that a purchase shall be made, the same shall be done by treaty or convention, to be entered into by the President of the U.S. and ratified by two thirds of the Senate according to the constitution: to enure to the use of the states respectively, where the said lands lie within the limits of any state, they paying the price, and to the use of the U.S. where such lands lie within any territory ceded to them by particular states.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0052", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Gamble, 14 January 1793\nFrom: Gamble, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond 14th. Jany. 1793.\nI am honored with your favor of the 4th. enclosing letters to Monsr. De Reaux, and informing that the 5,000\u20b6 which we were concerned in is paid.\nI forwarded to London a Bill for 4,000 to J. & T. Gilliat, leaving the date of payment, after presenting, blank for them to fill up, as appeared most advantagiously suited to obtain the money. 21 days was the sight they inserted, and it was returned protested, to me the 20th. of June with 8/ sterlg. Cost. As the Executors had paid 10,000\u20b6 the balance of the Legacy was not then in their hands or due, and protested for want of effects. I presume the second of exchange was never presented by that house as I have letters of Various dates till the 9th. of Novemr. from them and no farther notice taken of that matter.\nNecessity compelled me to be endeavoring to remit to that House, otherwise from the insolent disposition of some of the Anglois towards the French and Americans both, I should not have put it in their power to act so Cavalierly and filling up the sight at 21. days was either injudiciously, or designedly done, that I might not be induced to have further Connections with that nation.\nI apprehend in Consequence of the powers Vested in Mr. Fenwick he has obtained for the use of Monsr. De Rieux the 4,000\u20b6 livers thus protested, and holds it subject to his order\u2014and that the remaining 1,000\u20b6 has been paid to his order in my favor to the House of Mess. P. Changuer & Co. of Bordeaux from whom I ordered some Merchandize as a sample.\nTomorrow I will forward your Letter and the enclosure to Charlotsville as directed. I am with consideration & regard Your mo. obt Hu st. Ro.\nGamble", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0054", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 14 January 1793\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhila. Jany 14. 1793\nI have just heard it stated here that the suspension of the payments to France was in the first instance by Mr. Short before the commencement of Mr. Morris\u2019s service and without orders from this place and that the latter only conformed to a rule shewn him, implicating strongly that there never had been any direction from this quarter on the subject. This statement was given by Cabot upon an interrogatory of Mr. Adams. If you can give me the facts (without your appearing in it) they may be communicated here. Yrs affecy\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0055", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 14 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\nTh: J to Col: Monroe\nI am a stranger to the instructions given to Mr. Short on the subject of money, the correspondence thereon having been [direct?] between the Sec. of the Treasury and him, without any mediary. Neither do I know whether any authority was given or not to G. Morris on that subject. The payment of the 19th. of Aug. was made in consequence of a letter from G. Morris as I have reason to believe. Whether that letter could be an order or not I am uninformed, but it probably was either authoritative or of decisive influence.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0057", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Ternant, 14 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nSir\nPhiladelphia January 14th. 1793.\nI have laid before the President of the United States your Letter of the 7th. instant, desiring a supply in money, on account of our debt to France, for the purpose of paying certain Bills drawn by the Administration of St. Domingo, and for procuring necessaries for that Colony, which supply you wish should, with those preceding, make up the amount of four millions of Livres. You are sensible of the difficulty of the situation in which this places our Government, between duty to it\u2019s own constituents, on the one side, which would require that large payments of their money should be made on such sanction only as will establish them beyond the reach of all question, and, on the other side, their sincere friendship to the nation of France heightened in the case of the colony by motives of neighborhood and Commerce. But having, in a former letter expressed to you our desire that an authentic and direct sanction may be obtained from the Government of France for what we have done, and what we may hereafter be desired to do, I proceed to inform you that motives of friendship prevailing over those of rigorous caution, the President of the United States, has acceded to your present desire.\u2014Arrangements will consequently be taken at the Treasury for furnishing money for the calls and at the epochs stated in your letter of the 7th. and also for those expressed in your other letter of the 8th. relating to the Consuls of France.\nI have however, Sir, to ask the favor of you to take arrangements with the Administration of St. Domingo, so as that future supplies from us, should they be necessary, may be negotiated here, before they are counted on and drawn for there. Bills on the French Agents here to be paid by us, amount to Bills on us; and it is absolutely necessary that we be not subject to calls, which have not been before calculated and provided for.\nIn enabling you to get rid of the present embarrassment, you are more at ease to take measures against any similar one in future from the same source. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of the most perfect respect, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0060", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Andrew Ellicott, 15 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ellicott, Andrew\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Jan. 15. 1793.\nI have duly recieved your favor of the 9th. The President thinking it would be better that the outlines at least of the city, and perhaps of George-town should be laid down in the plat of the territory, I have sent it back to the Commissioners from whom it came, that you may do this. Suppose you were to consult them on the propriety of adding to the Eastern branch, the words \u2018or [Anna] kostia.\u2019 This would probably revive the antient Indian name instead of the modern one. I am extremely sorry to learn that there has arisen any dissatisfaction between the Commissioners and yourself. I am sure it is without a fault on either side, such is my confidence in both parties. The work you are employed in must be slow from it\u2019s nature: and it is not wonderful if the Commissioners should think it too much so. However I hope you will change your mind about bringing it before the public. This cannot be done without injuring the expectations built on the city, nor can it be necessary in a case unknown beyond the circle of George-town. Within that circle, verbal explanations will certainly answer equally well as a justification to you. Indeed I hope nothing will take place to render your future services there unobtaineable with the Commissioners, and that you will suspend any resolution you may have taken on this subject.\u2014I thank you for your almanac. But why have you adopted the name of Georgium sidus, which no nation but the English took up, while justice and all other nations gave it that of Herschel? I have oftened wished we could have published in America an Almanac, which without going beyond the purchase of the people in general, might answer some of the purposes of those a little above them in information. The declination and right ascension of the sun, the equation of time, places of those of the remarkeable stars which are above our horizon in the night, and some other little matter might be substituted in place of the weather, and other useless articles without increasing the bulk or price of the Almanac. I know nobody but yourself from whom we could hope such a thing. What say you to it? I am with great esteem Dear Sir Your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0061", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 15 January 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTreasury Department January 15th 1793\nMajor Rochefontaine has presented at the Treasury an authenticated copy of a Register Certificate in his favour, from which it appears, that the original has been deposited with Mr. Delamotte, vice consul of the united States at Havre in France.\nIt being necessary, that the Treasury should be in possession of the original certificate, I have in the enclosed letter desired Major Rochefontaine to cause it to be forwarded hither. This letter will probably be transmitted to Havre, and will therefore require to be authenticated by your signature; it being presumed, that mine is not familiar to the Consul. I request some proper Memorandum on the inclosed for this purpose.\nIt will be requisite, that Mr. Delamotte and other consuls and Vice Consuls of the U States should be directed to forbear in future taking any deposits of original certificates of the like nature. This direction I conceive will come properly from your department. I have the honor to be very respectfully Sir Your obedt Servt\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0062", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 15 January 179[3]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr. Hamilton presents his Compliments to Mr. Jefferson. The inclosed letter written by his Clerk will, it is hoped, express his wish sufficiently to render it unnecessary to remodel it. As Col.  Rochefontane informs him the vessel, by which the letter is intended to be sent, departs tomorrow Morning he will be obliged by its being returned to him with the proper certificate this Evening.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0065", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lebrun, 15 January 1793\nFrom: Lebrun, Pierre Henri H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Marie\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nParis le 15 Janvier 1793 L\u2019an 2e de la r\u00e9publique.\nLe Citoyen Ternant qui a rempli les Fonctions de Ministre pl\u00e9nipotentiaire de la Nation Fran\u00e7aise pr\u00e8s des Etats-unis, ayant donn\u00e9 une nouvelle preuve de son patriotisme en manifestant le desir d\u2019etre employ\u00e9 dans les arm\u00e9es de la R\u00e9publique, le Conseil \u00e9x\u00e9cutif n\u2019a pas voulu n\u00e9gliger cette occasion de tirer parti des connoissances de cet officier dans l\u2019art de la guerre et de lui t\u00e9moigner, en m\u00eame tems, la Satisfaction que lui ont donn\u00e9 ses services. Le ministre de la Guerre lui destine, en consequence, un commandement dans l\u2019arm\u00e9e \u00e0 son retour en France. Le Citoyen Genet qui le remplace pr\u00e8s des Etats-unis joint \u00e0 une longue experience des affaires le patriotisme le plus pur et l\u2019avantage d\u2019etre particulierement instruit des dispositions amicales et Fraternelle de la R\u00e9publique Fran\u00e7aise pour les Etats-unis. En considerant les preuves r\u00e9\u00efter\u00e9es qu\u2019il a donn\u00e9 de ses bons principes et de son caractere dans plusieurs missions importantes, je ne doute aucunement qu\u2019il ne se rende agr\u00e9able au Gouvernement des Etatsunis et qu\u2019il ne contribu\u00eb \u00e0 resserer des liens trop longtems n\u00e9glig\u00e9s entre deux Nations dont les principes et les interets ont la plus parfaite analogie.\nAu moment de ce changement heureux de mesures, qui, indubitablement seront reciproques, je dois me f\u00e9liciter, Monsieur, que le Citoyen Genet ait pour interprete de nos Sentimens pr\u00e8s des Etats unis, un ministre qui pendant un long S\u00e9jour en France \u00e0 pu se convaincre de l\u2019attachement de la nation pour les Am\u00e9ricains libres et qui a travaill\u00e9 lui m\u00eame avec autant de z\u00e9le que de p\u00e9n\u00e9tration \u00e0 consolider les liaisons d\u2019amiti\u00e9 et de commerce entre les deux Peuples.\nLes Obstacles que vous aves rencontr\u00e9s Sont heureusement \u00e9cart\u00e9s. Ils le sont pour toujours. Les Fran\u00e7ais se livreront d\u00e9sormais, sans r\u00e9serve \u00e0 leurs sentimens pour une Nation qui les \u00e0 d\u00e9vanc\u00e9s, avec tant de Succ\u00e8s dans la recherche des vrais principes de l\u2019ordre Social. Le Citoyen Genet qui vous exposera, avec une confiance entiere, les vu\u00ebs et les principes de la R\u00e9publique Fran\u00e7aise, vous Fera part, en m\u00eame tems, des moyens qui paroissent les plus efficaces pour \u00e9tablir, sur des bases inebranlables et mutuellement avantageuses, les rapports d\u2019amiti\u00e9 et de commerce entre les deux Nations.\nIl ne d\u00e9pendra pas de nous, Monsieur, que les Francais et les Americains libres, unis par les liens les plus \u00e9troits, ne confondent entierement leurs interets politiques et commerciaux et que les deux Peuples les plus libres du monde et les plus \u00e9clair\u00e9s ne donnent l\u2019exemple touchant d\u2019une Fraternit\u00e9 complette. Ce seroit la premiere Fois qu\u2019une  alliance aurait \u00e9t\u00e9 form\u00e9e pour le bonheur des hommes et non pour les enchainer ou les detruire. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec un tr\u00e8s Sinc\u00e8re attachement Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s\u2014humble et tr\u00e8s obe\u00efssant Serviteur.\nLeBrun", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0066", "content": "Title: Notes on the French Revolution, 15 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n1793. Jan. 15. M. Blacon, member from Dauphin\u00e9, of the 1st. National assembly of France is now here. He was one of those who met at my house in Paris when the Monarchical patriots (afterwards called Feuillants) and the Republican patriots (afterwards called Jacobins) were about to form a schism. At a dinner at Mr. Hammond\u2019s to-day he recalls to my mind the names of all the members of both parties who met, to wit, la Fayette, Duport, Barnave, Alexr. La Meth, Blacon, Mounier, Maubourg, and Dagout. The result of that conference was that they made mutual sacrifices of opinion, and prevented the schism. The Republicans gave up their opposition to a king, the Monocrats theirs to a single branch of legislature.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0067", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Rochefontaine, [15 January 1793]\nFrom: Rochefontaine\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCol: Rochefontaine Came to begg Mr. Gefferson to write to M. delamotte vice consul of america at havre de Grace, to order him to send immediately to M. hamilton secretary of the treasury of the United states of america, the original title of M. Rochefontaine against the United states; which has been deposited by him in the Consul\u2019s office last February. M. hamilton had agreed with M. Rochefontaine to Speack to Mr. Gefferson on the subject, and M. Rochefontaine hope he has done it; but as he has an opportunity of a Gentleman sayling Wednesday next, from this port to proceed by the way of Belfast to france, M. Rochefontaine will be much obliged to Mr: Gefferson to write the said letter, and he will call to morrow morning to get it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0069", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste Ternant, 15 January 1793\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTuesday 15th. Jany. 1793\nMr. ternant returns many thanks to Mr. Jefferson for the french papers now sent back\u2014he incloses the letter received from Savanna, and begs Mr. Jefferson will return it with a duplicata of the letter of 9th. novr. to the district Judge of Georgia. The letter announced yesterday by Mr. Jefferson, on my colonial application, is not yet come to hand.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0070", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 15 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Jan. 15. 1793.\nOn further consideration I have thought it may be as well to omit the proposition for making any addition however small to the foreign fund, till the next session of Congress, by which time it will be more evident whether it is necessary or not. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0071", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Etienne Clavi\u00e8re, 16 January 1793\nFrom: Clavi\u00e8re, Etienne\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis le 16. Janvier 1793 L\u2019an 2e. de La Republique\n J\u2019ai re\u00e7u, Monsieur, La Lettre que vous m\u2019av\u00e9s \u00e9crite, le 16. aout dernier. Elle m\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 remise par M. Cassinave \u00e0 qui j\u2019aurois voulu prouver le cas, tout particulier, que je fais de votre recommandation. Les circonstances ne se sont pas trouv\u00e9es favorables \u00e0 des arrangemens avec lui pris en france m\u00eame: mais ce qui est diff\u00e9r\u00e9, peut tr\u00e8s bien n\u2019\u00eatre pas perdu: Le Citoyen Genet, ministre plenipotentiaire de la republique francoise, aupr\u00e8s des Etats unis, est charg\u00e9 de traitter \u00e0 son arriv\u00e9e de tous Les objets qui nous int\u00e9ressent dans ce moment; Il a vu M. Cassinave et a pris de lui des renseignemens qui pourront conduire \u00e0 quelques march\u00e9s qu\u2019il eut \u00e9t\u00e9 difficile de conclure ici.\nLe Citoyen Genet est charg\u00e9 des pouvoirs Les plus amples et d\u2019instructions toutes tendantes \u00e0 resserrer Les Liens qui doivent subsister entre La france et Les Etats unis, et \u00e0 fonder des relations commerciales qui puissent prendre une consistance solide et rendre L\u2019union, entre Les deux r\u00e9publiques, toute \u00e0 La fois utile et amicale. Je ne doute point, Monsieur, que ce Citoyen estimable ne trouve aupr\u00e8s de vous un ami; qui S\u2019empressera \u00e0 lui aplanir toutes les difficult\u00e9s, et \u00e0 r\u00e9pondre aux intentions de fraternit\u00e9 et de concorde qu\u2019il manifestera.\nJe vous remercie, de tout ce que vous me dites d\u2019obligeant sur la place que j\u2019occupe. Si La bonne volont\u00e9, L\u2019amour du travail et quelque courage, sont des titres; j\u2019ai du L\u00e0 m\u00e9riter, mais La nature de La place que j\u2019occupe reduit \u00e0 bien peu de chose Le merite que vous voulez bien me suposer. Je fais des v\u0153ux pour votre bonheur et votre Conservation, et vous prie d\u2019agr\u00e9er L\u2019assurance de mon sinc\u00e8re attachement.\nClaviere", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0072", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 16 January [1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, Francis\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Jan. 16. [1793]\nYour favor of the 2d. inst. is duly recieved, and in answer to your enquiries about the prospect of foreign demand for wheat I answer that it will be undoubtedly great. Something like a famine may be apprehended thro\u2019 the greater part of France. Spain is buying largely. And I am assured from good authority that England will want a good deal. Her ports were opened to the reception of it for home consumption in November, which was very early indeed for the price to be already up to the importation price. The demands in the West Indies are always considerable: but we now furnish the whole consumption to the French West Indies which used to be chiefly supplied from France. In addition to this the military they have sent over require 40,000 dollars worth of provisions a month, which is regularly purchased for them here. So that the price cannot but be high. I think the best rule is, never to sell on a rising market. Wait till it begins to fall. Then indeed one will lose a penny or two, but with a rising market you never know what you are to lose. My love to Mrs. Eppes and the family. Jack is well. Adieu your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0073", "content": "Title: Notes on John Adams and the French Revolution, [15 January 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nJan. 16. At a meeting of the board for the sinking fund, in a conversation after business was over, Mr. Adams declared that \u2018men could never be governed but by force\u2019 that neither virtue prudence, wisdom nor any thing else sufficed to restrain their passions. That the first National convention of France had established a constitution, had excluded themselves from it\u2019s administration for certain time, a new set of successors had come, had demolished their constitution, put to death all the leading characters concerned in making it, were now proceeding to make a new constitution, and to exclude themselves for 6. years from it\u2019s administration. That their successors would in their turn demolish, hang them, and make a new constitution, and so on  eternally till force could be brought into place to restrain them.\u2014E.R. took notice of this declaration.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0074", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Martha Jefferson Randolph, 16 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonticello January 16 1793\nWith infinite pleasure I date once more from Monticello tho for the third time since my return but from the negligence of the servant that carried the letters once and the great hurry of the post another time they never got farther than Charlottesville. Our dearest Anne has had an attack of a different nature from her former ones which the doctor imagines to proceed from her fatening too quickly. She is far from being well yet, tho considerably better. She is at present busily employed yiting to you a thing she has never missed doing whenever her health has permitted her. Her memory is uncommonly good for a child of her age. She relates many circumstances that happened during her travels with great exactitude but in such broken language and with so many gestures as renders it highly diverting to hear her. Her spirits have as yet been proof against ill health so far as to recover them with the least inter mission of it tho I much fear that will not long be the case if she does not mend speedily. The little boy continues well and is little inferior to his sister in point of size. He also begins to take a great deal of notice and bids fair to be as lively. I am afraid you will be quite tired of hearing so much about them but a fond Mother never knows where to stop when her children is the subject. Mr. Randolph did not recieve the letter in which you mentioned the books and stalactite till after he had left Richmond with 4 or 5 other Letters of yours which had been detained by some accident. Peter desires to be remembered to you and wishes to know if you have recieved one he wrote you from Richmond. Adieu dearest Papa. My Love to dear Maria. I will write to her by the next post. Believe me to [be] with tenderest affection yours\nM. Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0075", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Eppes, 17 January 1793\nFrom: Eppes, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nEppington Janry. 17th. 1793\n  Your favour of Janry. 2 is come to hand. I have consulted Betsey on the subject of it, it will give her as well as myself great pleasure for Jack to accompany the Commissioners to the Council of Indians, as we wish at all times he shoud do what you think best for his improvement and also to comply with all his reasonable requests, there is therefore only one objection. I fear it will be impossible for me to procure the money in time, as you inform me they will set off early in February. I have the promis of as much cash as woud answer his purpos on the 28th of this month. Shoud I be fortunate enough to receive it will remit it immediately. If the money cant be got Jack must indevour to put up with the disappointment. I am offerd some Bonds of E Randolph\u2019s the Attorney General. If you think you can make them answer your purposes in Philadelphia I will send them to you. I am Dr Sir Your Friend\nFrans. Eppes\nMrs. E. joins in respects to your self and Polly and complains heavily of Pollys neglect.\nF E", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0077", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 17 January 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 17 January 1793\nI have already had the Honor to inform you that the Statue of General Washington by Houdon is finish\u2019d and to ask to what Place it is to be sent. I have since been applied to by the Statuary in Regard to the last Payment for that Object. He tells me that \u201che hopes the State of Virginia will do as other foreigners pay him the Difference of Exchange a Thing the more easy to them as in Fact it can only cost them the Sum Stipulated. The Sum which they would have paid two Years ago and which eight Years ago would have been specially secur\u2019d against Depreciation could the Emission of Assignats have been then foreseen.\u201d I have said to him that I am by no Means competent to decide on the Subject but would forward to the State his Application. I hope you will pardon me Sir for troubling you with it but as you agreed with Mr. Houdon in the first Instance it is (as well for that as for other Reasons) most proper that I should address myself to you. I am with Esteem and Respect Dear Sir your obedient Servant\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0078", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Aaron Burr, 20 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Burr, Aaron\nTh: Jefferson presents his respectful compliments to Colo. Burr and is sorry to inform him it has been concluded to be improper to communicate the correspondence of existing ministers. He hopes this will, with Colo. Burr, be his sufficient apology.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0079", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to J. P. P. Derieux, 20 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Jan. 20 1793\nI recieved yesterday your favor of the 9th. Mine of the 4th. would reach you about five days after the date of yours, and consequently would shew you that your bill in Mr. Fenwick\u2019s hands having been paid, all your funds transmitted by me through Colo. Gamble are free from that incumbrance. There remains nothing further to be done therefore than to wait till the sales here are closed, and settle and remit you the balance.\u2014I sent, in mine of the 4th. the paper specifying the best articles of sale here, which you desired, and I shall forward the two letters you last inclosed to me. I am with compliments to Mrs. Derieux, Dear Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0080", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Fenwick, 20 January 1793\nFrom: Fenwick, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBordeaux 20 Jany. 1793.\nI have the honor to own your favors of the 31st. May and the 16 Octor. 1792\u2014the latter covering letters for Mr. Morris and Mr. Short which were forwarded and held as you desired\u2014answers to which go by this opportunity via St. Eustatius by the American Brigg the Mermaid as the best opportunity now offering from hence. The first I only received in November accompanying the Laws of Congress of the Session closing the 8 May. I herewith send you a Bond required by the Law relative to the functions of Consuls. Mr. John Mason of Virginia will be my security and who will procure another person satisfactory to you that will join him in the same as required by the Law.\nI shall profit of the different occasions that present to communicate to you such information as you may require and that I think will be acceptable.\nI shall also correspond with the minister of the United States that may reside in this country.\nGrain is now very scarce here and demanded at the prices below also all articles of provision, and the demand likely to continue during the war or until a plentiful crop supplies the real and immaginary wants. The value of the assignats have considerably depreciated lately and exchange on England is now 5d\u00bc stg. \u214c Livre uncertain and fluctuating. Articles of subsistence do not fluctuate with the Exchange, tho\u2019 it is the Thermometer for most others. This may be attributed to the system adopted by the Government for procuring their supplies thro\u2019 agents of Government and not in the ordinary chanel of Commerce. Wheat and Flour are not higher now than in Novemr. when Exchange was 7d\u214c Livre or thereabouts. Tobacco is ready sale and not a great provision in market.\nThere is a late decree of the Convention to arm immediately 30 sail of the line and 20 Frigates which added to this number already equipped of 22 sail of the Line and 30 Frigates will make a considerable Fleet. The sailors, Carpenters, Rope Makers &ca. &ca. are classed as under the former Government and they have heretofore gone off without murmuring to the Dockyards and I think they will continue to go at least from this and the neighboring places without difficulty. A war with England and Holland is thought inevitable\u2014the Underwriters refuse all premiums of Insurance. I have the honor to be Sir Your most Obedient and most humble Servant\nJoseph Fenwick\nExchange London 15\u00be a \u00bd\nAmsterdam 30 a 29\u00be\nMadrid 27\nWheat 23 a 24\u20b6 \u214c Boisseau\nFlour 52 a 55\u20b6 \u214c barrl.\nIndian Corn 12 \u214c Boisseau\nTobacco 40 a 60\u20b6 \u214c do.\nWhale Oil 50 a 55\u20b6 \u214c Ct.\nSperm do 80 a 85\nWhale Bone common short 160 a 200 \u214c Ct.\nBeef 60 a 80\u20b6 \u214c barrl.\nPot ash 70 a 76 \u214c Ct.\nPearl do. 70. a 80 \u214c do.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0082", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Daniel L. Hylton, 20 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hylton, Daniel L.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Jan. 20. 1793.\nI recieved yesterday your favor of the 9th. inst. and am happy that the sale of Elkhill is at length compleated. I would at once renew the deed here, but that there exists no such law of Congress as you suppose which could make a record here effectual to pass lands in Virginia. There is I believe some law of Virginia allowing a considerable time for the probat of deeds executed out of the state. Quere whether this would not admit the deed executed here last year to be still recorded? Be this as it may, I shall be in Virginia ere long, and will then do whatever is necessary to compleat the title. Till then also, I would rather you should either keep the bonds and other papers which are in your hands, or deliver them to Mr. T. Randolph whenever you see him, and he will deposit them at Monticello. In the mean time, if the papers I before sent you did not authorize you to deliver possession of the lands to the purchasers, I do it fully by this letter, and further, to remove any tenant who may be on it, except the old woman (if she be living) who has her life in the 50. acres on the back of one of the tracts.\u2014I pray you not to fail having the mortgage immediately recorded.\u2014With many thanks for the trouble you have had in this business, and with my best respects to Mrs. Hylton I am Dear Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0083", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Joy, 20 January 1793\nFrom: Joy, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBoston, 20 Jan. 1793. In accordance with the Consular Act, he submits the names of John Coffin Jones and Christopher Gore, Esqrs., Joseph Russell, Jr., merchant, and John Joy, Jr., gentleman, all of Boston, as sureties for his bond, and asks for instructions relating to the care of shipwrecked, sick, or captive mariners, as well as on any other matters TJ may deem fit. The daily allowance made by Congress for the relief of sick seamen is inadequate in the case of India, where many of them can be expected from the frequent sales of American ships and the unhealthiness of the climate. There is an excellent hospital at Calcutta supported at great expense by the East India Company \u201cto which all white men that are sick are admitted on their paying after the rate of ten sicca rupees per month\u201d; if he could pay the same rate for sick seamen, they would be more comfortably cared for there. Alternatively, a law might be passed enabling him to charge every ship arriving in Calcutta a fee for the relief of distressed seamen based on tonnage or size of the crew, a custom in Madeira and other places, or perhaps the wages of deserting seamen, who without a home are most likely to get sick in the hot climate of India, might be appropriated for this purpose, a practice followed in some parts of Europe.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0084", "content": "Title: Andr\u00e9 Michaux\u2019s Observations on His Proposed Western Expedition, 20 January 1793\nFrom: Michaux, Andr\u00e9\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nObservations sur le Voyage a l\u2019Ouest du Misissipi\n1\u00b0. Afin d etre plus libre d\u2019agir et de prendre le parti auquel je serois forc\u00e9 par les Circonstances je pr\u00e9fere entreprendre ce Voyage a mes D\u00e9pens. Ma delicatesse ne me permet pas d accepter la Somme  propos\u00e9e pour une Entreprise qui peut \u00eatre ne pourra pas \u00eatre \u00e9x\u00e9cut\u00e9e entierement.\n2\u00b0. Pour ne pas differer ce Voyage et remedier aux difficult\u00e9s que j\u2019\u00e9prouve actuellement de tirer sur l\u2019Administration je considereray comme une grande faveur l\u2019acceptation de mes Traites jusqu a la concurrence de trois mille six cens livres tournois sur celle de dix sept mille cinq cens vingt livres due pour mes Appointemens et mes Avances par l\u2019Administration. Si Mr. De la forest ne veut pas endosser mes traites pour cette Somme de 3600\u20b6 non obstant qu il y ait \u00e9t\u00e9 authoris\u00e9 par le Ministre de la Marine et si je ne suis pas assur\u00e9 du montant avant de partir de Philadelphie, je n\u2019entreprendray pas ce Voyage.\n3\u00b0. Il me sera donn\u00e9 toutes les Lettres de recommandation necessaires pour les Negocians aux Illinois, Chefs Indiens &c.\n4\u00b0 Toutes les Connoisssances, Observations et Informations Geographiques seront communiqu\u00e9es a la Societ\u00e9 Philosophique.\n5\u00b0 Les autres D\u00e9couvertes en histoire Naturelle seront a mon profit immediat et ensuite destin\u00e9es a l\u2019Utilit\u00e9 G\u00e9n\u00e9rale.\n6\u00b0 Je n\u2019entreprendray pas ce Voyage que je nay regl\u00e9 mes Affaires en Caroline et je ne demande que trois jours apres la reception de Lettres que j attends de Charleston.\nA Philadelphie le 20 Janvier 1793\nA. Michaux", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0085", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 21 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Jan. 21. 1793.\nI received the day before yesterday your\u2019s of the 9th. From an expression in that, as well as the preceding one, I fear you may not have received my letters which have been regular and constant once a week, except once when the post day was perceived to be changed. I then accomodated the day of my writing to the day of the departure of the Western post from Richmond.\u2014I have received information from Mr.  Hylton that he has compleated the sale of Elk hill, and has the bonds and mortgage in his possession, which I desired him to keep till he shall see you, and give them to you to be deposited safe at Monticello. I wish to hear of the sale in Bedford.\u2014I thank you for information of the work done at Monticello, and shall be happy to have the further progress noted in every letter. I now inclose you a bill of scantling to be got by the sawyers. It is material that the stocks should be got as soon as possible, lest the sap should begin to rise, which would occasion the timber to rot very soon. By getting the stocks now too, they may find employment for the oxcart and waggon when the roads from the stone quarry shall be rendered too miry and laborious. In laying off the stocks for the triangular sleepers, as mentioned in the paper, the sawyers will probably need to be shewn by you once or twice how to do it.\u2014The bringing slabs from Henderson\u2019s is another job, when the others cannot be proceeded on. My love to my dear Martha, and am Dear Sir yours most affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0088", "content": "Title: American Philosophical Society\u2019s Subscription Agreement for Andr\u00e9 Michaux\u2019s Western Expedition, [ca. 22 January 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nWhereas Andrew Michaux, a native of France, and inhabitant of the United States has undertaken to explore the interior country of North America from the Missisipi along the Missouri, and Westwardly to the Pacific ocean, or in such other direction as shall be advised by the American Philosophical society, and on his return to communicate to the said society the information he shall have acquired of the geography of the said country it\u2019s inhabitants, soil, climate, animals, vegetables, minerals and other circumstances of note: We the Subscribers, desirous of obtaining for ourselves relative to the land we live on, and of communicating to the world, information so interesting to curiosity, to science, and to the future prospects of mankind, promise for ourselves, our heirs executors and administrators, that we will pay the said Andrew Michaux, or his assigns, the sums herein affixed to our names respectively, one fourth part thereof on demand, the remaining three fourths whenever, after his return, the said Philosophical society shall declare themselves satisfied that he has performed the said journey and that he has communicated to them freely all the information which he shall have acquired and they demanded of him: or if the said Andrew Michaux shall not proceed to the Pacific ocean, and shall reach the sources of the waters running into it, then we will pay him such part only of the remaining three fourths, as the said Philosophical society shall deem duly proportioned to the extent of unknown country explored by him, in the direction prescribed, as compared with that omitted to be so explored. And we consent that the bills of exchange of the said Andrew Michaux, for monies said to be due to him in France, shall be recieved to the amount of two hundred Louis, and shall be negociated by the said Philosophical society, and the proceeds thereof retained in their hands, to be delivered to the said Andrew Michaux, on his return, after having performed the journey to their satisfaction, or, if not to their satisfaction, then to be applied towards reimbursing the subscribers  the fourth of their subscription advanced to the said Andrew Michaux. We consent also that the said Andrew Michaux shall take to himself all benefit arising from the publication of the discoveries he shall make in the three departments of Natural history, Animal, Vegetable and Mineral, he concerting with the said Philosophical society such measures for securing to himself the said benefit, as shall be consistent with the due publication of the said discoveries. In witness whereof we have hereto subscribed our names and affixed the sums we engage respectively to contribute.\n  [Column 1]\n  [Column 2]\nGo: Washington one hundred Dollars\nH Knox fifty dollars\nJohn Adams Twenty Dollars\nTh: Jefferson fifty dollars\nBenjamin Hawkins Twenty Dollars\nAlexander Hamilton Fifty Dollars\nRa. Izard Twenty Dollars\nRufus King Twenty Dollars\nSam Johnston Twenty Dollars\nJohn Langdon Twenty Dollars\nRobt Morris Eighty Dollrs.\nJohn Edwards Sixteen Dollars\nJno. Henry ten dollars\nJohn Brown Twenty Dollars\nG Cabot Ten Dollars\nTho Mifflin Twenty Dollars\nJohn Rutherfurd Twenty dollars\n[Column 3]\n[Column 4]\nJona: Trumbull Twenty Dollrs.\nJohn F. Mercer twelve Dollars\nJames Madison Jr. Twenty dollars\nSam. Magaw Sixteen Dollars\nJ: Parker Twenty dollars\nNicholas Collin sixteen dollars\nAlexr White Twenty Dollars\nJona Williams Twenty Dollars\nJohn Page twenty Dollars\nJohn Bleakley Ten Dollars\nJohn B. Ashe 10 Drs.\nJos Parker Norris Ten Dollars\nWm Smith Twenty Dolirs.\nWm: White ten Dollars\nJere Wadsworth Thirty Dollars\nJohn Ross Twenty Dollars\nRichard Bland Lee ten dollars\nThos. Fitzsimons ten dollars\nSaml. Griffin Ten dollars\nWm B. Giles Ten Dollars\nJno W: Kittera Ten Dollars", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0089", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Cole Mountflorence, 22 January 1793\nFrom: Mountflorence, James Cole\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\n Norfolk 22d. Jany. 1793\nThis Day I put into the Post office, agreeable to Mr. Morris\u2019s Request to me at Paris, his Dispatches to you. We arrived here Yesterday in the french Ship L\u2019aimable Antoinette in 61 days passage from Havre de Grace. When we Sailed from france, nothing was yet determined on the fate of the King and Queen, but the Republican Armies of france were triumphing in every Quarter. I have given to the Printer of this Place a circumstantial and impartial Account of the Great Events that have taken place in france during the Year 1792, and as soon as the same be printed, I shall have the Honor of transmitting A Copy to you.\nIf You have any Dispatches for Governer Blount, or the Governer of Kentuckey, by forwarding them to me at Richmond, I would take charge of them with great Pleasure. I shall be in Richmond before the 1st. feby.; shall only stay there a few days, and proceed to Govr. Blount and the South Western Territory, therefore your Orders to those places would meet with an immediate Conveyance. I have the Honor to be respectfully Sir Yr. most Obedt. & most humble Servant\nJ: C. Mountflorence", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0090", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 22 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President the subscription paper he has prepared for enabling the Philosophical society to send Mr. Michaux on the mission through the country between the Missisipi and South sea, and he will have that of waiting on him tomorrow morning on the subject.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0091", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 22 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia 22d. Jan. 1793\nNothing occurs to me as necessary to be added to the enclosed project.\nIf the Subscription is not confined to the members of the Philosophical Society, I would readily add my mite to the means for encouraging Mr. Michaud\u2019s undertaking\u2014and do authorize you to place me among, and upon a footing with the respectable sums which may be Subscribed. I am always Yours.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0092", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Currie, 23 January 1793\nFrom: Currie, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nRichmond Jany. 23d. 1793\nI had the honor of recieving your favor of the 19th. of Octr. \u201392 inclosing that of Mr. Barton\u2019s to you of the 26th of Sepr 1792. I observe what he mentioned to you in his letter and the conversation held with him afterwards in regard to it and where to point his interrogatories particularly. I am under very great Obligations to you on this Occasion and beg leave here to Thank you once more for the Sollicitude you express to have it finishd before you leave Philadelphia, and unless it happens before that Period I shall despond in regard to it. I should be happy to hear from you soon on this Subject and I pray it may be equal to your warm and friendly wishes. With the most Sincere & Respectfull Attachment I have the Honor to be Sir your Most Ob. & Hble Serv.\nJames Currie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0093", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 23 January 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLisbon Janry 23d. 1793.\nMy last public letter to you was dated Janry. 7th. and acknowledged the receipt of yours of Novr. 6th. Since that time, I have received your previous Dispatch in date July 12th, by way of Madeira. By these it appears that all my letters, except No. 52. had come to hand. Should that have finally miscarried, I will send a copy that the series may be complete.\nThe Papers transmitted herewith relate to our Captives at Algiers. No. 1. is the letter from Captn. Obrian, which I omitted by mistake to enclose in my last. No. 2. is the extract of a letter of Novr. 2nd. 1792 from him to Messrs. John Bulkeley & Son. No. 3. is my answer to Captn. Obrian. And No. 4. my last letter to Mr. Carmichael. From these, and former communications an adequate idea may be formed of the state of the subject. And I hope by this ulterior arrangement the Captives cannot fail to receive all the relief of which, in their situation, they are susceptable; and that my proceedings will meet the approbation of Government.\nMr. Barclay, Consul for Morocco, who arrived here from Cadiz on tuesday last, died on Saturday. His sudden death is supposed to have been occasioned by an inflamation of the lungs. After having received Dispatches from Mr. Pinkney, by a special Messenger, he informed you from Cadiz of the necessity he found himself under of coming here to obtain the Money he had occasion for, and that he could probably effect it without informing any Person but myself of the business. Two days before his death, we went to the Exchange together, and entered into arrangements for drawing the Money. He complained of a slight fever, costiveness and raging thirst for water, for some time. That night he took Medicine. On friday he mostly kept his bed; I conversed with him, however, a good deal on business; and when I left him he told me he hoped to be well in two or three days. Next morning I was sent for early, and finding his life despaired of by the Physicians, I immediately took possession of all the Papers contained in the Dispatches from Mr. Pinkney to him. And I am fully certain, no Person in Europe (except Mr. Pinkney and myself) is acquainted with their contents. I have written to Mr. Pinkney, that I shall await your or his orders for their disposal; of which I take the earliest occasion to advise you.\nHappily we had not proceeded so far in the Money transaction, but that I have been able to break it off without incurring loss. For had the business proceeded there must have been some loss in the Exchange.\nFrom the time Mr. Barclay was apprehended to be in danger, he was never able to pronounce more than a word or two at a time; or to give the least information respecting the public affairs or his own. After his death, upon searching (with the assistance of Mr. Harrison Consular Agent for the U.S.) the Papers which he brought here, I have not been able to find any Invoice, Receipt, Memorandum or Document, relative to the Property of the U.S. which was destined for the Morocco negociation; nor any Key except one which appears to belong to a small Portfeuille. I am confident the Presents &c. are at Gibralter, but I do not know in whose possession they are. To ascertain this, and prevent their being lost or embezzled, I propose making use of the earliest possible opportunity to go myself to Gibralter. In taking this step without waiting for orders, I hope my zeal may not be imputed to me as a fault: since it must be known, I could not have any motive, but a desire to serve the public interest even beyond the line of my immediate duty, in encountring the inconvenience and expence of the voyage, at this very inclement Season. With Sentiments of sincere respect & esteem I have the honour to be Sir, Your most obedt. & most hble Servt\nD. Humphreys", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0096", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Wilkes Kittera, 24 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Kittera, John Wilkes\nSir\nPhiladelphia Jan. 24. 1793.\nMy letter of Nov. 5 to Mr. Chambers, which was directed to him at Mercersburg and that of Dec. 12. addressed according to his particular directions, and both sent by post, having miscarried, I take the liberty of observing to him, through you, that if he wishes to secure a right to his discovery, relative to firearms, in America, it will be necessary for him to petition the Patent board for that purpose, accompanying his petition with a Specification, that is to say, a written description of his invention. If he wishes to avail himself of it in France, I do not know that he could do better than to consult with the Minister of France here as to the manner of proceeding. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0097", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 24 January 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello Jan: 24: 1793.\nIn consequence of your letter to Mr. Randolph Jefferson a Mr. James Kinsolving applied to Clarkson on the 16: inst: for Dinah and her children. Their value was fixed by Colo. Lewis and Colo. Bell, 139:17.6 for which sum he has given his bonds on the terms of your sale in Bedford. He is a very substantial planter himself: one John Burnley a man allso in very good circumstances is joined with him. The bonds are in my hands. The works which you desired me to direct are going on briskly. 426 bushels of limestone are raised: nearly the whole of the timber for the buildings you ordered is ready: the business of bringing it in goes on and in 8 days we shall begin to rear the Stable. 2 laborers are constantly employed in grubing the orchard of which about 4 acres are allready clean. Patsy told you last week of the fire in Charlottesville: 3 dwelling houses only were destroyed and those of no great value: in one of them there was a parcel of goods belonging to Dyvers & Lindsey which raised the sum of the loss to 1200\u00a3 by the estimates I have heard. The houses consumed are not missed in our prospect. I am told that they will be rebuilt immediately. I have not been in Richmond since I received your letter concerning the Stalactite: as there is no likelihood of my being there soon I shall inform Mr. Hylton of your wish. The package of servants cloathes has not arrived at Monto. nor have we heard of its being in Mr. Browns hands: I shall make inquiry for it.\nOur little Anna is not yet in firm health. She has an ulcer on her which Gilmer thought once to have a very bad aspect tho\u2019 now it promises to heal speedily. He imputes it to our having continued too long the very nutritive aliments which were necessary during the Diarrhea. A sudden fatness and extreme gross habit was produced by this. She has 3 jaw-teeth just coming out which I am convinced occasion allmost entirely her indisposition.\nAssure Polly of my most tender regard and tell her that I decline answering her letter this week as her sister writes.\nThe whole neighbourhood is in transport at the success of the French arms. Your most aff. friend\nTh: M. Randolph\nPatsy reminds you thro me of her warm and constant affection.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0098", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Dick, 25 January 1793\nFrom: Dick, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBladensburgh 25th. January 1793\nThe inclosed Letter addressed to You, together with the Book refered to in it, I have just received from a friend in Glasgow (who is related to Mr. Stewart,) along with a copy for myself.\nIt gives me pleasure to have so early and good an opportunity of forwarding it by my friend Mr. John Campbell. I have the honour to be respectfully Sir Your Most Obedt. hum. Servant\nRobt. Dick", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0100", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 25 January 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLisbon Janry. 25th. 1793\nThe enclosed Papers from No. 1. to No. 6. inclusive may serve to shew the proceedings I conceived myself authorised in taking, with respect to American flour and grain. The crisis is as favorable for obtaining a liberal policy as perhaps ever can be expected; and I have endeavoured to avail myself of it in as delicate and efficacious a manner as I was able. Some names of great authority, I know, approve of the systems I have proposed. Still the success is very precarious. Should the answers which Government will be under the necessity of giving not prove favorable, perhaps hereafter some statements of facts in the American News Papers may have a tendency to rouse this nation from its present torpid state to insist upon a wiser and better policy.\nI have concerted with the Secretary of State for foreign affairs the mode of transacting our business during my absence. And I am determined that absence shall be of as short duration as possible. With  sincere & great esteem, I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedt. & Most humble Servt\nD. Humphreys\nP.S. I have but just this moment received the Box of Papers from the Custom House which came with your of July 12th. by way of Madeira. It is impossible to send such unweildy Packets on Horseback by the Spanish Ambassador\u2019s ordinary Courier. And this is the only conveyance which offers. I have however sent to Mr. Carmichael all but such as appear to contain the large volumes of Laws and Journals. For this I have given a Moidore to the Courier. I have also informed Mr. Carmichael, that, not knowing where Mr. Short is at present, I must await his and Mr. Short\u2019s information and dispositions for obtaining the remainder.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0101", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 25 January 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 25 January 1793\nMy last No. 17 was of the seventeenth Instant. The late King of this Country has been publickly executed. He died in a Manner becoming his Dignity. Mounting the Scaffold he express\u2019d anew his Forgiveness of those who persecuted him and a Prayer that his deluded People might be benefited by his Death. On the Scaffold he attempted to speak but the commanding Officer Santerre ordered the Drums to be beat. The King made two unavailing Efforts but with the same bad Success. The Executioners threw him down and were in such Haste as to let fall the Axe before his Neck was properly placed so that he was mangled. It would be needless to give you an affecting Narrative of Particulars. I proceed to what is more important having but a few Minutes to write by the present good Opportunity.\nThe greatest Care was taken to prevent an Affluence of People. This proves a Conviction that the Majority was not favorable to that severe Measure. In Effect the great Mass of the parisian Citizens mournd the Fate of their Unhappy Prince. I have seen Grief such as for the untimely Death of a beloved Parent. Every Thing wears an Appearance of Solemnity which is awfully distressing. I have been told by a Gentleman from the Spot that putting the King to Death would be a Signal for disbanding the Army in Flanders. I do not believe this but incline to think it will have some Effect on that Army already perishing by Want and mouldering fast away. The People of that Country if the french Army retreats will I am perswaded take a severe Vengeance for the Injuries they have felt and the Insults they have been expos\u2019d to. Both are great. The War against France is become popular in Austria and is becoming so in Germany. If my Judgment be good the Testament of Louis the sixteenth will be more powerful against the present Rulers of this Country than an Army of an hundred thousand Men. You will learn the Effect it has in England. I beleive that the English will be wound up to a Pitch of enthusiastic Horror against France which their cool and steady Temper seems to be scarcely susceptible of.\nI enclose you the Translation of a Letter from Sweden which I have receivd from Denmark. You will see thereby that the jacobine Principles are propagated with Zeal in every Quarter. Whether the Regent of Sweden intends to make himself King is a moot Point. All the World knows that the young Prince is not legitimate altho born under Circumstances which render it legally speaking impossible to question his Legitimacy.\nI consider a War between Britain and France as inevitable. The Continental Powers opposed to France are making great and prompt Efforts while on this Side I as yet see but little done to oppose them. There is a Treaty on Foot (I beleive) between England and Austria whose Object is the Dismembrement of France. I have not Proof but some very leading Circumstances. Britain will I think suspend her Blow till she can strike very hard, unless indeed they should think it adviseable to seize the Moment of Indignation against late Events for a Declaration of War. This is not I think improbable because it may be coupled with those general Declarations against all Kings under the Name of Tyrants which contain a Determination to destroy them and the Threat that if the Ministers of England presume to declare War an Appeal shall be made to the People at the Head of an invading Army. Of Course a Design may be exhibited of entering into the Heart of Great Britain to overturn the Constitution destroy the Rights of Property and finally to dethrone and murder the King. All which are Things the English will neither approve of nor submit to.\nYours of the seventh of November is just receiv\u2019d. I will reply to it by the first good Opportunity. With sincere Esteem I am my dear Sir Your obedient Servant\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0102", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Gilmer, 26 January 1793\nFrom: Gilmer, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\n26 Jany 1793 Pen Park\nAs your return to Monticello shortly is determined on discover my nerves begin to vibrate with more vigor and can declare to you that they have not had their tone stimulated by any auxilliary for some time, having prior to the new year totally abandoned one atom of the Brownonian stimulant power and have been uniform in an innocent simple regimen though increased in fibres not equally so in strength; our illuminations in Charlottesville were not designd for the news of the Armies retreating Brunswick we expected would have been Burgoined, the conflagration in town was large for the little City but will soon grow up again. Our winter has appeard a spring a few days past a small sprinkle of snow which soon disappeard heavenly weather after it that our old feild will smile spring on your return. Your Grand daughter has become robust and appears too abound in health. A report prevails that a body of french have gon to Ireland. Will they know at what point to stand, or are for obliterating monarchs? With the best affections of Cousin Lucy & the Park, your friend\nGeo Gilmer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0103", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 26 January 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMy Dear Martha\nPhiladelphia Jan. 26. 93.\nI received two days ago your\u2019s of the 16th. You were never more mistaken than in supposing you were too long on the prattle &c. of little Anne. I read it with quite as much pleasure as you write it. I sincerely wish I could hear of her perfect reestablishment.\u2014I have for some time past been under an agitation of mind which I scarcely ever experienced before, produced by a check on my purpose of returning home at the close of this session of Congress. My operations at Monticello had been all made to bear upon that point of time, my mind was fixed on it with a fondness which was extreme, the purpose firmly declared to the President, when I became assailed from all quarters with a variety of objections. Among these it was urged that my retiring just when I had been attacked in the public papers, would injure me in the eyes of the public, who would suppose I either  withdrew from investigation, or because I had not tone of mind sufficient to meet slander. The only reward I ever wished on my retirement was to carry with me nothing like a disapprobation of the public. These representations have, for some weeks passed, shaken a determination which I had thought the whole world could not have shaken. I have not yet finally made up my mind on the subject, nor changed my declaration to the President. But having perfect reliance in the disinterested friendship of some of those who have counselled and urged it strongly, believing that they can see and judge better a question between the public and myself than I can, I feel a possibility that I may be detained here into the summer. A few days will decide. In the mean time I have permitted my house to be rented after the middle of March, have sold such of my furniture as would not suit Monticello, and am packing up the rest and storing it ready to be shipped off to Richmond as soon as the season of good sea-weather comes on. A circumstance which weighs on me next to the weightiest is the trouble which I foresee I shall be constrained to ask Mr. Randolph to undertake. Having taken from other pursuits a number of hands to execute several purposes which I had in view for this year, I can not abandon those purposes and lose their labour altogether. I must therefore select the most important and least troublesome of them, the execution of my canal, and (without embarrassing him with any details which Clarkson and George are equal to) get him to tell them always what is to be done and how, and to attend to the levelling the bottom. But on this I shall write him particularly if I defer my departure.\u2014I have not received the letter which Mr. Carr wrote to me from Richmond nor any other from him since I left Monticello. My best affections to him, Mr. Randolph & your fireside and am with sincere love my dear Martha yours\nTh: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0105", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Christopher Greenup, 28 January 1793\nFrom: Greenup, Christopher\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nArch Street No. 28. January 28th. 1793\nThe Representatives from Kentucky have lately received a Letter from the Governor of that State, inclosing a Resolution of the General Assembly directing an application to be made to Congress for a reimbursement of the Expence incurred in carrying on expeditions against the Indian Tribes since the first of January 1785.\nOn examination I find this business was brought before Congress the second day of August 1787 by request of Governor Randolph, and a Committee on that day brought in a report which has never been decided on.\nI must therefore beg of you Sir to favour me with the original papers which I am informed are filed in the Office of the Department of State, or Copies of them for the purpose of supporting the present application; this being now a Debt to be paid by the State of Kentucky by the Compact with Virginia. I have the honour to be Sir with great respect Your Very Hble Servt.\nChristo. Greenup", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0108", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Bell, 30 January 1793\nFrom: Bell, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nYours of the 17th. is now at hand. Exclusive of Mr. Browns account the Sherriff has called upon me for your taxes, that with other accounts that I have paid and assumed which Colo. Lewis tells me are Just, and cannot be put off, nearly ballances our account exclusive of the hire of Marey and children. I applied to one of the Gentlemen who Valued her to meet the other and Say what I Should give for the hire. He Seemd of opinion, that as She had so many, I ought not to pay thing. On finding that to be his opinion, I could not think of doing any thing more in the business untill your return.\nHowever Sir, I assure you this is not the reason why I cannot with propriety give you a draft on Colo. Gamble. The high price my customers expect for their produce in the Spring induces them to hold back their Tobacco &c. for the Spring market. Of course I have nothing as yet in the hands of Colo. Gamble.\nI applied to our friend Mr. De Reux who has long wishd to have it in his power to make me a payment. He tells me that what he has already received is in advance and cannot with any propriety draw upon you at present.\nIf the Sale of his Goods (before you leave Philadelphia) will Justify a draft that will be of service to you, I am well assured he will give it with pleasure. And I would in that case endeavor to refund him and wait untill his last payment comes to hand.\nI will that you to write me what prospects there are like to be through this channel, without advising Mr. De Reux any thing about it, as it would hurt his feelings in case of a disapointment.\nHe has not yet fixed upon a piece of land to his mind.\nIf our worthy friend Mr. Monroe should have it in his power, Any advances he might make would be perfectly agreeable. I am Sir with due respect your most ob. Svt.\nThos Bell\nSnow now about 12 inches deep on level ground\u2014the first we have had this winter.\nT. B.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0109", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nathaniel Cutting, 30 January 1793\nFrom: Cutting, Nathaniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphia, 30 Jan. 1793. Knowing \u201cthe wish and intention of the political Fathers of our Country to cherish and protect its Commerce, that great source of Federal Revenue,\u201d he represents the need for a consul or vice--consul at Cadiz, a port as heavily frequented by American vessels as any other on the Continent. American citizens have incurred considerable expense there without a consular representative, as he himself did some years ago when dealing with Spanish officials in connection with a collision between his ship and another vessel. Knowing of no American resident at Cadiz who intends to seek the office of consul there, and observing that the Constitution authorizes the appointment of foreigners as vice-consuls, he recommends Don Joseph Yznardi, a Spaniard who has just arrived here with letters of recommendation from Carmichael. Well qualified for the post he seeks, Yznardi has not only \u201clived long enough in England to acquire the language and manners of that Country so perfectly that he might naturally be mistaken for a native of it,\u201d and been employed for two or three years in the counting house of Mr. Duff, a respectable merchant who is English \u201cPro-Consul\u201d at Cadiz, but his family is influential at the Spanish court.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0110", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, [30 January 1793]\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMr. Gunn has mentioned to Major Butler the report that his conduct at New York upon some publick questions was influenc\u2019d by some expectations of a foreign mission. He has called on Hamilton whom he did not see but means to chastise those concerned in the charge. Hamilton informed him at the time it took place that the appointment of Short was at your instance contrary to his wishes, and that he wanted the President to appoint him (viz. Majr. Butler). As he means to call on you immediately as a friend to confer on this subject I have thought proper to apprize you of the above. Yrs. affecy.\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0111", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 30 January 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 30th Janry. 1793\nIn my letter of the third of the present month I acknowledged your several favors of the 6th., 8th., 13th. and 20th. of November and 3d. of December; and I now avail myself of the present opportunity of adverting to some parts of them not answered in my last. Mr. Pintards representation of the conduct of Captain Hargood of the British Frigate Hyana at Madeira has been submitted to the Secretary of State for the foreign department as one of the several cases which call loudly for the interposition and redress of this Government; on this subject after various personal conferences I have brought forward my objections in a written Note and have been assured by Lord Grenville that the business is in a train for decision.\nNot finding upon enquiry a mode of conveyance on which I could place confidence for forwarding your letter to our Commissioners at Madrid I sent it by a safe opportunity to Mr. Morris at Paris, with an extract from your letter relating to it, and as I understand the communication between the two countries has of late been tolerably free I have little doubt of his being able to transmit it in safety to its destination.\nI am happy to find that my rejection of Mr. Sayre\u2019s demand met your approbation; he afterwards however returned to the charge on new and more important ground, but as my first answer was given on principle no change of circumstances could justify a deviation therefrom. The particulars of his last application I will forward by a safe private conveyance.\nI have as yet heard nothing from the agent of the State of Pensylvania on the subject of Mr. Galloways letter. Mr. Morris in his last letter from Paris informed me that he had sent to Mr. Droz but had not then seen him. The Person whom I thought myself almost certain of engaging as an Assayer now raises objections and makes new demands with which I can not comply, so that I doubt whether he will accept the appointment which I regret on account of his unexceptionable recommendations. With him as an Assayer and Droz as Engraver and chief Coiner under the respectable direction of the Officer appointed in America I flattered myself our Mint would be perfectly well established.\nThe news papers herewith will convey the public news up to this date. The melancholic fate of the unfortunate Louis has made a forcible impression on the public mind here which was before considerably  irritated against the French nation, owing I believe in a great measure to their apprehensions for their own internal tranquillity. Mr. Chavelin has been formally notified to depart as you will perceive by the official note herewith a copy of which was sent to each of the foreign ministers, so that it now appears almost inevitably that this country and Holland will be involved in the War against France. As this will of course be a naval war our Vessels will I presume be provided with proper passports to intitle them to those advantages which our commercial treaties with some of the belligerent powers will afford. I wish we had similar articles in a treaty with this country for altho the administration appear sensible of the importance of our trade and profess an inclination to cultivate our friendship yet they are adopting a measure respecting the French which in its execution may lead to disagreeable consequences with respect to us, I mean their plan of distressing by preventing them from receiving supplies of provisions; now as we shall be the people who must principally supply them, and as we have no treaty with Great Britain respecting our inter course with countries with whom she may be at war, and (although our claim to a free inter course is founded in reason and our natural rights yet) as we have no armed neutrality the members whereof this people have to fear, I am apprehensive they may stop our Vessels bound to the French Ports with Provisions: if such should be the case you may rely on my remonstrating with that temperate firmness which the magnitude of the object and our clear Right will justify and that in this as well as in every other instance no argument I can adduce or exertion I can make shall be wanting to protect our commercial interests. As however I have no instructions particularly relating to circumstances which may arise from this Country being engaged in War I have earnestly to request that my line of conduct may be as accurately marked out as possible, directing it in circumstances which may suggest themselves as probable to take place from our relation to the contending parties and giving general rules to be applied in unforeseen events. I have the honor to be with the utmost respect & sincere esteem Dear Sir Your most faithful & obedient Servant\nTh: Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0112", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Carey, 31 January 1793\nFrom: Carey, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nJanuary 31: 1793.\nBefore I proceed in the business of copying the records, which your kindness has enabled me to resume, I request your permission to suggest a few hints\u2014on paper rather than otherwise, as being less likely to trespass on your time.\n1. The task before me is weighty; and the time, for the performance, being short, the loss of two or three hours\u2019 writing every day, and of one whole day every week, becomes a serious object with me. Various concurring causes will prevent me from staying in your office much later than 8 o\u2019clock at night; whereas I could write till 10 or 11, if I had your permission to carry home with me a few letters, which I would take back next morning. Thus also I could usefully employ sundays. And if the apprehension of danger, in the removal of the papers, can only be got over, I think I can undertake to obviate every other objection.\n2. Possibly, at a future day, some of the passages that I copy, or even the existence of entire letters, may be controverted; in which case, should your successor in office refuse access to the originals, it will be difficult to prove the truth. Such an event may be guarded against, by a certificate, at the head of my publication, setting forth that \u201cJ: C has, under the proper authority, obtained access, &c\u201d and \u201chas made oath, that he has faithfully copied, &c without wilfully altering or perverting the sense &c.\u201d\nWhenever you are pleased to command my attendance, to learn your pleasure respecting these points, I shall be ready to wait on you; and have the honor to be, with due respect, Sir, your most obliged, humble servant,\nJohn Carey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0113", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 31 January 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 31st. Janry. 1793\nAltho I write fully by the William Penn which will sail in a day or two for Philadelphia yet as I am informed that there is a Vessel in the Downs bound to New York I send this to Mr. Auldjo at Cowes to endeavor to get it on board in order to acknowledge the receipt of your favors of the 30th. of Decr. 1792 and 1st. Janry. 1793\u2014to say that the contents of the first should receive due attention; but to inform you that I am prevented from obtaining the contents of the second by the loss of my Cypher, an accident for which I can not account. I took the precaution in order to secure such of my Papers as ought to be kept secret to put them into a heavy desk which could not easily be removed and had a patent lock put on the drawer, which the Mechanics here assert can not be picked, and the Key I have never intrusted to any person; notwithstanding which this paper is gone and I have in vain bewildered myself with conjectures to account for it. I have had no servant whom I have discovered to be guilty of other thefts; indeed this does not appear to have been taken by a common thief because I have always kept money both in bank bills and coin in the same drawer, none of which I have missed; neither has it much the appearance of being taken by a person employed particularly for the purpose of purloining papers of consequence as my instructions and indeed all my papers which require any degree of secrecy were there and still remain untouched. The only way in which I think it possible that I can myself have put it out of the way is that when I was making up Mr.  B\u2019s dispatches his cypher being with mine I may have inclosed both together to him. Of this however I may not get any immediate account as I have only received one letter from him by post dated at Cadiz 25th. Decr. 1792 in which he mentions that great attention should be paid to what I had written. I need not, Sir, perplex you as I have myself with any farther conjectures on this accident, nor describe the anxiety I suffer lest beneficial measures may be thereby retarded. I do not think either of your last favors has been opened. They were secured by a single wafer which I conceive the safest way; at least it is easier to discover when letters fastened in that mode have been opened than those secured in any other way. I purpose immediately to inform Mr. Morris of this circumstance, requesting him to communicate by a confidential conveyance any thing he may have received or shall receive from home which he may judge it at all important for me to be acquainted with. The danger of this cypher having fallen into improper hands is obviously so great that you will doubt less send a different one by the first safe opportunity and it will be necessary to transmit a copy of the old one unless you send duplicates written in the new Cypher, of yours of the 1st. Janry. and of any other you may in the mean time write in the former. Mr. de Chavelin has been cavalierly ordered away since the execution of the late King and immediate war seems almost inevitable and yet a doubt still remains on this subject. Before the next packet sails this doubt will either be strengthened or removed. With the utmost respect I remain Dear Sir Your faithful & obedient Servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0114", "content": "Title: George Washington to the Commissioners of the Federal District, 31 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Federal District\nI have had under consideration Mr. Hallet\u2019s plans for the capitol, which undoubtedly have a great deal of merit. Doctor Thornton has also given me a view of his. These last come forward under some very advantageous circumstances. The grandeur, simplicity, and beauty of the exterior, the propriety with which the apartments are distributed, and economy in the mass of the whole structure, will I doubt not give it a preference in your eyes, as it has done in mine, and those of several others whom I have consulted. I have therefore thought it better to give the Doctor time to finish his plan, and for this purpose to delay till your next meeting a final decision. Some difficulty arises with respect to Mr. Hallet, who you know was in some degree led into his plan by ideas we all expressed to him. This ought not to induce us to prefer it to a better: but while he is liberally rewarded for the time and labor he has expended on it, his feelings should be saved and soothed as much as possible. I leave it to yourselves how best to prepare him for the possibility that the Doctor\u2019s plan may be preferred to his. Some ground for this will be furnished you by the occasion you will have for recourse to him as to the interior of the apartments, and the taking him into service at a fixed allowance, and I understand that his necessities render it material that he should know what his allowance is to be.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0115", "content": "Title: George Washington to the Commissioners of the Federal District, 31 January 1793\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Federal District\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Jan. 31. 1793.\nThe regular course which the affairs of the Federal city are likely to move in by the appointment of a Superintendant, who may relieve you from details, and from all sacrifices of time except your periodical meetings, enables me now to proceed, on more certain grounds to the subject of compensation. That a proper compensation should be made you must undoubtedly be the public expectation as well as your own. In proposing the sum, I do not see that I can take a better guide than that of the legislature, which in fixing the compensation for members of Congress has furnished a kind of standard to which services and qualifications in a certain line may be referred. I should therefore propose to you six dollars a day for the days of actual service, and milage for travelling, in lieu of service and all expences to commence from the first day of the present year.\nWith respect to the past I have more difficulty to name a sum, because I do not know the time you have actually sacrificed, and perhaps it would not be practicable for yourselves to state it. On the best judgment I am able to form of it however I should propose the sum of 1500. dollars, each, for your services preceding the commencement of the present year. Should these propositions not exactly meet your own ideas, I shall be very happy to receive your observations on them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0116", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Daniel Carroll, 1 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carroll, Daniel\nDear Sir\n Philadelphia Feb. 1. 1793.\nDoctr. Thornton\u2019s plan of a Capitol has been produced, and has so captivated the eyes and judgment of all as to leave no doubt you will prefer it when it shall be exhibited to you; as no doubt exists here of it\u2019s preference over all which have been produced, and among it\u2019s admirers no one is more decided than him whose decision is most important. It is simple, noble, beautiful, excellently distributed, and moderate in size. The purpose of this letter is to apprise you of this sentiment. A just respect for the right of approbrobation in the Commissioners will prevent any formal decision in the President till the plan shall be laid before you and be approved by you. The Doctor will go with it to your meeting in the beginning of March. In the mean time, the interval of  apparent doubt, may be improved for soothing the mind of poor Hallet, whose merit and distresses interest every one for his tranquility and pecuniary relief. I have taken the liberty of making these private intimations, thinking you would wish to know the true state of the sentiments here on this subject, and am with sincere respect & esteem for your collegues & yourself Dear Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0117", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel Carroll, 1 February 1793\nFrom: Carroll, Daniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nGeo Town feby 1st. 1793\nYour favor of the 15th Ulto. with the plat of the Territory of Columbia reachd this as I am informed on the 25th Ulto. It came to my hands the monday following and I disired Mr. Gantt to deliver it to Mr. Ellicot for the purposes desired. Your Note with Mr. Traquairs to you is just receivd. I expect Messrs: Johnson and Stuart this Evening & remain Dear Sir, with very great esteem & respect, Your Most Obt hble Servt\nDanl. Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0118", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 1 February 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTreasury Department Febry 1st 1793\nThe following is an extract from a letter of Mr. Short to me, dated Hague November 2. 1792.\n\u201cI should repeat perhaps what I formerly mentioned to you, that Mr. Jefferson on his departure from Paris left with me bills of exchange to the amount of I think 66,000\u20b6. This was destined to a particular object with which You are acquainted. He expected it would be immediately applied and therefore wished me to be the instrument instead of deposing it in a Bankers hands to avoid the Commission. When the term of these bills arrived, finding less probability of their being immediately applied, and not chusing to keep by me such a sum at my risk in an house which was robbed regularly two or three times a year, I gave the bills to Mr. Grand to receive their amount, and to hold it appropriated to the object in question. It remains still in his hands, having never been called for. I wrote more than once respecting it on finding the depreciation commencing but never received an answer. It remains now to be considered whether You would chuse to receive it in its depreciated State\u2014or wait for the change of circulating medium in France.\u201d\nThis communication is made with a request to Know, whether the fund in question continues to be necessary for its original purpose or may be withdrawn. I have the honor to be very respectfully Sir Your obedient Servant\nAlex. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0119", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Hawkins, 1 February 1793\nFrom: Hawkins, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nI send you your share of the white bent grass, so much valued by Mr. Bassett. I have sent the half of the remainder to the President. Mr. B. being a farmer, we may count with certainty on its being a valuable acquisition from the experience he has had.\nIf you have formd any thing interesting from the name I sent you, you can communicate it to the President with a translation of the botanical discription. Yours sincerely\nBenjamin Hawkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0121", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Cole Mountflorence, 1 February 1793\nFrom: Mountflorence, James Cole\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\n Norfolk the 1st. february 1793\nI have the Honor to transmit to you herewith the Manuscript relative to the Events of the French Revolution of last year. You will find, Sir, that I have been pretty circumstancial respecting what regards the unhappy Marquis De la Fayette: It was the Opinion of a Number of his friends in Paris that the United States of America would probably interfere in his Behalf, and that the Supreme Executive could demand him as a Citizen of those States which he has served with so much Honor and Zeal; they suggested that such Interference would meet with Success in consideration of the friendly terms subsisting between America and Prussia, and that at all Events should it not have the desired Effect, it would evince to the World the Gratitude of the United States to their Meritorious Officers.\nMy Stay in the Territory South of the Ohio, Sir, will be only of two or three Weeks at most, Some private Business making it necessary for me to return to Europe most immediately, and Should  any thing be determined on by the United States in favor of that Patriotic Nobleman, which might render an Application to the Court of Berlin necessary, I would deem myself exceedingly happy to be intrusted with an official Negociation to that Effect, and no Zeal would be wanting from me to fulfill the Wish of the United States to liberate that unfortunate officer. With great Respect I have the Honor to be Sir your most Obedt & most humble Servt.\nJ. C. Mountflorence\nI will not leave Richmond before the 15th. inst., for Holston.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0125", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to C. W. F. Dumas, 2 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nDr. Sir\nPhiladelphia Feb. 2. 1793.\nTaking for granted that before the arrival of the vessel by which this goes, Mr. Short will have left the Hague on a temporary mission  to Madrid, I have taken the liberty of addressing to you a packet of plans of the city of Washington on the Potomak, with a desire that they may be exhibited (not for sale) but in such shops, houses, or other places, where they may be most seen by those descriptions of people who would be the most likely to be attracted to it, and who would be worth attracting. The sea-port towns are the most likely to possess persons of this description. With every wish for your health and happiness, I am with great esteem, Dear Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0126", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington Greene, 2 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Greene, George Washington\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Feb. 2. 1793.\nMr. Peale the bearer of this letter proposing to go to Georgia to collect curiosities in Natural history, for his father\u2019s Museum, now become considerable and worthy of encouragement, I take the liberty of recommending himself and his object to you. If I did not mistake symptoms in an early part of your life, your dispositions and your attention to these subjects will be in his favor.\nPermit me to take this opportunity of congratulating you on your return to America, and to hope that neither the time you have been abroad, nor the scenes which have past under your eye will have lessened your attachment to your own country nor to those principles on which it\u2019s present government is founded. It is no small consolation to see those just entering on a stage from which we are about to withdraw, bring into public life dispositions for improving and completing that system of public happiness to which their predecessors have devoted their lives. I am with very sincere wishes for your success and happiness, my dear Sir, Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0127", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 2 February 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSaturday 2d feby 1793\nT. Lear has the honor to inform the Secretary of State that as it is a cloudy day the Indians decline doing business. Their meeting is therefore put off till monday 12 O\u2019clock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0129", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 3 February 1793\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe Hague, 3 Feb. 1793. Since his last of 29 Jan. each day becomes more critical for France on one side and the dominant parties here and in London on the other. He is unable to give an account of some propositions  with which Maulde, the former French minister plenipotentiary who had been recalled to Paris, is said to have returned here, and to which it is said the Grand Pensionary has unofficially given evasive responses, because he has been unable to see Maulde, who is incognito here and suspected by both parties, and because there is a secretary of the French legation, accredited but not admitted by the government, who seems unaware of Maulde\u2019s business and whom he has just begun to see. This secretary has been ordered to join Dumouriez\u2019s army as soon as it enters the Republic. 4 Feb. This morning the Grand Pensionary informed the commercial agent of Amsterdam and Rotterdam here that France has declared war on the British government. The threat is being circulated here that patriots will be slaughtered as soon as the French set foot in the Republic; also being considered is a plan to tax foreign funds on a fourth of the interest they bring in, which would reduce the appeal of the Dutch funds and climax the misfortunes of this country. 5 Feb. News arrived this morning that on 1 Feb. the National Convention unanimously declared war against the king of England and the Stadtholder of the United Netherlands.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0130", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 3 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\n Philadelphia Feb. 3. 1793.\nIn my letter to my daughter, of the last week, I suggested to her that a possibility had arisen that I might not return home as early as I had determined. It happened unfortunately that the attack made on me in the newspapers came out soon after I began to speak freely and publicly of my purpose to retire this spring, and, from the modes of publication, the public were possessed of the former sooner than of the latter: and I find that as well those who are my friends, as those who are not, putting the two things together as cause and effect, conceived I was driven from my office either from want of firmness or perhaps fear of investigation. Desirous that my retirement may be clouded with no imputations of this kind, I see not only a possibility, but rather a probability that I shall postpone it for some time. Whether for weeks or months I cannot now say. This must depend in some degree on the will of those who troubled the waters before. When they suffer them to get calm, I will go into port.\u2014My inclinations never before suffered such violence; and my interests also are materially affected. I had digested a plan of operation too complicated to be pursued by any one less interested in it than my self: and there seems no way to save myself from great loss and disappointment but to change the order of the objects, and to take up first that one which is the most simple and the most important, I mean, my canal. And here, my dear Sir, I am under the necessity of giving you a trouble for which that necessity alone must be my apology: that is, to undertake to direct the manner of carrying it on. George, aided by Clarkson, will be sufficient to see that the work is done, and to take all details off of your hands. But they will need to be instructed in what manner to conduct it. I think the mouth of the canal is already indicated by what has been done. The bottom of it should be a foot lower than the common surface of the river in winter, and it may be carried on at a dead level, as it will then be easy for me when I come home to dress off the bottom to the fall which may be necessary. I propose that it shall be 6. feet wide at bottom, and to slope at the sides so as to permit grass to grow on them. It was my intention that the Carpenters should join in this work, so that the whole force will consist of the following. George, Davy, John, Abram, Phill, Lewis, Johnny, Jupiter, King, Goliah, Mingo, Fanny, and Moses. The invalids to work only when they shall be able. They will probably be equal to the hauling away the earth and forming it into a bank on the side next the river. I consider George rather as their foreman, and should not require him to lay his hand to the hardest work. The time for the carpenters joining them will depend on the rise of the sap, as they should cease then to get stocks for the house, and having sawed up what they shall have gotten, will then only join the canal people. You will be so good as to judge whether one or more strikers and blowers will be necessary, and indeed to govern the whole matter according as you shall think circumstances render best. The bringing home stocks, common stone and limestone too will influence the commencement of this work, at least it\u2019s commencement in full force. I am in hopes that the canal may be so far got over in time to make that part of the addition to my house in the fall which I had meditated to have made in the present spring. Therefore it is that I wish the timber, stone, and limestone to be prepared before the season is open enough for the Canal. I am not without hopes that I may find a tenant here for my mill. Mr. Brown at Richmond will furnish the gunpowder and iron necessary. I think the Rafter level, accurately adjusted is the safest to use in levelling the bottom. Were there to be times when water or other circumstances should hinder the working in the canal there is a great deal of earth which has been very unwisely thrown on the upper bank, and which they will be well employed at such times in throwing over on the lower bank, in order to fence out the river in flood-times.\u2014Committing all this to your kind direction, I must conclude with assurances to my dear Martha and yourself of the sincere affections of Dear Sir your\u2019s sincerely\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0131", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 3 February 1793\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMadrid Feb. 3. 1793\nMy letter from the Hague of the 18th. of Dec. will have informed you of my intention to set out from that place the next day and proceed to this by the way of France. This I have accordingly done, and have now the honor to inform you of my arrival here the day before yesterday, after completing my journey of 400 leagues. I was singularly and unexpectedly fortunate in meeting with no impediment in my route through France except what arose from the present state of the roads. These occasioned a very considerable delay, having become from a total neglect of four years almost impracticable for carriages of any kind, and rendering unavoidable frequent stoppages for repairs to those which get through. From Bayonne to this place there being no regular post I came with the same horses the whole way, and was therefore twelve days on the road, owing in some measure also to the advanced season and several of the mountains which I had to pass being covered with snow, so as to render the assistance of oxen necessary to draw my carriage over them.\nThe court having lately gone to Aranjuez, Mr. Carmichael wrote yesterday to the Duke de la Alcudia, the present minister of foreign affairs, who is there also, to inform him of my arrival and to know when we can wait on him: we are expecting his answer and shall immediately on recieving it, repair to that residence.\nI have delivered to M. Carmichael the two packets you addressed to him containing the journals of Congress and gazettes\u2014and also the several papers I had received at the Hague addressed to us jointly containing the instructions relative to our business here.\nIn your letter of January 5th. 1792. you say \u201csee the three lines of the second page of that letter beginning some and ending letter\u201d\u2014since then I have not had the honor of receiving any letter from you on that subject addressed to me except that of January 23d. 1792 simply saying \u201c\u2014see the last page\u2014the sentence beginning The and ending orders\u201d\u2014as these are the only circumstances you have ever mentioned respecting this business in your letters to me and as you said nothing in those addressed to us jointly which I received of the Causes which induced the President to form the Commission for treating at this place I remained absolutely ignorant of them. I took it for granted however that this Court had given assurances of their desire that persons should be sent to treat here [and] imagined you had omitted mentioning it as being known to Mr. Carmichael from whom I might learn it. I find however on speaking with him that he has no knowledge of it. He takes it for granted that the Spanish Agents in America must have been instructed to give such assurances although you have not thought it worth while to mention it to us and yet it seems to me by no means indifferent for us to know with precision and particularly in the present situation of affairs on what our mission was grounded. Mr. Carmichael knows of no other ground than a letter of Count Florida to him, sent to you, saying the King had resolved to send [to America] a person authorised to treat and verbal assurances from the same Minister of the good dispositions of this Court\u2014he was told by Ct Aranda during his short administration, in speaking on this subject, that the assurances given by one Minister were not an obligation on his successor. I cannot yet know in what light the present Minister who is a remove further from the Count Florida will consider the assurances he gave. I am fully persuaded however he will give no weight to them further than as they correspond with his own sentiments, being his personal enemy and desirous to find out all means of staining and counteracting his administration. Besides this Change of Administration (since the assurances given to Mr. Carmichael which can\u2019t but be unfavorable to our business at present as far as depends on negotiation) I can\u2019t dissemble to you my fear also that there will be a Change of Circumstances which will be still more unfavorable. The news of the assassination of Louis the sixteenth arrived here three days ago; This seems to render war certain between France and this Country\u2014between France and England war is still more certain\u2014of course these two Countries will unite in their exertions against the Common Enemy. An union between two Countries, situated, governed and disposed of like these two is nothing less than Spain putting itself in the dependence of England. They will pay this dear in the end and repent of it, but in the mean time they will probably consider themselves fortified with respect to us, they will be forced in many instances to obey English influence in doing what they do not chuse. They will be happy in listening to it therefore in those cases when it shall dictate what they do chuse. We can\u2019t doubt of the real sentiments of Spain as to the Missisippi and their territorial claim[s] nor can we suppose that the English Minister is so changed as to become a Missionary\nof peace and desire to see these subjects of Contention removed from between Spain and us. As it is not in the power of the United States to prevent Spain and England having a Common Enemy nor to prevent their being more or less united, it becomes our business it seems to me to await the developement of this union and not increase it by increasing alarm here. My opinion will be for holding on every occasion that language which I conceive will be conformable to the sentiments of the President, namely of our real desire of living on terms of close friendship with Spain. It would not be difficult to prove to a Minister of Information that Spain since the loss of France will have in future, more than ever, need of our friendship, that she may hope finally to oppose a Balance to the English Marine and prevent the advantages of transmarine possessions and the remains of her commerce being swallowed up by that power. These however are considerations for the time to come\u2014and most Ministers are for the time present. He who governs every thing [at present] here being young and without experience will be less apt to be suspicious of English professions and promises, and as young men believe readily what they desire, he will believe perhaps that the English affection will be real and will be a protection for this Country. Mr. Carmichael tells me he has good reason to believe that vague propositions have already passed between the two Countries, which ultimately regard us but in what manner they regard us he does not know. These circumstances will sufficiently suggest to us the propriety of aiming at peace at present, but of being prepared for events.\nThe system of the English in case of War with France will be to cut off all foreign supplies from them, and particularly of provision and this will be the most distressing mode of warfare they can exercise against a Country under their present wants. [They] will probably sieze neutral vessels going into their ports\u2014what they will do with them is for time to determine. I think they would prefer having us for enemy to allowing us to carry them supplies of provision, if they can prevent it no other way. I have the honor to be with the most perfect respect & sincere attachment Dr. Sir &c &c\nW: Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0132", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 3 February [1793]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSunday Morng. 3d. Februy. [1793]\n The enclosed, containing some things which are not in Gouvr. Morris official letter, the President sends it for Mr. Jeffersons perusal.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0133", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, 4 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia, February, 4th. 1793.\nThe details respecting the Sum of 66,000\u20b6, which are the subject of Mr. Short\u2019s letter of Nov. 2d. 1792, and of yours of the 1st. instant, and which he observes still remain in the hands of Mr. Grand, are as follow.\nOn the 14th. of February 1785, Congress appropriated a sum of 80,000 Dollars, for the purpose of effecting Treaties with the Barbary States. The missions of Mr. Barclay to Morocco, and of Mr. Lamb, to Algiers, were made on this fund. On the 18th. of July, and 12th. of October 1787, they gave orders to their Minister Plenipotentiary at Versailles to take measures, through the agency of a particular religious order, for ransoming their citizens in captivity at Algiers, and constituted the Balance of the appropriation of February 14. 1785, as a fund for this purpose. On the 21st. of February 1789, the Commissioners of the Treasury, drew an Order on their Bankers in Holland in favor of the minister Plenipotentiary of the United States, at Versailles for 30,000 florins, supposed to be the Balance aforesaid, which order came to my hands, on the 5th. of April. I left Paris in September following, at which time a part of the Bills for this sum, had been remitted to me, but were not yet due. These I delivered to Mr. Short, to whom bills for the residue were also sent by the Bankers: and the Religious order, which I had engaged to commence the negotiation were notified that the business had devolved on Mr. Short. Letters received in 1790, left little to hope from their agency. The State of this business was reported by me to Congress December 28. 1790, and I submitted the expediency of adopting some more promising measures, without relinquishing the chance of success by the former: of which, however, having little hope, you will recollect that I proposed to you the application of this money to the payment of our foreign Officers at Paris, rather than let it lie idle there, and, more especially, as we might then presume on commanding that sum at any time, should the negotiations at Algiers, call for it, contrary to expectations. You observed to me that you did not think yourself authorized to change the appropriation of this money, without an Act of Congress, but that you were then preparing a Report for Congress, which would necessarily comprehend this object.I accordingly wrote to Mr. Short, on the 23rd. of January 1791, in these words\u2018We must still pursue the redemption of our captives, through the same channel, till some better means can be devised. The money, however, which is in Mr. Grand\u2019s hands, will be the subject of a letter to you from the Secretary of the Treasury, as soon as he can have an act of Congress, authorizing the application of it, to the debt of the foreign officers.\u2019Mr. Short, in a letter of March 30. 1791, acknowledged the receipt of this letter of mine, which, probably had escaped his recollection, when in that to you of Nov. 2d. 1792. he said he had never received an answer, unless he meant a definitive answer. The subsequent appropriation of 50,000 Dollars by Congress in their act of May 8. \u201392. c.41.\u00a7.3. being a substitute for the sum in the hands of Mr. Grand, the latter became unnecessary for it\u2019s original purpose, and therefore open to any other application.\nI must apologize for the minuteness of these details, by the desire I felt of availing myself of the occasion furnished by your letter of possessing the Treasury Office with a full statement of a transaction, in which I, among others, had been entrusted, while the particulars are yet in my mind, and on papers in my possession. I am, with due respect Sir, Your most obedt. servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0134", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 4 February 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonday 4th feby 1793\nT Lear has the honor to inform the Secretary of State, that if the weather continues cloudy the Indians will not do business to day; but if it should clear off they will meet the President at two O\u2019clock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0136", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Tench Coxe\u2019s Notes on Jefferson\u2019s Draft Report on Commerce, [5 February 1793]\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nEnclosureTench Coxe\u2019s Notes on Jefferson\u2019s\nDraft Report on Commerce\nNotes on the Report of the Secretary of State, made in consequence of the reference of the House of Representatives of the day of 1791\n[pa]ge\n Nations\u2014substitute Countries\u2014or change the words \u201cSpain&ca.\u201d\nQuere the difference between Breadstuff and meals\npage\nits Dominions\u2014to prevent mistakes might be inserted as aboveso of the rest.\n The Tonnage of last year from the French Islands must be much reduced\u2014but the exchange of supplies of American produce & foreign Merchandise with them for returns of Sugar, Coffee &ca., have been very great, and highly beneficial to the United States. We have even shipt large quantities of them to foreign Countries. It is best however and fair to bottom the report upon the preceding state of things\u2014that is upon the french laws in times of order.\n Spain receives also grain, I believe.\npage\n They do not obtain from us any of the advantages of a circuitous foreign Trade\u2014and this applies to France and Portugal.\n Does France receive our Bread Stuff. How is it in the new Tariff?\npage\n It would be more generally understood, if the words (nearly equal to the same Number of Cents) were added.\n Did not Tobacco pay duty at places other than the free Ports?\n What is supposed to be the reason of this.\npage\n Incidental to the legal mode of securing the collection of the Duty\u2014and not to the Commerce of the Article.\n Pickled meats\u2019\u2014or wet provisions\u2014for Bacon is salted provisions: the Merchants term is wet provisions.\n are 50/. Sterling the limited price\n Will it not be well to strike out the word \u201ceven\u201d and\n to insert after \u201cpurchased\u201d the words\u2014and Navigated\u2014\npage\n an equal participation of the privilege\u2014for there are foreign Goods which no ship can carry to Britain.\npage\n Quere\u2014The Aspect in which this is presented\u2014Does the mode of proceeding arise from favor or the reverse, or from caution in a new and particular Case\u2014Quere\u2014Does the report of the privy Council explain the principle.\n A Question may be raised whether this may not be deemed too\npage\n strong? I think not, for if a serious possibility of changes were not contemplated, why should the power to make them be purposely created in a manner very Questionable in a Government possessing even the portion of freedom that is to be found in the British.\npage\n What are the duties in Holland on grain Spirits, and on what Authority are they ascertained. I understand they are not mentioned in their Tariffs.\n What details are known of the exports of our produce from the Dutch Netherlands to foreign Markets. Germany takes some, but the Amsterdam and Rotterdam are among the natural portals of Germany, and we take many goods through those two Cities from Germany. They are so far, as it were, mere market Houses and among the most natural ones.\npage\n Is it known why the Danes prohibit our Indigo producing none, and not having any Indian ports from whence they can obtain it\u2014This appears to be a great misconception of their own Interests. I suspect it must be the fruit of some Monopoly, or the consequence of some law passed before our Independency. I believe from some such laws our Ships or produce, or manufactures, or all are on a worse footing than those of some other Nations in their European Ports.\n If the divisions of a dollar intended by the figures .6 and .25 are Cents the passage may be more generally understood by expressing them so.\n To avoid mistakes this perhaps had best be changed for \u201cmeats.\u201d\n more unfavorable to us and to them.\npage\n Do not the laws and practice of the European Kingdoms run in the same line. Will it not be argued that Individuals and Nations in their political relations are often considered differently from what would prevail in a state of Nature\u2014and that the laws of nature cannot apply absolutely either to associated Man\u2014or to associated Bodies (or Nations) of Men\u2014Yet a modification of this clause may be preferable to striking it out.\n May not the words \u201cfrom time to time\u201d be properly exchanged for\u2014occasionally.\nPage.\n Live stock and live provisions.\npage.\n Livres of the Colonies.\n As free as theirs.\n Live stock and live provisions.\n Quere, as to this limitation.\n grain vizt. indian Corn, oats &ca.\n as is all intercourse in our vessels.\n It is required I believe by the British Kings proclamation that all importations and exportations shall be made by British subjects, which prevents our being factors in their West India Islands, but I do not know of anything which prevents our being Merchants there, tho\u2019 the factorage line is all that we desire or should pursue. In Britain and Ireland we may be Merchants as well as factors.\n should not this be unmanufactured.\n Qu: freely.\npage.\n Our grain requires to be specially mentioned in this summary.\n The footing of our intercourse with Ireland is more favorable than that with Britain and appears to require notice (W. Knox.)\n Ships built in the United States may be used in the Trade between the British European Dominions and the United States, I think.5\n Are prohibited by France and received under temporary colonial laws relaxing those of the dominant Country.\n but long after the peace our Vessels and the French participated equally in the carrying trade between the United States, and their Dominions in Europe and the West Indies. We laid a duty of \u214c10 Cent advance on our impost, and upon their Vessels an extra tonnage of 44 Cents. They followed with the extra duty on Tobacco since reduced to\u2007\u2007\u2007 livres.\nPage.\n Will it not be well to omit \u201cand vexations\u201d\u2014and to say\u2014numerous restrictions rigidly executed.\n general \u201cpeace.\u201d\n May.\n Note the State Governments 1 and 1.2. See former note.\n or impose a duty on their Negociations.\n See draught of the bill reported in 1791 by the Committee.\n Article 4 how would it operate among the Nations in general.  It would make a common cause among the British, Spaniards, Portuguese, who together take of our produce, and the two latter of whom make our Vessels free\u2014one without a fine or duty.\n See State of the Trade from United States to the British American Islands and Colonies.\n Are they necessary to an efficient Navigation system.\n Is discrimination a general practice.\n Nations who favor our  productions and Navigation.\n better in fact\u2014query\u2014in what respect.\n This gives a clear Direction to the report.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0137", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Tench Coxe, 5 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Coxe, Tench\n Th: Jefferson presents his compliments to Mr. Coxe and his thanks for his Notes, which are exactly in the way he wished. But Mr. Coxe having omitted to return the report, Th:J cannot as yet understand the whole of them. He will be glad to receive the report now, and devote this evening to the examination of them, and would be happy to see Mr. Coxe tomorrow morning at the hour he proposes, as he has company to dine with him to-day which will probably engage him from 4. to 7.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0138", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 5 February 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 5th. Febry. 1793\nI had just concluded mine of the 30th. ulto. herewith, when your favors of the 30th. of December and 1st. January were brought to me, seeing the latter was in cypher I immediately opened the Drawer in which I kept all my confidential papers when to my great mortification I saw that my counterpart of the Cypher was missing; after the most accurate search I can not find it, nor can the strictest investigation enable me to discover what is become of it. Neither money nor other papers of equal or perhaps greater consequence which had always been kept in the same drawer were missing. No precaution for its security was neglected as I had placed it in a drawer of a piece of furniture so cumbersome as not to be easily removed, and had a lock of a construction particularly calculated to prevent frauds put on the drawer, the key of which I never intrusted to any person. My servants are such as are usually met with here; but I have not known either of them guilty of stealing. In short unless I have sent mine together with Mr. B\u2019s Cypher to him (as they were both before me when I was making up his packet) uncommon pains must have been taken to purloin it and that by no common persons. I can not describe to you, Sir, the uneasiness I feel on this account\u2014an opportunity may be lost which can not be retrieved and the worst consequences may ensue from the discovery of measures which ought to be secret.\nYou will doubtless, Sir, take such measures as may be best calculated to obviate the ill consequences which may be expected from this event; in the mean time I have written to request Mr. Morris to send me a copy of his cypher with a hope that it may be a duplicate of mine; but lest that should fail I have desired him to furnish me with all the intelligence he may receive from home which he may conceive it of importance for me to be apprised of. I have also written to Mr. B: requesting him to return my cypher if I inclosed it with his, or at any rate a duplicate of his own\u2014but to this letter I know not when I may receive an answer. I had a few lines from him by post dated 25th. of Decr. in which he only mentions that he has received mine and that every attention shall be paid to its contents.\nAn event has taken place which renders me less apprehensive of the Ships of War of this country preventing Vessels with Provisions from going into the French Ports in case of war, which is that the Custom house officers at Falmouth had stopped an American Brig loaded with American flour and bound to Havre de Grace, but orders were immediately given that no American Vessels should be detained, and she was accordingly released, before I could obtain an audience of Lord Grenville for which I had applied. I however availed myself of the opportunity offered by the conference I had on that occasion to bring forward Mr. Hammonds negociation. His lordship assigned as reasons for the delay hitherto the pressure of business here on account of the present state of Europe, and mentioned that part of it had been submitted to Mr. Bond, but said that he would forward his dispatches to Mr. Hammond by the March packet. He seemed sensible of the propriety of preventing every move in the negociation from crossing the Atlantic but promised nothing. Due attention shall be paid to the order for Copper. I have forwarded the letter for Mr. Lamotte to Mr. Morris at Paris by a confidential conveyance. We are about to try in the Court of Admiralty the right to recover the wages of British Seamen who desert from on board American Vessels and enter in his Majesty\u2019s Ships of War. The Attorney General is to give his opinion whether an American Master of a Vessel can by legal process in this country compell an American seaman to comply with his shipping contract. These are measures adopted by this Government which indicate an inclination to pay some attention to our rights. By the Pigou which will sail in the course of the present month I hope to give farther information on this subject. With great respect & sincere esteem I have the honor to be Dear Sir Your faithful & obedient Servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0139", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John M. Pintard, 5 February 1793\nFrom: Pintard, John Marsden\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMadeira, 5 Feb. 1793. Acknowledging receipt of the letter of 14 Nov. 1792 wherein TJ announces his intention to resign on 3 Mch. 1793, he expresses regret, \u201cas I think our Country will Sensibly feel the loss of your distinguished abilities,\u201d and wishes him well in retirement. He will observe TJ\u2019s directions for addressing public letters and encloses \u201cthe American Ship list\u201d from 30 June to 31 Dec. 1792. He has communicated the latter part of TJ\u2019s letter to the island\u2019s governor, who is \u201cthankfull and pleased\u201d at being so noticed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0140", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Commissioners of the Federal District, 7 February 1793\nFrom: Commissioners of the Federal District\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nGeorge Town 7th. Feby. 1793\nThe plat of the Territory was sent by Mr. Carroll as soon as it arrived, to Mr. Ellicott who has informed us that he will have the Additions required by the President, completed by Sunday; so as to be in readiness to be sent by the post on Tuesday. We are sorry to mention, that Mr. Ellicott still continues in a very ill humor with us, and has refused to give us any information relative to his department, untill May next, when he means to dismiss himself. If he persists in this temper, we shall certainly not wait till that period: Should this happen, we have no doubt but his place will be well supplied by Mr. Briggs. From some indisposition in his family, we have not the pleasure of Mr. Johnson\u2019s company at this meeting, we expect him next week, when we shall come to some final decision on this subject. It is our wish to wait his own time, if it be possible. We have as yet received only ten thousand dollars on the Presidents second draft on Virginia. We have to day, written to the executive of Virginia requesting a payment of the ballance. Governor Lee, who is in Phila. can probably inform you of the success to be expected from thence. As a disappointment will be very embarrasing, and prevent us from commencing our opperations the approaching season, with the spirit we could wish, we think it advisable that the President should send us his Draft on the Treasurer of Maryland, for the third Instalment. We have information that most of the money is ready.\nWe shall send you by the first opportunity to be met with, some of the samples of Marble from the Patomac, which we have had polished.\nTho\u2019 we are much pleased, that we shall at length be furnished with the plan of a Capitol so highly satisfactory to the President, and all who have seen it, we feell sensibly for poor Hallet, and shall do every thing in our power to sooth him. We hope he may be usefully employed notwithstanding.\nNot to discourage Mr. Traquair from corresponding with us by the expence of postage, we take the liberty of sending the inclosed Letter  for him to your Address, it being on business relating to the public. We are with great respect Your Obt: Servts:\nDd. Stuart\nDanl. Carroll\nP:S: We are this moment informed by a gentleman, (who had it from Mr. Ellicot himself) that he is appointed, Superintendant general of the in land navigation of Pennsylvania.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0141", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 7 February 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThursday 7th feby 1793\nThe President requests the Secretary of State to add words to the effect of those marked by the President with a pencil at the end of the Indians\u2019 Speeches to the President, and return the paper to the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0142", "content": "Title: Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, 7 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nFeb. 7. 1793. I waited on the President with letters and papers from Lisbon. After going through these I told him that I had for some time suspended speaking with him on the subject of my going out  of office because I had understood that the bill for intercourse with foreign nations was likely to be rejected by the Senate in which case the remaining business of the department would be too inconsiderable to make it worth while to keep it up. But that the bill being now passed I was freed from the considerations of propriety which had embarrassed me: that &c. [nearly in the words of a letter to Mr. T. M. Randolph of a few days ago] and that I should be willing, if he had taken no arrangements to the contrary to continue somewhat longer, how long I could not say, perhaps till summer, perhaps autumn. He said, so far from taking arrangements on the subject, he had never mentioned to any mortal the design of retiring which I had expressed to him, till yesterday having heard that I had given up my house and that it was rented by another, whereupon he mentioned it to Mr. E. Randolph and asked him, as he knew my retirement had been talked of, whether he had heard any persons suggested in conversations to succeed me. He expressed his satisfaction at my change of purpose, and his apprehensions that my retirement would be a new source of uneasiness to the public. He said Govr. Lee had that day informed of the general discontent prevailing in Virga., of which he never had had any conception, much less sound information. That it appeared to him very alarming. He proceed to express his earnest wish that Hamilton and my self could coalesce in the measures of the government, and urged here the general reasons for it which he had done to me on two former conversations. He said he had proposed the same thing to Ham. who expressed his readiness, and he thought our coalition would secure the general acquiescence of the public.\u2014I told him my concurrence was of much less importance than he seemed to imagine: that I kept my self aloof from all cabal and correspondence on the subject of the government, and saw and spoke with as few as I could. That as to a coalition with Mr. Hamilton, if by that was meant that either was to sacrifice his general system to the other, it was impossible. We had both no doubt formed our conclusions after the most mature consideration and principles conscientiously adopted could not be given up on either side. My wish was to see both houses of Congr. cleansed of all persons interested in the bank or public stocks: and that a pure legislature being given us, I should always be ready to acquiesce under their determinations even if contrary to my own opinions, for that I subscribed to the principle that the will of the majority honestly expressed should give law. I confirmed him in the fact of the great discontents to the South, that they were grounded on seeing that their judgments and interests were sacrificed to those of the Eastern states on every occasion, and their  belief that it was the effect of a corrupt squadron of voters in Congress at the command of the Treasury, and they saw that if the votes of those members who had an interest distinct from and contrary to the general interest of their constituents had been withdrawn, as in decency and honesty they should have been, the laws would have been the reverse of what they are in all the great questions. I instanced the new assumption carried in the H. of Repr. by the Speaker\u2019s vote. On this subject he made no reply.\u2014 He explained his remaining in office to have been the effect of strong sollicitations after he returned here declaring that he had never mentioned his purpose of going out but to the heads of departments and Mr. Madison; he expressed the extreme wretchedness of his existence while in office, and went lengthily into the late attacks on him for levees &c.\u2014and explained to me how he had been led into them by the persons he consulted at New York, and that if he could but know what the sense of the public was, he would most chearfully conform to it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0143", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 7 February 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello Feb: 7. 1793.\nWe find by your letters not coming as usual that the Northern mail has been delayed by the Snow. Monticello and the country adjacent were covered with it to the depth of 12 inches at least and yet today not a particle is to be seen the Weather has been so uncommonly warm. The farmers say, it has been of great service to the Wheat which really suffered from drought in the middle of Winter. For the navigators of Rivanna it has been very fortunate the river having been too shallow for boats to pass the greater part of the Winter. George the blacksmith tells me that he wants principally files and screw-plates and that the bellows he has at present is too small for such work as the Mill will require. The carpenters began this morning to raise the stable the snow having prevented their seting about it sooner. I fear you will find the work which was to be done by the teams very backward. The horses have been employed a part of two days only, in bringing two loads of slabs, the oxen have brought two more and these are all we have. Indeed I am much afraid that the quantity you desired cannot be got as the saw is frequently stoped and the slabs are in great demand. The store of them which you saw at the saw-mill was exhausted by a neighbouring black-smith who took it into his head to make Charcoal of them, and those which the waggons brought away were such as had just fallen from the saw. Your directions concerning the scantling will be exactly attended to, alltho\u2019 I am apprehensive that it will not be brought in before your return as it must be sawed on the other side of the river there being no timber fit on this side.\nPatsy and the children are well and we are all extremely impatient for your return. Your most sincere friend & hble Servant\nThs: M. Randolph\nDiary.\nFeb: 1.\n48. clouds.\n55. very cloudy\n54. rain", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0145", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 7 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to return the Indian proceedings with the addition proposed, and to mention to the President that he did not send him in writing the proposition for enquiring into their boundaries, because having spoken to Genl. Knox on the subject it was found that their claims had been perfectly explained to Genl. Putnam.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0146", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Tench Coxe, 8 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Coxe, Tench\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to Mr. Coxe and incloses a letter from which he gets a hint which may serve as a clue to the unfavorable distinction made by the British as to our vessels. He  suspects that they permit vessels belonging to other countries, tho\u2019 not built in those countries to carry to Engld. the produce of those countries. They certainly did this for us till lately. In this case it is a favorable connivance to other nations refused to us.\nTh:J. having given the pamphlet containing plan for establishing a town, to the Presidt. will thank him for 2 more, one to be sent to the Commrs. at Geo. town, the other for his own use.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0147", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 8 February 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr. Coxe has the honor to inform the Secretary of State that he has applied to those whom he considers as the first mercantile authorities here, and that their statements vary so materially that he is not able to furnish any materials on which a reliance can be placed either in regard to Ireland, or foreign built ships owned by British subjects. On the latter point he relies upon the British Statutes, but not having them before him he is unable to point out the Sections.\nMr. Coxe has written to New York and Providence on the subject of the Danish European Trade.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0148", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 8 February 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGibraltar, 8 Feb. 1793. His letter No. 64, a duplicate of which went by a second conveyance, described Barclay\u2019s sudden death and the reasons he felt it necessary to come here to take care of the public property. Upon his arrival last Sunday he found the packages Barclay had brought from Lisbon safely in the hands of the Russian consul, James Simpson, who promptly told all he could about them but does not appear to have given any receipt to Barclay. After examining with Simpson all the papers relating to Barclay\u2019s mission and making a list, he enclosed the papers under his seal stating they were to be opened by the person appointed to take charge of Barclay\u2019s effects and left them in Simpson\u2019s custody. He sends six enclosures pertaining to the expenditure  of the 32,175 current guilders that were obtained from the bills of exchange he had drawn on our Amsterdam bankers and were received by Barclay. He has had the boxes with the most perishable items opened in his presence and found the velvets and muslins in good condition but the broadcloths and silks in various states of disrepair. Since damaged articles will be useless as presents in Morocco, they should be aired immediately and put under someone\u2019s care. P.S. He has taken from Barclay\u2019s papers only two ciphers, which he holds pending TJ\u2019s orders.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0151", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste Ternant, 8 February 1793\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphia. Feb. 8. 1793.\nThe Minister of France to the Secretary of state of the U.S.\nI am enjoined by the government of France to lay before the government of the U.S. the indispensable want under which we are to draw from abroad subsistences of first necessity, and the advantage which would arise to the two nations to recieve these provisions from hence, in deduction of our credit with you. This mode of payment would procure to America a vent for superfluous commodities, useful to it\u2019s commerce as well as to it\u2019s agriculture, and at the same time, an occasion of keeping up mutual offices of friendship between two nations which the cause of liberty first united, and into which the same public spirit, and similar principles of government ought to inspire at this time a mutual interest stronger than ever. These considerations induce me to hope that your government will not refuse to place in my power a sum equal to three millions tournois, which I am instructed to ask from it to ensure the purchase here and shipment of provisions of which some parts of France have the most urgent want.\nI pray you to place my application under the eyes of the President, and to sollicit a decision sufficiently prompt for that the shipments which I may have to make in consequence may arrive in France at the time when there will probably be the most pressing occasion to recieve them.\nTernant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0152", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Nancarrow, 9 February 1793\nFrom: Nancarrow, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhilada 2mo. 9. 1793\nOn dipping into the second Vol. of Desaguliers\u2019 experimental Philos. I find that his 5th. size Engine which worked with 22 men, threw Water to the height of 55 yards or 165 feet, which if I am not mistaken exceeds the largest Engines made in Philada. altho\u2019 a greater number of hands were employed. The Machine of Newsham in England expended 870 Gallons per minute with 22 men and the largest in this place about 200 Galls. with 25 or 26 men. This difference may be attributed to the different densities of the Atmosphere here and in England, it being an acknowledged fact that there is at least half an inch difference in the height of the mercury in this Country where the Air is generally denser than in the more northerly latitudes. It may be observed that the construction of these machines in Philada. and London is essentially the same.\nNewshams first size Garden Engine at which 2 men are employed, which expends 30 Gallns. per minute and throws the water to the distance of 25 yards or 75 feet in a dispersed column may be a very proper size for the use of a private Gentleman, but where there are a large number of servants, I should prefer a machine which would require 4 hands to work it, furnished with hose both for the spout and tail of the Engine tho\u2019 the expence might be more considerable.\nI have thrown the above hints together with no other view than to submit them to thy better judgement & am with much respect Thy real Friend\nJno. Nancarrow\nSince writing the above I called on Richd. Mason (one of our best Engine-makers who works in 3d. Street a little below Chesnut) who handed me the enclosed which confirms me in my opinion that a machine requiring 4 men will prove the most effectual\u2014if JN can be of further service, please to command him freely.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0154", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Fenwick, 10 February 1793\nFrom: Fenwick, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBordeaux 10 Feby. 1793.\nI have none of your favors to reply to. On the first Inst. the National Convention declared war against England and Holland. This declaration was preceded by an embargo in all the ports of France on English, Dutch, Russian, Prussian and Austrian vessels. The commerce with the two last, altho\u2019 in war with France, had not before been interupted.\nThis circumstance has given great favor to the American vessels. All that were in port were immediately taken up at their own terms for different quarters, and a great number might now procure very advantageous freights for the north, the West or East Indias. The prices of American produce have considerably rose, and there is no doubt that while the war lasts all the products of America will command high and advantageous prices in France and their vessels obtain very profitable freights. The National Convention has also revoked the Decree that prevented the American vessels from being sold in France and converted into French. Thus when peace takes place the Americans may expect to find a sale for their vessels in this Country.\nThe French are arming a great number of privateers in all their ports. Most of their seamen are at home out of employ from the injury their commerce has sustained by the situation of the west Indias, therefore the privateers as well as the Ships of the Nation will be more easily armed and equipped. Sailors, and all Tradesmen necessary to the Dock yards are going from hense daily to Brest Rochfort and Toulon and they continue to go without discontent.\nFrance may now be said to be perfectly quiet. The funds and Exchange have risen since the declaration of war. The commercial and common opinion seem to give the W. India Colonies up for lost\u2014but they expect the united Netherlands in exchange.\nI send you herewith a price current and have the honor to be Sir Your most Obedient Servant\nJoseph Fenwick\n12 feby.\nI hope that the united States will preserve a respected neutrality, and  that the President will take measures to make their intention manifest for the advantage of their commerce and carrying trade.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0156", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 10 February 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 10th Febry. 1793\nThis will convey to you the assurance of my sincere regret on being informed by your favor of the 8th. of November that you purpose relinquishing your situation at the head of the department of State. I truly lament the loss the public will suffer from your retirement but I must confess myself selfish enough to feel most sensibly the apprehension of the removal of those kind attentions and that friendly mode of conducting business I have experienced in my relation with your office.\nAfter many inquiries I have found one of the threshing Machines at no great distance from this City. I went to the place where it is and prevailed on the owner to let me see it work. I liked the performance so well that I have engaged a Mechanic to make a compleat model of it and hope to send it you in good time for you to have one erected to thresh out your next crop. With the force of three horses to work it and three men to feed and attend it from 8 to 16 bushels of Wheat are threshed by it and other grain in proportion. This account I received from the owner having only seen a few sheaves threshed.\nI feel some consolation for your loss in Office from the latter part of your letter wherein you give me cause to hope that I may sometimes be favord with a line from your retirement, of which I shall be ever happy to shew a grateful sense, being with sincere respect & attachment Dear Sir Your faithful & obed Servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0157", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 10 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to submit to the judgment of the President the rough draught of the Report he has prepared on commerce.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0158", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Commissioners of the Federal District, 11 February 1793\nFrom: Commissioners of the Federal District\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nGeorge Town 11th February 1793\nWe have the pleasure to send you, by Mr. Ellicott, the plat of the Territory, executed according to the President\u2019s request. We are happy to inform you, that we have had some explanations with him, which render us better satisfied with him, than we were, at the time of our last. We are, Sir, with respect your mo. Obt Servts\nDd: Stuart\nCommrs\nDanl. Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0159", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 11 February 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nGreat Cumberland Place London 11 Febry. 1793\nWithin these few days I have written to you by the Packet, the William Penn and the George Barclay; by the harmony which will convey this to you I have only to inclose a copy of the Passports I have given to our homeward bound Vessels, being the highest evidence we can give of their being American bottoms and as near the Passports required by our treaties of Commerce as the circumstances of their being issued here and the very inaccurate copy (the only one I can immediately procure here) of the form annexed to the treaties enable me to make them. In future I presume none of our Vessels will leave America unprovided but as stragling Vessels from distant parts may continue to drop in here for some time I would submit the propriety of a few Passports properly signed and sealed but in other respects blank being lodged with our Consuls at the different Ports.\nTo insure the earliest intelligence I must here repeat the information of the loss of my Cypher on which I have written fully in my three last letters and have assigned my reasons why I think it is not stolen but sent through mistake to Mr. Barclay. I must likewise repeat the news of this gentlemans sudden death at Lisbon. Col. Humphreys has taken possession of his Papers. The French declaration of War is in the  Gazettes herewith. With sentiments of sincere respect I remain Dear Sir Your most faithful and obedient Servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0163-0002", "content": "Title: I. Statement of the American Debt to France, [ca. 12 February 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nLoan of 18. Millns.\n6. Millns. Interest payable\n10. Millions\nTotal due in Dollars.\nPayments made each year.\nBalance unpaid at end of each year.\nPrincipal payable\nInterest payable\nPrincipal payable\nInterest payable\nday of paiment Sep. 3.\nday of payment Jan. 1.\nday of payment Nov. 5.\nthis interest was paid for 1784. & 1785. qu. if for any years since till 1790?\nNote, if any sums of interest on the 10. Millions were paid after 1785. and before the remittance of Dec. 3. 1790. such sums will be to be deducted from the balance stated to be unpaid, that is to say, they will diminish that balance so much.\nHamilton makes par of metals \u20b6 1=.1815", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0163-0003", "content": "Title: II. Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 12 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Feb. 12. 1793.\nAccording to the desire you expressed the other day when speaking of the application of France for 3. millions of livres, I have the honour to inclose a statement of the Questions which appear to me to enter into the consideration of that application. After putting them on paper, I saw that some developements and observations would be necessary to explain their propriety and connection. These therefore I put down summarily on another paper, also inclosed. As they relate to the affairs of another department, some of these ideas may be wrong. You will be readily able however to correct them from the information you possess, or may procure from that department. Still however, combining and weighing them with the ideas of others, and, most of all, trying them by your own judgment, they may contribute to enable you to form an ultimate decision of what is right; in which decision no man on earth has more entire confidence than he who has the honor to be with sincere and affectionate respect, Dear Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0163-0004", "content": "Title: III. Questions on the Application of France, 12 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nQuestions arising on the application of France for 3. millions oflivres to be sent in Provisions to France.\nI.\n1. Has the Legislature furnished the money?\n2. is that money in it\u2019s place, or has it been withdrawn for other purposes?\n3. if it has, should we not take the first proper occasion of rectifying the transaction by repaying the money to those for whom the law provided it?\n4. is the application from France for an arrearage, or an advance?\n5. have we money any where at command to answer this call?\n6. if we have not, should we not procure it by loan under the act for borrowing 12. Millions?\nII.\nWhether and How far we may venture to pay in advance?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0163-0005", "content": "Title: IV. Observations on the Questions about the Application of France, 12 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nI.\u2003The First question is Whether the application of the Executive of France for 3. millions of livres = 544,500 Doll. is to be complied with?\nBut to be in condition to solve this, some preliminary Queries and Observations are necessary.\nQu. Has the Legislature done their part, by providing the money?\nThe act of 1790. Aug. 4. c.34. \u00a7.2. authorized the President to borrow 12. Millions of dollars, and appropriated them to payment first of arrears and instalments of the foreign debt, and then to the residue of that debt.\nThe act of 1790. Aug. 12. c.47. authorized the Presidt. to borrow 2,000,000. D. to purchase up the public debt. It appropriated certain surplusses of revenue to the same object, and put the application of the whole under the direction of a board with the approbation of the President.\n19,550,000 florins were borrowed under the authority of the two acts, so that any part of them might be applied to either purpose. But the surplusses of revenue having sufficed for the orders of the Board for the sinking fund they never called for any part of the loans. The whole therefore of their nett produce may be considered as appropriated to the foreign debt.\nThe Treasury Report of Jan. 3. 1793. states the application of the whole of this to it\u2019s proper purposes except (page. 3) a balance of 5,649,621f-2s-8d which is carried on to page 5. and there stated as equal to 2,304,769D.13. Part of it is stated there to have been applied to purposes to which it was not applicable by law part transferred to the Bank for purposes not explained. We must therefore consider it as a loan by one fund to another, to be replaced afterwards.\nThere follow however in the same page two Items, fairly chargeable on the Foreign fund. So that on the whole the Account stands thus.\nD\nBorrowed from the Foreign for the Domestic funds\u20072,304,769.13\nPaid by the Domestic for theD\n\u2007\u2007Foreign fund to St. Domingo726,000\nBalance in favor of Foreign fund\u20071,387,452.23\nIt appears then that the Legislature has furnished and appropriated the money, and if it is not in hand, it is by the act of the Executive departments.\nThe Executive (into whose hands the money is confided) has the power, tho not the right, to apply it contrary to it\u2019s legal appropriations.\nCases may be imagined however where it would be their duty to do this. But they must be cases of extreme necessity.\nThe paiment of interest to the Domestic creditors has been mentioned as one of the causes of diverting the foreign fund. But this is not an object of greater necessity than that to which it was legally appropriated. It is taking the money from our foreign creditors to pay it to the domestic ones, a preference which neither justice, gratitude nor the estimation in which these two descriptions of creditors are held in this country, will justify.\nThe payment of the army and the daily expences of the government have been also mentioned as objects of withdrawing this money. These indeed are pressing objects, and might produce that degree of distressing necessity which would be a justification.\nBut the possibility that our domestic finances can be in such a state of distressing necessity as to oblige us to recur to borrowed money for our daily subsistence, will be doubted on the ground of the communications to the last and present session of Congress.\nIt will be denied on the ground of the Treasury Report of Feb. 4. pa. 5. and 13. where it appears that 614,593. Dollars of this money has been drawn away, not to furnish present necessities, but to be put out of our power for 3, 6, and 9 months. It was ready money there; it was payable there; it has been drawn here; and the draughts (which are always a ready money article) have been parted with on long credit. Why?\nIf it should appear that the Legislature has done their part in furnishing the money for the French nation, and that the Executive departments have applied it to other purposes, then it will certainly be desireable that we get back on legal ground as soon as possible, by pressing on the Domestic funds and availing ourselves of any proper opportunity which may be furnished of replacing the money to the foreign Creditors. Does the present application from the French government furnish such an occasion? If it be an arrearage, it does? If it be an advance, we shall be more free to calculate our own necessities against theirs. The next Question then is\nAre we in arrears for instalments or interest with France? On this head I cannot pretend to accurate information.\nFrom the best I can get at, it would appear that we were in arrears with France at the close of 1792. 668,491. Doll.\nBut it is possible that certain sums of interest for the years 1786, 7, 8, 9, or some of them, may have been paid. Of this I am not informed.\nIf they have been all paid, it will make a deduction of\u2007\u2008294,666 D.\nand will reduce the balance at the close of 1792 to about\u2007\u2008373,825\nthen add instalments and interest payable in 1793 about\u2007\u2008628,008\nmakes the whole sum payable now, and shortly to France1,001,833\nStill this statement may be liable to corrections from the treasury, but I think they cannot be considerable. The next question then is\nHave we the money on hand?\n\u0192D\nThe balance remaining in Amsterdam [see Report Jan. 3. pa. 3.]407,287 =166,153\nCash in the Banks and Treasury [see Rept. Feb. 4. pa. 13. first 3. articles]1,567,325\nmakes the whole sum actually in hand1,733,478\nBut if the Treasury from impending calls of more distressing necessity cannot repay to the Foreign fund the sum of 378,347 D. [which with the 166,153. D. in Amsterdam will amount to 544,500. D.] in part of what it has borrowed from that then it becomes a question\nWhether the President should not instantly set on foot a loan for the 378,347. D. under the authority of the act for borrowing 12. Millions, in order to comply with the application, if it be an arrearage?\n A famine is probable in France.\nThe Ministers there will throw the blame on any shoulders to clear their own.\nThey will shift it on us before the tribunal of their own people.\nWe have interests which will be injured by this.\nSuch a charge on their part, may raise one in this country on the Executive.\nTo what extent this may be pressed, will depend on the events which will happen.\nThe diversion of this money from it\u2019s legal appropriation offers a flaw against the Executive which may place them in the wrong.\nII.\u2002The Second Principal question is Whether and How far we may undertake to pay in advance of the exigible part of our debt to France?\nThe law authorizes the President to pay the whole, if it can be done on terms advantageous to the U.S.-yet it is left discretionary in him, and the point of discretion is the one to be considered.\nBefore a judgment can be formed as to future payments, it seems necessary to disentangle the Foreign from the Domestic fund, that the balance of the former may be known, and in hand, to be operated on.\nThis done, we shall see our way clear, to judge When and to What extent to open a new loan.\nThe annual instalments and interest will, for some years to come, be between 5 and 600,000. Doll.\nPerhaps it may be found no bad rule (subject however to the circumstances of the time) to borrow the preceding year what is to be paid the next, and to pay as fast as we borrow.\nThis will keep us part of a year in advance, will be grateful to our creditors, and honorable to ourselves.\nCircumstances may arise which may render it expedient to borrow and pay faster, perhaps the whole.\nThe state and prospect of things in France at the time will materially influence this question.\n   [In the margin:] The bank law authorised a temporary use of these funds to pay the subscription of the U.S. to that institution. It is not noticed here because the permission was never used. See Treasury Report Feb. 4. pa. 7.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0164", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Simpson, 12 February 1793\nFrom: Simpson, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGibraltar, 12 Feb. 1793. He encloses two dispatches from Humphreys and a duplicate of one he had forwarded from the late Thomas Barclay some weeks ago by the English ship Norfolk, Wilson master, bound for Baltimore. By the death of his \u201cmuch esteemed Friend\u201d Barclay he has been placed in \u201ca very particular situation,\u201d since Barclay after arriving from Lisbon did not take a receipt for the money left with him nor for several packages containing articles left in his charge and intended for the public service in Morocco. Humphreys came to Gibraltar with the first news of Barclay\u2019s death and allowed him to be present at the opening of the papers Barclay left with him. The public papers that have been selected and sealed up state exactly the sum he received from Barclay and the details of the packages containing the presents. He has delivered to Humphreys the statements and accounts for immediate transmittal to TJ, and anything else TJ needs will be sent at once. He had been sharing with Barclay news that he collected for Russia regarding the disputed Moroccan succession. Predicting when the matter will be settled is impossible, since other pretenders besides Muleys Ischem and Suliman are quiet now but are certain to press their claims when opportunity permits. In accordance with Humphreys\u2019s request, he will advise TJ of any interesting news from Morocco and gladly render any acceptable service in his power. Humphreys sailed for Lisbon on an English ship this morning, with weather that promises a very short passage.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0165", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Fulwar Skipwith, 12 February 1793\nFrom: Skipwith, Fulwar\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nBoston 12th. Feby. 1793\nIn order to save the remnant of a little property, which, from the Situation of Martinique, I have been obliged to leave behind me, I am under the necessity of returning once more to that unhappy Island. What the posture of affairs there, may be on my arrival I can hardly hazard a conjecture; should, however, its Inhabitants have been brought under obedience to the reigning Government of France, with Mr. Rochambeau as their Governor, I should expect, if not formally acknowledged in my capacity of Consul from the U. States, that my representations would receive the same attention, as if I were\u2014and more especially, could I obtain through you, a letter from the french Minister to Mr. Rochambeau.\nPardon, Sir, the repetition of my letters, and believe, that the peculiar hardship of my Situation, added to a wish not to return among my connexions in Virginia poor and dependent, alone could lead me to importune you.\nAccept my most ardent wish for your health and happiness, and assurances, that no one feels a greater zeal for your prosperity than your poor Huml Servant\nFulwar Skipwith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0167", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Fay, 13 February 1793\nFrom: Fay, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nBennington 13th. Feby. 1793\nI had this day the honor of your letter of the 27th. Ulto. in which you lay me under too much obligation by your friendly apology for not shewing me that attention which you really meant while I was in Phila. Be assured sir, that I was so far from entertaining a thought of any Neglect on your part, that I felt as tho I had committed an error in not paying that attention to you which I conceived due to your Station. Mr. Bradley informed me of your friendly intention which you express in your letter, and I desired Mr. Robinson to be particular in making my best Compliments to you, and to excuse my not Calling on you again, as business required my immeadiate return to N. York. I took the Liberty a few days ago of enclosing you the last Canada papers, and shall send you more as they come to hand. Please to accept the best wishes of your Sincere friend and Servant\nJoseph Fay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0168", "content": "Title: Circular to Foreign Ministers in the United States, 13 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Foreign Ministers\nSir\nPhiladelphia Feby. 13. 1793.\nThe House of Representatives having referred to me to Report to them, the nature and extent of the privileges and restrictions on the Commerce of the united States with foreign nations, I have accordingly prepared a Report on that subject. Being particularly anxious that it may be exact in matters of fact, I take the liberty of putting into your hands, privately and informally, an extract of such as relate to our commerce with your nation in hopes that if you can either enlarge or correct them you will do me that favor. It is safer to suppress an error in its first conception, than to trust to any after correction; and a confidence in your sincere desire to communicate or to reestablish any truths which may contribute to a perfect understanding between our two nations, has induced me to make the present request. I wish it had been in my power to have done this sooner and thereby have obtained the benefit of your having more time to contemplate it: but circumstances have retarded the entire completion of the report till  the Congress is approaching its end, which will oblige me to give it in within three or four days. I am with great and sincere esteem Sir Your most obedient & most humble Servant\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. The Report having been prepared before the late diminution of the duties on our tobacco, that circumstance will be noted in the letter which will cover the Report.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0170", "content": "Title: Enclosure II: Extracts from Jefferson\u2019s Draft Report on Commerce: France, 13 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Foreign Ministers\nIIFrance\nFrance receives favorably our Bread-stuff, Rice, wood, Pot and Pearl ashes.\nA duty of 5 Sous the Kental, or nearly 4\u00bd Cents, is paid on our Tar, Pitch and Turpentine. Our whale Oils pay six livres the Kental, and are the only foreign whale oils admitted. Our Indigo pays 5 livres the Kental, their own two and a half. But a difference of quality, still more than a difference of duty prevents it\u2019s seeking that market.\nSalted Beef is received freely for re-exportation; but, if for home-consumption, it pays 5 Livres the Kental. Other salted provisions pay that duty in all cases, and salted fish is made lately to pay the prohibitory one of 20 Livres the Kental.\nOur Ships are free to carry thither all foreign goods, which may be carried in their own or any other Vessels, except Tobaccos not of our own growth: and they participate with theirs, the exclusive carriage of our whale oils.\nDuring their former government, our Tobacco was under a monopoly, but paid no duties; and our Ships were freely sold in their ports and converted into national bottoms. The first national assembly took from our Ships this privilege. They emancipated Tobacco from it\u2019s monopoly, but subjected it to duties of 18 Livres 15 Sous the Kental, carried in their own Vessels, and 25 Livres, carried in ours; a difference more than equal to the freight of the article.\nThey and their Colonies consume what they receive from us.\nFrance by a standing Law, permits her west India possessions to receive directly our Vegetables, Live Provisions, Horses, wood, Tar, Pitch, and Turpentine, Rice and maize, and prohibits our other Bread stuff: but a  suspension of this prohibition having been left in the colonial Legislature, in times of scarcity, it was formerly suspended occasionally, but latterly without interruption.\nOur Fish and salted Provisions (except Pork) are received in their Islands, under a Duty of 3 Colonial Livres the Kental, and our Vessels are as free as their own to carry our Commodities thither, and to bring away Rum and molasses.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0173", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 13 February 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 13 feby. 1793\nMy last No: 18 was of the 25th. of January. Since it was written I have had every Reason to beleive that the Execution of Louis XVI has produced on foreign Nations the Effect which I had imagin\u2019d. The War with England exists and it is now proper perhaps to consider it\u2019s Consequences to which Effect we must examine the Objects likely to be pursued by England for in this Country notwithstanding the Gasconades a defensive War is prescrib\u2019d by Necessity. Many suppose that the french Colonies will be attack\u2019d but this I do not beleive. It is indeed far from improbable that a british Garrison may be thrown into Martinique but as to St. Domingo it would require more Men than can be spard to defend it and as much Money as it is worth. Besides which there are higher Considerations to be attended to. In one Shape or other this Nation will make a Bankruptcy. The Mode now talk\u2019d of is to pay off the Debt in a Species of Paper Money which shall be receivable for the Sales of confiscated Property and which shall bear no Interest. When once the whole of the Debt shall be fairly afloat the single word Depreciation will settle all Accounts. You will say perhaps that this Measure is unjust but to this I answer that in popular Governments strongly convuls\u2019d it is a sufficient Answer to all Arguments that the Measure proposd is for the public Good. Supposing then the Debt of France thus liquidated She presents a rich Surface coverd with above twenty Millions of People who love War better than Labor. Be the Form of Government what it may Administration will find War abroad necessary to preserve Peace at Home. The Neighbors of France must therefore consider her as a  great Power essentially beligerent and they must measure themselves by the Scale of her Force. In this View of the Object to take her Islands is to possess but the paring of her Nails and therefore more serious Efforts must be made. Strange as it may seem, the present War is on the Part of France a War of Empire and if she defends herself she commands the World. I am persuaded that her Enemies consider this as the real State of Things and will therefore bend their Efforts towards a Reduction of her Power and this may be compased in two Ways, either by obliging her to assume a new Burthen of Debt to defray the Expence they are at on her Account or else by a Dismembrement. The latter appears the more certain Mode. In this Case it will I presume be attempted to make the Saome her northern Boundary as far as the Ardennes and then along the Ardennes to the Vosges Mountains to Mount Jura and along Mount Jura to the Alpes. This will throw French Flanders Artois and a Part of Picardy into the Circle of Austrian Flanders which may be erected into an independent State and the Country lying East of the Vosges and Mount Jura may be a Compensation to the Elector Palatine for the Cession of Bavaria. On such a Project, if it exists, the first Question is as to the Means of Execution and these are well prepar\u2019d if the Enemy knows how to make Use of them. Alsace is attach\u2019d to the German Empire and to the Cause of Religion. The only Thing which pleases them in the Revolution is the Abolition of the Tithes and they are as much disgusted by the Banishment of their Priests. I speak here of the Roman Catholicks only. The Sentiments of this People cannot be unknown to the Enemy. As to french Flanders and Artois the Cause of Religion is with them the first Care but as yet they have not had a fair Opportunity to shew themselves because they are awed by the numerous Garrisons spread thro their Country. I think as I mention\u2019d in my last that there exists a Treaty respecting Flanders between England and Austria but I cannot find out the exact Purport. Prussia is (I think) to find her Account in Poland.\nAs to the Conduct of the War I beleive it to be on the Part of the Enemy as follows. First the maritime Powers will try to cut off all Supplies of Provisions and take France by Famine that is to say excite Revolt among the People by that Strong Lever. Give us again our Bread and our Chains might perhaps be the Language of Paris. I think I can perceive some Seeds already sown to produce that Fruit. It is not improbable that our Vessels bringing Provisions to France may be captured and taken into England the Cargoes paid for by the Government. Secondly Britain may perhaps land a Body of Troops in Normandy with Intention to penetrate to Rouen and cause the royal  Standard to be erected by the French Emigrants. If a large Body of the People flock to it they might come on towards the Capital if not they may move to the left along the Coast to Abbeville and thence form a Junction with the Army acting in Flanders for this Descent if it takes Place is but a secondary Operation; the main Stress will be in Flanders for there the Troops of Britain Holland Hanover Austria and Prussia can be fed from the Ocean at a very cheap Rate and the more their Operations be confind to the Sea Coast the more will it be difficult for France to oppose them because the Provisions must in such Case be carried to an extreme Corner of the Country. Thirdly An Attack of great Energy will be made on the Side of Mayntz in the View to destroy totally the Army under Custine and penetrate into lower Alsace but the real Attack of that \u00e7ij devant province will I think be on the Side of upper Alsace for which Purpose nothing will be left undone to bring the Swiss into Action as thereby the Fire of War will extend all along from the German Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. Fourthly the Efforts on the Side of Savoy will probably be confind to the Recovery of that Country and such Diversion as may occupy a Part of the french Army for their own Defense. [Fifthly] on the Side of Provence and Languedoc there will be only a predatory War or War of Alarm such as may encrease the Want of Bread by multiplying the Consumers for I do not beleive in a serious Attempt on either Toulon or Marseilles. Under this Chapter as an incidental Consideration are the Intrigues with the Turk to engage the barbary Powers. I think a British Squadron in the Mediteranean will do more towards this than a dozen Embassadors. Lastly on the Side of Spain there will be I beleive Nothing more than Diversion. How great that may be will depend on Contingencies not within the Compass of human foresight. A Revolution at Court which should dismiss the Queen and her Paramour might give some Energy to the Administration which at present is extremely feeble.\nHaving thus ran through the Probabilities on the Side of the Adversary I come now to what appear to be the Views of France. You will have seen that the effective Army for 1793 is fixed at Something more than 500000 Men. These they will be able to get together. The recruiting Service goes on well and altho many of the last Year\u2019s Men return with Design not to reengage their Places will be supplied so that by the Beginning of June that immense Army (barring Accidents) will be compleated. The main Object at present is to overrun Holland a Thing which might have been effected six Weeks ago but at present I beleive it is not to be done. If the Prussian and Hanoverian Troops advance rapidly it will hardly be attempted. It is however expected that Maestricht may fall as suddenly as Mayntz and perhaps  by similar Means. If this should happen it would greatly impede the Confederates and of Course they will exert themselves to prevent that Misfortune. Never were the Moments more precious than they are to both Parties in that Quarter for there the first Blow will be more than Half of the Battle. Should the Enemy become speedily superior in the Field there is Nothing to stop them till he comes to Valenciennes and at every Step he would gather new Force: besides he need not embarrass himself with Convoys because he would soon receive Abundance from the Side of the Sea. As to the Colonies I believe that France will not attempt to defend them and their whole Commerce falls naturally into the Lap of America unless the british prevent it and I think they will find it more convenient to neglect that small Object to pursue the great ones which open themselves to View in this Quarter.\nWhat I have just said leads me very naturally to your Letter of the seventh of November. You had previously instructed me to endeavor to transfer the Negotiation for a new Treaty to America, and if the Revolution of the tenth of August had not taken Place but instead thereof the needful Power and Confidence been restor\u2019d to the Crown I should perhaps have obtain\u2019d what you wish\u2019d as a Mark of Favor and Confidence. Tempora mutantur et nos mutamur in illis. A Change of Circumstances rendered it necessary to change entirely my Conduct so as to produce in one Way what was impracticable in another. As I saw clearly or at least thought I saw that France and England would at length get by the Ears it seem\u2019d best to let them alone untill they should be nearly pitted. When I found this to be the Case I ask\u2019d an Interview with the Minister of foreign Affairs and mention\u2019d to him my Wish that an Exception should be made in the Decree against Emigrants in Favor of those who were in the United States. I told him truly that I wish\u2019d the Alliance between the two Nations to be strictly preservd. I told him with great Frankness that notwithstanding Appearances and the flattering Accounts transmitted by some of his Agents Britain was in my Opinion hostile and an Attempt at Alliance with her idle. He assur\u2019d me that he was of the same Opinion. I then observ\u2019d to him that in such Case there could be no Doubt but Mr. Hammond would exert himself to inculcate the Opinion that our Treaty having been made with the King was void by the Revolution. He said that such an Opinion was absurd. I told him (premising in this Place, that the whole Conversation was inofficial and unauthoriz\u2019d on my Part from Circumstances he was well acquainted with) that my private Sentiments were similar to his but I thought it would be well to evince a Degree of Good Will to America which might prevent disagreable Impressions and had therefore taken the Liberty to suggest  the Exception in Favor of Emigrants &ca. Here I left it and chang\u2019d the Conversation. Now I knew well that some of the Leaders here who are in the diplomatic Committee hate me cordially tho it would puzzle them to say why, and I was determin\u2019d rather to turn that Disposition to account than to change it because I see some Advantages to result from it. Thus I contributed indirectly to the Slight put on me by sending out Mr. Genest without mentioning to me a Syllable either of his Mission or his Errand both of which nevertheless I was early and sufficiently inform\u2019d of. The Pompousness of this Embassy could not but excite the Attention of England and my Continuance at Paris notwithstanding the many Reasons which might have induc\u2019d me to leave it would also I thought excite in some Degree their Jealousy and I have good Reason to beleive that this Effect was produc\u2019d. From all this I conjectur\u2019d that both Parties might be brought to bid at your Auction. At any Rate the Thing you wish\u2019d for is done and you can treat in America if you please. Whether you will or not is another Affair. Perhaps you will see that all the Advantages desir\u2019d do already exist that the Acts of the constituent Assembly have in some Measure set us free from our Engagements and that encreasing daily in Power we may make quite as good a Bargain some Time hence as now.\nIt remains to add a few Words in Reply to what regards me personally in your Letter. I am very happy indeed to find that my Conduct as far as it was known is approv\u2019d of. This is the Summit of my Wish for I candidly acknowlege that the Good Opinion of the Wise and Virtuous is what I prize beyond all earthly Possessions. I have lately debated much within myself what to do. The Path of Life in Paris is no longer strew\u2019d with Roses as you may well imagine, indeed it is extremely painful. I have already given my Reasons for staying here but now the Scene is chang\u2019d and I had Thoughts of making a Tour to the different Consulates: there are however some pretty solid Objections to that Plan, for the present. The next Thing which suggested itself was to hire a Country House, for the Summer Season, in the Neighbourhood. At length, that my leaving the City might give no Offence to any Body, I have bought a Country House in an out of the Way Place where it is not likely that any Armies will pass or repass even should the Enemy penetrate. If I loose the Money paid for it I will put up with the Loss. The Act in itself shews a Disposition freindly to France and as it is between twenty and thirty Miles from Paris I shall be at Hand should Business require my Presence. Mr. Livingston my Secretary will continue in Town unless driven out of it by War or Famine. In this Way I hope to avoid those Accidents which are almost inseperable from the present State of Society and  Government and which should they light on the Head of a public Minister might involve Consequences of a disagreable Nature. It is more proper also I conceive to make Arrangements of this Kind in a Moment of Tranquility than when Confusion is awakened into Mischief. In all this my Judgment may err but I can truly say that the Interest of the United States is my sole Object. Time alone can tell whether the Conduct be as right as I know the Intentions to be.\nBefore I close this Letter I must pray your Indulgence for referring to the enclos\u2019d Copy of what I wrote on the twenty seventh of last Month to the Bankers of the United States in Amsterdam. I make no Comment thereon only as I had no Right to give the order in Question I consider it as of Course that if disapprov\u2019d of I must replace the Money which may be advanc\u2019d on it. This is one of the Cases in which not to act is taking a Part and in which it is vain to ballance. I am with sincere Respect Dr Sir your Obedient Servant\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0175", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William G. Sydnor, [before 13 February 1793]\nFrom: Sydnor, William G.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\n[before 13 Feb. 1793]\nThe inclosed from Mr Thomas Randolph jr will explain to you my wishes and situation in The army of The United States, altho\u2019 I confess I have no right to expect Promotion, (nor do I wish it) until I have served sufficiently to gain a proper Knowledge in the Military line to entitle me to a superior rank. Yet wishing to take advantage of any Vacancy which may happen, I have Forwarded the letter alluded to above to you, and sundry others differently directed tending in some measure to the same effect. My wish to remain in the Army induces me to hope promotion, and a consciousness that no endeavour of mine to merit the Recommendations herewith sent, makes me hope to receive every benefit from the same. I have the honor to be with every sentiment of Respect Yr Ob Servt.\nWm. G Syndor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0176", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 13 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia Feb. 13th. 1793.\nArrangements may be made with the Secretary of the Treasury for the immediate payment of One hundred thousand dollars on account of the debt due from the United States to France.\nThe statement of the Account between these Countries will, it is expected, be compleated tomorrow; and the balance up to the last of December be ascertained; when the propriety of further, and to what extent advances shall be made will be the subject of further consideration.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury knows of no settlement between Mr. Jay and Mr. Otto in the year 1789; and conceives if such did take place the document respecting it must be in the Secretary of States Office.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0177", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Hawkins, 14 February 1793\nFrom: Hawkins, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSenate Chamber 14 Feby. 1793\nMr. Strong\nMr. Rutherford\nMr. Hawkins\nThe committee on the enclosed bill reported verbally in substance as follows. That the line to be run would be exparte, as the President of the United States was authorized to appoint the officers to be employed in running the line, although such line would have affected the jurisdiction of the States of Virginia and Kentuckey, and perhaps, would have affected the property of their citizens. That the inhabitants of the territory south of the Ohio, being now entitled by their numbers to a Legislature, should be left to establish their boundary with the adjoining States, that any interferance on the part of the general government is unnecessary, and that the expense of running the line ought to be paid by the States particularly interested. Yours sincerely\nBenjamin Hawkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0178", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Ternant, 14 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nSir\nPhiladelphia Feb. 14. 1793\nIt will require some few days yet to estimate the probable calls which may come on the treasury, and the means of answering them; till which is done a final answer can not be given to your application for the three millions of livres. But in the mean time that your purchases of provision may be begun, arrangements may be made with the Secretary of the Treasury for the immediate payment of one hundred thousand dollars on account of our debt to France. I can assure you that we have every possible wish and disposition to find ourselves able to comply with the residue of the application, and as early as possible. I have the honour to be with great respect & esteem Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0179", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 14 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President sends him a letter from Mr. Short.\nAlso a circular letter he has written to the foreign ministers at Philadelphia, in order to place his Report on commerce on safe ground as to them.\nAlso a copy of the statement of the French debt as furnished me by Mr. Ternant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0182", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Table of British Import Duties, 15 February 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nEnclosureTable of British Import Duties\nTable\nshewing the discrimination of duties upon certain articles imported into Great Britain from the United States and from all other foreign countries. Column 1st. marks the duties on importations, from the United States or British colonies in vessels belonging to the citizens of the United States or to British subjects. Column 2nd. duties on importations from other foreign countries in British vessels. Column 3rd. duties on importations from foreign countries in vessels belonging to subjects of those countries.\nCol. 1\nCol. 2\nCol. 3\nPot & Pearl Ashes per cwt.\n free\n Tar & Pitch per 12 Barrels of 31\u00bd Galls:\n Turpentine per cwt.\n Rosin per cwt.\n Bar iron per ton\n free\n \u2007\u2007Do. of Ireland \u2007\u20071.10.10\n \u2007\u2007Do. of Russia\n \u2007\u2007Do. not of Ireland or Russia\n Pig iron per ton\n free\n Rice per cwt.\n Do. by East India Company\n Tobacco per lb.\n Beaver Skins per piece\n Beech Boards under 15 feet in length per 120\n free\n Do.\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007above Do. per Do.\n free\n Oak Boards under Do. per Do.\n free\n Do.\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007above Do. per Do.\n free\n Oak Plank per 50 Cubic feet\n free\n Oak Timber per Do.\n free\n All timber not otherwise enumerated per Do.\n free\n Deals under 20 feet in length nor exceeding 3\u00bc inches in thickness per 120\n free\n Do. above 20 feet & exceeding 3\u00bc inches per Do.\n free\n Do. above 20 feet nor exceeding 4 inches per Do.\n free\n Do. above Do. & exceeding 4 inches per Do.\n free\n Barrel Staves of various dimensions per 120\n free\n Oars per 120\n free\n Handspikes under 7 feet per 120\n free\n \u2007\u2007Do. \u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007above Do. per Do.\n free\n Masts from 6 to 8 inches diameter\n \u2007\u2007Do. from 8 to 12 Do.\n \u2007\u2007Do. above 12\n Woods generally (except Yards, Masts & Bowsprits)\n free\n Various\nhigh duties\nIndigo\nfree generally\nFlaxseed\nSnuff per lb. from United States or British Colonies\nDo. from the East Indies \u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\nDo. from any other place\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0183", "content": "Title: Memorandum on Consuls and Consular Appointments, 15 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nConsuls remaining in office. Feb. 15. 1793.\nMarseilles. Stephan Cathalan of France. vice-consul\nBordeaux. Joseph Fenwick. of Maryland. Consul\nHavre. M. de la Motte of France. vice consul\nLondon. Joshua Johnson. of Maryland. Consul. He refuses to give bond.\nqu. therefore if a successor must be appointed?\nBristol. Elias Vanderhorst of S. Carolina. Consul\nLiverpool. James Maury of Virginia. Consul.\nPool. Thomas Auldjo of Gr. Britain. vice consul.\nLisbon. Edward Church. of Massachusets. Consul.\nMadeira. John Marsden Pintard of New York. Consul.\nFayal. John Street of Fayal. vice consul.\nCopenhagen. Hans Rodolph Saabye of Denmark. Consul.\nMorocco. Thomas Barclay of Pensylva. Consul.\nCalcutta. Benjamin Joy. of Massachusets. Consul.\nCanton. Samuel Shaw. of Massachusets. Consul.\nMartinique. Fulwar Skipwith of Virginia. Consul.\nConsuls &c. who have resigned or abandoned their Consulates.\nNantes. Burrel Carnes. resigned.\nRouen. Nathaniel Barrett. abandoned, and settled at New York.\nDublin. William Knox. resigned.\nSt. Domingo. Sylvanus Bourne. resigned.\nSanta Cruz. James Yard. resigned.\nSurrinam. Ebenezer Brush. abandoned.\nCandidates for appointments.\nHavre.\nNathaniel Cutting of Massachusets to be Consul.\nFalmouth.\nEdward Fox. of Gr. Britain. to be Consul. Our ships often touch at Falmouth for orders, and have occasion for patronage to prevent their being forced to enter. A safe person there also for taking care of letters, is important. Fox recommended by Mr. Morris and Mr. Meade.\nCadiz.\nJoseph Yznardi. of Spain. to be Consul. One very much wanting both for commerce and intelligence. He is recommended by Mr. Harison (Auditor) and N. Cutting. See the letter of the latter. He speaks English very well, and appears to Th:J. to be sensible and discreet.\nAlicant.\nRobert Montgomery. of to be Consul. This candidate has been very pressing for many years. His zeal has prompted him to try to serve us with the Barbary states, where however he has done us more harm than good. His character and circumstances are understood to be good, and an appointment at Barcelona  becomes less indifferent since Mr. Barclay\u2019s information of the number of our vessels which now venture into the Straights.\nTeneriffe.\nHamburg.\nJohn Parish of Gr. Britain. to be Consul. He was formerly appointed viceconsul, but would not accept that. A consul at that port is of some importance to our commerce; and may be so to our mint, as the convenient port for obtaining copper from Sweden.\nSanta Cruz.\nM. Furant. of\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007 to be Consul. Mentioned by Mr. Yard.\nHenry Cooper.\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Recommended by John Wilcocks. See his letter.\nSt. Eustatius.\nDavid Matthew Clarkson. Pennsylva. to be Consul. Recommended by his father in Philadelphia and by a Mr. Godin, whose letter is to be noted.\nWilliam Stevenson. of New Jersey. to be do. Recommended by Mr. Wilcocks, Mr. Gouverneur, Mr. Yard, and objected to by Godin.\nCura\u00e7oa.\nBenjamin Hamnell Philips of Pensylvania. to be Consul. Strongly recommended by Messrs. Meade, Wolne, Vaughan, Nesbitt, Pickering and others. See the letters.\nTh: Jefferson\n Philadelphia. Feb. 15. 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0184", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 15 February 1793\nFrom: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia Feb. 15. 1793.\nWe have received with due acknolegement your favor of the 13th. inst. and from it a new proof of your sincere desire and good disposition to contribute to the reciprocal advantages of Spain and the U.S.\nMoved with equal zeal, and encouraged by your very polite attention, we have examined with all possible care the Statement which you have been pleased to inclose to us, relative to the extent of the privileges and restrictions in the commerce of the US. with Spain.\nIn the short interval which this occasion has furnished us, those objects only have occurred to us which, confiding in your indulgence, we take the liberty to mention, to wit.\nIf the Canary islands (of which the statement makes no mention) are understood to be comprehended under the generic name of Spain, the remark is taken away. Nevertheless it would enhance the sum of advantages, to call the attention to them separately, in considering the conditions of commerce, good and bad, which the US. carry on with them without restraint.\nIf they are understood to be comprehended under the title of America, or the Colonies, in such case it would be proper to except them, as we know that the commerce with them is not subject to the same restrictions.\nAlso it may not be superfluous to make some mention on the subject of the island of Trinidad, with which these states carry on some lucrative commerce.\nNor would it be less proper, in mentioning the duty lately imposed in Spain on flour re-exported to the colonies, to insert some expression giving to understand that the duty is general on all foreign flours. It might soften the impression, which might otherwise be made, that this duty is only directed against the produce of the US: to whom, if prejudice accrues, it is only indirect; the same calculation taking place which you make of the price which the barrel of flour may bear when exported to the colonies. This loss falls on the Spaniard, and not on the American.\nWe submit the preceding observations to your better judgment, with the same liberality with which you have been pleased to confide to us your statement in order that if they may contribute to the favorable advancement of the object you will have the goodness to give them a place in the draught, and if you find them superfluous, you will pass them by with frankness.\nWe are sorry that the time is not less limited, as perhaps the receipt of further advice from our court, and some private informations might apprise us more fully of the object, and suggest to us circumstances which on the sudden we do not know, or do not recollect. Pardon the liberty we have taken and be assured that we are with the most sincere good will & profound respect, Sir, your most obedt & most humble servts.\nJoseph Ignacio de ViarJoseph de Jaudenes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0186", "content": "Title: Notes on Levees and Assumption, 16 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nFeb. 16. 93. E.R. tells J. Mad. and myself a curious fact which he had from Lear. When the Presidt. went to N.Y. he resisted for 3. weeks the efforts to introduce levees. At length he yeilded, and left it to Humphreys and some others to settle the forms. Accordingly an Antichamber and Presence room were provided, and when those who were to pay their court were assembled, the President set out, preceded by Humphreys, after passing thro\u2019 the Antichamber the door of the inner room was thrown in and Humphreys entered first calling out with a loud voice \u2018the President of the US.\u2019 The President was so much disconcerted with it that he did not recover it the whole time of the levee, and when the company was gone he said to Humphreys \u2018well, you have taken me in once, but by god you shall never take me in a second time.\u2019\nThere is reason to believe that the rejection of the late additional assumption by the Senate was effected by the President thro Lear, operating on Langdon. Beckley knows this.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0188", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste Ternant, [16 February 1793]\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nJohn Ternant to Th: Jefferson\nI have found the statement which you have taken the trouble to address to me with your private letter of the 13th. of the month, conformable with what is known to me of our present regulations on commerce and the duties of importation. But I remark that you have passed over in silence that the importation of tobaccos into France is exclusively reserved to American and French bottoms. When you shall have reflected that this exclusion of other nations will result to the sole advantage of your commerce, considering the recent reduction of the duties, and the known state of our merchant shipping, I hope you will think it right to make mention of it in your Report. Since the changes which have taken place in our government, and the dispositions of the French nation, towards United America there is no doubt that the relations subsisting between our two nations will become closer than ever, and that there will result from it new advantages to the American commerce which cannot be long in realizing themselves. Your judgment will decide if this reflection is not of a nature to be communicated in your report. I thank you for the knolege you have been so good as to give me of this part of the Report which concerns France and I pray you to accept the homage of my respect & esteem.\nTernant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0189", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 16 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to send to the President the copy of a Report he proposes to give in to the H. of Representatives on Monday on the subject of a Petition of John Rogers referred to him.\nThe President will see by Mr. Hammond\u2019s letter, now inclosed,  that he has kindled at the facts stated in Th:J\u2019s report on commerce. Th:J. adds the draught of an answer to him, if the President should think that any answer should be given. It is sometimes difficult to decide whether indiscretions of this kind had better be treated with silence, or due notice. The former perhaps would be best, if it were not that his letter would go unanswered to his court, who might not give themselves the trouble of seeing that he was in the wrong. Th:J. will wait on the President immediately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0190", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 17 February 1793\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMarseilles the 17th. Febr\u00fbary 1793\nSince my Last Respects of the 10th. Last Septr. from Bordeaux, I have the honour of acknowledging you, your most esteemed favours of the novber. 6th. 14th. and Decber. 2d. of which I have duly noted the Contents;\nThe Letter you may have wrotte to me via London, at the Same time you wrotte to Consuls, Fenwick and Edwd. Church, which they received the 20th. october Last at Bordeaux, (when I was there,) by a Vessel from London, I have ever not received, nor there nor here; it is however necessary for this Consulate to have the full Collection of the Laws of America, to Consult them when Occasion occ\u00fbrs.\nGouvr. Morris Minister of the U. States has Sent me a Copy, (hand\u2019s Writing), of the Act Concerning Consuls and Vice-Consuls, Passed in that Session, but being not Signed, it Can\u2019t be reckowned in Case of need, as an Official Piece;\nThat has then Prevented me to present you in Conformity of that Act and Give you, Sir, the Bound with such Securities, as shall be approved by you, in a Sum not Less than Two Thousand Dollards, Conditionned for the Tr\u00fbe discharge of my office, according to Law\u2014however I writte now to Messrs. Fenwick Mason & co. of Georges-Town Potomack to offer you, Sir, that Bond, in my Behalf; I hope they will be my Sec\u00fbrity. In Case you, or they, Should not find it Convenient, Messrs. Robt. Gilmor & Co. of Baltimore, Willm. Bingham, or Willing Morris & Swanwick of Philadelphia, on my demand to them, would I hope offer them Selves, for that Purpose; at Lenght, I Could here or at Paris offer to Your Minister Plenipotentiary  any Securities at your Both Satisfaction and for a Larger Sum, if you desire it. This Matter would be done already, if I had the Proper Instructions to do it as you may desire it.\nI have Delivered to this Municipality of Marseilles, the 4th. Inst. the Letter you adressed them, and Inclosed in yours of the Novber. 6th. in Answer to their Letter of the 24th. Last august, to the President of the U. States, of America; it was a Fortunate Circumstance for me, that the Day Before the American Sckoenner Madison Capn. Saml. Cassan arived in this harbour from Philada. to my address, with 659. Barrels of Flour; (it is till now, the only one who has been dispatched from the U.S. in this harbour, on my Encouragments and those of this Municipality). You have here inclosed the Verbal of that enterview, to which I Beg your Refference.\nI find my Self also very happy for having obtained your Approbation for my Conduct Mentionned in my dispatch of the 1st. August Last.\nSome French Vessels dispatched from this Place to U.S. Last Summer, are Returned with wheat or Flour, but that quantity was So Small or Tryflyng, for the Great Consumption of this and others neighbouring Places, that we are act\u00fbaly in the Greatest Need, having Approvisionment Scarcely for Two Months, for this Place only, and nothing to Provide the neighbouring ones, who can\u2019t obtain from this one charge of wheat or a Barrel of Flour, Prices have risen of Course, New York wheat has been Sold at \u00a375 a \u00a380. per charge, flour \u00a375. 80. and 85.\u20b6 per Barl. none Remains unsold; the 1st. arivals will obtain \u00a35 a \u00a310.\u20b6 more, and God knows what Price, they will offer in Two or three Months! \u00a3110.\u20b6 perhaps \u00a3120.\u20b6 per Bel. fortunate they will be if they find to Purchase!\nI agr\u00e9e with you that the apprehensions of the Barbarian Cruisers have Lessen very much the Supplies, we might otherwise have received from your Plentif\u00fbll harvest; but now those apprehensions Can\u2019t be Compared with the Risk the French Vessels r\u00fbn now by the war they have declared to England, holland, Russia &ca. &ca. and the other Maritime Powers, who will take a Part in this Great Contest; in Such a Circumstance if you remain Neutrals, your Trade and Vessels will Procure to U.S. Large Benefit; now the duty on Tobacco, on American vessels is reduced, and at a very Small difference, of that imported on french Bottoms, For\u00e8eing Vessels may be Purchased by the French, The Americans are allowed to trade freely with the French West Indies; The French not Going this year, to the new found land fishery, your Baccalao will obtain Great Price, this fall and next winter, and I am Confident that the Prohibitive duty imposed on foreing Baccalao will be moderated as it has been during all the Last warr;  your Ships will be the Carriers of all the Belligerant Powers, and now I could freight here fifty americans vessels, and the Shippers or their Insurors here would make a very trifling difference of your Colours, with the Swedish or danish ones on account of your war with algiers, Thirty Dollards Freight per Ton only to Go to Philadelphia are offered to me, on American Bottom. It is a Pity that in this Circumstance a Treaty Could not be made yet between you and algiers, or Two or Three Frigates fitted out to Protect your Flag in the Mediteranean Sea; now I find that all I had Foreseen in my Memoir of the 15th. Jan\u00fbary 1791. happens, and I reffer you to it, for the advantages you may now draw by the Public affairs in Europe.\n29. Privateers have been already fitted out at this Port against the English, Dutch &ca. Some prises are arived here.\nTobacco is worth of \u00a365 a 75\u20b6 per ql. Marc taken in the entrepot, Carolina Rice \u00a345. per ql. of \u20b6 90. english, Baccalao will obtain \u00a355 per ql. of 90 \u20b6 next fall.\nI have not the Time to answer you about the olive Tries, and I Conclude in haste, Capn. Casson being on his departure. I have the honour to be with great Respect Sir your most obedient humble Servant\nStephen Cathalan Junr.\nThe French armed Vessels which will be in number in the Mediteranean Sea will always take under their Protection, the American vessels they will Meet.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0192", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Clinton, 17 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clinton, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Feb. 17. 1793\nAs it is possible and perhaps probable that at the ensuing conferences on Lake Erie with the Northern and Western Indians they may be disposed to look back to antient treaties, it becomes necessary that we should collect them, in order to be in a state of preparation. This can only be done with the aid of the several state-offices where these treaties have been deposited, which, in New York I am told, was in the office of the Secretary for Indian affairs under the old government. Will you permit me, Sir, to hope for your aid so far as to receive through you the several treaties between the six nations and the Governors of New York from the year 1683, and especially those with Colo. Dongan, authenticated under seal in the most formal manner. The necessity of compleating all the arrangements on this subject before the close of Congress, which will be probably on Saturday sennight, obliges me to ask for these papers under the shortest delay possible. On sending me a note of the expences of the copies they shall be immediately remitted. I confide in the candor and zeal for the public service which I am sure you feel, in asking your interposition in this business, and have the  honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect Your Excellency\u2019s most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0193", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 17 February 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSunday February 17t: 1793\nThe President of the United States requests that the Secretary of State will write to the Governor of New York, by the post of tomorrow, for authenticated Copies, under Seal, of the several treaties between the Six nations and the Governors of New York from the Year 1683; and especially those with Colo. Dongan. They were preserved under the old Government of New York, in the Office of the Secretary for Indian Affairs.\nThe Attorney General of the United States having been directed by the President to go into an examination of the several treaties which have been made with the Northern and Western Indians, from the earliest period that they can be obtained, has desired that the foregoing application may be made to obtain a copy of those which are preserved in New York\u2014and the President conceiving it proper that the application should be made through the Secretary of State, has therefore sent him this request; and wishes that the Copies may be had as early as possible, that all arrangements necessary for the Commissioners should be made, if possible, before the Close of the present Session of Congress.\nIf in the Secretary\u2019s opinion the expense of taking said Copies should be paid by the U.S. he will let the Governor know that it will be done by them, that no delay or difficulty may arise from that source.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0194", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Syme, 17 February 1793\nFrom: Syme, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nVirginia, Rockey Mills, 17th. Feby 1793.\nYour Very Freindly attention to Mrs. Barclay, induces Me, to ask the Favor of You, to give the inclos\u2019d, a safer Conveyance, than either  Her, Or Myself can do, and as it Contains Matters of importance, the Obligation Would be greatly added to, by forwarding the Answer, which is speedily wanted. We Experience so Many disapointments by private Oportunitys, that, it is Hop\u2019d, the Freedom will not be taken Amiss.\nNot Hearing of Late, of your Farther intintions of resigning, We wish You may alter your Mind, as be assur\u2019d, You Will shortly have, an Addition to the Number of Your Freinds, and particularly some of My Connections. It is said by Gentlemen who Visit your part of the World, They do not like the going on of Things, any More than Yourself. Please Accept, the best Wishes, and Blessings, of all at the retreat and this place, which Concludes me for present, Dear Sir, Your Sincere Freind & Servt.\nJ Syme", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0195", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Ternant, 17 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nSir\nPhiladelphia Feb. 17. 1793.\nI have duly received your letter of yesterday, and am sensible of your favor in furnishing me with your observations on the Statement of the commerce between our two nations, of which I shall avail myself for the good of both. The omission of our participation with your vessels in the exclusive transportation of our tobacco was merely that of the copy, as it was expressed in the original draught where the same circumstance respecting our whale oil was noted: and I am happy that your notice of it has enabled me to reinstate it before the Report goes out of my hand.\nI must candidly acknolege to you that I do not foresee the same effect in favor of our navigation from the late reduction of duties on our tobaccos in France which you seem to expect. The difference in favor of French vessels is still so great as in my opinion to make it their interest to quit all other branches of the carrying business, to take up this: and as your stock of shipping is not adequate to the carriage of all your exports, the branches which you abandon will be taken up by other nations. So that this difference thrusts us out of  the tobacco carriage to let other nations in to the carriage of other branches of your commerce. I must therefore avail myself of this occasion to express my hope that your nation will again revise this subject and place it on more equal grounds.I am happy in concurring with you more perfectly in another sentiment, that as the principles of our governments become more congenial, the links of affection are multiplied between us. It is impossible they should multiply beyond our wishes. Of the sincere interest we take in the happiness and prosperity of your nation you have had the most unequivocal proofs. I pray you to accept assurances of sincere attachment to you personally, and of the sentiments of respect & esteem with which I am, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0196", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste Ternant, 17 February 1793\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphie 17 fevrier 1793, L\u2019an 2 de la Republique fran\u00e7aise\nConform\u00e9ment \u00e0 des ordres que je viens seulement de recevoir, je m\u2019empresse de notifier au Gouvernement des Etats unis, au nom du Conseil Ex\u00e9cutif provisoire, charg\u00e9 de l\u2019administration de notre gouvernement, que la nation fran\u00e7aise s\u2019est constitu\u00e9e en R\u00e9publique. Cette notification eut \u00e9t\u00e9 accompagn\u00e9e de nouvelles lettres de cr\u00e9ance, si les arrangemens qu\u2019on est occup\u00e9 de prendre \u00e0 ce sujet, eussent \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9finitivement arr\u00e9t\u00e9s, et Si le Conseil ex\u00e9cutif n\u2019eut d\u00e9sir\u00e9 manifester au plutot la resolution prise par la nation enti\u00e9re, et par ses d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s r\u00e9unis en convention nationale, de d\u00e9clarer l\u2019abolition de la Royaut\u00e9, et la cr\u00e9ation de la R\u00e9publique en france. Ind\u00e9pendamment de l\u2019int\u00e9ret que doit inspirer ici cette grande d\u00e9termination d\u2019un peuple qui a lui m\u00eame concouru \u00e0 la d\u00e9fense de la libert\u00e9 et \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9tablissement de l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance de l\u2019amerique, elle sera sans doute aussi envisag\u00e9e par les Etats unis comme un nouveau garant de l\u2019\u00e9troite amiti\u00e9 qui subsiste entre nos deux nations. C\u2019est dans cette persuasion, que le Conseil ex\u00e9cutif de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise m\u2019a charg\u00e9 d\u2019assurer votre Gouvernement de ses dispositions qui sont aussi celles de toute ma nation, \u00e0 resserrer nos liens d\u2019amiti\u00e9 avec vous, et \u00e0 multiplier entre les deux peuples des rapports commerciaux r\u00e9ciproquement utiles.  Jeme f\u00e9licite d\u2019avoir \u00e0 vous transmettre l\u2019expression de Sentimens que je partage dans toute leur \u00e9tendue, et dont ma conduite ici ne cessera de porter invariablement l\u2019empreinte.\nSign\u00e9 Ternant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0197", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 17 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Feb. 17. 1793.\nI have duly received your favor of the 15th. and return you my thanks for the observations you are so good as to make. The Canary islands shall be specially noted in the Report, and the duty on flour reexported to the colonies shall be stated, as I know it to be, common to the flour of all foreign nations, and not confined to ours alone. I will make enquiries as to the nature of the commerce we carry on with the island of Trinidad, as I do not possess any information which made it worthy of particular remark. If you can furnish me with any, I shall be particularly thankful.\nThe session of Congress approaching so nearly to it\u2019s close, as to render it doubtful whether they will enter on the subject of this report, permit me to sollicit your further attention to that part of it which respects Spain and the US. and a friendly communication of any information you may be able to obtain on the subject between this and the next session of the legislature, and be assured that it is among my first wishes to cultivate with sincerity mutual interests, good offices and friendship between our nations. I have the honor to be with great & sincere respect & esteem, Gentlemen Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0198", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 17 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor with his respects to the President to communicate the answers he has received from the Representatives of France and Spain with his replies.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0199", "content": "Title: George Washington to the Cabinet, 17 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Cabinet\nSir\nUnited States, February 17th. 1793.\nI transmit you a Copy of a letter from the Secretary of War to me, with the heads of Instructions proposed to be given to the Commissioners who may be appointed to hold a Treaty with the Western Indians, in the spring.\nAs I intend, in a few days, to call for the advice and opinion of the Heads of the Departments on the points touched upon in the enclosed paper, I must request you will give it an attentive and serious consideration, and note such alterations, amendments or additions, in writing, as may appear to you proper to be introduced into the instructions proposed to be given to the Commissioners.\nI shall likewise request the opinion of the same Gentlemen upon the expediency of asking the advice of the Senate, before the end of their present Session, as to the propriety of instructing the Commissioners to recede from the present boundary, provided peace cannot be established with the Indians upon other terms. I therefore desire you will turn you attention to this matter also, in order that you may be able to give a deliberate opinion thereon, when the Gentlemen shall be called together.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0200", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Henry Knox\u2019s Heads of Instructions for the Commissioners to the Western Indians, [ca. 16 February 1793]\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: \nEnclosureHenry Knox\u2019s Heads of Instructions for theCommissioners to the Western Indians\nThe Commissioners to be fully informed upon the subject of all the Treaties which have been held by the United States, or which have been held under their authority with the Northern and western Indians\u2014particularly of the Treaty of Fort Harmar in the year 1789, and of the boundaries then described. That the Commissioners possess themselves fully of all the proceedings of said Treaty, and of the tribes and principal Characters who formed the same. The Indians to be informed by the Commissioners, that the United States consider the said Treaty to have been formed with the Tribes who had a right to relinquish the lands which were then ceded to the United States. That, under this impression, part of the said lands have been sold to individuals, and parts assigned to the late army of the United States.\nThat the lands acquired by the said Treaty were by purchase, as well as a confirmation of the former treaties. That if the consideration then given was inadequate, or if other tribes, than those who formed the said Treaty, should have a just right to any of the lands in question, a particular compensation should be made them. That in both instances the United States were disposed to be liberal in granting additional compensations.\nThat the remaining lands of the Indians within the limits of the United States, shall be guaranteed solemnly, by the general Government.\nThat if the Commissioners can get the former boundaries established, that they be directed, besides compensation in gross to the amount ofDollars, to promise payment of ten thousand dollars per annum in such proportions to the several tribes as shall be agreed upon.\nThat the Commissioners be directed, further to relinquish the reservations marked upon the map as trading places\u2014provided the same would satisfy the Indians so as to confirm the remainder of the boundary, always, however, reserving as much land about the several British Posts, within the United States, as are now occupied by the several Garrisons, or which shall be necessary for the same.\nThat the Commissioners be instructed to use their highest exertions, to obtain the boundary now fixed, the reservations excepted, as before explained\u2014and that for this purpose they be entrusted withdollars to be used to influence certain white men to favour their measures.\nBut if, after every attempt, the assembled Indians should refuse the boundaries aforesaid, then the Commissioners are to endeavour to obtain from the Indians a description of the best boundary to which they will agree, the Commissioners always endeavouring to conform the same, as nearly as may be, to the one described in the Treaty of Fort Harmar.\nOn obtaining this information from the Indians, they are to be informed by the Commissioners, that the President of the United States, conceiving the boundary established by the Treaty of Fort Harmar, to have been made with the full understanding and free consent of the parties having the right to make the same, had not invested them (the Commissioners) with power to alter the same, excepting as to the reservations before described. But that now possessing the final and full voice of the Indians upon the subject, the same should be reported to the President, who would give a definitive answer thereon, at a period to be fixed, which period should not be earlier than four months after the Senate should be assembled at their next Session\u2014and this would fix the period about one year from the time the Commissioners should obtain this information.\nThe Commissioners should further inform the Indians, that until the answer should be received, a solemn truce should be observed on both sides. The Indians to be answerable for their young warriors\u2014and the President to be answerable for our\u2019s.\nIf the idea of a Truce should be relished, perhaps it might be extended, by the Commissioners, to three or seven years, all things to remain in the same state. If so, the effect would be a peace to all intents and purposes.\nThe Commissioners to be particularly instructed to do nothing which should in the least impair the right of pre-emption or general sovereignty of the United States over the Country, the limits of which were established by the peace of 1783. But, at the same time, to impress upon the Indians that the right of preemption in no degree affects their right to the soil, which the United States concedes unlimitedly, excepting that when sold, it must be to the United States, and under their authority, and no otherwise.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0201", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Carr, 18 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carr, Martha Jefferson\nDear Sister\nPhiladelphia Feb. 18. 1793.\nI recieved some days ago your favor of Dec. 15. and have so long delayed answering it because I was in daily expectation of receiving information of a considerable sum of money being lodged for me in Richmond. Tho I think this cannot fail to take place, and that very shortly, yet I have thought it necessary to acknolege in the mean time the receipt of your letter, and to mention to you my prospect of doing what you desire, I think with so much certainty as that Mr. Myers may be satisfied. It would not be in my power to pay it from any resources I have here, as these are far from supplying my wants here. The moment I can receive any information, I will give you notice. I had intended from the same fund to pay the balance on my bond to Mr. Carr\u2019s estate, as, your children are now arrived to that period when it may enable you to help them with it, as far as it will go. I give joy to yourself, my new married neice and Mr. Terrel on the occasion, and wish them all possible happiness and success in their pursuits in a new country.\u2014I have been over-persuaded to stay here somewhat longer than I had determined. I must therefore write to Dabney how to employ himself till I come. I am with sincere love to yourself & the family, dear sister yours affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0203", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jacob Hollingsworth, 18 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hollingsworth, Jacob\nSir\nPhiladelphia Feb. 18. 1793\nYou desired in a former letter to be informed when Congress should provide for lost certificates which might be proved by other vouchers. I am not certain whether the inclosed act passed and printed a few days ago may come up to your view. But under the possibility that it might, I send it to you by the first post since it was printed.\nI have not yet received any letter from Mr. Biddle. I wish he could find tenants enough for 2000 acres, that being the whole I wish to rent in that part of the country. It would enable them too to settle the different lots among themselves more to their mind, and to proportion the rent of each to it\u2019s comparative value, so as that while I should receive a quarter of a dollar the acre upon the whole, they should pay some more some less according as their lot should be more or less good. In like manner, they might then have the whole of the laborers now on the lands, paying me 50. dollars a year for every man and woman of the whole, but they dividing them to their mind, and contributing more or less according as each should have the more or the less valuable laborers in their lot. This I think would be just and satisfactory to all. I shall not pass Elkton so early as March but will give Mr. Biddle notice when I do pass, in time to meet me. I will trouble you to communicate these things to him and to let him know I shall be glad to receive information from him by letter. I am Sir your very humble servt \nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0204", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste Le Roy, 18 February 1793\nFrom: Le Roy, Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDe Paris ce 18 Fevrier 1793\nQuoique J\u2019aye de grands torts avec vous Monsieur d\u2019avoir tant tarde \u00e0 vous accuser La r\u00e9c\u00e9ption des lettres que vous m\u2019avez fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019\u00e9crire Cependant me confiant dans Les Sentimens que vous  avez bien voulu me t\u00e9moigner dans plus d\u2019une occasion J\u2019ai pens\u00e9 que vous me permettriez de vous pr\u00e9senter M. D Hauterive mon ami qui va habiter votre heureuse contr\u00e9e pendant quelques ann\u00e9es \u00e9tant nomm\u00e9 Consul. Je n\u2019aurois pas L\u2019honneur de vous le pr\u00e9senter Si \u00e0 des Sentimens tr\u00e8s [Civiques?] il ne joignoit pas beaucoup de qualit\u00e9s essentielles et des connoissances tr\u00e8s \u00e9tendues dans plus d\u2019un genre. A ces titres J\u2019espere que vous voudrez bien L\u2019accueillir favorablement. Je vous en aurai la m\u00eame obligation que Si cette bonne reception me regardoit moi m\u00eame. Je le trouve bien heureux Monsieur de pouvoir esp\u00e9rer Jou\u00efr de votre entretien car avec Les connoissances qu\u2019il a Ce Sera un grand plaisir pour lui de pouvoir S\u2019entretenir avec un des hommes les plus instruits des deux Mondes. Apr\u00e8s vous avoir parl\u00e9 de mon ami J\u2019en viens \u00e0 ce qui regarde M Churchman. Vous aurez bien imagin\u00e9 Monsieur qu\u2019a la multitude d\u2019evenemens qui ont eu lieu L\u2019ann\u00e8e derniere et dans celle-cy Les Sciences ont beaucoup Souffert parmi nous aussi notre pauvre Acad\u00e9mie ne fait elle presque rien et Si ce n \u00e9toit l\u2019affaire des poids et mesures qui l\u2019occupe elle Seroit presque dans l\u2019inactivit\u00e9. Incertain Si vous avez eu connoissance d\u2019un m\u00e9moire que mon Confr\u00e8re M De Borda a lu au nom de l\u2019Acad\u00e9mie \u00e0 la Convention nationale \u00e0 ce Sujet Je le Joins \u00e0 ma Lettre il vous instruira du point o\u00f9 nous en Sommes Sur cette grande entreprise.\nUne raison m\u2019a fait diff\u00e8rrer de Semaine en Semaine et de mois en mois de r\u00e9pondre \u00e0 la lettre que vous m\u2019avez fait L honneur de m\u2019\u00e9crire, au Sujet de M Church-man, c\u2019est que je n\u2019ai re\u00e7u que pr\u00e8s d\u2019un an apr\u00e8s, La Carte et L\u2019ouvrage de M. Churchman et que Je voulois en outre vous mander ce qui S \u00e9toit pass\u00e9 \u00e0 ce Sujet dans L\u2019Acad\u00e9mie, mais Le rapport n en ayant pas et\u00e9 encore fait J\u2019ai \u00e8t\u00e9 oblig\u00e9 de differrer Cependant comme je compte qu\u2019il Sera fait ce mois cy ou au commencement de l\u2019autre vous pouvez \u00eatre Sur que vous aurez tous aussit\u00f4t de mes nouvelles, et que Je vous en manderai le r\u00e9sultat.\nAh Monsieur que J\u2019ai fait de r\u00e9fl\u00e9xions Sur la marche Sure et mesur\u00e9e du congr\u00e8s dans tout ce qui S\u2019est pass\u00e9 depuis La d\u00e9claration de L\u2019ind\u00e9pendance de l\u2019Am\u00e8rique Septentrionale Sur tous les avantages de votre heureuse r\u00e9volution. Qui nous auroit dit Lorsque nous causions ensemble dans l\u2019assembl\u00e9e constituante de Versailles qu\u2019elle eut donn\u00e8 lieu \u00e0 une telle multitude d\u2019evenemens et Si extraordinaires, et Si incroyables. Je ne Sais Si On l\u2019a dit mais cela me paroit aujourdhui parfaitement d\u00e9montr\u00e9 que le Caract\u00e8re d\u2019une Nation est to\u00fbjours le m\u00eame et que Ses grandes assembl\u00e9es n\u2019agissent le plus Souvent qu\u2019avec L\u2019esprit qui la caract\u00e9rise.\nRecevez Monsieur Les assurances les plus Sinc\u00e8res de tous les Senti  mens d\u2019attachement et de la plus haute estime que vous m\u2019avez Inspir\u00e9s depuis que J\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de vous connoitre.\nLeRoy\u2003de l Acad. des Sciences", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0205", "content": "Title: Memorandum on Consuls Recommended for Appointment, 18 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nHavre.\nNathaniel Cutting of Massachusets, Consul of the U.S. of A. for the port of Havre in France, and for such other parts of that country as shall be nearer to the said port than to the residence of any other Consul or Vice consul of the U.S. within the same allegiance.\nFalmouth.\nEdward Fox native of Great Britain. Consul of the US. of A. for the port of Falmouth in the kingdom of Great Britain, and for such other parts of the said kingdom as shall be nearer to the said port than to the residence of any other Consul or Vice consul of the US. in the same kingdom.\nCadiz.\nJoseph Yznardi native of Spain, Consul of the US. of A. for the port of Cadiz, in the kingdom of Spain, and for such other parts of the said kingdom as shall be nearer to the said port than to the residence of any other Consul or Vice-consul of the US. within the same allegiance.\nAlicant.\nRobert Montgomery of Alicant Consul of the US. of A. for the port of Alicant in the kingdom of Spain, and for such other parts of the said kingdom as shall be nearer to the said port than to the residence of any other Consul or viceconsul of the US. within the same allegiance.\nHamburg.\nJohn Parish native of Great Britain. Consul of the US. of A. for the port of Hamburg and for all other places within the same allegiance.\nSanta Cruz.\nHenry Cooper of Pensylvania Consul of the US. of A. for the island of Santa Cruz and for all other places under the same allegiance in America as shall be nearer to the said island of Santa Cruz than to the residence of any other Consul or Vice Consul of the US. within the same allegiance.\nSt. Eustatius.\nDavid Matthew Clarkson of Pennsylvania. Consul for the US. of A. for the island of Saint Eustatius and for all other places under the same allegiance in America which shall be nearer to the said island of St. Eustatius than to the residence of any other Consul or Viceconsul of the US. within the same allegiance.\nCura\u00e7oa.\nBenjamin Hamnell Philips of Pensylvania. Consul for the US. of A. in the island of Cura\u00e7oa and for all other places under the same allegiance in America which shall be nearer to the said island of Cura\u00e7oa than to the residence of any other Consul or Vice consul of the US. within the same allegiance.\nTh: Jefferson ", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0206", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Beverley Randolph, 18 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Beverley\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Feb. 18. 1793.\nA great assembly of the Northern and Western Indians is to be held at Sanduskey in the approaching spring, to be met by three Commissioners from the general government to treat of peace. It is highly important that some person from the Southward, possessing the public confidence, should be in the commission: and a person too who has firmness enough to form opinions for himself. Though I knew that your health was sometimes in default, yet I have ventured to propose you to the President who joined at once in the wish that you would undertake it, and I expect he writes to you by this post. It will be the greatest collection of Indians (about 3000) which has ever taken place, and from very distant and various parts. The route thither will be through N. York, the Hudson, the Mohawk, L. Ontario, Niagara, and L. Erie, and you could return by Fort Pitt. The season the finest of the year, and I presume every accomodation will be provided which the nature of the service admits. I am not able to say what the allowance will be, but I believe it has usually been 6. or 8. Doll. a day exclusive of expences. But this is guess-work in me.\u2014I hope you will resolve to undertake it, as I conceive the public interest intimately concerned in the conducting of this treaty, and on that consideration I am confident you will sacrifice any private disinclination to it. Be pleased to present my best respects to Mrs. Randolph & to be assured of the esteem with which I am Dear Sir, your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0207", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 18 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Feb. 18. 1793.\nI recieved about a fortnight ago your favor of Jan. 24. and by this week\u2019s post Maria received the one addressed to her. I am extremely pleased with the progress of the work at Monticello, and indebted to you for it, as also for communicating it, as well as the account of the sales in Bedford. I am in hopes of procuring tenants in Maryland for all my lands on the Shadwell side of the river at a quarter of a dollar the acre, to be rented for 7. years, and to hire the negroes on the same lands for 25. dollars averaged, from year to year only, so that I may take them away if ill treated. The business is not yet concluded, and therefore I would wish it to be not at all known. I mention it to you, because I think you have sometimes expressed a disposition to rent Edgehill, in which if you still are, and like these terms, perhaps it might be possible for me to engage a further number of tenants. As soon as Congress is over I shall go, if I have time, into the neighborhood (at the head of Elk) where the business is on the carpet, and try to conclude for myself. I propose to parcel the lands in tenements of from 200 to 400. acres each. If I succeed in this, I should expect to be able to extend the same system to Bedford. The husbandry about the head of Elk is in wheat and grazing: little corn, and less pork. This I think is what would suit us best, for which reason I turned my attention to that quarter, and also because the labour there being performed by slaves with some mixture of free labourers, the farmers there understand the management of negroes on a rational and humane plan.\nI sometime ago sold my horse Brimmer for what he cost me. A few days after, Joseph took it into his head to take an airing, on Matchless, let him run away with him, in doing which he run full speed against the shaft of a cart and killed himself. So that I am now reduced to my old pair, and to Tarquin, whom also I must sell before I come home, as his hoofs are not firm enough for our stones. I have offered him for 100. Doll. and he is in better condition than when I bought him.\u2014I hope you have heard of the servants clothes. They went from here the 12th. of Dec. by a Capt. Swaile of the schooner Mary bound to Norfolk and Richmond. The box was addressed to you, to the care of Mr. Brown. If he has not received it, enquiries will be necessary at Norfolk.\u2014Give my love to my dear Martha and be assured of the best affections of Dear Sir Your\u2019s sincerely\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0208", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 18 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia February 18th. 1793.\nThe Commissioners of the Territory of the United States on the Potomac having, according to law, had the said Territory surveyed and defined by proper metes and bounds, and transmitted their report with a plat of the boundary, I have now the honor to lay them before you. As this work has been executed under the Authority of the Legislature, I presume it would be proper to communicate the report to them, and to submit the Plat also to their inspection, that they may be duly informed of the progress of the Work.\nI have to add that these papers, being original, are again to be deposited with the Records in the Office of the Department of State. I have the honor to be, with Sentiments of the most perfect esteem and attachment, Sir, Your most obedient and Most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0209", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Carmichael and William Short, 19 February 1793\nFrom: Carmichael, William,Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAranjuez Feb. 19. 1793\nIt has been our intention for some time past to have commenced our joint correspondence with you\u2014and we have only deferred it because we flattered ourselves from day to day that we should be able at the same time to inform you of some step taken in the negotiation with which the President has been pleased to charge us.\nAlthough our commission was recieved at Madrid so long ago as the 1st. of this month, and this circumstance immediately announced to the Duke de la Alcudia the present minister of foreign affairs, yet it is not until to-day that we are enabled to inform you that a person has been named to treat with us, having just learned by a letter from that minister that His Majesty has destined for that purpose M. de Gardoqui Minister of finance.\nWe are happy that you yourself are acquainted with the usage converted into system in most of the European courts, (and in none more than this) of always beginning by searching for all the pretexts of procrastination, and never proceeding to business until they are exhausted. Hitherto these pretexts with respect to us, have been derived from the form of our commission, and the manner in which we are accredited by the President being different from the diplomatic usages established here.\nOn our first interview with the minister we delivered him a copy of our commission, it being the only document we had recieved from you. He made use of the ordinary expressions of civility and added conformably to usage that he would take His Majesty\u2019s orders thereon and communicate them to us.\nAs a considerable time elapsed much to our surprize without our hearing further from him, M. Carmichael waited on him, having to speak to him on other business, in order to give him an opportunity of explaining the cause of the silence. He began by apologizing in mentioning their embarassment as to the manner in which we were to be recieved and treated. Our commission partaking both of the second and third order of ministers they were at a loss in which to range us. It was probably thought necessary to decide on this beforehand as the laws of etiquette are observed with unrelaxing rigor here, and as there are very marked and humiliating distinctions established at this court between these two orders not only as to the manner of their  being recieved, but also as to that of their being treated afterwards. He concluded by assuring that some decision should be taken in a few days.\nWe conceived that we should act conformably to the intention of the President and the nature of the commission we had recieved, in not interfering in any way in this decision and in subscribing to whatever it might be.\nIt was notified to us two days afterwards in the usual manner that we were to be presented the day after and have an audience of the King, in a way which shewed that they had decided to consider us as of the second order\u2014a circumstance which could not have failed to have given weight to our negotiation and have facilitated us in it. We observed however in the letter of the Introductor of Ambassadors announcing this audience an expression which supposed our having delivered a copy of our credentials to the Duke. Although he had been informed at our first interview and also at the second which Mr. Carmichael had with him alone, that we had no other credentials than the commission of which we gave him a copy\u2014and although this was fully ascertained from our having given him copies of no other, (it being the constant usage to give to the minister previously, copies of all papers intended to be put into the King\u2019s hands) still as plenipotentiary powers in European courts are always accompanied by letters of credence, we judged it would be proper to repeat to him the peculiar circumstance of our having none, lest any embarassment should result to him, if perchance he had directed that mode of presentation without attending to it. We accordingly wrote him a note observing at the same time on the expression of the Introductor which had suggested to us the propriety of repeating this circumstance. To this he answered the same evening, that he had conceived we should be certainly provided with a letter of some kind for the King though not in the usual form, and that His Majesty had determined to recieve it as a letter of credence and give us the audience which had been notified to us. But that as we had no letter of any kind addressed to His Majesty, the presentation in the manner he had proposed was absolutely precluded by the etiquette established at this court. He added that we should be presented in some manner corresponding to our commission about which he should speak to us.\nFearing with reason that this would be made an additional pretext for procrastination, we determined to leave nothing undone to abridge it as far as depended on us. We therefore wrote to him immediately, reminding him of the length of the delay which had already taken  place since our arrival here\u2014expressing our disposition to subscribe to whatever kind of presentation he might judge proper\u2014our hope that it would be no impediment to our proceeding at present to business\u2014and our desire to be informed of the intention of His Majesty with respect to the designation of a person to treat with us. In answer to which we have just recieved the letter mentioned above, informing us of the nomination of M. de Gardoqui.\nWe should not have thought it worth while to have troubled you with these details of mere form if they had not been made the cause of so considerable a delay. We do not add copies of the letters alluded to because we have cited their substance and because we shall annex them to the journal of our proceedings under our joint commission. We have &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0210", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Simpson, 19 February 1793\nFrom: Simpson, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGibraltar, 19 Feb. 1793. He encloses a duplicate of his letter of 12 Feb. that went by the ship Perseverance of Philadelphia. He opened a box of velvets, silks, and broadcloth left with him by Barclay. The velvets are undamaged, the cloth received only trifling injury from moths, and three pieces of the satin are a little mildewed, but a good airing stopped this deterioration. After one box of the muslins was opened and judged undamaged, the rest were left alone. Several cases of \u201cAngelica and Cinamon Waters\u201d are on the inventory of presents. Muley Yezid welcomed such gifts, but it is improper to carry them \u201cin so great a quantity to that Country.\u201d If a treaty with Muley Suliman becomes politic, \u201cnothing of that Kind must be offerd.\u201d Barclay probably informed TJ of the ferment in the mountains near Tetu\u00e1n. The inhabitants have been pacified and are paying the annual tribute, in arrears since the death of Sidi Muhammad, to Muley Teib for his brother Suliman\u2019s use. Yesterday Mr. Classon, the Danish consul at Tangier, arrived from Kena, and says that Suliman is still at Mequinez, Ischem continues quiet at Morocco, and reports  current some weeks ago of revolt against Ischem in the middle provinces have not been confirmed. France has declared war on Russia, England, and Holland. He reiterates his disposition to be helpful by forwarding news until Barclay\u2019s successor arrives.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0213", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Carey, 20 February [1793]\nFrom: Carey, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWhenever you are pleased to favor me with my transcripts of the state-papers, I wish to proceed to the copying of many of the enclosures, which I omitted at first to insert in their proper places. I cannot indeed help regretting, that so many of the originals are missing, and, I fear, irrecoverably lost, unless the President has preserved copies of them. The want of them will oblige me to omit the resolutions of Congress, to which they gave birth\u2014it being my intention to add the resolutions, at the bottom of the page, by way of note to each letter, on which they were founded. I have the honor to be, with due respect, Sir, your most obliged & humble servt.\nJohn Carey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0214", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 20 February 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr. Coxe has the honor to inclose a further letter to Mr. Jefferson, on the subject of the Danish Trade received this day. He has not yet heard from R. Island, but he presumes the two houses will concur in the substance of their Information.\nMr. Coxe finds the Dutch Consul to think that the U.S. being within the limits of their E. India Company Spirits can be imported at the Companys duties 3\u00bd to 4\u00bd \u214c Ct. This may be the case on sufferance, which is a very bad footing; and it may be the Case in regard to Spirits distilled from Molasses, a west Indian raw material: but Mr. Coxe does not believe it would be the case on an experiment of Grain Spirits or fruit Spirits, of which it is agreed no trial in holland has yet been made. It is admitted by Mr. Heineken that the prohibition of flour, bread and pealed Barley, tho our produce, could not be avoided by the cover of the West India Company\u2014nor could the prohibitory duties of Beef nor the great duties on butter be so avoided.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0216", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Robert Montgomery, 20 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Montgomery, Robert\nSir\nPhiladelphia, February 20th. 1793\nThe President of the United States desiring to avail the public of your services as Consul of the United States for the Port of Alicant, in the Kingdom of Spain, I have now the honor of inclosing the Commission and a copy of the Laws of the United States, together with the copy of a Circular letter written to our Consuls and Vice-Consuls, the 26th. of August 1790, to serve as their standing Instructions. I am with sentiments of perfect respect, Sir, &c.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0217", "content": "Title: Notes on Alexander Hamilton\u2019s Report on Foreign Loans, [ca. 20 February 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nExtracts from Colo. Hamilton\u2019s letters to Mr. Short,laid before the H. of Representatives. Feb. 1793.\nA.H.\u2019s letter to W.S. Nov. 26. 92.\nin the observations on it to justify his idea of a suspension of payment for 6. months, a year, or much longer he says the Executive here had considered and admitted the propriety of a suspension of payments.\nThe opinion given in the first week of Nov. to the Presidt. by those whom he consulted was unanimously that after the dethronement of the king the government was become incomplete and incompetent to give a valid discharge for any payment, that therefore payments should be suspended till there was some legitimate body authorized to receive and discharge. Three out of four were of opinion the National convention, about to meet, would be such a body, but as we did not know whether it\u2019s meeting might not be prevented by the D. of Brunswick then marching directly on Paris, it was thought safest to suspend payment till further orders. Before such orders could be renewed, it was found there was no money left for them to operate on. They now await for money.\ndo. Aug. 29. 90.he confirms the loan made by our bankers without previous authority. (It was for 3. Milln. flor.) He destines 1\u00bd Milln. of it to French debt. Why was not the whole so destined? What other foreign purposes could be adequate to such a defalcation?\ndo. 91. May. 9.directions to Treasurer to draw 800,000\n24.to reserve in the hands of bankers 1\u00bd milln. of the next succeeding loan, and one million of the one immediately succeeding that for completing the purposes of the act for borrowing 12. Milln.\nNov. 1.has directed Treasurer to draw for 1. Milln. flor. and at the close of this month shall direct him to draw for another milln.\n30.the prices of the public debt here rendering it questionable whether to purchase with monies borrowed @ 5. per Ct. and there being reasons of the moment against beginning the redemption of the 6. per Cts. I shall forbear drawing for the 2d. milln. mentioned in my letter of 1st. inst. Payments for interest on Dutch loans for 92. to be out of monies borrowed abroad, which will leave in the Treasy. the sums which ought to be remitted for interest as part of the 2. Mills. authorised to be borrowed by the act for the redemption of the public debt.\n1792. Apr. 2.the Treasurer will draw for 500,000\u0192\u2014I consider it as for the interest of the U.S. to prosecute purchases of the public debt with monies borrowed on the terms of the last loan, and mean as fast as it can be done with safety to draw for a further sum of 2\u00bd millns. florins to complete the 3 millns. intended by my last mentioned letter\nJuly 25.has drawn for 500,000\u0192 and shall draw for 500,000\u0192\nby my letter of June 4. last your agency in the whole of the pecuniary business to continue and Mr. Morris as representative of the U.S. at France instructed to cooperate. I understand the Secy. of state that this instruction has been forwarded.\nSep. 13.Mr. Morris authorised to pay interest to foreign officers and to draw 105,000\u0192 for that\nDec. 31.has drawn for 1,237,500\u0192 and 24,750\u0192\n1790. Aug. 8.the Presidents instructions to A.H. committing to him the charge of borrowing under the two acts for 12. Mills. and 2 Millns.\nto employ W.S. except where otherwise specially directed.\nto borrow (within the limitations prescribed by law as to time of repayment and rate of interest) so much as necessary to pay instalments and interest of foreign debt becoming due before end of 1791. to apply the money to that with all convenient dispatch.\nnot to extend the loan beyond that amount unless it  can be done on terms more advantageous to U.S. than those on which residue of said debt shall stand or be.\nbut if residue can be paid off on terms of advantage you are to borrow and apply accordingly.\nempowers him to make the necessary contracts.\nif any negociation with any prince or state to whom any part of the debt is due be requisite he shall carry it on thro\u2019 the Minister &c of the U.S. with that prince or state \u2018for which purpose I shall direct the Secy. of state, with whom you are on this behalf to consult and concert, to co-operate with you.\u2019", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0218", "content": "Title: Notes on Conversations with William Stephens Smith and George Washington, 20 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nFeb. 20. 1793. Colo. W. S. Smith called on me to communicate intelligence from France. He had left Paris Nov. 9. He says that the French Ministers are entirely broken with Gouvr. Morris, shut their doors to him and will never receive another communication from him. They wished Smith to be the bearer of a message from the Presidt. to this effect, but he declined and they said in that case they would press it thro\u2019 their own minister here. He says they are sending Genet here with full powers to give us all the privileges we can desire in their countries, and particularly in the W. Indies, that they even contemplate to set them free the next summer: that they propose to emancipate S. America, and will send 45. ships of the line there in the spring, and Mirande at the head of the expedition: that they desire our debt to be paid them in provisions, and have authorised him to negociate this. In confirmation of this he delivers a letter to the Presidt. from Le brun, Minr. for forn. affrs., in which Le brun says that Colo. Smith \u2018will communicate plans worthy of his (the Pr.\u2019s) great mind, and he shall be happy to receive his opinion as to the means the most suitable to effect it.\u2019\nI had 5. or 6. days ago received from Ternant extracts from the letters of his ministers, complaining of both G. Morris and Mr. Short. I sent them this day to the Presidt. with an extract from a private letter of Mr. Short\u2019s justifying himself, and I called this evening on the Presidt. He said he considered the extracts from Ternant as very serious, in short as decisive: that he saw that G. Morris could be no longer continued there consistent with the public good, that the moment was critical in our favor and ought not to be lost: that he was extremely at a loss what arrangement to make. I asked him whether G. Morris and Pinckney might not change places. He said that would be a sort of remedy, but not a radical one. That if the French ministry conceived G. M. to be hostile to them, if they had been jealous merely on his proposing to visit London, they would never be satisfied with us at placing him at London permanently. He then observed that tho\u2019 I had unfixed the day on which I had intended to resign, yet I appeared fixed in doing it at no great distance of time: that in this case, he could not but wish that I would go to Paris, that the moment was important, I possessed the confidence of both sides and might do great good; that he wished I could do it were it only to stay there a year or two. I told him that my mind was so bent on retirement that I could not think of launching forth again in a new business, that I could never again cross the Atlantic: and that as to the opportunity of doing good, this was likely to be the scene of action, as Genet was bringing powers to do the business here, but that I could not think of going abroad. He replied that I had pressed him to a continuance in public service and refused to do the same myself. I said the case was very different: he united the confidence of all America, and was the only person who did so: his services therefore were of the last importance: but for myself my going out would not be noted or known, a thousand others could supply my place to equal advantage. Therefore I felt myself free: and that as to the mission to France I thought Pinckney perfectly proper. He desired me then to consider maturely what arrangement should be made.\nSmith in speaking of Morris said that at his own table in presence of his company and servants he cursed the French ministers as a set of damned rascals, said the king would still be replaced on his throne: he said he knew they had written to have him recalled, and expected to be recalled. He consulted Smith to know whether he could bring his furniture here duty free. Smith has mentioned the situation of G. Morris freely to others here.\nSmith said also that the ministers told him they meant to begin their attack at the mouth of the Missi., and to sweep along the bay of  Mexico Southwardly, and that they would have no objections to our incorporating into our government the two Floridas.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0219", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 20 February 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello Feb: 20: 1793.\nYour letter by the post before last has not yet reached Monto. and consequently we did not know of your having changed your resolution to retire in the spring till last week. The information throws a gloom over our prospects of happiness this summer and of course gives no joy at Monto. but your determination was received with much applause by the county at large where the interest in your fame is greater than that in your person. The different works over which you request my superintendance shall be forwarded with all my power and directed with all the little ability I have. My Gratitude and affection are so  strong that they will come near to Self-love alltho it is impossible for any motive to equal it in force.\nThe children and Patsy are in perfect health. Your sincere friend & hble Servt.\nTh: M. R: andolph\nDiary.\nM. Ob. Th.\nE. Ob. Th.\n35. fair.\n45. rain\n50. cloudy\n43. rain\n52. light clouds", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0220", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, 20 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: House of Representatives\nSir\nPhiladelphia, February 20th. 1793.\nThe House of Representatives, about the close of the Session before the last, referred to me the Report of a Committee on a message from the President of the United States of the 14th. of Feb. 1791, with directions to report to Congress the nature and extent of the privileges and restrictions of the commercial intercourse of the United States with foreign Nations, and measures for it\u2019s improvement. The report was accordingly prepared during the ensuing recess ready to be delivered at their next Session, that is to say, at the last. It was thought possible at that time, however, that some changes might take place in the existing state of Things, which might call for corresponding changes in measures. I took the liberty of mentioning this in a letter to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, to express an opinion that a suspension of proceedings thereon for a time, might be expedient, and to propose retaining the Report \u2018till the present session, unless the House should be pleased to signify their pleasure to the contrary. The changes then contemplated, have not taken place, nor, after waiting as long as the term of the session will admit, in order to learn something further on the subject, can any thing definite thereon be now said. If, therefore, the House wishes to proceed on the subject, the Report shall  be delivered at a moments warning. Should they not chuse to take it up till their next Session, it will be an advantage to be permitted to keep it by me till then, as some further particulars may perhaps be procured relative to certain parts of our commerce, of which precise information is difficult to obtain. I make this suggestion, however, with the most perfect deference to their will, the first intimation of which shall be obeyed on my part so as to occasion them no delay. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of the most perfect respect and Esteem, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0222", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Extracts of Letters concerning Gouverneur Morris and William Short, [20 February 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nEnclosureExtracts of Letters concerningGouverneur Morris and William Short\nPro memori\u00e2. Different extracts relative to the Minister Plen. of the U.S. in France.\nLetter from M. Le Brun Minister of foreign affairs to the Minister of France with the U.S. dated Sep. 13. 1792.\n\u2018We have been as much astonished, as piqued at the forms, and tone assumed by the American Minister. We expected to find in him dispositions which would manifest the close union which should prevail between two people animated by the same principles of liberty, made to esteem and love one another reciprocally on account of the connections and relations of interest which subsist between them. It has appeared that Mr. Morris is in no wise penetrated with these truths. He has on the contrary demonstrated humour [indisposition or dislike] towards us. The Provisory Executive council, informed of these facts, charges you to speak of it to Mr. Jefferson in suitable terms, and to express to him our discontent at the conduct of the American minister.\u2019\nLetter from the Minister of public contributions to the Minister of foreign affairs, a copy of which was inclosed in the preceding. dated Sep. 10. 1792.\n\u2018It is impossible not to see in the scruples manifested by Mr. Morris, on the subject of our present government, the man accused of giving counsels at the Palace, while they were plotting there against the principles of the constitution. I wish you, my dear collegue, to reflect very attentively on this Minister. His ill will is proved. It is in vain that he conceals it under diplomatic forms, which cannot be admitted between two nations who will not submit their liberty to the dangers of Royalty. In this point of view, the Americans of the U.S. are our brothers, and their Minister holding himself back from that candor which our situation exacts on their part, betrays them as well as us. I think it necessary then to inform the U.S. of his conduct, and to endeavor seriously to preserve us from the artifices of a man dangerous by his talents and the ill use he appears disposed to make of them.\u2019\nLetter from the Minister of foreign affairs to the Minister of France with the U.S. dated Sep. 19. 1792.\n\u2018I have sufficiently informed you, in my last dispatch, of the ill-dispositions of the American minister.\nThe resolution of Mr. Morris to chuse to quit Paris to go to London, appears to us extraordinary enough: and I do not dissemble to you that it gives room for suspicions as to the views and designs of this minister. But as he has since resumed the determination of remaining in France, and of waiting there the orders of his court, you may abstain from all reflections, and from taking any steps with Mr. Jefferson on the subject of that journey.\u2019\nPro memori\u00e2. Extract relative to Mr. Short.\nLetter from the Minister of foreign affairs to the Minister of France with the U.S. dated Sep. 19. 1792.\n\u2018We complain with reason of the conduct of Mr. Morris. But you will see by the letter inclosed of our Minister at the Hague, that we are not less founded in reason to complain of Mr. Short. We charge you specially to ask satisfaction from the American ministry on a fact so much the more serious as the object of Mr. Short was to hinder a banking house of Amsterdam to remit to our national treasury a sum which the U.S. had deposited in the hands of the banker to be there subject to our disposal. We suppose that in submitting this maneuvre of Mr. Short to the judgment of his employers they will not hesitate to manifest to him their dissatisfaction at it, and to prescribe to him to be more prudent and more circumspect in future.\u2019\nLetter from the Minister of France at the Hague to the Minister of foreign affairs. dated Sep. 11. 1792.\n\u2018Messrs. William & John Willink, merchants of Amsterdam, were charged by the U.S. to deposit in the hands of the house of Hoguer, Grand & co. a sum of 15, or 1600,000 florins. The American Minister Mr. Short repaired lately to Amsterdam, and pressed in strong terms the banker Hoguer, to engage by his receipt not to pay the remittance to the National treasury but on an approbation signed by the king. The discussion was as lively as long, and at length Mr. Hoguer held himself to the ordinary forms. This conduct of Mr. Short is perfectly consistent with his language, as well as the intimacy of his connections with the enemy-ministers.\u2019", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0223", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Pierre Billet, 21 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Billet, Pierre\nSir\nPhiladelphia, February 21st. 1793.\nA petition signed by a number of persons at Post Vincennes, of whom you are first named, has been presented to the President of the  United States, complaining 1st. of duties imposed on all merchandize which raise them to exorbitant prices with you: and 2. that you are not permitted to sell or trade in any thing but on paying immense sums. The President has had this petition under consideration, and I am charged by him to observe that if by the Duties complained of, you mean those imposed by the Spanish Government on supplies through the Missisippi, these are not subject to alteration by this Government. Relief from this must depend on the result of negotiations with Spain on behalf of our Western citizens for the free navigation of the Missisippi: but if by these duties is meant the impost paid on foreign importations on their entrance into our Atlantic ports, this depends on the Legislature of the United States, who would probably see great doubt and difficulty in taking off the imposts from those particular Articles of importation which are sent forward to your settlement.\nAs to the second Complaint, it is supposed to have in view the regulations established by the Legislature for the Indian trade. Some regulations were found to be necessary; those established were the result of the best information which could be obtained but might still be revised by the Legislature if it can be shewn that hardship and injustice result from any particular part of them: But such proofs should be brought forward and well articulated. In the mean time these regulations do not prohibit the disposal of any thing which is of the produce of your farms, the President will at all times feel peculiar happiness in contributing to relieve your settlement from any well-founded grievances. After desiring you to communicate this to your fellow petitioners, I subscribe myself Sir, Your most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0224", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Paul Gamelin, 21 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gamelin, Paul\nSir\nPhiladelphia Feby. 21. 1793.\nThe President has had under consideration the Petition of yourself and others, complaining of illegal acts committed on you by a body of armed men from Virginia in the year 1786, stating that you are pursuing redress through the channel of the Courts of Kentucky, have not yet been able to obtain it, and are unequal to a continuation of the expenses necessary for the object. Injuries for which the laws have provided a remedy, do not admit of any other interference; for what might be done in addition to the law to help the one party, would be considered as an oppression of the other. We are bound to believe that the Courts of Justice are equally open and impartial to both. If either party is too poor to prosecute or defend themselves, the laws in most of the States, and particularly as is believ\u2019d in that of Kentucky, provide for the maintenance or defence of the suit in form\u00e2 pauperis, and nothing is necessary to obtain this protection but an application to the Court and proof of the Condition of the party applying. I have it in charge from the President to assure you of the interest he feels in your situation, of his wishes that you may receive substantial justice, and his confidence that you will; regretting at the same time that the occasion does not admit of his being instrumental towards it. I beg the favor of you to communicate this to your fellow Petitioners, and am, Sir, Your very humble servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0225", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Wakelin Welch, Sr., 21 February 1793\nFrom: Welch, Wakelin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon 21 Feby 1793\nIn 1786 when I had the pleasure of settling and adjusting your account which left a Balance in favor of the Partnership of R. Cary & Co. \u00a388.13.4 flattered myself you would before now have sent me a Remittance for the debt arose from Goods shipd on Commission which only came to \u00a31.1.6. We ought not to sustain any loss. I have inclosed a Copy of the last settlement with the Interest \u00a324 making together \u00a3112.13.4 which I hope you will favor me with and if inconvenient to procure a Remittance may trouble Mr. Waller to receive it.\nAs to Mr. Wayles debt you assured me was very safe and partly owing to Mr. Waller\u2019s Father that it had not been before discharged. Mr. Eppes was the acting Executor during your absence and on your return you would be enabled to favor me with farther particulars but as yet, nothing has transpired. Relying on your promise & friendship am Your Excellcys Much Obliged Servt \nWake. Welch", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0226", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Crew, 22 February 1793\nFrom: Crew, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon Feby 22d 1793\nI take the liberty of enclosing for you the morning chronicle for this day; it contains a motion by Mr. Gray for an address to the King against the War with France, which paper may be acceptable to you, should the subject it contains not have reached you before.\nIn order the better to enable me to serve my friends, and that neither their interest nor my own may suffer should business at any time cause  me to be absent from London, I have given Mr. Thos. Allport of this City a concern in my business, and formed a copartnership with him which commenced the 1st. of last month. I shall think myself very much favoured should you at any time give us your commands.\nThis government offer 7/ \u214c bus. for American Wheat that may touch in England for orders, in order to prevent the French from being supplied. At the same time British Wheat is only 5/10 \u214c bus. I am, with the greatest Respect Sir Your most Obedt Servt\nRobt Crew", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0228", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Notes on Jefferson\u2019s Draft Report on Commerce, [22 February 1793]\nFrom: Berckel, F. P. van\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nEnclosureNotes on Jefferson\u2019s Draft Report on Commerce\nBy resolve of January 16th. 1786 the States General have determined, that no foreign built Vessel Can obtain a Mediterranean pass, which lessens the value of Such Ships materially.\nAt St. Eustatius, St. Martins and Cura\u00e7ao, the duties on American and all other foreign Vessels are but trifling, but at Surinam, Demerary and the other Dutch possessions in America, they are heavy, tho\u2019 it Cannot be exactly ascertained to what amount.\nLetters have been received from Amsterdam dated 24th. October last, in which it is mention\u2019d, that the export duties there on Goods to North America were by agreement entered into with the Dutch West India Company augmented one half perCent. Of this however no official account has been received.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0229", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, [22 February 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President, incloses him a letter he received from Mr. Short yesterday, by which he expected to leave the Hague on the 12th. of December: also the answers he has prepared to the two petitions from Post Vincennes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0230", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Ternant, 23 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nSir\nPhiladelphia Feb. 23. 1793\nI have laid before the President of the US. your notification of the 17th. instant, in the name of the Provisory Executive council, charged with the administration of your government, that the French nation has constituted itself into a Republic. The President receives with great satisfaction this attention of the Executive council, and the desire they have manifested of making known to us the resolution entered into by the National convention, even before a definitive regulation of their new establishment could take place. Be assured Sir that the government and the citizens of the US. view with the most sincere pleasure every advance of your nation towards it\u2019s happiness, an object essentially connected with it\u2019s liberty, and they consider the union of principles and pursuits between our two countries as a link which binds still closer their interests and affections. The genuine and general effusions of joy which you saw overspread our country on their seeing the liberties of yours rise superior to foreign invasion and domestic  trouble have proved to you that our sympathies are great and sincere, and we earnestly wish on our part that these our mutual dispositions may be improved to mutual good by establishing our commercial intercourse on principles as friendly to natural right and freedom as are those of our governments. I am with sincere esteem & respect, Sir, your most obedient & most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0232", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 24 February 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nFeby 24th: 1793\nThe enclosed letter came under cover to the President, and is by his direction transmitted to Mr. Jefferson.\nThe President sends likewise a letter from Mr. Vall Travers to him, with a request that Mr. Jefferson will peruse the same, and if it requires an acknowledgement that Mr. Jefferson would give it to Mr. Vall Travers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0233", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 24 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMy dear dear daughter\nPhiladelphia Feb. 24. 1793.\nWe have no letter from Monticello since Mr. Randolph\u2019s of Jan. 30. to Maria. However we hope you are all well and that there are letters on the road which will tell us so. Maria writes to-day. Congress will rise on Saturday next, a term which is joyous to all as it affords some relaxation of business to all. We have had the mildest winter ever known, having had only two snows to cover the ground, and  these remained but a short time. Heavy rains now falling will render the roads next to impassable for the members returning home. Colo. Monroe will stay some days after the rising of Congress.\u2014Bob was here lately, and as he proposed to return to Richmond and thence to Monticello I charged him with enquiring for the box with the servants clothes, should Mr. Randolph not yet have heard of it. It went from hence the 12th. of December by the Schooner Mary, Capt. Swaile, bound for Norfolk and Richmd. The capt. undertook to deliver it to Mr. Brown in Richmond. From these circumstances it may certainly be found. Perhaps however an enquiry at Norfolk may be necessary. Present me affectionately to Mr. Randolph. Kiss dear Anne and ask her if she remembers me and will write to me. Health to the little one and happiness to you all. Your\u2019s affectionately my dear\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0234", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Peyton Short, 24 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, Peyton\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Feb. 24. 1793.\nI have the pleasure to inclose you a letter from your brother. I had that of recieving one from yourself dated July 22. 1792. and mentioning that it covered one for him; as also a copy of the constitution of Kentuckey. But neither object was in the letter. Afterwards I received the Kentuckey constitution under another cover, but still no letter for your brother. I informed him of this circumstance and have his answer since. I shall be happy at all times to forward your mutual communications, and to be otherwise useful to you when any occasion arises, being with sentiments of perfect esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0235", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 24 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSunday 24th. Feb. 1793.\nEnclosed is a letter from poor Madam La Fayette! How desirable it would be, if something could be done to relieve that family from their present unhappy Situation.\nColo. Smith, yesterday, gave me the enclosed extract of a Letter from the House of Warder & Co. to one of their Partners in this City. Whether it is founded in fact, or with design to affect the prices of provision in this County, I know not. Nor whether it was a Communication for public or private information to myself, I am equally uncertain.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0236", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinions on Indian Affairs, [25 February 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nThe President having required the attendance of the heads of the three departments and of the Attorney general at his house on Monday the 25th. of Feb. 1793. the following questions were proposed and answers given.\n1. The Governor of Canada having refused to let us obtain provisions from that province or to pass them along the water communication to the place of treaty with the Indians, and the Indians having refused to let them pass peaceably along what they call the bloody path, the Governor of Canada at the same time proposing to furnish the whole provisions necessary, Ought the treaty to proceed?\nAnswer unanimously, it ought to proceed.\n2. Have the Executive, or the Executive and Senate together authority to relinquish to the Indians the right of soil of any part of the lands North of the Ohio, which has been validly obtained by former treaties?\nThe Secretary of the Treasury, Secretary at war and Attorney general are of opinion that the Executive and Senate have such authority, provided that no grants to individuals nor reservations to states be thereby infringed. The Secretary of state is of opinion they have no such authority to relinquish.\n3. Will it be expedient to make any such relinquishment to the Indians if essential to peace?\nThe Secretaries of the Treasury and War and the Attorney general are of opinion it will be expedient to make such relinquishment, if essential to peace, provided it do not include any lands sold or reserved for special purposes (the reservations for trading places excepted).  The Secretary of state is of opinion that the Executive and Senate have authority to stipulate with the Indians and that if essential to peace it will be expedient to stipulate that we will not settle any lands between those already sold or reserved for special purposes, and the lines heretofore validly established with the Indians.\n4. Whether the Senate shall be previously consulted on this point?\nThe Opinion unanimously is that it will be better not to consult them previously.\nTh: Jefferson\n Alexander Hamilton\n H Knox\n Edm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0238", "content": "Title: Commissioners of the Sinking Fund to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, 25 February 1793\nFrom: Commissioners of the Sinking Fund\nTo: House of Representatives\nSir\nPhiladelphia, February 25, 1793.\nIn pursuance of a resolution of the House of Representatives, bearing date the 19th day of this instant, we lay before them a Copy of the Journal of our Board, and a statement of the purchases made since our last Report to Congress. We have the honor, Sir, to be Your most obedient Servants.\nJohn Adams\n Th: Jefferson\n Alexander Hamilton\n Edm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0239", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Fenwick, 25 February 1793\nFrom: Fenwick, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBordeaux 25 feby. 1793.\nI had the honor of writing you the 10th. Inst. by the Pensylvania Capt. Harding, inclosing the declaration of war against England and Holland. I now have the pleasure to inform you that the national Convention of France on the 19th. Inst. decreed; that the vessels of the U.S. of America shoud be admitted into all their ports; both in the East and west Indias as well as in France, on the same terms with their own, and that all goods imported or exported to or from France and her Colonies by American vessels shoud be subject to the same duties as in french vessels. This offers singular advantages to the Americans in the carrying trade, and will add to the present great demand for their vessels in the ports of France.\nFrance is at present perfectly quiet. There is a decree for raising 300,000 men more than already in pay and every appearance of an immediate war with Spain. American produce is in great demand here at the prices quoted in a price current I inclose, with every prospect of their augmenting.\nI have the honor to Inclose you a report of the American vessels at this port for the last six months of the past year\u2014also a Copy of a Bond sent some time past for the faithful execution of the Consular functions. Mr. John Mason will be my security and will point out such other person as you may deem sufficient. With the greatest consideration I am Sir your most obedt & hble Servt.\nJoseph Fenwick", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0241", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jacob Hollingsworth, 25 February 1793\nFrom: Hollingsworth, Jacob\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSr\nElkton 25 Feby. 1793\nYours of 18 inst. I Receved with the inclosed act of Congress, Providing for Lost Certificates, as I am Reather unfortunate in that way, tho from the meany Proofes which I now, have Sent to my Brother, in Philada. and authorising him, that I shall Recive Justice, Did it not intrude on your Office; or too Great a Favour to ask you, I would Request your assistance in the Business, I have forwarded all my Pappers to my Brother Stephen Hollingsworth now in Philada. at Mr. Live Hollingsworth.\nSr. Mr. Biddle has your Letter to me with the Directions to your Farmes or Lands, and if you pleis Send me a Line of Directions, as there has two Young Men of Reaputable Famalys gon Last weak to See your Lands, and they Say if the Like it, Several famalys out of the Neighbourhood will go, Sum of which is Reconed good Farmars and good Livers tho Renters, as Rents are so High on the Eastern Side of Elk River that they are Ditirmined to Leave the County, thise Peopple are well aquainted with the Management of Small Stocks of Neagros, and the Meathod of Raising wheat, Coarn, and a number of them of Sowing Small Seed, I am fully of opinion if Mr. Taylor and  his frind Likis your Land you will Soon git your Lands Settled. Your vry Humb Sevt\nJacob Hollingsworth\nI will indeavour to git Mr. Biddle to Go to Philada. while your there.\nJH", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0242", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Ternant, 25 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nSir\nPhiladelphia Feb. 25. 1793.\nIn my letter of the 14th. inst. I had the honor to mention to you that it would take some days to estimate the probable calls on the treasury of the U.S. and to judge whether your application for three millions of livres to be laid out in provisions for the supply of France, could be complied with; but that in the mean time an hundred thousand dollars could be furnished in order to enable you to commence your operations. I have now to add that the residue of the three millions can be furnished on account, if you will be so good as to arrange with the Secretary of the Treasury such epochs as may be accomodated to the circumstances of the Treasury and to your operations also. We have very sincere pleasure in shewing on every possible occasion our earnest desire to serve your nation, and the interest we take in it\u2019s present situation. I have the honor to be with sentiments of perfect esteem Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0246", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andrew Ellicott, 26 February 1793\nFrom: Ellicott, Andrew\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Feby. 26th. 1793\nSome weeks ago I gave you to understand that a disagreement had taken place between the commissioners of the public buildings in the City of Washington, and myself; without any other information on that subject. I shall now be more particular with respect to the cause, which appears to be the remains of the former difference with Major L\u2019Enfant, added to the want of confidence, constantly manifested by the original proprietors, of the lands, in the City of Washington, in the requisite qualifications of the commissioners. I have taken up this opinion for the following reasons. First; because several of those, who were the most attached to Major L\u2019Enfant, embraced an idea that I had been concerned in the dismission of that gentleman, and immediately on my return to Geo. Town last spring, commenced my enemies, and used every misrepresentation in their power to injure me; which succeeded so well, that they actually drew the commissioners into the vortex. This I foresaw, and endeavoured to prevent, but to no purpose: their dissatisfaction became so manifest, that my situation was rendered too disagreeable, to be borne with patience. Secondly, A number, (too considerable,) of the original proprietors, who want confidence in the commissioners, considered me as an enemy to the  whole business, because I advocated their measures on several occasions, which some of the proprietors concieved to be injurious to the City. For this opinion I have more than mere conjecture, I have some of the proprietors own declarations.\nI can assure you, that after the disagreement was known in the district, the proprietors generally manifested the most perfect satisfaction with the execution of the business in which I was engaged: And Mr. George Walker, who has now gone to Europe, fearing that his name might be made use of to my disadvantage during his absence, furnished me with the certificate No. 1.\nAmong all the complaints, there is but one, that merits attention; which is delay. In answer to this charge, I must refer you to the certificates No. 2, and 3, given by gentlemen, more particularly acquainted with my exertions, and the nature of the business, than all the inhabitants in the district together\u2014they are too independent both in their circumstances, and principles, to deviate from the strictest integrity; and I am authorized to say, that every gentleman concerned in the executive business of the City, will certify to the same effect.\nAfter the publication appeared against me in the Baltimore Journal, I requested the commissioners to join in an investigation, that I might have an opportunity of either standing fair in the eye of the public, or meet the reward due to a neglect of duty;\u2014but this request was denied!\nFrom a consciousness that I have faithfully discharged my duty, and from a conviction that time will not only make it manifest; but likewise prove my attachment to the district of columbia, as the most proper situation for the permanent seat of the government of the United States, I shall retire from the business with perfect satisfaction.\nI wish you to acquaint the President of the United States, that he has my most sincere thanks, for the attention which I have received from him, and for the favours which he has conferred upon me, and that I shall always endeavour to deserve his approbation. I am Sir with much esteem, your real Friend,\nAndw. Ellicott", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0247", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Fay, 26 February 1793\nFrom: Fay, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nBennington 26th. Feby. 1793\nI feel so sensibly the many obligations you have laid me under by your expressions of friendship, that like others who wish to be mutually attached, I am induced to offer you my services in a matter of Interest, provided on a Stating you judge it an object worthy your Notice, and provided it will not interfere with your official situation.\nI have formed a Company for the purpose of procuring a Grant of two Millions of acres of Land in the Province of upper Canada, where the lands are Granting on very advantageous termes vizt. on paying the one half of the expence of surveying\u2014Two seventh parts to be reserved for the Crown and Clergy\u2014to be settled within five Years from next July. The Situation Soil and Climate are Good; And from the Great increase of population in this Country, joined with the Numerous Emigrants which we may expect from Urope, in consequence of the tumults in that Country, there remains little doubt but a rapid settlement will ensue. In addition to this, there is the highest probability that Great sums in Specia will also be drawn to this Country to be vested in lands which I judge cannot fail of rendering them in high demand. Should you join in Opinion with me, and find your Self at Liberty and inclined to undertake, I shall be happy to join your Name to the Company, to consist of about fifteen (a list of which I enclose\u2014all Gentlemen of known and approved Characters, and of strict integrity. I have wrote my friend in Canada advising him of this business requesting him to send me returnes immediately, of which I shall give you the earliest Notice.\nYou would be surpised to see what prodigeous numbers of people are Crouding into this State from the Lower Country, and even many are going quite to upper Canada, and many in this State are Selling their Farms and removing on to those New Grants. There has not been Scarsly a day since my return home from Phila. in which there has not between four and five hundred persons passed my house on their way to make settlement to the Northward. I mention this Circumstance for  your information, that you may be better able to judge of the prospects of this Country, and the advantages which will arise from obtaining my proposed Grant. Permit me to hope for your Opinion on this Subject, and to excuse the trouble I am Giving You, in the meantime please to accept the most friendly wishes of Dear Sir your most Obedient and very Humble Servant\nJos. Fay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0249", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 26 February 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nFebruary 26th: 1793\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to send to the Secretary of State a Copy of the proceedings of the Executive Department of the Government of the North Western Territory\u2014and a copy the laws passed there from the 1st. day of July to the 31st. of december 1792, which the President requests the Secretary to look over, and to report to him any thing that may therein appear to require the agency of the President, or that may be necessary to be known to him.\nThe President wishes to know whether Judge Turner has gone to the Territory or not. And if he should not be gone, that he may be pressed to go immediately.\nThe President likewise wishes to know when Governor St. Clair intends to go to his Government, as he conceives it highly proper that he should repair thither without delay.\nTobias LearSecretary to the President of the United States", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0250", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Adam Lindsay, 26 February 1793\nFrom: Lindsay, Adam\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNorfolk 26th. Feby. 1793\nBy this time I hope you have received 6 Boxes Candles by the Schooner \u2014\u2014 Capt Simpson. I intended them in Philadelphia two months ago\u2014but Myrtle Wax is only bought at Market in small Quantities of 4 to 10 \u2114. from the Country people and their prices vary so much I was under the necessity to limit the maker to a certain price to  avoid imposition. Respecting mixing Tallow with the Wax the maker says that some is absolutely necessary\u2014but provided they cou\u2019d be made without any mixture they wou\u2019d run so much in burning as to be very unprofitable. There is a small proportion to what was in the others; inclosed is the Bill which is larger than your order, hope it will be of no consequence. Our European intelligence is such as you have received by the December packet\u2014only one vessel from Rotterdam Last night which she left the 4th. Jany.\u2014says that Demourier had resigned in consequence of the National Convention protesting his bills and censureing him for Loseing 6000 Men in the battle before Mans. From the West Indies we hear that the Governors of Martinique and Gaudaloupe have fled to the English Islands, carrying the public money with them\u2014an armed schooner pursued the former but was three hours too late and finding this she stood to Trinidad after certain Characters fled there\u2014that the Emigrations was so great to Dominica and St. Vincents that the beach was lined with tents and Huts and the Government rather uneasy at the Great Numbers arriving constantly\u2014letters in town from the Cape say they have had a severe conflict with a large party of Negroes which were conquered and all put to the Sword\u2014shou\u2019d I receive any interesting intelligence from Europe or the West Indies by a short passage shall do myself the pleasure to inform you. I am Dear Sir with every Mark of Esteem Yr. Very Hbl. Servt.\nAdam Lindsay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0251", "content": "Title: Notes on Cabinet Opinions, 26 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nFeb. 26. 1793. Notes on the proceedings of yesterday. [see the formal opinions given to the President in writing and signed]\n1st. Question. we were all of opinion that the treaty should proceed merely to gratify the public opinion, and not from an expectation of success. I expressed myself strongly that the event was so unpromising that I thought the preparations for a campaign should go on without the least relaxation, and that a day should be fixed with the Commrs. for the treaty beyond which they should not permit the treaty to be protracted, by which day orders should be given for our forces to enter into action. The President took up the thing instantly after I had said  this, and declared he was so much in the opinion that the treaty would end in nothing that he then in the presence of us all gave orders to Genl. Knox not to slacken the preparations for the campaign in the least but to exert every nerve in preparing for it. Knox said something about the ultimate day for continuing the negociations; I acknoleged myself not a judge on what day the campaign should begin, but that whatever it was, that day should terminate the treaty. Knox said he thought a winter campaign was always the most efficacious against the Indians.\u2014I was of opinion since Gr. Britain insisted on furnishing provisions, that we should offer to repay. Hamilton thought we should not.\n2d. Question. I considered our right of preemption of the Indian lands, not as amounting to any dominion, or jurisdiction, or paramountship whatever, but merely in the nature of a remainder after the extinguishment of a present right, which gave us no present right whatever but of preventing other nations from taking possession and so defeating our expectancy: that the Indians had the full, undivided and independant sovereignty as long as they chose to keep it and that this might be for ever: that as fast as we extended our rights by purchase from them, so fast we extended the limits of our society, and as soon as a new portion became encircled within our line, it became a fixt limit of our society: that the Executive with either or both branches of the legislature could not alien any part of our territory: that by the Law of nations it was settled that the Unity and indivisibility of the society was so fundamental that it could not be dismembered by the Constituted authorities except 1. where all power was delegated to them (as in the case of despotic governments) or 2. where it was expressly delegated. That neither of these delegations had been made to our general government, and therefore that it had no right to dismember or alienate any portion of territory once ultimately consolidated with us: and that we could no more cede to the Indians than to the English or Spaniards, as it might according to acknoleged principles remain as irrevocably and eternally with the one as the other. But I thought that as we had a right to sell and settle lands once comprehended within our lines, so we might forbear to exercise that right, retaining the property, till circumstances should be more favorable to the settlement, and this I agreed to do in the present instance if necessary for peace.\nHamilton agreed the doctrine of the law of nations as laid down in Europe, but that it was founded on the universality of settlement there, consequently that no lopping off of territory could be made  without a lopping off of citizens, which required their consent: but that the law of nations for us must be adapted to the circumstance of our unsettled country, which he conceived the Presidt. and Senate may cede: that the power of treaty was given to them by the constitution, without restraining it to particular objects, consequently that it was given in as plenipotentiary a form as held by any sovereign in any other society.\u2014E. R. was of opinion there was a difference between a cession to Indns. and to any others, because it only restored the ceded part to the condition in which it was before we bought it, and consequently that we might buy it again hereafter. Therefore he thought the Exec. and Senate could cede it.Knox joined in the main opinion. The Presidt. discovered no opinion, but he made some efforts to get us to join in some terms which could unite us all, and he seemed to direct those efforts more towards me: but the thing could not be done.\n3d. Qu. we agreed in idea as to the line to be drawn, towit so as to retain all lands appropriated, or granted or reserved.\n4th. Qu. we all thought if the Senate should be consulted and consequently apprised of our line, it would become known to Hammond, and we should lose all chance of saving any thing more at the treaty than our Ultimatum.\nQu. whether we should furnish the 3. millions of livres desired by France to procure provisions?\nI was of opinion we ought to do it, the one part as an arrearage (about 318,000) the residue as an advance towards our payments to be made in Paris in Sep. and Nov. next.\nE.R. was for furnishing the whole sum asked but under such blind terms, that if the present French government should be destroyed and the former one reestablished, it might not be imputed to us as a proof of our taking part with the present, but might be excused under a pretext that we thought we might owe it.Knox of the same opinion.\nHamilton saw the combination of powers against France so strong, as to render the issue very doubtful. He therefore was against going beyond the 318,000.D. understood to be in arrear.\nThe Presidt. at this meeting mentioned the declaration of some person in a paper of Fenno that he would commence an attack on the character of Dr. Franklin; he said the theme was to him excessively disagreeable on other considerations, but most particularly so as the party seemed to do it as a means of defending him (the Presidt.) against the late attacks on him. That such a mode of defence would be peculiarly painful to him, and wished it could be stopped. Hamilton and E. R.  undertook to speak to Fenno to suppress it, without mentioning it as the President\u2019s wish. Both observed that they had heard this declaration mentioned in many companies and that it had excited universal horror and detestation.\nThe paper in Fenno must lie between two persons, viz Adams and Izard, because they are the only persons who could know such facts as are there promised to be unfolded. Adams is an enemy to both characters, and might chuse this ground as an effectual position to injure both. Izard hated Franklin with unparalleled bitterness but humbly adores the Presidt. because he is in loco regis. If the paper proceeds, we shall easily discover which of these two gentlemen is the champion. In the mean time the first paper leads our suspicions more towards Izard than Adams from the circumstance of stile, and because he is quite booby enough not to see the injury he would do to the President by such a mode of defence.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0252", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Pendleton, Jr., 26 February [1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pendleton, John, Jr.\nSir\nPhiladelphia Feb. 26. [1793]\nI have duly received your favor of the [13th. inst. and am?] sorry I cannot furnish you from hence with [what?] you desire, as it is lodged at Monticello, [where no other?] person can turn to it but myself. I  will [keep it?] in mind, and on my first return [there endeavor?] to send it to you. I am with great esteem Sir your most obedt. servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0253", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Stuart, 26 February 1793\nFrom: Stuart, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nHope-Park 26th: Febry: 93\nThe Bearer of this letter is Mr. Kennedy from King and Queen County, whose claim to the estate and title of Earl of Cassilis in Scotland, you have probably heard of. His chief object in going to Philadelphia, is to obtain proper credentials of his Father\u2019s marryage. He thinks, it may be of some service to him, to be made acquainted with the British Minister. Not doubting your disposition to render this, or any other service in your power, I take the liberty of introducing him to your notice. I must observe, that tho\u2019 my acquaintance with him has been but short, I have heard him mentioned with respect, by several of his neighbours from King and Queen. I am with great esteem Your most Obt. Serv\nDd: Stuart", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0254", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 26 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia Feb: 26th 1793.\nThe Minister of France may, as soon as he pleases, make arrangements with the Secretary of the Treasury for the payment of Three  Million of Livres on account of the debt due from the U: States to France (including the one hundred thousand dollars already ordered, in part) agreeably to the requisition of M. Le Brun Minister for Foreign Affairs in that Country, and In such manner as will comport with the State of the Treasury.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0256", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael, 27 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William\nPhiladelphia Feby. 27. 1793\nIn a letter from Mr. Jay of Mar. 14. 1786. papers were inclosed to you on the subject of the Dover cutter, taken out of the hands of certain citizens of this country by a Spanish governor in the Western islands for the use of the Spanish government, and no compensation made, and you were desired to apply for compensation. Mr. Jay addressed you afterwards on the same subject on the 24th. of Nov. 1786. the 14th. of May 1787. the 23d. of Sep. and 24th. of Nov. 1788. and I sent you new copies of all the papers in a letter of Apr. 11. 1791. and afterwards addressed you on it in letters of Nov. 29. 1791. and Apr. 24. 1792. No answer has ever been received from you on the subject. The persons interested now undertaking to look into the matter themselves and to convey the present letter, I have only to observe that your assistance to them will be no more than a compliance with the multiplied letters which have been written to you on this subject. I inclose you an original letter of theirs retracing the outlines of the case and informing you of the change in the parties interested, and am Sir Your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0257", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 27 February 1793\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMarseilles the 27th. February 1793\nI have received in time your Public as well as your Private Letters you did me the honour of writing me the 22 Last June, 8 october by your recommended Gentn. Doctor Watters who is Still in this Place Since Two Months and to whom all the Services in my Power, I render; as well as on your honoured Recommendation, as on his Merit; of the 6th. 9ber. Last, of the 14th. do. these Learning me your determination of Retiring in the next Month of your office of Secretary of State, which new I Learn with Great Concern, tho\u2019, it is Just after having So Much laboured for the welfare of your Country to take  Some Repos, in a Private Caracter, but I wish your Successor may be able of Filling that Emminent Post as well as you have done it, and I regret, that this event will deprive me of Corresponding So often with you; however I am and will be always at your Commands, and ask of you the favour of Some of your agreable Letters when you will have nothing else or Better to do. I hope Some days or other, you will be Placed by the unanimous votes to the most eminent Post of the united States. I have answered to your Public Letters, as you desired, to the Secretary of State at Philadelphia.\nI have also received the Letter of the Society of Charlestown for the agricultur inclosed in yours of the 2 Dbr. Last, I will take Some Shorter and Less expensive Means to execute your orders, than to hire one acre of Land &ce., I will not forgett it, Please to assure that respectuble Society to which I have not now the Time of answering.\nAll what I mentioned in my Private Letter one year ago, is then arived! what effect may have Produced that unfortunate and Shamef\u00fbll event for F-ce in your Country! now is no more Remedy and I can\u2019t enlarge on Such a Sorrowfull Subject!\nFrance is now in war with almost all the european Powers; I reffer you to my Memoir or reflexions on algerian affairs dated the 15th. Jan\u00fbary 1791\u2014if you may remain neutral US. will reap the great advantages to Carry on in their Ships almost all the Trade of the west Indies, and Europe, you will Supply us with wheat and flour. We apprehend an horid Famin before 3 Months; I could now freight to Sundry Merchants fifty american vessels if they were in this harbour, at very extravagant terms; the national Convention has reddressed the difference in the duty on Tobacco on your Bottom, and you may easily Conc\u00fbre with the French even in time of Peace, they have also allowed you the free trade with west Indies, and they have allowed the French to Purchase foreing vessels. An other object worth of the attention of america as Soon as this will reach you, it is that our new found Land fishers will not Go to the fishery, as they never Go when at war, with england; Last war the Duty Prohibitive on foreing Baccalao, was taken of and a very new dcreete toock place, it will be the Same, on the 1st. Reppresentation made; Then you may encourage your fish vessels to Come to this Markett next fall and winter, they will obtain monstruos Prices for their Baccalao here; at Lenght in any Line of Trade the Americans will undertake this way now; their Risk of the algerians, is not to be Compared with that the French and English will run by the war; it is now high time to fitt out 3 Frigattes for the Meditan. to Protect your Trade, and at the Same time try strongly for Peace with algiers, I regret very much, you have not honoured me  of that negotiation, I would have perhaps more advanced than Ths. Barclay Esqr.\nAll what I mention you, is only by the desire I have to See america become Soon a very Great and Powerfull Nation; matters presents now a fair aspect for that if England, by Jalousy does not, prevent you to enjoy of that Benefit. I have only time to add that I have the honour to be with great Respect is for ever Dear Sir Your most obedt. hum Serv\nStephen Cathalan Junr.\nMany respects and Kind Compliments from all my Family\nat 1 o Clock of the Morning\nFlour \u00a390\u20b6 per Barrel, and Soon \u00a3100 a 120\u20b6 Wheats in Proportion\nCarolina Rice \u00a345 per ql. 90 \u2114 english\nTobacco \u00a365 a 75\u20b6 per ql. Marc Weight.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0259-0002", "content": "Title: I. Resolutions on the Secretary of the Treasury, [before 27 February 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n[before 27 Feb. 1793]\n1. Resolved, That it is essential to the due administration of the Government of the United States, that laws making specific appropriations of money should be strictly observed by the Secretary of the Treasury thereof.\n2. Resolved, That a violation of a law making appropriations of money is a violation of that section of the Constitution of the United States which requires that no money shall be drawn from the Treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law.\n3. Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury, in drawing to this country and lodging in the bank the funds raised in Europe, which ought to have been applied to the paiments of our debts there in order to stop interest, has violated the instructions of the President of the United States for the benefit of speculators and to increase the profits of that institution.\n4. Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has deviated from the instructions given by the President of the United States, in exceeding the authorities for making loans under the acts of the 4th and 12th of August, 1790.\n5. Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has omitted to discharge an essential duty of his office, in failing to give Congress official information in due time, of the moneys drawn by him from Europe into the United States; which drawing commenced December, 1790, and continued till January, 1793; and of the causes of making such drafts.\n6. Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has, without the instruction of the President of the United States, drawn more moneys  borrowed in Holland into the United States than the President of the United States was authorized to draw, under the act of the 12th of August, 1790; which act appropriated two millions of dollars only, when borrowed, to the purchase of the Public Debt: And that he has omitted to discharge an essential duty of his office, in failing to give official information to the Commissioners for purchasing the Public Debt, of the various sums drawn from time to time, suggested by him to have been intended for the purchase of the Public Debt.\n7. Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury did not consult the public interest in negotiating a Loan with the Bank of the United States, and drawing therefrom four hundred thousand dollars, at five per cent. per annum, when a greater sum of public money was deposited in various banks at the respective periods of making the respective drafts.\n8. Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has been guilty of an indecorum to this House, in undertaking to judge of its motives in calling for information which was demandable of him, from the constitution of his office; and in failing to give all the necessary information within his knowledge, relatively to the subjects of the reference made to him of the 19th January, 1792, and of the 22d November, 1792, during the present session.\n9. Resolved, That at the next meeting of Congress, the act of Sep 2d, 1789, establishing a Department of Treasury should be so amended as to constitute the office of the Treasurer of the United States a separate department, independent of the Secretary of the Treasury.\n10. Resolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has been guilty of maladministration in the duties of his office, and should, in the opinion of Congress, be removed from his office by the President of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0259-0003", "content": "Title: II. William Branch Giles\u2019s Resolutions on the Secretary of the Treasury, [27 February 1793]\nFrom: Giles, William Branch\nTo: \nResolved, That it is essential to the due administration of the government of the United States, that laws making specific appropriations of monies should be strictly observed by the administrator of the finances thereof.\nResolved, That the violation of a law making appropriations of monies, is a violation of that article of the Constitution of the United  States, which requires, that no monies shall be drawn from the treasury but in consequence of appropriations made by law.\nResolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has violated the law, passed the fourth of August, one thousand seven hundred and ninety, making appropriations of certain monies, authorized to be borrowed by the same law, in the following particulars, to wit:\n1. By applying a certain portion of the principal borrowed, to the payment of interest falling due upon that principal, which was not authorized by that, or any other law.\n2. By drawing part of the same monies into the United States, without the instructions of the President of the United States.\nResolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has deviated from the instructions given by the President of the United States, in executing the authorities for making loans, under the acts of the fourth and twelfth of August, one thousand seven hundred and ninety.\nResolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has omitted to discharge an essential duty of his office, in failing to give Congress official information in due time, of the monies drawn by him from Europe into the United States; which drawing commenced December, one thousand seven hundred and ninety, and continued till January, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-three, and of the causes of making such drafts.\nResolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has, without the instructions of the President of the United States, drawn more monies, borrowed in Holland into the United States, than the President of the United States was authorized [to] draw, under the act of the twelfth of August, one thousand seven hundred and ninety, which act appropriated two millions of dollars only, when borrowed, to the purchase of the public debt; and that he has omitted to discharge an essential duty of his office, in failing to give official information to the commissioners for purchasing the public debt, of the various sums drawn from time to time suggested by him to have been intended for the purchase of the public debt.\nResolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury did not consult the public interest, in negociating a loan with the bank of the United States, and drawing therefrom four hundred thousand dollars at five per centum per annum, when a greater sum of public money was deposited in various banks, at the respective periods of making the respective drafts.\nResolved, That the Secretary of the Treasury has been guilty of an indecorum to this House, in undertaking to judge of its motives in calling for information which was demandable of him, from the constitution  of his office, and in failing to give all the necessary information within his knowledge, relatively to the subjects of reference made to him of the nineteenth of January, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-two, and of the twenty-second of November, one thousand seven hundred and ninety-two, during the present session.\nResolved, That a copy of the foregoing resolutions be transmitted to the President of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0260", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 27 February 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe President refers the enclosed letter and affidavit of Messrs. Brown & Francis to the Secretary of State, to report to the President what may appear to him proper to be done in the case stated.\nMr. Bourne, the Representative from Rhode Island, handed the enclosed to the President and will be ready to give the Secretary any further information, if required.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0261", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Martha Jefferson Randolph, 27 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Papa\nMonticello February 27, 1793\nI have just this moment recieved yours of Jan. 26, which by the negligence of the post has remained a fortnight longer than it ought to have done upon the road. We had already Learnt your resolution of continuing in Philadelphia by a Letter of a Later date to Mr. Randolph. I concieve your anxiety by what I feel my self. It was a cruel disapointment to me who had set my heart upon the pleasure of seeing you in march never to separate again farther than Edgehill. Having never in my life been more intent upon any thing I never bore a disappointment with so little patience. My Little cherubs have both been very sick Lately. The Little boy has recoverd but My dear Anna continues extremely unwell. Poor Jenny Cary has Lost her husband and her sister Lucy is married to a Mr. Teril with whom she goes to Kentucke this spring so that Aunt Carr will have only one of her children with her it being the intention of Sam to settle imediately upon his own Land in this neighbourhood. It is so Late that I shall not have time to write to dear Maria this evening indeed I am affraid she thinks I never intend it again and that that is the reason she has left off writing to me However I hope to redeem my credit by the next post. In the mean time present my tenderest affections to her and be assured dear and much loved Father that no one breathing possesses them more entirely than your self. Yours\nM. Randolph\nI have unintentionally hurt Petit by neglecting to mention him in my letters therefore I should be much obliged to you to say bien des choses\n to him or any other message you think proper. I am affraid you will scarcely be able to read my Letter but it is one o\u2019clock and the post goes of by day break. Once more adieu dear Father.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0263", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion on Military Rations, 28 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nHaving considered the note of the President of the U.S. to General Knox, on the subject of increased rations; we are of opinion, that a proposition to congress at this time concerning such increase would be inexpedient, even if the question were more free from difficulty, than it is. But liable as it is to objections, the inexpediency of such a proposition now, acquires double force.\nTh: Jefferson\nH Knox\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0264", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, with Jefferson\u2019s Note, 28 February 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThursday Morning 28 Feby. 1793.\nThe President requests the Secretary of State to call upon him this morning as he goes to the War Office so as to give him about 10 or 15 minutes conversation.\n[Note by TJ:]\nThis was to consult about the premature nomination of Judge Patterson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0266", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Timothy Pickering, 28 February [1793]\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr: Bradshaw has just returned with an Answer to your letter to the Judge of the district Court of Kentucky. He says he arrived at Lexington, on the 27th: of January. Mr: Innes being from home, Bradshaw was detained until the 8th: of February; and then waited three days for company through the wilderness.\nThe bearer Mr: Bradley will present to you the receipt for the fifty dollars which I advanced to Mr: Bradshaw, to be repaid by you.\nTimothy Pickering", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0267", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Arthur St. Clair, 28 February 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: St. Clair, Arthur\nFebruary 28th. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson with his compliments to Govr. St. Clair, has the honor to send him the inclosed copy of a paper received from Mr. Sargent, and to repeat the President\u2019s wish that Govr. St. Clair should repair to the north western territory as soon as might be.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0268", "content": "Title: George Washington to the Senate, with Jefferson\u2019s Note to Washington, 28 February 1793\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George,Senate\nGentlemen of the Senate\nI was led, by a consideration of the qualifications of Patterson of New Jersey to nominate him an associate justice of the Supreme court of the US. It has since occurred that he was a member of the Senate when the act creating that office was passed and that the time for which he was elected had not yet expired. I think it my duty therefore to declare that I deem the nomination to have been null by the constitution.\nTh: Jefferson will immediately have letters of summons prepared to convoke the Senate on Monday according to the form used on a former occasion.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0269", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert R. Livingston, [February\u2013March 1793]\nFrom: Livingston, Robert R.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nI find with great regret that a report which circulates here of your intention to resign your office gains credit. It appears to me that there are many motives as well of a public as of a private nature which should induce you to take this resolution with great deliberation. Your present station holds you up to the view of your country in the most conspicuous point of light. The attacks which your enemies in administration have made upon you have excited the public attention and served to convince those who were not acquaintd with your character of your attatchment to the Liberties of your country in a station in which it might have been expected that you would have some byass to a contrary sentiment. Not to have been [redirected?] by the spirit of the corps has done no little honor to your virtue and to your firmness. Will not the latter lose somewhat of its luster if by resigning at this period you suffer yourself in appearance to be drumed out of the regiment and that too when there is every reasonable ground to hope that upon the first vacancy you will be promoted to the command of the troops? The interest that the public will derive from your continuing in your present station independant of your talents experience and knowledge of business are too obvious to have escaped your observation. In a fluctuating government where the members of the legislature are constantly changing and only part of the year in session what better check is there on the encroachments of administration than one of their own body who shall refuse to concur in improper measures? A post in an enemies country serves at once to compell them to act with caution and as point of raliament for the broken troops of the garrison. I submit these hasty thoughts to your consideration and shall rejoice if you afford me an opportunity of contradicting the report which is so little relished by your friends and those of the country.\nHaving hitherto spoken to you as a statesman let me ask you a question as a philosopher which I have put in vain to those of this place (tho this indeed is no wonder since you will find by the list of members of your philosophical society at Philadelphia that it is impossible to find a philosopher at New York). Some time before it snows the air is extremely cold but immediately before the snow falls the thermometer rises many degrees it after falls again during the snow storm and almost always after it is over. If as is now the received opinion the air acts as a menstruum to disolve water it would hold more in solution while it was warm than when cold and the reverse of  what I have observed should take place it should be colder when the snow was about to fall than at any other time\u2014to what cause is this to be attributed? My own Idea is that water disolved in air is incapable of freezing as indeed is evident from water being held in solution in air When the thermometer is many degrees below the freezing point. But as warm air will disolve much more water than cold when the air becomes cold and its volume is diminished it brings the particles of water nearer they naturally attract each other quit the menstruum in which they were disolved [shoot?] into crystals and assume those regular forms in which snow is always found. In their passage from water to snow they give out a quantity of heat which occasiones the rise of the thermometer that is always observable just before the snow falls. This accounts for the two phenomena that distinguish snow from hail its regular formation and the fall of the thermometer\u2014its rise after the snow has fallen is natural since the cause that rendered it warm has ceased to operate and the renewed capacity of", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0270", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Adams, 1 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Adams, John\nSir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 1. 1793.\nIn consequence of the information I received from you on the first Wednesday in January that the list of votes for President and Vice President were received at the seat of government from all the states except that of Kentuckey, I sent a special messenger to the District judge of Kentuckey for the list of the votes of that state lodged in his custody, and by the return of the messenger received yesterday the inclosed letter for you, which he informs me contains the list. I have only to observe that tho\u2019 the term between the first Wednesday of January, and the second Wednesday in February was obviously insufficient at this season for the performance of the journey yet the law made it my indispensable duty to send the messenger. I have the honour to be with the most perfect esteem & respect Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0274", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, 1 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: House of Representatives\nSir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 1. 1793.\nHaving received information, on the first Wednesday of February, from the Vice-President of the US. that the list of Votes of the state of Kentuckey for President and Vice-President was not then received at the seat of government, I immediately, according to the injunctions of the law, dispatched to the district judge of that state a special messenger, to desire the list of votes lodged in his custody. The messenger returned yesterday. The expence incurred has been 150. Doll. as may be seen by the inclosed vouchers. No particular fund having been provided for this demand, I take the liberty of laying it before the house of representatives and have the honor to be with the most perfect respect, Sir, Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0275", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion on the American Debt to France, 2 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nThe President communicated to the Secretary of State, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary of War and the Attorney General of the United States, a letter from William S. Smith Esqr. of the 28th. of  February past, to the Secretary of the Treasury, with sundry Papers No. I. II. III and IV. relating to a negotiation for changing the form of the debt to France; and required their opinion what answer should be returned to the Application.\nThe opinion unanimously is, that the Secretary of the Treasury shall inform Mr. Smith that the Government of the United States have made and engaged payments to France to the extent which is at present consistent with their arrangements; and do not judge it adviseable to take any measures on the Subject of his Application.\nMarch 2nd. 1793\nTh: Jefferson\nAlexander Hamilton\nH Knox\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0276", "content": "Title: Notes on the Giles Resolutions, 2 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nMar. 2. 1793. See the papers of this date, Mr. Giles\u2019s resolutions. He and one or two others were sanguine enough to believe that the palpableness of these resolutions rendered it impossible the house could reject them. Those who knew the composition of the house 1. of bank directors. 2. holders of bank stock. 3. stock jobbers. 4 blind devotees. 5 ignorant persons who did not comprehend them. 6. lazy and good humored persons, who comprehended and acknoleged them, yet were too lazy to examine, or unwilling to pronounce censure. The persons who knew these characters foresaw that the 3. first descriptions making \u2153 of the house, the 3. latter would make \u00bd of the residue, and of course that they would be rejected by a majority of 2. to 1. but they thought that even this rejection would do good, by shewing the public the desperate and abandoned dispositions with which their affairs were entrusted. The resolutions were proposed, and nothing spared to present them in the fullness of demonstration. There were not more than 3. or 4. who voted otherwise than had been expected.\nIt is known that Murray of Maryld. deals in paper.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0277", "content": "Title: Report on the Proceedings of the Northwest Territory, 2 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nThe Secretary of State has examined the Journal of the Proceedings in the Executive department of government Northwest of the Ohio from July 1. 1792. to Dec. 31. 1792. referred to him by the President of the United States, and thereupon\nReports\nThat there is nothing contained in the said Journal which calls for any thing to be done on the part of the President of the United States.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0278", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jacob Hollingsworth, 3 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hollingsworth, Jacob\nSir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 3. 1793.\nI have duly received your favor of Feb. 25. and called yesterday on your brother to enquire in what state your affair was. He told me that he had, some days before, delivered the papers to the principal clerk of the Auditor, who had promised to examine them and communicate his opinion. I therefore desired your brother that if any difficulties should arise to the removal of which I could be useful, he would let me know, and I should chearfully give my aid to the obtaining justice for you.\u2014 I am sorry the two persons you mention to have gone to look at my lands, should have gone without asking a letter from me, they will naturally fall into the hands of the overseers on the spot, who will be interested to impress them as disadvantageously as possible, and perhaps to shew the bad and hide the good. I would have given them a letter to my son in law, who would have given them a full view. Should any others wish to go, whom you would recommend, be so good as to drop me a line, and I will send them a letter to my son in law, pointing out to him precisely the lands to be shewn, and all necessary circumstances for their information.\u2014As soon as the roads become quite good in the spring I propose to take a trip to Brandywine to endeavor to procure there a tenant for a mill I am building. I may perhaps go on to Elkton, or contrive that Mr. Biddle may meet me at Brandywine. I am Sir your humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0281", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Dowse, 4 March 1793\nFrom: Dowse, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nOstend 4th. March 1793\nHerewith will be deliver\u2019d to you a Table Sett of China contain\u2019d in Two Boxes, which I had made for you at Canton, agreeably to your Excellency\u2019s desire, when I had the pleasure to see you at the Isle of Wight in the year 89.\nIt is so long ago, that possibly you may have supplied yourself already, or the China may not be executed to your liking, in either case, I beg you would not think it necessary to retain it; but send it back to me at Boston, where I expect to be in about two months from this; and I shall not draw upon you for the amount, untill you inform me that China is entirely to your liking. I am, with great respect, Sir, Your Most Obedient Servant\nEdward Dowse\nPS As I shall sell my Ship at Ostend, I am obliged to send you the China by the way of Charleston So. C.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0283", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 4 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson, with his respects to the President, incloses him a letter from the Van Staphorsts & Hubbard quieting our apprehensions for the fate of the first dispatches sent to Mr. Short relative to our negociations with Spain.\u2014Also another letter from Mr. Thatcher on the subject of the Marshal of Maine.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0284", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Clinton, 5 March 1793\nFrom: Clinton, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew York 5th. March 1793\nI had not the honor of receiving your letter of the 17th. of February before the 28th. Since which time I have been endeavoring to discover, where the Indian Treaties that you request, are deposited but my researches have hitherto been unsuccessful. Our Indian affairs were formerly under the direction of a superintendant, the last of whom was Sir John Johnson, and I am inclined to believe that most of the papers respecting Indian Affairs were in his possession at the commencement of the Revolution and either destroyed or carried off by him within the British Lines. In our Secretary\u2019s Office there are certainly none that would be of any use. I have however reason to suppose, that there may be some Records of Antient Indian treaties in the Clerk\u2019s Office of the County of Albany, and have written to him to furnish me with copies if he should discover any. Will you please to let me know whether transcripts of those made under the State Government are required. I am With the greatest Respect and esteem Your most Obedt. humle. Servt.\nGeo: Clinton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0285", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Donald, 5 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Donald, Alexander\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 5. 1793.\nMy last to you was of Nov. 11. since which I have received your several favors of Sep. 6. Nov. 7. Dec. 12. and Jan. 5. by all of which I see proofs of your friendly dispositions in your attention to the small-stuff  commissions I trouble you with. The bill for \u00a337\u201310 drawn by Count Andriani in favor of Mr. William B. Giles was to answer for a watch which the latter gentleman desired me to order for him from Paris. When I lodged the bill in your hands, I at the same time wrote to a friend in Paris to have the watch made and to draw on you. A change in the circumstance of price occasioned him to write back to me for new instructions: in the mean time Mr. Giles provided himself here, so that the object came to an end, and I have now to desire you to hold the proceeds of his bill subject to his order.\u2014The winter has been remarkeably mild, and as remarkeably dry through the first half of it, insomuch that the rivers did not fill sufficiently for navigation, and I began to fear that my Bedford tobacco would not be brought down. However for 6. weeks past we have had uncommonly great rains so as to fill the rivers abundantly. A great want of cash has been experienced lately at this place. Perhaps a greater was never known. The banks have for a considerable time stopt discounts, and nothing but the generality of the distress producing a generality of indulgence has prevented a number of stoppages of payment being formally declared. This distress has occasioned a great deal of public paper to be brought to market, and a consequent depression of it\u2019s price, insomuch that the 6. per cents are now at 18/3 and as yet falling. This need not affect the confidence of those who hold the public paper. There is not upon earth a more solid property: and tho\u2019 one party here affect to charge the other with unfriendly dispositions towards the public debt, yet I believe there is not a man scarcely in the United states who is not sacredly determined to pay it; and the only difference which I can see between the two parties is that the republican one wish it could be paid tomorrow, the fiscal party wish it to be perpetual, because they find in it an engine for corrupting the legislature.Bank property stands on very different ground; as that institution is strongly conceived to be unauthorised by the constitution, it may therefore be liable to shocks.\u2014We expect that by this time you are at loggerheads with your neighbors. The more you fight, the more you will eat and waste, and the less you will make. Fight on then; leave us at peace, and let us feed you while you clothe us. Adieu my Dear Sir your affectionate friend\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0287", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Eppes, 6 March 1793\nFrom: Eppes, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nRichmond March 6th. 1793\nYour favour of 27 of Febry. came to hand last Evening. I am sorry to find the prospect of procuring money for Jack to attend the Commissioners is rather more uncertain than when I wrote you last, the expectation of Cash from Carys Executor is at an end if the chancilor shou\u2019d direct him to pay our debt (which I expect will be determind to day) he has nothing but bonds to do it with, as every Negro belonging to the Estate was sold in Janry. last at a credit of nine and twelve months, however, shou\u2019d money be put into my hands I will remit it in time for the purposes you mention. The balance due us from Cary\u2019s Estate is \u00a32049 with about five years and a half interest. I am Dr Sir your Friend\nFrans. Eppes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0289", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 6 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 6. 1793.\nThe bearer hereof Mr. Kennedy is a citizen of the commonwealth of Virginia, and lays claim to the estate and title of the Earl of Cassilis of Scotland, lately mentioned in the public papers to be dead. He goes to Great Britain to claim the inheritance. As this will be a private litigation before the ordinary tribunals of the country, he will of course pursue it in that line, and we have no doubt but that those tribunals will do him all the justice which his proofs shall shew him entitled to. Should the contrary happen in such a manner as to justify and call for your interposition, I recommend him to your aid and patronage so far as shall be requisite for the purposes of right, and within those general rules which limit the extent of your interference. I have the honor to  be with great respect & esteem, Sir, Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0290", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Vicomte de Rochambeau, 6 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rochambeau, Donatien Marie Joseph de Vimeur, Vicomte de\nSir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 6. 1793.\nThe bearer hereof, Mr. Skipwith, Consul for the United States in Martinique, having had occasion to absent himself for some time on his private affairs, now returns to that island. Permit me to present him to your notice and to hope that he will recieve those aids in the exercise of his functions, which the Convention between our two countries has stipulated, and their friendly dispositions towards each other leave no room to doubt. The imperfect information we receive here of what is passing in the islands leaves me uninformed of the particular public characters to which we may appeal for their patronage of our citizens and their rights: but the personal acquaintance I have had the honor of having with you, assures me that either as a public or private man, I may put the rights of the citizens of the United states under your protection. I have the honor to be with great & sincere esteem and respect, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0291", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 6 March 1793\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nAranjuez March 6. 1793\nI had the honor of writing to you on the 3d. ulto. from Madrid announcing to you my arrival there on the 1st. Since then M. Carmichael and myself have written to you a joint letter of the 19th. ulto. informing you of such circumstances as had then taken place concerning the business with which we are jointly charged\u2014and particularly of the nomination of M. de Gardoqui to treat with us. We  shall continue to write to you jointly on those subjects in proportion as any progress may be made in them.\nAs yet no step having been taken since the nomination of M. de Gardoqui, and we being amused with dilatory promises from day to day of commencing the conferences, although we know that he has not yet received either his instructions or his full powers, I cannot help thinking that they have some particular motive for delay in this business, over and above the standing rules of procrastination in all business. None presents itself so naturally to my mind as the present perhaps unsettled relation in which they stand to England and France. The eve of any other war than one which will throw them into the English scale would have been a favorable moment for our negotiation. It is highly probable this will be of a contrary tendency. I think I have seen enough already to be convinced that they will come to no favorable conclusion with us under present circumstances and I should be wrong not to express to you this my opinion\u2014though you may rest assured we shall leave no effort unemployed on our part. In the mean time I am confirmed in my opinion of its being a personal misfortune to me to have been sent so far on this business. I count for nothing the length and fatigue of such a journey in the middle of the winter and in a state of health little adapted to such an undertaking\u2014but as I suppose that mission must have attracted public notice in America so its producing nothing cannot but be followed by public dissatisfaction. I trust the President who will have a knowlege of all the circumstances will attribute it to its true causes\u2014but the public will only judge from events without enquiring into causes. M. Car. thinks that any time since the formation of our new government would have been more favorable than the present for our business. He is firmly persuaded he could have settled it without difficulty in 1790 if he had had the proper powers\u2014and also that if he had been charged with standing full powers he could have found opportunities of doing it since then. Motives of delicacy probably prevented his suggesting this in time and asking to be furnished with those powers without which he could certainly have had few opportunities of bringing the minister in his crowd of business to attend to him. As it is the invariable usage of European courts (and by which European ministers will be guided in forming their opinion) to have standing plenipotentiary powers when there are objects of much less importance in discussion between them, the minister would have inferred from the contrary either an indifference in the U.S. to the business itself or an indifference to its conclusion at that time. It might be added too that he had other grounds also which have been mentioned to me here for supposing this indifference in the U.S. or in some of them. Independent  of these considerations there are others which it will suffice simply to present to your recollection. I have frequently heard you remark the inconveniences to which were subjected at Versailles those members of the corps diplomatique even of the second order whose turn to speak to the minister came late. You could have little opportunity of observing it as to those of the third or residuary order, in which are classed charg\u00e9s des affaires, residents and all inferior characters, as the few who were at that court were there by interim and seldom employed in any business which required their speaking to the minister\u2014being destined for the most part only to write news for the amusement of those who employed them. At this court that class of persons is separated from the first and second class of foreign ministers by humiliating distinctions which did not exist at Versailles\u2014and which cannot fail more or less to have an unfavorable influence on any negotiation they may be employed in with European ministers\u2014so long as European ministers continue to be the same men and have the same sentiments as at present. Of this you would be sensible if I were to take up your time with mentioning them. I will only mention what will strike you more forcibly from your experience and recollection of the manner of doing business with a Minister of foreign affairs on this side of the Atlantic. You cannot have forgotten with how much caution a particular audience is to be asked by a foreign minister and how seldom it must be repeated\u2014you will readily concieve that the caution must be still greater and the repetition less seldom, by a person of the inferior order\u2014and particularly here. Mr. Carm: could therefore only have counted on the public audience day for seeing and conversing with the minister. Let him have arrived at what hour he would he could not be admitted until all of the first and second order had had their audience although they should have arrived hours after him. Thus it would often happen that the time allotted for the audience expiring before those of the second order had done\u2014those of the third were accordingly put off until the next audience day\u2014when the same thing might and often would happen again\u2014if it did not then such of the third order as had their turn would find the minister already wearied by all those who had preceded\u2014often out of humour\u2014impatient to be at the end, little in condition to attend to business of the nature of that of which M. Carmichael had to speak to him\u2014and less in a disposition to do it when he would reflect that not being charged with plenipotentiary powers\u2014conversations with him must end in nothing or could only serve to commit him (the Minister) without being binding on the U.S. Accordingly you observe how long a time it took to obtain from him a simple letter accompanied by verbal\n assurances. Although this was in fact nothing more than adjourning the business to Philadelphia yet it would have been of importance if Ct. de Florida had remained in the Ministry and was certainly as much as could have been expected or could have been obtained by any person in the situation of Mr. Car. and with no other powers than those he had. I cannot help regretting therefore that M. Car. had not resided here with ordinary plenipotentiary powers not only because I am persuaded that better opportunities than the present must have occurred\u2014but also because I am convinced from my own observation and the practise and experience of all the powers of Europe both great and small that it is the most eligible mode of negotiating all kinds of business which admit of delay\u2014and by far the most convenient for the complaining party. Under this mode if the business should not succeed it at worst remains in statu quo\u2014and as there is no public evidence of an express demand being made so there is none of a refusal being recieved, and of course a greater facility in postponing the time of trying other modes of redress, than when a commission is formed and powers given ad hoc\u2014in which case the non success of the business becomes as it were a refusal of justice of public notoriety\u2014and of course embarassing to the party refused, unless indeed where the determination is fixed of resorting immediately to the ultimate tribunal of redress for injured nations. This is one of the principal reasons probably why it has grown up into established usage for all the nations of Europe without any exception among those who are in the possibility of having any discussion between them to furnish their respective agents with standing plenipotentiary powers. Commissions ad hoc are thus avoided except either in desperate cases where war is absolutely decided on in case of refusal, or where they become indispensable from there being no ordinary minister as in treating of peace during the war &c. or for a particular object out of the line of ministerial functions as the fixing of limits or of damages &c. after the principle having been established by previous treaty. The usage of employing agents with plenipotentiary powers however low the salary and of abolishing those of the third order (except by interim) has been increasing from early in the present century and has of late years as you will see by simply adverting to their diplomatic establishments, become universal among European powers. It has been found more necessary for those who had not adopted it, in proportion as the number of those who had adopted it, increased. England has in consequence thereof for some years past made their secretaries of embassy (at the three European Courts where they keep Ambassadors) Ministers Plenipo: and other powers have in several instances adopted the same usage. I hope you will excuse my having digressed into these particularities as it seems to me probable they\n may have escaped your notice from the particular circumstances of the Court at which you resided. I am fully persuaded, and as I think, you will be from this view of the ground that the interests of the U.S. have suffered here from their having not conformed in this respect to the practise of all the nations with which this Country is accustomed to treat of objects of any importance.\nHow far this may be remedied will depend much on the future circumstances of this country. At present I think it my duty to give you the superficial view which so short a residence has enabled me to take of their present, though a very uncertain means of judging of their future, situation.\nIt is one of the characteristics of the French revolution to affect sensibly the minds and affairs of their neighbors. This country was of course not exempt from that influence. I learn since my arrival here that all the leading events which had taken place in France however various and opposite in their nature had found each their censurers and approvers here\u2014this together with the successive changes which have taken place in the ministry of this country had produced a variety of contending impressions on the public mind that rendered it difficult to ascertain the nature and force of the public opinion. The news of the horrible catastrophe which took place at Paris on the 21st of Janry. seems to have compressed all this into one mass of sentiment, directing the feelings of all to this single event, which produces the same impressions on the mind of all. Whether a sentiment so violent will be lasting I cannot say, but it may be affirmed I think with certainty that there has been no instance of national hatred and animosity being more fully and unquestionably expressed. All orders from the highest to the lowest have given proofs of this in different ways. All foreigners who are taken for Frenchmen are exposed to be insulted by the people. At Madrid particular kinds of dress are proscribed by them as being French\u2014in the theatre particularly they exercised this kind of despotism, in the presence of the magistrate who is always there to prevent disorder and who did not interfere. Accounts from the provinces shew the same dispositions there. In some parts of Catalonia where the French supposed they had the greatest number of friends the magistrates have been obliged to exert themselves to prevent the massacre of those who resided there. At Valencia, a mob rose broke the windows of all the French houses\u2014plundered two considerable magasines belonging to them, the proprietors having first escaped by flight, and would unquestionably have proceeded to greater excesses, but for the interference of the governor\u2014and several ecclesiastics. The rich nobility and clergy are daily making offers of assistance both in men and money, in case of war to an amount\n beyond what could have been expected from them notwithstanding they consider it as a war for their orders, privileges and fortunes. Several have begun already to recruit from among their vassals in whom they find a readiness to enlist of which there is no example here. The Kings recruiting officers are also employed and meet with the same success. The cities and corporations have followed the example of the nobility and clergy in the offers they are making\u2014emulation is excited among all orders and individuals by the lists of the offers made, being published daily with the names of the persons. All these promises will probably not be complied with in their full extent, yet they shew that the King would find resources on this occasion far beyond what has taken place or could be expected on any other. The government has issued orders for the expulsion of all Frenchmen [from] the Kingdom, with [the] exception of a few descriptions only. These orders embracing a great number of persons engaged here in various kinds of business have been executed with a degree of expedition and rigor which has exposed all of them to much injury and many to ruin. They will of course return to their country accompanied by despair and rage and under the present form of French government and in the present state of mens minds in that country, this circumstance cannot fail to have a very considerable influence there. This measure might justly therefore be deemed impolitic if there be a desire still as is supposed by some to avoid being forced into war. It must be observed however that the imprudence of some of the French inhabitants in foreign countries has been carried to a degree of indecence under the present crisis that it was difficult to pass over unnoticed.\nThe several circumstances which have taken place between France and Spain under the administration of Ct. D\u2019aranda and the present, of which you have been of course informed, will have served to have shewn you beyond all doubt the sincere desire which this country had to preserve peace. As they seemed at last to give up every other point and contend alone for the preservation of the life of the unfortunate monarch, it was natural to expect that the horrible event which took place would have brought this country at once to an open decision. Several considerations have probably contributed to prevent it as yet. The older part of the ministry have grown up with prejudices against English policy and suspicions of their designs. They see that war will necessitate union between them and place this country at their mercy in future, as to their foreign possessions. It is difficult to exempt themselves at once from long rooted suspicions\u2014they are therefore averse to the war as uncertain in the advantages it may procure to  their interests in France and certain in its disadvantages to Spain. The Queen and the young principal minister are in fact averse to the war also for many obvious reasons. In all other cases they govern without control. But since the reciept of the news [of the] event of the 21st. the King\u2019s desire of revenge, added to the kind of point of honor not to be in arrear of the other monarchs of Europe, whilst he is the nearest relation and the head of the Bourbon family, have so decided him, that it is thought the Queen and the young minister not venturing to oppose openly the King\u2019s sentiment have thought it best to subscribe to it. Still this kind of conflict would necessarily have occasioned delay. Besides it has been thought proper perhaps not to declare before completing the preparations which are carrying on with great activity\u2014and the desire of bringing in Portugal with certainty if France should be the aggressor has probably also had influence on the delay here.\nThe French minister who resided at Madrid was admitted to conference and treated with until the King\u2019s death was known. From that time it ceased and it having been signified to him not to come to this residence of the court he has [set] out with his family for France. His Secretary of legation still remains at Madrid and has not been comprehended in the late order for the expulsion of French inhabitants.\nUnder this view of circumstances war must be considered as hardly to be avoided unless by some miraculous change in affairs. Mr. Jackson the English Min. Plen. has been urging it by all the means in his power and seems confident of success. It is natural for England being engaged in the war herself to endeavour to draw in others and particularly this country. The English Ambassad. arrived at Corunna the 26th. ulto. and is now on his road to this place. You will have learned from London that the affair of Nootka has been finally settled there. Money has been already sent to effectuate the payment of the damages agreed on.\nIn the case of war I know on unquestionable authority that [it] is the intention of this government to prohibit all kinds of French productions and manufactures, in whatever vessels they may be brought to this country. This will of course render the English commerce and manufactures more necessary to them.\nThe Algerines have declared war to the Dutch\u2014the usual mode of pacification will no doubt ensue. Some of their vessels having been taken by the Algerine cruisers and carried in to Algiers, the Dey, contrary to usage, ordered them to be released because taken before the expiration of the term he had allowed in his declaration. It is reported that he has lately published or renewed his declaration of war against the U.S. [I beg pardon for so long and tedious a letter and have the honor to be &c. &c\nW: Short]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0292", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Fulwar Skipwith, 6 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Skipwith, Fulwar\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 6. 1793.\nI duly received your favor of Feb. 12. and knowing my situation you will be at no loss to ascribe the delay of my answer to the pressure of other business. I now inclose you a letter for M. de Rochambeau. I have not applied for one from the French minister lest the circumstance of his being recalled should excite some delicacies about writing official letters. We are told that a Mr. Genest may be hourly expected as his successor. Wishing you every success & happiness you can desire I am with great esteem Dear Sir your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0294", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 7 March 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMarch 7th. 1793\nMr. Coxe has the honor to enclose to Mr. Jefferson, a copy of a proceeding of the late board of Treasury, confirmed on the 21st. April 1787 by Congress (see page 55. Vol. 12. Journal of Congress) which he presumes to be the object of enquiry. It would have been transmitted sooner, but the gentlemen in the Secys. office being unable yesterday to find it, Mr. Coxe employed two of his Clerks this day on the Subject, being convinced, that some thing of the kind must exist.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0295", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 7 March 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 7 March 1793\nEnclosed you have Copies of what I had the Honor to write on the twenty fifth of January and thirteenth of February also the Copy of a Letter of the twelfth of February from Mr. Pinkney with my Answer of the eighteenth. I send these last to the End that due Attention may be paid to such Vessels as may be furnished with his Passports and which may perhaps prove to be british Bottoms. I am so well perswaded that the United States will strictly observe the Laws of Nations and rigidly adhere to their Neutrality that I am solicitous to prevent a Practice which might expose us to Suspicion and finally involve us in War. On this Chapter it is proper also that I should communicate a fact which I have mentioned to Mr. Pinkney and desird him to transmit. Monsieur Genest took out with him three hundred blank Commissions which he is to distribute to such as will fit out Cruizers in our Ports to prey on the british Commerce. I am convinced that few of my Countrymen will be so lost to all moral Sense as to embark in a Game so abominable where the Murder of their fellow Creatures enters as a leading Chance. I am apprehensive however lest some Profligates may be led to fix a Blot on our national Character and deprive both themselves and their Countrymen of the great and certain Advantages to flow from honest Industry on the present important occasion. An Occasion which duly attended to and properly cultivated will give to our Navigation an Encrease too rapid almost for Conjecture, and place us in the happy Situation to be in two or three Years the exclusive Carriers of our immense Productions. These Considerations weigh much but they are still but a Feather in the Ballance with those of a much higher Nature which stand in Connection with the Nature of our Government and of Course with the Happiness of Generations to come. I know of Nothing so dangerous and I might say fatal to Morals as the sudden Acquisition of Wealth by bad Means. Industry is thereby discouraged and Honesty discountenanced. The Vulgar are soon dazzled by the Glare of prospering Vice and the Young are seduced from the Paths of Virtue. And Virtue once gone Freedom is but a Name for I do not beleive it to be among possible Contingencies that a corrupted People should be for one Moment free. Excuse I pray my dear Sir these Observations which I cannot restrain. They flow from the Conviction of my earliest Reason and are strengthened by the Experience of twenty Years.\nIn mine of the thirteenth of February I mention\u2019d to you that this Country would procure the 500000 Men requird and at that Time  there was every Reason to think so because the Recruiting Service went on well for all the new Corps which had been ordered but it now appears that this arose from little Circumstances of Dress and Flattery calculated to catch Idlers and that there is a real Scarcity of Men. The Losses of the last Campaign are sensible in the Mass of Population so that notwithstanding the Numbers thrown out of Employ by the Stagnation of some Manufactures and the Reduction of private Fortunes the Want of common Laborers is felt throughout the whole Country. Already they talk of Drafting for the Service an Experiment of very doubtful and dangerous Complection. It would however succeed just now but if delay\u2019d it would not I beleive go down and at any Rate would not produce in Season the required Force; Especially if the Enemy should have any considerable Successes, for you must not imagine that the Appearances in this Country are all real, and you must take into your Estimation that the Convention is falling into Contempt because the Tribunes govern it imperiously. They try to save Appearances but the People cannot long be Dupes. It is the old Story of King Log and how long it may be before Jupiter sends them a Crane to destroy the Frogs and Froglings is a Matter of Uncertainty. Already they begin to cry out for a Dictator. An Insurrection also is brewing whose Object I am told is to destroy the Faction of the Gironde. I think I mentiond to you in a former Letter that the Death of the King would be but the Forerunner of their Destruction and already they see the Sword hanging over their Heads. The majority of the Convention is clearly at the Disposition of their Enemies.\nThe Consuls will forward to you and you will see in the Gazettes the Decree for opening all the Ports of this Nation to our Vessels on equal Terms with their own. You will be so kind as to observe that this was done on a Report of the Committee of Safety. Now you must know that the Members of this Committee or at least the Majority of them are sworn Foes to the Members of the Diplomatic Committee. This is necessary to explain a little what is said in mine of the 13th. about that latter Committee. I have receiv\u2019d indirectly a Kind of Assurance from the former (which disposes entirely of the Convention) that they will do any Thing for the United States which I will point out but in Fact I know not any Thing which we ought to ask. The Decrees abovementioned contain I believe all that we want. The History of them is not material.\nI had the Honor to mention to you also that I did not believe the Attempt against Holland would succeed and also that Time was extremely precious to both Parties especially in Regard to Maestricht in whose Fate was involvd perhaps that of the whole Campaign. This  Town had I am told offered to capitulate but Terms of such Rigor were insisted on as to induce a longer Defence and this Delay has saved them. The Seige is raisd and unless the french Army should gain a Victory I do not see how they are to escape provided the Enemy exerts himself. Dumouriez had taken Breda and was preparing to enter Holland being ordered by the Minister of War to whom he replied that he would go in but the Minister must find him his Way out. This latter may be no very easy Task. The Enemy on the Side of Maestricht are I beleive superior in Numbers and certainly if the french army in that Quarter is beaten the Allies may cut off the Retreat of Dumouriez in which Case his Fate must depend not only on the Strength of his Army not over numerous but also on the State of his Magazines which I beleive to be bad. Should Valence be able to make good a gentle Retreat then he may be join\u2019d perhaps by Dumouriez at Louvain and together they may cover Brussels. But all these things again depend on some moral Contingencies. Such for Instance as the following questions. What will be the Temper and Spirit of those Departments nearest to the Scene of Action? What will be the Degree of Hope or Apprehension among the Inhabitants of the low Countries? As to them you will see by the Gazettes that they are fast expressing their Adherence to the french Republic freely pronounced. But since it has been no small Question among Metaphisicians what it is that constitutes the Freedom of the Will there is no small Question also on this Subject among Politicians as to the Case before us. Are Men actuated by Interest are they instigated by Desire are they seduced by Hope are they compelled by Fear? Alexander you know cut the Knot which he could not untie and the french have imitated the Example of that Conqueror. Some striking Examples of those who opposd the Union with France inducd all the Rest to give both their speedy and their free Consent. It is therefore a Problem to be resolvd what Degree of Force must be producd by the Allies to operate on the Free Will of this People in a Counter Sense. I think the Solution of that Problem is in Brussels. On the whole my dear Sir the Hour is big with important Events. As soon as I learn any Thing more I will communicate it. In the Mean Time accept the Assurances of that Respect with which I have the Honor to be your obedient Servant\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0296", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joel Barlow, 8 March 1793\nFrom: Barlow, Joel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nParis 8 March 1793\nI have been extremely anxious lest some of the late transactions in France should be so far misrepresented to the Patriots in America as to lead them to draw conclusions unfavorable to the cause of liberty in this hemisphere. You are sensible that in order to form a proper judgement it is necessary to combine many circumstances that cannot be well understood by men out of the country. The new Minister who is now gone to America bears a good character, I am sure the intention of sending him to replace the one that was there before is a very honest one. The nation concieves itself to have been misrepresented in every country. How far it is true in America, I cannot tell. But I am convinced that the Americans have been misrepresented here. At least I hope it is so, for I hope we are still republicans in theory and practice, tho\u2019 those of the French who know us only through the diplomatic chanel are disposed to doubt it.\nThese good people are now at war with all Europe. The liberation of the Spanish Colonies I think will be a speedy consequence of their war with Spain. This can scarcely fail to turn to the advantage of the United States by securing peace with our neighbours. I think now I shall sail in the month of April. This comes by a Mr. Corbin of  Virginia, a young man who appears amiable and well informed. I enclose to you a little address which I wrote to the people of Piemont While I was in Savoy. I am my dear Sir with great respect your obet. Serv.\nJoel Barlow", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0297", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Clement Biddle, 8 March 1793\nFrom: Biddle, Clement\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWalnut Street March 8. 1793\nIn making an Alteration in my Office the Lists of the Domesticks of the foreign Ministers Are so defaced as not to answer the purpose intended, which obliges me to request the favour of you to direct Copies of them, to be signed by you, to be put up in my Office. I have the honour to be, with great respect Your mo: Obedt. & very humle Serv.\nClement Biddle\n Marshall in and for the Pennsylvania district", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0298", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Tench Coxe, 8 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Coxe, Tench\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments and thanks to Mr. Coxe for the paper sent him yesterday. It fixes a conjecture that the East and West line run from the intersection of the Pensylva. boundary with the Ohio, forms the head line of the ranges of townships. But there surely  was a partial survey of those ranges of townships. It is presumed that the sales made at New York must have been on an inspection of this partial survey. If there be such a one, Th:J. will be much obliged to Mr. Coxe for it, immediately, as he is at this time finishing what he was to prepare on the subject. Th:J. has the large chequer-board map, but this was a conjectural thing, and not done on actual survey.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0299", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, [8] March 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr. Coxe has the honor to inform Mr. Jefferson, that no plat, or draught of the seven ranges is to be found in the Treasury, nor do any of the gentlemen remember to have seen one. It appears highly probable that such a paper accompanied the Report of the Board to Congress, and that it may be on the old files of the late Secy. of Congress (Mr. Thompson) or possibly in the War office, as the military lands have relation to the ranges.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0301", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 8 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nUnited States March 8th: 1793\nBeing desireous of having a full and accurate knowledge of such things as are required to be done by or through the President of the United States, by the laws passed during the late Session of Congress, and which are deposited among the Rolls in your Office\u2014I have to request, that the said laws may be examined for this purpose, and that you will furnish me with extracts of such parts or clauses of them as relate to, or require the immediate or special agency of the President of the United States.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0302", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Delamotte, 9 March 1793\nFrom: Delamotte\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHavre, 9 Mch. 1793. No French ship was available to carry the above letter until now. The king, condemned to death, was executed on 21 Jan. France is at war with all the powers except the United States, Portugal, Sweden, and Denmark. The government has just opened trade with all the French colonies solely to the flag of the United States, whose ships may go between them and France directly without paying more duties than French ships. If the enclosed letter to the ministry was responsible for the decree, he is glad to have contributed. It is important that TJ spread this news as soon as possible to the entire Continent, and he will try to delay sending this letter until he can attach the decree. Tobacco and rice are now at 80 and 70 livres tournois, respectively, and the exchange rate with London is at 15 \u215b.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0303", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Delamotte, 9 March 1793\nFrom: Delamotte\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHavre, 9 Mch. 1793. He encloses a copy of a letter from Gouverneur Morris announcing that the French colonies have been opened solely to ships flying the American flag, which can ply between them and France directly and pay no more in duties than French ships. France is at war with Germany, Prussia, Holland, Savoy, England, and Spain, leaving only American flag vessels to help extract our capital from the colonies. \u201cLes tabacs valent 80.\u20b6 le %. Le Riz 70.\u20b6 do. Le Change Sur Londres est \u00e0 15\u215be.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0304", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Delamotte, 9 March 1793\nFrom: Delamotte\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHavre, 9 Mch. 1793. Having received TJ\u2019s letter of 14 Nov. a few days ago, he sees that TJ may retire and might even now be in Virginia. From what he has seen in American newspapers he is not surprised that TJ prefers a private life to a situation exposing him to the sarcasms of envy. Convinced that TJ will choose to remain in office, he congratulates him in advance on his reasons\u2014envy must have abated and TJ must again be happy to be useful to his country. If on the other hand he has retired to Virginia, he congratulates him on the delights awaiting him there. There is no ship bound for Virginia, so he must keep TJ\u2019s books\u2014as well as the macaroni, which might not find him in Philadelphia\u2014until one occurs. He begs to have all his little errands, of which there will be more if TJ should indeed retire. [P.S.] They have a ship he thinks will go to Alexandria.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0307", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 9 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson presents his respects to the President and sends him a letter put into his hands by Govr. St. Clair. He also sends him Govr. Clinton\u2019s answer, this moment received. He does not say how it happened that Th:J\u2019s letter of Feb. 17. did not get to him till Feb. 28. It was certainly put into the Post office here on the morning of Feb. 18. It must be presumed the Govr. has been absent from New York.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0308", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 9 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhilada. March 9th. 1793.\nThe enclosed from Messrs. Johnson and Carroll have this instant come to hand. Along with them you will receive the letter (this day read) from Doctr. Stuart, that the sentiments of all three of the Commrs. may appear at one view.\nI pray you, before Mr. Madison leaves town, to lay all three before him and the Attorney Genl.; and give me a written Memorandum of the measures which you, and they, shall think most advisable for me to pursue\u2014provisionally, or otherwise, in this business.\nYou will all recollect the points that were touched upon to day; I shall not, therefore, repeat them. I am always Yours\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0309", "content": "Title: George Washington to the Secretaries of State, Treasury, and War, 9 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas,Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry\nSir\nUnited States, March 9th: 1793\nExpecting that my private Affairs will call me to Virginia on or before the 25th of this month, I have to request that you will lay before me, previous to that time, such matters within your department as may require my attention or agency before I set out; as well as those which might be necessary for me to know or act upon during my absence from the Seat of Government (which will be about four weeks) so far as such may come to your knowledge before my departure.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0310", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Currie, 10 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Currie, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 10. 1793.\nYour letter of Feb. 12. came to hand on the 19th. Mr. Barton, who had your suit against Griffin in hand, quitted business a little before the last quarterly court without my being apprised of it, and the gentleman who succeeded to his docquet (Mr. Sergeant) not having time to be prepared, one term has been lost to you. As soon as I knew of Mr. Barton\u2019s having turned over his business to Mr. Sergeant, I waited on the latter, and he has promised me to attend to it very particularly at the term of the next month. As I have concluded to remain here somewhat longer, I hope to see this matter brought to a close for you.\u2014I have paid due attention to what you say on the subject of the military land rights beyond the Ohio, but am not able to collect any information worth your notice. I have asked opinions on the words of the act of Congress, and on the views of those who will have to expound it, and I find the former so contradictory, and the latter so little disposed to lessen the obstacles to the right either of the assignee or original claimant, that it is impossible to give any relief to your doubts from this quarter.\u2014I understand that W. Ronald has left his affairs much perplexed. Mine in his hands however are safe, as his debt to me was secured by a mortgage of the lands I sold him and also of one moiety of his Beverdam lands.\u2014I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir, your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0312", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Digges, 10 March 1793\nFrom: Digges, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBirmingham 10 Mar. 1793\nI send You this Letter in a Book of Medals and Coins (as numberd and markd) which were done at Mr. Boultons mint at Soho near this place. Some of the trash of half pence which are in local tho\u2019 current circulation in and about the Towns to which they appertain, are added to fill up the book; And as I know You have made the American Mint and Coinage much Your study, they may serve as assistant samples towards perfection, those of Mr. Boultons being of a very superior kind.\nI am at present engagd in this central part of England trying to get Leasehold or annual Tennants for my Lands fronting the Presidents on Potowmac, and adjoining the new Federal City and Bladensburgh, and I expect to Embark for America in May or June. Not knowing of a safe conveyance to You, I have made free to send the parcell to and ask the favour of Mr. Pinkney to forward it, And, as I understood from Mr. Boulton He had made some application for a Die sinker I have left open the book of Coins for his inspection.\nSince my Letter to You by Wm. Pearce the Double Loom maker, and the original inventor of Arkwrights first weaving and spining Machinery, I have not had occasion to write, nor would I have likely done it before my Embarkation for America But am inducd now to do so from having accidentally seen a Birmingham production of one of the American Cents, the intended Coin of America and the 1/100th part of the Dollar. Knowing it had been determind in Congress to  have all their money minted in the States, I made it my business to seek out and inform myself all I could about this Cent coinage here and of the artists and Merchants engaged about them. I first applyd to Messrs. W. & Alxr. Walkers (who have a Partner Mr. Thos. Ketland in Philaa.) and they shewd me the Specimens No. 16. and No. 17 sent herewith and afterwards gave them to me. They said it was merely a speculation or trial to obtain the order for making the intended cents here which inducd them to the attempt in 1791 and that some hundred wt. or so had been sent to America and given to the President and other public Gentlemen; But that on the determination of Congress to mint their own money, their scheme here had fallen thro\u2019. They were close and secret as to who the die sinker was, where coind &ca. but upon further Enquirys I found Messrs. Walkers had orderd them to be done at Mr. Obediah Westwoods (a considerable maker of these kinds of money), and that his die Sinker Mr. Jno. Gregory Hancock (one of the first in this place \u2018tho with the Character of a dissipated man) and a prentice Lad Jno. Jordan, very Clever in that line, had executed them and still hold the dies. This Lad Jordan, has two years of His time to serve, wishes much to go to America, but I suppose his time would be worth 200\u00a3. The face likeness on both are the same die and a good likeness of the President, tho\u2019 the Eagles and motto are different. The likeness was taken from a large medal struck at Phila.\nThose enquirys about the American Cent, and my intimacy with Mr. Boulton and Mr. Watt, led me to look at and study more the apparatus and modes of Coining, the Expence attending a Copper Coinage, &ca. than I otherways should have done, and I suppose I need not inform You that Mr. Boulton is by far the neatest and best Coiner and has a more excellent Apparatus for Coining than any in Europe. It cost Him some thousands. The whole machine is moved by an improvd steam Engine which rolls the Copper for halfpence finer than copper has before been rolld for the purposes of money. It works the Coupoirs or screw press\u2019s, for cutting the particular peices of Copper, and coins both the faces and edges of the money at the same time, with such superior excellence and cheapness of workmanship, as well as with marks of such powerful machinery as must totally prevent counterfieting it. By his machinery four boys can strike thousands of Guineas in an hour. Eight presses works four ton of Copper per day\u2014four or five presses two ton per day, and the machine by the Evolutions of the great wheel, which is of cast Iron, keeps an unerring account of the number of peices struck. It is not workd in the old way but the mettal is put into a kind of hopper, and drops out into a bag nearly as smoothly as grain in a Mill.\nThe Excellence of His Coinage are\n1st. The peices are perfectly round\u20142d. They are all precisely Equal in Diameter\n3d.The work is exactly concentric to the Edge\n4An inscription or Ornament is put round the Edge, either indented, or in relief, or partly one and partly the other, and this inscription is struck by the same blow that gives impression to the Faces; Whereas the common mode of making ornaments on the Edge, is by a seperate well known operation calld milling and which is much more easily immitated.\n5.The ground of his Coin is smooth and of a light polish.\n6Much greater quantities of money with all these perfections may be coind in less time, with fewer persons, and with more exactness and ease to those Employd, than by any mode hitherto invented.\nMemorandums A Water mill will work all the machinery as well as a steam Engine and will be better understood and managd in America\u2014indeed the power of two or 3 horses might answer. Mr. Boulton told me He would sell the whole apparatus, exclusive of the Steam Engine, (which is a considerable part of the Cost) and it might be got to America (I think) for 11 or 1200\u00a3.\nThe whole apparatus is this.\nA Rolling Mill;which must be unconnected with the Coining Mill.\nMill work to work Coupoirs\n\u2002Do. Do.\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003Coining\n\u2002Do. Do. for turning Laths and cleaning the Blanks.\n\u2002Do. Do. for Lettering the Edges.\nThe Arts necessary, and which might be easily learnt are\nHardning and polishing Dies.\nMultiplying the Dies.\nManaging the Presses.\nImprovements in presses and Coupoirs\nIn annealing so as to preserve the Pollish\nThe Matrasses (which are the Adam and Eve for Casting medals or Coins) being obtaind, the multiplication of dies, and the hardening them, (a sort of Secret) is to be learnt. The best artists in this line are said to be in Paris; But Mr. Boulton would lend His assistance in this, and give His instruction and direction, to any confidential person sent from America for the purpose of looking after or superintending a Copper Coinage at His mint, which with the Dies &ca. &ca. He  would afterwards sell for a fair price to America and on Easy terms.\nSheet Copper from England being Cast or rolld Hot, and liable to stain at Sea will not do. It may be sent over a little thicker than the money, and then put thro\u2019 a Roller to make it of exact thickness.\nMr. Boultons prices for Coining Copper, notwithstanding the superior beauty and Excellence to any in England, will be equally cheap.\nThe following is an Estimate given me by Mr. Obdiah Westwood for Coining half pence or Cents.\nSuppose a Cent, made in pure Copper 29 ps/s in the \u2114 of Copper. one ton would Contain 64,960 Cents; which is 649 \u00bd\n \u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007The Copper cost say 90\u00a3 the ton}\u2007120\u2014\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Dies & Expence of Manufactg\u2007\u2007\u200730\u2007\u2007\u2014\u2007\u2014\nProfit on the ton when paid out would be\u2007\u00a326.19.9\nBut Copper is now as high as \u00a3112 per ton. At this or the above price not a less order than for twenty ton would answer for Him in finding dies, Rolling the Copper, manufacturing into Cents, Capping in paper and Casking up &ca.\nAccording to the greater or less number of peices made from three pound of Copper, so the Expence of Coinage would alter Vizt. for working only.\nFor 40 ps/s in the \u2114 it would amot. to 42\u00a3 suppose Copper a 100\u00a3 the ton\nfor 36 ps/s34\u2013\nfor 32 ps/s which is \u00bd an Oz. each ps.32\u2014so that in his order for half pence say of 40 ps. in the \u2114 the profit would be to the Emitter \u00a345.13.4 on the ton\nthus the ps/s amot. to\u00a3187.13.4\nCost of Copper\u2007100\u2013\nExpence of Coining\u2007\u200742\nThe standard of the British half penny is three to one ounce of Copper which is 48 half pence to the \u2114. an Enormous profit to the Government on Emission!\nIf I can obtain any other information, or hear of a person likely to serve in this Business I will write You, I am in the interim with great regard Sir Yr. Ob Hu Serv\nTh A Digges", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0313", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Donald, 10 March 1793\nFrom: Donald, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 10th. march 1793\nI have no doubt but you will hear before this letter reaches you, that the House of D. & Burton have been obliged to stop payment. Several causes combined to bring upon us this misfortune, and none more than the rash and ill judged Speculation of my Partner in wheat and flour in the Winter of 89. 90. My mind for some months past has been in great distress, but I have the consolation to find that altho I have lost my Fortune, I still retain what is infinitely more valuable, my Character is unimpeached. This gives me firm hopes of being able very soon to go on again in a [smug?] business entirely under my own direction, for I am determined never to put it in the power of any man to bring me to ruin again.\nIt is impossible for me to say how the business of D. & B. will be settled. The Creditors have been proposing to accept of a composition, and to give time for collecting our debts, But in whatever way it is settled, I mean in future to do business on my own account. And being perswaded that you and my other Friends in Virga. are incapable of deserting me in my distress, I must request the favour of you to consign your Tobacco this year to Mr. John Younger, He is one of our Clerks who has been with us ever since the commencement of our Partnership, He will receive it for me in Trust, but you may depend that I will have the sole disposal of it, and the money received for it will be at yours. It gives me pain however to mention, that you will not trust to Mr. James Brown for shipping your Tobacco to me, for since I left the Country he has shewn a decided preference to Mr. Burton, notwithstanding all my kindness to him. I know Brown\u2019s disposition so well, that I have no doubt of his doing every thing he can to hurt my Interest, but he will find it is too strongly founded to be shaken by his ingratitude. I have a Nephew living in Richmond, but he is too young  to take the charge of my business. He is a very fine young man, when he gets more experience, and a few more years, he will do very well. Capt. Ay. Singleton is a man in whose honour and integrity I have always had the most unbounded Confidence. To him I have written freely, and I am much mistaken if he will not do every thing he can to serve me. If you will have the goodness to order your Tobacco to be delivered to him, I am confident he will take the trouble of shipping it to me. You will very much oblige me by mentioning me to the notice of your Friends.\nI will send you a letter from D. & B. by this same opportunity of Mr. Marshall, in which you will find an Invoice of the few Books you ordered sometime ago. That Blackguard Ramsden has disapointed me in not having gotten ready the Telescope, which he faithfully promised would be ready two months ago. I must get one from Dolland. A mathematical Instrument maker in Holborne came to me and produced a letter from you, ordering some thing in his line and which you had desired him to call upon me for payment. He accordingly went to the Counting House, where he was told by the Clerks, that in our situation the money would not be paid, but they gave him my direction and desired him to call upon me. He accordingly did so, when I ordered him to get the thing ready and that I would pay the money for it, which I have borrowed to prevent your being disapointed. I expect the bill will be presented to morrow. If it is, I shall inclose it herein. I remain with great consideration Dear Sir Your Faithful & obd. Sert\nA Donald", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0314", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 10 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMy dear daughter\nPhiladelphia Mar. 10. 1793.\nYour letters of the 20th. and 27th. Feb. as well as Mr. Randolph\u2019s of the same dates, came to hand only yesterday. By this I percieve that your post must be under bad regulation indeed. I am sorry to  learn that your garden is dismantled, and yourself thereby discoraged from attention to it. I beg that Mr. Randolph will employ the whole force, he has been so kind as to direct, in repairing the inclosure in preference to every other work I had proposed. Nothing can be placed in competition with the loss of the produce of the garden during the season, either for health or comfort, and my own are less dear and desireable to me than the health and comfort of yourself, Mr. Randolph and the little ones. I had hoped that from the same resources your supplies of wood in the winter would not have failed. I again repeat it that I wish every other object to be considered as secondary in my mind to your accomodation and insist that Mr. Randolph make the freest use of the people under his direction for his and your convenience in the first place. When I shall see you I cannot say: but my heart and thoughts are all with you till I do. I have given up my house here, and taken a small one in the country on the banks of the Schuylkill to serve me while I stay. We are packing all our superfluous furniture and shall be sending it by water to Richmond when the season becomes favorable. My books too, except a very few, will be packed and go with the other things, so that I shall put it out of my own power to return to the city again to keep house, and it would be impossible to carry on business in the winter at a country residence. Tho\u2019 this points out an ultimate term of stay here, yet my mind is looking to a much shorter one if the circumstances will permit it which broke in on my first resolution. Indeed I have it much at heart to be at home in time to run up the part of the house the latter part of the summer and fall which I had proposed to do in the spring. Maria is well. Whether she writes or no to-day I know not. My best affections to Mr. Randolph; cherish your little ones for me, for I feel the same love for them as I did for yourself when of their age, and continue to me your own love which I feel to be the best solace remaining to me in this world. Adieu my dear your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0315", "content": "Title: Report on Acts of Congress, 10 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nThe Secretary of state, according to the requisition of the President of the US. of the 8th. instant has examined the laws passed during the late session of Congress and\nReports\nThat none of those laws relate to, or require the immediate or special agency of the President, except the \u2018Act regulating foreign coins and for other purposes,\u2019 (a copy of which is hereto annexed) whereupon it would be proper to give in charge to the Director of the Mint to take measures for collecting samples of foreign coins, issued in the year 1792, of the species which usually circulate within the United States, to examine by assays at the Mint whether the same are conformable to the respective standards required, and to report the result, that the same may be made known by proclamation.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0316", "content": "Title: Report on Boundaries with the Western Indians, 10 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nThe Secretary of state, according to instructions received from the President of the US.\nReports\nThat, for the information of the Commissioners appointed to treat with the Western Indians, he has examined the several treaties entered into with them, subsequent to the declaration of Independance, and relating to the lands between the Ohio and lakes; and also the extent of the grants, reservations, and appropriations  of the same lands, made either by the United States, or by individual states, within the same period, and finds that the lands obtained by the said treaties and not so granted, reserved, or appropriated, are bounded by the following lines, to wit,\nNorthwardly, by a line running, from the fork of the Tuscarora\u2019s\n branch of the Muskingum, at the crossing place above Fort Laurence, Westwardly (towards the portage of the Big Miami) to the main branch of that river, then down the Miami to the fork of that river next below the old fort which was taken by the French in 1752. Thence due West to the river de la Panse, and down that river to the Wabash: which lines were established with the Wiandots, Delawares, Chippawas, and Ottawas by the treaty of fort Mc.Intosh, and with the Shawanese by that of the Great Miami.\nWestwardly, by the bounds of the Wabash Indians:\nEastwardly, by the Million of acres appropriated to Military\n claimants by the resolution of Congress of Oct. 22. 1787. and lying in the angle between the VIIth. range of townships counted Westwardly from the Pensylvania boundary, and the Xth. range counted from the Ohio Northwardly along the said VIIth. which Million of acres may perhaps extend Westwardly so as to comprehend the XIIth. range of townships, counted in that direction from the Pensylvania boundary: under which view, the said XIIth. range may be assumed for the Eastern boundary of the territory now under consideration, from the said Xth. range to the Indian line.\nSouthwardly, by the Northern boundary of the said Xth. range of\n townships to the Sioto river, and along the said river to what shall be the Northern limit of the appropriations for the Virginia line: (which two last lines are those of the lands granted to the Sioto company): thence along what shall be the Northern limit of the said appropriations of the Virginia line to the Little Miami, and along the same to what shall be the Northern limit of one million of acres of land purchased by John C. Symmes: thence due West along the said Northern limit of the said John C. Symmes to the Great Miami, and down the same to it\u2019s mouth: then along the Ohio to General Clarke\u2019s lands, and round the said lands to the Ohio again, and down the same to the Wabash or the lands of the Indians inhabiting it. Which several lines are delineated on the copy of Hutchins\u2019s map accompanying this report; the dotted parts of the delineation denoting that they are conjectural. And it is further necessary to apprize the Commissioners that, tho\u2019 the points at which these several lines touch the Ohio are taken from actual surveys, yet the country included by the said lines, not being laid down from actual survey, their lengths and intersections with each other and with the watercourses, as appearing in the map, are not at all to be relied on. \u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007 No notice is here taken of the lands at the mouth of the Ohio appropriated for military bounties by the same resolution of Congress of Oct. 22. 1787. nor of the settlements of Cahokia, Kaskaskia, Post Vincennes &c. because these can concern no Indians but those of the Illinois and Wabash, whose interests should be transacted with themselves separately, and not be permitted to be placed under the patronage of the Western Indians.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0318", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 10 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nSunday March 10th: 1793\nIf, upon a due consideration of the letter from the Secretary of the N.W. Territory to Govr. St. Clair, which you sent to me yesterday, and is herewith returned, you shall be of opinion that my official interference is necessary on the subject of that letter, I must request that you will report to me wherein such interference may be necessary\u2014as well as the authority under which the President may exercise it.\nBut I confess to you, that the long absence of the Governor, as well  as of some of the Judges, from the Territory, appears to me, if not the cause of producing the irregularities complained of by the Secretary, to be a great means of encouraging a spirit of riot and disorder, by relaxing the energy of the laws. This, therefore, is an additional reason for me to wish that the Governor may be pressed to repair to the Territory without delay\u2014And unless he does, I shall be under the disagreeable necessity of issuing a peremptory Order for that purpose.\nI wish to be informed whether Judge Turner has set out for the Territory.\nI think it would be best for you to consult with the Atty. Genl. to determine whether transcripts of the treaties made with the Indians under the State Government of N. York should be sent for or not.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0319", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gaetano Drago di Domenico, 11 March 1793\nFrom: Drago di Domenico, Gaetano\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGenoa, 11 Mch. 1793. He has been informed by Joseph Ravara, the Genoese consul to the United States, that TJ submitted to Congress his petition to be appointed American consul at Genoa, which was transmitted by his friend James Maury, the American consul at Liverpool. He is grateful and hopes TJ will support his candidacy. The courts of Austria, Russia, Sweden, and Denmark have often borrowed from monied Genoese, and Congress could easily do the same, especially with the aid of a zealous agent like himself. France\u2019s declaration of war on Britain, Spain, and Holland has idled their ships, and Holland suffers doubly by the 13 Feb. declaration of war on her by the Algerines. Now is the time for the American flag to flourish in the Mediterranean and capture the bulk of that trade; if the United States could conclude a treaty with the Barbary regencies by virtue of an annual donation, its free navigation would produce \u201cimmense and incalculable\u201d advantages. Wheat and flour sent up the Mediterranean will fetch \u201can amazing Price,\u201d since the last corn crop in Sicily failed and those of the Levant, Venice, and the Papal States were so poor that they prohibited its exportation. France also  needs corn and faces the threat of a famine that is likely to continue as long as her agriculture continues to be neglected during the upheavals in that republic. Exports of corn to Marseilles have kept the price excessively high in Genoa, where wheat sells for 68 shillings sterling per English quarter. France\u2019s naval forces in the Mediterranean consist of forty sail, sixteen of them ships of the line commanded by Vice Admiral Truguet, who with sixty transports and 10,000 troops has been attacking Sardinia for two months with little apparent success. The latest reports from that quarter state that Truguet has given up the siege after bombarding Cagliari and being repulsed several times in attempts to land, and that he has lost two ships of the line driven ashore in a gale, one of which was burned by the Sardinians and the other stripped by the French before they abandoned it. The French seem determined to capture Turin once the roads become passable this spring. This will cost them thousands of men if the Piedmontese and German auxiliaries defend the fortresses of Brunetta and Saorgio, the only roads the French can take into the Piedmont. The French have entered Holland, where it is reported that Dumouriez has taken two small forts on the Meuse and that besieged Maestricht is expected to surrender soon. Genoa\u2019s early declaration of neutrality has been well received by both sides and enables her to enjoy tranquility and a lively commerce that he hopes will continue unhindered. He apologizes for the length of this letter and offers to report monthly if his dispatches are found to be useful, especially now that the imminent arrival of a powerful British fleet under Lord Hood is likely to make the Mediterranean an interesting theater. Large numbers of French privateers based in Marseilles infest the Mediterranean and have already captured one Dutch and four English trading vessels.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0320", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Lee, 11 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lee, Henry\nSir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 11. 1793.\nOn receipt of the letter with which you were pleased to honor me on the subject of the unsettled boundary between Virginia and the SouthWestern territory, I laid it before the President, who communicated  it to Congress. A committee was thereupon appointed by the house of representatives who reported a proposition for authorising the President with the concurrence of the states of Virginia and Kentuckey, to have the line extended, which proposition was passed by that house, but rejected by the Senate. Their motives for the rejection not being expressed, I can only add from private information that it was observed that the SouthWestern territory would be shortly entitled to a legislature of it\u2019s own, and that it would be more just to give them an opportunity of acting for themselves, and also to leave the expence of the settlement to be borne by the states interested. I inclose you a copy of the bill passed by the Representatives, and have the honor to be with great esteem and respect, your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0322", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Smith Barton, 12 [March 1793]\nFrom: Barton, Benjamin Smith\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTuesday-morning, 12th. [Mch. 1793]\nNo 119. Third-Street, between Walnut & Spruce Streets.\nIt is not without a great degree of pain, that I write to you on the subject of this letter. You will, however, I hope, pardon the liberty which I take, when I assure you that nothing but a very urgent case would permit me to do it. I am already indebted to you for your liberal  kindness shewn to me, on various occasions. Your attention to me now, as at former times, I shall ever remember, with a large share of gratitude. The loan of Sixty-Five Dollars will relieve me from much anxiety of mind. This sum as well as that which I formerly received of you, I shall punctually pay to you, at the time I have mentioned, in the enclosed note. Nothing shall prevent me from doing it. Should you not comply with my request, I still hope, you will pardon me, and put no unfavourable construction on my conduct. I am, Sir, with great respect, Your humble and much obliged servant, &c.\nBenjn. S. Barton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0324", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Delamotte, 12 March 1793\nFrom: Delamotte\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHavre, 12 Mch. 1793. This letter will be brought by the Euphrasia, Captain William McFaden of Philadelphia, which arrived here last October from New Orleans under the Spanish flag as L\u2019Esp\u00e9rance. After disposing  of his cargo and completing his business with the Spanish consul, McFaden came to him claiming to be American and presenting a ship\u2019s register for the Euphrasia dated Philadelphia, 2 Jan. 1792, which identifies McFaden as sole owner and the ship as one of two decks, three masts, and 195 \u00be tons. After being informed by McFaden of his wish to load the ship for New York under the American flag, he consulted the Spanish consul, who had no evidence that it was Spanish and did not object. He then wrote Gouverneur Morris, who replied that even if the captain had committed fraud, it was better to give him the benefit of his register than to stop him, provided he explained himself to TJ, who can take any appropriate action.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0325", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Fay, 12 March 1793\nFrom: Fay, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nBennington 12th March 1793\nInclosed you will receive my latest Canada papers, by which you observe their publications begin to be more liberal, and the spirit of Liberty which rages so Vehemently in Urope begins to kindle in Canada.\nI fear I am trobling you to often without furnishing any new information, as I am not informed wheather you receive the Canada papers from any other quarter or not. I hope before this you have received my letter on the Subject of Canada Lands, of which my friend in that Country writes me favourably, who I have directed not to make public use of your Name until I obtain your permission. I am Sir with much Esteem your friend and Servant\nJoseph Fay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0326", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Horatio Gates, 12 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gates, Horatio\nDear General\nPhiladelphia Mar. 12. 1793\nDuring the invasion of Virginia in 1780. and 1781. nearly the whole of the public records of that state were destroyed by the British. The least valuable part of these happens to be the most interesting to  me, I mean the letters I had occasion to write to the characters with whom my office in the Executive brought me into correspondence. I am endeavoring to recover copies of my letters from the hands to whom they were addressed, and have been happy to find this more practicable than I had apprehended. While you commanded in the South I had occasion to write to you sometimes on the subject of our proceedings. If you happen to have preserved these letters, you will particularly oblige me by trusting me with them till I can have them copied, when the originals shall be returned. If you could repose the same confidence in me as to the letters you addressed to me, it would increase the obligation. The whole shall be sacredly returned. I have been the more disposed to trouble you on this occasion as it furnishes me a pretext of recalling myself to your recollection, and an opportunity of renewing to you assurances of the sincere esteem & respect with which I have the honor to be Dear General your sincere friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0327", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington Greene, 12 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Greene, George Washington\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 12. 1793.\nI took occasion by young Mr. Peale, who was going to Georgia, to congratulate you on your return to your native country. I now take the liberty of troubling you on a subject in which I feel an interest. During the invasion of Virginia in the years 1780. and 1781. the greater part of the records of that state were burnt by the British. Among these were all the proceedings of the Executive during the period that I was in that administration. I have been since endeavoring to collect such parts of my correspondence as might be found in the hands to which it was addressed, and have been successful in some important parts. Your father commanded in the South at that time, and I had occasion to address frequent letters to him. If you can find these among his papers, and will be so good either as to trust me with the originals, to be returned after I shall have taken copies, or which might be safer, to have copies taken there and forwarded to me, the expence of which I will gladly replace, it would lay me under singular obligation. I would add a request for copies of his letters to me, were it not that this would  be adding too much to the trouble. I content myself therefore with asking those of my own letters, and as speedily as you can make it convenient to have them taken. General Wadsworth gave me a hope that you would make choice of the college of Williamsburg for the scene of your future study. If I can render you any service there, in that state, or any where else, I shall do it with the pleasure which it will give me on every occasion to afford you proofs of the sincere esteem & attachment with which I am Dear Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0329", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 12 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\nThe following suits were put into the hands of Mr. N. Pope in 1791. to wit\n\u2003\u00a3\u2003sd\n against Lewis & Woodson on bond. principal & interest to Sep. 30. 1791. were192\u201312\u20139 1/2\nagainst Woodson on his Note.\u2007\u2007 do.\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007 to do.\u2007\u20077\u201314\u20132\nagainst Lewis on Account of rent. balance & interest to Sep. 30. 1791\u200786\u2013\u20077\u20130 1/2\nOut of these monies when recovered the following orders were given\nin favr. of Donald, Scott & co. principal & int. to  Sep. 30. 91.139\u2013\u20070\u20130\nleft a balance to be received of109\u2013 0\u20136\nAn order for this balance was given in favor of Dobson: but as his departure from the country required prompter payment, prompter resources were resorted to for him, of which I advised Mr. Pope by letter of Sep. 25. 92. so as to leave this balance free.\nMr. Pope by letter of Jan. 3. 93. informs me he has judgments against Lewis and Woodson and execution, which has been replevied: and that the suits against Lewis had been ready for trial, but delayed by the inability of Colo. N. Lewis to attend as a witness: but that he should have judgments the next term. The balances with interest will now be upwards of \u00a3120.\nMr. N. Pope, always giving priority to the orders in favor of Donald, Scott & co. and Wm. & James Donald, is desired to pay the residue  of the money he may receive on the above accounts (clear of costs) to Colo. Monroe or order, or such portion of the residue as Colo. Monroe shall apply for to be disposed of for my use.\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. No notice is taken above of the suit ordered against Lewis and Ware, because it was countermanded.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0332", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 12 March 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 12th. March 1793.\nMessrs. Talon and Bonnet applied to me in the Month of October last expressing their intention to settle in the United States and requesting Information in what way it would be most advantageous to vest a considerable property they purpose placing in that Country. I recommended (what indeed I found to have been their original plan) to examine and determine for themselves. To facilitate their Access to the best channels of Information and to prevent them from falling into improper hands on their arrival I have taken the liberty of introducing  them to you, from whom a word of general Advice may prove infinitely advantageous; and this I thought due to Strangers in their unfortunate predicament who have been Men of consideration in their own Country and are now seeking an Asylum in ours. I have the honor to be with the utmost Respect dear Sir Your faithful and obedient Servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0333", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmund Randolph, with Randolph\u2019s Reply, 12 March 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Edmund,Jefferson, Thomas\nTh: J. to E. R.\nWill you be so good as to tell me what answer to give to the interrogatory in the last sentence of this letter?\n[Reply by Randolph:]\nI do not see any absolute, or indeed probably necessity for the ancient treaties. But I am not certain, that it may not be satisfactory to have those, made with the state governments; since some of the commissioners are new in this kind of business; and might be surprized by a sudden objection from a treaty, which they had never seen.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0334", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Clinton, 13 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clinton, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 13. 1793.\nI duly recieved your favor of the 5th. inst. and have now to request transcripts of the Indian treaties made under the state of New York, as it is conceived they may be necessary to put the Commissioners in full possession of all facts relative to the subjects they have to treat of, and to prevent their being surprised by the producing of any matter whatever with which they may be unacquainted, which they might therefore be unprepared to answer, or even to correct if mistated. I have the honor to be with great esteem & respect your Excellency\u2019s most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0336", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 13 March 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 13 March 1793\nIn mine No. 23 of the ninth Instant I mention\u2019d to you that the Enemy was in Possession of Brussels and so it was then asserted by Authority but it seems that he confind himself to Tongres and Liege leaving the french Army in Possession of St. Tron. At the same Time it appears that he was employ\u2019d in pushing forward a Column on his left to turn their right Flank and had that Movement been compleated the french Army would in all human Probability have been destroy\u2019d. To prevent the threatned Danger Miranda fell back to Louvain keeping open thereby the two Roads to Antwerp and Brussels. As the Enemy will doubtless endeavor to cut him off from the latter I do suppose that Dumouriez relinquishing his Expedition against the Netherlands will form a Junction with Miranda. In this Case a Battle must decide the Fate of Flanders and both Parties will collect for the Purpose all the Force they can muster. I do not think the Position taken at Louvain is tenable because Brussels may be reach\u2019d by the Route of Namur towards which the Enemy will probably turn his Attention in the first Instance. Great Exertions are making here to reinforce Dumouriez and still greater to bring about a new Revolution whose Effect if successful would be I think the Destruction of what is calld here the Faction of the Gironde and which calls itself the republican Party qualifying its Enemies by the Term Anarchists. To avoid if possible the Carnage of the second to the eighth of last September a Tribunal calld the revolutionary Tribunal is organized with very large and wide Powers. It is one of those Instruments whose Operations are incalculable and on whose Direction depends the Fate of the Country. Opinion seems to set very strongly against the Convention. They are suppos\u2019d to be incapable of steering the State Ship in the present rough Weather but it must blow yet a little harder before they are thrown overboard.\nA propos I beleive I never mention\u2019d to you that a Constitution was reported but Truth is that it totally escap\u2019d me. A Paper of that Sort was read at the Convention but I learnt the next Morning that a Council had been held on it over Night by which it was condemn\u2019d so I thought no more of it neither have I heard it mentiond till yesterday by one of my Countrymen which brought me to recollect that in my Correspondence I had not noticed it. I am Sir with sincere Esteem your obedient Servant\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0337", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 13 March 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 13 March 1793\nThe printed copy of the Passport which I mentioned as being inclosed in my letter of the 11th. of last month not having been sent to me in time for that purpose I transmit it by this opportunity, and as Mr. Morris differs from me in opinion on this subject and his ideas may likewise prevail in America I here add extracts of my letters to him on this subject which contain my principal reasons for adopting this measure.\nOur trade continues subject to great inconvenience both from our seamen being impressed under the idea of their being british subjects and from their entering voluntarily on board of the King\u2019s Ships tempted by the present high bounties. I have had frequent conversations on this subject with Lord Grenville who always expresses himself to be sensible of the inconvenience to which we are subjected and desirous to apply a remedy but still nothing decisive is done. Our Consuls are permitted to protect from impressment such of our Seamen as are natives of America but no others, and the difficulty of determining by agreement who besides natives are to be considered as citizens of the U.S. will I fear, during the present generation at least, remain an obstacle to every other plan than that of letting the Vessel protect a given number of men according to her tonnage. I insist upon the terms of our act of Congress as the rule of discrimination and shew that in point of time it accords with an Act of their own relating to seamen.\nI send herewith the transcript of a representation I made on the subject of British Officers detaining deserters from our Vessels under pretence of their being Englishmen and extorting the payment of their wages, on this last subject a question is now depending in the Court of Admiralty, the former remains without an answer from the Lords Commissioners of that department.\nLord Grenville having said that he wished me to have some conversation  with Mr. Bond on account of his being particularly well acquainted with this subject, I told his lordship I had no objection to conversing with any person appointed by him on this subject\u2014in a few days I received the inclosed note from Mr. Bond to which I sent the answer annexed in order to produce an explanation whereby neither more nor less than the proper degree of importance might be attached to the conference\u2014when Mr. Bond came he said no commission to treat on the subject, we therefore agreed that it was to be considered altogether as an informal conversation. We discoursed at length upon the subject, but I do not find that we are nearer coming to a conclusion on the business than we were before\u2014he appeared not to be prepared for the extent of the reciprocity which I contended should form the basis and pervade the whole of the transaction, for when he urged the point of our Seamen or at least their Captain in their behalf being furnished with testimonials of their being Americans before they left our Ports, I told him the inconveniencies arising from this procedure would be equally felt by both nations for that we should expect their seamen to be furnished with similar testimonials when they came to our ports to those they expected our mariners would bring to theirs; he asked in what instance it could become necessary (alluding I presume to our not being in the habit of impressing). I answered that unless we could come to some accomodation which might insure our seamen against this oppression measures would be taken to cause the inconvenience to be equally felt on both sides. I have not since seen Mr. Bond but find he is ordered out to America with the Title of Consul General for the middle and southern States.\nI have lately heard from Mr. Morris who informs me that he has in his possession the paper on account of the absence of which I have suffered so much uneasiness and promises to return it by a Gentleman to whom I on sunday last sent a Passport to Calais; so that I am in hourly expectation of receiving it, and am happy to find that the mistake of sending both papers instead of one to Mr. Morris is likely to be attended with no worse consequence than what may arise from a short delay.\nI inclose a letter sent to me by the Prussian Minister here to be forwarded from the King to his Consul at Philadelphia\u2014you will oblige me by informing me of its delivery.\nI likewise send herewith Mr. Vanderhorsts bond, the Law having left a latitude in the quantum of the security I have taken a middle term which I beleive will be equal to any property likely to come to his hands in this line, but I shall be glad of your instruction as to the sum in case of future occurrences of this nature.\nAn Armament is about to sail immediately for the West Indies destined as it is said to take possession of the French windward Islands in which attempt they are to be assisted by part of the inhabitants. I hope the French are convinced how much more beneficial it would be for them, for us to remain neuter than to interfere in the present disputes.\nI have as yet received no official information of any of the belligerent powers having stopped our Vessels bound with grain going to the ports of their enemy; but I anxiously expect your instructions on this subject which I hope will meet the question in various points of view:\u2019till I receive them I mean to contend for the amplest freedom of neutral bottoms. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the greatest respect Dear Sir Your most obedient and most humble Servt:\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0338", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 13 March 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nGreat Cumberland Place London 13 March 1793\nI was hopeful to have been able to send to you by Mr. Marshall the model of a threshing machine which a mechanic promised to finish by this time, but I am for the present disappointed; I expect however it will be in time for the next Vessel. On further inquiry I find this machine well spoken of by all whom I have met with who are acquainted with its operation\u2014it is said that the Mill whence your  model is formed will with the force of four horses thresh eight quarters of Oats in an hour\u2014if this be true it must be superior to the Mill I saw, after making the necessary deduction for the increase of force.\nMr. Marshal affords me no hope that you may be prevailed on to procrastinate the time of your retirement\u2014if he is mistaken I shall of course be favord with your official communications, if not I hope soon to hear in what way I can be instrumental from this side of the Atlantic in augmenting your enjoyment of the sollicit\u00e6 jucunda oblivia vit\u00e6\u2014believe me to be Dear Sir with sincere respect & esteem Your faithful & obedient Servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0339", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmund Randolph, 13 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 13. 1793.\nI received yesterday the inclosed letter from Mr. Hammond Minister Plenipotentiary of Great Britain on the case of Hooper and Pagan whereon you have been before consulted. I take the liberty of resorting again to you for the information which your presence in the supreme court will have enabled you to give, or which you may have otherwise obtained, and for your opinion on the case in it\u2019s present stage, so far as it concerns our nation in it\u2019s relation with others. And as illustrative of this whether the party complaining has duly pursued the ordinary remedies provided by the laws, as was incumbent on him before he would be entitled to appeal to the nation, and, if he has, whether that degree of gross and palpable injustice has been done him by the national tribunals, which would render the nation itself responsible for their conduct. I have the honor to be with great esteem & respect, Dear Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0340", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 13 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n Th: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President draughts of the instruments which he suggested as proper to be given formally to each tribe of Indians whose circumstances may call for such a manifestation of our views with respect to them. The first is a Letter of protection of the ordinary tenor, except that it declares a protection of the lands as well as the persons and other property, and would be signed by the President under the great seal. The second contains extracts from the late law of the US. and contains 1. those paragraphs which would shew to the Indians that our laws will punish injuries done them as if done to ourselves. 2. those paragraphs which may answer the purpose of directing those on the spot, when any injury is committed, how and where they are to proceed. If the furnishing such papers should be approved, it will be best to have them printed, on parchment, with the seal, and put into tin cases, so as to give them marks of solemnity which may strike those to whom they are given, or to whom they shall be shewn.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0341", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Letter of Protection for Friendly Indians, [13 March 1793]\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nEnclosureLetter of Protection for Friendly Indians\nGeorge Washington, President of the United States of America.\nTo all to whom these Presents shall come.\nKnow Ye, That the Nation of Indians called the inhabiting the Town of and other Towns, Villages and Lands of the same community, are, in their persons, Towns, Villages, Lands, Hunting-grounds and other Rights and Property in the Peace and under the Protection of the United States of America. And all Persons, Citizens of the United States and others of whatever country or condition, are hereby warned not to commit any Injury, Trespass or Molestation whatever on the persons, lands, Hunting-grounds, or other Rights or Property of the said Indians. And they are in like manner forbidden to purchase, accept, agree or treat for, with the said Indians directly or indirectly, the title or Occupation of any Lands held or claimed by them, and I do hereby call upon all persons in authority under the United States and all Citizens thereof in their several capacities, to be aiding and assisting to the prosecution and punishment according to Law of all persons who shall be found offending in the Premises.\nGiven under my Hand and the Seal of the United States this  day of  in the Year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety three and of the Independence of the United States of America the", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0342", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 13 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia 13th. Mar. 1793\nThe returned draught of a letter to Mr. Gouvr. Morris accords with my sentiments.\u2014Taking it for granted, that the words \u201cWe suppose this will rather overpay the instalments and interest due on the loans of 18. 6 and 10 Millions\u201d\u2014means all that could be demanded by the French Government to the close of last year.\u2014This being the idea I have entertained of the payments, and engagements to pay.\nIf it has not been done in a former letter, it would be very agreeable to me, that Mr. Morris should be instructed to neglect no favorable opportunity of expressing informally the sentiments and wishes of this Country respecting M. de la Fayette.\u2014And I pray you to commit to paper\u2014in answer to the enclosed letter from Madame de la Fayette to me\u2014all the consolation I can with propriety give her consistent with my public character and the National policy; circumstanced as things are.\u2014My last, and only letter to her is herewith sent, that you may see what has been written heretofore. I am\u2014always Yours\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0343", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Delamotte, 14 March 1793\nFrom: Delamotte\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHavre, 14 Mch. 1793.A rumor is abroad here that Spain has declared war on the United States. No one has identified the source, but neither has it been discredited. Since no public paper confirms it, he considers it a chimera, albeit one which frightens him. Yet it is only too probable that England wishes to prevent America from bringing supplies to France and, rather than break relations with the United States, might induce Spain to do so under the pretext of problems concerning the mouth of the Mississippi. He will send word of what he learns about the rumor through ships that are scheduled to leave here for America. Meanwhile, TJ should attach no more weight to the news than he himself does\u2014namely, that it seems to fit the interests of the powers at war with France, and nothing more.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0344", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Beverley Randolph, 14 March 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Beverley\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond March 14th. 1793\nYours of the 18 of last month did not reach me untill the 6th. instant.\nI beg you will accept my Thanks for the very favourable opinion you have been good enough to express of me. I sincerely wish I may be able to answer the expectations of my Friends. I profess myself intirely ignorant of the Business which I am calld upon to execute but have notwithstanding determined to engage in it having nothing to support me in the undertaking except a consciousness of Zeal for the Public Interest and the Hope that you and my Friend Edmund Randolph will afford me such information on the Subject of my Employment as will enable to discharge the Duties of it in a Satisfactory Manner.\nI should have answered your Letter before this had an opportunity offer\u2019d from Cumberland sooner than my own Departure for this Place.\nI fear it will be impossible for me to reach Philadelphia so soon as the President wishes as I have only this Day received official notice of my appointment. This Circumstance will scarcely allow me time to be there sooner than the 10th next of month by which Day I hope to be able to accomplish the Journey. I beg you will be good enough to make my apology to the President for this Delay. You know my dear Sir how impossible it is for a man in this Country to equip himself for such an expedition in so short a time as seems to be required. I beg you to be assured that I am with great Regard Yr. Friend\nBeverley Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0345", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Gilmer, 15 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gilmer, George\nDear Doctor\nPhiladelphia Mar. 15. 1793.\nI duly received your favor of Jan. 26. and learn with great pleasure the reestablishment of your system, in which no one takes a more sincere interest than myself. I had indeed hoped by this time to have been with you. But it seems I must stay here a little longer in penance for my sins. This will give you the start in your manufactures of porter and maccaroni, in which however I shall certainly attempt to rival you.\u2014You will have heard of the fiscal enquiries into which the late Congress went. I send you a paper containing Madison\u2019s speech. Monroe will set out on Monday, and dropping Mrs. Monroe at Fredericksbg. will pursue his route to Charlottesville alone. We have no news from France later than the beginning of the king\u2019s trial. Notwithstanding the blustering of John Bull, I still suspect that he never intended war, but only a pretext for arming at home against Tom Paine. An unparalleled want of money here, and stoppage of discount at all the banks, obliges the merchants to slacken the price of wheat and flour. But it is only temporary. Be assured the price will be very high in a short time. Give my best respects to Mrs. Gilmer & accept assurances yourself of the sincere esteem & attachment of Dear Doctor your affectionate friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0346", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Hallet, 15 March 1793\nFrom: Hallet, Stephen\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nGeoe Town 15 Mars 1793.\nJe vous demande bien sincerement pardon pour mes Importunit\u00e9s. Je prends la libert\u00e9 d\u2019invoquer encor vos bons offices aupr\u00e9s du President des Etats unis.\nJe vous Joins ici la lettre des commissionnaires qui m\u2019annonce leur Decision avec ma reponse et une Description succincte des Dispositions generales d\u2019un nouveau plan conforme aux donn\u00e9es resultantes de la Conference que le President m\u2019a accord\u00e9e Sous Vos auspices. Ces pieces Vous feront connoitre le sujet de ma demarche. J\u2019ajouterai ici un aper\u00e7u de la Conduite que Jai tenue et du tenir ici.\nEtranger et presque inconnu Je n\u2019ai du esperer la Confiance quapres que le tems m\u2019auroit fourni les occasions de la Justifier. Jai done du m\u2019attacher a Saisir et a rendre les id\u00e9es quil a plu au Pr\u00e9sident et aux commissionnaires de m\u2019indiquer et Je l\u2019ai fait. J\u2019ai produit deux essais d apr\u00e8s mon ancien dessein il m a paru que dans le premier Javois Surpass\u00e9 les Vues d\u2019\u0153conomie qu\u2019on m\u2019avoit recommand\u00e9es dans le Second que Jai produit dernierement au President en votre presence avec le dessein quil m\u2019avoit lui meme point\u00e9 Comme ce qui lui paroissoit convenable au sujet, Je me Suis rapproch\u00e9 de mon original et meme Je pense l\u2019avoir perfectionn\u00e9.\nEnfin depuis mon retour de Philadelphie Je me suis occupe du Plan dont la Description est ci Jointe.\nPlus instruit des necessit\u00e9s locale et prenant pour Cette fois sur moi le Choix des formes Jesperois l\u2019offrir au Concours Comme la premiere production qui soit reellement de ma Composition, Je me Suis propos\u00e9 d\u2019imiter la Simplicit\u00e9 de l\u2019antique dont les effets resultent de l\u2019ensemble et des proportions et non de la multitude des ornemens Cest a mon Sens le genre qui doit reussir ici.\nIl Seroit facheux que le Concours fut ferm\u00e9 a la premiere Composition qu\u2019il m\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 possible de produire (tout mon tems ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 employ\u00e9 a travailler sur des id\u00e9es Etrangeres).\nLes proc\u00e9d\u00e9s honn\u00eates que Jai toujours eprouv\u00e9s de la part des commissionaires m\u2019obligent a l\u2019estime et a la reconnoissance mais ces sentimens memes m\u2019imposent peut etre le devoir d\u2019observer que Si les vues d\u2019\u0153conomie dont on m\u2019a Continuellement entretenu sont necessaires au Succes de l\u2019etablissement on S\u2019en est fort ecart\u00e9 dans le Choix qu\u2019on vient de faire.\nConvaincu de la Justice de ma Reclamation fond\u00e9 sur des faits qui vous sont connus, J\u2019ose esperer monsieur que vous voudres bien soumettre cet expos\u00e9 au President le Requerant de suspendre sil est possible son Jugement Jusqua ce que J\u2019aye pu mettre mon ouvrage en \u00e9tat d\u2019etre vu et entendu dans toutes ses parties.\nCe delai ne peut nuire aux travaux preparatoires quon pourra diriger d\u2019une maniere utile a quelque plan quon adopte en Definitif.\nJe reitere en tout evenement mes offres de services et l\u2019assurance de mon Zele pour le succes de l\u2019etablissement promettant d\u2019y Concourir de mon mieux dans la partie qui pourra m\u2019etre confi\u00e9e. Jai lhonneur d\u2019etre tres Respectueusement Monsieur Votre tres humble et obnt Serviteur.\nS. Hallet\nNota. J\u2019apprends indirectement que les Commres. Se sont occupes de me faire des propositions, mais elles ne me sont point encor parvenue. Jaurai lhonneur de vous les faire Connoitre.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0347", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Stephen Hallet\u2019s Description of His New Plan for the Capitol, [ca. 15 March 1793]\nFrom: Hallet, Stephen,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nEnclosureStephen Hallet\u2019s Description of His\n New Plan for the Capitol\nSuccinct description of a new Plan of a Capitol by Mr. Hallet.\nThe principal front is in a direct line of 320. feet in length, having in the middle a circular projection of 105. feet diameter, very nearly of the proportions of the Pantheon, and crowned in the same taste, the same Cornish, surmounted by a balustrade, crowns the whole edifice which is proposed to be covered in terrasses. The Sub-basement will raise the first floor to some steps above the level of the highest ground, and will afford a great number of offices and lodgings for doorkeepers and other conveniences. In the circular mass, a large open vestibule of nine arches, 10 feet wide, gives room to enter in carriages, from whence is a communication by a circular staircase to the central vestibule on the first floor, which has an entry on the same level to the East, giving passage to the antichambers, stair-cases and other interior communications. The Representatives room is in the same stile and placed in the same manner as in my preceding plan. The Senate is at the other end and disposed so that all the effects of the light are symmetrical as if it occupied the whole mass. The Conference room is in the middle in the circular projection on the second floor. It\u2019s inside is an exact sphere in imitation of the Pantheon. All the rooms, without exception, are lighted and aired directly, because they have all windows in outer walls.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0348", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gouverneur Morris and Thomas Pinckney, 15 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia March 15th. 1793.\nThe President has seen with satisfaction that the Ministers of the United States in Europe, while they have avoided an useless commitment of their Nation on the subject of M. de la Fayette, have nevertheless shewn themselves attentive to his situation. The interest which the President himself, and our Citizens in general take in the welfare of this gentleman, is great and sincere, and will entirely justify all prudent efforts to serve him. I am therefore to desire that you will avail yourself of every opportunity of sounding the way towards his liberation, of finding out whether those in whose power he is, are very tenacious of him, of insinuating through such channels as you shall think suitable the attentions of the Government and people of the United States to this object, and the interest they take in it, and of procuring his liberation by informal solicitations, if possible. But if formal ones be necessary, and the moment should arrive when you shall find that they will be effectual, you are authorized to signify, through such channel as you shall find suitable, that our Government and Nation, faithful in their attachments to this gentleman for the services he has rendered them, feel a lively interest in his welfare, and will view his liberation as a mark of consideration and friendship for the United States, and as a new motive for esteem and a reciprocation of kind offices towards the power to whom they shall be indebted for this Act.\nA like letter being written to Mr. Pinckney, you will of course take care that, however you may act through different channels, there be still a sufficient degree of concert in your proceedings. I am, with great and sincere esteem, Dear Sir, Your most obedient and most humble Servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0349", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Randolph, 15 March 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia March 15th. 1793.\nMy communications to you in the case of Pagan against Hooper, combined with the facts, which have since occurred, will support me in saying, that as the law-officer of the United States, I have contributed every thing in my power to the relief of Pagan. You will recollect, that counsel was employed by him to move for a writ of error: that the first application was refused: that upon discovering, that only part of the record was laid before the judge, who did refuse, I recommended a second effort with a complete record, which I furnished, together with an abstract of it, as it was voluminous: and that thereupon a writ of error was granted; and issued.\nAt the last Session of the Supreme Court of the United States, the writ of error was not returned. Pagan\u2019s counsel, holding the record in his hands, mentioned the subject to the court; upon which the Chief-justice of the United States produced a letter from the Chief-justice of Massachusetts, informing him, that the writ, having been directed to the Supreme Court of Massachusetts, instead of the Supreme judicial Court, it could not be obeyed by any Court in Massachusetts; as none bore that name. But he added, that with this correction, it should be taken into consideration. Pagan\u2019s counsel was solicitous to leave the whole business in the hands of the Court without any specific motion, but the Court declared, that without a motion, they should consider nothing. Upon this Pagan\u2019s counsel replied, that he should make a motion for an alias writ of error, but should argue against it. One  of the Justices expressed his surprize, that a gentleman should argue against his own motion; and was answered by the Counsel, that he hoped to satisfy the Court, that under the extraordinary circumstances of the case, he was free to do so. To this the same Judge said, that the circumstances must be extraordinary indeed, which would warrant such a procedure.\nOn the next day, the record was exhibited by the Counsel, and the motion made. The Court asked him, whether the subject, which gave the Court jurisdiction, was apparent on the record. He averred, that it was not. I happened to be present, and reminded the Court and the Counsel, of the delicacy of the case; and particularly requested the latter to remember, that it had been before the government of the United States, that every means ought to be tried and that instead of asking for the writ as a new thing, he should move for it, as a thing of course, after one had been already granted. But he remarked, and the Court agreed, that the propriety of the writ was as much open now, as ever; and the renewal of it was unanimously rejected.\nThe latter part of this representation ought probably to have come from Pagan\u2019s Counsel; but to avoid delay, I have drawn it, with a view of shewing it to him, before I forward it to you.\nI pretend not to decide on the style, in which the motion ought to have been made; especially as I am no stranger to the abilities and integrity of Pagan\u2019s Counsel. But I shall leave the proceeding to your own comments, and shall turn my attention to the following aspect of the case: whether\nUpon the supposition, that the most perfect mode of application for the writ of error has been adopted, the United States are not discharged from responsibility by the judgment of the Court?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0350", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 15 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President, sends him the draught of a letter to Madame de la Fayette, as also the draught of a letter to Mr. Morris. If this be approved, he proposes to write a like one to Mr. Pinckney.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0353", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Wilkes Kittera, 16 March 1793\nFrom: Kittera, John Wilkes\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLancaster March 16th. 1793.\nHaving left the City before the receipt of Mr. Chambers\u2019 letter to me, containing the inclosed papers, I beg leave to transmit them to you. Mr. Chambers, like all other Projectors, appears quite captivated with his discovery. Whether any thing, or what ought to be done with his letter to the President of the National Convention of France, I submit to you as better able to judge. I am, Sir, with Sentiments of perfect respect & esteem Your most obt. & very hble Servt.\nJno W: Kittera", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0354", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Maury, 16 March 1793\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLiverpool, 16 Mch. 1793. He encloses this month\u2019s price current at Liverpool, which remains closed to foreign wheat and flour. He lately corresponded with Pinckney on whether the irregularity of American sea captains \u201cin furnishing the particulars required in your Instructions of the 26. Augt. 1790\u201d  requires government intervention and was advised to mention it to TJ, of whom he requests instructions. He asks for three sets of the laws of the United States for his consular agents.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0355", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 16 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia, March 16th. 1793.\nI wrote you on the 30th. of December, and again a short Letter on the 1st. of January, since which I have received yours of October 2d. and 5th. Nov. 6th. and 9th. and Dec. 13th. 14th. 15th. I now inclose you the Treasurer\u2019s second of exchange for 24,750 Guilders to be employed in the purchase of copper for the mint from Sweden or wherever else it can be got on the best terms, the first of exchange having been enclosed in my letter of December 30.\nI am in hopes you will have been able to enter into proper arrangements with the British Minister for the protection of our seamen from impressment before the preparations for war shall have produced inconvenience to them. While he regards so minutely the inconveniences to themselves which may result from a due regulation of this practice, it is just he should regard our inconveniencies also from the want of it. His observations in your letter imply merely that if they should abstain from injuring us, it might be attended with inconvenience to themselves.\nYou ask what should be your conduct in case you should at any time discover negotiations to be going on which might eventually be interesting to us? The nature of the particular case will point out what measures on your part would be the most for our interest, and to your discretion we must refer the taking such measures without waiting for instructions where circumstances would not admit of such a delay. A like necessity to act may arise on other occasions. In the changeable scenes, for instance, which are passing in Europe, were a moment to offer when you could obtain any advantage for our commerce, and especially in the american Colonies, you are desired to avail us of it to the best advantage, and not to let the occasion slip by for want of previous instruction.\nYou ask what encoragements are given to emigrants by the several States? No other than a permission to become citizens and to participate of the rights of citizens, except as to eligibility to certain Offices in the government. The rules, as to these, are not uniform in the States. I have found it absolutely impracticable to obtain even for my Office a regular transmission of the laws of the several States: consequently it would be more so to furnish them to our ministers abroad. You will receive by this, or the first proper conveyance those of Congress, passed at their last Session.\nThe appointment of your Secretary depending absolutely on yourself, no confirmation is necessary for that of Mr. Deas.\nIt is impossible for me to give any authority for the advance of monies to Mr. Wilson. Were we to do it in his case, we should, on the same principles be obliged to do it in several others wherein foreign nations decline or delay doing justice to our Citizens. No law of the United States would cover such an act of the Executive: and all we can do legally is to give him all the aid which our patronage of his claims with the British Court can effect.\nWith respect to the payment of your allowances, as the laws authorize the payment of a given number of Dollars to you, and as your Duties place you in London, I suppose we are to pay you the Dollars there, or other money of equal value, estimated by the par of the metals. Such has accordingly been the practice ever since the close of the War. Your powers to draw on our Bankers in Holland, will leave you the master of fixing your draughts by this standard.\nThe transactions of Europe are now so interesting that I should be obliged to you every week to put the Leyden Gazettes of the week under cover to me, and put them into such Ship\u2019s bag as shall be first coming to any port North of north Carolina.\nMr. Barclay\u2019s death is just made known to us, and measures are taking in consequence of it.\nYou will perceive by the news papers a remarkable fall in the price of our public paper. This is owing chiefly to the extraordinary demand for the produce of our Country, and a temporary scarcity of Cash to purchase it. The merchants holding public paper are obliged to part with it at any price to raise money.\nThe following appointments of Consuls have taken place.\nNathl. Cutting\nfor Havre\nEdward Fox\nfor Falmouth\nJoseph Yznardi Jr.\nfor Cadiz\nRobert Montgomery\nfor Alicant\nJohn Parish\nfor Hamburg\nHenry Cooper\nfor Santa Cruz\nDavid Matthew Clarkson\nfor St. Eustatia\nBenjamin Hamnell Philips\n for Curra\u00e7oa\nSamuel Cooper Johonnet\nfor Demarara\nMichael Murphy\nfor Malaga\nJames Greenleaf\nfor Amsterdam\nI sent you some time ago a dozen plans of the City of Washington in the Federal territory, hoping you would have them displayed to public view where they would be most seen by those descriptions of men worthy and likely to be attracted to it, and particularly in the principal towns.\nI trust to Mr. Taylor to forward you the newspapers by every good opportunity so as to avoid the expense of postage. I am with much respect Dear sir, your most obedient and very humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0356", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Russell, 16 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Russell, Benjamin\nSir\nPhiladelphia March 16. 1793.\nBe pleased to correct the following typographical error in the 1st. Section of the Act intituled \u201cAn act to alter the times and places of holding the Circuit Courts in the Eastern District, and in North Carolina, and for other purposes.\u201d To wit \u201cfor the district of Massachusetts, at Boston, on the seventeenth day of June\u201d; strike out the word \u201cseventeenth\u201d and insert in lieu thereof the word seventh.\nTh: Jefferson\nIf you have not published the above mentioned act, its publication with the above correction will be sufficient.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0357", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 17 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, Francis\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 17. 1793.\nBesides the difficulty you mentioned with respect to Jack\u2019s trip to the Indian treaty, one has occurred here from a necessity, not expected, of circumscribing the number of persons who are to go, within as narrow limits as possible. Under these circumstances it becomes necessary to consider what would be his best plan for the summer. Tho\u2019 I have promised to remain here longer than I had declared, and without saying how much longer, yet my private determination, which I may confide to you, is that it shall be but little longer. I have therefore given up my house, and am now packing up my furniture to send it off to Virginia. In the mean time, to wear the appearance of remaining here I have taken a small house in the country, for a year. In this situation I have thought it would be best to recommend to you that Jack should go to Williamsburg, as I have ever advised students to pass the last year there, as well to go through the course of law lectures, as to acquire the habit of publick speaking in the moot-court there before they appear on the public stage. The want of this habit has sometimes struck such a panic into a new orator as that he has never got over it. This too is the only method by which a student can discover his own powers, and decide for himself his future enterprizes. Jack tells me that the college vacation ends in may, and that the lectures begin then. He will therefore return to you in time to be at their opening, if you approve of it. I directed his books to be sent from Ireland in April, and my correspondent has promised they shall. They will arrive at Richmond addressed to me to the care of Mr. James Brown. They will be known from other packages which will come from the same person under the same address, from the circumstance that they will come from Ireland, the others from England. From this description you can apply for and receive them from Mr. Brown without further authority from me.\nI mentioned to you in my last letter that I had found that I should in fact have occasion, on winding up here, for some hundred dollars  of the money expected from Carey\u2019s executor. I shall be happy to learn from you what are the prospects, as a disappointment will be a puzzling, perhaps a distressing, circumstance to me. I shall see you at Eppington when I come to Virginia. In the mean time present my affectionate respects to Mrs Eppes and love to the family, and accept yourself assurances of the warm esteem of Dear Sir Your sincere friend & servt.\nThs. Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0358", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Horatio Gates, 17 March 1793\nFrom: Gates, Horatio\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nRose Hill 17th: March 1793.\nI am favoured with the receipt of your obliging Letter of the 12th: Instant and shall with pleasure Obey your Commands; Your Letters to me, during the Period you mention, are in a large Chest full of public papers; My Letters to you, are all Copied in a Book, from whence they shall be recopied, and with the others deliverd into your Hands. But what if you was to come and pass the Hot Summer Season here, and hereabouts, while this is doing; At Times we can amuse ourselves upon this, and Long Island, where much amusement is to be had; Rose Hill will do now, and then, as place of Rest; from whence we can Start, and Return, when we please. Tell Mr: Maddison he can\u2019t do better than be of the Party; You Statesmen should take all Opportunitys to relax your Minds; The best Bow will be Spoil\u2019d, by being always bent; therefore come to New York; the best Time of the Year to Ramble, is from the Middle of June, to the last of July, for then this Country is delightfull; My Mary Joins me very Sincerely in this Invitation. The only reason I can give for discontinuing a correspondence by which I was so much obliged was, a diffidence lest I should intrude upon the Time of a Minister, and might now, and then, ask Questions, which a Man high in Office, might think Impertinent;\u2014Trust me I shall upon every proper occasion be Glad to Testify the respect, and regard, with which I am Dear Sir Your Faithfull, and Obedient Servant;\nHoratio Gates\nP.S. Mrs: Gates presents Her Compliments, and requests you will also present them to Mr: Maddison.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0359", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmund Randolph, 17 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nTh: Jefferson incloses for the examination of the Atty. Genl. the abstract form of a patent proposed under the new law, wherein will be inserted the title only of the discovery, within the body of the instrument; and the description required by law, to be in a schedule annexed to and making part of the letters patent. This will admit the very words of the petitioner to be used, without the possibility of imputing to us either it\u2019s legal defects, or grammatical improprieties. It will admit too of printing the whole of the letters patent with short blanks for the name of the inventor and title of his invention.\nTh:J. sends an example of a patent to Saltonstall on this plan, and another prepared by Mr. Taylor on the former one, where the description was inserted in the body of the letters, from which the advantages of the former will be evident. He will thank the Atty. Genl. for his corrections of and opinion on the form, this being the first instance, and to serve as a precedent.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0360", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Proposed Form for Patents, [ca. 17 March 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nEnclosureProposed Form for Patents\n   Form of patent.\nThe US. of America to all to whom these letters patent shall come:\n   The words which are scored, are the very words of the law\nWhereas A.B. a citizen of the state of \u2003\u2003 in the US. hath alledged that he has invented [or discovered] &c. not before known or used has made oath [or affirmation] that he does verily believe that he is the true inventor [or discoverer] thereof: has paid into the treasury of the US. the sum of 30. dollars delivered a receipt for the same, and presented a petition to the Secretary of state signifying a desire of obtaining an exclusive property in the said invention [or improvement] and praying that a patent may be granted for that purpose:\nThese are therefore to grant according to law to the said A.B. his heirs administrators or assigns, for the term of 14 years, the full and exclusive right and liberty of making constructing, using and vending to others to be used the said invention [or discovery] a description whereof is given in the words of the said A.B. himself in the schedule hereto annexed, and is made a part of these presents.\nIn testimony whereof I have caused these letters to be made patent, and the seal of the US. to be hereunto affixed. Given under my hand at the city of Philadelphia this \u2003 day of \u2003\u2003 in the year of our lord 179\u2003 and of the independance of the US. of A. the \u2003\u2003\nG.W. \nBy the President Th:J.\nThe Schedule referred to in these Letters patent and making part of the same, containing a description in the words of the said A.B. himself of the &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0362", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 17 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson with his respectful compliments to the President returns him Colo. Humphrey\u2019s letter and those from George town. The last are indeed disagreeable: yet there does not seem any room for the President\u2019s interposition.\u2014Should Dr. Stewart and Mr. Johnson persist in their idea of retiring, it seems really desireable that they should do it separately, leaving such an interval between the two resignations as that the public mind may receive no unfavorable impression.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0363", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Wythe, 17 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wythe, George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 17. 1793.\nYour seal not being finished till this morning I was not able to send it by any of the gentlemen bound directly to Richmond. I now put it into the care of Mr. Madison and Colo. Monroe, who go to Fredericksburg and there will find some person going on to Richmond. It has been delayed by an error in the engraver, who in engraving the word EY\u0398EIAN, mistook the Y for a \u03c8 and had engraved the latter character. On discovering the error I sent it back to him, and he had to erase two or three of the neighboring letters to get the whole to stand right. The price is sixty four dollars. Brass has been preferred to steel, because of the liableness of the latter to rust, and to silver for it\u2019s liableness to be stolen. I am with great & unceasing affection, my dear sir, your sincere friend & obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Rapahanae is the orthography of the drawing.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0364", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Fay, 18 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fay, Joseph\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 18. 1793.\nI received your kind favor of the 26th. Ult. and thank you for it\u2019s contents as sincerely as if I could engage in what they propose. When I first entered on the stage of public life (now 24. years ago) I came to a resolution never to engage while in public office in any kind of enterprize for the improvement of my fortune, nor to wear any other character than that of a farmer. I have never departed from it in a single instance: and I have in multiplied instances found myself happy in being able to decide and to act as a public servant, clear of all interest, in the multiform questions that have arisen, wherein I have seen others embarrassed and biassed by having got themselves into a more interested situation. Thus I have thought myself richer in contentment than I should have been with any increase of fortune. Certainly I should have been much wealthier had I remained in that private condition which renders it lawful and even laudable to use proper efforts to better it. However, my public career is now closing, and I will go through on the principles on which I have hitherto acted. But I feel myself under obligations to repeat my thanks for this mark of your attention and friendship.\nWe have just received here the news of the decapitation of the king of France. Should the present ferment in Europe not produce republics every where, it will at least soften the monarchical governments by rendering monarchs amenable to punishment like other criminals, and doing away that aegis of insolence and oppression, the inviolability of the king\u2019s person. We I hope shall adhere to our republican government, and keep it to it\u2019s original principles by narrowly watching it. I am with great & sincere affection Dear Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0366", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 18 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 18. 93.\nI have to acknolege the receipt of your two favors of Feb. 20. and 29. on the 9th. instant. I wrote to my daughter the last week (the 10th.) as usual.\nI thank you for your information respecting my affairs. I counted little on Ronald or his affairs for my debt. I took a mortgage of the land sold, and of a moiety of his Beverdam land. I previously had the Goochld. records examined in my own presence and found no previous mortgage there of the Beverdam lands. I procured some friend (I do not remember who) to search the general court in like manner. I shall rather hope that executors will be for making immediate provision by sale of the lands, and so hasten my remedy.\u2014I see no possibility of defect in my title to the Natural bridge. It was king\u2019s land, entered and surveyed for me by old Tom Lewis, who was too attentive a surveyor to have done this if it had not been vacant. I received the patent in the usual time and form. I believe the taxes were regularly paid while I was in Europe. Since my return Mr. Stuart promised to do it annually, to be reimbursed from time to time when the sum should become worth note.\u2014You doubt whether I do not let my lands too low. I try this two ways, and think I do not. First, every 100 acres with one negroe will bring me 50 dollars, which is more than I ever made, and is 10. Dollars more than Garth and Mousley paid me; and it is certain they made a very small profit. Secondly suppose a tenant and his wife and four negroes to occupy a farm of 400. acres, or a tenant and his wife and 2 negroes to have one of 200. acres, the rent will be about 15. dollars on each labourer, which I believe is as much as the labourer can spare for the land he works, reserving a moderate and reasonable price for the labour he bestows on it. I was allowed but 50/ a hand by my father\u2019s executors for the hands of my brother who in 6. or 7. years totally destroyed the upper tract of my land on the East side of the river, when it was the richest peice of tobacco land  in the neighborhood. I think it will always be best to let tenants pay rather too little than too much. Otherwise they will remove or break.\u2014I doubt whether it will not be better to leave the renewal of the lease to be negociated during it\u2019s course, as circumstances may change so materially.\u2014I will certainly endeavor to procure some tenants for you if I find it practicable to extend the thing at all. As you do not mention the two young men who went to see my lands, I hope they arrived after I apprised you of my proposal and that you would be able to encourage them. In my letter last week I expressed my wishes that you would apply the force in your hands to the accomodation of the family with whatever convenience they can, as a first object; and after that only, to what I had planned. It is my earnest wish you should do so, as the former is the first object in my mind.\u2014My love to my dear Martha, and am sincerely & affectionately Dear Sir your\u2019s &c.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0367", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Loughton Smith, 18 March [1793]\nFrom: Smith, William Loughton\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr. Smith requests the favor of Mr. Jefferson to inform him of the annual amount of the following items, viz.\nSalaries of foreign Ministers &c.\nTreaties\u2014(conjectural.)\nAnnual Contingencies (conjectural.)", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0370", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 19 March 1793\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMarseilles, 19 Mch. 1793. He encloses and confirms a copy of his last letter of 17 Feb. The Aurora of Baltimore, Andr\u00e9 L. Burgain (a French native) master, bound for J. Baptiste Guide in Nice, and for Marseilles, laden with tobacco, flour, staves, and coffee, was taken near Barcelona by the privateer Patriote of Marseilles, Captain Neel, and brought here on 27 Feb. Unaware that war at sea had broken out in Europe and assuming that an Algerine privateer was chasing him, Burgain burned his American ship papers, hoping that French papers procured in St. Domingo and confirmed by the French consul in Baltimore would protect him. He declared this to Neel but disputed too much and was put in irons. Neel avers that Burgain told him that he had escaped from France, where he was under sentence of death on matters related to the Revolution. As a naturalized American citizen whose ship and cargo belong to Zacharie Coopman & Company of Baltimore, Burgain while in quarantine claimed his assistance as vice-consul. After taking Burgain\u2019s sworn statement that he was a naturalized citizen of the United States with a wife and three children at Philips point, Baltimore, where he owns 250 acres granted him by Congress for service during the Revolution, he took his oath of allegiance, acknowledged him as an American citizen, and obtained a municipal order for his release from irons. The ship had a free pratique on 15 Mch., but Burgain has been imprisoned \u201cfor his Individual affair\u201d on Neel\u2019s charges, a matter for the judicial system, though Burgain\u2019s memoir appears to vindicate him. At the request of Burgain and Guide, who has arrived here, he attended the opening of the ship\u2019s papers and letters in the commercial court that will determine its status as a prize. His paraphrase of them, signed by himself, the judge, the privateer\u2019s owner, and Guide, was inserted in the proc\u00e8s-verbal along with Cathalan\u2019s protest on behalf of all Americans concerned. He has sent Gouverneur Morris an account of the matter and extracts from the proc\u00e8s-verbal to be forwarded to TJ if necessary. A letter from Zacharie & Company to Guide indicates that French papers were obtained solely for protection from the Algerines, a common practice that no maritime power can sanction and that is more harmful than beneficial. He will act prudently to save American property in this complicated affair, but it will take a long time if as is likely the privateer sues for condemnation. If the ship is released, he is at a loss how to furnish proper papers to get her safely home, but will do his best. On 3 Mch. the American brig Bacchus, Roger Robbins master, laden with wheat and flour belonging to Zacharie & Company and addressed to Guide at Nice, was taken by a French privateer and carried into Cette, where it was released, the captain having shown the ship\u2019s American papers and hoisted American colors at sea; as Cette needed wheat, it purchased the wheat and flour at the price they would have fetched in Nice. He hopes that American vessels will visit the Mediterranean, where Portuguese naval ships are cruising while at war with Algiers, and that TJ will take proper measures in this favorable circumstance to protect them. France has favored American ships lately. In 1778 he obtained an abatement on foreign bacalao from Necker, and he has urged Morris to apply for abatement of the prohibitive duty on American imports of bacalao, as French fishermen will not risk going to Newfoundland during the war with England, Holland, and Spain. On the first motion in the National Convention such a decree will be made, since only  bread and meat are more necessary. Americans should thus be encouraged to send bacalao next fall and winter, when it will obtain high prices in ready money. American flour is now worth \u00a3100\u20b6 a barrel, and wheat would fetch \u00a398\u20b6 to \u00a3100\u20b6 per charge now and soon much more. During the war American ships will find freight here for all parts of the world at extravagant terms. [P.S.] He asks that Dunlap\u2019s gazette be sent when it contains material useful to the consulate or trade with France.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0371", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 19 March 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLisbon, 19 Mch. 1793. He acknowledges TJ\u2019s dispatch of 2 Jan., accompanied by others for Carmichael and Short which the Spanish ambassador will forward, and by plans of the Federal City which will be disposed of as requested. In his No. 60 he reported that Portugal will probably grant no monopoly in wheat to Naples, and in No. 65 he described his efforts to expand American commerce here. His enclosed letters to the Secretary for Foreign Affairs document his continuing efforts in these areas since returning from Gibraltar. He has obtained no reply as yet, but will keep this letter open until the vessel sails. Freire is still here, but still plans to go to America this spring. Besides Freire\u2019s desire for a better appointment, the Portuguese government is peculiarly prone to delay. For example, the man chosen to congratulate the newly elected Emperor of Germany left Lisbon soon after that event but had not reached Vienna when the Emperor died. The Queen of Portugal\u2019s health reportedly worsens. The kingdom is very quiet, but hostile preparations go on apace and the Prince of Brazil has enhanced his popularity by visiting several posts and showing unusual activity and concern for the state\u2019s welfare. The common people are much irritated against the French since the execution of the king. Portugal must soon decide whether to let Spain and England draw it into war, and the decision whether to admit a French \u201cAgent Negociateur\u201d now arrived at the border will bring matters to a crisis. He encloses a list of Barclay\u2019s papers left sealed under Simpson\u2019s care at Gibraltar. Two letters for TJ from Short go by this conveyance, but he has heard nothing from Carmichael. Church has not arrived, but an American ship chartered here by his order has gone to Bordeaux for him and his family. P.S. The latest information from the court gives little reason to expect favorable responses to the two subjects addressed in his applications to the Secretary for Foreign Affairs, but he consoles himself with the conviction that he has done everything possible.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0372", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 19 March 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 19 March 1793\nFinding Captn. Loxley still detained I avail myself of the opportunity thereby afforded, to inform you that I have received the paper concerning which I was sollicitous from Mr. Morris, to whom it had been sent by mistake, and that I shall observe the directions contained in your favor of the 1st. Jany. I am happy to find that circumstances have not occasioned the detention of this paper to be attended with any inconveniencies, nor is it probable from present appearances that it would have been the case for some time to come. I have the honor to be with great respect Dear Sir Your faithful and most obedient Servant\nThomas Pinckney\nGardner has no transports nor troops with him nor can any be spared from hence yet.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0373", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 19 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMarch 19th. 1793\nThe President returns to the Secretary of State the letter and enclosures from Colo. Humphreys\u2014and sends him a letter just received from Mr. Ellicott.\nThe President wishes the Secretary\u2019s opinion whether the direction to the Director of the Mint for collecting and assaying certain foreign Coins agreeably to the law\u2014\u201cregulating foreign Coins\u201d &c\u2014should go directly from the President to this Officer\u2014or whether it should go through the Secretary of State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0374", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Auldjo, 20 March 1793\nFrom: Auldjo, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCowes, 20 Mch. 1793. He encloses an account of the imports and exports of American ships within his district from 1 July to 31 Dec. 1792, hoping it will suffice, even though it is not so correct as he could wish because his unpaid agents in the outlying ports lack incentive to be very exact, and ship captains sometimes refuse to show their papers and detail their cargoes. The ambassador will have told TJ that, as England is at war, he is furnishing passports to protect American ships. Nothing detrimental to American trade has occurred in this district since the war began. He has successfully resolved several disputes with impressment officers over seamen, but can not suggest a remedy for this troubling problem. Subjoining a list of expenses\u2014\u00a39.1.6 for obtaining a royal warrant approving his commission as consul and \u00a32.12.6 for a seal of office\u2014he leaves it entirely to TJ to decide whether he should be reimbursed, though he thinks he should be allowed something for postage costs, which have lately been heavy. Corn prices are rising. Wheat brings 6/ sterling a bushel and rice 19/ a hundred deliverable in France or Holland. The former price can be sustained but the latter must fall.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0375", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Gregorie, 20 March 1793\nFrom: Gregorie, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis, 20 Mch. 1793. He solicits the consulship for Dunkirk, which has never had one even though it is among Europe\u2019s more important ports and enjoys a considerable trade with the United States. Although French by birth, he is recognized as an American citizen and has kept an establishment at Petersburg since 1785, taking the oath of allegience, owning land, paying taxes, and generally acting as a good citizen until embarking for Europe last  September. Inquiry will show his character to be irreproachable; if appointed, his abilities will enable him to carry out his duties satisfactorily. The European war enhances the value of neutral, particularly American, ships, and a consul is needed at Dunkirk to prevent violations of the Navigation Act. Incentives granted by France to Nantucket whalers who settle in that country and outfit a ship for the whale fishery under its flag have lured great numbers of them to Dunkirk, many of whom had retained their American ship registers when hostilities commenced and, he believes, may have sold or disposed of them, a practice which violates American law and should be stopped. He requests that an answer be sent to him in Dunkirk, or to the care of Charles Herrias & Company in London or Gregorie & Barksdale in Petersburg.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0376", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 20 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 20. 1793.\nThe death of Mr. Barclay having rendered it necessary to appoint some other person to proceed to Algiers on the business of peace and ransom, the President has thought proper to appoint Colo. Humphreys, and to send on Capt. Nathaniel Cutting to him in the character of Secretary, and to be the bearer of the papers to him. I am to ask the favor of you to communicate to Colo. Humphreys whatever information you may be able to give him in this business, in consequence of the agency you have had in it. I have given him authority to draw in his own name on our bankers in Amsterdam for the money deposited in their hands for this purpose according to the letter I had the honor of writing to you July 3. 1792. I have now that of assuring  you of the sincere sentiments of esteem & respect with which I am Dear Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0377", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Ternant, 20 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\n            Philadelphia March 20th. 1793.\n          I have to acknowledge the receipt of your note of the 6th. instant, on the claim of an inheritance of lands in North Carolina, supposed to have devolved from M. Giroud on Monsr. Preau, a Citizen of France, by virtue of the 11th. article of our treaty of Commerce. I have not received any letter on the subject from the President or Trustees of the University of North Carolina, or any other person. Indeed I could hardly expect to receive such a letter, as it would be quite improper in the Executive to give an opinion on the subject. It is purely a question of property which must be decided by the tribunals of the Country, who alone in litigated cases are competent to expound the laws of the land, among which, and of a paramount nature, is the treaty in question. To these tribunals therefore Mr. Preau must appeal, and I can refer him to them with the more satisfaction from my entire confidence that he will receive at their hands the most perfect justice. I am with great and sincere esteem, Sir your most obedient & most humble Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0378", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 20 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson, with his respects to the President, observes in answer to the note of yesterday respecting directions to the Mint for the assay of the new coins, that the Departments being instituted to relieve the President from the details of execution, it will be sufficient that the directions go from the head of the department, the President\u2019s approbation being known. They shall accordingly be given.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0379", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 20 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nUnited States, March 20th: 1793\nI have to request that it may be given in charge to the director of the mint, to take measures for collecting samples of foreign coins issued in the Year 1792, of the species which usually circulate within the United States, to examine by assays at the mint whether the same are conformable to the respective standards required, and to report the result, that the same may be made known by proclamation\u2014agreeably to the Act entitled \u201cAn Act regulating foreign Coins, and for other purposes.\u201d\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0381", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, with Jefferson\u2019s Note, 20 March 1793\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMarch 20th. 1793\nThe President returns the enclosed draft of a letter to Mr. Pinckney, the contents of which meet his approbation.\nThe President will thank Mr. Jefferson to send him a map of the Federal City, if he has any by him.\n[Note by TJ:]\nThe above was the letter of Mar. 16. 93. to Mr. Pinckney.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0382", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 20 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Mar. 20. 1793.\nIn a letter of July 3. 1792. I remitted you a bill of exchange drawn on you by the Treasurer of the US. for 123,750 current gilders, and desired you to enter it to the credit of the Secretary of state for the US. and to answer draughts which should be made on it by Mr. Pinckney for purposes unconnected with those of his general mission. I have now to inform you that Mr. Nathaniel Cutting will immediately draw on you a bill for one thousand dollars part of this money, and that the whole power over the residue of it not drawn for by Mr. Pinckney, is transferred to Colo. David Humphreys, our resident at  Lisbon, whose draughts therefore to the amount of that residue you will be pleased to honour. I am gentlemen your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0383", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Brown, Benson & Ives, 21 March 1793\nFrom: Brown, Benson & Ives\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nProvidence 21st March 1793\nThe design of this address being of great Consequence to the Commercial interests of our Country, we shall attempt no apology while we beg leave to solicit your attention to the following statement of facts.\nOn the 15th of Decemr. last we dispatch\u2019d our Brig Commerce Capt. James Munro Jr. with a Valuable Cargo for the French West Inda. Islands, with instructions to the Captain to Proceed to Windward and there dispose of part or all of the Cargo if it could be sold to advantage, but if the sales were not Compleated at Windward he was to Proceed to Cape Francois or Port au Prince, in order to finish the business; the Vessel arriv\u2019d at Martinico where the Captain sold his Codfish only, not being able to obtain the original Cost for the remainder of his Cargo\u2014he therefore in pursuance of our Orders proceeded to Leeward, and unfortunately stopt off Port au Prince, at which Place he landed, in order to ascertain the state of the Markets, but finding no demand for his Cargo, he intended to proceed to the Cape but was forcibly prevented, a Guard being put on board his Vessel and she brought into the harbour, and \u2019tho he produc\u2019d his Invoice to the Assembly, and offer\u2019d them his Cargo at a Discount of ten\u214cCent from the Cost, they refused to purchase, and Persisted in their refusal to Permit his Departure, in Confirmation of all which, and for a detail of his Proceedings, you will please to peruse two Original Letters which we have received from the Captain, also a Coppy of his Petition to the Municipality which are here inclosed. It appears that many other American Vessels were in the same unhappy situation, and as our Exports to the Islands are usually Compos\u2019d of Perishable articles, which was the Case with the Cargo of our Brig, we need not suggest how ruinous such detention must be to the Voyages, and as the Proceedings are totally repugnant to the Laws and Practice of all  Nations, except in Cases of Actual hostility, we Persuade ourselves Sir, that you will impart the Circumstances to the French Minister at Philadelphia, and Prevail on him to adopt such Measures as will speedily and effectually relieve the suffering Americans at Port au Prince, any Delay will Operate very Injurious, and Perhaps Issue in the total loss of many Cargoes, and Cause great injury if not ruin to the Vessels.\nAs we have not the honour of a Personal acquaintance with you, our Friends Mr. Foster and Mr. Bourne are so Obliging as to Accompany this address with a Letter; Permit us to Commend the subject to your early attention and be assured that We are Sir, very respectfully, Your Obedt. Friends & Servants,\nBrown Benson & Ives", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0384", "content": "Title: Circular to Consuls and Vice-Consuls, 21 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Consuls,Vice-Consuls\nSir\nPhiladelphia March 21st. 1793.\nPresent appearances in Europe rendering a general war there probable, I am to desire your particular attention to all the indications of it, and on the first imminent symptoms of rupture among the maritime powers, to put our vessels on their guard. In the same event the patronage of our Consuls will be particularly requisite to secure to our vessels the rights of neutrality, and protect them against all invasions of it. You will be pleased also in the same case to give no countenance to the usurpation of our flag by foreign vessels, but rather indeed to aid in detecting it, as without bringing to us any advantage, the usurpation will tend to commit us with the belligerant powers, and to subject  those vessels which are truly ours to harrassing scrutinies in order to distinguish them from the counterfeits.\nThe law requiring the Consuls of the United States to give bond with two or more good sureties for the faithful performance of their duties, I enclose you a blank bond for that purpose. According to a standing regulation which places our Consuls in Europe in relation with the minister of the United States in the same Country with them, if there be one, and if none, then with their minister in Paris, and our Consuls in America in immediate relation with the Secretary of State, you will be pleased to have your sureties approved by the person to whom you stand thus refferred, and to send [the] bond when executed, by a safe conveyance, to the Secretary of State, to [be] disposed of according to law; and this with all the expedition the [case] will admit: provided this should not have been done before.\nA copy of the laws of the last Session of Congress is sent to [Mr.] Pinckney, Minister plenipotentiary of the United States in London to be forwarded to you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0385", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Fay, 21 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fay, Joseph\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 21. 1793.\nBefore you receive this, mine of the 18. inst. will have reached your hands, in answer to yours of Feb. 26. The purpose of the present is to acknolege the receipt of yours of the 12th. inst. with the Canada papers, and to thank you for them as for others received on former occasions. I have not been able to take any measures for the regular transmission of these papers to my office, as I have no correspondence in either of those two governments. If you could do it by any means it would oblige me, as there seems now to be a regular post between us. They should be directed \u2018to the Secretary of state for the U.S. at Philadelphia\u2019 without his name, as this would save the trouble of ever changing the superscription. We can always readily order payment through the nearest port of collection to Canada. In the mean time if you can any otherwise furnish those papers I shall thank you, and desire you to make known to me their cost that it may be replaced. I am with great esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0386", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Horatio Gates, 21 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gates, Horatio\nDear General\nPhiladelphia Mar. 21. 1793.\nI received yesterday your friendly letter of the 17th. and thank you sincerely, as well as Mrs. Gates, for the kind invitation to Rose-hill. Nothing would be more pleasing to me than such a visit: but circumstances will not admit so long an absence from hence. Mr. Madison had set out for the Southward before the receipt of your letter. I am much indebted for the readiness with which you are so good as to honor my request concerning our correspondence; and as your letters to me, being in a book, cannot be sent here, I have thought I could do no less than save as much trouble as possible in the business of copying, by examining the files of Congress to whom I had forwarded some of your letters. I find there the following letters, which of course need not be copied from your book. viz.\nGenl. Gates to T.J. dated Hillsborough. Sep. 9. 1780. \ndo.\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003 to do.\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2002Hillsborough Oct. 3. 1780.\nthe following inclosures.\nGeneral orders. June 1.\nThese inclosures are on the files, but if Genl. Gates wrote a letter covering them, that letter is not on the files.\na letter of Ld. Cornwallis\u2019s without date.\nColo. Preston to Martin.\nHooper to Genl. Gates.\nWilliams to do.\nDavidson to Summer.\nGenl. Gates to T.J. Oct. 12. 1780. with it\u2019s inclosures.\nSuch only therefore as are not in this list are now necessary to complete the collection of your letters to me. Of mine to you there does not exist a single copy on the files of Congress: I presume indeed they were not sent hither; and therefore I must ask the whole of them, which being in bundles you can send to me, and they shall be immediately copied and faithfully returned to you. I shall ever be happy to hear of your health and welfare, and know nobody who has more wisely combined the otium cum dignitate in retirement than yourself. I thought it a real misfortune to me that I missed seeing you when I was last at New-York, as my own plans of retirement rendered it hardly probable I should pass that way again. Be this as it may, you possess every sentiment of respect & affection, under every situation, of Dear General your sincere friend & humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0387", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Humphreys, 21 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Humphreys, David\nSir\nPhiladelphia, March 21. 1793.\nThe deaths of Admiral Paul Jones first, and afterwards of Mr. Barclay, to whom the mission to Algiers explained in the enclosed papers was successively confided, have led the President to desire you to undertake the execution of it in person. These papers, being copies of what had been delivered to them will serve as your guide. But Mr. Barclay having been also charged with a mission to Morocco, it will be necessary to give you some trouble with respect to that also.\nMr. Nathaniel Cutting, the Bearer hereof, is dispatched specially, first to receive from Mr. Pinckney in London any papers or information, which his Agency in the Algerine Business may have enabled him to communicate to you: He will then proceed to deliver the whole to you, and accompany and aid you in the Character of Secretary.\nIt is thought necessary that you should, in the first instance settle Mr. Barclay\u2019s accounts respecting the Morocco Mission, which will probably render it necessary that you should go to Gibraltar. The communications you have had with Mr: Barclay in this mission will assist you in your endeavors at a settlement. You know the sum received by Mr. Barclay on that account, and we wish as exact a statement as can be made of the manner in which it has been laid out, and what part of it\u2019s proceeds are now on hand. You will be pleased to make an inventory of these proceeds now existing. If they or any part of them can be used for the Algerine Mission, we would have you by all means apply them to that use, debiting the Algerine fund, and crediting that of Morocco with the amount of such application. If they cannot be so used, then dispose of the perishable Articles to the best advantage, and if you can sell those not perishable for what they cost, do so, and what you cannot so sell, deposite in any safe place under your own power. In this last stage of the Business return us an exact account 1st. of the specific Articles remaining on hand for that mission, and their value. 2d. of it\u2019s cash on hand. 3rd. of any money which may be due to or  from Mr. Barclay or any other person on account of this mission, and take measures for replacing the clear balance of cash in the Hands of Messrs. W. & J. Willincks and Nichs. & Jacob Van Staphorsts and Hubbard.\nThis matter being settled, you will be pleased to proceed on the Mission to Algiers. This you will do by the way of Madrid, if you think any information you can get from Mr. Carmichael, or any other may be an equivalent for the Trouble, Expense, and delay of the Journey. If not, proceed in whatever other way you please to Algiers.\nProper powers and Credentials for you addressed to that government are herewith enclosed. The Instructions first given to Admiral Paul Jones are so full that no others need be added, except a Qualification in one single article, to wit: Should that Government finally reject peace on the terms in money to which you are authorized to go, you may offer to make the first payments for peace and that for ransom in naval stores, reserving the right to make the subsequent annual payments in money.\nYou are to be allowed your travelling expenses, your Salary as minister Resident in Portugal going on. Those expenses must be debited to the Algerine Mission, and not carried into your ordinary account as Resident. Mr: Cutting is allowed one hundred Dollars a month, and his expenses, which as soon as he joins you, will of course be consolidated with yours. We have made choice of him as particularly qualified to aid under your direction in the matters of account, with which he is well acquainted. He receives here an advance of One thousand Dollars by a draught on our Bankers in Holland in whose Hands the fund is deposited. This and all other sums furnished him, to be debited to the algerine fund. I enclose you a letter to our Bankers giving you complete Authority over these funds, which you had better send with your first Draught, though I send a copy of it from hence by another opportunity.\nThis business being done, you will be pleased to return to Lisbon, and to keep yourself and us thereafter well informed of the transactions in Morocco and as soon as you shall find that the succession to that Government is settled and stable so that we may know to whom a Commissioner may be addressed, be so good as to give us the information that we may take measures in consequence. I have the honor to be, with much respect Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0388", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John M. Pintard, 21 March 1793\nFrom: Pintard, John Marsden\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMadeira, 21 Mch. 1793. The Hope of London, a British privateer, arrived today. The captain reports that when he left Portsmouth fourteen days ago rumors were current that the American minister at Paris had been murdered, that Dumouriez had shot himself after being defeated by the Prussians, and that France had declared war on Spain and Portugal. The merchant to whom this ship was sent has no newspaper confirming the minister\u2019s death, which is said to have been inflicted by the King\u2019s friends, and he leaves TJ to judge the reliability of the report. The privateer captured a French ship bound from Toulon to L\u2019Orient laden with oil, rice and wine, and an English ship previously taken by the French; both prizes are expected daily. French privateers cover the seas and have captured many valuable British ships. He will write whenever he has news of interest.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0390", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 21 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President incloses him draughts of letters in the Algerine business. In that to Colo. Humphreys he proposes a modification of the former instructions in one point, on a presumption that the President will be disposed to approve it. He will wait on him to-day to know his pleasure, as also to submit to his consideration the question of Mr. Genet\u2019s reception in case of his arrival during the absence of the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0393", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Humphreys, 22 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Humphreys, David\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 22. 1793.\nI have to acknolege the receipt of your letters from No. 60. to No. 67. inclusive. You cannot be too vigilant against any such treaty as that mentioned in No. 60. which by giving the exclusive supply of wheat to Naples, would altogether debar the US. from it. This would bear so hard on us, that not only an exclusion of their wines from the US. ought to be expected on their part, but every other measure which might open to us a market in any other part of the world, however Portugal might be affected by it. And I must for ever repeat it that, instead of excluding our wheat, we must continue to hope that they will open their ports to our flour, and that you will continue to use your efforts, on every good occasion, to obtain this without waiting for a treaty.\nAs there appears at present a probability of a very general war in Europe, you will be pleased to be particularly attentive to preserve for our vessels all the rights of neutrality, and to endeavor that our flag be not usurped by others to procure to themselves the benefits of our neutrality. This usurpation tends to commit us with foreign  nations, to subject those vessels truly ours to rigorous scrutinies and delays to distinguish them from counterfeits, and to take the business of transportation out of our hands.\nContinue, if you please, your intelligence relative to the affairs of Spain, from whence we learn nothing but thro\u2019 you: to which it will be acceptable that you add any leading events from other countries, as we have several times received important facts thro\u2019 you, even from London, sooner than they have come from London directly.\nThe letters inclosed for Mr. Short and Mr. Carmichael are of a very secret nature. If you go by Madrid, you will be the bearer of them yourself; if not, it would be better to retain them than to send them by any conveyance which does not command your entire confidence. I have never yet had a letter from Mr. Carmichael but the one you brought from Madrid. A particular circumstance will occasion forbearance yet a little longer.\nCapt. Cutting will bring you a copy of the laws of the last session of Congress, and of the gazettes to the time of his departure.\nNot yet knowing the actual arrival of Mr. Church at Lisbon, I believe it will be safer that I direct letters for you during your absence to Messrs. Bulkeley & son, with whom you will leave what directions on the subject you shall think proper. I am with great & sincere esteem & respect, Dear Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\n P.S. Be so good as to inform Mr. Simpson at Gibraltar how he is to direct his letters to my office, to wit \u2018to the Secretary of state &c.\u2019", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0394", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Humphreys, 22 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Humphreys, David\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 22. 1793.\nI thank you sincerely for your friendly letter of Jan. 8. Particular circumstances have forced me to protract awhile my departure from office, which however will take place in the course of the year. Continue  therefore if you please the general address of your letters to \u2018the Secretary of state &c\u2019 as recommended. Be assured that I shall carry into retirement and retain the most affectionate sentiments towards you. I am in truth worn down with drudgery, and while every circumstance relative to my private affairs calls imperiously for my return to them, not a single one exists which could render tolerable a continuation in public life.\nI do not wonder that Capt. Obrian has lost patience under his long-continued captivity, and that he may suppose some of the public servants have neglected him and his brethren. He may possibly impute neglect to me, because a forbearance to correspond with him would have that appearance, tho it was dictated by the single apprehension, that if he received letters from me as M.P. of the US. at Paris, or as Secretary of state, it would increase the expectations of the captors and raise the ransom beyond what his countrymen would be disposed to give, and so end in their perpetual captivity. But in truth I have labored for them constantly, and zealously in every situation in which I have been placed. In the first moment of their captivity, I first proposed to Mr. Adams to take upon ourselves their ransom, tho\u2019 unauthorized by Congress. I proposed to Congress and obtained their permission to employ the order of Mercy in France for their ransom, but never could obtain orders for the money till just as I was leaving France and was obliged to turn the matter over to Mr. Short. As soon as I came here I laid the matter before the President and Congress in two long reports, but Congress could not decide till the beginning of 1792. and then clogged their ransom by a previous requisition of peace. The unfortunate deaths of two successive Commissioners have still retarded their relief, and, even should they be now relieved, will probably deprive me of the gratification of seeing my endeavors for them crowned at length with success by their arrival while I am here. It would indeed be grating to me if, after all, I should be supposed by them to have been indifferent to their situation. I will ask of your friendship to do me justice in their eyes that to the pain I have already felt for them, may not be added that of their dissatisfaction. I explained my proceedings on their behalf to a Dr. Warner whom I saw at Paris on his way to Algiers, and particularly the reason why I did not answer Obrian\u2019s letters, and desired him to communicate it to Capt. Obrian. But I do not know whether he did it.\u2014I think it more probable that Mr. Carmichael will impute to me also an event which must take place this year. In truth it is so extraordinary a circumstance that a public agent, placed in a foreign court for the purpose of correspondence, should in three years have found means to get but one letter to us,  that he must himself be sensible that if he could have sent us letters, he ought to be recalled as negligent, and if he could not, he ought to be recalled as useless. I have nevertheless procured his continuance in order to give him an opportunity which occurred of his rendering a sensible service to his country, and thereby drawing some degree of favor on his return. Wishing you every circumstance of success & happiness I am with great esteem Dear Sir Your sincere friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0395", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 22 March 1793\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nBaltimore March 22. 93.\nThis will be presented you by Judge Symes of the western territory, with whom I served in the former-Congress and whom I deem a sensible and honest man. He was of service in repelling the attack upon the Missisippi in 1786 by Gardoqui and company. As he is well acquainted with the affairs of that country I have thought it might be useful for you to know him.\nWe arrived here last night, the roads having almost exhausted ourselves and horses. We stay to day and move on tomorrow early.\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0396", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Simpson, 22 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Simpson, James\nSir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 22. 1793.\nYour favor of Feb. 12. has been duly recieved, and I am to make you my acknolegements for your attention to the affairs of Mr. Barclay,  and of the public in his hands. Colo. Humphreys is now authorised to settle those matters finally, to receive and dispose of all the public effects and monies confided to Mr. Barclay, and to him therefore I will refer you as to those remaining in your hands. The present unsettled state of the succession in Morocco, rendering it useless to renew as yet Mr. Barclay\u2019s mission, your correspondence on the progress of events there, will be thankfully recieved. I have the honor to be with much regard Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0397", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael and William Short, 23 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William,Short, William\nGentlemen\nIt is intimated to us, in such a way as to attract our attention, that France means to send a strong force early this spring to offer independance to the Spanish American colonies, beginning with those on the Missisipi: and that she will not object to the receiving those on the East side into our confederation. Interesting considerations require that we should keep ourselves free to act in this case according to circumstances, and consequently that you should not, by any clause of treaty, bind us to guarantee any of the Spanish colonies against their own independance, nor indeed against any other nation. For when we thought we might guarantee Louisiana on their ceding the Floridas to us, we apprehended it would be seised by Great Britain who would thus completely encircle us with her colonies and fleets. This danger is now removed by the concert between Great Britain and Spain: and the times will soon enough give independance, and consequently free commerce to our neighbors, without our risking the involving ourselves in a war for them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0398", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, 23 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 23. 1793.\nI inclose you the order of the President for 39,500. Dollars to complete the third year\u2019s allowance under the act concerning intercourse with foreign nations, which third year will end on the last day of June next. I have the honor to be Sir Your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0400", "content": "Title: Notes on Stockholders in Congress, 23 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nMar. 23. 1793. The following list of paper-men is communicated to me by Mr. Beckley.\nGilman.\nS.H.\nGerry.\nS.H.\nSedgwick.\nAmes\nS.H.\nGoodhue\nS.H.\nBourne. R.I.\nsuspected only.\nTrumbul.\nS.H.\nWadsworth.\nS.H.\nHillhouse.\nS.H.\nLearned.\nS.H.\nLaurence\nS.H. & Director\nGordon.\nBoudinot.\nS.H.\nDayton.\nS.H.\nFitzsimmons.\nS.H. & Director\nD. Heister.\nS.H.\nSterret\nMurray\nS.H.\nWilliamson\nS.H.\nSmith\nS.H. & Director. for himself & his proxies his vote is near 1/5 of the whole\nCabot.\nS.H. & Director\nSherman\nS.H.\nElsworth. qu.\nKing.\nS.H. & Director\n H. Reprs.\n Senate\nDickinson.\nStockholders\nMorris.\nS.H.\n \u2007\u2007other paper\nJohnson.\nIzard\nS.H.\n \u2007\u2007\u2007suspected\n    these are known to Beckley\n    these avowed it in presence of Th: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0401", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 23 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 23. 1793.\nAs my public letter of Oct. 14. 1792. required you to leave the Hague immediately on another business, I have addressed no other to you since that date. In the mean time I have received your Nos. 103. 107 to 117 inclusive and 119 to 122. inclusive and it is chiefly to acknolege these, and place your mind at ease with respect to them, that I write the present, as it is so uncertain how it may be conveyed to you from Lisbon that nothing confidential can be trusted to it. Tell Mr. Carmichael that I have still but one letter from him. Newspapers for yourself and Mr. Carmichael will go to Lisbon, whatever their fate may be afterwards.\nAppearances indicate a very general war in Europe. If the powers there leave us in the full enjoyment of the rights of neutrality, neutrality will be our plan. We expect from our ministers and consuls their utmost vigilance to protect our vessels in these rights, and to prevent other vessels from usurping our flag, which usurpation tends to commit us with foreign nations, to provoke rigorous scrutinies of the vessels truly ours in order to discover the counterfeits, and to take business from us.\u2014Joseph Yznardi junr. is appointed our Consul at Cadiz, Robert Montgomery at Alicant, and Michael Murphy at Malaga. Be pleased to remember to forward your account immediately after the 30th. of June. I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0402", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 23 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 23. 1793.\nMy last private letter to you was of Jan. 3. Your private letters of Sep. 15. Oct. 22. Nov. 2. Nov. 20. Nov. 30. and Dec. 18. have been received and shall be attended. Particular answers cannot be hazarded by this conveyance. But on one circumstance it is so necessary to put you on your guard that I must take and give you the trouble of applying to our cypher Be cautious in your letters to the Secretary of the treasury. He sacrifices you. On a late occasion when called on to explain before the Senate his proceedings relative to the loans in Europe, instead of extracting such passages of your letters as might relate to them, he gave in the originals in which I am told were strong expressions against the French republicans: and even gave in a correspondence between G. Morris and yourself which scarcely related to the loans at all, merely that a long letter of Morris\u2019s might appear in which he argues as a democrat himself against you as an aristocrat. I have done what I could to lessen the injury this did you, for such sentiments towards the French are extremely grating here, tho they are those of Hamilton himself and the monocrats of his cabal.\u2014Particular circumstances have obliged me to remain here a little longer: but I certainly retire in the summer or fall. The next Congress will be strongly republican. Adieu", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0403", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Syme, 23 March 1793\nFrom: Syme, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmd. 23d. March 1793.\nI came down here Yesterday, and am this moment favor\u2019d with your melancholy Letter, of 17th. Currt. with the Inclosures. After returning you My sincere thanks, for your very Freindly Communications of poor Barclay\u2019s Death, I am to request You\u2019ll Advise me, soon as possible, of the readiest Method, of Obtaining for His Family, the Moneys Due, for His Services to the publick, and which They are really in Want of. I am sure, Mrs. Barclay will be so much Affected, by the Sad Tidings, that She Will not be able, to think of Business, which Hope Will plead My Excuse, for Giving you this additional, Or any other Trouble, that may arise, on this Truly Afecting Occasion, and in which your real Goodness of Heart, Simpathizes with His Conections and Freinds. I Have the Honor to be, in Great Haste, My Dear Sir, Your Oblig\u2019d & Obedt. Servt.\nJ Syme\nNB. No Doubt, the Family would Wish to Know, if there is a Will among the papers which probably, will Come through Your Hands, and to Myself, as Heretofore.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0404", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 23 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 23. 1793.\nBefore your departure, it becomes necessary for me to sollicit your orders on the Treasury for the third year\u2019s allowance under the act concerning intercourse with foreign nations. This act commenced July 1. 1790. Two years allowance have been furnished and a sum of 500. Dollars over. Nine months of the 3d. year are now nearly elapsed, and according to an estimate I had the honor of giving in to you the 5th. of Nov. last, the expences to the 3d. of Mar. last probably amounted to about 90,785.09 D. from which deducting the sums received, to wit 80,500. D. the bankers would be in advance at that day upwards of 10,000. D. and near 20,000. D. by the time this remittance can reach them. They could feel no inconvenience from this, because they had in their hands the Algerine fund. But now that that is to be drawn for by Colo. Humphreys, it becomes necessary to pay up the arrearages of the foreign fund, and to put them moreover in cash to answer the current calls of our ministers abroad, in order to prevent any risque to the honor of Colo. Humphreys\u2019s bills. I must therefore sollicit your orders for 39,500. D. which will compleat the allowance for the 3d. year, ending June 30. A summary view of the account is stated below. I have the honor to be with the most perfect respect & esteem, Sir, your most obedt. humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson\nD\nD.\nActual expences incurred from 1790. July 1.\nProbable do. as by acct. given in\n Cash to Colo. Humphreys.\n Bill on the bankers in favr. of Secy. of state. 99,000\u0192 =\n\u0192\nD.\ndo. on do. in favr. of G. Morris\ndo. on do. in favr. of J. B. Cutting\n do. on do. in favr. of Secy. of state.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0405", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to C. W. F. Dumas, 24 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 24. 1793.\nI have to acknolege the receipt of your favors of Sep. 20. Nov. 13. and Jan. 9. I shall hope your continuance to send us the Leyden gazette as usual, but all the other gazettes which you have hitherto usually sent, may be discontinued. The scene in Europe is becoming very interesting. Amidst the confusions of a general war which seem to be threatening that quarter of the globe, we hope to be permitted to preserve the line of neutrality. We wish not to meddle with the internal affairs of any country, nor with the general affairs of Europe. Peace with all nations, and the rights which that gives us with respect to all nations, are our objects. It will be necessary for all our public Agents to exert themselves with vigilance for securing to our vessels all the rights of neutrality, and for preventing the vessels of other nations from usurping our flag. This usurpation tends to commit us with the belligerent powers, to draw on those vessels truly ours, rigorous visitations to distinguish them from the counterfeits, and to take business from us. I recommend these objects to you. I have done the same to Mr. Greenleaf lately appointed our Consul at Amsterdam. Be so good as to remember to send your account immediately after the 30th. of June. I forward for you to Mr. Pinckney a copy of the laws of the last session of Congress: and am with very sincere esteem Dear Sir, your most obedt. humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0409", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 24 March 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nAlexanda. Mar: 24: 93\nI wrote at Baltimore, but the letter being too late for the mail, I have suppressed it. It contained nothing of consequence. We arrived here to day (2 OC) and shall proceed to Colchester to night. Our journey has been successful; tho\u2019 laborious for the horses. The roads bad generally from Head of Elk; on the North of Baltimore, and thence to George Town, excessively so. I am just told by Mr. R. B. Lee here,  that Rutherford is elected, so is Griffin, Nicholas, and New. The other elections are unknown here. Yrs. always & affecy.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0416", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Rittenhouse, 25 March 1793\nFrom: Rittenhouse, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMarch 25th. 1793\nI am again obliged to request you to make application to the President for a further Sum of money to defray the Expences of the Mint (5000 Dolls. if he shall think proper) and have enclosed a concise Statement of the expenditure of sums heretofore granted, which you will be pleased to communicate to him. The accounts, as preparing by the Treasurer of the Mint for settlement to the end of this month, will be much more particular and bulkey. But I thought it best to arrange them for the Presidents View in such a manner as should exhibit the whole at once with as much regularity as possible. I am, Sir, with great respect Your very humble Servant\nDavd. Rittenhouse \n Directr. of the Mint", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0417", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Account of Expenditures for the Mint, [25 March 1793]\nFrom: Rittenhouse, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nEnclosureAccount of Expenditures for the Mint\nAccount of Expenditures for the Purposes of The Mint of the United States\nDolls. Cents\nFor purchasing two Lots of Ground together with a Dwelling House,\nStill House, with two large Copper Stills &ca.\nDolls Cts\nFor erecting two New brick buildings, Furnaces, a Frame Mill House & Stable &c.\nVizt. Scantling, Boards, plank, Shingles\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Stone\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Lime &ca.\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Bricks\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Sand, Haling\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Bricklayer\u2019s Bill\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Carpenter\u2019s Do.\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Stone Cutter\u2019s Do.\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Nails, Hinges &ca.\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Iron Stoves, Sheet Iron\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Painting & Glazing\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Pump Maker\nSmith\u2019s work done out of The Mint for the buildings and Machinary\nCastings of Iron, Brass, wooden Patterns for Do. Bar Iron and Steel\n\u2007\u2007Mill-Wright\u2019s Bill, not yet complete\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Ironmongery\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Coals and Fire wood\nProvisions, Spirits &ca. for raising The several Buildings and for Labourers\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Horses, Oxen, and Harness for Do.\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Hay, Oats, Shorts &ca. for Do.\nLead, Tin, Black Lead Muffles & Pots, Weights, Brushes, Expence of Assaying &ca.\nIncidental Expences of Offices, Advertisments &ca.\nLabourers employed at The Buildings & Works & Mechanics from July 1st. to December 31st. 1792\n}including many small Articles}\nLabourers, Mechanics &ca. Employed from January 1st to March 16th. 1793\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Cash advanced for Sundry Articles\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007For Copper purchased\nOfficers Salaries and Clerk\u2019s Pay in part to December 31st. 1792\nReceived on The Presidents warrant of July 10th. 1792\n\u201d \u2007\u2007for Sundry Appurtenances of The Distillary, sold\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Ballance, The Mint in advance", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0418", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 25 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nThe Director of the mint having given in to the Secretary of state a general statement of the monies hitherto received for the mint, to wit 15,000 Dollars from the Treasury, and 170.25 D. the proceeds of certain articles sold, as also of the expenditures of the mint amounting to 16,233.46 D. with an application for a further sum of 5000. Dollars the same are respectfully laid before the President.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0420", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Carey, 26 March 1793\nFrom: Carey, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nI have the honor of submitting to your inspection the enclosed draught of an index to the laws\u2014mortified, at the same time, to reflect, that, notwithstanding my earnest wishes and efforts to render  it complete and satisfactory, it is yet so very far from being adequate to the liberal reward offered for it. I can therefore only add, that, to the utmost of my power, I am ready to make whatever alterations you may please to direct, either in the plan or the execution; and have the honor to be, with perfect respect, Sir, Your most obliged, humble servant,\nJohn Carey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0421", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Andrew Ellicott, 26 March 1793\nFrom: Ellicott, Andrew\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nGeo. Town March 26th 1793\nI have been most injuriously treated by the commissioners: Accused, and dismissed on a charge of errors where there were none, and my character degraded so far, as they could degrade it. In this situation I thought the most respectful mode of obtaining redress, was by an appeal to the President: but by your letter of the 22d. I am cruelly disappointed. Has a man in public service, tho\u2019 under the direction of the commissioners, no resource for vindication from calumny, and oppression, but in an appeal to the candid public? If the President will have the patience to inform himself fully of the truth of the charges made against me by the commissioners, I would chearfully submit to his decision. I am the more sanguine in the hope of this indulgence, from having seen a letter from the commissioners to a gentleman in this place dated the 14th. saying. \u201cHaving taken our resolution with respect to Major Ellicott, and on a very different state of facts than he has communicated to you, we have laid them before the President, and with candour, and an effectual decision on our conduct, can come only from him.\u201d This is the very decision I wish for. I am Sir with much regard and esteem Your Hbe. Serv.\nAndw. Ellicott", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0422", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Knox, 26 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Knox, Henry\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 26. 1793.\nThe President having desired a meeting at the War-office yesterday, as you were apprised by his letter of the 21st. the Secy. of the Treasury, Attorney general and myself met, but knowing you were too unwell to attend, we agreed not to enter on the business submitted, till you should be well enough to assist us. I will beg the favor of you therefore whenever you shall be well enough, to be so good as to fix the time of meeting and give us notice. That it may be soon is the sincere prayer of Dear Sir your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0423", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Knox, 26 March 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMarch 26th: 93.\nGeneral Knox has received Mr: Jefferson\u2019s kind note of this day, and hopes to be well enough, in a very few days, to attend to the business alluded to; when he will inform Mr: J thereof. At present, HK\u2019s indisposition prevents his attending to any serious business.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0426", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 26 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President, incloses a description of a new plan of a Capitol in which Mr. Hallet is engaged, who has expressed very earnest wishes that the ultimate decision may not be pronounced till he can bring it forward.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0427", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Giuseppe Ceracchi, 27 March 1793\nFrom: Ceracchi, Giuseppe\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nM\u00fbnich the 27 Marzy 1793\nAs sun my arrival to Urope I didn\u2019t fall to give my self the plaesure of addressing you tow letters dated from Amsterdam the 16. july last, I am affraid Sir that your ansered is not come to me because I didn\u2019t point out a place for my direction, but if you please to give me this honour you might send it to Amsterdam at Mr. Stapolster, Goll, or Alstorphius this three Gentilmens been equaly my friends they will let me have it. In few weeks I shall set of to Legorne for a commission of this Elector Palatine which loves the Arts, I shall find in this sea port, at the banker Mr. Combiagio my boxes that contaned the models I did in America. I shall have then the plaesure to cut your bust in marbre, and present it to you as a patern of my cisel and a little mark of my estime.\nI scould be glad to Know somthink about the new Election, and if Congress as rememberd my projet of the national Monument; I remenber Sir that before my departure from Philadelphia jou was pleased to tel me that Congress in the session of this eayr would have certenly decreed the exccuetion of the President equestrian figure in bronse and honoured me with that commission in Urope; I dont doubt  this resolution is passed, your influence, upon this subjet, as a Man of tast in the fines Artes could not have falled.\nThe Article of Liberty as produced graet combustion in Urope, I dont doubt that this Divinity will trionfe at Last, while the oppinions upon the wrights of Man pleases every body. I beg to [presente] my respects to the President and Mr. Maddison. I am Sir Your Most Obbidient and most Humb Servent\nJoseph Ceracchi", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0429", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 27 March 1793\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nFredericksburg March 27. 93.\nWe arrived here on the 25. and set out to morrow for Albemarle. We have had a more comfortable trip than could well have been expected.\nMr. Madison informed you from Alexa. of the fate of several elections since which we have heard that Mr. New of Caroline was preferred to Corbin of Middlesex. Heth for the Northumberland district. Walker for Albemarle (this latter only a report). If we should hear of any others you will be informed by Mr. M. before we set out. Mr. M. without opposition for orange.\nIn every respect, so far as we have heard, we find the publick mind perfectly sound in regard to those objects of national policy, at present most interesting. Every member is either as he should be, or has gained his place by fraud and imposition.\nWe find likewise the sentiment universal in favor of your continuance thro\u2019 the present crisis, and of course that a contrary conduct would have proved a publick as well as a very serious private detriment  to your self. Be so kind as send the enclosed to Mr. Beckly and believe me affectionately yr. friend servant\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0430", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John M. Pintard, 27 March 1793\nFrom: Pintard, John Marsden\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMadeira, 27 Mch. 1793.The foregoing is a copy of his letter of 21 Mch. The French consul here has since asked him to help the French prisoners brought in by the British privateer mentioned therein. Lest the captains of the two American ships in port be blamed, he encloses copies of the letters exchanged in this matter, since which he has spoken with Samuel L. Parker of Boston, charterer of the brig Jerusha of Boston, who still refuses to grant any of the prisoners passage. However, John Light Banjer, a British merchant here, persuaded Richard Brush & Company to let the French captain and his servant go in the brig Polly and Sally, Captain Elisha Ritch, and they sailed today for Charleston.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0432", "content": "Title: Notes on the Payment of the Public Debt, [ca. 28 March 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nIn how many years will a Debt bearing int. @ 6 pr. Ct. be extinguished by equal annual payments of 7. 8. 9. or 10. pr. ct. on acct of principal & interest?\nAnswer.\nExample of the calculn, easily performed in 5 minutes.\nAnnual payment    8\nInterest pr. Ct.  6\nAnnual excess     2. principal for do. 33 1/3         Log. = 1.5228787\nnote the first divisor divided by                               189794\nIf the question be reversed the solution is equally easy. viz. \n What must the equal annual payments be to extinguish a debt in 20 years at 6. per cent?\u2003\u2003Answer 8.71845 pr. cent on the debt.\n See Bache\u2019s paper Mar. 2. 93. The rule thus expressed.\n from the log. of 8. (the annual payment)\n subtract the log. of 2. (the part of the principal paid the first year)\n divide ye remr by the log. of 1.06 (the amount of 1. dollar in 1. year)\n the quotient 23.79 or 24. years will be the time required.\nsee Bache\u2019s paper, Mar. 28. 93.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0433", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Rush, 28 March 1793\nFrom: Rush, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\n28th march 1793.\nThe bearer Mr. Parry Hall wishes to reprint your notes on the state of Virginia. He is One of our most correct printers, and a worthy man. Should you incline to add any thing to the work, or to make any Alterations in it, he will gladly obey your instructions. From Dr Sir Yours sincerely\nBenjn. Rush", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0437", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Turner, 30 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Turner, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 30. 1793.\nHaving received letters from Mr. Sargent, Secretary and acting governor of the North Western territory, stating the extreme inconveniences which the people of that territory are experiencing from the absence of that body which constitutes both their legislature and Judiciary, I think it my duty, to inclose you copies thereof, not doubting but that you will duly feel the urgency of their calls for your presence. I have the honor to be with great respect, Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0438", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Cutting, 31 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cutting, Nathaniel\nSir\nPhiladelphia. Mar. 31. 1793.\nThe Department of state, with the approbation of the President of the United States, having confidential communications for Mr. Pinckney, our Minister Plenipotentiary at London, and Colo. Humphreys our Minister Resident at Lisbon, and further services to be performed with the latter, you are desired to take charge of those communications, to proceed with them in the first American vessel bound to London, and from thence, without delay, to Lisbon in such way as you shall find best. After your arrival there, you are appointed to assist Colo. Humphreys, in the character of Secretary, in the business now specially confided to him; and that being accomplished, you will return directly to the US. or receive your discharge from Colo. Humphreys, at your own option.\nYou are to recieve, in consideration of these services, one hundred dollars a month, besides the reasonable expences of travelling by land and sea (apparel not included) of yourself and a servant: of which expences you are to render account and receive payment, from Colo. Humphreys, if you take your discharge from him, or otherwise from the Secretary of state if you return to this place: and in either case Colo. Humphreys is authorised to furnish you monies on account within the limits of your allowances: which allowances are understood to have begun on the 20th. day of the present month, when you were engaged on this service, and to continue till your discharge or return. You receive here one thousand dollars on account, to enable you to proceed.\nTh: Jefferson\nSecretary of state", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0439", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, 31 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to the Secretary of the Treasury, and is obliged to recall to his mind the order of the President inclosed to him on the 23d. inst. Tuesday being the last day allowed Th:J. for transmitting bills by the packet.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0441", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Garland Jefferson, 31 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, John Garland\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nGoochland March 31 1793.\nI have been driving on since I wrote to you last post haste in my old pursuit. I have almost finished Tracy Atkins in the first collumn, I have finished Smith\u2019s wealth of nations in the second, and Burnet\u2019s history in the third. I have besides these perused the grecian history and Ferguson\u2019s philosophy. The roman history I have not yet been able to procure, but intend to read it as soon as possible. I shall soon begin Hawkin\u2019s pleas of the crown, and Beccaria. After having finished them, there will be no great many more to read. So I flatter myself, I shall be qualifyed next fall to appear at the bar. I have not yet sent all the books I have read to Monticello, but only occasionally such as Peter wanted. I expected you woud be in this spring, and rather chose to wait for your return, that I might give you a particular account of those I might send, and of such as I have delivered to Mr. Peter, or Samuel Carr. I have been so particular as to keep a list of the books, and the date they were received, put back in the library, or delivered to Peter, or Sam. As I have now reason to believe you will not be at Monticello as soon as you expected, I only wait for your further directions, to dispose of the books I have in possession, as you shall order. I coud wish the revised code of laws was finished. It woud save much trouble. I long to see the day when I shall begin the practice of the law. I fear I have been troublesome to you. But I think I am well enough acquainted with you to know, that it gives you pleasure to befriend the unfriended, and to succour those in want. What ever may be said of the bar\u2019s being overstocked, which I often hear, I confess my prospects are flattering. I have not  even a doubt. I see my way, and my resolutions are taken, for tho it must be owned that the bar is crouded, yet I conceive that a man of strict integrity, of close application, and one who will consider his client\u2019s money as sacred, and never to be touched unless when called for by him, will not want employment. I hope to see you at any rate in the fall. I wish to have your advice respecting my practice &c. I am more fond of Chancery, than common law. The decisions which are founded on natural justice, are peculiarly engaging. I am come now, my dear Sir, to a part, which I am always willing to put off to the last. The wants of the spring call for a supply, and you are the only person to whom I can apply. Your generosity affords an assylum, which from the ill management of some of my father\u2019s executors, and the rascality of others, I shoud have wanted. I expect that 12\u00a3. exclusive of board, one quarter of which will soon be due, will serve till the fall. You gave an order last fall for 75 dollars. 5\u00a3. was appropriated to a quarter\u2019s board, and the rest was laid out in winter clothes, and other unavoidable expences. I have become indebted in the neighbourhood two or three pounds, for trifling necessaries. A person who is obliged to pay for making up linnen, and every little thing that is done, is obliged to expend more than one who was never in the same circumstances, or who never made a calculation of these expences, is aware of. I shall take no step towards satisfying the wants of spring, till I hear from you. In the meantime, believe to be, dear Sir, Your most grateful, and obt. servant.\nJno G: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0442", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 31 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nTh: J. to J. Madison\nPhilada Mar. 31. 1793.\nNothing remarkeable this week. What was mentioned in my last respecting Bache\u2019s paper was on misinformation, there having been no proposition there. Yours of the 24th. from Alexandria is received. I inclose you the rough draught of a letter I wrote on a particular subject on which the person to whom it is addressed desired me to make a statement according to my view of it. He told me his object  was perhaps to shew it to some friends whom he wished to satisfy as to the original destination of the 3. mill. of florins, and that he meant to revive this subject. I presume however he will not find my letter to answer his purpose.\u2014The President set out on the 24th. I have got off about one half my superfluous furniture already and shall get off the other half within two or three days to be shipped to Virginia: and shall in the course of the week get on the banks of the Schuykill. Ham. has given up his house in Market street and taken a large one in Arch. street near 6th.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0443", "content": "Title: Notes on Alexander Hamilton and the Bank of the United States, 31 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nMar. 31. Mr. Beckley tells me that the merchants bonds for duties on 6. mo. credit became due the 1st. inst. to a very great amount. That Hamilton went to the bank on that day and directed the bank to discount for those merchants all their bonds at 30. days, and that he would have the Collectors credited for the money at the Treasury. Hence the Treasury lumping it\u2019s receipts by the month in it\u2019s printed accounts these sums will be considered by the public as only received on the last day, consequently the bank makes the month\u2019s interest out of it. Beckley had this from a merchant who had a bond discounted and who supposes a million of dollars were discounted at the bank here. Mr. Brown got the same information from another merchant who supposed only 600,000 D. discounted here. But they suppose the same orders went to all the branch banks to a great amount.\neod. die. Mr. Brown tells me he has it from a merchant here that during the last winter the Directors of the bank ordered the freest discounts. Every man could obtain it. Money being so flush, the 6. percents run up to 21/ and 22/. Then the Directors sold out their private stocks. When the discounted notes were becoming due, they stopped discounts, and not a dollar was to be had. This reduced 6. percents to 18/3 then the same directors bought in again.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0445", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Archibald Stuart, 31 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Stuart, Archibald\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Mar. 31. 1793.\nThe bearer hereof Mr. John Nancarrow comes to Staunton on some view respecting a mine, in which line of business he has been brought up. He has been engaged in Philadelphia in that of making steel. He is a sensible, scientific and worthy man, and such as is rarely found in the walk of the arts, or even of the sciences. I take the liberty of recommending him to your notice and especially to your counsel in his dealings with persons known to you. I am ever with great and sincere esteem Dear Sir Your affectionate friend & humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0447", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Timothy Pickering, 1 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pickering, Timothy\nSir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 1. 1793\nHaving from time to time through the winter and down to the present day received repeated information that the post rider between Richmond and Charlottesville, and consequently along the rest of that line, has been and continues extremely unpunctual, sometimes not going even as far as Charlottesville (only 75 miles of the route) for three weeks, and often missing a fortnight, I have thought it a duty to mention it to you, as I am sure you will always be glad to be informed of what is going amiss in any part of your establishment. This happens to lie under my particular notice because through that my neighbors my family and myself exchange weekly notices of our health &c. Whether the correction depends on Mr. Davies at Richmond or Mr. Millar at Charlottesville I know not. I believe both are punctual men, I know the latter is: and therefore should hope a recommendation from you to them would procure a reformation of the evil. I am with great esteem Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Observe that the road between Richmd. and Charlottesville is at all times practicable on horse-back: rarely otherwise for a carriage.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0448", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 1 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 1. 1793.\nThe Report brought by a captain of a ship from Lisbon just in the moment of your departure that France had declared war against several nations, involved in that declaration almost every power of Europe. I therefore suspect that it has arisen from Kersaint\u2019s proposition to declare war against every nation, which a pilot may not have distinguished from a declaration. Still I have thought it adviseable that Capt. Cutting should prefer going in an American ship. He therefore has written to know the precise day of sailing of two or three vessels bound from New York to London, and will go in the first. I am told that private letters from Gr. Britain render civil war a more probable thing there than would be concluded from the papers.\u2014I received from Mr. Sargent a letter complaining of the absence of the  judges from the N. Western territory; and inclosed a copy of it in a letter from myself on the subject to Judge Turner. I have not yet any answer. General Knox continues still too unwell to meet us on the subject of your circular letter. I have the honour to be with the most perfect respect & attachment Dear Sir Your most obedt: & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0449", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Timothy Pickering, 2 April 1793\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nGeneral Post Office April 2d. 1793.\nI am honoured with your letter of yesterday\u2019s date, respecting the delinquency of the post rider between Richmond and Charlottesville. Mr. Davis had some time ago informed me of his irregularities and defects: but soon afterwards wrote me that it appeared he had been so poor as to be unable to provide suitable horses: tho\u2019 he had then accomplished it; and expected such assistance as would enable him to be punctual in future.\nThus the matter rests on my mind; and I have not since received information (as I recollect) of any delinquencies, except what the roads or waters rendered unavoidable. I am respectfully sir, Your most obedt. servt.\nTimothy Pickering\nI shall write Mr. Davis to-morrow: he negociated the contract in my behalf.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0450", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 2 April 1793\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nAranjuez April 2. 1793\nSince my arrival in this country I have written to you in your public character Feb. 3 and March. 6.\u2014and M. Carmichael and myself have written to you also Feb. 19. I have delayed for some time resuming my private correspondence because I wished to know a little more of this residence before speaking to you of it\u2014and because I have been indisposed ever since my arrival in this country\u2014and have for some time past been confined to my room, by an indisposition of the climate\u2014or a seasoning which I have always gone through in every new country I have been to. I was getting out and going to write to you on my subject in relation to my mind, when I received on the 25th. ulto. your private letter of Jan. 3. with a postscript of the 15th. This letter excited a variety of emotions in my breast, so new and so unexpected, particularly the postscript, that I found myself incapable of taking up my pen\u2014the only soothing circumstance that presented itself was the eminent proof, it contained my dear Sir of your friendship and so far from its style needing any kind of apology as you seem to suppose I do assure you, it is the most pleasing circumstance I have experienced for a long time\u2014and probably the most pleasing I shall experience for a long time to come. If as I understand your letter a certain person has thus cleared himself and another in throwing blame on me\u2014or leaving me exposed to blame, where he and he alone had all the means in his hands of shewing the position in which I had been insensibly and gradually placed\u2014if I say he has kept out of sight my correspondence in a case of this kind, it can only have been to have left an object to feed public ill-humour in order to divert it from himself or his favorite. Whether the one or the other be to blame is a question that I am fully disposed to leave to the public judgment\u2014to have stated a part of the truth only in a case of that sort is safer than advancing a direct falsehood\u2014but it is not less infamous\u2014as it is equally decieving those to whom it is pretended to give explanations. I was preparing to state the whole of this matter to you and to shew you by what means the delay had happened\u2014as all my letters had done to the Sec. of the treasury\u2014and to prove that situated as I was and had been from the month of Jany.\u2014every consideration both of honor and delicacy forced me to begin this delay and to follow it, until M. Morris was installed in his office, into whose hands I then considered it as passed (and who willingly undertook it)\u2014until I received a letter from the Sec. of the Treasury on the 17th. of Aug.\u2014when it was too late to do any thing. I was preparing this business in a very agitated and enraged  state of mind when I received on the 29th. a letter informing me that the house of Donald & Burton had failed more than a month ago for \u00a3150,000 stlg. As you know that they had almost the whole of my fortune in their hands, you will readily concieve what an effect that had produced on me. It seems as if all the misfortunes that can befall the human lot were reserved for me and to be crowded on me at once. This has forced me to abandon the painful and provoking subject I was engaged in to take up another still more painful and distressing. The three days which have passed since I have recieved that information are such as I have never passed before. Although little in a condition to write or do any thing else, I set down to communicate to you this disquieting event, and under the authority of your former friendly offer to ask your aid and assistance. In a few days I will forward to you the state of the other business mentioned in the postscript of your letter\u2014and you may rest assured beforehand that it will be such as must be approved by every body. I do not mean to say that either of the other persons in question is culpable\u2014but this I will venture to affirm that the most prejudiced will agree I was not in fault\u2014and indeed could not have acted otherwise whatever my dispositions might have been. I will then answer the other parts of your letter also begging you to be assured also in the mean time that you are very right in your opinion as to my principles of government\u2014whatever I may think of the means made use of to set up and pull down governments employed in another country, and of which it appears my opinions or expressions have been dissatisfactory.\nI proceed now to state my situation with respect to Donald & Burton. Tied down as I am here by public duty I can do nothing but write, both to London and America, fearing too much however it will be of little avail. I have written there to M. Donald begging him to let me know in what situation I am\u2014and how much I count on his personal honor and friendship\u2014and to let me know also whether Mr. Browne will be involved, and in general what I am to expect. M. Donald\u2019s having never written to me to inform me of this disaster, seems an extraordinary and an alarming circumstance.\nIn my private letter to you from the Hague of Nov. 30\u2014I stated to you how my affairs stood in the hands both of M. Browne and M. Donald\u2014and left it to you [to] decide on the propriety of having them placed in my name. In my letter of Dec. 18\u2014I repeated the same subject to you and enclosed a letter open for Mr. Browne with the proper power of attorney to be used in the case you should have the funds then standing in his name converted and placed in mine. These letters give me some glimmering of hope that that part may  have been rescued\u2014as I hope you recieved my letters in time. Yet as the business was there left optional, I fear that Mr. Browne may if he desired it have found means to delay it. I now inclose you a general power of attorney asking the favor of you to take whatever measures you may judge best for me in my affairs, which however may perhaps be already desperate.\nI have already on former occasions informed you how these funds had passed into Mr. Browne\u2019s hands\u2014and what kind of stupid false delicacy, which I shall rue as long as I live, had prevented my having them placed in my own name. I will now briefly repeat it. When M. Donald was in Richmond Colo. Skipwith placed a certain sum in certificates belonging to me, in his hands\u2014these certificates as you know proceeded from the sale of my patrimonial state. When M. Donald left Richmond he left them in M. Browne\u2019s hands and informed me of it. I afterwards corresponded with Mr. Browne on the subject, so that he alone I suppose became answerable for them. Still I fear he will be involved of course by Messrs. D. & B. He wrote me in the year 1791. that he had subscribed them being state certificates to the federal loan\u2014and had kept them in his name for the convenience of recieving the interest\u2014their amount as he stated them to me was 15000 dollars 6. per cts. 11,256. do. 3. per cts. and 7500 do. deferred. I know not what more to add on this distressing and distracting subject than to beg you my dear Sir to be so good as to secure me if you can. If Mr. Browne is a man of honor or delicacy he will certainly have kept this deposit inviolate and sacred. It seems to me now I must have been infatuated not to have had them placed in my name. Nothing but a false delicacy arising from my having the misfortune to be in public employment (for I shall ever consider it the greatest misfortune that has ever befallen me, and which now perhaps the total ruin of my fortune may force me to desire the continuance of) prevented my doing it. How differently I should now be situated! how much pain and anxiety I should have saved myself! These are sensations that no person can judge of who has not felt himself as I now do, almost under the certainty of ruin, with all his prospects for a settlement in life, blasted. Besides this sum M. Donald kept in his hands a part of that which had been saved as I have already informed you from Mr. Parker\u2019s. This arose as you know from money which I had in Paris, that had been remitted to me from home, and which I had entrusted to Mr. Parker to lay out for me. It seems as if it was destined to run the gauntlet. I have great confidence in Mr. Donald\u2019s honor\u2014and it seems to me if he deserves it he will have kept this deposit sacred and untouched by his disaster\u2014but his having not  written to me since it has befallen him, staggers me much. The sum in his hands was about 6000 dollars of the several descriptions of 6. per ct. 3. per ct. and deferred.\nI have heard from the commissioners at Amsterdam that you have given public notice of your intention to resign last month. I am a little embarassed how to send you this letter\u2014but I have determined to address it to Monticello hoping it will get safe to your hands. It will go by Cadiz\u2014another shall go by Lisbon, and I will thank you to be so good as to say whether you recieve the one or the other or both. I am in the most pained & afflicted state both of mind and body, my dear Sir, your constant & unalterable friend\nW Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0453", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Rush, 3 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rush, Benjamin\nTh: Jefferson being engaged in packing his books will thank Dr. Rush for the volumes lent him if he had done with them. He presents him his best compliments.\nDouignan de la vie humaine. 2. vols.\nCompendium of Physic.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0454", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Davies, 4 April 1793\nFrom: Davies, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\n Philadelphia Apr. 4th. 1793.\nI beg leave to introduce to your notice Mr. James Murray, a grandson of the late President Yates of William and Mary. He has written in my office for some time past, and has given me satisfaction. My public business here being near a termination, he appears desirous to obtain a commission in the army, and more particularly in the line of the artillery. As I know him to be possessed of many amiable and valuable qualities, I feel an interest in recommending him to those, who have in their power the accomplishment of his wishes of obtaining an appointment in the service. With this hope, I have taken the liberty of presenting him to you; and am, sir, with very respectful esteem Your obedient & most humble servt.,\nWm. Davies", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0455", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Donald, 4 April 1793\nFrom: Donald, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 4th. April 1793.\nMy last respects to you were under date of the 10th. Ultimo, to which I beg you to refer.\nOn the 14th. there was a meeting of D. & B.\u2019s Creditors, when it appeared to be the general opinion that they should be allowed time to wind up their business, to collect their debts, and to pay off the Creditors as quickly as possible. An Instrument for this purpose has been drawn out, and is now in the progress of signing. Whether it will be carried into effect I cannot positively say\u2014but I am still determined to do business for myself in future, and I therefore repeat the request made to you in my last that your Tobacco should be put into the hands of my nephew to ship for you, and not into Mr. Brown\u2019s, who I suspect will rather attach himself to Mr. Burton.\nThe Orrery you ordered from Jones is gone by the Camilla, Service into James River, and I trust it will get safe to hand, The order for venetian blinds &ca. were given in agreeable to your directions, but were not shipped on account of our situation. I hope to be able to send every thing to you in the course of this summer.\nIt requires a considerable strength of mind to enable me to bear up under what has lately happened to me. Well Born, Genteely brought up and educated, and left a Fortune by my Father when I was only fourteen years of age of upwards of Five Thousand Pounds Stg., having always been industrious, Free from gameing and every kind of extravagance, and at a time when I thought my self independent, and in a fair way of making a Fortune, to be brought to distress and ruin by improper conduct in my Partner, and at my time of Life is what does not fall to the Lot of many People. My dependence on my Friends in America has enabled me to consider my misfortunes as an aweful lesson, from which I hope to derive great advantages in future.\nWas you to desert me I would indeed dispair, but this I know you cannot do, Because it is contrary to your nature. I will always be proud to receive your commands and I remain Dear Sir Your Faithful & obt. Sert.\nA Donald", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0456", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Fenwick, 4 April 1793\nFrom: Fenwick, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n Bordeaux 4 April 1793\nI had the honor of writing you the 25 February past inclosing a Decree of the national Convention relative to American Vessels. I now Send an additional one concerning Vessels carrying provisions in to the french Islands, to which they have Since added the permission of trading to Senegal in American Vessels fitted out of the Ports of France, to return back with their Gum into France.\nAmerican Vessels receive here the greatest favor and protection from the Government. The commercial People have more confidence in their neutrality than in those of any other Nation, and give them a decided preference in freights, which are now very high, and demanded both for the North of Europe and the W. Indias.\nAmerican produce continue very high here, and much wanted particularly Grain. The Government is giving prices equal to 35/ Str. per Barrl. for Flour, and 7/ Str. per Bushel for Wheat 20 a 22/. Str. for Rice, and appear to have no means at present of procuring any provision from foreign Countryes excepted the United States. Tobacco is 60 a 80\u20b6 per Ct. Exchange 13\u00bd and 14d. Str. per 3 \u20b6 with England.\nWe are perfectly quiet in this Departement and the late insurrections in the former Province of Britany are nearle Subsided or quitted. The french Armies it is Said has evacuated Austrean flanders. With the highest respect I have the honor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0458", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 4 April 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLisbon, 4 Apr. 1793. Since his letter of 24 Mch. he has repeated his application to the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs about \u201cthe hardship of refusing our vessels laden with wheat, after requesting Franquia, to proceed to their destination.\u201d He has succeeded in this instance, as his letter to the Secretary and its enclosures indicate, and will continue to be unremitting in his efforts to protect American trade. Bountiful rains promise an improved harvest in Portugal. European affairs become more critical every day. After a conference with the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, M. d\u2019Arbot, the National Convention\u2019s \u201cAgent Negociateur to this Court,\u201d is returning to France on the first neutral ship, not having been officially acknowledged. War with France will probably ensue after Arbot\u2019s return, despite the assertions of English gazettes that it exists already. The celebrations planned for the Princess of Brazil\u2019s childbirth will overshadow the Queen. He encloses a letter from Short for TJ and another for the Secretary of the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0459", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 4 April 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 4 April 1793\nMy last No. 25 was of the twenty sixth of March. Enclos\u2019d you have Copies of Mr. Lebrun\u2019s Letter to me of the twenty sixth of March, Mine to him of the twenty eighth and his to me of the twenty ninth. I also enclose under this Cover the Journal of the Debates and Decrees No. 195. 196. 197 and 198. These will give you the present State of our News up to the last Evening. You will perceive that all my Conjectures respecting the Army of Dumouriez are more than realiz\u2019d. From the Letters of Custine you will perceive that he has been totally Defeated for he found it necessary to fall back about forty Miles leaving a Garrison in Mayntz which must fall of Course, and we may hourly expect to hear of farther Misfortunes in that Quarter. Perhaps the Prussian Army may stop to beseige Mayntz but I think a Part of their Force will be sufficient for that Purpose. The Country as I have mentioned in a former Letter is universally indispos\u2019d to France and I can say on good Information the same Thing of Savoy. It is now very fine Weather in this City and if the Season be proportionately advanced in other Quarters the Campaign will be soon opened on every Side. There will be a great Want of Bread before we have another Harvest unless Peace should take Place. If Lisle and Valenicennes should surrender at once the Campaign on that Quarter will not be so much advanc\u2019d as might be apprehended because as yet the Magazines are not brought up and Time must be allowd for that Purpose. It seems indeed probable that the Enemy have taken considerable Magazines belonging to France but even these are at some Distance. I expect every Hour to hear of an Attempt upon Givet or Maubeuge and it would seem from the best Information to be had that neither of these Places can be defended long. In short on every Side the Horizon looks darkly. Whether Dumouriez will be able to lead his Army against Paris seems  as yet uncertain. Perhaps he may experience a similar Fate to that of la fayette but he is in much better Circumstances for a high Game and much abler to play it. At any Rate the Enemy derive Advantage from the Squabble between him and the Convention. Here they are not yet fully appriz\u2019d of their Danger. Like those who die of a Hectic Hope gleams to the last and the latest Breath is spent in Expression of some splendid Fancy. In the expiring Struggles however, let them happen when they may, we shall experience new Horrors. Such at least is the probable Chance. The constant Complaints on account of the Capture of American Vessels and the Necessity of giving Protection to such of our Countrymen as are here have prevented me hitherto from leaving Paris. At present the Barriers are strictly guarded, and those who have applied lately for Pasports have been disappointed; but in a few Days we shall know Something more upon this Subject. The Ministry seems to be in a fair Way towards an entire Dissolution. In Short every Thing here is in almost as much Confusion as on the Frontiers. Adieu my dear Sir I am truly yours\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0460", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Rittenhouse, 4 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rittenhouse, David\nTh:J. returns to Mr. Rittenhouse the treatise of De la Sauvagere and Keith\u2019s pamphlet which he had presented him before, as he had also De la Lande which he insists on his keeping, as he has copies of them all. The other books received from Mr. Rittenhouse belong to the Department of state, but more immediately are for the Mint. He therefore returns them for the use of the Mint, to which also belong the two books retained by Mr. Rittenhouse, to wit Trait\u00e9 des Monnoyes 2. vols. and Abreg\u00e9 de la theorie chymique. So that Mr. Rittenhouse has now nothing of Th:J\u2019s unless perhaps he lent him Sancho\u2019s letters, which he finds not among his books and has some idea of having lent to Mr. R.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0461", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 4 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nSir\nAmsterdam 4 April 1793\nWe had the pleasure to address you our last Respects the 17 August past, and have now the honor to transmit you Abstract of your Account Current with us for the Department of State up to this Date, the Balance whereof due unto us Holld. cy. \u019213,255.6. augmenting constantly by fresh Disposals, for the Objects to be supplied by your Department. We are persuaded You will have attended, to provide us with further Remittances, to be placed to the Credit of this Account. We are respectfully Sir Your most obedient and very humble Servants\nWilhem & Jan WillinkN & J. Van Staphorst & Hubbard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0462", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Brown, Benson & Ives, 5 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brown, Benson & Ives\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia, April 5th. 1793.\nYour Favor of March 21, is just received. I have enclosed a copy of it to the Minister of France, with the Letter I now communicate to you. As you did not state precisely whether any and what Loss had accrued to you ultimately, I could only write to him in general Terms as to that matter. If you propose to solicit an indemnification, it will be necessary for you to employ some Person on the Spot to follow it up, in which Case I take for granted the Minister\u2019s Interposition will have secured you a just Attention. I am, with great Respect, Gentlemen, Your most obedient humble servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0463", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 5 April 1793\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe Hague, 5 Apr. 1793. The lifting of the embargo in the Dutch ports enables him to resume his dispatches. He encloses a statement of his disbursements for the last half of 1792, two copies of which he furnished to the bankers at Amsterdam when he drew on them for the sums of \u0192301.16 and \u0192204.15 mentioned in it. The poorly conceived French campaign strategy of maintaining separate corps instead of concentrating them on the Meuse and the Rhine has just had the most disastrous results for them. At the same time civil war is breaking out in earnest in France itself. He veils his face like that of the king whose daughter was being sacrificed and prays daily that God may protect the United States, its Congress, the President, and the Secretary of State.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0464", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 5 April [1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nFriday April 5 [1793]\nMr. Hamilton presents his Compliments to the Secy. of State\u2014elects his office as likely to be most convenient to him where Mr. H will accordingly attend tomorrow at 10 OClock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0466", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 5 April 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 5th. April 1793.\nIn a Conversation I had this day with Lord Grenville I conclude that no Ship coming to the ports of the King of Gt. Britn. will be permited to proceed to ports under French dominion with grain or other provisions or naval stores or any goods called contraband: that this government intends to make prize of enemies property on board of neutral Ships and all provisions going to ports blockaded. These points are not however finally determined and endeavours are making to obviate what may bear hard on us. A Bill for preventing traitorous Correspondence is now before the House of Commons which if it passes into a Law will materially affect our commercial Intercourse with this Country. Although these Matters are at present incomplete I thought it adviseable to give this Intelligence that our Merchants may be on their guard against the probability of their being carried into effect, and in particular may not rely upon Insurances to be made here on any species of Goods sent to the Dominions of France. One regiment is to sail from Ireland to the W. Indies. The late Successes of the combined Armies in the Netherlands may enable Gt: Britn. to send more troops that way. I have the honor to be with the utmost respect Dear Sir Your most obedient and most humble Servant\nThomas Pinckney\nP. S. I have not been able to procure Copies of the Bill mentioned in this Letter but it declares in substance that any Person being or residing within any of the Dominions of his Britannic Majesty who  shall directly or indirectly supply, or cause, direct, authorise or procure any Person or Persons whomsoever or wheresoever residing to supply or to send for the purpose of being sold or supplied to any of the dominions of France or place in their Possession or to the Armies Fleets or Vessels employed by the French Government any naval or military Stores, Gold or Silver in Bullion or Coin, Forage or Provision of any kind and various other Articles shall be deemed guilty of Treason. All Insurance made on any Goods and Vessels bound to or from the Ports under French dominion made null and void and Parties guilty of misdemeanor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0467", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 5 April 1793\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nAranjuez April 5 1793\nI wrote you two letters on the 2d. inst. via Cadiz and Lisbon, each inclosing a power of attorney to you and asking the favor of you to do what you could for me in a case where I may be perhaps totally  ruined\u2014I mean the bankruptcy of Donald & Burton and consequently I fear of Mr. Browne. I was about answering your letter of Jan. 3d. and postscript 15th. in a disordered state both of body and mind when I recieved this alarming intelligence, which forced me to postpone it in order to trouble you with the letters abovementioned. I will say no more respecting them at present, but proceed to the answer of your letter recieved here, from the Duke de la Alcudia\u2019s office, the 25th. ulto.\nI will begin with the postscript as being what affects me the most, although I am by no means indifferent to the subject of the letter. The loans in Europe have been a constant source of pain and anxiety to me, ever since I had the weakness to allow myself to be employed in them. For some time things went to the satisfaction of every body, except myself, who from instinct was averse to meddle with money matters\u2014and uniformly wrote to the Sec. of the treasury, begging him to join some other to me if I were to be continued therein. When I received this employment I felt that I should repent of it\u2014but being then in a state of probation as I considered it, for the place I desired at Paris, I felt that to refuse this burthen, and thereby disappoint government by subjecting them to delay until they could name another, would be a sure means of excluding me from the appointment at Paris\u2014and hoping if this business were well executed it might procure me that place, I determined to undertake it. According to my usual fortune the events have been such as to make me undergo all the pain, without acquiring any thing desired\u2014and moreover to be so entangled in the service of government, as not to have known how to have withdrawn myself, although I felt sorely their neglect and mortification. In fine nothing was wanting to complete the measure of my ill fortune, but to see public censure like to fall on me, in order to remove it from the shoulders of others, after having seen the munificence and confidence of government bestowed on others also without their having done any thing but attend to their own speculations and concerns, whilst I was forced as it were by that government to engage in a business which being of a dangerous kind and subject to public censure, they did not chuse to commit to their favorites\u2014chusing to reserve them for more agreeable and less dangerous occasions\u2014of this I think you will see a proof in the following state of facts, which I give you, as the best way of letting you see whether Mr. Hamilton had a right to throw blame on me, in the affair of the suspension of the payments. I do not pretend to say that either he or his favorite is to blame\u2014all that I shall do is to shew that I could not do otherwise than I did. He had in his hands at the time of his acting as mentioned in  the postscript of your letter, numberless letters from me repeating and repeating with prolixity and satiety, the position in which I was placed and my anxiety thereon. Not to have brought those letters forward was a cruel conduct and particularly with respect to me. I had thought that letters addressed to one department would have been open to the head of the other\u2014or I should have written to you more fully on the painful situation in which I was kept, with respect to these payments. Still I think I must have touched on it in some of my letters to you. Of this I cannot be sure having left the greater part of my letters in Holland\u2014this obliges me also to give the following statement from memory, although I am sure of its exactitude.\nFacts as to the delay of payment to France from the year 91. until the agreement made by Mr. Morris with the Commissaries of the National treasury in Aug. 92.\n1. At the time of the loan being opened which is dated Jan. 1. 92. there remained no monies in the hands of the bankers at Amsterdam, except 2\u00bd million of florins, which the Sec. of the treasury had directed me should be kept there to answer his draughts from America\u2014these 2\u00bd millions were ordered to be reserved out of the preceding loan of six millions opened in Sep. 91\u2014the rest of this loan was paid to France as it came in.\n2. Loans when opened are paid in monthly portions\u2014that opened in Jany. 92. was to be paid by the undertakers at the rate of 500,000 florins a month for six months\u2014these were the monies to come in, and out of them were to be paid the large sums for interest and premium, on former loans during the months of Febry. and march.\n3. Previously to this loan being opened I had received a letter from the Sec. of the treasury, informing me that the U.S. intended making up the depreciation on the assignats in their payments to France and authorising me to settle that depreciation. This became a preliminary step therefore to future payments\u2014immediately on the reciept of that letter from the Sec. of the treasury (in Nov. 91. a little before my setting out for Holland) I gave notice of this intention to the French government, desiring them to consider of what would be the proper data for fixing this depreciation\u2014we had at that time no money to pay them\u2014but I told them it was certain we should soon have\u2014and that the payments would necessarily be delayed until the principles for settling the depreciation should be fixed by them. A loan was opened the month after at Antwerp, by a banker whom Mr. Morris had recommended to me in such a manner as had induced my placing this confidence in him without knowing him myself\u2014on my arrival at Antwerp some reason was given me to make me apprehend he was  not so sure as he should be\u2014and fearing to let the money remain in his hands until the depreciation should be fixed I directed him to make the payments as he should recieve them, to the agent whom the commissaries of the treasury named for this purpose at Antwerp. I prevailed on them to do this in order to avoid the risk of bills of exchange, during a moment of uncommon fluctuation and when several capital houses at Brussels were failing\u2014and also to avoid that loss of the depreciation which occured from the time of the bill being drawn until it was paid at Paris and which would have been the pure loss of the U.S. I have mentioned this to shew why there was not the same delay at Antwerp as at Amsterdam\u2014the uncertainty of the banker there being the principal cause\u2014the depreciation on these payments is not yet settled as you will see below.\n4. At the time I recieved the letter from the Sec. of the treasury confiding to me the additionally delicate and dangerous task of fixing a depreciation where there was so much latitude, I knew that the President must be about nominating the Minister for Paris\u2014the imperturbable silence and reserve which had been observed with me on this subject, for so long and painful a period, made it at least doubtful whether this mark of the Presidents confidence was not reserved for some other\u2014that alone would have made me forbear to have undertaken the settlement of the depreciation\u2014as it was evident that so short a delay could not be prejudicial (the time of the meeting of Congress giving every reason to believe we should be immediately made acquainted with the nomination)\u2014but another consideration presented itself which must have been conclusive with every person of delicacy, even if the task had been of the most agreeable and flattering kind. In the Presidents instructions to the Sec. of the treasury of which he sent me a copy there is a clause, which enjoins him in making the loans to employ W. Short\u2014and in all arrangements with France respecting their debt to employ the Minister of the U.S. at Paris for the time being. (This is the substance and I believe the very words, although I have not the paper here with me.) Now I would ask whether with any kind of decency I could have undertaken in the face of this clause so delicate an arrangement with respect to this debt after having received the Secretary\u2019s letter relative thereto in Novr.\u2014when I had every reason to believe that the nomination of the minister must have been previously made or at least making at that very moment\u2014but as I have observed, at the time of recieving this letter, I was setting out for Holland\u2014and therefore nothing could have been done in it by me before my return which was on the 15th. of Janry. At that advanced season of the session of Congress I expected every day  not only to hear of the nomination being made but the arrival of the person\u2014even if he were to come from America. I considered that if the choice fell on me, the delay from the 15th. of Jany., until I should be able to proceed to this business of the French debt, would be of no importance\u2014and that if the choice should not fall on me both duty and delicacy required that I should leave so delicate a business to the person who should possess a greater share of the President\u2019s confidence. On my return to Paris I did every thing I could with propriety to prevent delay in this business. I waited on the commissaries of the treasury, to see whether they had considered of the data for settling of this depreciation in a manner agreeable to them so as not to discredit their assignats (the Sec. of the Treasury having informed me that the matter was to be arranged so as not to create embarassment to them on this head). I told them that I expected every day a minister for Paris from the U.S.\u2014and that that minister would settle the business with them and pressed them to be ready for him, as monies were accruing at Amsterdam, which would be detained for that purpose. They renewed their expressions of satisfaction\u2014and told me they would not fail to be prepared.\n5. As yet I have only mentioned the settling of the depreciation, as the cause of delay, (though not a sufficient cause to prevent the payments from Antwerp where I feared there was danger in leaving it in the hands of the banker)\u2014this was however by no means the only cause of delay as you will see. Mr. Morris, from meer motives of desire to benefit the U.S. and serve the public before he was publicly employed, had had it much at heart that some method should be devised of our debt to France being appropriated to the purchase of the productions of the U.S. for the French colonies\u2014for which kind of relief the colonists had petitioned the national assembly. It appeared to me so evidently advantageous that the debt of the U.S. should be employed in this way, that I desired it also, and was willing to do whatever was in my power to forward the design. Whilst I was absent at Amsterdam, Mr. Morris settled I believe some plan of carrying this into execution with M. de Bertrand the then minister of marine. M. de Bertrand made a report to the assembly on the subject, which I received whilst at Amsterdam and forwarded to America. M. Morris also at the request of that minister as he informed me, desired that the money might be kept at Amsterdam, until the decision of the assembly; observing that if once paid into the French treasury it might prevent the assemblys appropriating it to that object. Thus when I left Amsterdam to return to Paris, the cash in hand and coming in was inconsiderable. It was necessary and proper that the  depreciation should be settled before its being paid to France\u2014because it then might be paid in florins to the French agents at Amsterdam\u2014instead of being remitted by bills of exchange, at a time where there was great risk from the numerous bankruptcies\u2014in a manner where the charges were greater\u2014and finally where there was an unavoidable loss for the U.S.\u2014being the depreciation through which assignats passed from the day of the bill being drawn at Amsterdam until paid in Paris, which depreciation was then considerable every day\u2014and further there was evident propriety in settling the depreciation whilst the money was in our own hands rather than after the payment, in which sentiment the Sec. of the Treasury concurred as appeared by a letter received a long time after. (To understand this it should be observed that there were two sorts of depreciation, one which might be called of exchange, and the other of assignats\u2014as it was this latter only that the U.S. were to make up, they would have had a right to have claimed more than par for their payments viz., more than six livres for every 2. florins 14. sous of Holland\u2014this however was fully and often explained to the Sec. of the treasury\u2014and is immaterial at present.) The reasons I have given for not settling myself this depreciation I trust will appear to you as they did to me\u2014and besides I have shewn that I could not have done it before the 15th. of Jany. at which time the sums on hand were not greater than the demands accruing for Febry. and March. The bankers therefore were directed to suspend the payments out of the monies which were recieving on the loan until they should recieve further orders. It was then expected also daily that the assembly would adopt M. de Bertrand\u2019s report\u2014in which case those monies would have been appropriated thereto\u2014either being remitted to the Sec. of the treasury\u2014or by some plan which M. Morris would have, and probably had, settled with him.\nI have said that the sum in the bankers hands was inconsiderable when I left Amsterdam. I at that time considered as at my disposition only the 500,000 florins a month which were to be paid up on the loan opened in Jany. I have mentioned that 2\u00bd millions of the preceding loan were by the orders of the Secretary kept in their hands to answer his draughts. Under that idea I left Amsterdam, having given the orders for the suspension of the payments then supposing the suspension would be unavoidably removed in a very short period, either by the nomination of the Minister for Paris\u2014who would settle the depreciation\u2014or by the decision of the assembly expected daily in favor of M. de Bertrands proposition for applying the debt of the U.S. to the purchase of their productions for the colonies. The Sec. of the treasury however had changed his mind as to the appropriation  he had directed of the 2\u00bd million of florins\u2014this change took place during the month of Nov. 91. The first of that month he wrote me in confirmation of his former letters notifying that he had drawn for one million thereof\u2014and towards the close of that month should draw for another million counting that the loan would have been received in time to answer these draughts\u2014this letter I received on my return to Paris the 15th. of Jany. He wrote to me a following letter on the 30th. of Nov. informing me he had changed his mind and should not draw for more than one million of florins; leaving thereby 1\u00bd million of his appropriation to be applied to the French debt. This letter however I did not recieve until my return to the Hague in June last, the original never came to my hands\u2014the duplicate which I received had been sent to the Hague and kept there by M. Dumas, in the most stupid manner, because as he informed me he thought I was in Spain, and should daily arrive there\u2014but in truth because he was in his dotage\u2014of this delay the Sec. was informed in due time\u2014although it was of no consequence\u2014because had I known at the time of my leaving Amsterdam that this 1\u00bd million was added to the sum at the disposition of the bankers, still I should have proceeded in the same manner\u2014viz. have suspended the payments to France therefrom, until the nomination of the Minister to Paris (to whom I then supposed under the instructions from the Prest. to the Sec. of the treasury, the settlement of the depreciation would belong) or until the assembly should have decided on M. de Bertrands proposition relative to this debt.\nThus matters stood on the 15th. of Janry.\u2014and I think no person with the smallest spark of delicacy would have acted otherwise however great the sums on hand might have been\u2014but it should be remembered that I acted in giving orders for suspending the payments under the idea\u2014that there was at that time no disponible cash in fact\u2014and could be very little\u2014before the events daily expected to remove this suspension\u2014for greater exactitude it should be observed that over and above the large payments to be made for interest and premium on former loans\u2014during the months of febry. and march\u2014a considerable sum also (I think about 300,000 florins) were to be deducted to make up the 2\u00bd million to be reserved out of the preceding loan for the Sec. of the treasury, as the calls on the bankers had not admitted of their keeping the complete sum of 2\u00bd millions out of that loan. It remains now to be seen whether I am to blame for these payments having been suspended after the 15th. of Janry.\n6. At this time I was in daily expectation of hearing of the nomination of the minister\u2014and although this had been postponed much to my astonishment, (and as things turned out still more to my humiliation)  at the preceding session of Congress, yet the arrival of the French minister in America, did not leave a doubt that it would take place at this session, and it was natural to suppose it would be early in the session. The demands which I then contemplated as existing against the cash arising on the loan were 300,000 florins to complete the sum of 2\u00bd million\u2014and for which bills from the Sec. of the treasury might arrive daily\u2014payments to be made the first of febry. for interest and premium I think about 330,000 florins. To answer these demands the undertakers were only obliged to pay by the end of Janry. 500,000 florins, although it was probable they would pay something more\u2014and from that time no other payments could be expected till about the end of febry.\u2014as by the usages established at Amsterdam, the undertakers have the same commencement of interest viz. from the 1st. of each month, whether the payment be made on the first or last day of the month\u2014and of course they keep the money in their hands generally until the last of each month. Consequently it would not have been until towards the end of febry. that the bankers would have had disponible cash, and as consequently even if the causes above mentioned had not existed I could not be blamed for not having had payments made prior to that epoch. It may be observed also that 125,000 florins of the cash to be then on hand were to be paid the 1st. of March, for interest due on a former loan. In the middle of february I learned that the Prest. had placed his confidence in M. Morris with respect to French affairs and nominated him to the Senate as Minister at Paris. M: Morris was then in London and might be expected daily in Paris. No earthly consideration would have tempted me after that to have taken on me any thing in that department, which the public welfare did not imperiously and instantly exact\u2014this could not be the case with respect to the payments to France as there was not yet disponible cash on hand. Independent of the indelicacy that there would have been in taking advantage of the distance I was removed from government, to act in a case where the head of the government had so solemnly announced that he did not repose his confidence in me, I was by no means (after being kept in so long and painful a suspense and as it now appeared for the convenience of others) in a condition of mind to meditate on a subject which required calm, contentment and encouragement from an idea of governmental confidence. A rich banking house at Paris as their own agent and that of the house of Hope at Amsterdam, and others had made overtures to me for paying off our whole debt to France at one stroke and taking the bonds of the U.S. for the amount at 4. per cent interest in London and Amsterdam\u2014and at the then rate of exchange\u2014the advantages of this plan struck the  Sec. of the Treasury, and he expressed to me his desire it should be effectuated\u2014which certainly would have been done if government had been less reserved with me and had let me know that I had so much of the Prest.\u2019s confidence, as to be nominated for Paris\u2014or even if I had not learned that that confidence was transferred to another. On that I suspended entering into the arrangement, advising that house to treat there of with Mr. Morris whom I expected daily at Paris\u2014before his arrival a revolution took place in the exchange which frightened the bankers and deterred them from engaging in the propositions which they had made me. Such an opportunity can never again occur\u2014and such advantages in paying off the debt\u2014aiding France\u2014and enlisting in the support of the American credit, the richest houses of Europe will probably never again be within our reach. Mr. Morris\u2019s nomination prevented this. Still I do not doubt his talents abilities, and services, will much more than compensate it.\nI wrote to press Mr. Morris\u2019s arrival at Paris informing him of the state of affairs and the necessity of his presence. Before he arrived, a decision was taken by the assembly relative to the succours to S. Domingo and the then Minister of marine applied to me on the subject. As it did not admit of delay, it being necessary that he should know immediately whether and to what amount he could count on the American debt for immediate succour, I did not think myself justifiable in postponing it absolutely\u2014mentioning to him therefore that I expected my successor without delay, and could wish that it should be with him that the rate of this payment should be settled (viz. what sum in livres the U.S. were to be credited for each florin or dollar paid, which was virtually settling the depreciation). That the U.S. might not however lose the advantage of having this debt laid out in their own productions, I immediately engaged that the sum of 800,000 dollars should be held by the Sec. of the treasury for this purpose at the disposition of the minister of marine\u2014and instantly gave notice thereof to the Sec. of the treasury, that he might draw on the bankers for that sum, which I contemplated would be in hand before his draughts could arrive. In my situation I considered it a considerable effort for me to act at all in this business, as I regarded whatever related to the French debt as absolutely within Mr. Morris\u2019s jurisdiction\u2014but knowing that he wished the debt to be applied towards succours to the French islands (although I did not know what mode he would chuse to adopt, or had formerly settled with M. de Bertrand for carrying it into execution) I thought myself bound to take the step I did, leaving the settlement of the rate of payment, to his better intelligence in all cases, and particularly one of this kind.\nImmediately on taking the arrangement abovementioned with M. de la Coste the then minister of marine I announced it to the Sec. of the treasury that he might commence his draughts and be ready for the demands of the minister. I did this even too soon, as it turned out, for at the next meeting which I had with M. de la Coste in order to settle the business finally, some difficulty having arisen between his department and the commissaries of the treasury, and one of his assistants having observed to him that S. Domingo having already drawn bills on the treasury, which perhaps the assembly might consider as the succour voted, and thereby preclude the ministers right of applying this additional sum, he determined to suspend this until he could obtain from the assembly an explanation of their decree\u2014so as to enable him to apply this additional sum at least\u2014which explanation he added he was sure he should obtain in a few days. I observed to him that I expected Mr. Morris also in a few days\u2014and would therefore commit the matter to him, as I did not doubt he would arrive before the explanatory decree. With this he was perfectly satisfied and thus the matter stopped between him and me\u2014of which suspension I gave immediate notice to the Sec. of the treasury, that he might regulate his draughts accordingly. It having become by this means, by no means certain in my mind that the assembly would grant what the minister desired and if not it would have been improper that the Sec. of the treasury should have drawn this sum to America, it being destined for the debt to France.\nThings remained in this posture from April the 25th. (the date I think of my letter to the Sec. of the treasury informing him of this stoppage by the ministers chusing to have an explanatory decree) until Mr. Morris\u2019s arrival at Paris the 7th. of May. From that time I considered the business as no longer under my control and Mr. Morris seemed to consider the subject as I did and took it up as belonging to him. (This however it appears was not the intention of the Sec. of the treasury although I did not learn it from him until after the kings suspension as you will see below.) I communicated to Mr. Morris fully what I knew on these several subjects and particularly respecting the settlement of depreciation, which was now growing urgent from the apparent approach of the end of the then existing government (although we did not then suppose it was to be succeeded by a republic). Mr. Morris seemed sensible of this\u2014and promised that no time should be lost after having been presented to the King. He observed also I think that he expected some further explanation from you, as in a letter from you which he recieved, I believe on his arriving at Paris, it appeared as if your idea was that the depreciation was to  be thrown on France. However this might be it was evident to me that it concerned me no further.\nMr. Morris was waiting to be installed in his functions\u2014and M. de le Coste, for the explanatory decree, as I had given him notice of M. Morris\u2019s arrival, in order to proceed to the appropriation of the cash on hand to the succours of S. Domingo\u2014when I recieved (on the 11th. of May previous to my leaving Paris) Mr. Hamilton\u2019s letter of I think March 21st. shewing that he should have occasion to draw a considerable sum from Amsterdam for domestic purposes having changed his mind again since the date of his letter of Nov. 30. which letter had not yet come to my hands, as mentioned above. In consequence of this M. Morris and myself determined that it would be proper to hold the loan (then going on at Amsterdam, and which had been intended for France) at his disposition. This was suggested by Mr. Morris, he observing that should the minister obtain the explanatory decree and demand the 800,000 dollars in consequence of what had passed, he (Mr. Morris) would parry it by observing that the long silence of M. de le Coste had made him suppose he had changed his mind\u2014and that the sum had been otherwise disposed of for the moment\u2014and also that having learned that our treasury had already made advances to the French minister for succours to the islands, it became necessary to recieve further advices from thence. Of all this, notice was immediately given to the Sec. of the treasury by me I think on the 14th. of May.\nPrevious to my leaving Paris on the 2d. of June I recieved advices from the bankers at Amsterdam that they had succeeded in opening another loan at 4. per cent interest, to date from the 1st: of June\u2014this placed at our disposition during the ensuing six months the additional sum of 3,000,000 of florins\u2014so that a part of the cash on hand might again be considered as applicable to France; counting on the entry of sums on the new loan to answer such of the draughts of the Sec. of the treasury for domestic purposes as might then arrive. Mr. Morris was made acquainted with this and when I left Paris matters stood as follows. (Thus far I think the delay of the payment cannot be imputed to me as a fault unless it be my fault that the Prest. should have instructed the Sec. of the Treasury, to employ the minister at Paris for the time being in arrangements to be made with respect to the French debt\u2014that he should have given that ministry to M. Morris\u2014and that payments under present circumstances should require a previous arrangement, to settle the depreciation\u2014or unless it be my fault that M. de le Coste should have chosen to have an explanation on a decree passed by the assembly after so long a delay and after having given  reason to expect it should be passed daily from the time of M. de Bertrands report).\nWhen I left Paris, I say, Mr. Morris was to have fixed the basis on which payments were to be made and I was to order no further payment until that should be done\u2014this was perfectly settled and understood between us\u2014neither the one or the other doubted an instant of its being proper to settle the depreciation before making any further payment\u2014and neither of us doubted (and I think no other person on earth could have doubted) of that settlement being a part of his functions, and particularly under the instructions of the President above alluded to. I did not then suppose that those instructions would be changed in order to save Mr. Morris as much [as] possible from such business as might expose him to public censure and to put others less favored, in this line of forlorn hope, where there was evidently much more danger than honor.\nNotwithstanding I considered this business as now entirely in Mr. Morris\u2019s hands, yet wishing it to be settled advantageously for the U.S.\u2014and feeling that it would be much better to settle it with the then existing government than any other\u2014and being anxious also that the payments should be recommenced, I urged these points with him in the most earnest manner before leaving him\u2014and after my arrival at the Hague, never ceased pressing and importuning him thereon by letter after letter. He gave me different causes of the delay owing to the changes of ministry. I advised him to address himself directly to the commissaries of the treasury, being a permanent body. In fine I informed him that if the depreciation were not immediately settled, I should not think myself longer authorized to suspend the payment and should give orders to the bankers to commence the remittances by bills of exchange, leaving the depreciation to future settlement between the two countries. He informed me that he had determined if the commissaries (from whom I think he had at length recieved the statement of the account he had been solliciting) did not immediately enable him to settle the business, he should direct Mr. Grand to draw on the bankers and pay into the national treasury. As this was doing nothing but employing an house the more in the business, I informed him of what had passed between the Sec. of the treasury and me on the subject of employing Mr. Grand\u2014and advised his not doing it, but to treat himself with the commissaries, as the Sec. had formerly authorized me to do. The commissaries decided this matter by enabling Mr. Morris to direct the payment at Amsterdam\u2014and accordingly he wrote to me on the 6th. and 9th. of August, informing me that he had at length come to an agreement with the  commissaries of the treasury for \u01921,625,000 bo.\u2014and desiring that I would direct our bankers to pay that sum to their agent at Amsterdam. No mention was made to me of the nature of the agreement\u2014or of the sum in livres which the U.S. were to be credited for these florins. As this depended on the rate of exchange and depreciation to be allowed, which I considered altogether under Mr. Morris\u2019s control at present, I should have proceeded immediately to have directed the payment, and the more so as the delay which had already taken place had given me a great deal of anxiety, which was increasing daily by the daily increase of the cash on hand for which the U.S. were paying a dead interest. But by a combination of unlucky circumstances I did not recieve these letters of Mr. Morris until after I knew of the King\u2019s suspension. I had gone to Amsterdam for the purpose of signing the contract and bonds of the last loan. I returned from thence on the 15th.\u2014the letters which had come to my address at the Hague and among them Mr. Morris\u2019s were forwarded to me by mistake the same day, so that I crossed them on the road from Amsterdam. They were returned to me to the Hague, the next day. My perplexity was, as you may suppose, very great, and my mortification also\u2014to be placed under those circumstances, after so long a delay. The intelligence of the King\u2019s suspension and confusion at Paris\u2014the knowlege that the Duke of Brunswic was to enter France the 15th.\u2014my belief (although time has shewn it to be erroneous) that he would arrive at Paris and that the then government would cease and disperse\u2014all this left not a doubt in my mind that the payment should not be made. I think no person on earth in his senses would have determined otherwise at that moment, there was every reason to believe that this payment would become private spoil\u2014and that the government to come would refuse giving credit for it. I determined therefore to wait to the next day at least, being the post from France\u2014before deciding fully\u2014expecting I should be aided therein by a letter from Mr. Morris. I accordingly recieved a letter from him, dated the 13th. three days after the suspension, in which no hint of a counterorder of this payment, being given, I determined to direct its being made, although absolutely against my opinion, considering myself therein merely the instrument of M. Morris. It appeared to me however advisable that the precaution should be taken of expressing in the receipt that this payment was on account of the debt due by the U.S. to France and to be held at the disposition of H. M. Christian majesty (I should more properly have said perhaps the King of the French but this misnomer escaped me and could not have had any bad effect whatever M. Morris may think or say now to the contrary). I  did suppose the French agent (being a Dutch banking house) would consent with out difficulty to that kind of clause, for several reasons\u2014and in that case the U.S. were as safe as they could be placed, under whatever kind of government should [emerge?]\u2014and at the same time stop the interest on the amount of the payment. Should the French agent pay the sum to the commonwealth immediately\u2014and the counter-revolution have taken place\u2014it became an affair between that agent and the monarch. Should the agent have stopped the money in his hands until the establishment of a government, still the dispute was placed by our reciept between him and France\u2014and the U.S. could claim credit for the payment from the time of having paid the money to that agent. Should the commonwealth be established, the same principle would have held good\u2014or at worst they would have consented to have given credit from that time in order to purchase our consent to have removed the scruples of the French agent by changing the expression of the receipt. The agent contrary to my expectation, declined giving that kind of receipt immediately\u2014and asked time to consider of it\u2014which our bankers gave. This occasioned delay during which time I received several letters from M. Morris\u2014as he was uniform in favor of the payment being made (our bankers were of the same opinion, at least one of them Mr. V. Staphorst who pressed me much thereon) I yielded my opinion and directed it to be done on the 4th. of Sep. It was executed the 5th.\u2014although I had learned from M. Morris in the mean time that the U.S. were to have credit for 6,000,000 of livres for this payment, which shewed that it was according to the current exchange of the day in assignats, without the depreciation having been settled, and which was therefore nothing more than I could have done from the moment there were disponible cash on hand. As soon as M. Morris found there was like to be some difficulty, on account of the change of government and affairs in France, he wrote me that on examining his powers more minutely he had found that this business was committed wholly and of course exclusively to me, and of course that he would meddle no further in it\u2014this was after the payment had been made by his desire and in consequence of his agreement\u2014and after the matter was thus put out of my reach he refused for a long time going to the commissaries to see that they had given credit for the 6,000,000 of livres agreeably to their agreement with him\u2014and did not do it until after our bankers had obtained that acknowlegement from the commissaries. With his usual address he directed the suspension, the payment, and every thing else respecting this debt, and in such a manner as that if necessary he may say he had nothing to do with it\u2014and has already as it appears  from your postscript, so contrived this that the Sec. of the treasury says this for him\u2014notwithstanding all my letters to the Sec. stated and restated the matter as I have done to you, and shewed that both Mr. Morris and myself at the time of his arriving at Paris, considered the settlement of the depreciation as belonging to him absolutely\u2014and future payments by that means, virtually, as it was proper to settle the depreciation before making them.\nIf it were possible I wish you would run over my correspondence with the Sec. of the treasury for the year 92. that you might see how little candor and justice there was in him to have thrown the blame of delay on me, as to these payments, and that so long after recieving my letters which stated the causes of that delay over and over again, and shewed how they did not depend on me. I have here only copies of the letters written after my arrival at the Hague in June\u2014those written previously from Paris were dated Jan. 26. March 24. April 22. 25. May. 14. 26.\u2014those from the Hague were June 28. Aug. 6. 30. Sep. 25. Oct. 9.\u2014the reciepts of these were acknowleged by him Dec. 31. 92. I have read them over here and they all repeat the same thing\u2014of course he could not be ignorant when in Jan. 93. he threw the blame on me. I hope you will be so good as to call the Presidents attention to this\u2014what I consider still more important is the attention of my fellow citizens at large\u2014and if necessary in order to do myself justice I shall call theirs to it\u2014not with a desire to injure any body (notwithstanding I have been sacrificed to their promotion and honor) but that the public may know not only the truth but the whole truth. I do not suppose Mr. Hamilton has done this to injure me; but to save his favorite and that of the President, against whom he thought perhaps there would be still more malevolence than against me.\nI have been so prolix in answer to the postscript of your letter that I have little space left to answer the letter itself\u2014the fear of absolutely wearying you out at once will make me adjourn this to another opportunity, only observing for the present, that the respect which I always have had and ever shall have for your opinions, would make me now distrust mine still more with respect to the Jacobins of France, if you had been in the way of seeing and examining them with your own eyes. I will say nothing thereon at present, but appeal to time and experience\u2014and God grant they may shew that I have been mistaken in my letters objected to. No body on earth can wish better to France than I do whatever form of government its inhabitants may give themselves\u2014their happiness and prosperity I desire most sincerely both as a friend to humanity and citizen of America. Still I do think it was my duty in my correspondence with the government  by whom I was employed to give my real sentiments and to give them freely\u2014those letters were intended for their perusal alone\u2014and if I decieved myself in my opinions, it was my misfortune\u2014it would have been my crime to have given better opinions as my own, if I really possessed different ones. As to the acrimony of my style it proceeded from the sincerity of my feelings and I do think it ought not to be blamed in an official correspondence of that kind\u2014but since it is thought otherwise, I am happy to know it, and consider it I do assure you my dear Sir, as the strongest proof of your friendship. Had I made use of the same language in my conversations, as the President has been informed\u2014I should have been highly blameable, in my position. I here deny it absolutely, and, as it is difficult to prove negatives, I can only observe that I ever passed at the Hague and still am considered there by all the people with whom I kept company, as a violent Jacobin. This I did not deserve either\u2014and indeed said as little, perhaps less than any member of the corps diplomatique with respect to French affairs, though I certainly felt more than any of them. I leave you to judge whether I should have had the reputation of Jacobin, if my conversations had been such as the Prest. was informed. I have some right I think to know from whence he got this very officious information\u2014and it seems to me a little odd that he should so soon know my conversations from the Hague and blame them, from the supposition of censuring the French Jacobins, whilst he remained ignorant of Mr. Morris\u2019s words at Paris not only against the Jacobins but against the principles of the revolution\u2014and his deeds against the constitution itself\u2014or if he was not ignorant of them thought proper to reward them by giving him his confidence and making him the representative of the U.S. with the King of that constitution he always ridiculed, and went further in intriguing to destroy\u2014these things were public in Paris and published in their gazettes. Still they were unknown to the Prest. it seems I suspect how and why he got the information as to me. I should have supposed his caution and sagacity would have made him suspicious of the chanel\u2014but it seems things which come through a favorite chanel, are recieved with too much favor to be examined even by the most cautious. A thousand pardons for so much ennui\u2014but unhappy, neglected and mortified, as I am, it is my only consolation to unbosom myself and disclose my feelings to a real friend. Yours\nW Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0468", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Ternant, 5 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nSir\nPhiladelphia April 5th. 1793.\nI take the Liberty of enclosing to you the Copy of a Letter with the papers it refers to which I have received from Messrs. Brown, Benson & Ives, merchants of Rhode Island, complaining that their Brig Commerce commanded by Capt. Munroe with a valuable Cargo, was forcibly carried into Port au Prince, where not being able to sell the Cargo, nor permitted to proceed to any other market, a very considerable Loss was incurred. If their Case has been as is therein stated, you will be sensible, Sir, that an Indemnification from the Administration of the Colony will be no more than right, and I hope you will interpose your good Offices to procure their attention to it, and that Justice which the Complainants shall be found entitled to.\nWe are thoroughly sensible of the Difficulties of an Administration rigorously exact in the midst of such Troubles as at present distress the Colonies of France; We are willing to make every reasonable allowance for such Difficulties, and disposed to every friendly Office in our power. But we must be permitted to hope that they will prevent in every possible Instance all acts of irregularity and force on our Citizens and their Property, and where these cannot be avoided that a just Indemnification will be granted: these being in Truth the most certain means of securing to the Colonies the supplies of Provision they need and on the best terms. The merchant must calculate all his risks and be paid for them. To lessen these therefore, will be to cheapen his Supplies.\nI will beg the Favor of you to represent to the Colony administration how much on principles both of Friendship and Interest their just patronage of our mutual Commerce is an object of desire with us. I have the Honor to be with great respect Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0469", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 5 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMount Vernon April 5 1793.\nYour Letter of the 1st instant, came to my hands yesterday. I regret the indisposition of General Knox; but hope, as there is yet time for consideration of those matters I referred to the heads of the Departments, no inconvenience will result from the delay, occasioned thereby; unless it should continue much longer. At George Town, I met Mr. Randolph; and by a Letter just received from Mr. Lear, I am informed that General Lincoln was expected to be in Philadelphia about the middle of this week.\nI am so much surprized, and mortified at the conduct of Judge Turner, that if he should be in Philadelphia at the receipt of this Letter, and not the best evidence of his proceeding to the North-Western Territory immediately; it is my desire that you will, in my name, express to him, as far as my powers will authorise you to do, that I can no longer submit to such abuses of public trust without instituting (if I have powers to set it on foot) an enquiry into his conduct. The same with respect to the Governor of that Territory. Such remissness in  those Gentlemen not only reflects upon the common rules of propriety; but must implicate me, in the shamefulness of their conduct, in suffering it.\nI hope the account brought by the Captain from Lisbon, had no better foundation than that suggested in your Letter; for I should be sorry to receive a confirmation of it. It was prudent, however, to guard against an event which might have proved unfortunate in case of the capture of the Packet. With esteem & regard, I am Dr. Sir, Your very hble Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0470", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 6 April 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 6th. April 1793.\nI inclose the Copy of a Letter from Mr. Holloway an Engraver here who by the Enquiries I have made would answer very well as Engraver to our Mint. He would be satisfied with the Salary annexed to that Office, but wishes to have some Engagement that a Provision will be made him for life in case old Age or Infirmity should incapacitate him from continuing the Duties of his Office. He has a Brother also whom he wishes to carry with him to America every way qualified according to his account for any Office in the Bank, having been employed many Years in the Bank of England; if a Person is wanted for our Bank well acquainted with the mode of transacting Business here I will make the necessary Enquiries concerning him and if judged expedient endeavour to engage him for our Establishment. I have the honor to be with great respect Dear Sir Your most obedient and most humble Servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0471", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Brown, 7 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brown, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 7. 1793.\nI expect from Mr. Donald a very small parcel of books from London this spring, and a larger one from Dublin. Both will be addressed to me, to your care. The latter one being intended for Mr. Eppes, I will beg the favor of you to deliver it to him as soon as it comes to hand. It will be certainly known by it\u2019s coming from Dublin directly.\u2014Having intended to have gone home this spring I had not taken sufficient measures to be informed of the progress of affairs there. I have not learned whether my Bedford tobacco is got down to you, and if down whether it is shipped. If it be not shipped I should wish it to go in an American bottom if possible, or if that be impossible, then that it be ensured; as I think the information now merits credit that war is declared between France and Great Britain. This circumstance may render the market more advantageous for what gets safely to it.\u2014I inclose you a letter I have received from Mr. Short.\u2014Having determined to remove from this city into a small house in the country, I have packed my superfluous furniture and am putting it on board the sloop Union Capt. Bradford, which will sail from this port for Richmond the day after tomorrow. I have taken the liberty of addressing it to you, and as it is very bulky (about 1200. cubical feet) must ask the favor of you to rent or procure for me room for it in a dry warehouse, as much of it can only go to Monticello by water, and of course must wait till next winter, and I am not yet decided whether the whole shall not await that mode of transportation. I shall submit it to Mr. Randolph\u2019s orders. I must give you one special trouble respecting it. There are 4. particular boxes, Nos. 25. 26. 27. and 28. which contain looking glasses of very large size and value. They are carried by hand to the waterside here, and will need to be taken in a scow from on  board the vessel at Rocket\u2019s, to be landed as near as possible to the warehouse, and carried from the landing to the warehouse by hand. The boxes are of such a size as to require three pair of porters, who should take them on long handspikes. To this I must ask the goodness of your attention. The Captain will receive his freight here. Any other expences there I must ask you to answer. I am with great esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0473", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Francis Eppes, 7 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, Francis\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 7. 1793\nAccording to the information contained in my letter of Mar. 17. Jack now sets out for Virginia. The circumstances which have determined the moment of his departure have been, the commencement of a term at Wm. and Mary should you accede to the proposition of his going there, and my relinquishing my house here and retiring to a small one in the country with only three rooms, and from whence I shall hold myself in readiness to take my departure [for] Monticello the first moment I can do it with due respect to myself. I can give you the most consoling assurances as to Jack\u2019s temper, prudence, and excellent dispositions. On these points I can say with truth every thing a parent would wish to hear. As far too as his backwardness would ever give me an opportunity of judging I can pronounce a very favorable verdict on his talents, in which I have been entirely confirmed by those who have had better opportunites of unreserved conversations with him. After all, the talent for speaking is yet untried, and can only be tried at the moot courts at the college, which I propose for his next object.\nMy papers being packed for removal, I am not able to look to your last letter: but I think you say in it that, instead of money, we are to receive from Cary\u2019s executor only bonds of 6. 9 and 12 months, this being the case of an execution, I do not well understand it: however I will solicit your attention to it, on my behalf, to avail me of this resource for any sum of money which it may yeald, and as early as it can be yeilded (I mean my proportion only) for a disappointment from another quarter in Virginia has so far abridged the provision I had made for winding up my affairs here, as that it will fall considerable short, and will really distress me, and perhaps subject me to mortification.\u2014We may now give credit to the information that war is declared between France and England. If you have not sold your wheat, the moment will be favorable but It should not be overpassed, as the purchases will of course cease as soon as the chance ceases of getting them to Europe before their harvest. I hope they will let us work in peace to feed them during the continuance of their follies. Present me most affectionately to Mrs. Eppes and the family, as also to our friends at Hors du monde when an occasion offers, and believe me to be most sincerely Dr. Sir Your friend & servt.\nThs. Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0474", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 7 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nTh: J. to J. Madison\nPhiladelphia Apr. 7. 93.\nWe may now I believe give full credit to the accounts that war is declared between France and England. The latter having ordered Chauvelin to retire within eight days, the former seemed to consider it as too unquestionable an evidence of an intention to go to war, to let the advantage slip of her own readiness, and the unreadiness of England. Hence I presume the first declaration from France. A British packet is arrived. But as yet we learn nothing more than that she confirms the accounts of war being declared. Genest not yet arrived.\u2014An impeachment is ordered here against Nicholson their Comptroller general, by a vote almost unanimous of the house of Representatives. There is little doubt I am told but that much mala fides will appear: but E.R. thinks he has barricaded himself within the fences of the law. There is a good deal of connection between his manoeuvres and the accomodating spirit of the Treasury Deptmt. of the US. so as to interest the impeachors not to spare the latter. Duer now threatens that, if he is not relieved by certain persons, he will lay open to the world such a scene of villainy as will strike it with astonishment.\u2014The papers I occasionally inclose you, be so good as to return, as they belong to my office. I move into the country tomorrow or next day. Adieu your\u2019s affectionately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0475", "content": "Title: Notes on Conversations with Tobias Lear and John Beckley, 7 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nApr. 7. 93. Mr. Lear called on me and introduced of himself a conversation of the affairs of the US. He laughed at the cry of prosperity and the deriving it from the establishment of the treasury: he said that so far from giving into this opinion and that we were paying off our national debt he was clear the debt was growing on us: that he had lately expressed this opinion to the Presidt. who appeared much astonished at it. I told him I had given the same hint to the P. the last summer, and lately again had suggested that we were even depending for the daily subsistence of government on borrowed money: he said that was certain, and was the only way of accounting for what was become of the money drawn over from Holland to this country.\u2014He regretted that the Pr. was not in the way of hearing full information, declared he communicated to him every thing he could learn himself: that the men who vaunted the present government so much on some occasions were the very men who at other times declared it was a poor thing, and such a one as could not stand, and he was sensible they only esteemed it as a stepping stone to some thing else, and had availed themselves of the first moments of the enthusiasm in favor of it, to pervert it\u2019s principles and make of it what they wanted: and that tho\u2019 they raised the cry of Antifederalism against those who censured the mode of administration, yet he was satisfied whenever it should come to be tried that the very men whom they called Anti federalists were the men who would save the government, and he looked to the next Congress for much rectification.\neod. die. Mr. Beckley tells me that a gentleman, heartily a fiscalist, called on him yesterday, told him he had been to N. York and into the prison with Duer, with whome he had much conversation. That Pintard, Duer\u2019s agent has about 100,000 D. worth of property in his hands and bids defiance: that this embarrasses Duer much, who declares that if certain persons do not relieve him shortly, he will unfold such a scene of villainy as will astonish the world.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0476", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 7 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 7. 1793.\nThe accounts of the last week from Lisbon, announcing an actual declaration of war by France against England and Holland, when applied to the preceding note of the British court ordering the French minister to leave London (which is generally considered as preliminary to a declaration of war) now render it extremely probable that those powers are at actual war, and necessary in my opinion that we take every justifiable measure for preserving our neutrality, and at the same time provide those necessaries for war which must be brought across the Atlantic.\u2014The British packet is arrived, but as yet we hear nothing further of the news she brings than that war is declared, and this is only a rumour here as yet. If any letters are come by her for me, they are not yet received.\u2014You will learn by this post that our intelligence from the South as to the Indians is discouraging. We met on Tuesday last on the subject of your circular letter, and agreed in all points, except as to the power of ceding territory, on which point there remained the same difference of opinion as when the subject was discussed in your presence.\u2014We have no further news of Mr. Genest. Mr. Dupont leaves town for France on Wednesday next. By him I shall send my dispatches for Mr. Morris.\u2014Stocks are down @ 17/10. We determined yesterday to lay out the interest fund (about 25,000. Dollars) the only money at our disposal.\u2014I have the honour to be with sincere attachment & respect, Dear Sir, your most obedt. & most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0477", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gouverneur Morris, 8 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 8. 1793.\nMy letters of the 12th. and 15th. of Mar. with your newspapers and laws were to have gone in the care of a gentleman bound to London. The papers and laws being bulky, he had sent them on to New-York, being still here himself. In the mean time Mr. Dupont\u2019s departure for France directly takes place. Of course I deliver to him the letters beforementioned and the present one. Whether we shall be able to get back the papers &c. is doubtful.\u2014Your latest letter received is of Oct. 23. five months and a half old. In the mean time the public papers tell us the king of France has been suspended, tried and executed, a republic established, another Minister appointed to us, and war declared between France, England and Holland. I have no doubt but difficulties exist for the conveyance of your letters, and I mention these things that you may be apprised of the delays, if any happen to them after they get out of your hands, and may be on your guard how you send your future letters.\u2014There were made at Paris, partly while I was there, and partly afterwards, a set of dies for the medals given by Congress to officers, I believe they were 12. or 13 in number. There was also one made since to strike medals to be given to diplomatic characters on their taking leave of us. They were all under the care of Mr. Short, and I think he deposited them in Mr. Grand\u2019s office. They have cost the US. a great deal, and have  particular value because the purposes for which they were made are not yet fulfilled. The diplomatic dies are particularly wanting. I must beg the favor of you to enquire for them, and to send them here by the first very safe conveyance. Should none occur from Paris, I should think they might be sent to Mr. La Motte at Havre, with an express charge not to forward them but in an American vessel bound to this port, New York or Baltimore.\u2014We have received accounts of considerable injuries lately done by the Indians on our Southern frontier. This strengthens the suspicion, not only that the Northern Indians do not mean peace, but that the Southern are leagued with them. Our Commissioners will set out in a few days for Sanduskey to try the event of negociation. I am with great esteem & respect Dear Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0478", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Timothy Pickering, 8 April 1793\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nGeneral Post Office April 8. 1793.\nTo remove objections at the auditors office to the settlement of my demand for the repayment of the money paid S. Bradshaw who went express to Kentuckey for the return of the election there of President and Vice-President\u2014be pleased to favour me with a certificate that I employed and paid him at your request. I am respectfully sir Your most obedt. servt.\nTimothy Pickering", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0479", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 8 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMy dear Martha\nPhiladelphia Apr. 8. 1793.\nSince my letter of the last week, Maria has received one from Mr. Randolph which lets us know you were all well. I wish I could say the same. Maria has for these three or four weeks been indisposed with little fevers, nausea, want of appetite, and is become weak. The  Doctor thinks it proceeds from a weakness of the stomach, and that it will soon be removed.\u2014I learn from the head of Elk that a person of the name of Boulding set out from thence some days ago, to view my lands with an intention to become a tenant. He carried a letter from Mr. Hollingsworth, whom I had desired to procure tenants for me; not addressed I beleive to any particular person. I am in hopes he will apply to Mr. Randolph. The lands I should first lease would be the upper tract joining Key: but if enough of them would join to take the whole lands on that side of the river, they might divide them as they pleased.\u2014I have never heard yet whether you got the servants\u2019 clothes which were sent by water. I have got all my superfluous furniture packed and on board a vessel bound to Richmond, to which place she will clear out to-day. I have written to Mr. Brown to hire a Warehouse or rather Ware-room for it, there being 1300. cubical feet of it, which would fill a moderate room. Some packages containing looking glass will have to remain there till next winter I presume, as they can only be trusted by water. Indeed I do not know how the rest will be got up. However, on this subject I will write to Mr. Randolph the next week.\u2014War is certainly declared between France, England and Holland. This we learn by a packet the dispatches of which came to hand yesterday.J. Eppes sets out for Virginia to-day, to go and finish his course of study at Wm. and Mary. Tell Mr. Carr his letter is just now received, and shall be answered the next week, as I am now in the throng of my removal into the country. Remember me affectionately to him, to Mr. Randolph and kiss the little ones for me. Adieu my dear. Your\u2019s most affectionately\nTh: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0480", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 9 April 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr. Coxe has the honor to inform Mr. Jefferson that Dutch Bills remain difficult to procure, and that English Bills can be obtained at 162\u00bd \u214cCt. being a Discount of \u00a34.3.4 Curry. upon the \u00a3100 Stg. Mr. Coxe continues to think it extremely hazardous to remit by bills on Holland. Indeed he takes the liberty to say he would by no means risque them.\nMr. Jefferson will be able to procure such part of the sum as may  not be immediately necessary upon as good or lower terms a few days hence.\nThe Bank is not drawing on Britain or Holland.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0481", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, 9 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 9. 1793.\nHaving received full authority from Mr. William Short to superintend and controul the disposal of his property in the public funds, I take the liberty of desiring that no property of his of that kind, whether standing in his own name or in that of Mr. James Brown or any other person in trust for him may be permitted to be transferred or to [be] paid to any person whatever. I have the honor to be Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0482", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 9 April 179[3]\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 9th April 179[3]\nOn the 12th of March last I had the honor of addressing a letter to you on the subject of Mr. Pagan. As you have never acknowledged the receipt of that letter, I am apprehensive it may not have reached you: if that shall have been the case, I will transmit you a copy of it, and am with due respect, Sir, Your very humble servant,\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0483", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 9 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 9. 1793.\nImmediately on the receipt of your letter of March 12th. on the subject of Mr. Pagan, I referred it to the Attorney general of the US. for his opinion. As soon as I receive that opinion from him, I will do myself the honor of addressing you thereon. I am with due respect Sir your very humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0484", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Rodolph Vall-Travers, 9 April 1793\nFrom: Vall-Travers, Rodolph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRotterdam, Haring\u2019s Vliet, 9 Apr. 1793. By Captain William Callahan, commander of the brig Jn. Pringle, bound for Charleston, he encloses a copy, which he officially received yesterday morning from van Sohn, Attorney General to their Highmightinesses, of the capitulation of the French garrisons in Breda and Gertruidenberg to the Dutch, English, Prussian, and Imperial armies. The humane treatment of these plundering invaders by the allies provides a striking contrast to the \u201cMaxims and Characters\u201d of the French. He has also received an official communication from President De Loches of this city concerning the certain defection of General Dumouriez after the National Convention dispatched four commissaries to his army to bring him back to Paris or, as it is said, to murder him on the road thither. One of them, his friend M. Beurnonville, warned him of the danger, whereupon Dumouriez arrested the other three at camp and sent them, through the Imperial general Clerfayt, to Prince Saxe-Coburg, commander in chief of the German armies, who incarcerated them in the Mons fortress. Dumouriez has donned the white cockade of the Royalists, \u201cwho now make up the two Thirds of the Inhabitants of France, detesting the Convention and its bloody Faction of the Jacobins,\u201d and has offered to join the allied armies and restore the crown to Louis XVII, with suitable changes in the ancient form of government \u201cin Favor of the Bulk of the People, groaning under all Kinds of Oppressions and Miseries.\u201d He hopes that this, as well as his packet of 31 Mch. by the Hope, Captain James Miller of Philadelphia, along with the first sketch of the latter sent as a secondary duplicate by the Peggy, Captain Elliot, from Amsterdam, will arrive safely. P.S. All ten provinces of the Austrian Netherlands and the bishopric of Li\u00e8ge  have been evacuated by the French and restored to their former sovereigns and constitutions. The Austrian Netherlands would soon become a thriving state, emulating the Dutch in industry, if their governor, Archduke Charles, brother of the Emperor, became their sovereign hereditary Duke independent of Vienna, thus saving the tribute of 14 million florins sent there annually.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0485", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Brown, 10 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brown, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 10. 1793.\nI wrote you by the post of the day before yesterday on the subject of my furniture sent by the Union sloop, Capt. Bradford. I now inclose the bill of lading indorsed by Mr. Finlay the owner \u2018the freight to be paid at Philadelphia on notice of the delivery of the goods.\u2019 This was to correct the error in filling up the bills of lading as if the freight was to be paid in Richmond. The copy of the bill which the Captain has is uncorrected, because it was in his possession and he not then in the way, but he concurred in the arrangement. I will pray you to give me notice of the arrival of the goods, early, and to have attention paid to the four boxes No. 25. 26. 27. 28.\nI cannot express to you the grief with which I learned yesterday the calamity of the house of my friend Mr. Donald. It was announced here by Mr. Morris\u2019s attaching their property wherever he could find it. I do not know your exact degree of connection with that house. But I sincerely wish it to be such as may make you feel the shock as little as possible. Knowing the importance, to my friend Mr. Short, of the stock which has been managed for him through that house and yourself, I know the distressing anxiety into which he will be thrown by this news. I shall have an opportunity of writing to him within a short time and should be rendered extremely happy to be able to inform him that all his public stock stands in his own name. This was the footing on which he desired it to be placed in his last letter to me, and in that which I forwarded you from him, and I shall consider it as a most particular mark of your esteem for him, and of the integraty of your character to enable me, by the return of post, to give him the consoling information that his property, the whole of his dependance, is placed in his own name, beyond the reach of all accident and claim.\nWith respect to my little accounts with yourself or the house of  Donald & Burton, if my tobacco is not yet shipped, I would wish it to be so in an American vessel, because I count on a fine price, considering it\u2019s quality, and the moment of war. But I would not chuse it to be so consigned as to go into the hands of Commissioners, who would not pay that attention to my interest for which I counted on the friendship of Mr. Donald. It shall be sacredly applied to cover the monies advanced on it, and I shall be glad to concert with you by letter how this may be best done for all our just interests. If it could fall in my way to render any services to yourself or my friend\u2019s house it would give me pleasure, being with great & sincere esteem Dr. Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0489", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Skipwith, 10 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Skipwith, Henry\nMy Dear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 10. 1793.\nI have but a moment before the departure of post to inform you that we learnt from Mr. Morris yesterday the failure of the house of Donald & Burton. Keep it secret if you please, my only object in communicating it being to induce you to go post to Richmond on behalf of our friend Mr. Short and induce Mr. Brown to place all Mr. Short\u2019s paper in the public funds in Mr. Short\u2019s own name. It stands at present I believe in that of Mr. Brown himself or of Donald & Burton.  You know his all depends on this, and I am sure will not begrudge the trouble of a journey which may save his all. You know the efficacy of personal sollicitations, and that a moment sooner or later saves or loses every thing on these occasions. I have written to Mr. Brown by this post, as I know that Mr. Short had desired the transfer of his stock to be made to his own name in a late letter. My best love to Mrs. Skipwith & family & am with great & sincere esteem Dr. Sir your affectionate friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0492", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Fontaine Maury, 11 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Maury, Fontaine\nSir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 11. 1793.\nThe law concerning Consuls requiring that they should give bond and security for the due discharge of their office, Mr. James Maury has inclosed me his own bond, and referred me to you to obtain security for him. I therefore take the liberty of inclosing to you a blank bond which I shall be obliged to you to have filled up by two responsible persons and to be so good as to return it to me. I am Sir your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0493", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 11 April 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 11 April 1793\nAn Opportunity presents itself which I make Use of to transmit Copy of my Letter of the first to Monsieur Lebrun with that of his Answer of the eighth and of the Decrees which were therein enclos\u2019d viz of the eighteenth of February and twenty sixth of March. I have not sufficient Confidence in the Conveyance to give you any Information beyond what you will derive from the News Papers of which I shall send a Packet. Accounts from the Northward are contradictory and uncertain. The Enemy was however ready for Action three Days ago and therefore I presume that we shall hear of him presently. I am with Esteem & Respect Dear Sir your obedient Servant\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0494", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Rittenhouse, 11 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rittenhouse, David\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 11. 1793.\nI received yesterday your note on the subject of Michaud\u2019s instructions, and think it would be better to have a meeting of the society  that they may accept the charge proposed to them by the subscribers, and may appoint a committee to draw instructions, and a person to collect the fourth of the subscriptions and pay it to Mr. Michaud. My attendance on the society will be precarious, as it must depend on the weather: but I hope you will attend and have the thing done right. I am Dear Sir your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0495", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Vaughan, with Jefferson\u2019s Note, 11 April 1793\nFrom: Vaughan, John,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThursday. 11 April 1793\nM. Vaughan informs Mr. Jefferson that he has purchased Bills for about 15,000 Dollars and expects in an hour to complete the 20,000. He wishes to know to what order they are to be drawn, and as the parties only draw to answer pressing demands, M. V. will request that he may know as early as Convenient this morning, where to send for the money.\nWilling Morris & Swanwick\nWalter Stewart\nRobt. Gilmore favor Mordecai Lewis\n[Note by TJ:]\nApr. 11. 1793. drew checks on the bank for the above sums, in favor of W. M. & S. of W.S. and of M.L. or bearer, and delivered them to Mr. Vaughan.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0496", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Humphreys, 12 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Humphreys, David\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 12. 1793.\nAs your drawing for the whole sum of 123,750. florins placed in the hands of our bankers at Amsterdam for the purpose now committed to your care, would, if done at short notice, leave a void for the ordinary purposes of our foreign legations, I must beg the favor of you to draw your bills for the last half of that sum, at so many days sight as may give them time to provide themselves by draughts on a fund which I now place in London for that as well as other purposes, and I subject it to the orders of Mr. Pinckney. I think that for this part of your draughts you would do well to give advice both to him and our Amsterdam bankers, as early as you can after drawing, that there may be full time to transfer the money from London to Amsterdam should it be necessary.\nCapt. Cutting has been delayed, in order that he might go by an American ship, as the war between France, Great Britain and Holland became known here before his departure. Nothing new has occurred since my last. I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0497", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 12 April 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nOrange April 12. 1793\nYour favor of the 31. ult: and the preceding one without date have been received. The refusal of Dunlap in the case you mention confirms the idea of a combined influence against the freedom of the Press.  If symtoms of a dangerous success in the experiment should shew themselves, it will be necessary before it be too late to convey to the public through the channels that remain open, an explicit statement of the fact and a proper warning of its tendency. In the mean time it is perhaps best to avoid any premature denunciations that might fix wavering or timid presses on the wrong side. You say that the subject of the 3 Mil. flos. is to be revived. Have you discovered in what mode; whether through the next Congs., or thro\u2019 the press; and if the latter, whether avowedly or anonymously. I suspect that the P. may not be satisfied with the aspect under which that and other parts of the fiscal administration have been left.\nAs far as I can learn, the people of this country continue to be united and firm in the political sentiments expressed by their Reps. The reelection of all who were most decided in those sentiments is among the proofs of the fact. The only individual discontinued, is the one who dissented most from his colleagues. The vote at the election stood thus\u2014for R. 886\u2014S. 403\u2014W. 276. It is said that the singular vote on assuming the balances, gave the coup de grace to his popularity. We were told at Alexa. that if the member for that district had been opposed, his election would have failed; and at Fredg. that a notice of G\u2019s vote on the resolutions of censure had nearly turned the scale against him. I have seen and conversed with Mr. F. Walker. I think it impossible he can go otherwise than right. He tells me that I. Cole, and not Clay as in the Newspaper is elected for the Halifax District. Hancock, is the new member from the district adjoining Moore; and Preston for that beyond him. I fell in with Mr. Brackenridge on his way to Kentucky. He had adverted to Greenup\u2019s late vote with indignation and dropped threats of its effect on his future pretentions.\nThe sympathy with the fate of Louis has found its way pretty generally into the mass of our Citizens; but relating merely to the man and not to the Monarch, and being derived from the spurious accounts in the papers of his innocence and the bloodthirstyness of his enemies, I have not found a single instance in which a fair statement of the case, has not new modelled the sentiment. \u201cIf he was a Traytor, he ought to be punished as well as another man.\u201d This has been the language of so many plain men to me, that I am persuaded it will be found to express the universal sentiment whenever the truth shall be made known.\nOur feilds continue to anticipate a luxuriant harvest. The greatest danger is apprehended from too rapid a vegetation under the present warm and moist weather. The night before last it received a small  check from a smart frost. The thermometer was down at 37\u00b0 and we were alarmed for the fruit. It appears however that no harm was done. We have at present the most plentiful prospect of every kind of it.\nWill you be so good in case an opportunity should offer to enquire of Docr. Logan as to the plows he was to have made and sent to Mrs. House\u2019s; and to repay there what may have been advanced for those and two or three other Articles that were to be forwarded to Fredg. by water. I forgot to make the proper arrangements before I left Philada. Adieu Yrs. Affy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0498", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 12 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 12. 1793.\nSince my letters of the 15th. 16th. and 20th. of Mar. which go by Capt. Cutting I have received yours of Jan. 31. Feb. 10. and 11. You will recieve with this a new Cypher, as it would be improper to use the old one again should it come back to you. The cyphered paragraph of Jan. 1. was to desire you to be very watchful over the embarcation of troops to Canada, and to give us immediate and constant information thereof. A determination will soon be formed as to the manner of furnishing our ships with passports. It will occur to you that some danger would attend the trusting blank passports across the sea in a time of war.\nWe now learn with certainty that Gr. Britain and Holland are engaged in the war. The dangers which this may bring on Amsterdam render caution necessary in making new deposits of money there: and as the draughts of Colo. Humphreys, should they extend to the whole 123,750. florins deposited in the hands of our bankers for a particular purpose, would leave a void for the current purposes of our foreign legations, I am endeavoring to make a remittance by the present occasion of about 20,000 Dollars. This I find can only be done to advantage in London bills; and considering the incertainty in which we are as to the present security of Amsterdam from invasion, I find myself obliged to have this remittance made subject to yourself altogether, to deposit it wheresoever safety and advantage shall direct. If these are in favor of Amsterdam, equally with any other place, that is to be preferred; because no change should be made of the place and persons of deposit, without a preponderance of cause. But if that place be not safe, or if the money cannot be transferred there without sensible loss, then place it in some safe deposit in London, and take such arrangements for remitting any advances our bankers at Amsterdam may have made, or may hereafter make for the department of state, as may be approved by them and yourself. Notify also, in this case, Messrs. Morris, Carmichael and Short how, and on what place and person they are to draw in future, as also Colo. Humphreys as to the expences of his legation at Lisbon: and be so good as to apprise the department of state of your arrangements that a proper correspondence may be opened with the persons with whom you make the deposit, should future remittances be made in the same way. Indeed some further remittance will be necessary before I can hear from you on this subject.\nI recommended to you in a late letter the sending the Leyden gazettes brought by every Dutch mail, to be put immediately into the letter bag of the first ship bound from London to this place, Baltimore or New York: to which may be added every other port from N. Hampshire to Virginia inclusive, our posts being so far well regulated. In the present interesting times, it is most desireable to receive this gazette as quickly as possible to relieve us from the torment of the English newspapers, whose lies suffice to teaze while their truths (because doubted) can give no satisfaction.\nThe letter you inclosed to Mr. Genest shall be taken care of: but as yet we have not even heard of his embarcation. I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Apr. 12. Your letter of Jan. 3. is this moment received. I now inclose herein the following bills of exchange, viz.\nWilling Morris & Swanwick for on John & Francis Baring & co. London.\nWalter Stewart on Joseph Birch. mercht. Liverpool\nRobert Gilmer & co. on James Strachan &  James Mackenzie London, indorsed by Mordecai Lewis\ndo.\ndo.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0499", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 12 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 12. 1793.\nI have duly received your private letter of Feb. 10. and am very sensible of the friendly sentiments you are so good as to express on the event of my retiring. I have, for particular reasons, deferred it for some time, but not for a long one. However I am sure you will be secure of a friendly correspondence with my successor, whoever he may be. I think it very certain that a decided majority of the next Congress will be actuated by a very different spirit from that which governed the two preceding Congresses. Public faith will be cherished equally, I would say more, because it will be on purer principles: and the tone and proceedings of the government will be brought back to the true spirit of the constitution, without disorganising the machine in it\u2019s essential parts.\u2014Continue if you please the general address I formerly recommended \u2018to the Secretary of state &c.\u2019 I shall thank you most sincerely for the model of the threshing machine, besides replacing the expence of it. The threshing out our wheat immediately after harvest being the only preservative against the weavil in Virginia, the service you will thereby render that state will make you to them a second  Triptolemus. Adieu my dear Sir, & be assured of every sentiment of friendship & respect from your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0500", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Randolph, 12 April 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia April 12th. 1793.\nYou will perceive from the two letters marked A and B, of which I enclose copies, that the subject of Mr. Pagan has been for some time in my view. The former of those letters being intended for you, and containing a summary of facts; I determined to shew it to Mr. Tilghman, who was Pagan\u2019s Counsel, before it was sent to you, in order that he might correct any mistatement. This produced the latter letter from him to me; and I have thought it more adviseable to forward both of them to you, even in the unfinished state of my own, than to reduce the case into a form, which might be supposed to be less accurate.\nAs I do not discover an essential difference between Mr. Tilghman and myself, I shall not discuss any seeming variance, but proceed upon his ideas.\nIt is too obvious, to require a diffusive exposition, that the application for a writ of error was not only prudent, but a duty, in Pagan. To this Mr. Tilghman explicitly assents, when he says, that he was perfectly \u201csatisfied of the prudence of applying for the writ of error, as Pagan could not complain of a defect of justice, until he had tried the writ of error and found that mode ineffectual.\u201d This remark becomes the more important, as it manifests, that the process was not suggested, as an expedient for shifting any burthen from the Government. Indeed I may with truth add, that the proceedings, taken collectively, appeared to me to present a sufficient intimation of the main question, to serve as a ground of decision.\nHowever, take the case under either aspect, as excluding, the consideration of the main question by an omission in the pleadings and record; or as exhibiting it fully to the cognizance of the Court.\nIt never was pretended, that a writ of error ought to have been granted, unless the matter was apparent on the record. Whose Office  was it to make it thus apparent? Of the attorney who managed the pleadings. If therefore he has failed to do so, we may presume, that he considered the ground untenable, or was guilty of inattention. Either presumption would be fatal to a Citizen of the United States; and the condition of a foreigner cannot create a new measure in the administration of justice. It is moreover certain; that those, who have been consulted on Pagan\u2019s behalf, as well as others, have seriously doubted, whether a cause, which has been pursued to the extent which his had reached before the commencement of our new Government, was susceptible of federal relief.\nThe last observation opens the inquiry, what remedy ought the Supreme Court of the United States to have administered, even if the question had been fairly before them? My opinion is, that the very merits are against Mr. Pagan. In America the construction of the Armistice has been almost universally to compute the places, within which different times were to prevail, by latitude only. Am I misinformed, that such an interpretation has been pressed by our Ministers, and not denied by those of London? A second mode has been adopted by describing a circle; and thereby comprehending longitude as well as latitude: Now let either rule be adopted; and the position of the Capture in this case will be adverse to Pagan\u2019s pretensions.\nBut what can be exacted from our Government, after repeated trials, before various jurisdictions, none of which can be charged with any symptom of impropriety, and upon a subject, which to say no more, is at least equipoised? Nothing\u2014And I appeal to the British reasoning on the Silesia loan as supporting this sentiment in the following passages. \u201cThe law of nations, founded upon justice, equity, convenience and the reason of the thing, and confirmed by long usage, do not allow of reprisals, except in case of violent injuries, directed and supported by the State and justice absolutely denied, in re minime dubi\u00e2, by all the tribunals and afterwards by the prince.\u201d \u201cWhere the Judges are left free, and give sentence according to their conscience, tho\u2019 it should be erroneous, that would be no ground for reprisals. Upon doubtful questions different men think and judge differently; and all a friend can desire is, that justice should be as impartially administered to him, as it is to the subjects of that prince, in whose Courts the matter is tried.\u201d Under such circumstances, a Citizen must acquiesce. So therefore must Pagan; against whom even the Court of Nova Scotia, within the dominions of his own sovereign, has once decided.\nThere are many smaller points, arising from the controversy, which might be relied on. But I pass them over, from a hope, that the observations, already made, will induce you to think with me, that  Government is not bound to interpose farther in the behalf of Pagan. I have the honor, sir, to be with respect & esteem yr. mo. ob. serv.\nEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0501", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Edward Tilghman to Edmund Randolph, 19 March 1793\nFrom: Tilghman, Edward\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nEnclosureEdward Tilghman to Edmund Randolph\nSir\nPhiladelphia March 19th. 1793.\nThe first application to me on the part of Mr. Pagan was accompanied with the proceedings of the Supreme judicial Court of Massachusetts to the 3d. Tuesday of June 1789 inclusive; my opinion was requested, whether the Judgment then given was liable to an appeal to, or writ of error from, the Supreme Court of the United States. I was clearly of opinion, that there could with propriety be no such appeal made or writ of error granted. When my opinion was thus requested I knew not that application had been made on Pagan\u2019s behalf to the Government of the United States. I received the first intimation of such application from yourself, when you informed me that there had been subsequent proceedings in Massachusetts of which you shortly afterwards furnished me with an abstract. Before the abstract came into my hands I wrote Messrs. Jos. Anthony & Son, that you was to let me have an abridgement of all the documents in your possession relative to the business,  which might possibly induce me to think that a writ of error ought in strict legal propriety to be sued out; that from your verbal communication I was perfectly satisfied of the prudence of applying for the writ of error, as Pagan could not complain of a defect of justice, until he had tried the writ of error and found that mode ineffectual. Accordingly application was made to a Judge\u2014the writ was refused\u2014I rather think, the Record, as it was exhibited to me, was laid before the Judge, with your abstract of the subsequent proceedings; of this however I am not positive. Be it as it may, you recommended a second application, and that it should be made while the Supreme Court was sitting, in order to give the Judge an opportunity to consult his Brethren on the subject. The writ was then awarded, but the Clerk of the Supreme Court having omitted the word \u201cJudicial\u201d in the stile of the Court of Massachusetts, no return was made to the writ. When the Clerk called the action on the first Tuesday of the last Supreme Court, Chief Justice Jay read a letter from the Chief Justice of Massachusetts, stating the misdirection of the writ, and adding in very respectful terms, that when a writ came properly directed, it should be taken into consideration. I then briefly mentioned that I should during the Session address the Court on the subject. On the second friday of the Supreme Court after you had closed your argument in Pepoon a Jenkins, I broke the business to the Court without making any specific motion, but the Court said that without a motion, they should consider nothing. I then replied that in the morning I should move for a writ of error (not an alias) but should wish to be heard against my own motion. One of the Justices expressed his surprise that I should argue against my own motion, and I answered I hoped to be able from the particular circumstances of the case to satisfy the Court of the propriety of my conduct; to this the same Judge replied in the very words you have used. At this time one of the Justices observed that he had been for granting the writ under the idea that a writ of error was of right, but that now he was of opinion, it ought to appear that the Court had Jurisdiction. On the next day I moved for a writ of error, having in my hand all the proceedings in Massachusetts, declaring that out of respect to what fell from one of the Justices, the day before, I would not ask to be heard against my motion, but would barely mention the two reasons which influenced Pagans Counsel in Massachusetts and here to entertain the opinion that there was no jurisdiction in the Supreme Court. To the best of my recollection, those reasons were mentioned. The Chief Justice ordered me to read the record\u2014I did so\u2014that is of the 3d. Tuesday of June 1789 and stated the subsequent proceedings briefly. The Chief Justice then asked me whether I said (perhaps the word was \u201cthought\u201d) there appeared any thing on the record to give the Supreme Court jurisdiction. My answer was that in my opinion there was nothing of the sort, that such was the opinion I at first entertained, and that I never had a doubt except from the Courts granting the writ. You being present addressed the Court and myself in substance as you have stated.\nI think I mentioned to the Court the propriety of applying to them for the writ of error, and urged as a reason that on Pagan\u2019s application to Government, it had been recommended to him that he should make such application\u2014whether this was on Friday or Saturday I do not recollect.\nOne of the Judges declared he had ever been of opinion that the Court had not jurisdiction, but as other members of the Court thought the writ was grantable, he acquiesced. The writ was refused.\nThus Sir you have the history of Pagan a Hooper to the best of my recollection. Be pleased to accept my thanks for your favorable mention of Abilities and Integrity and believe me Your most obedt. hble Servt.\nEdwd. Tilghman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0502", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 12 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMount Vernon April 12 1793.\nYour letter of the 7 instant was brought to me by the last Post. War having actually commenced between France and Great Britain, it behoves the Government of this Country to use every means in it\u2019s power to prevent the citizens thereof from embroiling us with either of those powers, by endeavouring to maintain a strict neutrality. I therefore require that you will give the subject mature consideration, that such measures as shall be deemed most likely to effect this desirable purpose may be adopted without delay; for I have understood that vessels are already designated as Privateers, and preparing accordingly.\nSuch other measures as may be necessary for us to pursue agains events which it may not be in our Power to avoid or controul, you will also think of, and lay them before me at my arrival in Philadelphia, for which place I shall set out Tomorrow; but will leave it to the advices which I may receive tonight by the Post, to determine whether it is to be by the most direct Rout, or by the one I proposed to have come\u2014that is, by Reading, the Canals between the Rivers of Pennsylvania, Harrisburgh, Carlisle &ca. With very great esteem & regard I am, Dear Sir, Your mo: hble Servt.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0504", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste Ternant, 13 April 1793\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphie 13 avril 1793 l\u2019an 2 de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise\nJe ne puis me dispenser de faire encore aupr\u00e8s du gouvernement des Etats unis, une Sollicitation dont la copie cy jointe d\u2019une lettre du Consul g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de la R\u00e9publique expose completement l\u2019objet. Vous jugerez vous m\u00eame qu\u2019il est fond\u00e9 sur des besoins r\u00e9els, ainsi que sur des obligations d\u2019humanit\u00e9 et de Service, extr\u00eamement imperieuses. Je n\u2019ajouterai au contenu de cette lettre, qu\u2019une seule reflexion, c\u2019est qu\u2019elle me parait de la plus exacte v\u00e9rit\u00e9, et qu\u2019en accordant les fonds Sollicit\u00e9s \u00e0 titre de remboursement courant, le gouvernement des Etats unis fera, j\u2019en suis persuad\u00e9, une chose utile et agr\u00e9able \u00e0 la nation fran\u00e7aise. Cette consideration me fait esp\u00e9rer, que le Pr\u00e9sident accueillera la demande que j\u2019en fais; et je vous prie de vouloir bien la mettre aussitot sous ses yeux.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0505", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Bell, 14 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bell, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 14. 1793.\nMy business here is of such a nature as to oblige me for long intervals to put aside all my private matters, and only to take them up at times when I have a little glimmering of leisure. Hence an almost total abandonment of my pecuniary interests, in cases often of real magnitude: and hence the long delay of answering your favor of Jan. 30. received two months ago. Tho\u2019 I cannot view Mary\u2019s hire as an insignificant thing as was done by one of the valuers as mentioned in your letter, yet I know we shall have no difficulty in settling it finally when I come to Virginia. In the mean time I am desirous of furnishing my kinsman J. Garland Jefferson with necessaries for the summer, and some small matter of money. I have thought it would be a convenient thing to you as well as myself that I should desire him to apply to you. I should have furnished him in Richmond with 75. Dollars but I have no funds there: and as your goods will of course be dearer than he would have got them in Richmond, I desire him to go  beyond that sum to make up the difference. I will therefore thank you to accomodate him, and debit me with the supplies.\u2014Mr. Derieux\u2019 affairs are still stagnant here. So astonishing has been the dearth of money, that nothing has prevented a general bankruptcy among the merchants, but a general indulgence by mutual consent. We are told the circulation will not be free again till May. Mr. Derieux may be assured not a moment shall be lost which I can prevent. Present me affectionately to all my neighbors, particularly at Mr. Lewis\u2019s and Dr. Gilmer\u2019s, and believe me to be very sincerely Dr. Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0507", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Carr, 14 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carr, Martha Jefferson\nDear Sister\nPhiladelphia Apr. 14. 1793.\n Your bill for \u00a310\u20135 in favor of Mr. Austin has been presented and paid. It greives me to inform you I am not able to furnish the residue of the sum you desired in any short time. I never in my life had such a right to be flush in money as at present, and yet never was so mortifyingly bare and helpless. I had a right to receive \u00a3800. in Richmond under an execution, and by some evasion of law, I understand I am not to count on it till the fall. The occasion of your want too renders it particularly afflicting to me. I can in this case only recur to Mr. Myers\u2019s indulgence with an assurance that he shall have the money the first moment it shall be at my command. I am so far from having any funds to spare here, that I am obliged to receive aids from Virginia. In fine I shall see you in the summer or fall, and once more be able to take my own affairs into my own hands.\u2014I now write to Dabney to advise his joining you and beginning a course of law reading; and to Peter and Garld. Jefferson to furnish him the requisite books. As soon as I come home I shall propose his coming to Monticello.\u2014I am happy to hear of your recovery. Maria has for some time been unwell. Doctors always flatter, and parents always fear. It remains to see which is right. My love to your family and am Dear Sister your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0509", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Wayles Eppes, 14 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Eppes, John Wayles\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 14. 1793.\nYour departure hence is so recent that nothing has occurred worth communicating to you. The object of the present letter is merely to inclose to you an account presented me by Peter Gordon the shoemaker, who supposed you had forgotten him. As I know that there is sometimes a forgetfulness on the side of the Creditor, I told him I would pay the account if you should admit it to be just. You have therefore only to drop me a line of acknolegement, and I will discharge it.\nWe learn that Mr. Beverley Randolph is stopped at Baltimore with the gout. The President is expected in town within three or four days. Present me affectionately to Mr. and Mrs. Eppes. Maria joins me in this. Her health is still disquieting. I am my dear Sir your\u2019s sincerely & affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0511", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from J. Wheatcroft, 14 April 1793\nFrom: Wheatcroft, J.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSr.\nHavre Apl. 14th. 1793\nI do my self the honour to inclose you a series of News papers, from the date of my last envoy. It is a new established paper and reckoned an exceedinly good one, I have changed it for the Moniter, as our inteligence in this paper is generaly a Day newer.\nIf you should have received the same paper from any other Friend, hope this will still be an acceptable present to any of your acquaintance in the Country. You will find a great change has happened in the situation of French politics since my last.\nIn No. 60 and suite you will see an interesting Trial, respecting the Lawrence Capt. White an American Vessel brought in here by the Sans cullotte, which turn\u2019d out in favour of the Captain.\nThese papers will be forwarded by Capt. Lowe of the Swanwick of Philadelphia who sails this Day. I am Sr. Your most Obedt. Servt\nJ Wheatcroft p\u00e8re\nP.S. We are always perfectly tranquil at Havre.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0512", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Brown, 15 April 1793\nFrom: Brown, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond 15th: April 1793\nI have just time to acknowledge receipt of your favors of the 8th: and 10th: Currt. and to assure you that every attention shall be paid to the contents. I pray you at same time to write Mr. Short that his Stock with Other matters in my hands is Safe and shall remain so, subject alone to his order, however I will write you and hand a letter for Mr. Short in a day or two, at present my whole frame is so agitated that I little Know what I am about. The late unfortunate failure of D. & Burton, deranges me much, yet I will weather the gale with honor and save all my American friends from loss. With much respect I am Dear Sir Your Obt: Hbl: St\nJames Brown", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0513", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Dobson, 15 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dobson, Richard\nSir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 15. 1793.\nI had fully expected to have been ere this returned to Virginia, where I knew I should have the materials and leisure to settle with you the balance due from me to Mr. John Dobson. Circumstances unforeseen have deferred my quitting this place till some time in the summer or autumn. If you think the settlement can be effected by way of letter, I am willing to try it. I am only apprehensive that as the payments have been very much in detail, in money, in tobacco in orders, and by various persons and I am here without the documents necessary, it may occasion a more lengthy and extensive correspondence than will consist with a speedy settlement; and the rather as there occur  often considerable intervals during which the affairs of my office do not permit me to turn a thought towards my private affairs. Still it shall be at your option whether to try this method or let it lye till my return, when it shall be my first object. I had destined for it\u2019s payment part of a judgment which is to be obtained this present month. But I apprehend it may be doubtful whether the money will be actually levied before the fall. This is the earliest and most certain resource of paiment it is in my power to provide. I shall be happy to hear from you on this subject. I am Sir your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0514", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Horatio Gates, 15 April 179[3]\nFrom: Gates, Horatio\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRose Hill 15th: April 179[3]\nIn compliance with your request, I have Inclosed you all The Letters I was Honoured with from you, during my Command to the Southward; and during your Administration of The Government of Virginia; Those from me, To You; shall, as soon as they can be Transcribed out of my Letter Book, be forwarded in like manner to your Hands: Mrs: Gates Joins me in Compliments and in the Hope, that you will be able to make a Visit to Rose Hill in the course of the approaching Summer. With Sentiments of Sincere Esteem, I am Dear Sir your very Obedt: Servant\nHoratio Gates", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0515", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Lyle, 15 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lyle, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 15. 1793.\n According to what I mentioned to you in a former letter, I have had, in January past, a sale of negroes made for the purpose of paying my bonds to Henderson & co. The amount of the sales returned to me is \u00a3700\u20131\u20136 besides which there is one other bond not yet taken which will be about \u00a3100. so that the whole is about \u00a3800. Virginia currency, the one half payable the next christmas, the other half christmas twelvemonth. The ensuing winter I hope to be able to  add from another source \u00a3200. or a little upwards, so as to compleat the bonds payable 1791. 2. 3. and 4. one half the money receivable this year and the whole by the end of 1794. I expected ere this to have been in Virginia and to have put into your hands myself the bonds for the \u00a3700\u20131\u20136 but particular circumstances defer my departure till the latter end of summer. In the mean time the bonds are lodged at Monticello.\nThe last bond to Henderson & co. and my mother\u2019s balance will then remain. As I have now cleared myself of Farrell & Jones by bonds in like manner to within about \u00a3100. I shall be more able to manage the last bond to Henderson and my mother\u2019s balance: but still I can by no means promise myself to do it by the times stipulated. However when I return to my own country and my own affairs I shall have time to examine into my resources for doing it. In the mean time I am with sincere esteem Dear [Sir] your affectionate friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0516", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Ryan, 15 April 1793\nFrom: Ryan, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 15 April 1793\nI propose to morrow (if the weather should be favourable, if not the next fair day) to erect a furnace for the purpose of melting pot ash.\nIf You, Sir, could make it convenient to honour me with your company for a few minutes at any time between the hours of two and five, you would have a much better opportunity of judging concerning the principles of the furnace than by any explanation which I could give you. My manufactory is in fifth street between pine and Lombard Street. With sentiments of the highest esteem I am Sir your most obdt. Servant.\nEdward Ryan\nP.S. The favour of an answer is requested by the Bearer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0518", "content": "Title: Edmund Randolph\u2019s Opinion on George Turner, [ca. 17 April 1793]\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo instruct Governor St. Clair\n1. To transmit to Judge Turner any authentic intelligence, which he may have received, concerning the complaints of the people against his absence:\n2. Or, if no such intelligence be possessed, to represent to Judge Turner, without undertaking to order in any manner, the inconvenience in a judicial view, which the Territory sustains by his absence: and\n3. To summon Judge Turner to attend at the seat of government, as a member of the legislature.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0519", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Turner, 17 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Turner, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 17. 1793.\nThe inconveniences which have resulted to the Territory of the US. Northwest of the Ohio, from the absence of the legislative and judiciary bodies, and the length of time, you have in particular been absent have rendered it necessary, in the opinion of the President, that some legal enquiry into the causes of it should be instituted: and I have it in charge from him to inform you, that the Attorney General of the US. is instructed to consider, and to do what may be proper on the occasion. I have the honor to be with great esteem & respect Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0522", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Carmichael and William Short, 18 April 1793\nFrom: Carmichael, William,Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAranjuez April 18. 1793.\nWhen we had last the honor of addressing you we mentioned the delay which had taken place with respect to the business with which we are charged here. We then hoped that delay had ceased as we were just informed that His Majesty had designated the person to treat with us on his behalf. We have found ourselves however much mistaken in our hope.\nAs soon as it was announced to us that M. de Gardoqui was the person, we waited on him and expressed to him our satisfaction that His Majesty\u2019s choice had fallen on a person so well acquainted with the subjects of which we were to treat, and also with the dispositions of the U.S. and their desire to cultivate the friendship of His Catholic Majesty. He shewed evident marks of being pleased with this nomination, and gave us the strongest assurances of his desire that a business so long depending, should be brought to a conclusion agreeable to both parties. He added that he hoped the negotiation would be carried on in the same familiar and friendly manner to which he had been accustomed in America; and other things of the sort which are always used more or less on such occasions, according to the humour of the person, and which prove nothing as to the main object.\nAfter waiting a few days in the expectation of his announcing to us officially his nomination and fixing the time and manner of proceeding to the conferences, we learned from him that he was delayed by his powers and instructions not having been made out, which being to be done in another department was not under his control. At length we wrote him a letter on the 24th. of Febry., having concerted it with him, expressive of our desire to proceed to a communication of our respective full powers; this he desired, that he might have an opportunity of pressing the foreign department.\nFrom that time we continued seeing him very frequently always expressing our desire to proceed to business and recieving assurances from him of his reciprocating it fully\u2014of his having done every thing to hasten the making out his powers and instructions\u2014of his recieving daily promises that it should be done\u2014and of his waiting for nothing else. In this manner things passed delayed from day to day until the 23d. of March when we had our first conference.\nWe have now had three meetings on three successive saturdays, the ministerial occupations of M. de Gardoqui not allowing him to have them more than once a week, and not always so often; as that which was to have taken place on the last saturday was postponed by him. Although such conferences are meer conversations in order that the two parties may settle as many previous points as possible and find out what will be the best mode of discussing between them such as present the greatest difficulty, yet we think it proper to give you a general idea of what has passed in those which have already taken place, as they have discovered a disposition in this court very different from what we imagine was expected in America at the time of our commission being formed.\nWe begun, after having communicated the originals of our respective  full-powers and interchanged copies of them, by mentioning that although they embraced a variety of objects of mutual concern to the two countries, we would confine ourselves in the first instance to the two leading ones\u2014namely the navigation of the Mississipi, and the territorial limits. We stated these points and supported them by the arguments which are contained in your report to the President\u2014considering always the right to the former as unquestionable, and of course the means of exercising it as the only object of negotiation.\nM. de Gardoqui discovered evident signs of impatience under this statement, and much surprize, either real or feigned, at it. He assured us that no consideration whatever would ever induce his Majesty to acknowlege a right in us to this navigation\u2014and he seemed to consider our claim to the limits under the treaty with England as extravagant and unwarrantable, regarding this treaty as an agreement made between two people to dispose of the property of a third. You will see lower down his ideas as to the acquisition of this property by Spain.\nWe observed to him on what he said was the determination of H M, as to the navigation, that we knew not how to suppose that H M so conspicuously remarkable among the sovereigns of Europe for his love of justice, would refuse to acknowledge a right, as soon as that right should be exhibited to his view established by proofs as unquestionable as those of a geometrical truth, and founded equally on what all men hold sacred\u2014both natural and conventional law.\nAs to the former, he held the very extraordinary doctrine, for a diplomatic negotiator, of its deserving no attention, having never yet bound any power further than suited their convenience. As to the second, he considered the treaties as not giving us a right, or at least as not being obligatory on Spain, in the instance where she was not a party. You will easily suppose that such opinions were not attempted to be supported by argument. The most general and desultory assertions only were brought forward\u2014such as that the King would never hear of the treaty made between us and England, to dispose of what belonged to him\u2014that we had no right to navigate any where on the Mississipi but on our own shore\u2014that he would never consent to advise H M to acknowlege our right to navigate it throughout its extent &c. &c. He would hardly agree that the exclusive right of Spain to this navigation had any beginning\u2014and could not be brought to say precisely at what time this exclusive right did commence or how. Indeed it really appeared a point about which he was uncertain at that moment.\nHe was less scrupulous in affirming the origin of the right of Spain to the territory within our limits. He stated it to be by conquest during  the late war. On its being observed to him that by the usages of nations hitherto respected, conquest could give only an inchoate right in any case, and that its accomplishment depended on treaty\u2014and that the treaty so far from comprehending, did expressly exclude the conquest now contended for\u2014and that Spain not being at war with us, no right of any kind could be claimed against us\u2014the doctrine was neither acknowleged or denied, though there appeared an evident ignorance of it. It was replied to by sometimes pretending that all that was now claimed by Spain was comprehended in the cession by England of the Floridas (their previous treaty with us being considered as null and void) and sometimes by positions which would lead to a very new and unexpected system\u2014that Spain until she had acknowleged our independence had a right to make conquests within our limits. This was laid down as the great difference between the rights of Spain and of France derivable from the successes of their arms within any part of the U.S. It was acknowleged that France for instance had no right to York town\u2014but given clearly to be understood that if the Spanish forces had taken possession of Charleston or any other place, the case as to Spain would have been different. We could only observe thereon that we did suppose that Spain would be the last power to set on foot seriously such an unlimited system of conquest, as being certainly at least as dangerous for her as any other. And indeed we are persuaded that the length to which this doctrine was carried was more the result of the heat of conversation than of cool reflection.\nWhen it was observed to him that this court had formerly entertained different ideas with respect to the limits, as was demonstrable from what had passed between the Count de Florida Blanca and the Mis. de la fayette, he treated that subject in the most contemptuous manner\u2014adding that he had written to the Count on it from America, who had affirmed it to be the grossest misrepresentation on the part of M. de la fayette. We observed to him that the letters which had passed between them on that subject being in their office of foreign affairs would shew how far this had been a misrepresentation and that we must refer him to them.\nIt would have been evidently useless to have pressed this subject any further at that time. Had Count de Florida Blanca been still more explicit on this head, still it would probably have no weight with the present ministry. It could only serve to give additional force to argument hereafter and shew in a clearer view the injustice of the present system of this court as to that question.\nM. de Gardoqui afterwards went into some detail of the manner in which this subject had been conducted with respect to him whilst  employed therein in America. He complained in more clear terms of the delay which had been made use of, and which he had mentioned to us previously whenever we had pressed him and taken notice of the delay here. We observed to him that the expiring stages of a government and the transition from one form to another would unavoidably have produced that delay. To this he replied that he had remained a long time after the establishment of the new government\u2014and that he should have remained still longer to have continued the negotiation if he had not acquired full proof that the system had been adopted on the part of the U.S. of taking no other step then, and of leaving the subject to time.\nHe proceeded in telling us that he and Mr. Jay had for a long time meditated on the difficulties which presented themselves\u2014that they both had been as desirous of removing them as any persons could be expected to be in future, and that he thought they had by sacrifices on both sides succeeded as far as could be done. He said they had agreed on the basis of the treaty between themselves\u2014but that Mr. Jay chusing to take the opinion of Congress on some parts of it (those with respect to the navigation and limits) had consulted them thereon and was to have given him their answer\u2014that he, on his part, had announced this to his court who had from that time been expecting in vain the answer. He gave us to understand that he expected that we should be charged with this answer. He endeavored to give us from recollection the substance of what had been agreed on between him and Mr. Jay. It was as follows.\nCommerce\u2014Conformable to the articles annexed to his letter to Mr. Jay of the 25th. of May 1786. which you forwarded to us\u2014he stated them as being the propositions of Mr. Jay, to which he had assented. Limits\u2014to begin somewhere about the mouth of the Yazou\u2014from thence a straight line in that parallel to the Apalachicola, from thence towards St. Mary\u2019s river by a line about the direction of which he seemed uncertain, and down that river to the ocean. The Navigation of the Mississipi\u2014to be used in the following manner: our citizens to carry their productions in their own vessels to the limits agreed on where magazines should be constructed\u2014from thence they should be taken by Spanish boats and carried to N. Orleans\u2014if there should not be Spanish boats enough for that purpose (although he was convinced there would be) then he thought the American boats passing on to N. Orleans would be connived at. Whether our vessels were to be allowed to come from the sea to recieve these productions at N. Orleans was to be the subject of further negotiation, as well as the toll to be paid. And all this they could not consent to insert in a public treaty, lest other  nations should claim a like admission into this colonial possession; and was therefore to have been a private article. He took the precaution of adding that no answer having been given by Congress on Mr. Jay\u2019s reference to them no decision therefore had been taken thereon by his court; and of course he could not pretend to say that H.M. would consent to these conditions at present, although he would have done it formerly.\nHe was assured that no decision on such articles would ever be asked from him by us\u2014nothing respecting such having been communicated to us by you was a convincing proof that government had considered them not capable of being deliberated on.\nIn the course of these conferences he had mentioned that the limits and navigation were objects of much less importance than we appeared to make them\u2014both Spain and the U.S. having much more territory than they knew what to do with, and the use of the river against stream being impracticable even if allowed by Spain. We observed thereon that taking these positions for granted, he must agree that the King of Spain was much more the uncontrolled arbiter of limits, and much less obliged to consult the prejudices (as he seemed to consider them) of the inhabitants, than was the government of the U.S.\u2014that moreover by our constitution the limits of each state were guaranteed to them\u2014and therefore not under the control of the general government\u2014that as to the navigation, if impracticable, it would not be exercised, and consequently that Spain should have no objection to recognize our right thereto, and that not doing it under that view of the subject, shewed that much less importance was annexed to the friendship of the U.S. than we had hoped.\nIt was replied to this that the admission of foreigners to any of the Spanish colonial possessions was an innovation, and that Government was much more averse to the smallest innovation, in any of their colonial regulations, than in those at home (the exception in favor of French vessels for a limited time being a case of necessity which of course did not admit of its being taken as a general rule)\u2014and further that although it was evident the current of the river would not admit of its being ascended for the purposes of commerce, yet it facilitated the descent; and that European manufactures carried through the U.S. into the Western country would be brought down the river, and smuggled into their possessions, if our vessels were allowed to go there. He seemed also to fear much the propagation of principles of independence among them by communication with our citizens. We obviated both objections as we thought, and shewed that the U.S. would have an interest to see the Spanish possessions dependent on  Spain if they enjoyed all they claimed, which was the navigation of the river. He said this would be the case if men were reasonable enough to follow what was their interest, but that there were so many instances to the contrary (he cited the attempts of France to propagate their own principles as a living instance) that such considerations were little to be relied on.\nThe conduct of their agents in America with respect to us in at least exciting the animosity of the Indians towards us, was incidentally touched on\u2014it was roundly denied and affirmed on the contrary that their standing instructions were directly opposed thereto. We told him the U.S. had no doubt of the dispositions of H.M. on such subjects and of course were persuaded that the conduct of those agents was not warranted thereby\u2014but that the proofs of their conduct were established on the strongest testimony. It was evident however that it did not appear so to him. We shall have occasion necessarily to bring forward this subject in more serious terms and accordingly it was not pushed further at that time.\nM. de Gardoqui deviated from it to complain in very bitter terms of the manner in which the Spanish navigation and commerce had been treated by the regulations of the U.S. He said that the few vessels of this country which were formerly employed were completely expelled from thence. When we observed to him that whatever regulations had been made, were common to all foreign countries, and that Spain though without a treaty was treated as the most favored nation there, he insisted that whatever might be the appearance the effect was not so, since as the Spanish commissaries had informed them, their vessels had ceased going to the ports of the U.S. whilst those of other nations went there. Spain he observed was a country sui generis as to commerce\u2014that there was no reciprocity in the treatment respectively of Spanish subjects and American citizens in America and Spain. He advanced that Spain had no need of the U.S.\u2014whereas the U.S. having no mines of gold and silver could not do without Spain in order to procure these indispensable articles. However absurd this may appear, and whatever ignorance it may betray of the true principles of commercial and political economy, yet we are persuaded they are his real sentiments.\nIt would have been lost labor to have combated rooted prejudices of that kind by serious argument. We only replied to them therefore by observing that as long as food should continue to be an indispensable ingredient in the wants of men, we trusted that cornfields would be found to be the surest and most inexhaustible mines of gold and silver. We added that we were persuaded however that nothing hostile had  been intended against the commerce of Spain\u2014and that he would find that the U.S. had the fullest disposition on the contrary to cultivate and increase the commercial relations of the two countries.\nHe told us (which he seemed to desire we should consider as a proof of his frankness) that he had advised His Majesty, immediately on being informed of our regulations, to levy an additional duty on our fish and flour, as the surest means of making us treat them differently. This additional duty was intended as an excess to be paid by us above other foreigners; and he informed us that it was only delayed to take place with a general regulation of their commercial system which he was about forming. We doubt however whether what he told us of the additional duty has been hitherto seriously intended\u2014although we cannot assure you, should the growing connexions between this country and England be carried to the degree of which they seem susceptible under present circumstances, that this menace would not be realized in favor of the English fishery.\nFrom this general statement of what has hitherto passed here you will see that their ideas at present with respect to the two leading objects of our commission are out of the circle of negotiation under the instructions we received from you. It was matter of embarrassment therefore to us not to have been informed what overtures had been made from this court and induced the President to send a commission for treating here, after Mr. Carmichael had informed you of their intention to send a minister for that purpose to America.\nWe found ourselves placed therefore under circumstances of much delicacy arising from the explicit declarations of M. de Gardoqui, and the present unsettled relations of this country with England. Had we insisted on the sine quibus non of your instructions as preliminaries we should inevitably have been obliged to have broken off the conferences which could not have been done without eclat, as an express commission had been sent here for the purpose of treating. It was evident that this would have been playing into the hands of England by exciting alarm in this court with respect to us. We have therefore thought it our duty to temporize and without giving any hope of our abandoning any part of our rights we have proceeded to canvass the subjects of our commission in general as has been stated to you. Under other circumstances we should have proceeded immediately to have supported them by the arguments which your report to the President furnishes, and which could have been opposed only by an open and manifest refusal of incontrovertible right and of course exhibited to the view of all the world the justice of resorting to other means for obtaining it. At present we should unquestionably obtain nothing by urgency. And  as we have full conviction that they would now refuse what we should insist on, we should not be the wiser for forcing them to express this determination by writing.\nWe think it our duty therefore to give it as our opinion that whatever preparatory steps would be taken by government in the case of this refusal of our right, should be taken under present circumstances as we consider unquestionable the determination of this court to refuse it when pressed. Our intention is not to press this determination until we shall see with more certainty the influence of French affairs on them and their connexions with England. As great changes have taken place therein (since your instructions were given) with which you will have been duly made acquainted, we flatter ourselves also with learning soon the further intentions of the President arising therefrom. Should the conferences in the meantime come to a close we shall endeavour that it be without recieving such a refusal as it might be difficult for them to retract from hereafter.\nNo body can say what changes may take place in the relations of European powers nor in how short a time. We do not scruple however to say that until some considerable change shall take place from the present and excite the alarms of this country with respect to England, they will not be induced by meer negotiation to yield our rights. Such a position however we believe did exist at the time of the Nootka negotiation and we think it probable that such will occur again.\nWhatever may occur, or whatever progress may be made in any direction you may count on being informed of with as much expedition and punctuality as may depend on us. This would be done sooner and more regularly if we were not obliged to wait for such conveyances as it may be proper to make use of. This will be sent under cover to Colo. Humphreys by an express despatched from hence by the Portuguese Ambassador. We have the honor &c.\n(signed) W.C.\nW.S.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0523", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 18 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 18. 1793.\nI have now the honor to inclose you the answer of the Attorney General to my letter covering yours of Mar. 12. on the case of Hooper and Pagan, wherein he has stated the proceedings of Pagan for obtaining a writ of error from the Supreme court of the US. for revisal of the judgment of the inferior court pronounced against him; and also his opinion on the merits of the question, had the writ of error been procured, and the merits thereby been brought into question. From this statement you will be able to judge whether Pagan has bon\u00e2fide complied with the rule which requires that a foreigner, before he applies for extraordinary interposition, should use his best endeavors to obtain the justice he claims from the ordinary tribunals of the country. You will perceive also that had the writ been pressed for and obtained, and the substantial justice of Pagan\u2019s claim thereby brought into discussion, substantial justice would have been against him, according to the opinion of the Attorney General, according to the uniform decisions of the courts of the US. even in the case of their own citizens, and according to the decision of this very case in the British provincial court where the evidence was taken and the trial first had. This does not appear then to be one of those cases of gross and palpable wrong ascribable only to wickedness of the heart, and not to error of the head,  in the judges who have decided on it, and founding a claim of national satisfaction. At least, that it is so, remains yet to be demonstrated.\nThe readiness with which the government of the US. has entered into enquiries concerning the case of Mr. Pagan, even before that case was ripe for their interposition according to ordinary rules, will, I hope, satisfy you, that they would with equal readiness have done for the redress of his case whatever the laws and constitution would have permitted them to do, had it appeared in the result that their courts had been guilty of partiality or other gross wrong against Mr. Pagan. On the contrary, it is hoped, that the marked attentions which have been shewn to him by the government of Massachusets, as well as by that of the US. have evinced the most scrupulous dispositions to patronize and effectuate his right had right been on his side. I have the honor to be with due respect Sir Your most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0524", "content": "Title: Notes for Reply to Jean Baptiste Ternant, 18 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nSubstance of the answer proposed to the letter of the\n French Minister of Apr. 13.\nBefore the new Government of France had time to attend to things on this side the Atlantic, and to provide a Deposit of money for their purposes here, there was a necessity that we, as their friends and debtors, should keep their affairs from suffering, by furnishing money for urgent purposes. This obliged us to take on ourselves to judge of the purpose, because on the soundness of that we were to depend for our justification. Hence we furnished monies for their colonies and their agents here; justified, in our own opinion, by the importance and necessity of the case.\nBut that necessity is now at an end. The Government has established a deposit of money in the hands of their minister here. We have nothing now to do but to furnish the money, for which their order is our sanction. We are no longer to look into the purposes to which it is to be applied. Their minister is to be the judge of these, and to pay the money to whom, and for what he pleases.\nIf it be urged that they have appropriated all the money we are advancing to another object, that he is not authorised to divert any of it to any other purpose, and therefore needs a further sum; it may be answered that it will not lessen the stretch of authority to add an unauthorized payment by us, to an unauthorised application by him, and that it seems fitter that he should exercise a discretion over their appropriations, standing, as he does, in a place of confidence, authority, and responsibility, than we who are strangers, and unamenable to them.\nPrivate reasons of weight which need not be expressed to the minister\nThat these applications make us in some sort a board of Auditors for French accounts, and subject our payments to question:\nThat it is known to us that the present minister, not having the confidence of his government, is replaced by another, and consequently the authority of his application lessened:\nThat it is rather probable the whole establishment of their consuls here will be suppressed as useless and expensive to them, and rather vexatious to us.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0526", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Stevens, 18 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Stevens, Edward\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 18. 1793.\nYou recollect that the British destroyed our records during their invasion of our state in the year 1781. Among these were all the letters I had written or received during my administration; that is to say the originals of the latter and copies of the former. These being chiefly interesting to myself, I am endeavoring to recover the most important of them by applications to the individuals with whom I had a public correspondence. I have recovered those written to the President of Congress, to Genl. Washington and Genl. Gates, and expect those written to Genl. Greene. As during your commands I wrote several to yourself also, I am to sollicit the favor of you to confide them to me to be copied; which being done, the originals shall be faithfully returned. They will come to me as safely by post, as if put at once into my own hands. Your speedy compliance will oblige Dear Sir your friend & servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0527", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Rodolph Vall-Travers, 18 April 1793\nFrom: Vall-Travers, Rodolph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAmsterdam, 18 Apr. 1793. By the Neptune of Baltimore, Captain William Montgomery, he sends the enclosed resolution of their High Mightinesses concerning the mutual security of the fisheries of Holland and France during the present war received last week from van Sohn at The Hague and hopes it will be of service to the United States whether they sign a new treaty or suffer a rupture with Britain. Tomorrow he returns to Rotterdam and then goes to Antwerp and Brussels for a few weeks to collect information about trade, navigation, duties, and customs at Ostend, Antwerp, and Nieuwpoort in the Austrian Netherlands\u2014now returned to their ancient constitution and governed by the Emperor\u2019s beloved brother Prince Charles, Archduke of Austria\u2014that might pave the way for a treaty of commerce with them. He hopes soon to receive directions from \u201cthe Father of Your illustrious Republicks.\u201d P.S. Messrs. Beerenbroek & Van Dooren of this place will forward any letters directed to him during his absence from Rotterdam.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0528", "content": "Title: George Washington to the Cabinet, 18 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Cabinet\nSir\nPhiladelphia April 18th. 1793.\nThe posture of affairs in Europe, particularly between France and Great Britain, places the United States in a delicate situation; and requires much consideration of the measures which will be proper for them to observe in the War between those Powers. With a view to forming a general plan of conduct for the Executive, I have stated and enclosed sundry questions to be considered preparatory to a meeting at my house to morrow; where I shall expect to see you at 9\u2019o clock, and to receive the result of your reflections thereon.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0529", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Questions on Neutrality and the Alliance with France, 18 April 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Cabinet\nEnclosureQuestions on Neutrality and the\n Alliance with France\n QuestionI.Shall a proclamation issue for the purpose of preventing interferences of the Citizens of the United States in the War between France and Great Britain &ca.? Shall it contain a declaration of Neutrality or not? What shall it contain?\n QuestionII.Shall a Minister from the Republic of France be received?\n QuestionIII.If received shall it be absolutely or with qualifications\u2014and if with qualifications, of what kind?\n QuestionIV.Are the United States obliged by good faith to consider the Treaties heretofore made with France as applying to the present situation of the parties. May they either renounce them, or hold them suspended \u2018till the Government of France shall be established.\n QuestionV.If they have the right is it expedient to do either\u2014and which?\n QuestionVI.If they have an option\u2014would it be a breach of Neutrality to consider the Treaties still in operation?\n QuestionVII.If the Treaties are to be considered as now in operation, is the Guarantee in the Treaty of Alliance applicable to a defensive war only, or to War either offensive or defensive?\n VIII.Does the War in which France is engaged appear to be offensive or defensive on her part?\u2014or of a mixed and equivocal character?\n IX.If of a mixed and equivocal character does the Guarantee in any event apply to such a War?\n X.What is the effect of a Guarantee such as that to be found in the Treaty of Alliance between the United States and France?\n XI.Does any Article in either of the Treaties prevent Ships of War, other than Privateers, of the Powers opposed to France, from coming into the Ports of the United States to act as Convoys to their own Merchantmen?\u2014or does it lay any other restraints upon them more than would apply to the Ships of War of France?\n QuestionXII.Should the future Regent of France send a minister to the United States ought he to be received?\n XIII.Is it necessary or advisable to call together the two Houses of Congress with a view to the present posture of European Affairs? If it is, what should be the particular objects of such a call?\nPhilada. April 18th. 1793.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0530", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion on Washington\u2019s Questions on Neutrality and the Alliance with France, [19 April 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nAt a meeting of the heads of departments and the Attorney general at the President\u2019s Apr. 19. 1793. by special summons to consider of several questions previously communicated to them in writing by the President.\nQu. I. Shall a Proclamation issue &c.? [see the questions]\nagreed by all that a Proclamation shall issue, forbidding our citizens to take part in any hostilities on the seas with or against any of the belligerant powers, and warning them against carrying to any such powers any of those articles deemed contraband according to the modern usage of nations, and enjoining them from all acts and proceedings inconsistent with the duties of a friendly nation towards those at war.\nQu. II. Shall a Minister from the Republic of France be recieved?\nagreed unanimously that he shall be received.\nQu. III If received, shall it be absolutely &c.\n<The Attorney general and Secretary of state are of opinion he should be received absolutely and without qualifications.\nThe Secretaries of the Treasury and War>\nThis and the subsequent questions are postponed to another day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0532", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Greenleaf, 19 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Greenleaf, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 19. 1793.\nBeing desirous of making a collection of the best gazettes which have been published at the seats of the present general government I take the liberty of troubling you to make up for me a collection of your\u2019s of the years 1789. and 1790. either unbound or half-bound. The stages will furnish the best method of conveying them to me, the price of which conveyance shall be paid here, and that of the papers remitted to you as soon as you shall be so good as to notify it to Sir your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0533", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 19 April 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 19 April 1793\nEnclosed you have Copies of mine of the fourth fifth and eleventh Instant No. 26. 27. and 28. Also Copies of my Letters to Mr. Lebrun of the first and third with Copy of Captn. White\u2019s Memorial. You have  furthermore Copies of a Letter from the Minister of the Marine to the Minister of foreign Affairs of the seventh Instant and of two Letters of the eighth from the Latter to me, the one covering a Circular from the former to the Officers of his Department in the different Ports, and the other, two Decrees of the Convention the Purport of which I have already communicated.\nSince mine of the fifth I learn that the Militia have in general quitted the Standard of Dumouriez, but he has about twelve thousand of the regular Troops, and there is Reason to beleive that others mean to join him. The Terror excited by his Defection begins to subside, or rather it is suspended untill some great Blow shall be struck. There seems to be more of Treason in this Country than was imagind, and every Day increases Suspicion, which whether well or ill founded has always the Effect of distracting the public Councils. Most People wonder at the Delay of the Prince de Cobourg, but besides the Necessity of collecting his Magazines Artillery &ca., which is a very heavy Affair, I have Reason to beleive that he waits untill some other Schemes are ready for Execution, and therefore it may be yet four or five Days before he commences the Siege of Valenciennes. Cond\u00e9 is a needful Preliminary, as in that Place he must receive the various Supplies which come up the Scheldt. It cannot hold out long.\nYou will observe that Dumouriez, and after him the Prince de Cobourg, declare themselves in favor of the late Constitution with such Alterations as the Nation may adopt; and the latter gives the most solemn Assurances that he will not meddle with the internal Affairs of France. This Conduct is wise, and will doubtless gain them a considerable Party in the Country, if they act consistently with those Declarations. It is said here (and those who say so to me tell me that they speak on good Authority) that the Powers allied against France begin already to be disunited. That they will disagree (if very successful) there can be little Doubt, because they are actuated by different Interests and Motives, but I think that at present those who assert the Disunion rather speak from Induction than from Information. Custine has retired you see to Weissembourg, and there he has a bad Position. The Enemy will probably attempt to cut off his Retreat before they attack him in Front. As yet we do not learn that the Austrians have cross\u2019d the Rhine in upper Alsace, and that will be perhaps a Preliminary to the Operations against him.\nAs far as I can judge the public Mind, it seems that there is a general State of Suspense. Success on either Side will fix the Opinions of a very great Number, who will then act to shew their Sincerity. Here they hang People for giving an Opinion in favor of Royalty (that  is they cut off their Heads) but yet I am told that such Opinion is openly avowed and supported in the Streets. I am told that there is a Majority even of the Convention who think a King necessary, but as they see the Loss of their own Lives in Connection with the ReEstablishment of the Throne, it is not to be suppos\u2019d that they would tell such Thoughts; and therefore the Information may well be suspected. Time will shew that there are among them some false Brethren, and certainly the most intelligent must be convinc\u2019d that the republican Virtues are not yet of Gallic Growth. The Duke of Orleans is in the Way of reaping the Fruits of his Conduct; being as you will see sent a Prisoner to Marseilles. The Storm thickens all round us, but as yet one cannot certainly determine how it will burst. The Attempts made to excite Disturbances in Paris have hitherto prov\u2019d ineffectual, but that Stroke seems to be reserv\u2019d for the Moment when the Deputies now on Commission in the Departments shall return. It is possible, meerly possible, that all may go off smoothly, but the Chances are greatly the other Way. I am my dear Sir with Esteem & Respect your obedient Servant\nGouv. Morris\nP.S. I should have mention\u2019d that I am told there is a Plan in Operation here to detach Great Britain from the Confederation and make a seperate Peace with her but I am perswaded that the Attempt in itself vain must fail from the Parties said to be employ\u2019d if from no other Cause.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0534", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, [20 April 1793]\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSaturday Afternoon [20 Apr. 1793]\nT. Lear has the honor to return to the Secretary of State the letter which he this day sent to the President\u2014and to inform him that the President expects the Gentlemen to be at his house on Monday at nine o\u2019clock to decide upon the other questions which are before them. T. Lear begs leave to observe to the Secretary (if it has slipped his memory) that Colo. Humphreys mentions in his letter of the 8th of Feby. that he found two Cyphers among Mr. Barclay\u2019s papers\u2014one of which is very probably Mr. Pinckney\u2019s.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0535", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gouverneur Morris, 20 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 20. 1793.\nSince my letters of the 12th. and 15th. of the last month, which went by Mr. Dupont, I have received one from Mr. Pinckney wherein he informs me that being unable to procure us a Chief Coiner in England he had written to you to desire you to engage Mr. Droz, whom he understood to be employed at Paris, not much to his satisfaction. We shall be glad, very glad, to receive Droz. But this matter has already been so long retarded that we are obliged to bring it to an issue, as the officer who is employed in the interim, and who answers pretty well, will not consent to remain on so indefinite a footing. We wish you  therefore to bring Mr. Droz to an immediate decision, and we must place the matter on this footing, that if he be not embarked by the 1st. day of July, we shall give a permanent commission to the present officer, and be free to receive no other.\nNo country perhaps was ever so thoroughly disposed against war, as ours. These dispositions pervade every description of it\u2019s citizens, whether in or out of office. They cannot perhaps suppress their affections, nor their wishes. But they will suppress the effects of them so as to preserve a fair neutrality. Indeed we shall be more useful as neutrals than as parties, by the protection which our flag will give to supplies of provision. In this spirit let all your assurances be given to the government with which you reside. I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0536", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Paine, 20 April 1793\nFrom: Paine, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Friend\nParis April 20th 2d year of the Republic\nThe Gentleman (Dr. Romer) to whom I entrust this letter is an intimate acquaintance of Lavater, but I have not had the opportunity of seeing him as he had sett off for Havre prior to my writing this letter, which I forward to him under cover from one of his friends who is also an acquaintance of mine.\nWe are now in an Extraordinary Crisis, and it is not altogether without some considerable faults here. Dumouriez, partly from having no fixed principles of his own, and partly from the continual persecution of the Jacobins, who act without either prudence or morality, has gone off to the Enemy and taken a considerable part of the Army with him. The expedition to Holland has totally failed and all Brabant is again in the hands of the Austrians. You may suppose the Consternation which such a sudden reverse of fortune has occasioned, but it has been without commotion. Dumouriez threatened to be in Paris in three weeks. It is now three weeks ago. He is still on the frontiers near to Mons with the Enemy who do not make any progress. Dumouriez has proposed to reestablish the former constitution in which plan the Austrians act with him. But if France and the National Convention act prudently this project will not succeed. In the first place there is a popular disposition against it, and there is force sufficient to prevent  it. In the next place, a great deal is to be taken into the calculation with respect to the Enemy. There are now so many powers accidentally Jumbled together as to render it exceedingly difficult to them, to agree upon any common object. The first object, that of restoring the old Monarchy, is evidently given up by the proposal to reestablish the late Constitution. The object of England and Prussia was to preserve Holland, and the Object of Austria was to recover Brabant, while those separate objects lasted, each party having one, the Confederation could hold together each helping the other; but after this I see not how a common object is to be formed. To all this is to be added the probable disputes about apportioning the expence, and the projects of reimbursements. The Enemy has once adventured into France and they had the permission, or the good fortune to get back again. On every military calculation it is a hazardous adventure, and Armies are not much disposed to try a second time the ground upon which they have been defeated.\nHad this revolution been conducted consistently with its principles there was once a good prospect of extending liberty through the greatest part of Europe, but I now relinquish that hope. Should the Enemy by venturing into France put themselves again in a condition of being captured, the hope will revive, but that is a risk that I do not wish to see tried, lest it should fail.\nAs the prospect of a general freedom is now much shortened, I begin to contemplate returning home. I shall wait the event of the proposed constitution, and then take my final leave of Europe. I have not written to the President as I have nothing to communicate more than in this letter. Please to present to him my affection and Compliments, and remember me among the Circle of my Friends. Your sincere and Affectionate Friend &c.\nThomas Paine\nP.S. I just now received a letter from General Lewis Morris who tells me that the house and Barn on my farm at N. Rochelle are burnt down. I assure you I shall not bring money enough to build another.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0538", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Ternant, 20 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nSir\nPhiladelphia April 20. 1793.\nYour letter of the 13th. instant, asking monies to answer the expenses and Salaries of the Consular Offices of France, has been duly laid before the President, and his directions thereon taken.\nI have, in consequence, to observe to you that before the new Government of France had time to attend to things on this side the Atlantic, and to provide a deposit of money for their purposes here, there appeared a degree of necessity that we, as the friends and debtors of the Nation, should keep their affairs from suffering, by furnishing money for urgent purposes. This obliged us to take on ourselves to judge of the purpose, because on the soundness of that we were to depend for our justification. Hence we furnished monies for their Colonies and their Agents here, without express authority, judging from the importance and necessity of the case, that they would approve of our interference.\nBut this kind of necessity is now at an end: The Government has established a deposit of money in the hands of their minister here, and we have nothing now to do, but to furnish the money, which we are in the course of doing, without looking into the purposes to which it is to be applied. Their minister is to be the judge of these, and to pay it to whom, and for what he pleases.\nIf it be urged that they have appropriated all the money we are furnishing to other objects, that you are not authorized to divert any of it to any other purpose, and therefore that you need a further sum; it may be answered that it will not lessen the stretch of authority to add an unauthorized payment by us to an unauthorized application by you, and that it seems fitter that their minister should exercise a discretion over their appropriations, standing, as he does, in a place of confidence, authority, and responsibility, than we who are strangers, and unamenable to them. It is a respect we owe to their authority to leave to those acting under that, the transaction of their affairs, without an intermedling on our part which might justly appear officious.\nIn this point of light I hope you will view our conduct, and that the Consular Officers will be sensible that in referring them to your care, under which the national authority has placed them, we do but conform ourselves to that authority. I have the honor to be with sentiments of great respect and esteem, Sir Your most obedient and most humble Servant.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0539", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Curson, 21 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Curson, Richard\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 21. 1793.\nThe ship Four friends, Capt. Volans, received three pipes of wine for me at Lisbon, to be landed in Virginia, at Norfolk, and I had taken measures in Richmond to have them received, duties paid &ca. He has however carried them to Baltimore, where it becomes necessary for me to provide for their entry &ca. A recollection of your very friendly readiness to do me kind offices, has induced me to recur to you to have these wines entered, and sent to Richmond by the first safe conveyance to the care of Mr. James Brown merchant there. I inclose you the bill of lading and a bank post note of 12.D. to pay the freight from Lisbon to Baltimore. I asked of the custom house officer here a blank bond for the duties which I would have executed and inclosed to you. But he writes me he has no blank bonds. If therefore the collector at Baltimore will send me one by post I will execute and return it immediately, and in the mean time stand responsible by virtue of this letter for paying the duties in due time, which I believe is 6. months. I have had so much experience of your goodness that I will not add to your trouble by an apology. Accept assurances of the sincere esteem with which I am Dear Sir your most obedt humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0540", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 21 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 21. 1793.\nI have intended this fortnight to make out a list of the packages of furniture I have sent to Richmond, with the contents of each, that if there was any thing which would be convenient to yourself or Martha, you might have it brought up immediately; but an eternal hurry of business prevents me from thinking of that or any thing else of a private nature but just in the moment of setting down to write to you, and  then does not give me the time. I must still therefore put it off: and thus I go on, like a horse under whip and spur from the start to the poll, without time to look to the right or left, my mind eternally forbidden to turn, even for a moment, to any thing agreeable or useful to my self or family.\u2014I informed you some time ago that I had sold Brimmer, and that Matchless was killed, so that I am reduced to a pair. Tarquin must be sold here if possible, because his hoofs are so tender that he would be absolutely useless at Monticello. Consequently I must have a third horse before I can get home: and I think it will be better to get a good one at once in Virginia, than to buy an indifferent one here. I will therefore ask the favor of you to purchase one for me, if you can meet with one a match for mine, of fine form, full sized, young, sound broken to a carriage and without tricks in it. I would rather give latitude in the price, than dispense with any of these qualities. But it would be necessary for me to have a credit till the tobacco of the present year can produce money. Should you be able to procure me such a horse, I will take arrangements for having him got here.\nMr. Genest, the new minister from the Republic of France, is arrived at Charleston. The frigate in which he came, brought into that port an English prize.\u2014Mr. Pinkney has seen the Scotch threshing machine. He says that three men and three horses get out from 8. to 16. bushels an hour. He promises I shall have a model in time to get out the crop of this year. My love to my dear Martha, and kiss the little ones for me. I am my dear Sir yours affectionately\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. You will doubtless have heard that Donald & Burton have stopped payment. If you have not, say nothing of it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0541", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Carey, 23 April 1793\nFrom: Carey, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTuesday April 23: 1793\nI have the honor of presenting, for your inspection, the remainder of what I have been able to copy of general Washington\u2019s correspondence. The whole of those 808 pages, and the best part of what has been copied by two of the gentlemen in your office, has been carefully compared with the originals. One of the original letters, of a particular nature, I take the liberty of enclosing. The index, that accompanies  the papers, will shew where to find my copy, if you wish to cut it out: and if this be the case, I presume I will not do amiss, in striking out every passage (for several occur in other letters) pointing out even the existence of such pieces.\nI am extremely sorry, that it is not in my power to complete the correspondence of the commander in chief, as I expect to embark on Sunday next. However, if I might, without impropriety, request your interference, I am confident that a single word from you, would considerably expedite the business, and induce the two gentlemen in your office to hasten the part they have in hands\u2014which was undertaken on a presumption that I was to sail by the first of April, is already paid for in advance\u2014and not yet finished. Indeed the difficulties and delays that have been unnecessarily thrown in my way, since I first employed an extern to assist me, and dropped hints that I might probably complete the work, would render it necessary for me to request your interference in another manner, if I were to stay and continue it. But this being wholly out of my power, I think it needless to particularize them.\nBefore I conclude, Sir, I would beg leave to remind you of the utility of a certificate, under the seal of your office, purporting in general terms, that I have, under the proper authority, had access to the original papers, have made oath (which I am ready to do) that I have diligently and carefully copied, have not wilfully perverted the text in any instance\u2014and that my copies have been compared with, and corrected by the originals.\nAs to sealing up my papers, and directing them in the manner I had the honor of mentioning to you some time ago, you alone, Sir, are a competent judge of the propriety of the measure. I shall therefore only observe (as perhaps this circumstance may make some difference) that the vessel, in which I sail, is to touch first at Lisbon, and thence, in 4 or 5 days, proceed to Dublin. With Sentiments of sincere respect & gratitude, I have the honor to be, Sir, your most obliged, & most obedient, humble servant,\nJohn Carey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0543", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Ternant, George Hammond, and F. P. Van Berckel, 23 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste,Hammond, George,Berckel, F. P. van\nSir\nPhiladelphia April 23rd. 1793.\nAs far as the public Gazettes are to be credited, we may presume that war has taken place among several of the Nations of Europe, in which, France, England, Holland and Prussia, are particularly engaged. Disposed as the U.S. are to pursue steadily the ways of Peace, and to remain in Friendship with all Nations, the President has thought it expedient, by Proclamation, of which I enclose you a copy, to notify this disposition to our Citizens, in order to intimate to them the Line of conduct for which they are to prepare: and this he has done without waiting for a formal notification from the belligerent powers. He hopes that those powers, and your Nation in particular, will consider this early precaution as a proof, the more candid, as it has been unasked, of the sincere and impartial intentions of our Country, and that what is meant merely as a general intimation to our Citizens,  shall not be construed to their prejudice in any Courts of Admiralty, as if it were conclusive evidence of their Knowledge of the existence of war, and of the Powers engaged in it. Of this we could not give them conclusive information, because we have it not ourselves; and till it is given to us in form, and so communicated to them, we must consider all their acts as lawful which would have been lawful in a state of Peace. I have the honor to be, with great respect Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0544", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, 24 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia April, 24th: 1793.\nNearly the whole of the last draft of contingent money for the Department of State being expended, I must request the favor of you to cause a warrant to issue payable to Geo. Taylor Junr. for the sum of six hundred, fifty one Dollars, sixty seven Cents, the Balance of the appropriation for my office, to be applied to defray it\u2019s contingent  expenses; and am with respect Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servt.\n(signed) Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0545", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 24 April 179[3]\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 24h April 179[3]\nI have the honor of acknowledging the receipt of your letter of yesterday inclosing a copy of the President\u2019s proclamation. I beg you to be persuaded that I entertain a proper sense of this spontaneous proof of the disposition of the United States to observe a generally friendly and impartial conduct towards the belligerent powers: But as you seem to be of opinion that, in order to give this measure immediate and complete operation, it is necessary for this government to obtain some more formal knowledge of the existence of hostilities than such as is to be collected from the public Gazettes, I think it my duty to inform you, Sir, that I have received from my Court an official notification that, on the 1st. of February last, the French national convention declared war against Great Britain and the United Netherlands. I have the honor to be, with great respect, Sir, your most obedient humble Servant,\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0546", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gouverneur Morris, 24 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 24. 1793.\nMr. Robert Leslie a watchmaker of this city goes to establish himself at London. As his curiosity may lead him to Paris, I take the liberty of asking your patronage of him, so far as may be necessary to enable him to see what may be serviceable to him in his way. He is without exception one of the greatest mechanics I have ever known in any country, he is modest, and of pure integrity, and will fully merit any service you can render him. The rod-pendulum, an entire new method  of making the repeating apparatus of a watch, with one eigth of the peices heretofore used, two different constructions of marine clocks which he carries with him, are some of many inventions of his. I am with great respect & esteem Dr Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0547", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 24 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 24. 1793.\nThe bearer hereof Mr. Robert Leslie, a watchmaker of this city, goes to establish himself in London. His great eminence will unquestionably ensure his success, if he can but be known. I have considered him and the deceased Mr. Rumsey (both born in the same neighborhood) as the two greatest mechanics I have ever met with in any country. Not to mention many other useful inventions, we are indebted to Mr. Leslie for the idea of the rod-pendulum for a measure, for an entire new method of making the repeating apparatus of a watch with about one eigth of the number of peices hitherto used, and he carries with him two different constructions of marine clocks, to try on his voyage. I take the liberty of recommending him to your patronage and protection, and can assure you that as a man of the purest integrity of modesty and talents he will fully merit it. I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0548", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Brown Cutting, 25 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cutting, John Brown\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 25. 1793.\nThe bearer hereof, Mr. Robert Leslie, a watchmaker of this city goes to establish himself in London. I consider him and the late Mr. Rumsey as two of the most ingenious mechanics I have ever known. Having been a witness to your patronage of Mr. Rumsey I have thought I could not more befriend Mr. Leslie than to make him also known to you.  Your knowlege of London may enable you to give very useful counsel to one who knows nothing of it, and whose modesty and candor might make him a prey to the place. His real worth and pure integrity will do justice to any recommendations you may be so kind as to give of him. I am with great esteem Dear Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0549", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lord Wycombe, 25 April 1793\nFrom: Wycombe, Lord\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\n London April 25. 1793.\nI trust you will excuse the liberty I take in introducing to your acquaintance Mr. Godfrey who proposes making a tour for the purpose of amusement and information only in the United States. He is a gentleman of highly respectable connections and of large property in this country, and is accompanied by Mr. Archdeken who has the same motives for visiting America. These gentlemen are naturally desirous of the honour of becoming acquainted with the President, and I shall esteem it as a particular favor if you will put them into the best mode of being presented to him. It is unnecessary for me to assure you how happy I shall at all times be to recieve your commands in this country as well as how sincerely I am Dear Sir Your obliged friend & Humble Serv\nWycombe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0550", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael and David Humphreys, 26 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William,Humphreys, David\nSir\nPhiladelphia, April, 26th. 1793.\nThe public papers giving us reason to believe that the War is becoming nearly general in Europe, and that it has already involved Nations,  with which we are in daily habits of Commerce and friendship, the President has thought it proper to issue the Proclamation of which I enclose you a copy, in order to mark out to our Citizens the line of conduct they are to pursue. Uninformed whether the government where you reside, will take a part in the War, or remain neutral, I transmit you this paper, as also, copies of the letters written on that subject to the representatives of the belligerent powers here, and to ours, with them. Should the nation where you are, remain neutral, these papers will serve merely for your information: should they take a part in the War, you will be pleased to make to them the same communication, which our Ministers at Paris, London, and the Hague, are instructed to make. I am, with great esteem and respect, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0551", "content": "Title: Circular to the Governors of the States, 26 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: State Governors\nSir\nPhiladelphia April 26th: 1793.\nThe war in Europe having now become nearly general, and involving some nations with whom we are in intimate habits of commerce and friendship, The President of the United States has thought it expedient to put our citizens on their guard as to the line of conduct they are to observe towards the parties at war. He has for this purpose issued the proclamation of which I have the honor to inclose you a copy; and entertains no doubt but that injunctions so interesting to the happiness and prosperity of the United States, will have the benefit of Your Excellency\u2019s aid towards their general and strict observance by the citizens of the State over which you preside. I have the honor to be with great respect and esteem Your Excellency\u2019s most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0552", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Ernst Frederick Guyer, 26 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Guyer, Ernst Frederick\nSir\n Philadelphia Apr. 26. 1793\nI have duly received your letter of the 24th. inst. inclosing a Memorial to the President on the subject of an instrument and table of your invention for ascertaining the longitude at sea, and desiring that the patent-board might appoint a time for examining into the same. I suppose it had escaped your notice that that board was discontinued by the late Congress, and that the business of issuing patents was referred to the department of state, from which they are given out as a matter of right on the party\u2019s complying with certain conditions required by the law. As neither the President, nor any other officer of the US. has been particularly authorized to refer applications of this kind to any persons whatsoever, nor otherwise to act on them, my wish to see whatever may be useful brought forward with advantage, and to encourage the inventors, induces me to suggest to you the Philosophical society as the body whose approbation of your invention would be the most likely to give it such a sanction as might be advantageous to you. I am Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0553", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Mason, 26 April 1793\nFrom: Mason, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nGeorge Town 26th Aprl. 1793\nHaving lately Seen it was proposed in france to make Applications to the Executive of the United States to furnish in American Produce part of their Debt, and Supposing it probable if such a measure is adopted Some of the purchases might be made to greater advantage on Potomac, Rappahanok and James River than North of them, I take the Liberty thro\u2019 you Sir to Offer my Services (Say those of my House) to make any purchase or Shipments in this part of the Country; and may I be allowed if you Judge me Adequate, to Sollicit Your friendly Influence in the Choice of an agent, should one be named for Such purposes.\nI should not presume to ask this, if I was not fully persuaded I can serve the public as well as any Merchant whoever in such a Commission, and flatter myself the line of Business I have been engaged in for Several Years has given me a perfect Knowledge of the produce of this Country and made me equal to any Negotiation with France. I have Sometime Since Established a House in this Town, under the Same firm with that in Bordeaux.\nWheat and flour can always be Shipped on better terms, generally by 3/ a 4/ \u214c bll. and 6d at 1/ \u214c bushel from this River, than from Philadelphia, or even Baltimore; flour is at this time from 35/ to 37/6 Maryland Currency \u214c barrell, Wheat 7/6 to 8/9\u214c Bushel. With assurances if any thing of this kind should be entrusted to us of our best Endeavors to Convince You, Your Confidence will not be misplaced\u2014I have the honor to be Sir with great respect your Very Obt. Servt.\nJ: Mason", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0554", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gouverneur Morris, Thomas Pinckney, and William Short, 26 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur,Pinckney, Thomas,Short, William\nSir\n Philadelphia 26th. April, 1793.\nThe public papers giving us reason to believe that the war is becoming nearly general in Europe, and that it has already involved nations, with which we are in daily habits of commerce and friendship, the President has thought it proper to issue the Proclamation of which I enclose you a copy, in order to mark out to our citizens the line of conduct they are to pursue. That this intimation, however, might not work to their prejudice, by being produced against them as conclusive evidence of their knowledge of the existence of war and of the nations engaged in it, in any case where they might be drawn into courts of Justice for acts done without that Knowledge, it has been thought necessary to write to the representatives of the belligerent powers here, the letter of which a copy is also enclosed, reserving to our citizens those immunities to which they are entitled, till authentic information shall be given to our government by the parties at war, and be thus communicated with due certainty to our citizens. You will be pleased to present to the government where you reside, this proceeding of the President, as a proof of the earnest desire of the United States to preserve peace and friendship with all the belligerent powers, and to express his expectation that they will in return extend a scrupulous and effectual protection to all our citizens, wheresoever they may need it in pursuing their lawful and peaceable concerns with their subjects or within their jurisdiction. You will at the same time assure them that the most exact reciprocation of this benefit shall be practised by us towards their subjects in the like cases. I have the honor to be, with great esteem & respect Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0555", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Clinton, 27 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clinton, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 27. 1793.\nI have the honor to acknolege the receipt of your Excellency\u2019s favor of the 19th. inst. with the exemplification of the treaties accompanying it as also the Bill of the secretary, amounting to 12\u00bd dollars, for which I take the liberty of inclosing him a bank post note thro\u2019 your Excellency, as I know not his particular address. Be pleased to accept my thanks for your attention and assurances of the esteem & respect with which I have the honor to be your Excellency\u2019s Most obedt & most hble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0556", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef de Jaudenes, 27 April 1793\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhilada. 27th. Apl. 1793.\nBy my private Letters from Madrid of the 1st. March, just received via Baltimore, I have the pleasure to learn that His Excelly. Don Diego de Gardoqui had been authorized by his Majesty on the 27th. feby. to negociate with the American Plenipotentaries, which news as I supose will please you, I hasten to communicate them to you in this friendly manner.\nWar was not declared at that period, but seemed to be unavoidable, particularly as the Letters of the 3rd. of March from Cadiz mention that the french had captured some Spanish vessells, and there were orders at Cadiz to stop all the french vessells in that Harbour.\nIf you have received any news communicable, I will be very much obliged to you for the recital of them. I have the honor to be with sentiments of very great esteem and high respect Dr. Sir Your most obedt. most hbl. Se[rvt?]\nJoseph De Jaudenes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0557", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Garland Jefferson, 27 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, John Garland\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nGoochland April 27. 1793.\nYour favor of the 14. instant, I received yesterday. It gives me real pleasure to find that my efforts meet with your approbation. And as this is an object I have ever had in view; so through life, will it prove a powerful stimulus to close application, and whatever may be best suited to procure your esteem and entire confidence. I have not yet determined in what courts I shall practice. This is a matter I have defered till I coud get your opinion, and counsel. It is you my dear Sir, by whom I am to be govened. I have however, thus far determined; that if you do not recommend some other place, I intend to board in some private family between Petersburg, and Richmond; to practice in the Districts of these courts, or of Petersburg, Brunswick, Lunenburg &c. and the county courts adjoining the place where I shall reside. I shall still adhere to this plan if approved by you, if not, I am willing to change it for a better. I am come to that part of your letter where you refer me to Colo. Bell, for my spring supply. It has ever been my wish to put you to as little inconvenience as possible. I therefore embrace with chearfulness, your proposition, but let me first suggest  to you, a method, more agreeable to me, if equally so to you, and I trust if it shall appear to be as little, or less inconvenient, you will come into it. The Gentleman with whom I live, is a merchant of a considerable capital. He imports his goods from London; Colo. Bell gets his from Richmond. Added to this the carriage to this place, is much less than the carriage to Charlottesville, so I may with reason suppose that goods may be had here, on much better terms, than there. I may even say with propriety, that Mr. Shelton can afford to sell goods almost as cheap as Mr. Bell can get them himself. Besides, the difficulty of getting to Charlottesville, is almost insurmountable. I have tryed to get to almost every D. court held in Charlottesville, and have effected it in but instance. Mr. Shelton has solicited me to deal with him. He will expect no payment till the fall. Then he will take country produce at the price it sells at in Richmond. I shall keep the letter you were so good as to give me to Colo. Bell till I know your mind. In my wish to deal with Mr. Shelton, I consult your interest as well as mine. Mr. Shelton expects payment for board quarterly. He agreed on this account, to board me for less. One quarter next month is due. In this I hope you can accomodate me, especially as it is but small. My occasion also for about five pounds is great. Three or four pounds, I mentioned in my letter to you, I was indebted in their neighbourhood. Nothing but the expectation of a supply of money this spring, coud have induced me to incur this little debt, tho for necessaries; all I want besides this, and the five pounds for board, is enough to pay my shoemakers, taylors &c. As to pocket money, I want none. I shall be glad to hear from you as soon as possible. In the mean time I shall be passive. Believe me to be with all possible esteem, Your affectionate and grateful Servant.\nJno. G: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0558", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Leiper, 27 April 1793\nFrom: Leiper, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhilad April 27 1793\nI have yours of the 11h and observe you and Mr. Wilson have settled the time when you was to remove and he to take possession. This is a matter between you and him which I have nothing to do with only to have it fixed for as your rent and his are the same it can make no difference to me.\nBut what respects myself and my interest I think I ought to have an opinion. It would appear from yours of the 11h that the Carpenter  who built the house has given it as his opinion that things are restored to their best state. In my opinion it is not so. I am also of the opinion from your letter to me a Copy of which I sent you some time ago you are oblidged to finish the inside of the small House in the Garden. As their is a difference of opinion suppose these matters were reffered and I beg to give you the names of the men whom I think would be the best Judges in this case. If they are not agreeable to you any other carpenter you please I except none but the carpenter who has given his opinion already\u2014Mr. Joseph Ragstraw Mr. Robert Allison and Mr. Jones. The two former of these men were appointed by Mr. Carstairs and myself to examine the work when it was finished. The later was the person sent by the Fire insurance company to examine the House before the Insurance was made. These are the persons whom I think are most likely to judge right in this case. Iff these men are agreeable to you please inform me as soon as you can make it convenient and I beg leave to inform their judgement I will concur in. I am Sir Your most Obed St", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0559", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 27 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 27. 1793.\nMr. John Carey having had permission to copy and publish such parts as might be interesting to the public, of the correspondence of the Commander in chief, the officers commanding in separate departments &c. and proposing to print them in Europe, it has been thought safer to put the M.S.S. books under cover to you. There go with this letter about 12. or 13. packets of them. I have to ask the favor of you to receive and keep them till he shall apply for them in person, and then to deliver them to him. Should any accident happen to him, be pleased to retain them till further orders as it is not meant to trust the publication to persons unknown. I have the honor to be with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0561", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Wythe, 27 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wythe, George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 27. 1793.\nI received not till yesterday your favor of the 12th. Mr. Poupard was paid the 64. Dollars agreed for, on the delivery of his work. As draughts on Richmond cannot be disposed of here, take any opportunity at your convenience of remitting the sum here. The Custom house officers can generally give post-bills of the bank of the US. here: but these must not be confounded with branch-bank bills which the bank here will not receive.\u2014We understand that a French frigate has taken several English vessels off the capes of Delaware, within two or three days after they had left Philadelphia. We shall be a little embarrassed occasionally till we feel ourselves firmly seated in the saddle of neutrality. I am with great & sincere esteem & respect Dr. Sir your affectionate friend & servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0562-0002", "content": "Title: I. Notes on Washington\u2019s Questions on Neutrality and the Alliance with France, [before 28 April 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n[before 28 Apr. 1793]\nOn the Questions of Apr. 18. 93.\n1st. Principle.the people the source of all authority\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003 the Constituent in all treaties\nthis answers Qu. II. III. IV. V. VI. XII.\n2d. Principle.the Legislature alone can declare war\nthe question of Guarantee is a question of war.\nthis answers Qu. VII. VIII. IX\u2013X.\nQu. XI. Art. 17.French ships of war & privateers with prizes may come & go freely, <with prizes>\nEnglish do. may not. If they put in distress, must go as soon as possible\nDutch. 22.5. Prussian. 19.\nArt. 22.English privateers may not be fitted out, nor sell prizes here.\nno stipuln that French do. may. nor that French ships of war may.\n<French>\nArmed neutrality\nfree vessels free goods et econtre.\nfree commerce to places not besieged.\ncertificate of officer of convoy prevents searches.\ncontraband defined.\n Vattel. 2.157.the validity of treaties\n 158.lezion does not annul them.\n 159.duties of nations in this <particular> matter\n 160.nullity of treaties ruinous to a state.\n 163.oblign to observe treaties\n 164.the violn of a treaty is an injury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0563", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 28 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 28. 1793.\nYours of the 12th. inst. is received, and I will duly attend to your commission relative to the ploughs. We have had such constant deluges of rain and bad weather for some time past that I have not yet been able to go to Dr. Logan\u2019s to make the enquiries you desire, but I will do it soon. We expect Mr. Genest here within a few days. It seems as if his arrival would furnish occasion for the people to testify their affections without respect to the cold caution of their government. Would you suppose it possible that it should have been seriously proposed to declare our treaties with France void on the authority of an ill-understood scrap in Vattel 2.\u00a7.197. [\u2018toutefois si ce changement &c\u2014gouvernement\u2019] and that it should be necessary to discuss it?\u2014Cases are now arising which will embarras us a little till the line of neutrality be fairly understood by ourselves, and the belligerant parties. A French frigate is now bringing here, as we are told, prizes which left this but 2. or 3. days before. Shall we permit her to sell them? The treaty does not say we shall, and it says we shall not permit the like to England? Shall we permit France to fit out privateers here? The treaty does not stipulate that we shall, tho\u2019 it says we shall not permit the English to do it. I fear that a fair neutrality will prove a disagreeable pill to our friends, tho\u2019 necessary to keep us out of the calamities of a war. Adieu, my dear Sir your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0564", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Archibald Moncrief, 28 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Moncrief, Archibald\nSir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 28. 1793.\nBy a letter I have just received from Mr. Curson, I find that the duties of my wine had been bonded by yourself on behalf of Mr. James Brown of Richmond. It was to him I had applied to do what was necessary for me, and he had written to me that he had desired his correspondent to enter them: but (conceiving from the bill of lading that they were landed in Norfolk) I imagined he meant a correspondent in Norfolk, and therefore on learning they were at Baltimore took the measures I did for their entry there. These being rendered unnecessary, nothing further I presume, need be done for the present. I will carefully account in due time to Mr. Brown, or any other person for the duties. I would thank you in the mean time for information of their amount. I am with much regard Sir Your most obedt humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0565", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Beverley Randolph, 28 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Beverley\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 28. 1793.\nYou will perceive by the inclosed letter from Mr. Harry Innes that some time the last year the Indians carried off, from a farm of his, three negro men. The method proposed for their recovery, in his letter, I knew would produce nothing, and therefore did not move in it at all. I presume that one of the subjects of your ensuing treaty will be the restoration of all prisoners, without regard to colour or condition. This will open a door for the recovery of Mr. Innes\u2019s negroes, and as it is not a question whether they shall be free, or slaves, but whether they shall be slaves among the savages, or in the country of their birth and connections, I know no ground of scrupling to endeavor to recover them. It is probable that the Indians of the very towns where these negroes are understood to be (Kickapou and Eel river) will be at the treaty, and these towns are so little remote from Kentuckey that there  seems a better probability that they may be heard of, and conducted home. I take the liberty of putting these papers into your hands, and of solliciting your endeavors for the restoration of the persons they describe. You will observe that Mr. Innes is willing to meet any reasonable expence which may attend their recovery. I am with great & sincere esteem Dr Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0566", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 28 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMy Dear Martha\nPhiladelphia Apr. 28. 1793.\nI am now very long without a letter from Monticello, which is always a circumstance of anxiety to me. I wish I could say that Maria was quite well. I think her better for this week past, having for that time been free from the little fevers which had harrassed her nightly.\u2014A paper which I some time ago saw in the Richmond gazette under the signature of R.R. proved to me the existence of a rumor, which I had otherwise heard of with less certainty. It has given me great uneasiness because I know it must have made so many others unhappy, and among these Mr. Randolph and yourself. Whatever the case may be, the world is become too rational to extend to one person the acts of another. Every one at present stands on the merit or demerit of their own conduct. I am in hopes therefore that neither of you feel any uneasiness but for the pitiable victim, whether it be of error or of slander. In either case I see guilt but in one person, and not in her. For her it is the moment of trying the affection of her friends, when their commiseration and comfort become balm to her wounds. I hope you will deal them out to her in full measure, regardless of what the trifling or malignant may think or say. Never throw off the best affections of nature in the moment when they become most precious to their object; nor fear to extend your hand to save another, lest you should sink yourself. You are on firm ground: your kindnesses will help her and count in your own favor also. I shall be made very happy if you are the instruments not only of supporting the spirits of your afflicted friend under the weight bearing on them, but of preserving her in the peace and love of her friends. I hope you have already taken this resolution if it were necessary; and I have no doubt you have: yet  I wished it too much to omit mentioning it to you. I am with sincere love to Mr. Randolph & yourself, my dear Martha your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0567", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from F. P. Van Berckel, 28 April 1793\nFrom: Berckel, F. P. van\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\n\u00e0 Philadelphie Ce 28e. Avril 1793.\nVenant de recevoir la Lettre que Vous m\u2019avez fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019adresser en date du 23e. dernier avec la Copie d\u2019une Proclamation du President des Etats Unis, je m\u2019empresse \u00e0 Vous faire part de la Sensibilit\u00e9 avec laquelle je m\u2019assure que Leurs Hautes Puissances recevront les temoignages des dispositions Amicales des Etats Unis  envers Elles, aussi bien que des intentions Sinceres et impartiales que les Etats Unis desirent de manifester.\nQuoiqu\u00e9 je n\u2019aye jusques i\u00e7i re\u00e7u aucune notification directe de la Hollande d\u2019une declaration de Guerre par la France aux Etats Generaux des Provinces Unies, je ne Saurois Cependant me dispenser de Vous informer, Monsieur, que j\u2019en ai re\u00e7u telle information, qu\u00e9 je Considere Comme egalement authentique, m\u2019ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 donn\u00e9e par le Ministre de Sa Majest\u00e9 Britannique, l\u2019Alli\u00e9 de Leurs Hautes Puissances. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec la plus parfaite Consideration Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble & tr\u00e8s Obe\u00efssant Serviteur\nF: P: van Berckel", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0569", "content": "Title: American Philosophical Society\u2019s Instructions to Andr\u00e9 Michaux, [ca. 30 April 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Michaux, Andr\u00e9\nTo Mr. Andrew Michaud.\nSundry persons having subscribed certain sums of money for your encouragement to explore the country along the Missouri, and thence Westwardly to the Pacific ocean, having submitted the plan of the enterprize to the direction of the American Philosophical society, and the Society having accepted of the trust, they proceed to give you the following instructions.\nThey observe to you that the chief objects of your journey are to find the shortest and most convenient route of communication between the US. and the Pacific ocean, within the temperate latitudes, and to learn such particulars as can be obtained of the country through which it passes, it\u2019s productions, inhabitants and other interesting circumstances.\nAs a channel of communication between these states and the Pacific ocean, the Missouri, so far as it extends, presents itself under circumstances of unquestioned preference. It has therefore been declared as a fundamental object of the subscription, (not to be dispensed with) that this river shall be considered and explored as a part of the communication sought for. To the neighborhood of this river therefore, that is to say to the town of Kaskaskia, the society will procure you a conveyance in company with the Indians of that town now in Philadelphia.\nFrom thence you will cross the Missisipi and pass by land to the nearest part of the Missouri above the Spanish settlements, that you may avoid the risk of being stopped.\nYou will then pursue such of the largest streams of that river, as shall lead by the shortest way, and the lowest latitudes to the Pacific ocean.\nWhen, pursuing these streams, you shall find yourself at the point from whence you may get by the shortest and most convenient route to some principal river of the Pacific ocean, you are to proceed to such river, and pursue it\u2019s course to the ocean. It would seem by the latest maps as if a river called Oregan interlocked with the Missouri for a considerable distance, and entered the Pacific ocean, not far Southward of Nootka sound. But the Society are aware that these maps are not to be trusted so far as to be the ground of any positive instruction to you. They therefore only mention the fact, leaving to yourself to verify it, or to follow such other as you shall find to be the real truth.\nYou will, in the course of your journey, take notice of the country you pass through, it\u2019s general face, soil, rivers, mountains, it\u2019s productions animal, vegetable, and mineral so far as they may be new to us and may also be useful or very curious; the latitude of places or materials for calculating it by such simple methods as your situation may admit you to practice, the names, numbers, and dwellings of the inhabitants, and such particularities as you can learn of their history, connection with each other, languages, manners, state of society and of the arts and commerce among them.\nUnder the head of Animal history, that of the Mammoth is particularly recommended to your enquiries. As it is also to learn whether the Lama, or Paca of Peru is found in those parts of this continent, or how far North they come.\nThe method of preserving your observations is left to yourself, according to the means which shall be in your power. It is only suggested that the noting them on the skin might be best for such as are most important, and that further details may be committed to the bark of the paper birch, a substance which may not excite suspicions among the Indians, and little liable to injury from wet, or other common accidents.By the means of the same substance you may perhaps find opportunities, from time to time, of communicating to the society information of your progress, and of the particulars you shall have noted.\nWhen you shall have reached the Pacific ocean, if you find yourself within convenient distance of any settlement of Europeans, go to them, commit to writing a narrative of your journey and observations and take the best measures you can for conveying it by duplicates or triplicates thence to the society by sea.\nReturn by the same, or such other route, as you shall think likely to fulfill with most satisfaction and certainty the objects of your mission; furnishing yourself with the best proofs the nature of the case will admit of the reality and extent of your progress. Whether this shall be by certificates from Europeans settled on the Western coast of America, or by what other means, must depend on circumstances.\nIgnorance of the country thro\u2019 which you are to pass and confidence in your judgment, zeal, and discretion, prevent the society from attempting more minute instructions, and even from exacting rigorous observance of those already given, except indeed what is the first of all objects, that you seek for and pursue that route which shall form the shortest and most convenient communication between the higher parts of the Missouri and the Pacific ocean.\nIt is strongly recommended to you to expose yourself in no case to unnecessary dangers, whether such as might affect your health or  your personal safety: and to consider this not merely as your personal concern, but as the injunction of Science in general which expects it\u2019s enlargement from your enquiries, and of the inhabitants of the US. in particular, to whom your Report will open new feilds and subjects of Commerce, Intercourse, and Observation.\nIf you reach the Pacific ocean and return, the Society assign to you all the benefits of the subscription beforementioned. If you reach the waters only which run into that ocean, the society reserve to themselves the apportionment of the reward according to the conditions expressed in the subscription.\nThey will expect you to return to the city of Philadelphia to give in to them a full narrative of your journey and observations, and to answer the enquiries they shall make of you, still reserving to yourself the benefits arising from the publication of them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0571", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Stephen Kingston to Tench Coxe, 29 April 1793\nFrom: Kingston, Stephen\nTo: Coxe, Tench\nEnclosureStephen Kingston to Tench Coxe\nDear Sir\nMonday 29 April 1793\nTo you I will not attempt to suggest any thing to give force to the thoughts already alive on the subject of this mornings conversation\u2014your mind will readily embrace and combine every Idea of strength, but the variety of Publick Business which may require your attention may also divert it at present from the object, which may justify what my immediate situation furnishes thereon.\nYou observ\u2019d that we have not ourselves a sufficiency of tonnage to take away all our produce which I find the opinion of all the Merchants to whom I have spoken on the subject. Accounts are already received of several Vessells belonging to this Port being taken up to perform Voyages from and to different ports in Europe and elsewhere, thereby diverting \u2018em from the more immediate service of our own general Trade and National advantage, the carrying our own produce. And upon terms so very beneficial as to make it probable many more will be employed in the same way by the Merchants giving directions to their Captains now sailing to accept such good offers as may be made \u2018em in Europe. This will be to the Individuals a source of Wealth but to the Agricultural Interest very injurious and very speedily felt unless some recourse or remedy be soon applied. Accounts from the Eastward and Southward announce a distressing want of Vessells which has already reduced the value of many Exports and rais\u2019d Exchange to a degree actually threatning Specie being sent away! which the high price of Silver in Europe will also operate to induce!\nTo prevent is universally allow\u2019d to be better than to remedy an Evil, I therefore conceive in the present exigency the permission to purchase foreign built Vessells remaining subject to foreign tonage wou\u2019d be as Politick as it seems necessary and must become very soon unavoidable.\nIn contemplating all the effects of this relief the possible objections of our Ship Carpenters must be consider\u2019d\u2014but as I take it for granted that we can build Cheaper than any other Nation we have nothing to fear.\nIs it probable we shou\u2019d by this means become so rapidly possess\u2019d of an adequate number of Vessells as to injure impede or prevent our own Building? I answer no. It is not probable and scarcely possible and even if shou\u2019d, every degree of encrease to our Navigation will require additional hands to keep them in repair for which they are better paid than for new work by about 20 per Ct!\nOur own built Vessells will still continue to enjoy the advantage of tonage duty and the additional duties payable on all goods imported in foreign built Vessells, as they must come in ballast and the whole return freight to America be enjoy\u2019d by the home built Vessells, or the Duties payable on Goods Imported in foreign built Vessells &c. be willingly paid into our Treasury\n instead of going for a more uncertain end into the Pockets of the English Underwriters\u2014for it is evident the Premiums of Insurance on their Vessells will generally be more than the additional Duty to be paid here if American bottom\u2019d and yet much more uncertain in effect and production, as they are less able to calculate on a well plan\u2019d Voyage being perfected and if not\u2014they hazard the stability of the Insurers\u2014upon the whole then it seems evident they had better pay our Treasury the additional Duties and have their Business transacted with American protection than hazard all the uncertainties that are inseperable from the Business conducted in their own Bottoms.\nWith regard to foreign Vessells Bona fide owned by the Citizens of the U States previous to the commencement of the present War for the purposes of partaking of those beneficial branches of Trade from which our own Vessells were excluded\u2014I conceive they ought to be register\u2019d without delay subject to the foreign tonage Duties &c. as every Loss of property to an individual Citizen is so far an injury to the society or Government.\nI need not observe that if the advantage this carrying Trade holds out is not embraced by us without delay, immediate recourse will be had to the Danish, Swedish and any other flag that is in a situation and disposed to embrace it, by which their Citizens and subjects will pocket that Wealth which wou\u2019d otherwise come into the possession of our Merchants and Farmers. For it is a self evident Truth that the general riches of any Country enhance the value of it\u2019s produce and the soil thereby becomes it\u2019s greatest source of encrease, by the competition of the buyers and not of the sellers.\nUnder those impressions I beg leave to apply for Sea Letters for my Ship Robert of 260 tons of which I now appoint Capn. West Master a native American and in my employ who goes down in a small Vessell to the Bay of Honduras where she is at present. Having gone considerably into a Trade thither I found myself led into a deposit of too large a property there to remain subject to the disappointments and uncertainties of freights being obtain\u2019d and to such excuses being given me from time to time for not sending my effects. I therefore Bought this Ship Robert for \u00a32118 Stg. She arrived here in Decr., last and I sent her round to Norfolk in Virginia, where she was sheath\u2019d and loaded for Jamaica and arrived the 22 March from whence she was to proceed without delay to Honduras there to wait the collection of a Cargo, the whole of which with the Ship is bona fide mine and no other Person has any share, right, Interest or Concern therein directly or indirectly to which I am ready to make Oath. I Remain very truly Dear Sir Your Obed H Servt.\nStephen Kingston", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0572", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Sharp Delany, 30 April 1793\nFrom: Delany, Sharp\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\n30th Aprl. 1793\nI have distributed the Passports which I received Yesterday by Your directions, and there are now applications for a considerable number.\nIn Your Letter of Instruction there is no mention of any Charge, which led me to tell the Merchants I had no authority to receive any fee or emolument, but that I should make the proper inquiry and inform them accordingly. I would therefore beg leave to observe that almost every Vessell bound to a Foreign Port will require a Sea Letter\u2014the Expence and trouble of which will be considerable, and I make no doubt on demand would be paid willingly. On this head I beg to have your opinion, and if any more are in readiness I request they may be delivered to the bearer. I am Sir with great Respect your Obedient Servant\nSharp Delany", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0573", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Sharp Delany, 30 April 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Delany, Sharp\nSir\nPhiladelphia Apr. 30. 1793.\nThe arrangement taken with respect to sea-letters was that they should be delivered to the collectors of the customs at every port of the US. as the persons who might the most conveniently countersign and deliver them out, and for this purpose that they should be sent from my office to the Commissioner of the revenue to be distributed, as being particularly within his department. Understanding that several vessels were waiting yesterday at this port I took the liberty of troubling you with the passports directly without sending them thro\u2019 the Commissioner of the revenue. He is now supplied with a number and will hereafter be kept in a state of supply.With respect to the fee it is not within my province to decide any thing. A moderate fee seems reasonable, and whether any law prohibits the taking it is a question which it belongs to the gentlemen of the law to decide, at least till the meeting of Congress when this article may be placed regularly on the fee-bill. I am with great esteem Sir Your most obedt. hble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0575", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Carey, 1 May 1793\nFrom: Carey, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nI have the honor of presenting to you the remainder of my manuscripts; and beg leave to observe, that there are a few of the concluding books of each of the two parcels, which you have not yet inspected.\nI refrain, Sir, from expressing here my obligations, as well for the many favors I have received from you, as for the polite and easy condescension with which they were conferred, well aware, that expressions of thanks, however pleasing to the grateful heart from whence they flow, are least acceptable to those who are best entitled to receive them. I shall therefore content myself with declaring, in the plain language of sincerity, that, with unfeigned respect and gratitude, I have the honor to be, Sir, Your most obliged, and most obedient humble Servant,\nJohn Carey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0576", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Cooper, 1 May 1793\nFrom: Cooper, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSt. Croix, 1 May 1793. He expresses thanks for the correspondence covering his consular commission for this island and promises at the earliest opportunity to attend to TJ\u2019s general letter of instructions and communicate to him such information as may be required.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0577", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Dombey, 1 May 1793\nFrom: Dombey, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nLyon Le 1er. may 1793. l\u2019an 2. de la r\u00e9publique\nLa lecture de votre ouvrage Sur la virginie enflame mon Courage et me fait d\u00e9sirer voir Les Sites que vous avez Si bien d\u00e9crits. Je viens de faire demander la permission au gouvernement pour aller botaniser Deux \u00e0 trois ann\u00e9es dans l\u2019amerique Septentrionale. Je me rejouirai beaucoup, Monsieur, de pouvoir avant de mourir vous temoigner tous les Sentiments que vous m\u2019av\u00e9s inspir\u00e9s pendant mon S\u00e9jour \u00e0 paris ou vous m\u2019av\u00e9s Combl\u00e9s de bont\u00e9s.\nLe Citoyen gauthier qui vous presentera, monsieur, ma Lettre S\u2019embarque pour philadelphie, pour dela aller \u00e0 St. Domingue ou Ses affaires l\u2019appellent. Je vous Suplie de vouloir Le proteger pendant Son S\u00e9jour \u00e0 philadelphie et Luy faciliter Son embarquement pour St. Domingue. Je Suis avec respect Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble et tres obeissant Serviteur\nDombey", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0579", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Wayles Eppes, 1 May 1793\nFrom: Eppes, John Wayles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Uncle\nEppington May: 1st. 1793.\nI received two days ago your favor of the 14th. of April, and although I am apprehensive I have already trespassed too far on your goodness, must accept of the offer you have been kind enough to make of discharging Gordons account. Forgetfulness on the part of the Creditor is but too general, and the present instance of negligence may afford you just grounds for supposing, I am not altogether clear of a foible, so common with my countryman.\nMy father expects on the 12th. of May a final decree with regard to Cary\u2019s Executors until which time he has postponed writing.\nI am happy to inform you that the reports so injurious to the reputation of Miss Randolph, which have for some time engaged the public attention are now found to be absolutely false. Richard Randolph delivered himself up at last Cumberland Court, has been since tried by a call court, and acquitted with great honour. Mr. Marshall and Mr. Campbell were present at the trial and declare, that nothing was proved which could even afford grounds for a suspicion, that either of the parties accused had acted even imprudently, much less criminally. His own relations were his prosecutors and particularly active. The  people of Cumberland who carried their prejudices so far that a strong guard was necessary to protect Mr. Randolph on his way from the prison to the court house unanimously cried out shame on the accusers after the evidence was heard. It is a striking instance of the length to which the inveteracy and malice of relations may be carried when they once depart from that line of conduct which should ever be observed among near connections.\nI inclose a letter for my Cousin with my best wishes for her health. I am Dr. Sir with the greatest affection & respect Yours sincerely\nJohn: W. Eppes\nN.B. I fear you will suppose from this letter I have forgot your injunctions gard to my hand writing, but the badness of the hand will be excused when I inform you I had no knife that could make a pen.\nI hope Petit is well, for I shall ever remember him esteem.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0580", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Freeman, 1 May 1793\nFrom: Freeman, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPortland May 1. 1793\nConsidering it of the utmost importance that a knowledge of the Laws of the United States should be generally circulated\u2014and that they are printed in no part of this extensive and increasing District (the District of Maine) I readily joined in an Application to you Sir, which I signed yesterday requesting that they might be printed in the Gazette of Maine. As the Gentlemen who have signed the same Application are probably all Strangers to you, I take the liberty to assure you that they are Gentlemen of the first Character in this Town, and many of them the most eminent Merchants here. You will doubtless consider me as no less a Stranger than the other Gentlemen. I beg leave therefore to refer you to the Honorable Timothy Pickering Esqr. Post Master  General, under whom I have the Honor to serve as a Deputy Post Master in this place.\nMr. Titcomb the Printer of the abovementioned Paper is a worthy young Gentleman who would be happy to serve the Public in any way within his Power. His Paper is well executed and has a general circulation, particularly among the mercantile part of the Community and excepting the Eastern Herald, which I am told is not so generally taken by the Merchants in this Town, is the only Paper printed within the District.\nThe expediency of the measure is pointed out in the Application. Your own Judgment, will doubtless concur therein. I need not therefore add but that I am with the most profound respect Your most obedient, and very humble Servant\nSam Freeman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0581", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Petition from Merchants and Citizens of Maine, 29 April 1793\nFrom: Freeman, Samuel,et al.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nEnclosurePetition from Merchants and Citizens of Maine\nTo the Honorable Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State for the United States.\nThe Petition of the Subscribers, Merchants and Others, citizens of the United States, in the District of Maine, Humbly shews:\nThat many of the inhabitants of this District, labor under great inconveniencies for want of a more general circulation of the Laws of the United States: none being published in said District; and few copies coming to the knowledge of the people here\u2014scarce any indeed, excepting what are printed in the Boston Centinel, which has but a small circulation in this part of the State of Massachusetts. Not more than fifty or sixty are generally taken, on this side the State of New-Hampshire.\nThat many of your petitioners are largely concerned in trade, and all in some degree interested therein. That it is of the greatest importance, and indeed absolutely necessary, that the Laws of the Union (many of which nearly concern the mercantile part of the Community) should be known generally among those on whom they more immediately operate; as well that they may  have an opportunity to comply with them, as that they may not have it in their power to plead ignorance thereof, in the violation of them.\nThis Territory extends more than two hundred miles upon the sea coast. It contains at least one hundred thousand inhabitants. A very considerable Trade is now carried on therein: more than seventy Sail of Vessels are now employed in the Town of Portland, only; and a still greater number in the other parts of the District collectively. In consequence of which, large sums are annually paid into the public Chest, from the Merchants of this District. The people here depending upon the circulation of their own Newspapers, for the knowledge of public affairs, in many places are utterly uninformed respecting them.\nFor this, and many other reasons which might be offered, your Petitioners humbly think, that provisions ought to be made for the circulation of the Laws therein. They therefore humbly pray, that you would order the Laws of the United States, to be published in the Gazette of Maine, now published at Portland, by Benjamin Titcomb junr. in this District\u2014and Your Petitioners will ever pray.\nDistrict of Maine, April 29th: 1793.\nSaml Freeman\nJohn Baker\nSaml. Butts\nDavid Mitchell\nSalmon Chase\nJosiah Cox\nStephen Harding\nEnoch Ilsley\nStevens & Hovey\nDanl Davis\nDaniel Ilsley\nJoseph Noyes\nW Symmes\nJohn Mussey\nJohn Hobby\nEbenezer Storer\nWoodbury Storer\nAbner Bagley\nJoseph Coffin Boyd\nJoseph Mclellan\nJoseph Jewett\nLemuel Weeks\nHugh M Lellan\nThomas Hodges\nEdward Watts\nWillm. Moulton\nHenry Scoll\nNathel Deering\nArthur Mclellan\nDavid Smith\nRalph Cross\nThomas Beck\nJesse Partridge\nRobert Boyd\nJacob & Jno W. Quincy\nJohn Fox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0582", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Grand & Cie., 1 May 1793\nFrom: Grand & Cie.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis, 1 May 1793. Recalling with pleasure their association with TJ in France and hoping that he will continue to remember them and to avail himself of their services, they introduce M. Desdoity, a merchant who has already been established for some time in New York and is trusted by a person in France with whom they are intimately connected, and ask TJ to welcome and be of service to him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0583", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, 1 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia May. 1. 1793.\nWhen you mentioned to me yesterday that M. de Ternant proposed to apply for a sum of money, and founded himself on a letter of mine which gave him reason to expect it, I thought I could not have written such a letter, because I did not recollect it, and because it was out of the plan which you know had been adopted that when we furnished one sum of money we should avoid promising another. I have now most carefully examined all my letters to M. de Ternant, as far back as Mar. 7. 1792. the date of the first on the subject of furnishing money, and can assure you there is not a word, in one of them, which can be construed into a promise, express or implied, relative to the present subject, or which can have committed the government in the smallest degree to a departure from the rules it has laid down. I am equally confident that I have never said a word which could do it. Upon the ground therefore of any such commitment by me, the proposition will not be supported.\nWith respect to these applications in general, they were of course to pass through me: but I have considered them as depending too much on the arrangements of your department to permit myself to take and be tenacious of any particular ground, other than that whatever rule we adopt, it be plain and persevered in uniformly in all cases where the material circumstances are the same, so that we never refuse to one what has been done for another. It is, and ever has been my opinion and wish that we should gratify the diplomatic gentlemen in every way in which we can do it, without too great inconvenience or commitment of our own government. I think it our interest to do so; and am under this impression in the present case so much that I should readily concur, if it be the pleasure of the President, in reconsidering the rule adopted on a late occasion, and substituting any other consistent with our public duties, more adapted to the gratification of the diplomatic gentlemen, and uniformly to be applied where the material circumstances shall be the same: for it would reverse our aim were we to put ourselves in the case of disobliging one by refusing what we have done to gratify another. In these sentiments, I will hand to the President any application which M. de Ternant shall think proper to communicate to me in writing. I have the honor to be with great respect, Sir, Your most obedt. humble servt. \nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0586", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 2 May 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 2d. May 1793\nHaving already written by this opportunity I have only to request the favor of you to forward the inclosed. The accounts you will see in the last news papers of the destruction of Marat, Robertspierre and other leaders of the Jacobine party in Paris and of french troops being landed in Jersey are without foundation. I have the honor to be with great respect Dear Sir Your faithful and obedient Servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0587", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmund Randolph, 2 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nSir\nPhiladelphia May 2d. 1793.\nHaving this moment received and communicated the inclosed Memorial from the British Minister to the President, relative to the Capture of the British vessel the Grange, by a French Frigate, I must ask the favor of you to consider the Case, and to give your opinion of the law arising thereon. These questions seem particularly material\u2014By whom is the validity of the Capture to be decided? By what order are things to be arrested and kept in their present state till the decision? If the Capture be decided to be illegal, by what order or officer is the Prize to be liberated? Does not the liberation of the persons taken on board depend on different principles from that of the vessel and Cargo, and by what order or officer are they to be relieved?\nAs there is to be a Consultation to morrow morning at 9. oClock on another subject, it is desirable that your opinion could be communicated then. I have the honor to be with great and sincere esteem and Respect, Dear Sir, &c:\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0588", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Randolph, 2 May 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nE. Randolph to Mr. Jefferson\nThere is, without doubt, a protection due to foreign built vessels, owned by American citizens; altho\u2019 they cannot claim the privileges, belonging to Vessels of the U.S. For the former are no less neutral property, than the latter.\nThe usual evidence of the neutral ownership of vessels is a certificate from the officers of the customs; who may and in the papers, granted on clearing out, generally do, I believe, express, in whom, of what country, the property resides. If I do not err in this, the security to such vessels would seem to be sufficiently provided for already. In the instances of the French and Dutch, the sealetters add a further assurance.\nIs it then expedient to call upon the President to take a part in this business? For the facts, he must appeal to the certificate from the customhouse; the seal of the customhouse is current and authentic every where; and if the President is to interpose now, in order to make the thing more authentic, into what may he not on other occasions be led?\nThe President\u2019s name would not go farther in a court, than that of a collector under the seal of office; cruisers would therefore be as free to dispense with his testimonial, as that of the collector, and if he should happen to certify, that a vessel is neutral property, when in truth she is not, will not the character of government be committed?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0589", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Tench Coxe, 3 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Coxe, Tench\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to Mr. Coxe\u2014and informs him it has been determined to issue passports to all vessels belonging wholly to American citizens, whether home, or foreign-built: to endeavor to give them only to those which are bon\u00e2 fide our own, to prevent all collusion, the prevalence of which might draw rigorous examinations and embarrasments on the vessels truly ours, and as a means to prevent such collusion and it\u2019s ill effects, to grant passports only to vessels within the ports of the US. where they and their destinations will be under the eye of our own officers. Mr. Coxe will be pleased to give directions accordingly to the collectors of the customs in the different ports, when he shall distribute the passports to them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0591", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 3 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia May 3. 1793.\nI received yesterday the representation and requisition which you were pleased to make on the capture of the British ship Grange by the French frigate L\u2019Embuscade within the bay of Delaware, and immediately laid it before the President. The US. being at peace with both parties, will certainly not see with indifference it\u2019s territory or jurisdiction violated by either, and will proceed immediately to enquire into the facts and to do what these shall shew ought to be done, with exact impartiality. The collection of evidence may require some small time, but measures are taken to keep things in the mean time in their present state. I have the honor to be respectfully Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0592", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Phineas Miller, 3 May 1793\nFrom: Miller, Phineas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMulberry Grove (Georgia) May 3d 1793\nThe keen and afflicting grief of the Sisters and the inconsolable distress of Maternal sensibility at the late untimely death of Master George W. Greene, induced me to open and answer your obliging letter to him, of March 12th. rather than risk adding a wound to their feelings by shewing it to them. It came alas! too late to meet that attention he would have gladly given it, and to excite that gratitude of which his heart was sufficiently susceptible.\nThe letter you mention to have sent by Mr. Peale I am sure was never received, as it must have been shewn to one, who from a long residence in the family had his particular friendship and confidence.\nThe correspondence with which you wish to be furnished is at present in Charleston, but will be brought here some time in the ensuing summer\u2014when, a regard to the gratification I should be sure of giving to the feelings of Mrs. Greene and family, as well as my own wishes, will lead me to a particular attention to your request. With the most perfect respect I am Sir, your very Obedient & humble Servant\nPhins. Miller", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0593", "content": "Title: Opinion on Ship Passports, 3 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nIt has been stipulated in our treaties with the French, Dutch and Prussians that when it happens that either party is at war, and the other neutral, the neutral shall give passports of a certain tenor to the vessels belonging to their subjects, in order to avoid dissension. And it has been thought best that passports of such high import to the persons and property of our citizens should have the highest sanction, that of the signature of the President, and seal of the US.\u2014The authority of Congress also, in the case of Sea-letters to East-India vessels, was in favor of this sanction.\u2014It is now become a question whether these Passports shall be given only to ships owned and built in the US. or may be given also to those owned in the US. though built in foreign countries.\nThe persons and property of our citizens are entitled to the protection of our government in all places where they may lawfully go. No law forbids a merchant to buy, own, and use a foreign-built vessel. She is then his lawful property, and entitled to the protection of his nation wherever he is lawfully using her.\nThe laws indeed, for the encouragement of ship-building, have given to home-built vessels the exclusive privilege of being registered and paying lighter duties. To this privilege therefore the foreign built vessel, tho owned at home, does not pretend. But the laws have not said that they withdraw their protection from the foreign built vessel. To this protection then she retains her title, notwithstanding the preference given to the home built vessel as to duties. It would be hard indeed, because the law has given one valuable right to home built vessels, to infer that it had taken away all rights from those foreign built.\nIn conformity with the idea that all the vessels of a state are entitled to it\u2019s protection, the treaties beforementioned have settled that Passports shall be given, not merely to the vessels built in the US. but to the vessels belonging to them: and when one of these nations shall take a vessel, if she has not such a Passport, they are to conclude she does not belong to the US. and is therefore lawful prize. So that to refuse these Passports to foreign built vessels belonging to our merchants, is to give them up to capture with their cargoes.\nThe most important interests of the US. hang upon this question. The produce of the earth is their principal source of wealth. Our homebuilt vessels would suffice for the transportation of a very small part of this produce to market: and even a part of these vessels will be withdrawn by high premiums to other lines of business. All the rest of our produce then must remain on our hands, or have it\u2019s price reduced by a war-insurance. Many descriptions of our produce will not bear this reduction, and would therefore remain on hand.\nWe shall lose also a great proportion of the profits of navigation. The great harvest for these is when other nations are at war, and our flag neutral. But if we can augment our stock of shipping only by the slow process of building, the harvest will be over while we are only preparing instruments to reap it. The moment of breeding seamen will be lost for want of bottoms to embark them in.\nFrance and Holland permit our vessels to be naturalised with them. Not even to suffer theirs to be purchased here might give them just cause to revoke the privilege of naturalization given to ours, and would inflict on the shipbuilding states and artisans a severe injury.\nObj. To protect foreign built vessels will lessen the demand for ship building here.\nAnsw. Not at all. Because as long as we can build cheaper than other nations, we shall be employed of preference to others.\u2014Besides shall we permit the greatest part of the produce of our feilds to rot on our hands, or lose half it\u2019s value by subjecting it to high insurance, merely that our ship-builders may have brisker employ? Shall the whole mass of our farmers be sacrificed to the class of ship-wrights?\nObj. There will be collusive transfers of foreign ships to our merchants merely to obtain for them the cover of our Passports.\nAnsw. The same objection lies to giving passports to home-built vessels. They may be owned, and are owned by foreigners, and may be collusively retransferred to our merchants to obtain our passports.\u2014To lessen the danger of collusion however, I should be for delivering passports in our own ports only. If they were to be sent blank to foreign ports to be delivered there, the power of checking collusion would be small, and they might be employed to cover purposes of no benefit to us, which we ought not to countenance, and to throw our own vessels out of business. But if issued only to vessels in our own ports, we can generally be certain that the vessel is our property, and always that the cargo is of our produce.\u2014State the case that it shall be found that all our shipping, home-built and foreign-built, is inadequate to the transportation of our produce to market, so that after all these are loaded, there shall yet remain produce on hand. This must be put into vessels owned by foreigners. Should these obtain collusively the protection of our passport, it will cover their vessel indeed, but it will cover also our cargo. I repeat it then, that if the issuing passports be confined to our own ports, it will be our own vessels for the most part, and always our cargoes which will be covered by them.\nI am therefore of opinion that passports ought to be issued to all vessels belonging to citizens of the US., but only on their clearing out from our own ports, and for that voyage only.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0595", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Ternant, 3 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nSir\n Philadelphia May. 3. 1793.\nThe Minister Plenipotentiary of his Britannic Majesty has represented to the government of the US. that on the 25th. of April last the British ship Grange, while lying at anchor in the bay of Delaware, within the territory and jurisdiction of the US. was taken possession of by the Embuscade, a frigate of the French republic, has been brought to this port where she is now detained as prize and the crew as prisoners, and has made a requisition in form for a restoration of the vessel and liberation of the crew. I have the honor to furnish you with copies of the evidence given in by the British minister, and to observe that the US. being at peace with all parties cannot see with indifference it\u2019s territory or jurisdiction violated by either: that the government will therefore proceed to enquire into the facts, and for that purpose will receive with pleasure and consider with impartiality any evidence you will be pleased to have them furnished with on the subject: and the President hopes that you will take effectual measures for detaining here the vessel taken, her crew and cargo, to abide the decision which will be made thereon, and which is desired to be without delay. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0596", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 4 May 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTreasury Department Revenue Office, May 4th. 1793.\nI have the honor to return to You the Opinion (of the 3d. instant,) prepared for the President, on the subject of the Sea-letters, to which my instructions shall conform. Applications for these documents having been made by Merchants of Philadelphia, for Vessels lying in several other Ports, I thought it best to transmit by yesterday\u2019s Southern and Northern Mails a few of the letters to Alexandria, Baltimore, New-York and Boston, which were enclosed in a circular letter of which the enclosed is a copy. You will perceive, Sir, that in draughting that letter, I have avoided to give any complexion to the instruction, favorable to either side of the question, in regard to Ships owned by our fellow-Citizens, but built in foreign Countries. After the transmission of those letters, Your note of the third instant was received; in consequence of which, a particular instruction in conformity with Your directions, and with Your communication to the President, will be forthwith given. I have the honor to be, With great Respect, Sir, Your most obedient Servant\nTench Coxe\n Commissioner of the Revenue", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0598", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Sewall, 4 May 1793\nFrom: Sewall, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n\u201cYork (in the district of Maine),\u201d 4 May 1793. Acknowledging receipt under TJ\u2019s frank of the laws of the United States for the most recent session of Congress, received this week, and those for the preceding one, received about a year ago, as well as various acts of the First Congress before that, he recommends that the statutes, or at least those of general concern beginning with the second session of the Second Congress, be printed in the Gazette of Maine, a Portland weekly published by Benjamin Titcomb, Jr. He also recommends Captain John Hobby of Portland for the post of federal marshal in this district, reportedly made vacant by Henry Dearborn\u2019s election to the House of Representatives. The Judiciary Act provides that deputies can act after a marshal dies, but whether they can do so after a resignation is unclear. It would be best if a successor were appointed and commissioned by the next session of District Court, on the third Tuesday in June.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0599", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 4 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson having prepared a written opinion on the Question Whether Passports should be granted to vessels belonging to American citizens, but of foreign built, has the honor of inclosing it to the President as an explanation of the principles on which the affirmative was adopted yesterday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0600", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Carmichael and William Short, 5 May 1793\nFrom: Carmichael, William,Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAranjuez May 5. 1793\nSince our last of the 18th. ulto. we have had the honor of recieving the duplicate of yours of the 3d. of Novr. (the original has not yet come to our hands). The papers severally alluded to therein were recieved inclosed. Mr. Morris had forwarded them to us from Paris on the 4th. of March. The person he had charged with them having determined not to proceed further than Bayonne, these papers were detained there, for a proper conveyance which not presenting itself sooner, they were not delivered to us here until the 28th. ulto.\nOur last letter in informing you generally of the conferences which had then taken place here, on the subjects of our commissions, stated also the manner in which that of the conduct of their agents towards us and the Indians had been particularly touched on. That conduct was absolutely denied in behalf of their agents, who, it was affirmed, had positive instructions to the contrary, and who could have no interest to depart from them. We observed on the facts which had taken place and the nature of the testimony which had authenticated them to the government of the U.S. M. de Gardoqui let us see clearly that he considered the presumed obedience of their agents to the orders given them, as a stronger proof of their having not interfered than any that was adduced by us to the contrary. He saw as clearly that we were of a different opinion\u2014and as we have had already the honor to inform you, we judged it unnecessary to push that subject further in that stage of the business.\nYesterday being the first day of conference which has intervened since the receipt of your letter abovementioned it was our intention to have brought it forward again with the additional circumstance mentioned therein\u2014but M. de Gardoqui being called off by the King at the hour appointed for the conference, it was postponed by him.\nIn the two which have taken place since our last, we spoke of the conduct which should be observed by the U.S. and Spain towards the several nations of Indians within or adjoining to their respective possessions. The sentiments which he expressed were perfectly conformable to humanity and good neighbourhood. He came readily into the idea suggested in your letter of October the 14th. of neither party keeping agents among the Indians. We thought it proper to sound him on this subject, although it appeared to us that a clause in our treaty with the Creeks was of a contrary tendency. He expressed his sincere desire that strict justice should in all cases be observed towards the Indians, as being the surest means of rendering them pacific and useful neighbors. We assured him that our government was actuated by these sentiments, observing the steps which had been taken since the reins were committed to the President, were an uniform proof thereof, confirmed by the treaties made with the Creeks and Cherokees.\nThis necessarily brought under consideration these treaties, which to our very great surprize, he declared an entire ignorance of. Although they have been certainly transmitted to the foreign department here, yet the several departments are kept so separate and distinct, that we deem it highly possible, added to what we have seen of M. de Gardoqui himself, that they may not have come under his inspection.\nWhen we mentioned to him the substance of these treaties he expressed much satisfaction at the articles securing the Indians in their rights of property, and fixing the mode of punishment for crimes committed towards them, as well as the encouragement to be held out to them to dispose them to agriculture and civilisation. The clause declaring them under our protection he apprehended might create difficulty, as they had a previous treaty with Spain to the same effect. He seemed to wish us to believe that he considered the favourable disposition of our government towards the Indians as the most likely means to remove the difficulties existing with respect to the settlement of boundary.\nWe are persuaded however that the same difficulties would still remain and that they do not rest in our treaties with the Indians or our conduct towards them, but on the fixing the limits between us and Spain. Humanity and justice towards the Indians may be the pretended, but the acquisition of territory, the domineering, though extravagant passion of this court, will be the real motive by which they will be actuated. Were it possible for us to agree upon the limits,  no difficulties would be made by them with respect to the inhabitants within those assigned to us. We think you may rely therefore on their commissaries having siezed the true principle of the interference of their court, in their conversation with you, as stated in your letter to the President of Nov. 2.\nWe mentioned in our last that M. de Gardoqui had declined absolutely precising the origin of their claim to the exclusive navigation of the Mississipi. He has since then by acknowleging in conversation that the English were entitled to navigate that river also previous to the late war, fixed the epocha of their exclusive right. Even this acknowlegement of what must strike every body as unquestionable he was brought to with evident reluctance.\nIn our last we had the honor of stating to you the embarrassment in which we found ourselves, 1. from the explicit declarations of M. de Gardoqui, shewing the dispositions of this court to be opposite to what we are convinced must have been expected at the time our commission was formed-and 2. from the change of circumstances which have taken place among several European powers since that epoch. As yet we can only confirm what we then said on these subjects.\nSituated as we are under these circumstances we concieve it will be the wish of the President that we should not at this moment press the negotiation in a manner which might produce an effect directly opposite to our interests and wishes, and which could not render any service under the present crisis the most inauspicious that could have taken place for our business. We have already full conviction of the sentiments of this court and know that they will not at present assent to what we must insist on. Should we immediately push the negotiation it could produce no other effect than to make them acquainted with the fixed determination of the U.S. to exact their full right. This would unavoidably only make them more tractable with respect to England, and would tend joined to the influence of the French war to make them take a ground that they might repent of hereafter in vain as well as ourselves. It might make them also take preparatory measures with respect to us which they would not otherwise do, and which we must desire that they should not do, whatever may be the intentions of our government.\nOther considerations also weigh with us in favor of delay under our circumstances and particularly that of leaving thereby time to recieve further instructions after the Prest. shall have been made acquainted with the changes which have taken place in the relations between France England and this country. From what we conjecture of the time that  this will have been announced to you as inevitable we imagine we may ere long be made acquainted with the Presidents sentiments thereon. We will not take on ourselves to suggest any thing on a subject which will have been placed so amply under his contemplation.\nWe should not perhaps omit mentioning a circumstance which is particularly unfavorable to our negotiation, arising from the actual situation of this cabinet, and the business we are charged with being in consequence thereof exclusively committed to M. de Gardoqui. As he is fully known in America we need not delineate his character here. It will suffice to say that notwithstanding his protestations of good will towards the U.S. and desire to see this business terminated to their satisfaction we have very full evidence of his sentiments being absolutely opposed thereto. As to those of the Duke de la Alcudia whose power and influence are unlimited here, we can only judge of them, from what M. de Gardoqui tells us, being precluded ourselves by the character in which we are admitted here, from that kind of intercourse with him which would enable us to judge for ourselves. He assures us that the sentiments of that minister are conformable to those expressed to us in the conferences. We should rather apprehend however that he had not given himself the trouble to form any ideas on the subject. So far as M. de Gardoqui can have influence on him, the impressions he will recieve will certainly not be such as we should wish.\nBeing young and without experience but at the same time well disposed to recieve information, and having no other source so ready or so natural to recieve it from as M. de Gardoqui, it is probable that it is from him that he will take his ideas thereon. He cannot have time and certainly will not have inclination under his present occupations to attend to any course of argument on these subjects. He will ask only for the result and that result he will recieve implicitly from the person to whom he may give his confidence respecting it. It may be expected also that at this moment the English Ambassador in his close and constant communications with him, will not let slip opportunities of giving such insinuations as he may think likely to produce effect-and when we consider the situation of the two countries and compare the two men, we cannot doubt they may have a considerable effect.\nWe do not let M. de Gardoqui percieve the idea we have formed of his hostility to the business of this negotiation. We recieve with calmness the constant protestations of his particular good will which he takes every opportunity of repeating. He assures us often that there is no person in Spain who would be disposed to go so far in advising  the King to make sacrifices for the termination of this business, as himself. These sacrifices consist in what we stated to you in our last as the result of the agreement between him and Mr. Jay.\nThese assurances however by no means convince us. And although we have no direct opportunities of ascertaining the ideas of the other ministers (should they have formed any) on the subjects of our negotiation, still it appears to us that there are several causes which would contribute to render M. de Gardoqui, on the contrary, more hostile than others. His ideas of the rights of Spain and of the U.S. were formed a long time ago; and as too often happens, he was probably much influenced by the comparative power of the respective parties in considering their respective rights. The view he had of the U.S. during his residence there has manifestly not yet given place to those impressions which their present situation ought to have produced. He still sees them divided among themselves-and without efficient government-and although he now and then recollects the change, yet in general it seems to have escaped him. Having been formerly charged with this business, and having probably at that time given assurances to his court of being able to procure different terms he may not know now how to come forward and propose others to them. This circumstance added to a considerable obstinancy of character we concieve would have much weight with him. It is possible also that being little accustomed to generalise his ideas, and having viewed this subject only on one side, and meditated on it in that point of view alone, he may have brought himself to have regarded these extraordinary pretensions of Spain as just; and indeed he affirms this to us with so much warmth that we cannot help attributing it in some degree to that kind of error. His having been educated also and still being in the mercantile line is by no means an indifferent circumstance-that class of people in those European countries which have colonies, being more than any other prompt to take the claim at whatever may tend to facilitate the intercourse of foreigners with those possessions.\nAnother source of error which we observe in M. de Gardoqui is that of drawing general conclusions from particular cases. He conversed with some individuals in America, who expressed their wishes to see the navigation of the Mississipi prohibited, and our limits narrowed, in order to have the productions of the Western country brought through the Atlantic States, and to have our population more concentrated. He saw some individuals of the Western country, or going to settle there, who treated their adhesion to the rest of the union as visionary. From hence he has formed an opinion which he has not concealed from us-that the U.S. do not desire this navigation and the limits we ask, or at least do not desire it so generally as that they would be brought to make any general effort to attain it-and also that the Western inhabitants whenever they shall acquire force will separate from the Atlantic states. Under the influence of these opinions it is probable that the navigation may be held back in petto, in order to purchase this separation if too long delayed-or to purchase the friendship of those inhabitants after being separated from us-and perhaps still further in order to purchase the promise of their allegiance to the crown of Spain.\nWhat we have said will give you an idea of M. de Gardoqui\u2019s sentiments and influence on these subjects so far as he may act of himself. We should add however that the general opinion of him here is that no minister has ever given more constant proofs (notwithstanding the natural obstinacy of his character) of facility in relinquishing his own sentiments in favor of those of persons at the fountain of power. Should the present principal minister for instance, be by any means disposed to treat these subjects of negotiation differently, nobody entertains apprehension that M. de Gardoqui would make opposition thereto, after being made acquainted with that disposition.\nThere is another event also which may take them out of the hands of M. de Gardoqui. It is known that he has no weight in the cabinet, and that he is counteracted in all his operations by the persons employed under him. It has therefore been for some time believed that his place would not be long tenable. The exigencies of war naturally increase the difficulties of a minister of finance, and add to the probability of change in such a department. We have some reason to believe that M. de Gardoqui himself feels this and that he is endeavouring to provide for a retreat by obtaining a foreign embassy. It has been reported that he is to have that at Turin. It is more probable however that it is not yet decided on. Still the usage of this court with respect to dismissed ministers gives good reason to believe he would be provided for-and as the diplomatic line is that which he desires it would be probably in that. Should he be thus removed from hence, what we have observed with respect to the manner of doing business here, gives reason to believe he would have little influence on that which concerns us.\nIn speaking of M. de Gardoqui we should not omit the opinion which he seems to have imbibed, and still retains with respect to the faculties of the U.S. in relation to foreign powers-either of injuring their enemies or aiding their friends. He did not conceal from us that he thought it impossible that the Northern, middle and Southern States should ever be brought to act in concert with respect to a foreign enemy out of their territory-and even if they should, that they had  no means of acting efficaciously until they should have a marine; an event which he regarded as never to take place, or at least to be so far off as not be worthy of present consideration. These sentiments of M. de Gardoqui are probably consonant to those of his court.\nHe seemed fully impressed with the danger to which Spain was exposed from the balance of maritime force being absolutely destroyed by the present situation of France. He acknowleged his apprehensions on that subject-and his desire to see a sufficient number of maritime powers united with Spain, to restore that balance. It was evident however he did not count on this-he observed on the impossibility of several distant powers uniting their interests and still more of their acting in concert. He did not deign to take the U.S. into this account, and on this subject said he would quote to us an English proverb \u201cthat whilst the grass was growing the horse would starve.\u201d All this seemed to confirm a truth with which we were fully impressed before-that a few ships of the line would have more weight in securing peaceably the territorial rights of the U.S. and those with respect to the Mississipi than all the most unanswerable arguments and incontestable proofs that could be adduced in support thereof.\nWe are much mortified not to be able to give you more agreeable intelligence with respect to the commission with which the President has done us the honor to charge us jointly. We trust you will see that this situation of the business has depended and still depends on circumstances, which do not and never could have depended on us. And we hope you will be persuaded that should the present crisis of European affairs, bring about any change in the relations of this country which may render her less indifferent to the friendship or enmity of the U.S. whilst we remain here, we shall make the most pressing use of it in endeavouring to obtain by pacific means those rights which we are persuaded the United States will never abandon the pursuit of and which we flatter ourselves the progress of their union and force will enable them to obtain with usury if withheld at present. We have the honor to be with the most perfect respect & sincere attachment Sir your most obedient & most humble servants\n[Wm. Carmichael]\nW Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0601", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Greenleaf, 5 May 1793\nFrom: Greenleaf, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew York, May 5, 1793.\nI have to apologize for not replying earlier to yours of the 19th. ultimo-the reason of this delay was, the uncertainty whether a file for \u201989 and \u201990 of the N. Y. Journal, &c. could be completed or not. The file is now complete with the exceptions of 4 papers, viz. Jany: 15-Augt. 20-Dec. 17 of 1789-and Oct. 5, 1790. They are now half binding agreably to your Order, and I have directed a strip of white paper bound in the stead of the missing papers, that they may be pasted in if found hereafter. They will be sent on by the stage on Tuesday or Wednesday.\nFile\nDols.\nBinding\nI am Sir, yr. obedient Servant\nThos: Greenleaf\nP.S. This Receipt is inclosed to your Address by request of Mr. Taylor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0602", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 5 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nTh: J. to J. Madison\nNo letter from you since that of Apr. 12.\u2014I received one from Mr. Pinckney yesterday informing me he expected to send me by the next ship a model of the threshing mill. He had been to see one work, which with 2. horses got out 8. bushels of wheat an hour. But he was assured that the mill from which my model was taken gets out 8 quarters (i.e. 64 bushels) of oats an hour with 4. horses.\u2014I have seen Dr. Logan. Your ploughs will be done in a week and shall be attended to.\u2014Seal and forward Monroe\u2019s letter after reading it. Adieu your\u2019s affectly.\nP.S. I inclose a Boston paper as a proof of what I mention to Monroe of the spirit which is rising. The old tories have their names now raked up again; and I believe if the author of \u2018Plain truth\u2019 was now to be charged with that pamphlet, this put along side of his present Anglomany would decide the voice of the yeomanry of the country on his subject.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0605", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 5 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President a letter delivered him this day by Mr. de Noailles.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0606", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 5 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President has the honour to inclose him the following papers.\n1. a letter from Mr. Pinckney, with the papers it refers to, on the subject of Mr. Albion Coxe, employed as Assayer, who is arrived.\n2. a copy of the letter written to Mr. Morris and Mr. Pinckney, on the subject of M. de la Fayette, copies of which were sent to Messrs. Humphreys, Carmichael and Short. The two former were to act on the subject, because nearer the proper scene. The communication was made to the three latter merely for their information, and that they might know the views of the government in case they should have occasion to say or do any thing on the subject.\n3. Mr. Fox\u2019s pamphlet.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0607", "content": "Title: Notes on Washington\u2019s Questions on Neutrality and the Alliance with France, [6 May 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n Apr. 18. The President sends a set of Questions to be considered and calls a meeting. Tho those sent me were in his own hand writing, yet it was palpable from the style, their ingenious tissu and suite that they were not the President\u2019s, that they were raised upon a prepared chain of argument, in short that the language was Hamilton\u2019s, and the doubts his alone. They led to a declaration of the Executive that our treaty with France is void. E.R. the next day tells me, that the day before the date of these questions, Hamilton went with him thro\u2019 the whole chain of reasoning of which these questions are the skeleton, and that he recognised them the moment he saw them.\nWe met. The 1st. question whether we should receive the French minister Genest was proposed, and we agreed unanimously that he should be received, Hamilton at the same time expressing his great regret that any incident had happened which should oblige us to recognize the government. The next question was whether he should be received absolutely, or with qualifications. Here H. took up the whole subject, and went through it in the order in which the questions sketch it. See the chain of his reasoning in my opinion of Apr 28. Knox subscribed at once to H\u2019s opinion that we ought to declare the treaty void, acknoleging at the same time, like a fool as he is, that he knew nothing about it. I was clear it remained valid. E.R. declared himself of the same opinion, but on H\u2019s undertaking to present to him the authority in Vattel (which we had not present) and to prove to him that, if the authority was admitted, the treaty might be declared void, E.R. agreed to take further time to consider.\u2014It was adjourned.\u2014We determined Unanimously the last question that Congress should not be called. There having been an intimation by E.R. that in so great a question he should chuse to give a written opinion, and this being approved by the Pres. I gave in mine Apr. 28.-H. gave in his. I beleive Knox\u2019s was never thought worth offering or asking for. E.R. gave his May 6. concurring with mine. The Presidt. told me the same day he had never had a doubt about the validity of the treaty: but that since a question had been suggested he thought it ought to be considered. That this being done, I might now issue Passports to sea vessels in the form prescribed by the French treaty. I had for a week past only issued the Dutch form; to have issued the French would have been presupposing the treaty to be in existence.-The Presidt. suggested that he thought it would be as well that nothing should be said of such a question having been under consideration.\nMay 6. written", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0608", "content": "Title: Notes on Alexander Hamilton and the Enforcement of Neutrality, 6 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n1793. May 6. The President shews me a draught of a letter from Colo. H. to the Collectors of the customs, desiring them to superintend their neighborhood, watch for all acts of our citizens contrary to laws of neutrality or tending to infringe those laws, and inform him of it; and particularly to see if vessels should be building pierced for guns.\u2014I told the Pr. that at a conference a few days before Colo. H. and E.R. had concurred in opinion against me that for us to build and sell vessels fit for war would be a breach of neutrality, but that I understood them as agreeing that no opinion should go from the public on that question as not being now necessary: that as to the 1st. part of the letter I did not of a sudden decide it to be improper.\u2014He, on this, returned the letter to Ham. with a desire that he, E.R. and myself would confer on it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0609", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 6 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\n Philadelphia May. 6. 1793.\nThe inclosed papers will inform you of some checks the French have lately received. They are confounded and multiplied in the papers. The truth is that a combined operation in three different parts took place the first days of March, under Clairfayt, Saxe-Cobourg and Brunswick, every one of which succeeded. The first killed and wounded 1400, and took 600. The second killed and wounded 4000. and took 1600. The third killed and wounded 1300. and took 700. In consequence of these the French lost Liege and raised the siege of Maestricht.\u2014A French frigate has brought 2. prizes up to Philadelphia. The yeomanry of the city (not the fashionable people nor paper men) shewed prodigious joy when, flocking to the wharves, they saw the British colours reversed  and the French flying above them.\u2014I very much fear that France will experience a famine this summer. The effects of this admit of no calculation.\u2014Grain is the thing for us now to cultivate. The demand will be immense, and the price high. I think experience shews us that to sell it before the spring is an immense sacrifice. I fear we shall experience a want of vessels to carry our produce to Europe. In this case the tobacco will be left, because bread is more essential to them. Mr. Beverley Randolph left this a few days ago in pretty good health. Maria I think is getting into better health. I hope you are all well, tho\u2019 having no letter later than the 28th. of March we are uneasy. My love to my dear Martha and am Dear Sir sincerely & affectionately Your\u2019s\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0610", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from F. P. Van Berckel, 6 May 1793\nFrom: Berckel, F. P. van\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\n\u00e0 Philadelphie Ce 6e. Mai 1793.\nAyant Compris par Ce qu\u00e9 Vous m\u2019avez fait l\u2019honneur de me dire Ce matin, qu\u00e9 Vous ne Consideriez pas ma Lettre du 28e. dernier, Comme une notification formelle d\u2019une Guerre declar\u00e9e entre la France et les Provinces Unies; je Crois de mon devoir de Vous informer Sans delai qu\u00e9 J\u2019ai recu d\u2019une Maniere officielle la Confirmation de Ce qui m\u2019avoit \u00e9t\u00e9 Communiqu\u00e9 par le Ministre de Sa Majest\u00e9 Britannique, l\u2019Alli\u00e9 de Leurs Hautes Puissances; Savoir qu\u00e9 la Convention Nationale par Son decret du 1er. Fevrier 1793, a d\u00e9clar\u00e9, au nom de la Nation Francoise, qu\u2019elle est en Guerre avec le Roi de la Grande Bretagne, et avec le Stadhouder des Provinces Unies. J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec les Sentimens de la plus parfaite Consideration Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble & tr\u00e8s Obe\u00efssent Serviteur\nF: P: van Berckel", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0611", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 7 May 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTreasury Department Revenue Office May 7th 1793\nIn addition to the short letter of last week for Boston, New-York, Baltimore and Alexandria; I have now the honor to inclose you two copies of my instructions to the Collectors (to accompany the Sea letters) 200 of which have been this day delivered to me from the Press. All the sea letters which have been received are disposed of, in consequence of applications, as fast as they came to my hands.\nI beg leave to remark, that a considerable degree of anxiety will probably arise in all the Ports of the United States for these documents, upon its being known that they have been issued and that it therefore appears necessary to have a full supply of them transmitted to every customhouse without delay. The fishing Vessels upon whaling voyages, which depart for some of the latitudes at all seasons, will likewise want them, and the little fleets, which go to the Banks and which have begun to depart, will want them in large Numbers. Not less than 500 will be wanted by the Eastern States for those two descriptions of Vessels, besides the supply for their foreign traders.\nI beg leave to submit to your consideration these two points of instruction, which I intend to give to the Collectors. 1st: That all foreign built ships (not registered) which have been or may be acquired by our Citizens after the 15th. of May 1789 shall be measured by our officers and have their names and the place to which they belong painted on their Sterns respectively, prior to the issuing Sea letters for them.\n2dly. That a duplicate of the bill of Sale shall be endorsed on the Back of their national register and duly executed before the Collector of the Customs (or his Deputy), and the Naval Officer (or his deputy) if there be one in the Port.\nThis will be a pretty efficacious method of preventing frauds injurious to our Merchants and dangerous to the Peace of the United States. I have the honor to be with great Respect, Sir, Your most Obedient Servant\nTench Coxe\n Commissioner of the Revenue", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0613", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Enoch Edwards, 7 May 1793\nFrom: Edwards, Enoch\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia May 7th. 1793\nI will be exceedingly obliged if you will excuse my asking one Letter from you to Some Gentleman in France, whether it be to Mr. Morris our Minister there, or some private Gentleman\u2014I submit that to you.  Doctor Rush at the Time He asked the one you have been so kind as to write, did not know that I certainly meant to visit France. The Agriculture of this Country as well as England I intend to see as far as Circumstances will admit\u2014these Objects next to my Health are among the first I have in view.\nYour Sources of Information on Subjects of this as well as other Kinds are I expect so abundantly numerous\u2014that an Offer on my Part to do any thing that might either be useful or agreeable to You while abroad, can only appear Complimentary\u2014should I however be mistaken you will gratify me not a little, by chearfully commanding my Services.\nThat I may unfeignedly wish my Country well, I shall very sincerely wish for your Health and Happiness\u2014and for the Establishment of those political Sentiments, which I believe have a Residence in your Heart. I am Sir with Respect & Gratitude Your obedt: Sert.\nEno: Edwards\nP:S: I go down to Chester on thursday by Land.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0614", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Fay, 7 May 1793\nFrom: Fay, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nBennington 7th. May 1793\nYour favours of the 18th. and 2lst. March, I had the honor to receive, and altho I should have been happy to have had you joined our Company, yet the reasons you offer against it are highly satisfactory and such as I sincerely wish Governed all our public Servants.\nI send two of the last Quebec papers, and shall send more as they  come forward. If it will not give you too much trouble I should be glad to recieve the Philadelphia papers in Return. And whatever the difference in the expence shall appear I will chearfully pay.\nThe Acts of the last Session of Congress, and the journals of the Senate have not yet been received, those which are designed for Vermont, I would thank you to direct to my Care as I have the Governors directions to keep one set for the use of the Council, and to forward the other to him. I am Dear Sir with Sentiments of Gratitude and respect your obedient Servant\nJoseph Fay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0615", "content": "Title: Notes on the Sinking Fund and the Proclamation of Neutrality, 7 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nMay 7. We met as trustees of the sinking fund. For the opinion I delivered see my note of May 8. to E. R. and for his see his answer of May 9.\u2014On the business of the sinking fund, we had meant to have come to a resolution to ask of the Pres. if there was any money under the loans at our disposal, the occasion of laying it out being favorable. But H. produced a letter just received from our bankers informing him of the impossibility of effecting the new loan which had been ordered (and of which I had not heard before). On this I declared it as my opinion that if the money on hand was not sufficient to pay our next installment to France and also to purchase public debt, (of which I could not be a judge, only knowing that our next installment would be of between 6. and 700,000 D. and was approaching) I should be against failing in the payment which was a positive engagement whereas the purchase of public debt was voluntary. So nothing was done.\nWhen the question was whether the proclamation of Apr. 22 should be issued, E. R. observed that there should be a letter written by me to the ministers of the belligerent powers to declare that it should not be taken as conclusive evidence against our citizens in foreign courts of Admiralty for contraband goods.\u2014Knox suddenly adopted the opinion  before Hamilton delivered his. Hamilton opposed it pretty strongly. I thought it an indifferent thing but rather approved E.R.\u2019s opinion. The President was against it: but observed that as were three for it, it should go. This was the first instance I had seen of an opportunity to decide by a mere majority including his own vote.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0617", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Ternant, 7 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nSir\nPhiladelphia, May 7th. 1793\nI had the honor of addressing you on the 3d. instant, on the subject of the British Ship Grange, reclaimed on behalf of the Owners as having been taken by the frigate Embuscade, within the capes of Delaware, as is said. If this fact is to be controverted, permit me to hope that the counter evidence may be produced without delay; besides the confinement of the Crew, which is a circumstance of consideration, any unnecessary delay may be imputed by the party reclaiming to an unwillingness on our part to do them justice. If the fact is not to be controverted, I will ask the favor of your answer to that effect, and the President will then take measures for having the question decided, Whether the Capture has been consistent with the territorial jurisdiction of the United States. I have the honor to be with great Respect, &c:\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0618", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 7 May 1793\nFrom: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMui Se\u00f1or Nuestro\nPhiladelphia 7. de Mayo de 1793.\nEn contestaction al Oficio que pas\u00e0mos \u00e0 la Superioridad, incluiendo Copia del que V.S. nos escrivi\u00f2, quexandose de que el Govierno de la Luisiana huviese embiado un Comisario, \u00f4 Agente a la Nacion Creek, nos Manda S. M. (despues de aprovar en un todo la Respuesta que d\u00ecmos \u00e0 V.S.) pasar \u00e0 manos de V.S. (como lo hacemos ahora) Copia del Tratado concluido entre Espa\u00f1a, y la Nacion Creek el A\u00f1o de 1784, para que por el pueda V.S. venir en conocimiento de la anticipacion con que aquellos Indios se hicier\u00f2n Nuestros Aliados, y que como \u00e0 tales, pudo embiar el Govierno persona que Resida entre ellos, con el unico fin de Mantenerlos en paz, asi como los Estados Unidos embian \u00e0 quien quieren sin quexa, ni oposicion Nuestra, pero ofrece S. M. sin embargo hacer este punto uno de los que se traten con los Plenipotenciarios de los Estados Unidos.\nLos contenidos del citado Tratado al paso que impondr\u00e0n a V.S. de nuestros Convenios con los consavidos Indios, confi\u00e0mos ser\u00e0n mui oportunos para evitar, el que los Estados Unidos por falta de conocimiento de ellos, entren en lo venidero en Negociaciones con los Indios, que se opongan \u00e0 lo que tienen estipulado con Nosotros, y al mismo tiempo contribuir\u00e0 \u00e0 Rectificar los concluidos anteriormente, siendo estos pasos los mas eficazes para precaver qualesquiera discenciones en aquella Nacion, y no interrumpir la buena harmonia, y perfecta amistad, que reina entre Espa\u00f1a, y los Estados Unidos, de lo qual tiene aquella dadas pruevas bien convincentes en todas ocaciones, y a\u00f9n en el mismo Tratado en el Articulo 7\u00b0.\nTenemos la honrra de pasar \u00e0 V.S. este aviso, en cumplimiento de la orden del Rey, y con el fin, de que se sirba enterar al Presidente de los Estados Unidos, y nos Subscrivimos con gusto \u00e0 la disposicion de V.S. Rogando \u00e0 Dios guarde su vida muchos a\u00f1os. B 1 mo. de V.S. Sus mas atentos, y seguros Servidores.\nJosef Ignacio de ViarJosef de Jaudenes\nEDITORS\u2019 TRANSLATION\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia, 7 May 1793.\nIn reply to a memorandum which we transmitted to higher authority, enclosing a copy of the one which you wrote to us complaining that the  government of Louisiana had sent a commissioner or agent to the Creek Nation, His Majesty (after approving the answer we gave you) commands us to transmit to you (as we do herewith) a copy of the treaty concluded between Spain and the Creek Nation in the year 1784, so that you may become aware of the priority with which those Indians became our allies, and so that you may understand how it was that to such allies the government might send a person to live among them, for the sole purpose of keeping peace among them, just as the United States sends out anyone it pleases, without complaint or opposition from us, but His Majesty nevertheless offers to make this one of the points to be treated in discussions with the ministers plenipotentiary of the United States.\nWe trust that the contents of the treaty referred to will both inform you of our agreements with the aforesaid Indians and serve to prevent the United States from entering into negotiations with the Indians in the future which might conflict with the Indians\u2019 agreements with us, and at the same time contribute to the rectification of earlier agreements, these measures being the most effective ones for forestalling any kind of dissension in that nation and for maintaining the harmony and perfect amity that prevails between Spain and the United States, of which Spain has given convincing proof on every occasion and even in Article 7 of the treaty itself.\nWe have the honor to transmit to you this advisory in compliance with the King\u2019s orders, and so that you may kindly inform the President of the United States. It is the pleasure of the undersigned to place ourselves at your disposition, with the prayer that God may preserve and keep you for many years. Respectfully yours, your most attentive and assured servants,\nJosef Ignacio de ViarJosef de Jaudenes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0619", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 7 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson presents his respects to the President and incloses the draught of a letter to Mr. Pinckney in answer to one lately received from him. As Colo. Hamilton, the Attorney General and Th:J. had a meeting on another subject, Th:J. took the liberty of consulting them on it, and has altered it agreeably to their minds.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0620", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Brissot de Warville, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brissot de Warville, Jacques Pierre\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia May 8. 1793.\nThe bearer hereof, Doctor Edwards, a citizen of the United States proposing to visit Paris, I avail myself of that occasion to recall myself to your recollection, and to recommend to your notice a person whose ta[lents?] information and worth will merit it. As the cause of freedom in one country is dear to the free of every other, and your partialities for our states may still interest you in their situation, he will be able to give you the true state of republicanism with us, which I apprehend to be imperfectly known with you. We too have our aristocrats and monocrats, and as they float on the surface, they shew much, though they weigh little. For their more particular description, as well as that of our real republicans, I refer you to him, as perfectly able to give it, with the weight and numbers of each description. I am happy in a safe occasion of assuring you that I continue eternally attached to the principles of your revolution. I hope it will end in the establishment of some firm government, friendly to liberty, and capable of maintaining it. If it does, the world will become inevitably free. If it does not, I feel that the zealous apostles of English demidespotism here will increase the number of it\u2019s disciples.\u2014However, we shall still remain free. Tho\u2019 they may harrass our skirts, they can not make impression on our center.\u2014A germ of corruption indeed has been transported from our dear mother country, and has already borne fruit, but it\u2019s blast is begun from the breath of the people.\u2014Adieu, my dear Sir, & accept assurances of sincere confraternity with your citizens, and affection & respect for yourself from your cordial friend & servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0621", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Enoch Edwards, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Edwards, Enoch\nSir\nPhiladelphia May. 8. 1793.\nIt was under the idea that you meant to go to England only that I gave you a letter only to that country. I have now the honor to inclose you one for Mr. Morris and another for Mr. Brissot. The former is a letter of mere general introduction, because you will find Mr. Morris living in the country at some distance from Paris, and consequently not in the way of being much seen by you. The letter to Mr. Brissot is more particular. I have addressed you to him because he speaks English well, knows this country, loves it, and is a true disciple of liberty. I have taken the liberty of referring him to you for a true state of republicanism here, and for the characters, objects, numbers and force of our parties. It is really interesting that these should be well understood in France, and particularly by their government. Particular circumstances have generated suspicions among them that we are swerving from our republicanism. Nobody is more capable of being set to rights on this subject, or more disposed to be so than Mr. Brissot. I hope therefore you will take some pains to make him master of the state of things, persons and principles here, that he may explain them to others, and understand the train of our proceedings hereafter. Do not be deterred in London for your personal safety in France. You will be as safe there as here. Wishing you a pleasant journey & happy return I am with great esteem & respect Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0622", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia May 8. 1793.\nI had wished to have kept back the issuing passports for sea vessels, till the question should be decided Whether the treaty with  France should be declared void, lest the issuing the Passport prescribed by that treaty might be considered as prejudging the question. The importunities however of the owners obliging me to give out a few, I had them printed in the Dutch form only. Not then having sufficiently considered on the best mode of distributing them, I took the liberty, as an expedient of the moment, of sending 7. (the number of vessels then waiting in this port) to Mr. Delaney, asking the favor of him to fill them up and deliver them for me. Application for another parcel coming, and the applicant not being able to wait himself till I could send them to be signed by the President, he desired I would lodge them with Mr. Coxe on whom it would be convenient for him to call for them. I did so: and afterwards sent a second parcel of a dozen, which were pressingly requested.\nThe President having now decided that the French passport may also be issued, it is at this time in the press, and the whole instrument compleat, with the two passports, sea-letters, and certificates in it\u2019s final form, will be ready for signature tomorrow. It has therefore now become necessary to determine on the ultimate channel of distributing them. I am not the judge whether the task of distribution might interfere too much with the other duties of the collectors of the customs. If it would not, their position seems best accomodated to that distribution. I took the liberty therefore to-day of proposing to the President that, if you should think there would be no inconvenience in charging them with the distribution, the blanks might be lodged with them; of which he approved: and I have now the honor of submitting that question to you. If you find no inconvenience in it, I will send 500 blanks, as soon as they shall be signed, either to your office or to that of the Commissioner of the revenue, whichever you shall prefer, to be forwarded to the collectors of the different ports; and from time to time afterwards will keep up a supply. Should it however, in your opinion, interfere too much with the other duties of those officers, I will submit to the President the depositing them with the deputy marshals appointed or to be appointed in every port. I will ask the favor of your answer, as the applications are numerous and pressing, and I am unwilling to be further troublesome to the gentlemen who have hitherto been so kind as to fill up and deliver them for me till some arrangement could be made which might relieve me personally from a business with the details of which I was not acquainted. I have the honor to be with great respect, Sir, Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0623", "content": "Title: Memorial from George Hammond, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe undersigned, his Britannic Majesty\u2019s Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States of America, requests permission to recall to the attention of the Secretary of State the memorial which was presented to him on the 2nd. curt., relative to the capture of the British Ship Grange by the French frigate the Embuscade. The subject of that memorial being merely a question of fact, the Undersigned entertained hopes that the confirmation or contradiction of the testimony he adduced might have been so easily procured as to have enabled the executive government of the United States before this time to have formed some determination upon it. But having been disappointed in these hopes, he ventures to indulge the expectation that the delay may not be of much longer duration, and that he may receive an early answer on a matter, in which he cannot but conceive the two countries deeply interested. Indeed he trusts that this renewal of his solicitation cannot be regarded as too importunate, when it is considered that a British ship has been a week in the harbour of Philadelphia in a state of arrest and detention under a capture, which he presumes to be illegal, and in consequence of which a number of his Majesty\u2019s subjects remain in a condition of rigorous and unjust confinement. The undersigned is farther impelled to desire as speedy an answer as may be convenient by the consideration of his great anxiety to transmit to the King\u2019s government in England the final resolution of the executive government of the United States on this important point\u2014on the decision of which is to rest the degree of future security and protection, which vessels belonging to the subjects, of the King his Master and of the other powers now engaged in war with France, may expect to receive in the ports and harbours of the United States.\nPhiladelphia \nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0625", "content": "Title: Memorial from George Hammond, with Jefferson\u2019s Notes, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe Undersigned, his Britannic Majesty\u2019s Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States of America, has the honor of submitting to the consideration of the Secretary of State the following information which he has received from his Majesty\u2019s Consul at Charleston South Carolina.\nOn the 22nd. ulto. the two brigantines the Four Brothers and the Morning Star, belonging to subjects of his Majesty, and which had been previously captured by the French frigate the Embuscade, were condemned as legal prizes by Mr. Mangourit the French Consul at Charleston, and, under his authority, together with their cargoes exposed to sale.\nThe Undersigned is advised that this judicial act of the French Consul at Charleston is not warranted by the usage of nations or by the stipulations of any existing treaties between the United States and France, and may lead to the most dangerous consequences. The undersigned therefore presumes to hope that, if his opinion should be so fortunate as to receive the sanction of the executive government of the United States, the latter will adopt such means as to its wisdom may seem best adapted to the purpose of preventing similar exertions of illegal authority on the part of the French Consuls resident within the territory of the United States.\nPhiladelphia\nGeo. Hammond\n[Notes by TJ:]\nThe adjudication a nullity as to title\nwrite to Fr. Min. that it is unwarrantable to decide between Fr. and Eng. parties", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0626", "content": "Title: Memorial from George Hammond, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe Undersigned, his Britannic Majesty\u2019s Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States of America, has the honor of informing the Secretary of State that he has received intelligence from his Majesty\u2019s Consul at Charleston South Carolina, that two privateers have been fitted out from that port under French Commissions. They carry six small guns and are navigated by forty or fifty men, who are for the most part citizens of the United States. One of these privateers left the harbour of Charleston on the 18th. ulto., and the other was on the 22nd. ready to depart.\nThe Undersigned does not deem it necessary to enter into any reasoning upon these facts, as he conceives them to be breaches of that neutrality which the United States profess to observe, and direct contraventions of the proclamation which the President issued upon the 22nd. of last month. Under this impression he doubts not that the executive government of the United States will pursue such measures as to its wisdom may appear the best calculated for repressing such practices in future, and for restoring to their rightful owners any captures which these particular privateers may attempt to bring into any of the ports of the United States.\nPhiladelphia\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0627", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Lee, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond May 8th. 1793.\nI did my self the honor to write to the President of the United States, a few days past relative to the defenceless situation of Norfolk and beg leave now to forward to you, for his information, a copy of a letter received from Colonel Newton.\nYour letter of the 26th. of April is come to hand and will be duely regarded. I have the honor to be sir with perfect respect your most ob: sert.\nHenry Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0628", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nOrange May 8th. 1793.\nYour last received was of the 28 Apl. The receipt of all the preceeding is verified by the uninterrupted dates of the Gazettes inclosed. I anxiously wish that the reception of Genest may testify what I believe to be the real affections of the people. It is the more desireable as a seasonable plum after the bitter pills which it seems must be administered. Having neither the Treaty nor Law of Nations at hand I form no opinion as to the stipulations of the former, or the precise neutrality defined by the latter. I had always supposed that the terms of the Treaty made some sort of difference, at least as far as would consist with the Law of Nations, between France and Nations not in Treaty, particularly G. Britain. I should still doubt whether the term impartial in the Proclamation is not stronger than was necessary, if not than was proper. Peace is no doubt to be preserved at any price that honor and good faith will permit. But it is no less to be considered that the least departure from these will not only be most likely to end in the loss of peace, but is pregnant with every other evil that could happen to us. In explaining our own engagements under the Treaty with France, it would be honorable as well as just to adhere to the sense that would at the time have been put on them. The attempt to shuffle off the Treaty altogether by quibbling on Vattel is equally contemptible for the meanness and folly of it. If a change of Government is an absolution from public engagements, why not from those of a domestic as well as of a foreign nature; and what then becomes of public debts &c &c. In fact, the doctrine would perpetuate every existing Despotism, by involving in a reform of the Government a destruction of the Social pact, an annihilation of property, and a compleat establishment of the State of Nature. What most surprises me is that such a proposition should have been discussed.\nOur weather has not been favorable of late, owing more to want of sun, than excess of rain. Vegetation of all sorts even the wheat, nevertheless continues to flourish: and the fruit having no longer any thing to fear from frost, we are sure of good crops of that agreeable article. Yrs. Always & Affy.\nJs. Madison Jr.\nWill you send me a copy of the little pamphlet advertised under the title of an Examination of the proceedings in the case of the Secy. of the Treasy.?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0629", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gouverneur Morris, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia May. 8. 1793.\nThe bearer hereof Doctor Edwards, a citizen of the US. proposing to visit Paris, I take the liberty of presenting him to you as a gentleman of talents, information and worth. He will do ample justice to any attentions you may shew him and merit any services you can render him. His objects being health and information, it is uncertain what stay these may induce him to make in Paris. Should he find them promoted by travelling, you will of course favor him with such documents of protection as the state of things may render necessary for his safety. As it will be some time before he will have the honor of handing you this,I shall only add assurances of the sincere esteem & respect with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\n Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0630", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia May. 8. 1793.\nI took the liberty, some short time ago, of putting under cover to you some packets containing copies of official papers which Mr. John Carey had been permitted to take and publish, accompanying them with a request that you would be so good as to deliver them to him particularly, but to no other person should any accident happen to him. I now trouble you with another packet of the same kind and with the same request. It completes what Mr. Carey has prepared, I believe, for present publication. I have the honor to be with great esteem & respect Dear Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0631", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmund Randolph, [8 May 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nI understood Colo. H. yesterday that he should confer again with the President on the subject of our deliberation. As that is not exactly the channel thro\u2019 which I would wish my objections to be represented, should the President mention the subject to you, I will thank you to communicate to him this note, or it\u2019s substance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0632", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmund Randolph, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nTh:J. to E.R.\nI have been still reflecting on the draught of the letter from the Secretary of the Treasury to the Custom house officers, instructing them to be on the watch as to all infractions or tendencies to infraction of the laws of neutrality by our citizens and to communicate the same to him. When this paper was first communicated to me, tho\u2019 the whole of it struck me disagreeably, I did not in the first moment see clearly the improprieties but of the last clause. The more I have reflected, the more objectionable the whole appears.\nBy this proposal the Collectors of the customs are to be made an established corps of spies or informers against their fellow citizens, whose actions they are to watch in secret, inform against in secret to the Secretary of the Treasury, who is to communicate it to the President. If the action and evidence appear to justify a prosecution, a prosecution is to set on foot on the secret information of a collector. If it will not justify it, then the only consequence is that the mind of government has been poisoned against a citizen, neither knowing nor suspecting it, and perhaps too distant to bring forward his justification. This will at least furnish the collector with a convenient weapon to keep down a rival, draw a cloud over an inconvenient censor, or satisfy mere malice and private enmity.\nThe object of this new institution is to be to prevent infractions of the laws of neutrality, and preserve our peace with foreign nations. Acts involving war, or proceedings which respect foreign nations, seem to belong either to the department of war, or to that which is charged with the affairs of foreign nations. But I cannot possibly conceive how the superintendance of the laws of neutrality, or the preservation of our peace with foreign nations can be ascribed to the department of the treasury, which I suppose to comprehend merely matters of revenue. It would be to add a new and a large feild to a department already amply provided with business, patronage, and influence.\u2014It was urged as a reason, that the collectors of the customs are in convenient positions for this espionage. They are in convenient positions too for building ships of war: but will that business be transplanted from it\u2019s department, merely because it can be conveniently done in another?\nIt seemed the desire that if this means was disapproved, some other equivalent might be adopted.\u2014Tho we considered the acts of a foreigner making a capture within our limits, as an act of public hostility, and therefore to be turned over to the military, rather than the civil power; yet the acts of our own citizens infringing the laws of neutrality, or contemplating that, are offences against the ordinary laws and cognisable by them. Grand jurors are the constitutional inquisitors and informers of the country, they are scattered every where, see every thing, see it while they suppose themselves mere private persons, and not with the prejudiced eye of a permanent and systematic spy. Their information is on oath, is public, it is in the vicinage of the party charged, and can be at once refuted. These officers taken only occasionally from among the people, are familiar to them, the office respected, and the experience of centuries has shewn that it is safely entrusted with our character, property and liberty. A grand juror cannot carry on systematic persecution against a neighbor whom he hates, because he is not permanent in the office.\u2014The Judges generally, by a charge, instruct the Grand jurors in the infractions of law which are to be noticed by them; and our judges are in the habit of printing their charges in the newspapers. The Judges having notice of the proclamation, will perceive that the occurrence of a foreign war has brought into activity the laws of neutrality, as a part of the law of the land. This new branch of the law they will know needs explanation to the grand juries more than any other. They will study and define the subject to them and to the public. The public mind will by this be warned against the acts which may endanger our peace, and foreign nations will see a much more respectable evidence of our bon\u00e2 fide intentions to preserve neutrality, and society will be relieved from the inquietude which must for ever be excited by the knowlege of the existence of such a poison in it as secret accusation. It will be easy to suggest this matter to the attention of the judges, and that alone puts the whole machine into motion. The one is a familiar, impartial and precise instrument, the other, not popular in it\u2019s present functions, will be odious in the new ones, and the odium will reach the Executive who will be considered as having planted a germ of private inquisition absolutely unknown to our laws.\u2014I am not quite certain what was considered as agreed upon yesterday.\u2014It cannot be too late however to suggest the substitution of the Judges and grand-jurors in place of the collectors of the customs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0633", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 8 May 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello May 8: 1793.\nWe returned to Monticello on the evening of the sixth inst. Our journey has only increased our relish for retirement and our fondness for this charming spot which we quit allways with the greatest reluctance. Patsy and the children are well. We are unhappy at Maria\u2019s indisposition but put much confidence in the strength of her constitution.\nYour desire respecting a horse shall be particularly attended to: upon the first information of your set being broken I began to look out and soon fixed on one having all the qualities apparently which I knew you would require. I purchased it immediately but upon trial have reason to think that it is too delicate for the long journeys you are obliged to make. I have hopes of meeting with another more fit, shortly.\nFrom the dullness with which the operations you directed to be performed by your Carpenters were carried on during my absence altho\u2019 I placed them immediately under the command of Clarkson I think it would be better to employ some industrious white-person to labor with them and lay off their work for them. It will be of the greatest advantage to them to be superintended by one who is a tolerable carpenter as they are more awkward and clumsy than you can conceive and are really incapable of raising the coarsest building without some one to direct them in every part of the work. It will be easy to contrive a mode of compensation for the services of such a person that will stimulate him to perform any piece of work in the shortest time and my attention will insure its being well done. A variety of little jobs will appear in the neighbourhood which may be done with out any great interference with your business and these will afford a sum sufficient for the pay of the superintendant. I am convinced that the gain in the quantity not considering the quality of the work would be considerable after the deduction of as much as would discharge the wages of the Overseer. Clarkson is so constantly occupied in directing the hands employed in agriculture and so totally ignorant of every thing else that he is of little accompt. I shall not hezitate to take any step in this matter which it is manifest will advance your interests but shall be extremely cautious not to enter into any engagements which may not be dissolved, without giving umbrage, immediately upon your intimating your dislike.\nClarkson goes on very well with the crop: the wheat is remarkably fine and the quantity great enough to make it worth your while to procure the new threshing machine immediately. Your most sincere and aff: friend\nTh: M. Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0634", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste Ternant, 8 May 1793\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphie 8 May 1793 I\u2019an 2 de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise\nJ\u2019ai re\u00e7u hier au soir votre lettre du 7e. concernant la prise contest\u00e9e qui a fait le sujet de votre pr\u00e9c\u00e9dente du 3. D\u00e8s que cette premi\u00e8re lettre m\u2019est parvenue, j\u2019en ai sur le champ, donn\u00e9 communication officielle au Consul g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de notre R\u00e9publique, en le chargeant d\u2019en informer aussit\u00f4t le Commandant de l\u2019Embuscade, et de m\u2019adresser le plus promptement possible les t\u00e9moignages et observations n\u00e9cessaires, pour me mettre en \u00e9tat de repondre au Gouvernement des Etats unis. Cette marche est de devoir strict pour moi. Le Consul g\u00e9n\u00e9ral, quoique press\u00e9 d\u2019acc\u00e9lerer son examen, ne m\u2019en a pas encore fait parvenir le r\u00e9sultat. Je viens de le lui demander de nouveau: et si je l\u2019obtiens aujourd\u2019hui, comme j\u2019en ai le plus vif d\u00e9sir, j\u2019aurai l\u2019honneur de vous l\u2019adresser sur le champ. Soyez persuad\u00e9 que je sens trop les inconveniens du d\u00e9lay, pour ne pas mettre tout mon z\u00e8le \u00e0 l\u2019abr\u00e9ger. Au reste, la Conduite franche et loyale du Citoyen Bompard en amenant ici le Grange, doit vous \u00eatre un S\u00fbr garant qu\u2019il ne disposera de cette prise, que quand elle aura \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9cid\u00e9ment prononc\u00e9e bonne et valide.\nS. Ternant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0635", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Mary Barclay, 9 May 1793\nFrom: Barclay, Mary\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nThe Retreat 9 May 1793\nYou have heard of the irreparable loss I and my family have Sustained. Your friendship to me formerly emboldens me to trouble you at this time. In a letter I lately received from Coln. Humphreys he advises me to make application to you, that the person who should be authorised to take possession of the public property that was in Mr. Barclays charge, may be directed to deliver his private effects to the order of the person or persons empowerd to receive them. John Barclay Esqr. of Philadelphia is the person to whom I would wish Mr. Barclays private effects to be sent, and your giving directions that they may be delivered to his order will add to the obligations, confer\u2019d on me by your attentions to myself and family in France, and with them will be ever gratefully acknowledged by Sir your most obedt humble Servant\nMary Barclay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0636", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 9 May 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr. Coxe has the honor to transmit the foregoing to the Secretary of State. He forgot to mention this morning that he had written particularly to Mr. Seton on the Subject communicated by the Secretary yesterday noon.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0637", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 9 May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTreasury Department May 9. 1793\nI have this moment received your Letter of yesterday.\nIt appears to me, as it does to you, that the position of the Collectors of the Customs will render them the most convenient channel of distribution for the Passports; nor do I perceive, that it can interfere with their other duties.\nIt will be equally agreeable to me, that they be transmitted either directly from your office, or through this department. If you prefer the latter, which I shall with pleasure facilitate, I will request you to cause them to be sent in the first instance to me \u2026 when I will put them in the usual course of conveyance. With great respect I have the honor to be Sir Your obedient servant\nAlexander Hamilton\nP.S. Inclosed is the copy of a letter from the Collector of New York to Mr. Coxe of the 7th instant, which is transmitted for your consideration.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0638", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 9 May 1793\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\n Fredericksburgh May 9th. 1793.\nI came here a few days past to attend the district court and shall leave this place on the 10th. for the chy. in Richmond which commences on the 12. In Charlottesville in the case of Barrett the verdict and judgment were against you, deducting the interest as you had proposed during the war. He had no proof except that of Colo. Lewis to establish his claim (at the trial). Upon confering with this latter gentleman I found he had an imperfect recollection of what had passed between him and Barrett, whether he had refused to pay him the whole interest, as well during as since the war, and upon shewing him the paper containing your instruction, and upon which his proposition must have been founded, he expressed a wish it might be shewn the court and jury in the trial, as he could not say he had made any other proposal, and the presumption would then be satisfactory that he had not. To this I agreed. Upon the trial I took the opinion of the court whether, without my consent they could avail themselves of Colo. Lewis\u2019s evidence, he being your trustee\u2014which was that they could not. I then admitted it with an assurance to the court and jury, that if the claim could in any mode be established it would be allowed. Colo. Lewis referred to the paper in my possession and which I then producd, making it a point whether that paper amounted to an assumpsit, being only a conditional proposition, with an absolute declaration you did not believe the debt was due. Tucker was of opinion it was no assumpsit. Roane doubted, but both were of opinion it might go to the jury\u2014and their verdict was founded upon your apparent willingness to pay it under certain modifications, which were regarded in it. I moved the court for a new trial as against evidence, and it lay over till the next day. Then Roane had left the bench for the residue of the term. Finding that if the verdict had been in your favor, you were resolved to pay the money, in case Barrett would prove his account, by affidavit only, and he upon conference assuring me that he would not only do it in that mode but by some orders, he was well assured you had forgotten, I saw no benefit resulting from a success in the motion for a new trial especially as in any event you would be forced to pay the costs of the proceeding. I then proposed to Barrett that if he would permit me to state to the court that if he had known the real contents of your instruction to Colo. Lewis (for he declared that Colo. Lewis had refused to pay any interest) he never would have brought suit against you, but waited your accomodation, I would withdraw the motion, and to which he agreed\u2014observing further that he knew nothing of the transaction about [Sheys?] bond untill after the suit was over\u2014that it was bought up by a brother of his, suit brought, and every operation conducted by his brother and absolutely without his knowledge. I accordingly stated the affair as above agreed and withdrew the motion. Barrett said he would wait till the fall for the money but expected interest of which I informed him I would advise you. Of your other business I will write you from Richmond.\nIn my rout I scarcely find a man unfriendly to the French revolution as now modified. Many regret the unhappy fate of the Marq: of Fayette, and likewise the execution of the king. But they seem to consider these events as incidents to a much greater one, and which they wish to see accomplished. The sphere of the opposit policy may be considered (exclusive of the tory interest of the Late war) as confined to Alexa., a city which certainly comprehends no enlightened man, and Richmond. At the bar here two gentlemen only are in this sentiment, Chs. Lee and Bushrod Washington, the former of Alexa. and the latter Richmd.\u2014and tis manifest that their opposition to the general sentiment of their country, is not confined to the principles of the French revolution only, but extends to the general policy of the representation in Congress, and particularly the late proceedings and enquiries respecting the use and application of the publick monies. It was declared by the former, and in a manner that shewed it was no recent conception, that Mr. Madison in stating the disobedience of the Secry. of that department to the orders of the President, had placed the merits of the controversy on an improper footing. Col: Mercer, who conducted the argument against him, affirmed the contrary, with other declarations expressive of the strongest disapprobation of his conduct and distrust of his rectitude.\nI left Mrs. M. in Alb: not well recovered from the fatigue of the journey but in other respects tolerably well. Mr. R. and family were and had been absent since our return\u2014Gilmer and others well. You have probably heard of a charge of a very heinous kind against R. Rand.; and that before the examining court he was acquitted 12. to 2. of the magistrates in his favor, and upon the question for his enlargement. The accounts here are universally in his favor, and seem to have removed impressions that were before deeply fixed. Very affectionately I am yr. friend & servant\nJas. Monroe\nPS. I have not received a line from any person there since I left Phila.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0639", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Vans Murray, 9 May 1793\nFrom: Vans Murray, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nCambridge. E.S. Maryland 9th. May 1793.\nAs it is not improbable that either the French minister, or Some one of the ministers of the Combined powers may apply to you on a transaction which took place in this District, yesterday, you will I am Sure excuse me in this trouble.\nA Prize, taken from the British, by a French Privateer, lately a packet from this town, was sent up the Choptank, within the District of the port of Oxford, a few days since. The Custom house officer, Col.  Banning called on me for my advice and the construction of the 17th. article of the Commercial Treaty. Hearing that the prize was then commanded by a citizen of Maryland, of this county, and considering the Rights of Neutrality I advised the Naval officer to detain the prize, provided No commissioned officer could \u201cshow his commission\u201d which by the article 17th. he is bound to do\u2014and that only.\nOn going on board the prize (a large Schooner) Capt. John Hooper was in possession of her and show\u2019d a written paper in French, purporting to be a copy of a Commission to a Capt. Ferey a french citizen from the Executive Council of the French Republic. This copy was by way of recital, no name that I remember of any of the Executive Council\u2014and then follow\u2019d his orders to Hooper to carry in the prize to any port of the US.\u2014(So on my memory.) This the Officer did not think a sufficient commission even had it been in the hands of a French Citizen, much less so in the hands of a Citizen of Maryland\u2014and seized the Vessel as deficient in papers\u2014and having been three or four days in port without entering. This accorded really with my own ideas of the duties of good faith under the rights of Neutral States\u2014supposing that if Mr. Hooper had even had a commission from the French Republic or any of its agents, authorised, the Commission would be divested of its powers and rights under the 17th: article the moment that he a citizen came within the reach or operation of the rights of Dominion of the U.S.\nIf the U.S. are to join, the Government must say so\u2014till that however, as a citizen I thought myself bound to aid the discharge of Neutral duties.\nAs to my wishes\u2014my affections and my whole Soul are devoted to the success of the French Republic and the establishment of their Republican Government.\nBy possessing you as early as possible of some of the particulars of this business I thought you might without much delay see the ground on which any complaint would stand on either side. Hooper is said to be a holder of an 8th. of the privateer\u2014Capt. Tucker commanded the prize when taken. I am Dear Sir with every Sentiment of Sincere respect & esteem yr. mo. obt.\nW. V. Murray\n   She was from New Providence, bound for Philada.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0640", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Randolph, 9 May 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n E.R. to Mr. J.\nPhiladelphia May 9. 1793.\nI cannot suffer my engagements in business, to interfere with a reply to the observations, with which you favored me, on the proposed letter to the collectors. For while I shall support, within my limited sphere, every just energy of government; I am solicitous, that my friends should ever believe, that I do support it, because it contributes to the essence of republicanism, and our f\u0153deral safety.\nYou recollect, that I was on the point of making Your very objection, as deserving consideration, when you mentioned it. It was impossible not to have heard, that the revenue-officers have been suspected to be a corps, trained to the arts of spies, in the service of the Treasury. Awake as I was to this conjecture, I wished not only to guard against the practice, but to submit it to an accurate inquiry.\nI accordingly asked Colo. H. whether his correspondence has at any time been directed to the prying into the conduct of individuals, or even an inspection over the legislatures. He solemnly appealed to his letter-books for a proof of the negative.\nViewing then his draught, as unconnected with past suspicions, I could discover nothing, opposed to my judgment.\nWas there ever a government, which hesitated to gather information from its executive officers? If their duties are defined; still it may reasonably be expected, that they will readily transmit general intelligence to the fountain head. A refusal might not be the ground of an impeachment; but under the strictest constitution it would be deemed an indecorum, unless public duties absorbed too much of their time. In truth, when I consider, that government cannot proceed blindfold; that it must proceed blindfold in general cases, if it does not retain intelligencers, catch flying reports, or correspond with persons of confidence, and that of these three expedients, the last is intitled to a preference; a letter to almost every officer in the U.S. would scarcely be censurable, if it promised to be effectual.\nBut it is thought best to waive so universal an instruction, and select those, who are most capable of furnishing the desired information. What is this desired information? The U.S., conscious of their love  of neutrality, are anxious to afford proofs, by deeds as well as words. They have reason to suppose, that the preponderance of affection in the people towards the French will subject the conduct of government to harsh constructions. The natural remedy against such a mischief is to watch the violations of neutrality, to punish them, and, if necessary, to provide further legislative arrangements. In this last object, the collectors are, from their position near the water, the scene of those violations, best qualified to assist congress. To stop here would at least be innocent; but more probably useful.\nWhy too, may not the collectors be requested, to represent any unlawful actions, which fall more immediately under their notice, to the district attornies? It is the right, nay duty of every citizen to enforce the laws. This has been the constant opinion of governments in most proclamations, which call upon the officers at large to cooperate in bringing offenders to justice. It would be a vain pretence, and wholly unsatisfactory to the warring powers, to make a request of the kind to all officers so as to comprehend the very excise officers on the top of the Allegany. But it is direct and wears the aspect of fidelity, to point the attention of those, who are most likely to know the facts, to the communication of them to the efficient authority.\nYou ask, why this class of offences may not be left to the usual course of offences? They will not be wrested from the usual course. For as a collector might always inform the attorney, consistently with law, without being required to do so; the stimulus to his vigilance would be no otherwise different, than to infuse a warmer incentive, unknown to the cold duty of a private citizen. As soon as the Attorney possesses the case, the grandjury, judges, and rest of the judicial apparatus, which I esteem with you, as bulwarks, will travel in the work according to the forms, which you have delineated.\nIt is true, that the original draught proposed, that a report should be made to the Secretary of the treasury. But this was agreed to be erased upon my suggestion; so that the intercourse was confined to the attorney alone. This correction goes very far into your main objection.\nThe impropriety of the treasury-department, entering into this business, was so slightly hinted by you during the consultation, that it did not pass thro\u2019 any discussion in my mind. It is a misfortune, that the line of partition is not always obvious between the different departments. In this particular instance, the correspondence, as being relative to infractions of law, committed by our own citizens, might seem to devolve on the domestic branch of the department of state; or, as relative to the violation of the rights of foreign nations, on the foreign branch of the department of state; or, as being directed to the  collectors, to whom the secretary daily writes, was barely important enough to be turned out of that channel. At the same time, it will be better, I believe, that on those occasions, which do not evidently belong to one department rather than another, the President should specially instruct, whom he pleases; and that the letters should express, that they are written by his direction.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0641", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Baptiste Ternant, 9 May 1793\nFrom: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphie 9 May 1793. l\u2019an 2 de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous adresser cy jointe une copie du rapport que le Consul g\u00e9n\u00e9ral de notre R\u00e9publique vient de me remettre concernant la prise et la r\u00e9clamation du navire Anglois le Grange. Si ce rapport qui contient l\u2019exposition des principes et des raisons que j\u2019ai \u00e0 faire valoir vous laisse encore quelques \u00e9claircissemens \u00e0 d\u00e9sirer, je m\u2019empresserai de les donner dans une conf\u00e9rence particuli\u00e9re, \u00e0 l\u2019heure que vous voudrez bien m\u2019indiquer. Mon Successeur \u00e9tant journellement attendu, et ayant lieu de croire qu\u2019il sera muni d\u2019instructions applicables au cas dont il s agit, il me reste \u00e0 vous prier de n\u2019y Statuer d\u00e9finitivement qu\u2019apr\u00e8s son arriv\u00e9e dans cette residence.\nSign\u00e9 Ternant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0642", "content": "Title: Enclosure: La Forest\u2019s Report on the Grange, [ca. 9 May 1793]\nFrom: La Forest, Antoine Ren\u00e9 Charles Mathurin de\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nEnclosureLa Forest\u2019s Report on the Grange\nLe Consul g\u00e9n\u00e9ral au Ministre pl\u00e9nipotentiaire de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise pr\u00e8s les Etats unis.\nJ\u2019ai re\u00e7u et je m\u2019empresse de vous remettre les papiers que vous avez bien voulu m\u2019envoyer avec votre lettre du 3 de ce mois. J\u2019en ai donn\u00e9 communication au Citoyen Bompard commandant l\u2019Embuscade. Le Batiment Anglois le Grange, son equipage et Sa Cargaison resteront dans ce port, conform\u00e9ment \u00e0 la demande du s\u00e9cr\u00e9taire d\u2019Etat des Etats unis, en attendant d\u00e9cision ult\u00e9rieure, et il ne Sera rien chang\u00e9 \u00e0 Sa situation pr\u00e9sente.\nLe Citoyen Bompard a pris le Grange, dans la ferme persuasion que ce batiment n\u2019\u00e9toit plus sous la protection d\u2019un territoire neutre. Il pouvoit l\u2019envoyer en france, ou dans les Colonies, et rien ne prouve mieux sa confiance dans l\u2019impartialit\u00e9 du Gouvernement americain, que la bonne foi avec laquelle il a fait remonter sa prise \u00e0 Philadelphie.\nLe Ministre pl\u00e9nipotentiaire de la Cour de Londres reclame le Grange, dans la Supposition que ce batiment a \u00e9t\u00e9 pris dans l\u2019\u00e9tendue du territoire de la Jurisdiction des Etats unis. J\u2019ai compar\u00e9 les d\u00e9positions Sur lesquelles il se fonde avec les proc\u00e8s verbaux produits par le Citoyen Bompard. Je n\u2019y vois aucune diff\u00e9rence materielle quant aux faits. Le Capitaine de l\u2019Embuscade admet que le Batiment Anglois a \u00e9t\u00e9 pris \u00e0 l\u2019ancre ayant encore un pilote \u00e0 Bord, \u00e9tant \u00e0 un mille \u00e0 peu pr\u00e9s dans l\u2019ouest de la Bou\u00e9e du banc de Sable appell\u00e9 le Brown. Le Cap James restant au Sud 4 d\u00e9gr\u00e8s est distant de quatre lieues 10 parties environ, le Cap May restant a l\u2019Est 3 d\u00e9gr\u00e8s sud distant de 5 lieues environ, la terre la plus proche \u00e9tant le point appell\u00e9 Draper\u2019s inlet distant d\u2019environ 3 lieues. Il s\u2019agit donc d\u2019appliquer les principes aux faits reconnus par les deux parties, et rien n\u2019emp\u00eache que la question ne puisse \u00eatre bient\u00f4t d\u00e9termin\u00e9e.\nJ\u2019observerai avant tout, qu\u2019il faut \u00e9tablir le Sens des mots territoire et jurisdiction qui sont li\u00e9s ensemble dans la reclamation du Ministre pl\u00e9nipotentiaire Britannique. La jurisdiction de tout \u00e9tat Maritime S\u2019\u00e9tend tr\u00e8s loin. Elle prend connoissance par exemple des d\u00e9lits commis en haute mer \u00e0 bord d\u2019un batiment Marchand quelconque et \u00e0 quelque distance que ce soit, d\u00e9s que ce que batiment entre dans les limites du territoire. Ce genre de jurisdiction est \u00e9tranger au Sujet. Le mot jurisdiction m\u00eame s\u2019y trouve m\u00e9l\u00e9 mal \u00e0 propos, il d\u00e9nature l\u2019id\u00e9e \u00e0 laquelle Seule on doit S\u2019attacher. La question se r\u00e9duit en effet \u00e0 Savoir Si le Grange \u00e9toit encore Sous la protection d\u2019un territoire neutere \u00e0 l\u2019endroit o\u00f9 il a \u00e9t\u00e9 pris.\nPlusieurs puissances ont manifest\u00e9 des pr\u00e9tentions exag\u00e9r\u00e9es sur l\u2019\u00e9tendue de leur domination maritime: Presque toutes ont eu dans le cours des guerres Europ\u00e9ennes, occasion de S\u2019expliquer sur la ligne neutre de leurs c\u00f4tes. \u00c0 la verit\u00e9, ces actes particuliers d\u2019un souverain n\u2019obligent les autres qu\u2019autant qu\u2019ils veulent bien les reconnoitre. Mais leur effet est d\u2019indiquer l\u2019intention du souverain et les \u00e9gards qu\u2019il attend des nations belligerantes; leur effet est encore au moins une base pour Statuer sur les reclamations respectives de ces nations, dans les cas semblables \u00e0 celui du Grange. J\u2019ai cherch\u00e9 inutilement dans les journaux du Congr\u00e8s sous le r\u00e9gime f\u00e9d\u00e9ral et dans les actes des Etats unis sous le Gouvernement consolid\u00e9, l\u2019expression de quelqu\u2019opinion  Sur la limite des c\u00f4tes et Sur le fait des prises. Tout ce que je trouve, c\u2019est des resolutions nombreuses, qui prononcent bonne prise [un] batiment pris en pleine mer, o\u00fb sur les c\u00f4tes entre le plus haut et le plus bas point des mar\u00e9es, ai[nsi que] la recommandation aux batimens arm\u00e9s des Etats unis de s abstenir de capturer les vaisseaux ennemis Sous la protection des c\u00f4tes neutres. Les Etats unis n\u2019ont donc prononc\u00e9 aucune intention particuli\u00e9re pour l\u2019information des puissances dispos\u00e9es autant que la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 faciliter leur neutralit\u00e9. Ils paroissent s\u2019en rapporter aux principes du droit des gens.\nCes principes sont, que tout espace de mer qui est \u00e0 port\u00e9e du Canon le long des c\u00f4tes, est regard\u00e9 comme faisant partie du territoire; que toutes les eaux Sal\u00e9es qui ne sont point eaux closes, ne peuvent \u00eatre regard\u00e9es que comme des extensions de mer; que les eaux Sal\u00e9es communiquant avec la mer peuvent \u00eatre appell\u00e9es Eaux closes, Si les deux caps qui les terminent sont ass\u00e8z rapproch\u00e9s pour en d\u00e9fendre l\u2019entr\u00e9e; que la neutralit\u00e9 des rivages qui bordent les eaux de la mer, ne s\u2019\u00e9tend pas au del\u00e0 de la port\u00e9e du Canon. Plusieurs trait\u00e9s r\u00e9cens particularisent la g\u00e9n\u00e9ralit\u00e9 de ces principes, les font entrer dans le droit public des puissances contractantes, les rendent obligatoires pours elles \u00e0 double titre et donnent \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard un excellent exemple aux autres puissances. Par l\u2019article 12 du trait\u00e9 de commerce entre la france et la Grande Br\u00e9tagne du 26 Septembre 1786, les deux pays S\u2019engagent \u00e0 ne pas souffrir que sur leurs c\u00f4tes \u00e0 la port\u00e9e du canon les batimens respectifs Soient pris par un ennemi. Par l\u2019article XXVIII du trait\u00e9 de navigation et de commerce entre la france et la Russie du 11 Janvier 1787 chacune des deux parties contractantes promet 1\u00b0. de n\u2019attaquer jamais les vaisseaux ennemis que hors de la port\u00e9e du canon des c\u00f4tes de son alli\u00e9; 2\u00b0. d\u2019observer la plus parfaite neutralit\u00e9 dans les ports, havres et autres eaux comprises sous le nom d\u2019eaux closes.\nIl resulte de l\u2019application de ces principes aux faits admis concernant la prise du Grange 1\u00b0. que ce batiment \u00e9toit \u00e0 3 lieues de la terre la plus voisine et par cons\u00e9quent hors de la port\u00e9e du canon et de toute protection du territoire, 2\u00b0. que la Baye de Delaware large de 21 milles a l\u2019entr\u00e9e des caps, bient\u00f4t apr\u00e8s, large de 30 milles, et dans laquelle se vuident les eaux de la rivierre du m\u00eame nom a Bacon\u2019s neck et Bombay hook, ne peut entrer dans la classe des Eaux closes; 3\u00b0. que la Baye, longue d\u2019environ 38 milles ne pr\u00e9sentant \u00e0 Son entr\u00e9e, ni dans aucun des points de sa prolongation aucun signe de neutralit\u00e9 qui puisse indiquer la volont\u00e9 des Etats unis, laisse un libre acc\u00e8s aux vaisseaux des puissances belligerantes, 4\u00b0. Que le batiment anglois le Grange, a donc pu \u00eatre pris par la fr\u00e9gate l\u2019Embuscade dans la Situation cy dessus d\u00e9crite.\nOn pourra objecter que la Bo\u00fc\u00e9e \u00e9tablie sur le bas fond dit le Brown, \u00e0 un mille de laquelle le Grange \u00e9toit mouill\u00e9, indique une occupation territoriale mais on voit sur diff\u00e9rentes c\u00f4tes des Bo\u00fc\u00e9es \u00e9tablies jusqu\u2019\u00e0 20 lieues au large pour la Suret\u00e9 de la navigation: Ces bo\u00fc\u00e9es sont un bienfait, et non point un Signe d\u2019occupation.\nOn pourra objecter qu\u2019un fond couvert de 13 brasses d\u2019eau Seulement, tel que celui ou le Grange \u00e9toit mouill\u00e9, est une annexe de territoire. Mais sans S\u2019\u00e9loigner des c\u00f4tes des Etats unis, ne voit-on pas des bas fonds s\u2019\u00e9tendre \u00e0 une grande distance des terres? D\u00e8s qu\u2019un fond est couvert d\u2019eau c\u2019est sa distance de la terre la plus voisine, et non point le produit de la sonde qui d\u00e9termine la position neutre.\nOn pourra objecter que le Grange avoit encore Son pilote a Bord: Mais on  Sait qu\u2019il est beaucoup de Bayes, de Golphes, et meme des c\u00f4tes d\u2019ailleurs peu Sinueuses, o\u00f9 les bancs de Sable sont tellement multipli\u00e9s, qu\u2019un pilote est oblig\u00e9 de mener un batiment tr\u00e8s loin en haute mer, avant de pouvoir l\u2019abandonner aux soins du Capitaine. Jamais l\u2019\u00e9tend\u00fce n\u00e9cessaire du pilotage n\u2019a prolong\u00e9 la protection d\u2019une c\u00f4te neutre.\nTelles sont Citoyen Ministre pl\u00e9nipotentiaire les observations qu\u2019il \u00e9toit de mon devoir de mettre sous vos yeux pour que vous puissiez faire au Gouvernement des Etats unis la reponse que vous jugerez convenable. Je crois qu\u2019il est heureux, que cette question se soit \u00e9l\u00e9v\u00e9e d\u00e8s le commencement des hostilit\u00e9s. Elle donnera lieu \u00e0 des explications et \u00e0 des mesures utiles dans toute neutralit\u00e9.\nSign\u00e9 Delaforest", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-25-02-0644", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 10 May 1793\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nFredbg. May 10. 1793.\nI could wish Mr. Beckley might receive [this?] immediately. But if he should not be in town will you be so kind as possess him of it as soon as possible, adverting to the consideration that it requires of him to perform something in Phila.\nI wrote you a few days past and shall again from Richmd. whither I am just sitting out. Yrs. affectionately\nJas: Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0001", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nathaniel Anderson, 11 May 1793\nFrom: Anderson, Nathaniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond May 11th 1793\nMr. Genet the french Embassador left this place this morning for Philadelphia. I think it probable that he may come on some terms with the President, for the payment of our debt to france in the Shipment of wheat flour &c, and that an Agent here will be wanting. I have therefore to request the favor of you to Mention me, If you think me worthy of the Appointment. I have one American Ship, and in A few days expect to Own another, and I can Negotiate Bills of Exchange on London, Bordeaux, Cadiz, and I believe any other Port in Europe, provided funds are placed to draw on, to the Satisfaction of William Anderson & Co. of London. I did not Mention the Subject to Mr. Genet. It was my intention, but my friend Colo. Robert Gamble having Spoken to him before prevented me, as it was not my wish to be his Competitor, he and myself have agree\u2019d that if the Business here would be an Object for Us both, that we will be equally Concerned. Otherwise it would be my desire that he should have the preference. The above Mentioned Ships will load immediately here with Tobacco for London and return with fall goods, when I could send them to Any port in france. Your friendship in this or any other Business you may think proper to Mention my Name in, Shall be ever Acknowledged by Dear Sir your very respectfull hble Servt\nNathl. Anderson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0002", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David M. Clarkson, 11 May 1793\nFrom: Clarkson, David M.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSt. Eustatius, 11 May 1793. He acknowledges receipt of his consular commission for this island from the President, as well as his instructions and the laws of the United States, but notes that he is unable to exercise this office because to his surprise the governor of the island has informed him that the  States General has ordered all Dutch governors in their American colonies not to acknowledge consuls from the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0005", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 11 May 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nGreat Cumberland Place London 11 May 1793\nMr. Harriott is so obliging as to take charge of your news papers up to the present date\u2014with these I inclose a copy of the instructions given to the commanders of Vessels carrying letters of Marque, on which it will be necessary for our Merchants to observe that the property of all  persons resident in the Dominions of France is liable to capture and the decisions of the British Courts of Admiralty last war established that if a partner of any mercantile house is a resident in France his proportion of any property belonging to the house which may be captured is liable to condemnation.\nOn the subject of impressments I am referred till the arrival of answers to enquiries directed to be made by Mr. Bond for the conclusion of permanent regulations: in the mean [time] impressment has not fallen so heavy on our trade as on former occasions, the masters of some of our Vessels have informed me that they had not been boarded by any press gang during their stay here and I inclose a copy from a mercantile house at Leith which shews that though some irregularities have taken place it has not met with the countenance of Government. I am informed by Mr. Van staphorst that he has two large packets of news papers for me from America but does not know how to forward them as they are too bulky for the post. I shall esteem it a favor if you will in future direct my papers to be sent to the Consul at either of the Ports of this kingdom with directions to forward them immediately by the mail coach which is an expeditious and not expensive mode of conveyance. I have the honor to be with sincere respect My dear Sir Your most faithful and obedient Servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0006", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Stevens, 11 May 1793\nFrom: Stevens, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nAlexandria 11th May 1793\nYour favour of the 18th. Ulto. was delivered to me three or four days agoe, And at a time, Just as I was seting out on a Tour through part of my Survey upon publick business; But so soon as I return home your request shall be complied with, as far as it Lays in my Power, For in Genl. Gates defeat, I was unfortunate enough to loose all my Baggage and Papers. I am with great esteem Dear Sir your very hum: Servt\nedward stevens", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0008", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Fenwick, 12 May 1793\nFrom: Fenwick, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBordeaux 12 May 1793.\nHerewith is a copy of my last letter. The chanels now left to write you from this country render it imprudent to say anything on the subject of politics. We are perfectly quiet here and in the neighbourhood of this Department. The government of France continues their uniform protection and favor to the American Commerce, and the Trading people have much confidence in and pay higher freights to American vessels than to any other neutral ones.\nI enclose you a third Copy of a Bond required of the Consuls, least those that preceded it have not reached you. Mr. John Mason of George Town Potomack will procure the security required.\nI annex a note of the prices of American produce, and the freights of American Ships now here and remain with the greatest respect Sir your most obedient and humble Servant\nJoseph Fenwick\nFreights for W. Indias\u201430 a 34 Dollars per Ton of 4 hhds Wine & ten per Ct.\nfor Isle france\u2007\u2007\u200740\u2014Dlrs. per do and as much back\u2014Dto.\nfor Holland & Hans Towns 4 \u00a3rs Str per ton\u2007\u2007& Dto.\n  for the Baltic\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2003\u2003\u2003\u20095 a 5. 10/ do: per do.\nForeign\nWheat 7/ Str per American Bushel\nflower 35/ Str per Barrel\nTobacco 60 a 90\u20b6 per Ct.\nWhale Oil 65\u20b6 per Ct.\nliver Dto. 75\u20b6 per Ct.\nWhale Bone 200 a 250 per Ct.\nBeef 100\u20b6 per Barrel\nExchange London 4d Str per livre  \nPork 120 a 130\u20b6 per Dto.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0009", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef de Jaudenes and Josef Ignacio de Viar, 12 May 1793\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMui Se\u00f1or nuestro\nPhiladelphia 12. de Mayo de 1793.\nLas mismas miras que tubimos en pasar \u00e0 manos de V.S. Copia del tratado concluido entre Espa\u00f1a, y la Nacion Creeke el a\u00f1o de 1784, nos inducen ahora \u00e0 remitir \u00e0 V.S. adjunta otra Copia del que se concluy\u00f2 el a\u00f1o proximo pasado por nuestro Governador de Natches con las Naciones Chactaws, y Chicachas, y nos lisonjeamos que enterado el Presidente de los Estados Unidos de sus contenidos, se valdr\u00e0 de los medios mas oportunos, y que puedan contribuir \u00e0 evitar el que los Estados Unidos entren en Convenios con los precitados Indios que sean opuestos \u00e0 los que tienen estipulados con nosotros, rectificando al mismo tiempo los de esta naturaleza concluidos anteriormente por el Govierno de V.S. Nos repetimos \u00e0 la disposicion de V.S. con la mas fina voluntad, y respeto, quedando, Se\u00f1or Los mas obedtes. y humdes. servs. Q.B.L.M. de V.S.\njosef de jaudenesjosef ignacio de viar\neditors\u2019 translation\nOur very dear Sir\nPhiladelphia 12 May 1793\nThe same purpose we had in transmitting to your hands a copy of the treaty concluded between Spain and the Creek Nation in 1784 induces us now to send you enclosed another copy of the treaty concluded last year by our Governor of  Natchez with the Choctaw Nation and the Chickasaws, and we flatter ourselves with the belief that the President of the United States, once informed of its contents, will avail himself of the most appropriate means conducive to keeping the United States from entering into accords with the aforementioned Indians that may conflict with those they have reached with us as well as at the same time revising such accords previously reached by your government. Again we place ourselves at your disposition with all good will and respect, remaining, Sir, your most obedient and humble servants. Respectfully yours,\njosef de jaudenesjosef ignacio de viar", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0010", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef de Jaudenes and Josef Ignacio de Viar, 12 May 1793\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMui Se\u00f1or nuestro\nPhiladelphia 12. de Mayo de 1793.\nAdjuntas tenemos la honrra de pasar \u00e0 manos de V.S. Copias de una Carta escrita por el Governador de Sn. Agustin \u00e0 Dn. Diego Seagrove incluyendole la de un Memorial que se le presento por cinco habitantes de aquella Plaza quexandose de que haviendoseles huido cinco Esclavos de su propriedad al Estado de Georgia, se los han detenido en dicho Estado: Asimismo v\u00e0 \u00e0 continuacion Copia de algunos pasos que se  tomaron en el particular, y tambien la respuesta de Don Diego Seagrove al mencionado Governador.\nSe servir\u00e0 V.S. informar de todo al Presidente de los Estados Unidos, quien no dudamos tendr\u00e0 \u00e0 bien dar las ordenes correspondientes para que no se detengan por el Estado de Georgia \u00e0 los Esclavos en question, ni \u00e0 otro alguno que pasase de las Posesiones del Rey, pues lo contrario ser\u00e0 faltar \u00e0 la reciproca correspondencia que tan justamente reclama la escrupulosidad con que se conduce el Governador de Sn. Agustin sobre este, y demas puntos, y dar\u00e0 motivo \u00e0 que en lo venidero siga dicho Governador el exemplo del Estado de Georgia su vecino. Nos ofrecemos como siempre \u00e0 la obediencia de V.S. con las veras de la mas sincera estimacion, y respeto, con que somos Se\u00f1or Los mas obedtes. y humdes. Servs. Q.B.L.M. de V.S.\njosef de jaudenesjosef ignacio de viar\neditors\u2019 translation\nOur very dear Sir\nPhiladelphia 12 May 1793\nWe have the honor to put into your hands copies, enclosed, of a letter written by the Governor of St. Augustine to Mr. James Seagrove, including the copy of a memorandum presented to him by five residents of that place complaining that five slaves of theirs that had escaped to the State of Georgia had been detained in that state: likewise, attached to that document is the copy of certain steps that were taken regarding the matter, as well as Mr. James Seagrove\u2019s answer to the aforementioned Governor.\nPlease be so kind as to pass all this information to the President of the United States, who we do not doubt will gladly issue the pertinent orders not to detain the slaves in question or any other person who might cross from the King\u2019s possessions, for not to do so would be to disregard the principle of reciprocity that so rightly has invoked the scrupulousness with which the Governor of St. Augustine has conducted himself in this and other matters, and it would give grounds in the future for the said Governor to follow the example of his neighbor the State of Georgia. We place ourselves as always at your disposal, with the most sincere expressions of esteem and respect, as we remain, Sir, your most obedient and humble servants. Respectfully yours,\njosef de jaudenesjosef ignacio de viar", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0011", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef de Jaudenes and Josef Ignacio de Viar, 12 May 1793\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMui Se\u00f1or nuestro\nPhiladelphia 12. de Mayo de 1793.\nLa Carta escrita por el Procurador general del Estado de Georgia Don Juan Young Noel al Secretario del Govierno de Sn. Agustin Don Carlos Howard (de que tenemos la honrra de pasar \u00e0 V.S. adjunta una Copia baxo el No. 1.) impondr\u00e0 \u00e0 V.S. de los pasos que se tomaron en la Georgia con los complices en el robo de los cinco Esclavos pertenecientes \u00e0 Vasallos de S.M.C.; pero como por dicha Carta aparece que se dex\u00f2 pasar la primera Junta del tribunal superior sin resolver conclusivamente sobre el objeto, y \u00e8s de temer que en la otra Junta de dicho tribunal que debe haverse celebrado el 15. de Enero proximo pasado, se haya tomado por efugio para no determinar el no haverse presentado el querellante, \u00f4 su apoderado; pedimos \u00e0 V.S. con este motivo se sirva informar nuevamente al Presidente de los Estados Unidos sobre este objeto para que tenga \u00e0 bien dar las ordenes que Juzgase convenientes \u00e0 fin de que no se dilate la desicion de la causa, y la restitucion consequente de los Esclavos robados por habitantes del Estado de Georgia \u00e0 Vasallos de S.M., con la competente recompensa por los graves perjuicios causados \u00e0 sus verdaderos Due\u00f1os.\nA maior abundamiento pasamos \u00e0 V.S. tambien copia baxo el No. 2. de la respuesta que dio el mencionado Dn. Carlos Howard \u00e0 Dn. Juan Young Noel. Nos reiteramos de V.S. con el mas sincero afecto, y veneracion Se\u00f1or Los mas obedtes. y humdes. servs. Q.B.L.M. de V.S.\njosef de jaudenesjosef ignacio de viar\neditors\u2019 translation\nOur very dear Sir\nPhiladelphia 12 May 1793\nThe letter written by the Attorney General of the State of Georgia, Mr. John Young Noel, to the Secretary of the government of St. Augustine, Mr. Carlos Howard (of which we have the honor to enclose a copy for you under No. 1), will inform you of the steps that were taken in Georgia regarding those involved in the theft of the five slaves belonging to vassals of His Catholic Majesty; but since it appears from said letter that the first session of the supreme court was allowed to pass without resolving the matter conclusively, and it is to be feared that in the next session of the said court, which was to have taken place the 15th of January last, the fact that neither the plaintiff nor his representative appeared may have served as a subterfuge for not reaching a decision, we for this reason beg you once more kindly to inform the President of the United States regarding this matter, so that he may see fit to issue such orders as he deems appropriate with the object of not further delaying a decision in the case and of returning the slaves stolen by inhabitants of the State of Georgia from His Majesty\u2019s vassals,  together with adequate recompense for the serious damages inflicted upon their true owners.\nFurther, we transmit to you also a copy under No. 2 of the answer given by the aforesaid Mr. Carlos Howard to Mr. John Young Noel. We assure you again of our most sincere regard and respect, Sir, your most obedient and humble servants\njosef de jaudenesjosef ignacio de viar", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0013", "content": "Title: Note on the Public Debt, 12 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nMay. 12. Lear called on me to-day. Speaking of the lowness of stocks (16/) I observed it was a pity we had not money to buy on publick account.\u2014He said yes, and that it was the more provoking as 2 millions had been borrowed for that purpose and drawn over here, and yet were not here. That he had no doubt those would take notice of the circumstance whose duty it was to do so.\u2014I suppose he must mean the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0014", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 12 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMy Dear Martha\nPhiladelphia May. 12. 1793.\nI have at length found time to copy Petit\u2019s list of the packages sent to Richmond. Tho\u2019 I have not heard of their arrival there, I take for granted they must be arrived. I inclose you the list wherein I have marked with an * the boxes which must remain at Richmond till they can be carried up by water, as to put them into a waggon would be a certain sacrifice of them. They are the Nos. 2. 5. 10. 18. 19. 22. 23. 25. 26. 27. 28. Such of the others as contain any thing that you think would be convenient immediately, you may perhaps find means of having brought up. As to the rest, they may lie till I can have waggons of my own or find some other oeconomical means of getting them up. In any way it will be expensive, many of the boxes being enormously large.\u2014I got a person to write to Scotland for a mason and house-joiner for me. I learn that they were engaged, and only waited for a ship. They will be delivered at Richmond to the address of Mr. Brown. A person who is come here, and knows them personally, says they are fine characters, will be very useful to have on a farm; it is material therefore that they do not remain 24. hours in Richmond to be spoiled. I shall write to Mr. Brown to send them off instantly and shall be obliged to Mr. Randolph to have an eye to the same object. How to employ them will be the subject of consideration. It will be puzzling till my return. It is one of the great inconveniences I experience by having been persuaded by my friends to defer carrying into execution my determination to retire. However when I see you, it will be never to part again. In the mean time my affairs must be a burthen to Mr. Randolph.\u2014You have never informed me whether the box containing the servant\u2019s clothes, which were sent in December last, have been received. I am anxious to hear, because if it has not, I will prosecute the captain.\u2014Maria\u2019s brain is hard at work to squeeze out a letter for Mr. Randolph. She has been scribbling and rubbing out these three hours, and this moment exclaimed \u2018I do not think I shall get a letter made out to-day.\u2019\u2014We shall see how her labours will end. She wonders you do not write to her. So do I. Present me most affectionately to Mr. Randolph and be assured of my unceasing love to yourself. Kiss the dear little ones for me. Yours &c.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0015", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Adrien Petit\u2019s List of Packages Sent to Richmond, [ca. 12 May 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nEnclosureAdrien Petit\u2019s List of Packages Sent to Richmond\nNo. 1. deux tables de la bibliotheque\nplusieurs petites caisses de verre\n12. rechauds argent\u00e9s.\n*2. 4. bustes de terre cuite, & 3. pieds pour les bustes.\n3. une petite table ronde [\u00e0 trois fins.]\n2 petites tables quarr\u00e9s. [Pembroke.]\nplusieurs pieds de table.\ndeux presses. [for cutting paper]\nle dessus du pi\u00e9 du Compas pour le telescope.\n4. le poele de la salle \u00e0 manger\nune partie de petit poele et des tuyaux [\u2026]\n*5. 4 petites caisses. viz. 1 de petite figure qui etoit dans [le] salon, et son verre\n2. de verreries\n1. de plusieurs ferments de physique.\n6. une caisse contenant 5. petites caisses. viz\n3. de verres de physique\n1. de 4 sceaux argent\u00e9s\n4. moules \u00e0 glace.\n4. croix plaqu\u00e9s\nun petit sucriere.\n12 moules \u00e0 chocolat\u2014une petite sonnette.\n1. deux bras de chemin\u00e9e dor\u00e9s.\nune moule \u00e0 Macaroni\nun petit rechaud \u00e0 esprit de vin.\nun chandelier double\ndeux petites porte-chandelles du petit pupitre.\n7. une grande caisse contenant\nun Sopha. [ses?] 2 [oreillers son?] coussin. table de nuit\nles queues du Compas pour le telescope.\n1. petite caisse de verres de physique.\n1. petite table pour se laver la figure.\nun petit bois de lit [du Moustier\u2019s]\n2 morceaux des petits tables de marbre.\nun petit marche-pied.\u2014une bassinoir.\nplusieurs tuyaux de poele.\nune fontaine d\u2019etain avec sa cuvette.\nun petit paquet de garniture des flambeaux de Mademoiselle.\u2014un vieux matelas.\n8. 5. caisses de bougie verte. deux pieds des poeles.\n9. une grande caisse contenant l\u2019Ottomane de\nvotre bibliotheque votre petite necessaire rempli de cartons.\nune presse\u2014dont sa boete entour\u00e9e de drap. [copyg press.]\ndeux tables.\u2014une grande carte de geographie un Matelas.\n*10. le dessus de marbre de la Commode de la chambre \u00e0 coucher.\nle marbre de la grande table.\u2014une Console en marbre.\n11. Caisse contenant un petit poele pour l\u2019Alembique et plusieurs tuyaux de poele.\n12. un petit barrique rempli d\u2019un parti de l\u2019Alembique.\n13. une caisse de tableaux qui etoient dans la bibliotheque, et autres de la salle a manger.\n14. une grande caisse des tableaux du Salon.\n15. une caisse des tableaux de la salle \u00e0 manger.\n16. une caisse de tableaux.\n17. une caisse de tableaux.\n*18. une caisse de plusieurs tableaux celui de Louis XVI. et celui de Monsieur avec leurs verres. [that done by Williams in crayons]\n*19. une caisse de 4. glaces. [chimney glasses]\n20. une poele et plusieurs poeles \u00e0 frire.\n21. une malle rempli d\u2019habits\n*22. une caisse contenant.\n5. [petites] caisses. viz. une du verre de la machine de votre lit.\u2014une des verres de physique de votre lit.\u2014une de huit flambeaux & deux girandoles\u2014une d\u2019une fontaine \u00e0 th\u00e9 plaqu\u00e9e et 2. flambeaux\u2014une des 2 pieds des machine & plusieurs autres petites choses.\n*23. une caisse.\u20142 pieds de buste\u2014une bo\u00e9te d\u2019acajou avec une machine quiest la boule du monde & autres petites choses.\n24. un fort\u00e9 piano [viz. the Spinet]\n*25. une grande glace.\n*26. une grande glace.\n*27. une glace \u00e0 demi-ovale.\n*28. glaces. [round]\n29. une grande caisse rempli de plusieurs tableaux du salon et celui du lit de Monsieur.\n30. une poele, et les plaques de la chemin\u00e9e de Monsieur.\n31. to 41. deux chaises dans chaque.\n42.  [un] fauteuil.\n43. une grande caisse rempli de tableaux.\n44. le tour c\u2019est a dire les planches rondes. caisse de Cartes qui etoit sur deux tretteaux.\n45. Casseroles. une presse. [the great copying press.]\n46. le Side-board et une caisse.\n47.  [la com]mode et les jalousies, et un bois-de-lit.\n48.  [le dessu]s du buffet rempli de cartons.\n49. le bas du buffet.\n50. une caisse rempli de tableaux.\n51 [\u2026] rempli d\u2019une partie du tour, une carte, des barres du lit de Monsr. Eppes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0017", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Gamble, 13 May 1793\nFrom: Gamble, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond May 13. 1793\nI had this honor the 10th. inst. since which Mr. N. Anderson has informed me he has wrote you on the same subject\u2014And solicits your patronage, provided the Agency is an object worth attention, but if it will only be a trifling matter, he does not wish to deprive me of a trifle. He mentioned his desire to me, and urged as a motive, Why I ought to let him Join in the business of purchasing and shipping supplies to France\u2014That he had two American Vessells ready to Load. As I have of my own, as much Flour as would Complete both Cargoes without a moments delay, The oportunity of two ships to Carry provisions to our suffering allies, was to my mind a desireable acquisition, But when on enquiry I am informed that those two Ships are the Powhatan and Hariet, both sent out from London for the express purpose of taking off two Cargoes of Tobacco, which is Consigned to Mr. Andersons friends there, and are actually loading\u2014And No Ships till these are to make the Voyage, and probably return, or not, as Wm. Anderson & Co. thinks  proper\u2014I am astonished. The present moment was what I had in View. Two agents at this place can do no more than one\u2014We should only be in each others way, and probably rivals to raise the Flour, &c. in price. I forbear to give any opinion of what might be construed as the motives of my friend whom I respect. I troubled you on the occasion as a Virginian and friend to Human liberty, And having Trespassed, on your time, the reasons which occurs in this letter will apologize for this second intrusion. I can only repeat that no person here will execute Such a commission (as is presumeable will be given to some person here) with more Zeal and oeconomy, than I will endeavor to do; I have as much in my power as my Neighbor, And if Government will advance the Money in whole or in part, And Guarantee Mr. Genets Bills, so as to give them a credit, all will be then wanting, is a few Vessells to obtain from this River handsome Aid in provisions &c. for Our friends.\nHaving established at Norfolk and Alexandria Correspondants of ability and integrity all the supplies from Virginia can with promptness be procured\u2014Norfolk and Suffolk, is the place for Naval stores.\nDid I think it necessary on this occasion I would have Wrote to the President and obtained from Gentlemen of the highest responsibility letters of Assurance to him and you. But at this eventful Moment when the Minds of all and especially His must be deeply engaged, I did not wish to intrude a matter that in Some respects are of a secular nature when he can have little liesure for things of a private tendency. Therefore having taken the liberty with you, you will if Necessary Mention me to the President. If any security is required I named some Gentlemen to you, And can add to the Number. I confide in your disposition to oblige, and as much as Government can do Will I trust meet your Zealous Concurrence. A Measure of this kind will give relief abroad\u2014And add fresh Motives to Industry amongst our Virginia farmers at home. I am with highest sentiments of respect Your Mo. Obt Hu St\nro. gamble", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0018", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, [13] May 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphia May 8. [i.e. 13] 1793.\nThe Secretary of the Treasury has the honor to transmit, for the information of the Secretary of State, the Copy of a letter of the 23rd. of April last from the Collector of the District of Nantucket to the Register  of the Treasury. Copies of the declarations on the Registers, therein referred to, are also transmitted.\na hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0019", "content": "Title: Memorandum from Alexander Hamilton and Edmund Randolph, [ca. 13\u201315 May 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nA Perhaps the Secretary of State, revising the expression of this member of the sentence, will find terms to express his idea still more clearly and may avoid the use of a word of doubtful propriety \u201cContraventions\u201d\nB \u201cbut be attentive\u201d\nC \u201cmere\u201d to be omitted\nD Considering that this Letter will probably become a matter of publicity to the world is it necessary to be so strong? Would not the following suffice as a substitute?\n\u201cbut our unwillingness to believe that the French Nation could be wanting in respect or friendship to us upon any occasion suspends our assent to and conclusions upon these statements \u2019till further evidence.\u201d\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007It will be observed that the words \u201cconclusions upon\u201d are proposed to be added to indicate that some further measure is contemplated, conformably to the declaration to Mr. Hammond [\u2026] measures will be taken [\u2026] may be in lieu of General Knox\u2019s amendment\nE Suppose the words \u201cbay of\u201d were omitted\u2014\nF \u201cExpectation\u201d is proposed to be substituted to \u201cdesire\u201d\nG For the sentence between [\u2003\u2003]It is proposed to substitute this\u2014\n\u201cThey consider the rigorous exercise of that virtue as the surest means of preserving perfect harmony between the U States and the Powers at War\u201d\nA HamiltonEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0020", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Lee, 13 May 1793\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond May 13th. 1793.\nI do myself the honor to transmit to you a letter addressed to me by the British Consul residing at Norfolk with an Affidavit enclosed therein. The subject to which they relate will no doubt receive the Consideration of the President of the United States. I have the honor to be sir with the sentiments of the most perfect respect your ob: ser\nhenry lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0021", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, [13 May 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nTh:J. to J. Mad.\n  I wrote you on the 5th. covering an open letter to Colo. Monroe. Since that I have received yours of Apr. 29.\u2014We are going on here in  the same spirit still. The Anglophobia has seised violently on three members of our council. This sets almost every day on questions of neutrality. H. produced the other day the draught of a letter from himself to the Collectors of the customs, giving them in charge to watch over all proceedings in their districts contrary to the laws of neutrality or tending to infract our peace with the belligerent powers, and particularly to observe if vessels pierced for guns should be built, and to inform him of it. This was objected to 1. as setting up a system of espionage, destructive of the peace of society. 2. transferring to the Treasury Departmt. the conservation of the laws of neutrality and our peace with foreign nations. 3. it was rather proposed to intimate to the judges that the laws respecting neutrality being now come into activity, they should charge the grand juries with the observance of them; these being constitutional and public informers, and the persons accused knowing of what they should do, and having an opportunity of justifying themselves. E.R. found out a hair to split, which, as always happens, became the decision. H. is to write to the collectors of the customs, who are to convey their information to the Attornies of the districts, to whom E.R. is to write to receive their information and proceed by indictment. The clause respecting the building vessels pierced for guns was omitted. For tho\u2019 3. against 1. thought it would be a breach of neutrality, yet they thought we might defer giving a public opinion on it as yet. Every thing my dear Sir, now hangs on the opinion of a single person, and that the most indecisive one I ever had to do business with. He always contrives to agree in principle with one, but in conclusion with the other. Anglophobia, secret Antigallomany, a federalisme outr\u00e9e, and a present ease in his circumstances not natural, have decided the complexion of our dispositions, and our proceedings towards the Conspirators against human liberty and the Assertors of it, which is unjustifiable in principle, in interest, and in respect to the wishes of our constituents. A manly neutrality, claiming the liberal rights ascribed to that condition by the very powers at war, was the part we should have taken, and would I believe have given satisfaction to our allies. If any thing prevents it\u2019s being a mere English neutrality, it will be that the penchant of the P. is not that way, and above all, the ardent spirit of our constituents. The line is now drawing so clearly as to shew, on one side, 1. the fashionable circles of Phila., N. York, Boston and Charleston (natural aristocrats), 2. merchants trading on British capitals. 3. paper men, (all the old tories are found in some one of these three descriptions). On the other side are 1. merchants trading on their own capitals. 2. Irish merchants, 3. tradesmen, mechanics, farmers and every other possible description of our citizens.\u2014Genest is not yet arrived tho\u2019 hourly expected.\u2014I have just heard that the workmen I had desired from Europe were engaged  and about to embark. Another strong motive for making me uneasy here. Adieu my dear Sir.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0022", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Sir John Temple, 13 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Temple, Sir John\nSir\nPhiladelphia May 13. 1793.\nI received from Mr. Beckley the inclosed commission with a request to have it recorded in my office, without giving you the trouble of coming to this place. This trouble may certainly be spared to you as being unnecessary, but it is our usage, where a nation has a minister here, to receive the Consular commissions through him only. If therefore you will be so good as to inclose your commission to Mr. Hammond, he will of course present it, and an Exequatur will be made out immediately. Not knowing whether Mr. Beckley would be in N. York, I have thought it better to return the commission to yourself directly, and have the honor to be Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0023", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 13 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe President requests that the Secretary of State will have the enclosed letter from the Governor of So. Carolina taken into consideration, with the other matters which are to be weighed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0024", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 13 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia May 13th. 1793.\nSometime last fall I sent to Mr. Young transcripts of the accounts respecting the Agriculture of this Country, which I had collected from Gentlemen of the best information on this subject, with whom I was acquainted in the middle States, New York and Virginia.\nThe account which you had the goodness to draw up was among the number.\nI have lately received from Mr. Young a letter in reply to mine which accompanied these accounts\u2014in which he makes the observations and queries relative to the Virginia Statement, which you will find enclosed.\nAs I wish this matter to be brought before Mr. Young in as clear a light as the nature of it will admit\u2014you will oblige me by giving, when convenient, such answers to the queries and such solution of the difficulties stated by him as your knowledge of the Subject may enable you to do, that I may give him the most satisfactory information in my power. I am always, with much truth & sincerity\u2014Yr. Affecte Servt\ngo: washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0025", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Extracts from Arthur Young to George Washington, 17 January 1793\nFrom: Young, Arthur\nTo: Washington, George\nEnclosureExtracts from Arthur Young to George Washington\nExtract of a Letter From Arthur Young Esquire To ThePresident of the US. dated 17. Jan. 1793.\n\u201cYour information has thrown me affloat on the high-Seas. To analyse your Husbandry has the difficulty of a problem. I cannot understand it, and the more I know of it, the more surprising it appears. Is it possible that the Inhabitants of a great Continent not new settlers, who of course live only to hunt, to eat and to drink, can carry on farming and planting as a business, and yet never calculate the profit they make by per centage on their capital? Yet this seems to be the case.\u201d\nAfter making observations on the Accounts from Bucks County, Pittsburgh and maryland he says\u2014\nExtract of a Letter From Arthur Young Esquire to ThePresident of the US. dated 17. Jan: 1793.\n\u201cThe Virginia calculation comes much nearest the point; but I can not admit it. It reckons \u00a360 a year increasing value of negroes, and \u00a3156 a year rise in the value of land. These articles may be fact in certain circumstances, but they will not do for comparisons, either with other States or with Europe. To have a considerable value invested in Slaves, is a hazardous capital; and there is no man who would not give \u00a360 a year on 6000 acres to change slaves to Cows and Sheep: he can not otherwise command labour and therefore must keep them; but the profit in any other light than labourers is inadmissible. As to the rise on lands it may be fair, but taking place equally perhaps in Europe or other States, it must not come into the account. During the last ten years land in England has risen \u2153d. in value. Correcting then the Account from Virginia, it\u2019s capital pays 11 per Cent. There are however many deductions to be made\u2014as wear and tear of implements; Carriage; team; Seed; repairs of buildings; white servants, Overseers &c. These ought, as I conjecture, to amount to near \u00a3200 a year; which, if so, would reduce the profit in the gross to about 8 per Cent.\nBut I have a heavier objection than this and which bears upon the pith of the subject. How can be produced annually 5000 bushels of wheat worth \u00a3750; by means of a Cattle product of only \u00a3125? I do not want to come to America to know that this is simply impossible. At the commencement of a term it may do; but how long will it last? This is the management that gives such products as 8 and 10 bushels an acre. Arable land can yield wheat only by means of Cattle and sheep. It is not dung that is wanted so much, as a change of products, and repose under grass, which is the soul of management; all cleaning and tillage to be given in the year that yields green winter food. In such a system you may produce by means of 40 oxen and 500 sheep, 5000 bushls. of wheat; and if you raise the oxen to 60 and the Sheep to 600, you may have so much more wheat. It is only by increasing Cattle that you can increase wheat permanently. \u00a3125 from Cattle, to \u00a3751 from wheat, would reduce the finest farm in the world to a caput mortuum that is to say, to 10 bs. an acre, which must be from a caput mortuum. I should however, be greatly obliged by an explanation on these points.\nThis subject is that which is most in the dark\u2014the demand for Cattle and Sheep products? The prices your Correspondents note are ample. I should desire no higher. It is the quantity to be sold that makes the difficulty. The demand must be very great or encouragement will be wanting. Have the goodness to excuse my begging further explanations on this most interesting topic.\nThe account of the back parts of Virginia seem to me so flattering that I have taken the further liberty of adding a few more queries, for which I hope your pardon.\n  In the map prefixed to Mr. Jefferson\u2019s Virginia, the County of Bottetourt as traced by the mountains forms nearly a triangle.\n   District.\n From the Southern point of that triangle draw 2 lines; one to Alexandria, and the other to Fort Pitt, and you enclose a Country nearly of this form and size,  by extending it to the dotted lines it will strike the bend in the Fluvanna near Toher, Randolph, and Snowden, and include a Country which I suppose is gentle slopes rising to the mountains. This large District ought upon theory to be the best Sheep Country in America.\nQueries.\nI.\u2003\u2003It includes only three degrees of latitude from 37\u00bd to 40\u00bd and therefore ought to vary very little in climate. Is this the case? or do the positions of the Mountains or other causes make much difference?\nII.\u2003\u2003What is the climate respecting the heats in summer, and the cold of winter? and particularly as to sudden changes?\nIII.\u2003\u2003Does snow lay long, and where? in the vallies or only on the hills? For how many months or weeks is the ground so covered or so frozen that Sheep or Cattle cannot support themselves abroad without provision of fodder? Would the frost destroy turnips, or lock them up so as not to be got at? The latitude ought to preclude such; but see eels frozen to death at Charleston S. Carol. in a Kitchen chimney. Gov. Glen Desc. S. C.\nIV.\u2003\u2003The Pennsylvania Account mentions the heats burning up all the pasturage near Philadelphia. How far is this the case in this District? and in what parts?\nV.\u2003\u2003How far are these Mountains inhabited? By settlers? By Indians? How far and how securely removed from their depredations and incursions?\nVI.\u2003\u2003In a small angle of this District the waters flow westward, does that circumstance mark any difference in Climate?\nVII.\u2003\u2003What is the face of the Country? Woodland with under wood? or trees and lawns? Rocks? Bogs? Marshes? Any Savannas or natural sheep walks cloathed with Clovers?\nVIII.\u2003\u2003Is the soil in the vallies generally dry or wet? and on the Mountains rocky? or loamy? or sandy?\nIX.\u2003\u2003The price of land? distinguishing that cultivated? that fit for culture, and that which is considered as waste? The district between the west ridge and the  blue ridge on navigation is noted to be 22/6 to 27/6 Sterling; and at Pittsburgh 16/8, but not mentioned if sterling.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0026", "content": "Title: Edmund Randolph\u2019s Opinion on the Grange, 14 May 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe attorney general of the U.S. has the honor of submitting to the secretary of state his opinion concerning the seizure of the ship Grange.\nThe essential facts are,\nthat the river Delaware takes its rise within the limits of the U.S:\nthat in the whole of its descent to the Atlantic ocean, it is covered on each side by the territory of the U.S:\nthat from tide water to the distance of about Sixty miles from the Atlantic ocean, it is called the river Delaware:\nthat at this distance from the sea, it widens, and assumes the name of the bay of Delaware, which it retains to the mouth:\nthat its mouth is formed by the Capes Henlopen and May; the former belonging to the state of Delaware in property and jurisdiction; the latter to the state of New Jersey:\nthat the Delaware does not lead from the sea to the dominions of any foreign nation:\nthat from the establishment of the British provinces on the banks  of the Delaware to the American revolution, it was deemed the peculiar navigation of the British empire:\nthat by the treaty of Paris on the 3d. day of September 1783, his Britannick Majesty relinquished, with the privity of France, the sovereignty of those provinces, as well as of the other provinces and colonies:\nand that the Grange was arrested in the Delaware, within the capes, before she had reached the sea, after her departure from the port of Philadelphia.\nIt is a principle, firm in reason, supported by the civilians, and tacitly approved in the document, transmitted by the French minister, that to attack an enemy in a neutral territory is absolutely unlawful.\nHence the inquiry is reduced to this simple form, whether the place of seizure was in the territory of the U.S.?\nFrom a question, originating under the foregoing circumstances is obviously and properly excluded every consideration of a dominion over the Sea. The solidity of our neutral right does not depend in this case, on any of the various distances, claimed on that element, by different nations, possessing the neighbouring shore. But if it did, the field would probably be found more extensive, and more favorable to our demand, than is supposed by the document, above-referred to. For the necessary or natural law of nations, unchanged as it is in this instance by any compact or other obligation of the U.S., will perhaps, when combined with the treaty of Paris in 1783, justify us in attaching to our coasts an extent into the sea, beyond the reach of cannon-shot.\nIn like manner is excluded every consideration, how far the spot of seizure was capable of being defended by the U.S. For, altho\u2019 it will not be conceded, that this could not be done; yet will it rather appear, that the mutual rights of the states of New Jersey and Delaware up to the middle of the river supersede the necessity of such an investigation.\nNo. The corner-stone of our claim is, that the U.S. are proprietors of the lands on both sides of the Delaware from its head to its enterance into the sea.\nThe high ocean in general, it is true, is unsusceptible of becoming property. It is a gift of nature, manifestly destined for the use of all mankind\u2014inexhaustible in its benefits\u2014not admitting metes and bounds. But rivers may be appropriated; because the reverse is their situation. Were they open to all the world, they would prove the inlets of perpetual disturbance and discord; would soon be rendered barren by the number of those, who would share in their products; and moreover may be defined.\n\u201cA river, considered merely as such, is the property of the people, thro\u2019 whose lands it flows, or of him, under whose jurisdiction that people is.\u201d Grot: b.2. c.2. \u00a712.\n\u201cRivers might be held in property; tho\u2019 neither where they rise, nor where they discharge themselves, be within our territory, but they join to both or the sea. It is sufficient for us, that the larger part of water, that is, the sides, is shut up in our banks, and that the river, in respect of our land, is itself small and insignificant.\u201d Grot: b.2. c.3. \u00a7.7. And Barbeyrac in his note subjoins, that neither of these is necessary.\n\u2014\u201cRivers may be the property of whole states.\u201d Puff: b.3. c.3. \u00a74.\n\u201cTo render a thing, capable of being appropriated, it is not strictly necessary, that we should inclose it, or be able to inclose it within artificial bounds, or such as are different from its own substance; it is sufficient, if the compass and extent of it can be any way determined. And therefore Grotius hath given himself a needless trouble, when, to prove rivers, capable of property he useth this argument, that altho\u2019 they are bounded by the land at neither End, but united to the other rivers or the sea; yet it is enough, that the greater part of them, that is, their sides, are inclosed. Puff: b.4. c.5. \u00a7.3.\n\u201cWhen a nation takes possession of a country in order to settle there, it possesses every thing included in it, as lands, lakes, rivers\u201d &c. Vattel. b.1.c.22. \u00a7.266.\nTo this list might be added Bynkershoek and Selden. But the dissertation of the former de dominio maris cannot be quoted with advantage in detachment; and the authority of the latter on this head may, in the judgment of some, partake too much of Affection for the hypothesis of mare clausum. As Selden, however, sinks in influence on this question; so must Grotius rise, who contended for the mare liberum; and his accurate commentator, Rutherforth, confirms his principles in the following passage. \u201cA nation, by settling upon any tract of land, which at the time of such settlement had no other owner, acquires, in respect of all other nations, an exclusive right of full or absolute property, not only in the land, but in the waters likewise, that are included within the land, such as rivers, pools, creeks or bays. The absolute property of a nation, in what it has thus seized upon, is its right of territory.\u201d 2. Ruth: b.2. c.9. \u00a7.6.\nCongress too have acted on these ideas, when, in their collectionlaws, they ascribe to a state the rivers, wholly within that state.\nIt would seem, however, that the spot of seizure is attempted to be withdrawn from the protection of these respectable authorities, as being in the bay of Delaware, instead of the river Delaware.\nWho can seriously doubt the identity of the river and bay of Delaware? How often are different portions of the same stream denominated differently. This is sometimes accidental; sometimes for no other purpose, than to assist the intercourse between man and man by easy distinctions of space. Are not this river and this bay fed by the same springs  from the land, and the same tides from the ocean? Are not both doubly flanked by the territory of the U.S.? Have any local laws at any time provided variable arrangements for the river and the bay? Has not the jurisdiction of the contiguous states been exercised equally on both?\nBut suppose that the river was dried up, and the bay alone remained. Grotius continues the argument of the 7th. Section, of the 3d. chapter of the 2d. book above cited, in the following words.\n\u201cBy this instance it seems to appear, that the property and dominion of the sea might belong to him, who is in possession of the lands on both sides, tho\u2019 it be open above, as a gulph, or above and below, as a straight; provided it is not so great a part of the sea, that, when compared with the lands on both sides, it cannot be supposed to be some part of them. And now, what is thus lawful to one king or people, may be also lawful to two or three, if they have a mind to take possession of a sea, thus inclosed within their lands; for \u2019tis in this manner, that a river, which separates two nations, has first been possessed by both, and then divided.\u201d\n\u201cThe gulphs and channels or arms of the sea are, according to the regular course, supposed to belong to the people, with whose lands they are encompassed.\u201d Puff. b.4. c.5. \u00a7.8.\nValin, in b. 5. tit: 1. p. 685. of his commentary on the marine ordonnance of France, virtually acknowledges, that particular seas may be appropriated. After reviewing the contest between Grotius and Selden, he says. \u201cS\u2019il (Selden) s\u2019en f\u00fbt donc tenu l\u00e0, ou plut\u00f4t, s\u2019il e\u00fbt distingu\u00e9 l\u2019ocean des mers particuliers, et m\u00eame dans l\u2019ocean, l\u2019etendue de mer, qui doit \u00eatre cens\u00e9e appartenir aux souverains des c\u00f4tes, qui en sont baign\u00e9es, sa victoire e\u00fbt \u00e9t\u00e9 complette.\u201d\nThese remarks may be enforced by asking, what nation can be injured in its rights, by the Delaware being appropriated to the U.S.? And to what degree may not the U.S. be injured on the contrary ground? It communicates with no foreign dominion; no foreign nation has, ever before, exacted a community of right in it, as if it were a main sea; under the former and present governments, the exclusive jurisdiction has been asserted; by the very first collection-law of the U.S. passed in 1789, the county of Cape May, which includes Cape May itself, and all the waters thereof, theretofore within the jurisdiction of the state of New Jersey, are comprehended in the district of Bridgetown; the whole of the state of Delaware, reaching to Cape Henlopen is made one district; nay unless these positions can be maintained, the bay of Chesapeak, which in the same law is so fully assumed to be within the U.S., and which for the length of the Virginia territory is subject to the process of several counties to any extent, will become a rendezvous to all the  world, without any possible controul from the U.S. Nor will the evil stop here: It will require but another short link in the process of reasoning, to disappropriate the mouths of some of our most important rivers. If, as Vattel inclines to think in the 294th. Section of his first book, the Romans were free to appropriate the mediterranean, merely because they secured by one single stroke the immense range of their coast; how much stronger must the vindication of the U.S. be, should they adopt maxims for prohibiting foreigners from gaining, without permission, access into the heart of their country.\nThis inquiry might be enlarged by a minute discussion of the practice of foreign nations in such circumstances. But I pass it by; because the U.S. in the commencement of their career ought not to be precipitate in declaring their approbation of any usages, (the precise facts concerning which we may not thoroughly understand) until those usages shall have grown into principles, and are incorporated into the law of nations; and because no usage has ever been accepted, which shakes the foregoing principles.\nThe conclusion then is, that the Grange has been seized on neutral ground. If this be admitted, the duty arising from the illegal act, is restitution.\nEdm: RandolphMay 14. 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0027", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, with Jefferson\u2019s Note, 14 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTuesday Noon May 14th: 1793.\nThe President of the United States requests that the Secretary of State will lay the enclosed letter before the Gentlemen who are to meet today\u2014that it may be taken into consideration with the other matters which may be before them.\n[Note by TJ:]viz. a letter from T. Newton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0028", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 14 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe President sends to the Secretary of State the enclosed Extract which he has just received from a respectable Gentleman in this City\u2014who informs him that the writer is a person of respectability and good information in London. The President wishes it to be shewn to the Gentlemen if they are still together.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0032", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Rawle, 15 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rawle, William\nSir\nPhiladelphia May 15. 1793\nBy the inclosed papers you will perceive there is reason to believe that certain citizens of the United States have engaged in committing  depredations on the property and commerce of some of the nations at peace with the United States. I have it in charge to express to you the desire of the Government that you would take such measures for apprehending and prosecuting them as shall be according to law. I am not able to point out to you the individuals against whom suggestions have been made but take the liberty of referring you to Mr. Deblois and Mr. Sharpe Delany who may give you information on the subject. I am with great esteem Sir Your most obedient and Most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0033", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Peyton Short, 15 May 1793\nFrom: Short, Peyton\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nWoodford County (Kentucky) May 15th 1793\nI return you my thanks for your obliging favor enclosing a Letter from my Brother, which came to hand a few days past and in consequence of your friendly offer, take the liberty of enclosing an Answer to your Care.\nI was a good deil disappointed on hearing that several Letters of which you take notice in your last had not come to hand.\nTo insure a paper from this to your Metropolis, in the present State of our affairs is worth a policy of 50 per Ct.\nShould it ever happen that my Services might be of any Value to you in this distant quarter of the Continent, I beg you will command them\u2014for I am, Dr. Sir, with the most unfeigned respect\u2014Yr. much obliged Hble. Servt\npeyton short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0034", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Ternant, 15 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ternant, Jean Baptiste\nSir\nPhiladelphia May 15th. 1793.\nHaving received several Memorials from the British Minister on subjects arising out of the present War, I take the liberty of enclosing them to you, and shall add an explanation of the determinations of the government thereon. These will serve to vindicate the principles on which it is meant to proceed, and which are to be applied with impartiality to the proceedings of both parties. They will form, therefore, as far as they go, a rule of action for them and for us.\nIn one of these memorials, it is stated, that arms and military accoutrements are now buying up by a French agent in this Country with an intent to export them to France. We have answered that our citizens have been always free to make, vend and export arms: that it is the constant occupation and livelihood of some of them. To suppress their callings, the only means, perhaps of their subsistence, because a War exists in foreign and distant countries, in which we have no concern, would scarcely be expected. It would be hard in principle and impossible in practice. The law of nations, therefore, respecting the rights of those at peace, has not required from them such an internal derangement in their occupations. It is satisfied with the external penalty pronounced in the President\u2019s proclamation, that of confiscation of such portion of these arms as shall fall into the hands of any of the belligerent powers, on their way to the ports of their enemies. To this penalty our Citizens are warned that they will be abandoned; and that the purchases of arms here, may work no inequality between the parties at war, the liberty to make them will be enjoyed equally by both.\nAnother of these Memorials complains that the Consul of France at Charleston, has condemned, as legal prize, a British vessel captured by a French frigate, observing that this judicial act is not warranted by the usage of nations nor by the stipulations existing between the United States and France. It is true, that it is not so warranted, nor yet by any law of the Land: that, therefore, it is a mere nullity, can be respected in no Court, make no part in the title to the vessel, nor give to the purchaser any other security than what he would have had without it; that consequently it ought to give no concern to any person interested in the fate of the vessel. While we have considered this to be the proper answer, as between us and Great Britain, between us and France, it is an act, to which we cannot but be attentive. An assumption of jurisdiction by an Officer of a foreign power, in cases which have not been permitted by the nation within whose limits it has been exercised, could not be deemed an act of indifference. We have not full evidence that the case has happened, but on such an hypothesis, while we should be disposed  to view it, in this instance, as an error in judgment in the particular officer, we should rely, Sir, that you would interpose efficaciously, to prevent a repetition of the error by him, or any other of the Consuls of your nation.\nOur information is not perfect on the Subject matter of another of these memorials, which states that a vessel has been fitted out at Charleston, manned there, and partly too, with Citizens of the United States, received a Commission there, to cruize against Nations at peace with us, and has taken and sent a British vessel into this port. Without taking all these facts for granted, we have not hesitated to express our highest disapprobation of the conduct of any of our Citizens who may personally engage in committing hostilities at sea against any of the Nations, parties to the present war; to declare that if the case has happened, or that should it happen, we will exert all the means with which the Laws and Constitution have armed us, to discover such offenders, and bring them to condign punishment, and that the like conduct shall be observed, should the like enterprises be attempted against your nation, I am authorized to give you the most unreserved assurances. Our friendship for all the parties at war; our desire to pursue ourselves the path of peace, as the only one leading surely to prosperity, and our wish to preserve the morals of our Citizens from being vitiated by courses of lawless plunder and murder, are a security that our proceedings, in this respect, will be with good faith, fervor, and vigilance. The arming of Men and Vessels within our territory, and without consent or consultation on our part, to wage war on Nations with which we are in peace, are acts, which we will not gratuitously impute to the public Authority of France. They are stated indeed with positiveness in one of the Memorials. But our unwillingness to believe that the French nation could be wanting in respect or friendship to us, on any occasion, suspends our assent to, and conclusions upon these statements till further evidence. There is still a further point in this memorial, to which no answer has been yet given.\nThe capture of the British Ship Grange, by the French frigate l\u2019Embuscade, within the Delaware, has been the subject of a former letter to you. On full and mature consideration, the Government deems the capture to have been unquestionably within it\u2019s jurisdiction, and that according to the rules of neutrality and the protection it owes to all persons while within it\u2019s limits, it is bound to see that the crew be liberated and the vessel and cargo restored to their former owners. The Attorney General of the United States, has made a statement of the grounds of this determination, a copy of which I have the honor to enclose you. I am, in consequence charged by the President of the United States to express to you his expectation, and at the same time his confidence that  you will be pleased to take immediate and effectual measures for having the ship Grange and her Cargo restored to the British owners, and the persons taken on board her, set at liberty.\nI am persuaded, Sir, you will be sensible on mature consideration, that in forming these determinations, the Government of the United States, has listened to nothing but the dictates of immutable Justice: they consider the rigorous exercise of that virtue as the surest means of preserving perfect harmony between the United States and the powers at War. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of great respect Sir Your most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0035", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, with Jefferson\u2019s Note, 15 May 1793\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe President of the United States approves of the enclosed Letter to Mr. Hammond, and likewise of that to Mr. Rawle.\n[Note by TJ:]\nviz the letter of May 15. 93.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0036", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 16 May 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMr. Stephen Kingston, a merchant of this city, by birth an Irishman, but now a citizen of the U. S. has applied to me on a subject, which he refrains, for a time, to act upon from public Considerations. The prizemaster of one of the prizes taken by \u201cthe Citizen Genet\u201d privateer is a debtor to him. He wishes to arrest the man, but is apprehensive, that it may produce some public difficulty: and he has requested me to ask you whether there is any circumstance in the state of things or in the rules prevailing in these cases, which renders it adviseable that a citizen of the U. S. should not cause a debtor on board of a prize in the capacity of a prizemaster to be arrested for debt. I have the honor to be with great respect, Sir your most obedt. Servant\ntench coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0037", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Fenwick, Mason & Company, 16 May 1793\nFrom: Fenwick, Mason & Company\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBordeaux 16 May 1793.\nHerewith you will receive an Invoice of 14 cases wine you ordered last winter but no opportunity offering for either Richmond or Philadelphia we profit of the present and send them to the care of Mr. Archibald Campbell merchant in Baltimore who will give them what direction you desire. If you have retired from public business, he will forward them on without further directions to Richmond to the care of Mr. Henry Heith (Brown of the House of Donnald & Burton we presume  must have experienced the same fate of that House). We therefore have drawn on you for the amount and balance of your former account as \u214c note within, payable in Philadelphia or Richmond, instead of Donnald & Burton as you desired\u2014which hope will be agreeable and the note of the amount found right.\nWe had this wine bottled in the strongest bottles to be had here\u2014and we hope the quality will correspond with what you described\u2014it is of the vintage of 1788 and such as cost formerly about 600\u20b6 \u214c Ton and such as was used in the best french Houses for vin ordinaire\u2014the price it now costs you here is, bottle included, 20\u20b6 effective \u214c bottle, the freight is extreemly high on account of the war and the advantageous neutrality of the Americans. We have the honor to be Sir your most obedient Servts.\nfenwick mason & Co.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0038", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 16 May 179[3]\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphie le 16 Mai 1792 [1793].L\u2019an 2e. de la R \u00e9publique francaise.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous communiquer, Monsieur, une copie des lettres de cr\u00e9ance qui m\u2019ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9livr\u00e9es par le Conseil \u00e9x\u00e9cutif de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise; Je vous prie de vouloir bien les mettre Sous les yeux du Pr\u00e9sident des Etats unis et de me faire connoitre l\u2019heure \u00e0 laquelle Je pourrai les lui presenter ainsi qu\u2019une lettre que la convention-nationale \u00e0 charg\u00e9 son Pr\u00e9sident de lui ecrire.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0042", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Martha Jefferson Randolph, 16 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Papa\nMontecello May 16 1793\nI recieved your kind letter of April the 28 a week ago and should have answered it imediately but that the house was full of company at the time. The subject of it has been one of infinite anxiety both to Mr. Randolph and my self for many months and tho I am too sensible of the iliberality of extending to one person the infamy of an other, to fear one moment that it can reflect any real disgrace upon me in the eyes of people of sense yet the generality of mankind are weak enough to think otherwise and it is painful to an excess to be obliged to blush for so near a connection. I know it by fatal experience. As for the poor deluded victim I believe all feel much more for her than she does for her self. The villain having been no less successfull in corrupting her mind than he has in destroying her reputation. Amidst the distress of her family she alone is tranquil and seems proof against every other misfortune on earth but that of a separation from her vile seducer. They have been tried and acquited tho I am sorry to say his Lawers gained more honour by it than they did as but a small part of the world and those the most inconsiderable people in it were influenced in there opinion by the dicision of the court. In following the dictates of my own heart I was so happy as to stumble upon the very conduct you advised me to, before I knew your opinion. I have continued to behave with affection to her which her errors have not been able to eradicate from my heart and could I suppose her penitent, I would redouble my attentions to her though I am one of the few who have allways doubted the truth of the report. As the opinion I had of R. R. was most exalted would to heaven my hopes were equal to my fears but the latter often to often preside. The divisions of the family encrease daily. There is no knowing where they will end. The old gentleman has plunged into the thickest of them governed by the most childish passions he lends the little weight his imprudence has left him to widen the breaches it should be his duty to close. Mr. R\u2014s conduct has been such as to conciliate the affections of the whole family. He is the Link by which so many discordant parts join. Having made up his difference with David Randolph there is not one individual but what Looks up to him as one, and the only one who has been uniform in his affection to them. My Little cherubs are both in perfect health. Anna was very much delighted with the yather and fasty old bosselor enclosed in it. She talks incessantly of you and Aunt Polly. Your chess nuts are all alive but one and the acasia\u2019s all dead but one. But that is very much grown and flourishing. Bergere has aded one to the number of genuine shepherds. The mungrels encrease  upon us daily. My garden is in good order and would really cut a figure but for the worms and catipillars which abound so every where this year that they destroy the seed before it comes up and even the Leaves of the trees. Adieu my dear Papa. We are all impatient to see you. My love to Dear Maria and believe me ever yours,\nm. randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0044", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 16 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson presents his respects to the President and submits to his approbation a letter to Mr. Ternant, in conformity to that to Mr. Hammond. It has been submitted to the Secretaries of the treasury and War and Attorney General, and corrected by them. If the President approves the letter he asks the favor of him to stick a wafer in it, and the bearer will proceed to deliver that and Mr. Hammond\u2019s at the same time, as Th:J. thinks they should be.\u2014He knows of the arrival of Mr. Genest, and thinks this letter had better be delivered to Mr. Ternant before Genest is announced, or several days delay, and a new moulding of the business, might take place. For this reason Th:J. thinking the letter might find the President at table, supposed the importance of the case would justify his desiring it to be opened even in that situation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0046", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 17 May 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAn application has been made to me, since I had the honor of seeing you, to know whether it will be illegal, or, in any respect, improper for a Citizen of the United States to accept the business and to perform the service of an agent for the prizes sent and to be sent into the port of Philadelphia by the French ships of war, public and private. I have promised the applicants information upon the Subject, who will forbear to engage or to act until they receive an answer, and I have no doubt but that they will conform to what may be thought a proper line of conduct in the premises. With great respect, I have the Honor to be, Sir, your most Obedt Servant\ntench coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0047", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 17 May 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTreasury Department Revenue office May 17th. 1793.\nI have the honor to transmit you a note of all the Sea letters received by me, and of the Disposition thereof. A communication of similar import has been made to the Secretary of the Treasury that he may know for how many the Collectors of the Customs are to be held responsible. With great respect, I have the honor to be, Sir, Your most Obedient Servant\nTench CoxeCommissioner of the Revenue\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Sea letters, considered as received; Seventy seven. (including seven transmitted thro the Messenger of the Department of State to the Collector of Philadelphia on or about the 30th. of April 1793\nTransmitted to the Collector\nof Boston\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Ditto\nof New York\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Ditto of Philada. (including the above seven),\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Ditto\nof Baltimore\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Ditto\nof Alexandria", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0048", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 18 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inform the President that having, from a slight expression of Mr. Genet\u2019s yesterday, doubted whether he did not chuse to wait upon the President separately from Mr. Ternant, he called on the latter yesterday evening, but he was not at home. He called again this morning, and left it to himself and Mr. Genet to come together or separately as they should chuse. Ternant now writes that he will wait on the President precisely a quarter before two, consequently separately from Mr. Genet.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0050", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Anderson, 19 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Anderson, Nathaniel\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia May 19. 1793.\nTwo or three days before the receipt of your favor of the 11th. inst. (which I received yesterday only) I had received a letter from Colo. Gamble asking me to patronize his proposals to Mr. Genet on the same subject with what is mentioned in your letter. I do not know that I can be of use to either of you in this case, tho I wish to be so in this and every other case. I do not know what will be Mr. Genet\u2019s plan: however if it should admit of communications between him and me, you may rely on my rendering the justice due both to yourself and Colo. Gamble. I rather imagine that the operations for the last crop are pretty well over. I am with great esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0051", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Mary Barclay, 19 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barclay, Mary\nDear Madam\nPhiladelphia May 19. 1793.\nI recieved yesterday your favor of the 9th. Colo. Humphreys has been instructed to proceed a second time to Gibraltar and to settle the affairs of Mr. Barclay with the public, and as it is not probable he had any others there than with the public, this settlement will go to the whole. I think you may be assured that Colo. Humphreys will render you every service in his power, and recommendations to him to that effect shall certainly not be wanting. Colo. Humphreys is in habits of connection with the Bulkeleys, the correspondents of Mr. J. Barclay, which will facilitate the delivery to him of Mr. Barclay\u2019s private effects. In this and  every other particular in which I can render you any service, I shall do it with the utmost pleasure and zeal, being with sentiments of most sincere esteem Dear Madam Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0052", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Robert Gamble, 19 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gamble, Robert\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia May 19. 1793.\nI have to acknolege the receipt of your favors of the 10th. and 13th. inst. and shall with great pleasure render you any service in my power with Mr. Genet. The footing on which Mr. Anderson places his views, with the priority of your application to Mr. Genet as well as the patronage under which it was presented, will, no doubt, have their weight. I do not think that these purchases will be made by bills, and consequently their security will not come into question. The course of the business will probably be for our government to pay the cash through their collectors in the states where the purchases will be made, so that they will be cash purchases. I wish to heaven the spirit of mill-building and manufacturing which you mention to have taken place in Augusta &c. could spread itself into Albemarle. We are miserably circumstanced there as to the disposal of our wheat. We can neither manufacture nor sell it there. And tho we have fine mill seats at the head of the navigation of the Rivanna, we cannot get mills built. We are however, under these discouragements, going entirely into the culture of wheat, and shall be able to furnish a great deal. I hope it will in time draw the attention of some of you spirited gentlemen of commerce. With every assurance of my dispositions to serve you, I am Dr Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0053", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 19 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSunday May 19. 93.\nTh: Jefferson presents his respectful compliments to Mr. Genet. He will be at his office at half past after eight tomorrow morning, and must be with the President precisely at nine. If this short interval will suit Mr. Genet, Th:Jefferson will be happy to devote it to him. If not, the  length of time he will be engaged with the President is so uncertain that he could not give him a fixed rendezvous till the next morning.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0054", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 19 May 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLisbon May 19th. 1793.\nI have received on the 9th. instant the letter which you did me the honour to write to me on the 30th. of March. Although two Packets have arrived from England since that letter came to hand, I have received no news of Captn. Cutting. In the mean time, I pray you will assure the President on my part, that I am making preparations for proceeding in the proposed business, in order that there may be as little delay as possible; and that I shall not fail to use every exertion in my power to have the attempt attended with success. Still I entreat it may be remembered that the difficulties and obstacles which I have heretofore pointed out to him are neither removed or surmounted; and that as yet I have not been able to find any neutral vessel which could be chartered for the purpose, or any other safe mode of conveyance. I shall however hold myself personally ready to set out at a moment\u2019s notice, and will not omit to keep you advised of the circumstances; being with sentiments of perfect consideration & esteem Sir Your Most obedient & Most humble Servant\nD. Humphreys", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0055", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Garland Jefferson, 19 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, John Garland\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia May 19. 1793.\nI have for some days delayed answering your letter of Apr. 27. to see whether any prospect would open of my complying with your desires from this quarter: but I assure you it is out of my power. A very capital disappointment in a sum of money, my share of which was 1000\u00a3. due under judgment and execution, and to have been received at Richmond in February last as was expected, has been delayed by some further evasions as I learn. Depending on this I had ventured to go here beyond my ordinary resources, so as to place me under embarrasments here. I have no doubt but Mr. Shelton could furnish your wants cheaper than  Colo. Bell, and should have preferred your taking things of him, especially as you live with him, but that my means happen to be in the one place and not in the other. However reluctantly therefore, I am obliged still to refer you to Colo. Bell.\u2014As far as I am a judge, the district of practice you mark out in your letter is well chosen: but my long absence from my own country makes me a very incompetent judge. On this subject however I shall be able to confer with you viv\u00e2 voce, before you will commence the execution of your plan. I am with great esteem Dear Sir Yours affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0056", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 19 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nTh:J. to J. mad\nPhila May 19. 1793.\nI wrote you last on the 13th. Since that I have received yours of the 8th. I have scribbled on a separate paper some general notes on the plan of a house you inclosed. I have done more. I have endeavored to throw the same area, the same extent of walls, the same number of rooms, and of the same sizes, into another form so as to offer a choice to the builder. Indeed I varied my plan by shewing what it would be with alcove bedrooms, to which I am much attached.\u2014I dare say you will have judged from the pusillanimity of the proclamation, from whose pen it came. A fear lest any affection should be discovered is distinguishable enough. This base fear will produce the very evil they wish to avoid: for our constituents seeing that the government does not express their mind, perhaps rather leans the other way, are coming forward to express it themselves. It was suspected that there was not a clear mind in the P\u2019s consellors to receive Genet. The citizens however determined to recieve him. Arrangements were taken for meeting him at Gray\u2019s ferry in a great body. He escaped that by arriving in town with the letters which brought information that he was on the road. The merchants i.e. Fitzsimmons & Co. were to present an address to the p. on the neutrality proclaimed. It contained much wisdom but no affection. You will see it in the papers inclosed. The citizens determined to address Genet. Rittenhouse, Hutcheson, Dallas, Sargeant &c. were at the head of it. Tho a select body of only 30. was appointed to present it, yet a vast concourse of the people attended them. I have not seen it: but it is understood to be the counter address.\u2014Ternant\u2019s hopes of employment in the French army turn out to be without grounds. He is told by the minister of war expressly that the places of Marechal de camp are all  full. He thinks it more prudent therefore to remain in America. He delivered yesterday his letters of recall, and Mr. Genet presented his of credence. It is impossible for any thing to be more affectionate, more magnanimous than the purport of his mission. \u2018We know that under present circumstances we have a right to call upon your for the guarantee of our islands. But we do not desire it. We wish you to do nothing but what is for your own good, and we will do all in our power to promote it. Cherish your own peace and prosperity. You have expressed a willingness to enter into a more liberal treaty of commerce with us; I bring full powers (and he produced them) to form such a treaty, and a preliminary decree of the National convention to lay open our country and it\u2019s colonies to you for every purpose of utility, without your participating the burthens of maintaining and defending them. We see in you the only persons on earth who can love us sincerely and merit to be so loved.\u2019 In short he offers every thing and asks nothing. Yet I know the offers will be opposed, and suspect they will not be accepted. In short, my dear Sir, it is impossible for you to concieve what is passing in our conclave: and it is evident that one or two at least, under pretence of avoiding war on the one side have no great antipathy to run foul of it on the other, and to make a part in the confederacy of princes against human liberty.\u2014The people in the Western parts of this state have been to the excise officer and threatened to burn his house &c. They were blacked and otherwise disguised so as to be unknown. He has resigned, and H. says there is no possibility of getting the law executed there, and that probably the evil will spread. A proclamation is to be issued, and another instance of my being forced to appear to approve what I have condemned uniformly from it\u2019s first conception.\u2014I expect every day to receive from Mr. Pinckney the model of the Scotch threshing machine. It was to have come in a ship which arrived 3. weeks ago, but the workman had not quite finished it. Mr. P. writes me word that the machine from which my model is taken threshes 8. quarters (64. bushels) of oats an hour, with 4. horses and 4. men. I hope to get it in time to have one erected at Monticello to clean out the present crop.\u2014I inclose you the pamphlet you desired. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0058", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Quarles, 19 May 1793\nFrom: Quarles, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nVirginia, Columbia May 19th. 1793\nAltho\u2019 I have Not the honor of a Personal Acquaintance with you, Yet from the recommendation of those who have, I have taken the liberty to trouble you with the Negotiation of a small matter of business.\nSome time in the Course of the last year, I left in the hands of a Mr. Dunscomb in Richmond, an Account of the Claims I have against the  Public as a Lieutenant in the late Continental Army. He tells me he carried them to the Proper Office for their Adjustment in Philadelphia, with a Certificate accompanying them from a Magistrate before whom I had made Oath to their propriety; and that a Variety of difficulties was Started so as to prevent their liquidation, therefore he left the papers in the Office to be farther Operated on. Now Sir I wish you would so far interest yourself as to Apply to the Office, and do me the favor of letting me know the result thereof, in doing which you will confer an Obligation on Sir your very Obt. & Hble. Servt\nRobert Quarles", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0059", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 19 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia May 19. 1793.\nYour favor of the 8th. came to hand yesterday. I received one at the same time of May 13. from Dr. Currie expressing his hope that Colo. T. Randolph would get the better of his complaints. This circumstance with that of your being all returned to Monticello in good health is most pleasing to my mind. Maria appears entirely recovered. At least I am relieved from apprehensions as to the nature of her disease.\u2014The general war which has taken place among other powers, and the cautions which are necessary to keep ourselves clear of it, produce daily incidents which add much to my occupations. I am now quite unable to pay that attention to my own affairs, which to be of any use should be followed up. I had entertained hopes of running up one flank of my house this fall. But I now apprehend we shall have to weather another winter in it as it is. Were it adviseable to continue the carpenters at their occupation in that line, I believe with you it would be better to employ one to work with them. In this case he should undertake to find work enough in the neighborhood to pay his own share, and to accept these debts as payment. For I know nothing which our peace of mind requires so carefully to be avoided as money-engagements in a country where the money-circulation is so dull as in Virginia. But I doubt whether it would not be better (as I scarcely expect now to do any thing to the house this fall)  to devote this season to my canal. It is a great object, and enters materially into my plan of renting my estate. To carry it on with vigour will require that all our force be concentered on it, and every thing else laid by for it. When the canal is once done, the water visibly brought to the place and the fall demonstrated, the greatest obstacle to renting it will be removed. Till this be done also, I cannot begin my pot-ash plan, which I have also at heart as a resource for money subsidiary to the farm. The motives then are very powerful for getting the canal out of hand, and if this summer could accomplish it, I should think it a great acquisition in itself, and that my way would be cleared for other interesting objects. To this therefore I would rather now point all our efforts. My ideas on the subject I expressed in my letter to you of Feb. 3.I shall take the first vacant time in my power to go to Brandy-wine and the head of Elk, to find land tenants and a mill tenant. And to settle with them the season of their removal. This will fix a term beyond which at least my stay here cannot be continued. I have reason to expect daily the arrival at Richmond of a mason and house joiner from Scotland. The person is now here who engaged them before he came away, and says they would come in the first ship bound to Richmond. It becomes necessary to think of something which may employ them till I come home. I would wish in the first place that they should not stay one day in Richmond: as even an hour may give them ideas which may destroy their utility to me afterwards. The mason may be employed in cutting columns for the porticoes, exactly like those now standing. 6 more will be wanting. I intend Moses to be his disciple. As the raising and bringing up such large peices of stone will require considerable force, this will occasion so far an interruption of the canal. It will be the less if he is first employed in making the bases and Capitels, because these peices are small, and will yet give him a great deal of work.\u2014As to the house joiner, I mean Johnny (Betty Heming\u2019s son) to work with him. The first plain and simple job for him will be to make 10. window frames, exactly of the size of those now in the house and of the same mouldings, but without entablatures. The poplar stocks 9. feet long and sawed into peices 8. I. square, mentioned in the memorandum I left when I came from Monticello, were intended for these. Before he could get through this I could add another job of time. He will have to vamp up my old set of tools and make the most of them, and what is necessary in addition to these, and cannot be made by himself and George, I will send from hence, on his notifying them. As I destine the stone house for workmen, the present inhabitants must remove into the two nearest of the new log-houses, which were intended for them; Kritty taking the nearest of the whole, as oftenest wanted about the house.\u2014With these general views, be so good as to marshal the troops and their employment as you  please. If they are always employed, the order in which things are done will be less material.\nThe horse you have purchased for me I shall take with pleasure. I should not propose to trouble you with such a commission and to leave the purchase on your hands if on trial it was not found to answer. Besides if he fulfills my wishes in other points, his being rather delicate is a motive of preference rather than of rejection. My next return to Monticello is the last long journey I shall ever take, except the last of all for which I shall not want horses. I should propose some time hence to send Tarquin with a servant to George town where he may meet one with the new purchase, exchange and return. Tarquin\u2019s hoofs (wherein is his whole complaint, and only in those of the fore-feet) have been more tender this spring than ever, insomuch that for some time I could not ride him at all, and now he cannot go fast. But he is getting better.\u2014The moment I receive the model of the threshing machine, I will forward it to Monticello. I wish it may be in time to have one erected for this crop. My love to my dear daughter and kiss the little ones for me. I am dear Sir your\u2019s with constant affection\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0060", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 20 May 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nT. Lear has the honor, by the President\u2019s command, to return to the Secretary of State the following letters &ca. which were laid before the President on Saturday the 18th. currt.\nA Letter from Mr. Short of the 6th. of March.\nCopy of Letters to and from the Governor of St. Augustine.\nCopy of treaties between the Spaniards and several of the Indian Nations.\nCopy of a letter to the Minister of France\u2014of 15th. Curt.\nTranslation of Mr. Genet\u2019s letter of Credence.\nDo.of Mr. Ternant\u2019s letter of recall.\nThere is also enclosed a letter from Mr. Vall Travers to the President, which he wishes the Secretary of State to peruse and give thereto such an Answer as may be proper.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0062", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 20 May 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nSain port near Paris 20 May 1793\nI have the Honor to transmit herewith the copy of mine (No. 29) of the nineteenth of last Month. You will see by the Gazettes the State of Affairs as given to the Public but much Allowance must be made, as I have already had occasion to mention. It is however clear that the greater Part of those Troops which adhered to Dumouriez have return\u2019d to their Country and many to their Standards. It is evident also that the Prince de Cobourg\u2019s Conduct in holding out again the old Constitution has been disapprov\u2019d of by his Masters and their Associates, since he has found it proper to recall that Proclamation; but whether for what is there said as to the Government or as to the Territory of France may admit of Doubt: perhaps there may be a little of both in the objections made against it. The Delay to be noticed in the Operations of the Allied Armies proves in my Opinion two important Facts. One that they mean to leave as little as possible to Chance and therefore wait the Arrival of all their Forces and the other that the original Plans of the Campaign are to be steadily pursued. Hence I infer that the supposed Disunion mention\u2019d in my last does not exist in any essential Degree. It seems that the Austrian Artillery was not come up untill very lately so as to open the Trenches against Cond\u00e9 which hitherto has been rather invested than beseiged. It seems also that the Hanoverian Troops have come on so slowly as to have given every advantage to the french Armies in Holland if the Successes of the Prince de Cobourg in Flanders had not rendered the proposed Invasion abortive. However the Period  being now arriv\u2019d about which it might reasonably be expected that the Weather would permit of offensive Operations and the Country afford Resources to the Cavalry of the Armies we shall soon know somewhat of the comparative Strength of Parties. On the northern Frontier they have to beseige not only Conde but Valenciennes Bouchain and Cambray in order to open a Road in the direct Line of Advance besides which it would seem that they want Douay and Arras on the Right with Bavay and Maubeuge on the left to cover their Flanks. Hence results the Formation of seven Seiges after Cond\u00e9 in order to open the Road fairly to Paris while on the Sea Coast they would want only Dunquerque and Calais after which they might march securely along the Coast taking Possession of the Ports and erecting slight Works to cover their Retreat should Retreat become necessary. I am persuaded therefore that the main Efforts will be made still in that last Direction, unless Intelligences are established in the Towns on the other Route. I learn, but on slender Authority, that the Citizens of Valenciennes and the regular Troops are not dispos\u2019d to resist. The Militia or Volontaires are however well determind. I know that the Government are very apprehensive as to Normandy, and I still beleive in a descent there, and consequent Revolt. You will have seen that the Insurgents on the Southwest of the Loire have had hitherto very great Success altho the Gazettes have teemed with Accounts of the victories obtaind over them. That they have hitherto receivd no Succor from abroad confirms me in the Opinion that the main Blow is to be struck on the Side of Normandy, unless indeed the Enemies of France are absolutely blind. I learn that the Army of Biron has suffered very severely in the Defeats, all published as Victories gaind over the Piedmontese. However as yet the french Territory (notwithstanding the numerous Foes) remains untouchd, though on all Sides greatly menaced.\nEnclosed you have Copies of my Letters of the twenty eighth of April and fourteenth Instant to Mr. Lebrun the Minister of foreign Affairs, with that of his Answer of the seventeenth and my Reply of to Day. These Pieces require no Comment. With sincere Esteem & Respect I have the Honor to be Dear Sir your obedient Servant\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0063", "content": "Title: Notes on the Citoyen Genet and Its Prizes, 20 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nQu. shall the Privateer fitted out at Charleston, and her prizes be ordered out of the ports of the US.?May 20. 93.\nI. As Punishment.\nexplain circumstance which drove Genet into the Southern passage\ninduced him to land at Charleston\nFr. citizens solliciting commission to arm.\u2014Governr. winking at it.\nwords of XXII. art. shall not be lawful for enemies of Fr. fit out privateers\nImplication that it shall be lawful for French.\nso understood universally. by every one here\u2014by ourselves at Charleston\u2014by Genet.\nstill true that is not expressly permitted\u2014may be forbidden.\nbut till forbidden must be slight offence.\nthe Prohibition to be future, not Retrospective.\nII. Right.\nWhat Right to order away?\nXVII. makes Lawful to enter with prizes and stay.\nin whom is the Right to these privateers and prizes?\nFr. citizens retain fidelity in foreign country\nhave right to return to defence of country by sea or land.\nmay confer on that, associate, contribute money\nmay buy vessel with own money\u2014man her themselves\non condition commit no hostility within limits of US.\nas soon as out of limits themselves and vessel free as any other.\nFr. citizens ante-residents, on same footing as new visitants.\nwhen take a vessel at sea, property transferred by laws of war.\nthis point understood at former conference.\nfor if not transferred should be given up.\n  \u2003\u2007 if right transferred then XVIIth. article authorises entry\n  \u2003\u2003\u2007 no half-way act justifiable.\nobj. it is Punishment for the offence.\nans. no offence till forbidden.\u2014looks only to future.\nIII. Policy of this Touchiness.\nMinister newly arrived\nFirst from the Republic\nPopularity of French nation and cause.\nProposals he brings\nno call of Guarantee\n  free trade to islands\nby treaty\nto France\nshall such a mission be received with reprimand?\nand for whom. for England?\n\u2003\u2009for confederated princes?\n  our reward the Cyclops\u2019 boon to Ulysses. last devoured. Od. \u03b9. 369\nare we playing the part England plaid? force France to attack us?\nthat we may take side with the Confederated princes?\n  \u2003the party wishing that is very small.\n[On verso:]\nH. and K. were of opinion for giving up the prize, but if that could not\nbe, then to order away the privateer and prize; and if that could not\nbe, then to order away the privateer.\nT.J. of opinion that neither could be given up or ordered away.\nE.R. for ordering away the privateer and nothing more.\nThe President confirmed the last opinion and it seemed to be his own.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0064", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from F. P. Van Berckel, 20 May 1793\nFrom: Berckel, F. P. van\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\n\u00e0 Philadelphia Ce 20e. Mai 1793.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de Vous envoyer Ci joint un Exemplaire imprim\u00e9 du Manifeste que Leurs Hautes Puissances ont jug\u00e9 \u00e0 propos de publier \u00e0 l\u2019occasion de la Guerre qui Leur a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9clar\u00e9e par la France.\nJe m\u2019acquitte par la des ordres que je viens de recevoir \u00e0 Cet \u00e9gard, ayant l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec les Sentimens de la plus parfaite Consideration Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble & tr\u00e8s Obe\u00efssant Serviteur.\nF: P: van Berckel", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0065", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 20 May 1793\nFrom: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAmsterdam 20 May 1793.\nWe have your respected favor of 19 March remitting us Hd. Cy. \u019299.000. in a Bill drawn by the Treasury of the United States to your order on ourselves, which we shall credit to an account with the Secretary of the united States of America, That will in future be charged with the drafts of Mr. Short, Mr. Carmichael, Col: Humphreys, and Mr. Dumas for their salaries and allowances. We shall await the explanations you promise us by a Subsequent conveyance, to debit the above account with the Salaries and expences paid the above mentioned gentlemen from the first day of July 1790, that we may do it in the manner most agreable to your wishes.\nYou omitted to endorse the Bill to us Please therefore send us a Second properly transferred to us. With the assurances of our earnest desire,  to render you the usefull and agreable offices in our Power We remain respectfully Sir Your most obedient Hble Servants.\nWilhem & Jan WillinkN. & J. van Staphorst & Hubbard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0067", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Knox, with Proposed Circular to the Governors of the States, 21 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Knox, Henry\nSketch of a letter proposed to be written by the Secretary of war to the governors of the states, according to the ideas understood to have been expressed on the subject.\nSir\nA case which has lately presented itself here, and may do the same in other parts of the union, renders it necessary for the General government to provide a remedy which may be prompt, adequate and always within reach. An armed vessel of one of the powers engaged in the present war captured the ship of another, lying within the bay of Delaware, and consequently under the protection of the US. Both duty and honor required that the government should cause the capture to be restored which the minister, residing here, of the power whose vessel committed the aggression has very readily undertaken to have done. But as this remedy may not be adapted to every case, and especially to distant ones, some other is to be resorted to of more universal application. Capture being generally the consequence of attack and combat, and that by an armed and foreign force, is, in it\u2019s nature, a military aggression, to be repressed by the military force of the nation; and the rather as the aggressors are generally, both in power and position, beyond the coercive means of the civil authority. The standing military of the union is it\u2019s militia, and this is every where at hand to meet every violation of the public protection. To your Excellency therefore, as the head of the militia within your state, the President of the US. commits the charge of interposing in all cases of hostility committed between the belligerent parties, within the protection of your state; desiring that you will be pleased with the aid of your militia to detain the parties first aggressing, till you can communicate the case to the President, with evidence in writing which may establish the facts for his ultimate decision thereon. This you may be assured of recieving on every occasion with all the dispatch circumstances will admit.\nTh: Jefferson presents his respectful compliments to Genl. Knox and sends him the preceding sketch, drawn according to what he understood to be the sentiments of gentlemen on the subject.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0069", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Vans Murray, 21 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vans Murray, William\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia May 21. 1793.\nI duly received your favor of the 9th inst. and communicated it\u2019s contents to the President, with other information received from other quarters on the same subject. The case has been fully considered: the Executive views the fitting out privateers in our ports as inadmissible in fair neutrality; they have taken measures for correcting what is past, and preventing the like in future, and most particularly for punishing our own citizens who have engaged, or shall engage, in hostilities against nations at peace with the US. On mature deliberation however they did not think they could order a restitution of the prizes taken by those privateers.\u2014The part we have to act is delicate and difficult, not with respect to the other powers, who are temperate, forbearing, and without designs on us, but with respect to that nation which from her overbearing pride, constant course of injustice and propensity to eternal war, seems justly to have obtained for herself the title of hostis humani generis. No moderation, no justice, on our part can secure us against the violence of her character, and that we love liberty is enough for her to hate us. That any line of conduct either just or honorable will secure us from war on her part, is more to be wished than counted on. I am with sincere esteem Dear Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0070", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Hans Rodolph Saab\u00ffe, 21 May 1793\nFrom: Saab\u00ffe, Hans Rodolph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCopenhagen, 21 May 1793. Since his last letter of 22 Dec., which was accompanied by his security and an account of all American ships passing by this place for the last half of 1792, the great demand for corn in the Mediterranean, Spain, Portugal, and France and the resulting high prices for it confirm his remarks about grain shipments from America. Corn and munitions mostly animate trade, business being otherwise stagnant because of mercantile failures in Russia, Poland, Germany, Holland, Spain, England, as well as in Denmark, where only parliamentary intervention prevented more mischief. Already eight ships from the United States have arrived here this year and several others have passed by on their way to the Baltic, a list of which he will send at the end of  next month. Besides the case of Captain Vredenburgh mentioned in his last letter, another American ship, the brig Betsy, Captain Joseph Chandler of Boston, was also cast away on the coast of Jutland, the mate and three crew members of which he has sent back to America with Captain Ambrose of New York. He encloses the register, received from Fabritius & Wever here, of the Minerva of Petersburg, which was sold in Europe. The good cause might yet succeed if depraved French manners and the resultant home broils do not prevent it. England\u2019s interference in the war is contrary to her interests, and the division of Poland may teach the English how their action promoted untoward consequences. It is probable that reasonable terms would lead to a speedy peace between England and France. Denmark and Sweden remain strictly neutral, despite efforts to make them follow a contrary course. The English and French governments have ended the recent molestation of Danish ships by their privateers, and now the Danish flag is respected. A few frigates and smaller armed vessels have been equipped to protect commerce.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0071", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 21 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia May 21. 1793.\nYour several favors of the 7th. and 12th. instant were duly received and laid before the President. I have to thank you for the intelligence relative to the Creek Indians contained in one of the latter, and forwarded to you by Governor Quesada: and I must do that gentlemen the justice to say that, as far as our information goes, we have no reason to believe that any thing has been done on his part to disturb the peace of the US. with the Indians. I repeat to you the assurance that the orders of the President have been, and continue to be, to the officers of the US. in all parts, to cultivate the peace of your colonies adjoining us with the Indian nations: and as I find, in the papers communicated, a charge against Mr. Seagrove of exciting the Indians against them, I hope he has in no instance been guilty of it. The expression of his which ascribes the late hostilities to our neighbors, I suppose must allude to the governors in the Western quarter, against whom my former letters have informed you that we had well grounded motives of discontent. But these and all others will we hope be brought to an end by the negociations now going on at Madrid, which circumstance also renders unnecessary any observations on the treaties with the Creeks, Choctaws and Chickasaws, which you were so kind as to inclose to me.\nI will reserve to myself a further communication to you on the subject of the two cases respecting slaves between Georgia and East Florida,  when more complete information shall be obtained of the state of those proceedings. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect respect & esteem, Gentlemen, your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0072", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Aitken, 22 May 1793\nFrom: Aitken, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhilada. 22d. May 1793\nThe inclosed piece for the Philosophical Transactions, ordered to be printed end of Vol. 3\u2014It has been unfortunately gnawed by mice. As you are acquainted with the performance\u2014perhaps you will do me the kindness to Supply Some defects in the reading\u2014I cannot, with propriety make it out as it now stands. I am Sir Your Most Obedt. & humble Servant\nRobt. Aitken\nNB I will Send for it to morrow.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0074", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, [22] May 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nPhiladelphie le [22] mai 1793. l\u2019an 2e.\nLe Ministre des affaires Etres. de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7oise vient de m\u2019informer par sa d\u00e9p\u00eache du 10. mars dernier que les officers municipaux de la ville de Dunkerque ont fait retirer les bou\u00e9es qui indiquoient les passages dans la rade du port de cette ville. Vous Juger\u00e9s sans doute M., qu\u2019il est tr\u00e8s instant de pr\u00e9venir les navigateurs americains de ce changement.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0076", "content": "Title: Translation: From Edmond Charles Genet, 22 May 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia May 22. 1793. 2d. year of the French republic.\nThe Executive council of the French republic has learnt through my predecessor, the citizen Ternant, the readiness with which the government of the US. of A. attended to the facilitation of the purchases which that minister was charged to make in the US. on account of the French republic, as also the acquittal of the draughts of the colonies for which imperious circumstances obliged it to provide. The Executive council, Sir, has charged me to express to the American government the acknolegement inspired by all the marks of friendship which it has given on this subject to the French nation; and to prove to it the reciprocity of our sentiments it has determined to give at once a great movement to the commerce of France with America, in drawing henceforth from the US. the greatest part of the subsistence and stores necessary for the armies, fleets and colonies of the French republic.\nThe Executive council has entrusted me with the direction of these great and useful operations, and has given me particular powers comprehended in the reports, and in the resolutions now inclosed, in virtue of which I am authorized by the council and by the national treasury of France to employ the sums of which the US. can effect the paiment (towards their debt to France) or those which I can procure on my personal draughts payable by the national treasury in purchasing provisions, naval stores, and in fulfilling other particular services, conformably to the orders which have been given to me by the ministers of the Interior, of war, of the Marine, and of foreign affairs.\nThe government of the US. is too enlightened not to perceive the immense advantages which will result from this measure to the people of America, and I cannot doubt that, knowing the difficulties which different circumstances might oppose at this moment to the execution of the pressing commissions which have been given to me, if it should not facilitate to us still the receipt of new sums by anticipation, it will find in it\u2019s wisdom and in the reports, now inclosed, of the Minister of the public contributions of France, measures proper to answer our views, and to satisfy our wants.\nIt does not belong to me to judge if the President of the US. is invested with powers sufficient to accede to our request, without the concurrence of the legislative body: but I will permit myself to observe to you, Sir, that the last anticipated payments, which took place, prove it, and that this question appears equally decided by the act of Congress which authorizes the Executive power not to change the order of the reimbursements of the foreign debt of the US. unless it shall find therein an evident advantage. Now what advantage more sensible can we offer to you, than that of discharging your debt to us with your own productions, without exporting your cash, without recurring to the burthensome operations of bankers? It is furnishing you at the same time with the  means of paying your debts, and of enriching your citizens: in short it is to raise the value of your productions, and consequently of your lands, in establishing a necessary competition between us and a nation which has in a measure reserved with a great deal of art and of sacrifices, the monopoly of your own productions. It is time, Sir, that this commercial revolution, which I consider as the completion of your immortal political revolution, should accomplish itself in a solid manner; and France appears to me to be the only power which can operate this incalculable good. She desires it ardently. The wise arrangements of which I have now given you an account, are the proof of it. It remains then with your government to second the views which are suggested to us by our constant friendship for our brethren the Americans, and by the desire we have to strengthen the bonds which unite us to them. It will be a pleasing duty to me, Sir, to conform myself, in the administration which is confided to me, to these sentiments of the French nation for all the US. and in order that every one of them may participate in the extension of our commercial relations, I will take care to distribute my purchases among the different states of the union, as much as the natural productions of their soil, and the nature of their commerce will permit. I will neglect no means, moreover, in order that the modes of purchase prescribed to me may enable not only the American and French merchants, but also the landholders and farmers to take advantage of the benefits which may result from our purchases.\nGenet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0081", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from F. P. Van Berckel, 22 May 1793\nFrom: Berckel, F. P. van\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nFait \u00e0 Philadelphie Ce 22e. May 1793.\nLe Soussign\u00e9 Resident de Leurs Hautes Puissances les Seigneurs Etats Generaux des Provinces Unies a l\u2019honneur d\u2019informer Monsieur le Secretaire d\u2019Etat du fait Suivant: Un Vaisseau marchand Americain the Hope s\u2019etant trouv\u00e9 dans le port de Rotterdam a l\u2019epoque de l\u2019embargo general, qui fut mis Sur tous les Batimens dans les ports de la Republique, a l\u2019occasion de la guerre declar\u00e9e par la France, le Patron de Ce Batiment John Miller s\u2019est adress\u00e9 par Requ\u00eate \u00e0 Leurs Hautes Puissances, reclamant l\u2019Article 8e. du Trait\u00e9 d\u2019Amiti\u00e9 et de Commerce qui Subsiste entre Elles et les Etats Unis, en vertu du quel il pretendoit devoir \u00eatre except\u00e9 de Cet ordre General, priant a cette fin, que l\u2019embargo fut ot\u00e9 de Son Batiment, et qu\u2019il Lui fut permis de Se rendre a Sa destination. Leurs Hautes Puissances ont jug\u00e9 devoir le lui refuser, avec assurance cependant, qu\u2019il ne Seroit detenu qu\u2019aussi longtemps que les Circonstances le rendroient indispensable, et q\u2019ayant Surtout \u00e9gard a la bonne intelligence et l\u2019amiti\u00e9 existant entre Elles et les Etats Unis, Elles feroient tout Ce qui seroit en Leur pouvoir, pour rendre Sa detention aussi Courte que possible.\nLeurs Hautes Puissances ayant toujours en vu\u00eb de Cultiver la bonne harmonie entre les deux Republiques, ont Cru devoir Chercher a prevenir l\u2019impression erronn\u00e9e \u00e0 laquelle Ce refus pourroit donner lieu, Si les motifs qui ont necessit\u00e9 Ce refus etoient ignor\u00e9s, d\u2019autant plus qu\u2019un Article du Trait\u00e9 a form\u00e9 la base de la priere qui Leur a \u00e9t\u00e9 faite, Elles ont donn\u00e9 ordre au Soussign\u00e9 de declarer au Gouvernement des Etats Unis, que loin de vouloir s\u2019ecarter des engagemens Solemnels d\u2019un Trait\u00e9, dont la foi Leur Sera toujours Sacr\u00e9e, Elles n\u2019ont rien plus a Coeur que de les observer Strictement, et qu\u2019Elles pensent que les mesures prises \u00e0 Cette Occasion Sont parfaitement legitim\u00e9es \u00e0 l\u2019Epoque d\u2019une invasion inattendue d\u2019un Voisin aussi puissant que la France, attaquant Leur paisible Republique Sans aucune provocation, et que dans des Circonstances o\u00f9 la necessit\u00e9 justifieroit une Suspension de toute Loi, une explication forc\u00e9e d\u2019un Article du Trait\u00e9 n\u2019a du porter aucun Changement \u00e0 de telles mesures.\nLe Soussign\u00e9 Se flatte, que le Gouvernement des Etats Unis considerera l\u2019expos\u00e9 qu\u2019il vient de faire, Comme une nouvelle preuve de la  Sincerit\u00e9 des Sentimens de Ses Maitres, et Servira \u00e0 raffermir les liens d\u2019amiti\u00e9 qui unissent les deux Republiques.\nF: P: van Berckel", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0082", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 22 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to submit to the President a letter to the Govr. of Georgia, and two others on the occasion of Mr. Ternant\u2019s recall. He sends at the same time the letters which were written on the recall of Mr. De Moustier, as it is necessary to preserve a certain proportion between the expressions used on these occasions.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0085", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 23 May 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nI have the honor to inform you that the house of Pragers & Co. will supply some Bills on Amsterdam at 3/ Pennsa. Money, or 36 ninetieths of a dollar. The Treasury bills supplied for the use of the Department of State on the last occasions were at 364/11 Ninetieths, which the Merchants consider as the par.\nNot being in trade I would recommend an Application to Mr. Vaughan in regard to Messrs. Pragers bills, which however I consider as among the best at all times.\nIf you wish to have the matter completed I shall be ready to make the Enquiry and to procure the bills on your favoring me a note of the number of Dollars to be invested.\nBritish bills are to be procured at 70 \u214cCent, or 2 \u214cCent premium. With great respect, I have the honor to be, Sir Your most obedt. servt.\nTench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0086", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Foushee, 23 May 1793\nFrom: Foushee, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nRichmond 23d. May 1793\nI have taken the Liberty of Inclosing a Letter, and also of forwarding to your address, a Box, for Citizen Genet the French Minister. The Box contains (just one cubic foot as) a Sample of our Timber for Shipbuilding with some Leaves from the same Tree\u2014these are Sent in consequence of a short Conversation with the Minister on his Way to Phila., who expressed a great desire to obtain information of the Texture and true Species of Such Wood, in Virginia. The quality we consider as most excellent indeed, for Ships built with Timber from this Forrest, upwards of Twenty years ago are now running. Our mutual friend D. L. Hylton will explain to you the Company and Purchase we have made of a large Tract of Extraordinary Oak Timber, situated on Warwick River, a Branch of James. Should the Minister Consider this Business as an Object he is refer\u2019d to you for an acquaintance with Some of the Partners, and the probability of a Compliance with any Contract they may make.\nAs your Disposition (and I hope that of every real American) will, I am Satisfied, lend every proper aid to a nation to whom we are much indebted on the Score of gratitude, and with whom sound Policy, in my Judgment, ought ever to Connect us; an assurance of your good wishes and exertions in every thing which may tend to the Benefit of this State; as well as your friendly disposition in general and particularly to Some of the Partners, are the reasons offered in Excuse, for the Liberty now taken in troubling you. With much respect & Esteem, Am, Dr. Sir, Your mo. Obt Servt.\nW Foushee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0087", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 23 May 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nPhiladelphie le 23. mai 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la Repe. frse.\nSeule contre des hordes innombrables de tyrans et d\u2019\u00e9sclaves qui menacent sa libert\u00e9 naissante, la nation francoise seroit en droit de reclamer les obligations qu\u2019imposent aux Etats unis les trait\u00e9s qu\u2019ils ont contract\u00e9s avec elle et qu\u2019elle a ciment\u00e9s de son sang; mais forte de la grandeur de ses moyens et de la puissance de ses principes non moins redoutables \u00e0 ses \u00e9nnemis que les armes victorieuses qu\u2019elle oppose \u00e0 leur rage, elle vient dans le tems m\u00eame ou des emissaires de nos ennemis communs faisoient d\u2019inutiles \u00e9fforts pour neutraliser la reconnoissance, refroidir le z\u00eale, racourcir ou obscurcir la vue de vos Concitoyens, Elle vient dis je cette nation genereuse, Cette amie fidele de travailler encore \u00e0 accroitre leur prosperit\u00e9 \u00e0 augmenter le bonheur dont elle se plait \u00e0 les voir Jouir.\nDes obstacles \u00e9lev\u00e9s dans des intentions liberticides par les Ministres perfides du despotisme des obstacles dont le but \u00e9toit d\u2019arr\u00eater les progr\u00e8s rapid\u00e8s du Commerce des Americains et l\u2019\u00e9xtension de leurs maximes bienfaisantes n\u2019existent plus. La R\u00e9publique francoise ne voyant en eux que des freres, leur a ouvert par les d\u00e9crets ci Joints tous ses ports dans les deux mondes, leur a accorde toutes les faveurs dont Jouissent ses propres citoyens dans ses vastes possessions, les a invit\u00e9s \u00e0 partager les b\u00e9nefices de sa navigation en accordant \u00e0 leurs Vaisseaux les m\u00eames droits qu\u2019aux siens et m\u2019a charg\u00e9 de proposer \u00e0 votre gouvernement de Consacrer dans un veritable pacte de famille dans un pacte national les bases lib\u00e9rales et fraternelles sur les quelles elle d\u00e9sire voir reposer le syst\u00eame commercial et politique de deux peuples dont tous les inter\u00eats se Confondent. Je suis rev\u00eatu, M., des pouvoirs n\u00e9c\u00e9ssaires pour entamer cette importante n\u00e9gociation dont les tristes annales de l\u2019humanit\u00e9 avant l\u2019Ere brillante qui s\u2019est enfin ouverte pour elle, n\u2019offrent, aucun \u00e9xemple.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0088", "content": "Title: Translation, 23 May 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia May 23. 1793. 2d. year of the Republic\nSingle against innumerable hordes of tyrants and slaves who menace her rising liberty, the French nation would have a right to reclaim the obligations imposed on the US. by the treaties she has contracted with them and which she has cemented with her blood: but strong in the greatness of her means, and of the power of her principles not less redoutable to her enemies than the victorious arms which she opposes to their rage, she comes, in the very time when the emissaries of our common enemies are making useless efforts to neutralize the gratitude, to damp the zeal, to weaken or cloud the view of yours fellow citizens, she comes, I say, that generous nation, that faithful friend, to labour still to increase the prosperity, and add to the happiness which she is pleased to see them enjoying.\nThe obstacles raised with intentions hostile to liberty by the perfidious ministers of despotism, the obstacles whose object was to stop the rapid progress of the commerce of the Americans, and the extension of their principles, exist no more. The French republic, seeing in them but brothers, has opened to them by the decrees now inclosed, all her ports in the two worlds, has granted them all the favors which her own citizens enjoy in her vast possessions, has invited them to participate the benefits of her navigation in granting to their vessels the same rights as to her own, and has charged me to propose to your government to establish in a true family compact, that is, in a national compact, the liberal and fraternal bases on which she wishes to see raised the commercial and political system of two people all whose interests are confounded.\nI am invested, Sir, with the powers necessary to undertake this important  negociation, of which the sad annals of humanity offer no example before the brilliant aera at length opening on it.\nGenet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0090", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Harry Innes, 23 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Innes, Harry\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia May 23. 1793.\nI am in your debt for several letters received and not yet acknoleged. One of these is particularly to be noticed, as it was interesting to you; I mean that which concerned your slaves carried off by the Indians. I knew that the channel proposed in your letter would effect nothing. I therefore concluded to take the opportunity which I knew was to occur, of endeavoring to serve you through the Commissioners who were to go to the treaty with the Indians. Those of the very towns where you supposed your negroes to be were to be at the treaty. A clause would of course be inserted in the treaty for the restoration of all captives of every  condition. As Mr. Beverley Randolph was appointed a commissioner, and passed by this place, I put into his hands your letter and description of the slaves, that the moment the treaty should be concluded, he being on the spot with those Indians might avail himself of the opportunity to find out yours and take means for their restoration to you. This he promised me he would do, and it appears to me at least the best chance of recovering them which I have been able to seize.\u2014It is very interesting to the US. to see how this last effort for living in peace with the Indians will succeed. If it does not, there will be a great revolution of opinion here as to the manner in which they are to be dealt with. If war is to follow, the event of this campaign will probably fix the kind of instruments to be used. I suspect that your state might farm the conduct of this war from us with great advantage to both parties. I fear we are to have it on our Southern quarter also. It is very necessary for us then to keep clear of the European combustion, if they will let us. This they will do probably if France is successful: but if great successes were to attend the arms of the kings, it is far from being certain they might not chuse to finish their job completely, by obliging us to change in the form of our government at least, a change which would be grateful to a party here, not numerous, but wealthy and influential.\u2014The late retreat of the French from the Netherlands, tho\u2019 a check, is little decisive. As long as they can be tolerably unanimous internally, they can resist the whole world. The laws of nature render a large country unconquerable if they adhere firmly together and to their purpose. This summer is of immense importance to the future condition of mankind all over the earth: and not a little so to ours. For tho\u2019 it\u2019s issue should not be marked by any direct change in our constitution, it will influence the tone and principles of it\u2019s administration so as to lead it to something very different in the one event from what it would be in the other. I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0091", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 23 May 1793\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nAlbemarle May 23. 1793.\nI have just replaced myself at home where I hope to enjoy for a while repose. I did not see Mr. Pope at Richmond and of course could not execute the other objects of your commission. I shall however soon be able to communicate with him thro\u2019 some one of the gentlemen who practice in the Louisa Cty. court and will then apprize you of the result.\nAt Richmond I was requested by Mr. Robert Gamble to mention to you his desire to be employed as an agent for the French in the purchase of flour &ca. I am well satisfied from his connection with the country from Richmond to Staunton, his great industry, and other suitable qualifications, that a more judicious appointment could not be made. Indeed considering his political principles I should deem it a desirable object with Mr. Genet to enlist him in the business.\nYour letter to the care of Mr. Madison has this moment been put into my hands. It shall be noticed by the next post. I saw Mr. and Mrs. R. yesterday in good health. Very sincerely I am your friend & servant\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0093", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Ravara, 23 May 1793\nFrom: Ravara, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nJ\u2019ose, et je dois m\u00eame me flatter, Monsieur, que dans un Pays, celebre, et respectable par ses bonnes loix, et sa justice on ne permettra pas la ruine totale d\u2019un Innocent.\nIl est bien malheureux de me voir depuis dix jours dans une Prison, sans entendre qu\u2019on s\u2019occupe de developper quelque intrigue, qui sans doute existe. J\u2019ai piti\u00e9 de mon pauvre Peruquier, que l\u2019on me dit se  trouver aussi en prison, et je declare qu\u2019il souffre sans raison, comme sa famille qui est dans la Misere par cet affaire.\nIl a \u00e9t\u00e9 bien dommage que la Justice n\u2019ait pas fait ses demarches d\u2019une fa\u00e7on differente, et plus secrete: Si lorsque le Peruquier fut \u00e0 la Poste, on l\u2019eut suivi sans fracas, l\u2019on l\u2019auroit vu entrer chez moi: allors j\u2019aurois dit, qu\u2019un \u00c9tranger m\u2019avoit laiss\u00e9 les noms en question: il seroit revenu pour ses reponses, et il auroit \u00e9t\u00e9 arret\u00e9: Mais le bruit, et la Publicit\u00e9 l\u2019on mis en fuite sans doute.\nL\u2019on m\u2019a accus\u00e9 de ce que ce soir la j\u2019ai entr\u00e9 chez le Peruquier: il est vrai, et cela etoit tout naturel, puisque j\u2019avois entendu qu\u2019il \u00e9toit dans des Embarras par rapport a moi qui l\u2019avoit tout bonnement envoy\u00e9 \u00e0 la Poste chercher des lettres pour un \u00c9tranger, lettres que je croiois devoir arriver de dehors.\nL\u2019on m\u2019accuse de ce que j\u2019ai \u00e9vite moi m\u00eame les Constables: oui cela est vrai; je les ai evit\u00e9 Le Soir, ne voulant pas m\u2019exposer: Mr. Oellers fut chez moi, et il me dit qu\u2019il y avoit des Constables \u00e0 ma poursuite; je lui repondis que je n\u2019avois rien fait, mais que le lendemain matin ils me trouveroient chez-moi: En effet j\u2019ai gard\u00e9 ma parole; j\u2019ai envoi\u00e9 cherch\u00e9 une voiture, et je me suis pr\u00e9sent\u00e9; et me voila depuis ce moment, en Prison, n\u2019ayant pas pu trouver une Caution, puisque tout Citoyen etoit \u00e9pouvant\u00e9 puisque on debitoit, et on debite que je suis un grand Criminel.\nDepuis que je suis ici, personne ne s\u2019occupe de moi, et il paroit que les portes de la Justice, du devoir, de l\u2019humanit\u00e9, et de l\u2019hospitalit\u00e9 sont ferm\u00e9es. Il y a Cependant des Circonstances, que si l\u2019on se donnoit la peine d\u2019examiner, et d\u2019approffondir, comme on devroit le faire, l\u2019on trouveroit assez de quoi conno\u00eetre la verit\u00e9: Je prendrai la libert\u00e9 de n\u2019en citer que deux.\n1ere: Mr. van Berckel a et\u00e9 me voir, et il m\u2019a dit, que dans une lettre anonyme adress\u00e9e a Mr. Hammond on lui demandoit une r\u00e9ponse adres\u00e9e a un tel Nom, mais dit Mr. van Berckel que ce Nom n\u2019est pas aucun de deux que l\u2019\u00c9tranger me donna, que j\u2019ai donn\u00e9 au Peruquier, et qui sont actuellement chez Mr. Baker.\n2de. Mr. Dallas, et le Dr. Ross m\u2019ont dit l\u2019autre jour, qu\u2019une lettre a et\u00e9e adress\u00e9 \u00e0 la Poste, \u00e9crite dans le m\u00eame gout des autres anonymes, declarant que Ravara souffre innocement. Il paroit que cela demande, Monsieur, quelque perquisition.\nJ\u2019implore, votre Assistance, comme \u00c9tranger, comme habitant des \u00c9tats-Unis, et comme homme. Je vous prie en outre d\u2019exposer mon Cas, et cette lettre au President, puisque j\u2019entends que beaucoup des fausset\u00e9s ont et\u00e9 debit\u00e9 sur mon Compte. Il me doit \u00eatre permis d\u2019observer que mon Caracter etoit tr\u00e9s bien connu ici, et que je n\u2019ai jamais fait que du Bien.\nQuelle Situation, Monsieur! quel triste Sort! quel Cahos de  Malheurs! J\u2019ai voyag\u00e9 depuis 12. ans: j\u2019ai rest\u00e9 4. Ans a Philadelphie: j\u2019ai re\u00e7u il est peu de jours des lettres des plus flatteuses d\u2019Europe: j\u2019avois la plus belle prospective du Monde, et j\u2019avois choisi cette Ville pour ma residence, et y passer en paix le reste de mes jours. J\u2019ai form\u00e9 des liaisons; j\u2019attends un Associ\u00e9 sous peu, j\u2019allois, enfin \u00eatre heureux. Mais voila qu\u2019un seul Moment defait le tout: me perd, me ruine, et m\u2019opprime.\nO\u00f9 puis-je aller o\u00f9 je ne sois pas connu? en outre les Gazettes portent de Pays en Pays cette histoire, et qu\u2019elle soit crue, ou non, cela me fait toujours du tort.\nIl n\u2019y a jamais eu au Monde des plus grands malheurs. Mes affaires sont arret\u00e9s: mon Credit, mon honneur, perdu, et engag\u00e9 encore dans des fraix pour me deffendre d\u2019une chose que je ne connois pas. Grand Dieu, comment me peut-on croire capable \u00e0 ecrire des lettres anonymes? Il falloit \u00eatre fou, Sot, ou Scelerat; Et personne, personne ne prend ma deffense: tout homme s\u2019excuse.\nIl faudra que je quitte ce Pays, que j\u2019avois choisi dans le Monde entier pour ma Residence: oui il faudra que je m\u2019en aille, malgr\u00e9 ne savoir o\u00fa aller; puisque Ce Coup me ruine effectivement: j\u2019\u00e9tois bien: j\u2019allois \u00eatre mieux, et je suis ruin\u00e9.\nMr. Carmichael a Madrid informera le Ministre de G\u00e9nes, et mon Oncle de ce cas, qui passera de Pays en Pays: Patience si je fusse Criminel, mais il est trop dur d\u2019\u00e9tre expos\u00ea de cette fa\u00e7on \u00e9tant innocent! J\u2019espere enfin qu\u2019on se donne quelque peine, et que l\u2019on remede en part au tort qu\u2019on m\u2019a fait.\nJe Suplie, aussi de m\u2019indiquer ce que je dois faire par rapport \u00e0 la Commission, ou exequatur, que j\u2019ai re\u00e7u du President, par vos mains, ne pouvant guere combiner comment la garder, si l\u2019on ne s\u2019occupe plus de moi.\nEnfin, Monsieur: n\u2019oubliez pas mon histoire; Pesez cette relation, et ayez la bont\u00e9 d\u2019agir de fa\u00e7on, que ou votre reponse, ou le ressultat m\u2019annoncent qu\u2019on s\u2019est occup\u00e9 de moi. Si je ne fusse pas innocent, je ne vous aurois pas \u00e9crit, soyez-en sur Monsieur, aussi-bien que des Sentiments de respect et Consideration avec les quels j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre, Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s-hble & tr\u00e8s-Obst\nJoseph Ravara", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0094", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 24 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTh: Jefferson having forwarded to the Secretary of the Treasury the application of Mr. Genet on behalf of Mr. Vanuxem, has now the honor to inclose to Mr. Genet the answer he has received, and of assuring him of his respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0096", "content": "Title: Memorial from Benjamin Holland and Peter Mackie, 24 May 1793\nFrom: Holland, Benjamin,Mackie, Peter\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo Thomas Jefferson Esqr., Secretary of State\nThe Memorial of Benjamin Holland and Peter Mackie, Citizens of Philadelphia\nRespectfully Sheweth\nThat your Memorialists on the 4th. day of April last past, engaged freight on board the Brigantine Little Sarah, Joseph Lowrey, master, for between three and four hundred barrels of flour &c., to be shipped by them, and on their own account and risk, to Kingston in the Island of Jamaica. That in consequence of this Engagement, they did on the day following, Viz. the 5th. of April, purchase from Jacob Downing Two hundred barrels Flour, and on the same day from Philip Cave, One hundred barrels Flour, for this purpose. That the said Three hundred barrels Flour were accordingly shipped, on board the said Brig Little Sarah, by your Memorialists, together with Nineteen barrels of Indian corn Meal to fill up by your Memorialist Peter Mackie. That those Shipments were actually, and bona fide, made before your Memorialists had any certain Intelligence of War between France and Great Britain. That the said Brig Little Sarah was detained in this port sometime after she was compleatly loaded, owing to some of the Sailors having left her; That she actually sailed on her intended voyage on the 17th. of April. That she had not proceeded many leagues from the Capes of the Delaware, before she was captured by the French ship of War L\u2019Embuscade, commanded by Citizen Bompard, and sent into this Port, where she now remains with her cargo.\nThat your Memorialists flatter themselves the Government of the United States, as well as the Minister from the Republic of France, are disposed to put the most favorable construction on the Existing Treaties between the Two Nations, and that as these Shipments were really made before your Memorialists had any certain information of the present War, and before the Proclamation of the President of the United States was promulgated, they hope that the said Flour and Meal may be restored to them.\nYour Memorialists therefor respectfully Pray, that the Premises may be submitted to the Consideration of the President of the United States, and that they may receive such an answer thereto, as in Equity and Justice may be right.\nPhiladelphia\n  Benj. Holland\nPeter Mackie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0097", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Daniel L. Hylton, 24 May 1793\nFrom: Hylton, Daniel L.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nRichmond Virga. May 24th. 1793\nIn conjunction with Mr. Miles King Doctor Wm. Foushee and my Brother Mr. Wm. Hylton we have made a purchase of Mr. Wilson Miles Cary for his plantation call\u2019d Rich Neck situated on Warwick river to carry on the lumber business in its various branches. The french minister citizen Genet as he passd through this place had some conversation with my friend Dr. Foushee on this subject and at his request we have taken the liberty of forwarding to your care a Cubic foot of the Oak with the leaf of the tree for his inspection. Should he approve the texture of the wood and is willing to enter into contract with us for any quantity either cut or standing, I only wish you to give him such assurance of our abilities for the performance on our part he may think necessary. Its our wish (not from Interest alone) but gratitude we owe that nation whose friendly aid we are at this moment indebted to for the free enjoyment we now exercise of our property and liberty. As individuals of this great community we have every desire to render them all the aid in promoting their navy within the reach of our power and flatter myself the confidence you have hitherto repos\u2019d me is such, as induces me to take the liberty of requesting the favour of your friendly assistance in a negotiation with the Minister as may eventualy prove reciprocal to both. I am with every wish for your health & happiness Your Sincere Frd\nDanl L Hylton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0098", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean Baptiste Le Roy, 24 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Le Roy, Jean Baptiste\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia May 24. 1793.\nYou may remember that I had the honour of presenting to you at Paris my ingenious countryman Mr. Rumsey, as the discoverer of a simple and advantageous method of propelling vessels thro\u2019 the water by steam. You first mentioned to me the step which Bernoulli had advanced towards the same discovery. Mr. Rumsey is since dead, and the bearer hereof Mr. Barnes, a citizen of the United states, goes to Europe to save the benefit of Mr. Rumsey\u2019s discoveries to those entitled to them. I lodged in the hands of M. de Condorcet the titles of Mr. Rumsey to this discovery. Permit me my dear Sir, to ask your patronage of Mr. Barnes\u2019s pursuits in this business, as far as shall be just, and I am sure he will press them no further. He is a man of worth and talents, well known to me and well meriting any good offices you can render him in this way. I have with pleasure given him this line to you, because it gives me an opportunity of recalling myself to your recollection, of repeating to you assurances of the satisfaction with which I recall the memory of my acquaintance with you, and of declaring the constant esteem with which I shall ever remain Dear Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0099", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gouverneur Morris, 24 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia May 24. 1793.\nThe bearer hereof, Mr. Barnes, is, as I understand, the representative of the company concerned in the steam navigation of the late Mr. Rumsey, was the attorney of Mr. Rumsey here, and goes now to Europe to secure the benefit of his discoveries to those entitled to them. In times like these he may need your protection as a stranger, and at all times would merit it as a man of worth and talents. As such I take the liberty of recommending him to your good offices, and particularly so far as shall be necessary for securing the benefit of the discoveries in which himself, and those for whom he acts, are interested. To these titles to your patronage he adds that of being a citizen of the US. I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0100", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Nicholas, Jr., [24\u201331] May 1793\nFrom: Nicholas, John, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nAs the only friend and acquaintance I have now remaining in Philadelphia, I take the liberty to enclose to your care, for publication, an Advertisement, trusting from your general disposition to oblige, that you will excuse the liberty, when I inform you, that it proceeds from a desire in me to procure the best price I can, on account of those Lands being the principal part of the fortune given by your friend my father to two of his Daughters.\nThe reason for advertising it in the Northern papers, is, the superior propensity those people have for mineral pursuits, to our own Countrymen; and the reason of my taking the liberty of referring those inclined to purchase, to you, the difficulty perhaps there would be in persuaiding any one to come such a distance on so precarious an adventure, without some other assurances than those which could come from one so totally unknown as myself.\nThe mineral spoken of is the one formerly sought for by Col. Chiswell, and which I observe is slightly touched on in your Notes. From this circumstance and the intimacy of your father and my Grandfather Fry, I suspect you have had better information on the subject of that experiment than I have. I am well assured however that Col. Chiswell established the fact of the existence of a large quantity of copper\u2014tho\u2019 he was obliged from the situation of his funds, or some other circumstance, with which perhaps you are also better acquainted than myself, to desist in the pursuit.\nI am now in Richmond attending the debates on the subject of the British debts\u2014on the ultimate desision, of which, various conjectures are formed; tho\u2019 from my own observations, arising out of the questions propounded by the Court to the bar, I am inclined to think that they will deside on the General question, viz. the payment of the debts, in favour of the creditors; and on the payments into the treasury, in favour of the debtors. This is all the news we have at present in this quarter. Heaven grant that what we received by the yesterday\u2019s mail from the North, of the success of the French, may be true. It has already struck a damp on the tory party in this place; and will I make no doubt, if true, assist in lowering the heads of all the friends to monarchy in America. This,  aided by your continuance in Office, which has not only pleased your personal friends, but given universal satisfaction to all the friends of republicanism, will I trust tend in time to place the Government of America, in that point of view, in its operation, it was intended to be seen in.\nMr. Randolph\u2019s family and all your friends in Alble. were well a few days ago. Yours with friendship & respect\nJohn Nicholas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0101", "content": "Title: George Washington to the Provisional Executive Council of France, [24 May 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nVery great and good friends & allies\nThe citizen Ternant has delivered to me the letter wherein you inform me that yielding to his desire to serve his country in the military line, you had determined to recall him from his mission as your Minister plenipotentiary to the US. His conduct during the time of his residence in this country has been such as to meet my entire approbation and esteem; and it is with great pleasure I render him the justice of this testimony. In whatever line of service you may hereafter think proper to employ him, I have no doubt he will so conduct himself as to merit well of his country and to obtain it\u2019s favor and protection.\nI assure you, with a sincere participation, of the great and constant friendship which these US. bear to the French nation, of the interest they feel in whatever concerns their happiness and prosperity, and of their wishes for a perpetual fraternity with them, and I pray god to have them and you, very great and good friends and allies, in his holy keeping.\nWritten at Philadelphia this day of May in the year of our lord 1793 and of the independence of the US. the 17th.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0102", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Cathalan, Jr., 25 May 1793\nFrom: Cathalan, Stephen, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMarseilles, 25 May 1793. European political affairs, embroiled by the revolutions in France, will require TJ\u2019s continuance in office because he is perhaps better able than anybody in France to judge the current situation, having left during the first year of the Revolution and subsequently kept in contact through public or private correspondence. By land strong armies surround all of France\u2019s frontiers and by sea the war with England and Spain has cost Marseilles all but one of the vessels coming from the straits. The city\u2019s Levant trade is conducted by convoy, and he now learns that an English fleet has passed the straits while a Spanish fleet is near Barcelona; some think the latter is intended to assist the recent Spanish incursion into Roussillon, others that it is going to help the king of Sardinia to reconquer Nice. It is hoped the natural situation of Marseilles will prevent a siege by sea, but it could be easily blockaded and deprived of incoming shipping. He refers TJ to the newspapers for the National Convention and other news; a hot summer lies ahead. Trade at sea has been badly protected, the Toulon squadron is unready, and sailors are insubordinate now that merchant captains are their officers. Tired of anarchy, the people here brought about a revolution a fortnight ago, guillotining three \u201cchiefs of the anarchist,\u201d leading three others to commit suicide, and imprisoning many others who will receive their just reward. The Duc d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans is here and the people apparently want to try and judge him as he deserves, if he is guilty of everything of which he is accused. Until peace is concluded and a good constitution takes effect, France will be in a critical situation, but one that will benefit the United States, which now controls the West Indian trade and which should protect its Mediterranean trade either with frigates or through a treaty with the barbarian powers. Captain Roger Robins, the very able young man bearing this letter who seeks employment as an American merchant ship captain, will report what is happening in these parts. Robins will say that all is perfectly well at Marseilles and that American vessels will do well if they come here, his own brig having obtained for Philadelphia 40 hard dollars with ten percent freight, half of it payable in advance here in effective Spanish money\u2014terms on which Cathalan could freight thirty American vessels. Tobacco, now at \u00a385 to 90, will very soon be at 100 and 120\u20b6 per quintal; wheat and flour, which will be greatly wanting for at least a year, \u00a3120 per charge. Foreign exchanges are very ruinous for remittances, but cargoes suitable for the United States and the French West Indies can be procured. He refers to a letter he writes to Pinckney about the olive trees. [P.S.] The exchange rate with Amsterdam is 20\u00bc, with London 9\u215d to \u00bd. Spanish dollars equal \u00a314\u20b6 in assignats.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0104", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from C. W. F. Dumas, 25 May 1793\nFrom: Dumas, Charles William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe Hague, 25 May 1793. We receive neither letters nor papers from France and hear from there and elsewhere only what they wish us to know or delude us about. In Germany, as in Poland, the big despots are overwhelming the little ones and seizing peoples like flocks of sheep. All around him, commerce overthrown, treasury exhausted, imminent vexations to refill it, hypocrisy on the throne and all around. His only consolation is the conviction that God, as he unceasingly prays, will protect our fortunate states.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0106", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Grand & Cie., 25 May 1793\nFrom: Grand & Cie.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nParis 25e May 1793\nSon Excellence l\u2019Honorable Monsieur Hamilton S\u00e9cr\u00e9taire de la Tr\u00e9sorerie, nous ayant demand\u00e9 la Suite du Compte des Etats-Unis qui \u00e9toit ci devant Sous votre direction, ainsi que la Sp\u00e9cification des articles qui composent le d\u00e9bit de ce Compte et de celui qui a pr\u00e9c\u00e9d\u00e9; nous avons, Monsieur, l\u2019honneur de vous informer que nous lui addressons  aujourd\u2019hui la Suite de ce Compte, pour Solde duquel nous restons redevables \u00e0 ce jour de \u00a348339:14. Nous y joignons les d\u00e9tails et les \u00e9claircissemens demand\u00e9s par Monsieur Hamilton.\nNous avons aussi, Monsieur, l\u2019honneur de vous transmettre une copie de la Suite dudit Compte et l\u2019extrait de celui de l\u2019Etat de Virginie Sold\u00e9 \u00e0 ce jour par \u00a36931.9.6. que nous avons port\u00e9es au d\u00e9bit de votre compte particulier et nous accompagnons ce compte des d\u00e9tails des Titres pour les articles au debit.\nNous y joignons, Monsieur, l\u2019extrait de votre Compte Sold\u00e9 par \u00a318392.5.6. que nous avons pris la libert\u00e9 de porter au d\u00e9bit du Compte des Etats-Unis Sauf votre approbation et celle de Monsieur Hamilton. Monsieur Short vous aura Sans doute, Monsieur, donn\u00e9 dans le tems connoissance des mandats qu\u2019il a fournis Sur nous et qui forment en partie le d\u00e9bit du Compte que nous avons l\u2019honneur de vous remettre.\nNous apprendrons avec plaisir que ces divers Comptes auront \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9s en r\u00e9gle, et nous Serons toujours heureux d\u2019avoir des occasions de vous t\u00e9moigner notre d\u00e9vouement \u00e0 vos ordres. Nous avons l\u2019honneur d\u2019\u00eatre avec les Sentimens d\u2019un veritable respect Monsieur Vos tr\u00e9s humbles & tr\u00e9s obeissans Serviteurs\nGrand & Co", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0107", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Grand & Cie., 25 May 1793\nFrom: Grand & Cie.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nParis ce 25e May 1793\nNous avons l\u2019honneur de vous addresser aujourd\u2019hui le relev\u00e9 du Compte de l\u2019Etat de Virginie, la copie de celui des \u00c9tats-Unis et l\u2019extrait du Compte qui \u00e9toit Sous votre nom particulier; nous avons aussi, Monsieur, l\u2019honneur de vous faire part que nous portons le d\u00e9bit de votre Compte \u00e0 celui des \u00c9tats Unis, que nous addressons \u00e0 Son Excellence Monsieur Hamilton, le tout Soumis \u00e0 votre approbation et \u00e0 la Sienne.\nNous Sommes d\u2019autre part d\u00e9positaires depuis le 28 Decembre 1789 d\u2019une Somme de \u00a366000 nous disons Soixante Six mille livres Tournois, que Monsieur Short nous remit contre notre reconnoissance et dont il nous avoit fait esp\u00e9rer qu\u2019il disposeroit peu apr\u00e9s, pour payer la ran\u00e7on de quelques prisonniers. Comme ces dispositions n\u2019ont pas encore eu lieu, il eut \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e0 Souhaiter d\u2019apr\u00e9s l\u2019ev\u00e9nement, que cette Somme e\u00fbt \u00e9t\u00e9 laiss\u00e9e pref\u00e9rablement entre les mains de Messieurs Willink & van Staphorst, v\u00fb que les Billets de la Caisse d\u2019Escompte, dans lesquels cette Somme nous a \u00e9t\u00e9 pay\u00e9e et qui faisoient la monnoie de Paris depuis le 16e Ao\u00fbt 1788, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 retir\u00e9s de la circulation \u00e0 la fin de l\u2019ann\u00e9e derniere, en cons\u00e9quence d\u2019un d\u00e9cret de la Convention et remplac\u00e9s par Somme pareille d\u2019assignats, auxquels ces Billets avoient \u00e9t\u00e9 assimil\u00e9s par un d\u00e9cret de l\u2019Assembl\u00e9e Nationale Constituante d\u00e9s le mois d\u2019Avril 1791.\nCette Somme nous ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 remise pour un objet particulier par Monsieur Short, nous pr\u00e9sumons qu\u2019elle ne doit pas \u00eatre mentionn\u00e9e dans les comptes que nous avons l\u2019honneur de vous addresser, ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 Monsieur Hamilton et c\u2019est ce qui nous engage \u00e0 en faire l\u2019objet de cette lettre. Nous continuons \u00e0 attendre les ordres de Monsieur Short pour ces \u00a366000. Nous avons l\u2019honneur d\u2019etre avec les Sentimens d\u2019un Sincere respect Monsieur vos tr\u00e9s humbles & tres obeissans Serviteurs\nGrand & Co.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0108", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Hylton, 25 May 1793\nFrom: Hylton, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nHampton Virginia 25 May 1793\nAn opportunity from hence this morning enables me to forward the Letters inclosed\u2014with two samples of Rich Neck oak. One of them (from the haste in which they have been procured, by an ignorant plantation Carpenter) appears to be from a young Tree; and has a large portion of Sap; with a Dote in it. But as the Forest abounds with this species of any requisite size for the navy\u2014no doubt their specific gravity will increase with their age and size.\nPermit me sir to add herewith, a few of the Circular Letters, I have had suddenly printed for the Company; to be transmitted abroad. Your honoring them with your aid to such purpose will be most gratefully acknowledged by them and particularly by sir Your very obliged obt. svt.\nWm. Hylton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0109", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Sim Lee, 25 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lee, Thomas Sim\nSir\nPhiladelphia May 25. 1793.\nI am honoured with your Excellency\u2019s letter of the 20th. and have duly laid the same before the President. Measures had been already taken for prosecuting such American citizens as had joined in the capture therein mentioned, a letter to that effect having been written to the Attorney of the US. in the state of Maryland. With respect to the prize, the government did not think itself authorised to do any thing. Your Excellency will have been informed by a letter from the Secretary at war, addressed to you as the head of the militia of your state, of the measures proposed for preventing the fitting out privateers in our ports in future, as well as for the preservation of peace within our limits. I have the honor to be with great respect & esteem your Excellency\u2019s most obedt. & most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0110", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Ravara, 25 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ravara, Joseph\nSir\nPhiladelphia May. 25. 1793.\nI sincerely lament the situation in which you are unhappily placed. Though circumstances have worn such an aspect as to render it necessary in the opinion of the magistrate to subject them to a legal enquiry, yet I hope they will be found finally inconclusive. But till that enquiry, there is no power in this country which can withdraw you from the custody of the law, nor shorten it\u2019s duration. I learn that your cause will be taken care of by able counsel and I am sure you will have upright judges. Under such circumstances, innocence has nothing to fear; and that that innocence may be yours is the sincere hope of Sir Your very humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0111", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 25 May 179[3]\nFrom: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWe received with due respect your letter of the 21st. inst. and have this new assurance of the sincere desire of the President of the US. to preserve the peace and harmony subsisting between Spain and the US.\nFor the same reason which prevented your making any reflections on the treaties with the Creeks, Choctaws and Chickasaws, we avoid at present transmitting you a voluminous relation, well authenticated, of the judicious and very opportune steps taken by the Baron de Carondelet (whom you censure) after his arrival in Louisiana, to preserve peace and friendship between Spain, and the US. and the Indian nations without exposing the known interests of the last, which otherwise would probably be sacrificed.\nNevertheless we cannot avoid inclosing you a copy of the exhortations given by the same Baron de Carondelet to the chiefs of the Cherokee nation, which not only contradict the opinion formed in these states of his character, but manifest that he has used prudent reasons only, not proposing to require from the Indians a decisive answer whether they would take arms against the US. in case that Spain should enter into war against them, as Govr. Blunt required from the various Indian chiefs, and particularly from Ugulayacabe when by dint of persuasions, and offering him to establish a store near Bear creek, and other promises he made him go to Cumberland, where he asked lands from him, and whether he would assist the Americans in case these should fight with Spain; and afterwards dismissed him for his obstinacy in refusing the lands, and declaring that in such case he would remain neuter.\nAs little has the Baron de Carondelet created Grand-Medal chiefs as Govr. Blount has practised, nor do we know if there have been distributed on our part, to various chiefs, medals of silver, as those which the US. have distributed with the effigy of the president, and at the bottom, George Washington President 1792. and others with the legend Friendship and trade without end.\nIn fine as we rely that there will be established in the negociation now on foot between Spain and the US. a fixed system of conduct with the Indians, for both parties, we omit producing other different proofs, which are in our possession, in vindication of the government of New Orleans; and we flatter ourselves that your government will use the most convenient means to avoid taking measures with the various nations of Indians (pending the negociation) which might have disagreeable results. We have the honor to be &c.\nJoseph Ignatius de Viar Joseph de Jaudenes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0113", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nathaniel Anderson, 26 May 1793\nFrom: Anderson, Nathaniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond May 26th 1793\nI duly received your Esteemed favor of the 19th Current, and return you my Sincere thanks for your friendly disposition to Serve me, which encourages me to make a further request, that is to give me your Opinion from time to time of the Neutrality of the United States of America, in the present European War, As I have lately Ventured to lay out a large Sum of Money in two American Ships, and am Now in treaty for another, which I shall not Close with, untill I can hear from you. A report prevails here that, the french Embassador\u2019s demands are of such a Nature that it must involve America in the War, particularly in that of his requiring us to comply with that part of our treaty with france to Guarantee their West India Islands. This report is said to be founded in a Letter from Mr. Saml. Griffin who is at present in Philadelphia. I am with very great Esteem Dear Sir, your Mo: Obdt.\nNathl. Anderson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0115", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 26 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMy dear Martha\nPhiladelphia May 26. 1793.\nYour and Mr. Randolph\u2019s welcome favors of the 16th. came to hand yesterday, by which I perceive that your post-day for writing is the Thursday. Maria is here and, tho not in flourishing health, is well. I will endeavour to prevail on her to write, and perhaps may succeed, as the day is too wet to admit her saunters on the banks of the Schuylkill, where she passes every Sunday with me. We are in sight both of Bartram\u2019s and Gray\u2019s gardens, but have the river between them and us.\u2014We have two blind stories here. The one that Dumourier is gone over to the Austrians. The authority for this is an English paper. No confidence in DuMourier\u2019s virtue opposes it, for he has none: but the high reputation he has acquired is a pledge to the world, which we do not see that there were any motives on this occasion to induce him to forfeit. The other story is that he has cut off 10,000 Prussians, and among them the K. of Prussia and D. of Brunswick. The latter we know is out of command, and the former not in DuMourier\u2019s way. Therefore we concluded the story fabricated merely to set off against the other. It has now come thro\u2019 another channel and in a more possible form to wit that Custine has cut off 10,000 Prussians without naming the King or Duke. Still we give little ear to it.\u2014You had at your Convent so many -courts (as terminations of names) that I wish the following paragraph of a newspaper may involve none of them. \u2018A few days ago several rich and respectable inhabitants were butchered at Guadaloupe. The following are the names of the unfortunate victims. Madame Vermont &c Madame Meyercourt. Monsr. Gondrecourt, three daughters just arrived from France from 11. to 18. years of age. Messrs. Vaudrecourt &c.\u2019 Maria thinks the Gondrecourts were at the convent.\u2014The French minister Genet told me yesterday that matters appeared now to be tolerably well settled in St. Domingo. That the Patriotic party had taken possession of 600 aristocrats and monocrats, had sent 200 of them to France, and were sending 400. here: and that a coalition had taken place among the other inhabitants. I wish we could distribute our 400 among the Indians, who would teach them lessons of liberty and equality. Give my best affections to Mr. Randolph and kiss the dear little ones for me. Adieu my very dear Martha. Your\u2019s constantly & affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0116", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Hugh Rose, 26 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rose, Hugh\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia May. 26. 1793.\nI received yesterday your favor of the 13th. and I hasten to answer it, tho\u2019 a long interruption of my attention to questions of law renders it necessary for me to give opinions on them with great diffidence, and especially where the Virginia laws come into consideration, as they have been so much changed since I knew any thing of them. As these stood when I left Virginia in 1784. you might bring suits against the persons for whom you have been bail in any of the state courts: and if they are not changed you may do the same now if you can find any property in the state. By the act of Congress 1789. c.20.\u00a7.11. if you can find their persons in Virginia you may sue them either in the state courts, or the federal circuit courts; if not to be found there, you may sue them wherever they can be found, either in the state courts, or federal court of the state where found. The judgment of Amherst court is a sufficient foundation for the suit in any other court which can take cognizance of the action.\u2014We have a story here that DuMourier is gone over to the Austrians. Another that Custin\u00e9 has cut off 10,000 Prussians. Little attention is paid to either.\u2014I presume you receive Freneau\u2019s paper regularly, and therefore add nothing further of news. I have a complaint against your son here, for not coming to see me. His cousin is kind enough to do it.\u2014My best compliments to Mrs. Rose & am with great sincerity Dear Sir your affectionate friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0118", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 27 May 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nPhiladelphie le 27 Mai 1793.l\u2019an 2e. de la Republique fran\u00e7aise\nMon pr\u00e9decesseur m\u2019a remis la lettre que vous lui aves ecritte le 15 de ce mois en lui communiquant differens m\u00e9moires de l\u2019envoy\u00e9 du roi d\u2019 angleterre et les d\u00e9cisions que le Gouvernement americain s\u2019est empress\u00e9 de prendre d\u2019apr\u00e8s les plaintes de ce Ministre.\nLe premier de ses griefs que vous rapportes dans votre lettre, Monsieur, porte sur un fait faux; Je n\u2019ai aucune connaissance des acquisitions d\u2019armes en question et dans tous les cas la reponse que vous aves faitte \u00e0 Mr. Hammond lui demontreroit le vuide de ses observations si la bonne foi les avait dict\u00e9es; mais il est vraisemblable que sa d\u00e9marche n\u2019a d\u2019autre but que de pr\u00e9parer diplomatiquement aux vaisseaux de guerre anglais des pr\u00e9textes pour assujetir les batimens americains, \u00e0 l\u2019ombre m\u00eame de leur modeste neutralit\u00e9 a des visites et detentions arbitraires.\nLe second grief de l\u2019envoy\u00e9 de George 3 Monsieur est fond\u00e9 sur la vente des prises envoy\u00e9es dans le Port de Charleston par la Fregatte de la Republique fran\u00e7aise, l\u2019Embuscade.\nJe ne repondrai, Monsieur, que par des faits et un raisonnement fort simple aux representations de Mr. Hammond sur ce point.\nLe Trait\u00e9 de commerce de 1778. autorise exclusivement tous les vaisseaux de guerre fran\u00e7ais ou americains arm\u00e9s par les deux Etats ou par des particuliers \u00e0 conduire en toute libert\u00e9 ou bon leur semblera les prises qu\u2019ils auront faittes sur leurs ennemis sans \u00eatre oblig\u00e9s \u00e0 aucun droit soit des amiraut\u00e9s ou d\u2019aucuns autres sans qu\u2019aussi les dits vaisseaux ou les dites prises entrant dans les Ports de France ou d\u2019Amerique puissent etre arret\u00e9s ou saisis, ni que les officiers des lieux puissent prendre connaissance de la validit\u00e9 des dittes prises. Cette facult\u00e9 est interdite aux ennemis de l\u2019une des deux nations qui se trouverait en guerre: les deux parties contractantes se sont expressement engag\u00e9es de ne permettre \u00e0 aucun corsaire \u00e9tranger, lequel aurait une commission de la part d\u2019un prince ou d\u2019une puissance en guerre avec l\u2019une des deux nations d\u2019armer leurs vaisseaux dans les ports de l\u2019une des deux parties, ni d\u2019y vendre les prises qu\u2019il aurait faittes, ni decharger en autre maniere quelconque les vaisseaux; marchandises ou aucune partie de leur cargaison. Ces privil\u00e8ges que les deux nations se sont reserv\u00e9es exclusivement, ces restrictions severes et clairement definies contre leurs ennemis communs prouvent evidemment qu\u2019en vertu des trait\u00e9s que J\u2019ai cites nous avons seuls aujourdhui le droit d\u2019amener nos prises dans les ports americains, et d\u2019en disposer \u00e0 notre gr\u00e9 comme d\u2019une propri\u00e9t\u00e9 sur la validit\u00e9 de la quelle les officiers civils ou judiciaires des Etats Unis n\u2019ont rien \u00e0 connoitre tant que les droits des Etats Unis ne sont pas les\u00e9s. C\u2019est pour acquerir des informations sur cet objet important que la publicit\u00e9 de la vente des prises autoris\u00e9e par les officiers consulaires de la R\u00e9publique est n\u00e9cessaire et si en remplissant ce devoir prescrit par l\u2019amiti\u00e9 et par notre respect pour le droit des nations, le Consul de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 Charleston a fait usage de quelque formalit\u00e9 ou de quelque expression dont on ait pu inferer qu\u2019il s\u2019arrogeait une jurisdiction qui ne lui etait pas accord\u00e9e par les trait\u00e9s et par les loix des Etats Unis, J\u2019aurai soin, Monsieur, que cette erreur soit evitee \u00e0 l\u2019avenir et que toutes les proc\u00e9dures relatives a la vente de nos prises conformement \u00e0 l\u2019esprit du trait\u00e9 portent l\u2019empreinte d\u2019une transaction nationale particuliere et de l\u2019ali\u00e9nation pure et simple d\u2019une propriet\u00e9 acquise par le droit de la guerre reconnue l\u00e9gale par les officiers de la nation fran\u00e7aise.\nLa troisieme plainte qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 faite a votre Gouvernement, Monsieur, par le Ministre anglais est relative aux armemens qui ont eu lieu \u00e0 Charleston sous le pavillon de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise. Le Gouvernement  americain, Monsieur, a donn\u00e9 une nouvelle preuve de sa sagesse et de sa confiance dans nos sentimens en n\u2019admettant pas aveugl\u00e9ment les assertions de Mr. Hammond. Je n\u2019y repondrai encore que par des faits. Il est certain que plusieurs batimens ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arm\u00e9s \u00e0 Charleston, qu\u2019ils ont re\u00e7u de moi des commissions de la R\u00e9publique conformes aux modeles que J\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de vous communiquer et que ces batimens mis en mer avec une grande c\u00e9l\u00e9rit\u00e9 ont fait beaucoup de prises ont condamn\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019inaction par la terreur qu\u2019ils ont rependue parmi les anglais presque tous les matelots et les batimens de cette nation qui se trouvaient dans les Ports des Etats Unis et ont fait hausser par leurs succ\u00e8s d\u2019une maniere tres sensible le fret des navires americains. Tout cela, J\u2019en conviens, doit deplaire \u00e0 Mr. Hammond, \u00e0 sa Cour et \u00e0 ses amis, mais ce n\u2019est pas la ce qu\u2019il s\u2019agit d\u2019examiner.\nJe dois par un expos\u00e9 sinc\u00e8re de ma conduite vous mettre \u00e0 m\u00eame de juger si J\u2019ai port\u00e9 atteinte a la souverainet\u00e9 de la nation am\u00e9ricaine, \u00e0 ses loix et aux principes de son Gouvernement.\nLes batimens arm\u00e9s a Charleston appartiennent \u00e0 des maisons fran\u00e7aises. Ils sont command\u00e9s et mont\u00e9s par des citoyens fran\u00e7ais ou par des americains qui, au moment ou ils sont entr\u00e9s au service de France pour deffendre leurs freres et leurs amis, ne connaissaient que les trait\u00e9s et les loix des Etats Unis dont aucune disposition ne leur a encore fait la penible deffense de nous abandonner au milieu des dangers qui nous entourent.\nIl est donc \u00e9vident, Monsieur, que ces armemens ne peuvent etre imput\u00e9s aux citoyens des Etats Unis et que ceux qui se trouvent a bord de nos vaisseaux ont renonc\u00e9 \u00e0 la protection immediate de leur patrie en prenant parti parmi nous. Il sagit maintenant d\u2019examiner si les maisons francaises de Charleston ont pu armer des vaisseaux qui leur appartenaient.\nJ\u2019ai soumis cette question au Gouverneur de la Caroline du Sud, avant de delivrer des lettres de marque a nos armateurs. Je lui ai rappell\u00e9 que la libert\u00e9 consistait \u00e0 faire ce que la loi ne defendait pas; que Je croyais qu\u2019il n\u2019existait pas de loi qui put priver les citoyens fran\u00e7ais dans les ports des Etats Unis de la facult\u00e9 de mettre leurs navires en Etat de deffense, de prendre en tems de guerre de nouvelles commissions et de servir leur patrie en faisant courir hors des Etats Unis sur les batimens de ses ennemis; qu\u2019il n\u2019y en avait pas non plus qui donnat au Gouvernement le droit de soumettre les operations particulieres des negotians \u00e0 une inquisition d\u2019Etat, et qu\u2019il me semblait qu\u2019il ne pouvait ni autoriser ni empecher les dits armemens. Son avis m\u2019a paru se rapprocher du mien et nos navires ont mis en mer malgr\u00e9 toutes les intrigues que les partisans de l\u2019angleterre ont fait agir pour s\u2019y opposer.\nVoila la verit\u00e9, Monsieur, voila la marche, J\u2019ose dire respectueuse, que J\u2019ai suivie et Je connois trop les sentimens d\u2019\u00e9quit\u00e9 du Gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral pour ne pas me livrer \u00e0 la douce esperance de le voir revenir des premieres impressions que paroissent avoir faittes sur lui les rapports du Ministre du roi d\u2019angleterre.\nLe dernier point qui me reste \u00e0 traiter, Monsieur, est relatif \u00e0 la prise du navire anglais le Grange par la fregatte l\u2019Embuscade.\nLes savantes conclusions du Procureur G\u00e9n\u00e9ral des Etats Unis et les deliberations du Gouvernement Am\u00e9ricain ont \u00e9t\u00e9 sur cet objet la regle de ma conduite. J\u2019ai fait rendre la prise et quoique sa valeur fut ass\u00e9s considerable mes braves freres les matelots de l\u2019Embuscade se sont empress\u00e9s de concourir a une mesure que Je leur ai pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 comme un moyen propre a convaincre le Gouvernement americain de notre deference et de notre amitie.\nLes Republicains fran\u00e7ais, Monsieur, connoissent les devoirs auxquels sont soumises les nations entr\u2019elles: \u00e9clair\u00e9s sur les droits de l\u2019homme ils ont des idees justes des loix g\u00e9n\u00e9rales de la sociabilit\u00e9, comprises sous la d\u00e9nomination commune de droit des gens; instruits sur les interets de leur patrie, ils savent distinguer ses ennemis et ses amis et vous pouves assurer le Gouvernement americain que collectivement et individuellement ils saisiront toutes les occasions de montrer au peuple souverain des Etats Unis leur respect pour ses loix et leur desir sincere de maintenir avec lui la plus parfaite harmonie.\nGenet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0119", "content": "Title: Memorial from Edmond Charles Genet, 27 May 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphie 27. mai 1793. L\u2019an 2e. de la Republique Fran\u00e7aise.\nLe Soussign\u00e9 Ministre plenipotentiaire de la Republique Fran\u00e7aise a l\u2019honneur d\u2019informer Monsieur le Secretaire d\u2019etat Jefferson que le Citoyen Gedeon Henfield n\u00e9 \u00e0 Salem officier \u00e0 bord du Corsaire de la R\u00e9publique Fran\u00e7aise le Citoyen Genet a \u00e9t\u00e9 arret\u00e9 et mis en prison en vertu, dit-on, d\u2019un mandat de l\u2019alderman Baker de cette ville qui l\u2019accuse d\u2019avoir enfreint, en s\u2019embarquant \u00e0 bord du dit batiment la neutralit\u00e9 que les Etats-Unis veulent observer avec les puissances Europ\u00e9enes actuellement en guerre. Le soussign\u00e9 observe \u00e0 Monsieur le Secretaire d\u2019Etat que cet officier a \u00e9t\u00e9 admis au service de france en s\u2019embarquant sur le dit Corsaire, ainsi qu\u2019il appert par le role d\u2019\u00e9quipage et par le certificat ci joint du Consul de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 Philadelphie et que si cet officier en embrassant la deffense de la cause que soutient la france, s\u2019est expos\u00e9 sans avoir pu le pr\u00e9voir \u00e0 des poursuites dans le sein des Etats Unis, il a m\u00e9rit\u00e9 l\u2019appui et la protection de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise.\nLe soussign\u00e9 le r\u00e9clame donc comme \u00e9tant au service de la Republique et prie en consequence Monsieur le Secretaire d\u2019Etat Jefferson d\u2019employer ses bons offices pour obtenir promptement son \u00e9largissement.\n(signed) Genet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0121", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 27 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nI wrote you last on the 19th. The doubts I then entertained that the offers from the Fr. rep. would be declined, will pretty certainly be realized. One person represents them as a snare into which he hopes we shall not fall. His second of the same sentiment of course. He whose vote for the most part, or say always, is casting, has by two or three private conversations or rather disputes with me, shewn his opinion to be against doing what would be a mark of predilection to one of the parties, tho not a breach of neutrality in form. And an opinion of still more importance is still in the same way. I do not know what line will be adopted; but probably a procrastination, which will be immediately seen through.\u2014You will see in the papers two blind stories, the one that DuMourier is gone over to the Austrians; the other that he has cut to peices 10,000 Prussians, and among them the K. of Prussia and D. of Brunswick. The latter has come through another channel, placing Custine instead of Dumourier, and saying nothing of the K. and Duke. But no attention is paid to either story.\u2014We want an intelligent prudent native, who will go to reside at N. Orleans as a secret correspondent, for 1000.D. a year. He might do a little business, merely to cover his real office. Do point out such a one. Virginia ought to offer more loungers equal to this and ready for it, than any other state. Adieu. Yours affectionately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0123", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Phineas Miller, 27 May 1793\nFrom: Miller, Phineas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMulberry Grove Georgia May 27th 1793\nI am desired by Mrs. Greene, whose sensibility to the late unhappy accident in her family prevents her writing herself, to solicit the favor of your particular attention to the application of Mr. Whitney. He has resided in our family during the last winter\u2014and amidst all the inconveniences which a situation in the country without tools and without workmen, could throw in his way, has invented a machine for ginning cotton which promises to be highly useful to the Southern States\u2014and I shall not only speak the opinion of Mrs. Greene, but of others who have known Mr. Whitney in saying that his amiable character has a particular claim to private friendship and patronage, at the same time that his strong inventive genius deserves the encouragement of the Public. With perfect respect I am Sir Your Obedt. Servant\nPhins. Miller", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0124", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 27 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President, (among other papers,) those relating to a commercial treaty with France, and to the reimbursement of the French debt, being translations of the communications of Mr. Genet on those subjects.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0125", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 28 May 1793\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMy last informed you that I had just received yours of the fifth, as I returned from a circuit of professional duties. It communicated to you likewise what I had to communicate respecting your own commissions in that line.\nThe European war becomes daily as it progresses more interesting to us. I was happy to find Mr. Genet whom I passed on the road between Fredbg. and Richmd. had made a most favorable impression on the inhabitants of the latter city. It furnishes a favorable presage of his impression on a more important tho\u2019 if possible not a more prejudic\u2019d theatre.\nThere can be no doubt that the general sentiment of America is favorable to the French revolution. The minority compared with the strength of those in that interest, if the division could be properly drawn, would in my opinion, be as the aggregate of Richmond and Alexa. to Virginia\u2014but general as this sentiment is I believe it is equally so in favor of our neutrality. And this seems to be dictated by the soundest policy even as it may respect the object in view, the success of the French revolution. For if we were to join France we should from that moment put it out of her power to derive any advantage from these States. We could neither aid her with men nor money. Of the former we have none; and of the latter our weak and improvident war with the Indians, together with the debts we have assumed will completely exhaust us. Our declaration would not be felt on the continent. It would produce no effect on the general combination of European powers\u2014would not retard the movements of Brunswick, or any other invading army. It would in fact be simply a declaration against G. Britain, which would prove beneficial to her, and highly injurious to France, and ourselves. From the view I have of the subject it would relieve her from restraints growing out of the present state of things, which would be both gratifying and advantageous to her. For whilst the rights of neutrality belong to us some respect will be shewn to those rights, nor is it probable that an invasion of them by her will be countenanc\u2019d by her other associates in the war. Under the protection of these rights the ports and the bottoms of America will be free to France; in addition to which every act of gratuity and favor which a generous and grateful people can bestow, without an infringement of them on the other side, will be shewn. France may greatly profit from this situation, for under a wise management immense resources may be gathered hence to aid her operations and support her cause. And America must flourish under it, if indeed it were generous to count her profits arising from the general misfortunes of mankind. Let it be notic\u2019d as a posterior consideration, after estimating  the effect our declaration or neutrality might produce upon the affairs of France. On the other hand I am persuaded our declaration in favor of France, would not only in a correspondent degree, injure that nation, and ourselves, but benefit the party we meant to injure. Freed from any embarrassing questions respecting the rights of neutrality, our commerce would be her lawful plunder, and commanding as I presume she will the seas, but little would escape her. Neither the vessels of France nor even our own, would be safe in our ports, unless we raised fortifications in each for their protection. I shall not therefore be surprised to find G. B. endeavoring to draw us into the war, even against her, by every species of insult and outrage which a proud, selfish, and vindictive nation, can impose; or that this disposition should shew itself in the impressment of our ships sailors, and other violations of our neutrality. Whether an appeal from such conduct should be made to the general sense even of the combined powers, with whom I see no reason why we should not stand on good terms, with a view of degrading her among all civilized nations, as the Algiers of Europe, or to any other means for the purpose of teaching her better principles and manners, I will not pretend to determine. Certain however I am, at least this is my present impression, that it is our duty to avoid by every possible dexterity a war which must inevitably injure ourselves and our friends and benefit our enemies.\nOne circumstance seems to press us at present, and which I fear will lessen, before any possible remedy can be applied, the benefits of our neutrality and to those for whom they are wished, I mean the scarcity of American bottoms. I am told such cannot be procured, and in consequence that our productions cannot be exported. The injury that must arise from such a cause will be universally felt. Can this be otherwise remedied than by allowing the American merchants to buy in the bottoms of other nations, for a limited time 12. months for instance? I can perceive no other cause at present which can make the meeting of Congress necessary before, or much before the time appointed; and the fact I hope does not exist, or so partially as will admit of a remedy under the regular operation of the existing law by the [great?] encouragement offered to American ships. If such an event should take place (a more early meeting of Congress) which is much spoken of here by letters from Phila., shall thank you to mention the time you think it will sit, as it will regulate me in my family and law concerns, and particularly whether I shall bring Mrs. M. with me or leave her behind. If such a call should be made, however injurious it may be to me, I shall obey it\u2014for whilst I hold the present station, I shall always endeavor to perform its duties. I have troubled you with a long letter upon subjects very familiar to you, and upon which you have no doubt long since made up your  mind. Mr. R. and family were well two days past\u2014and the neighbourhood generally\u2014except Mrs. M. who has been indisposed for a few days past. With great respect & esteem I am yr. affectionate friend & servant\nJas. Monroe\nIs it not surprising that since my arrival in Virga. I have not received one of Freneau\u2019s papers, tho\u2019 Fenno\u2019s have come regularly. Perhaps they have not been sent\u2014will you be pleased to enquire and direct them to be sent in case they are not. He should know that Davis is, if not in the opposit interest, yet so miserable a tool of it as not to be counted on in any respect. I enclosed for Beckley from Fredbg. for that paper a political Jeu de Esprit of a friend who wishes well to the republican cause. If Beckley should be absent, as the cover to him was intended meerly as one from you, to prevent your being troubled with it, could not this be mentioned to the Editor to authorize his stripping it off?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0126", "content": "Title: Memorandum from Edmund Randolph, [ca. 28\u201330 May 1793]\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMinutes of reasons, which operated with E. R. in advising the expulsion of the Genet privateer.\n1. That it is the prerogative of every nation to prohibit acts of sovereignty to be done within its limits by another nation, except where treaties otherwise provide, or those acts relate to the privileges of ministers.\n2. That it is the peculiar prerogative of every neutral nation, to prohibit such acts of sovereignty, going to the injury of one of the warring powers.\n3. That the granting of a commission within the limits of the U.S. is an attack upon their sovereignty.\n4. That the granting of a commission to citizens of the U.S. within their limits, who are liable to punishment, is an attack upon their sovereignty.\n5. That for an attack on their sovereignty, the U.S. are judges of the measure of satisfaction; and it seems to be a satisfaction, allied to the attack, that the vessel, which has been thus illegally commissioned, and illegally manned in part, should be put out of the protection of the U.S.\n6. That reasons of expediency may concur, to enforce these reasons of  right; as it is always adviseable for a neutral nation, to avoid even a suspicion of the faith of its neutrality.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0127", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion on the Creek Indians and Georgia, 29 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nThe President of the United States having assembled the heads of the respective departments and the attorney General, laid before them for their advice thereon, sundry communications from the Governor of Georgia, and others, relatively to the recent alarming depredations of the creek Indians upon the State of Georgia.\nWhereupon after the subject was maturely considered and discussed it was unanimously advised\nThat the Governor of Georgia be informed that from considerations relative to foreign powers, and the pending treaty with the Northern Indians, it is deemed adviseable for the present, to avoid offensive expeditions into the Indian Country. But from the nature of the late appearances, it is thought expedient to encrease the force to be kept up for defensive purposes. The President therefore authorises, the calling into, and keeping in service, in addition to the troops heretofore stationed in Georgia, one hundred horse, and one hundred infantry, to be employed in repelling inroads as circumstances shall require. As it does not yet  appear that the whole nation of the creeks, is engaged in hostility, it is confided that this force will be sufficient for the object designated. The case of a serious invasion of the territory of Georgia, by large bodies of Indians must be referred to the provisions of the constitution. The proceeding with efficacy in future requires absolutely, that no unnecessary expence should be incurred in the mean time.\nThe above corps of horse to be raised for any period of time not exceeding twelve Months as may be found most practicable, subject to be dismissed at any time sooner as the government may think fit. The infantry to be called into service according to the course of the militia Laws endevoring to secure their continuance in service for the like time.\nThat General Pickens be invited to repair to the seat of Government, for the purpose of information and consultation; a proper compensation for his expences, and loss of time to be allowed.\nThat a further supply of one thousand arms with correspondent accoutrements be forwarded to the state of Georgia. Arms and accoutrements, for the cavalry to be also provided and forwarded.\nThat an agent be sent to the Creeks to endevor to adjust the surrender of those Indians who have lately committed murders on the citizens of Georgia; to conciliate, and secure such of the Indians as may be well disposed to the United States; in the event of a war with the Creek nation, and if possible to prevent that extremety.\nTh: JeffersonH KnoxEdm: RandolphAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0128", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 29 May 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLisbon May 29th. 1793\nI had the honour of writing to you on the 19th by Capt. Orne, who was bound to Salem. In that letter I acquainted you with my having received yours of the 30th. of March, and that I should endeavour to make all the preparations in my power for the accomplishment of its object. No intelligence is received as yet of Captn. Cutting: nor is any vessel yet found that would be likely to answer the purpose.\nThe defection of Dumourier has not injured the French cause as much as was expected. Notwithstanding the parties and confusions in Paris, their armies seem to be in such force in different quarters that the combined Powers make little impression. The season for the campaign is passing without any thing decisive being done. The English are slow in getting to Sea. The Spanish have a fleet of twenty Sail cruising in the Mediterranean, said to be with a design of intercepting a convoy with wheat from Algiers to Marseilles. The Portuguese fleet of ten Sail have been out five days to Maneuvre and is returned. You will have seen the account of the division of Poland. The combination against freedom is formidable. Spain proposed to England to make a common [cause] against the United States of America. This information comes from a Person who had the means of knowing the fact, and who could have no interest in deceiving me. It does not appear the proposal was listened to. This may perhaps occasion a different subsequent conduct on the part of the proposer.\nI forward this by way of St. Ubes, as there is not a single vessel here destined immediately for the U.S. I also send one of three Packets just  received from Messrs. Carmichael and Short\u2014the others noted to go by different conveyances. With sincere & great respect I have the honour to be Sir Your Most obedient & Most humble Servant\nD. Humphreys", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0129", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 29 May 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nOrange May 29. 93.\nI wrote you two or three days ago with an inclosure of Newspapers &c since which I have been favored with yours of the 19th. I thank you for the plans and observations which far exceeded the trouble I meant to give you. The sentiments expressed by Genest would be of infinite service at this crisis. As a regular publication of them cannot be expected till the meeting of Congress, if then, it were to be wished they could in some other mode make their way to the press. If he expressed the substance of them in his verbal answer to the address, or announces them in open conversation, the Printers might surely hand them to the public. The affection to France in her struggles for liberty would not only be increased by a knowledge that she does not wish us to go to war; but prudence would give its sanction to a bolder enunciation of the popular sentiment. I inclose a letter to the French Minister of the Interior which has been written some time. I pray you to look it over with an eye to every proper consideration, and if you find a particle in it wrong or doubtful not to seal and forward it, till I have an opportunity of making the requisite variations. I hope your model of the Threshing Machine is by this time arrived and answerable to expectation. You will have much use for it if your harvest should turn out according to the promises of our  fields in this quarter. Wheat was never known to be more uniformly excellent. Adieu. Yrs. always & affy.\nJs. Madison Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0130", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Nixon, 29 May 1793\nFrom: Nixon, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWednesday May 29. 1793\nMr. Henry Cruger left with you sometime past, Some papers belonging to his Brother respecting the Seizure of Capt. Burke on Hispaniola; that Gentleman has now directed me to Call for them and forward them on to him; I shall be therefore obliged to you to deliver them to the Bearer, as I mean to send them on this day. I am very Respectfully Your very hum Sert\nJohn Nixon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0133", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to F. P. Van Berckel, 29 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Berckel, F. P. van\nSir\nPhiladelphia May 29th. 1793.\nI am favored with your note of the 22d. instant, stating that under circumstances of invasion, and urgent danger, their High Mightinesses the States General of the United Netherlands had found it necessary to lay an embargo on all vessels in their Ports, and that an American Ship, the Hope, being involved in this general order, the master had claimed an exemption, under the eighth article of our Treaty, which it had been necessary to refuse him.\nI have laid this Note before the President of the United States, and have it in charge from him to assure you that the United States, having the utmost confidence in the sincerity and good faith with which their  High Mightinesses will observe the Treaty between the two Countries, feel no dissatisfaction at the circumstance mentioned in your Note. They are sensible that in human affairs there are moments of difficulty and necessity to which it is the office of friendship to accommodate its strict rights.\nThe President considers the explanation, which their High Mightinesses have instructed you to give of this incident, as a proof of their desire to cultivate harmony and good understanding with these United States; and charges me to assure you that he has nothing more at heart than to convince their High Mightinesses of the same amicable sentiments on the part of this Country and of the certainty with which they may count on its justice and friendship on every occasion. I have the honor to be with great respect and esteem Sir, your most obedient & most humble Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0135", "content": "Title: Edmund Randolph\u2019s Opinion on the Case of Gideon Henfield, 30 May 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe Attorney general of the United States has the honor of submitting to the Secretary of State the following Opinion on the Case of Gideon Henfield, as represented by the Minister of France.\n1. It may well be doubted, how far the Minister of France has a right to interfere. Henfield is a citizen of the United States; and it is unusual at least, that a foreign Power should interfere in a Question, whether as a citizen, a man has been guilty of a Crime? Nor can an authority be derived from Henfield being under the protection of the french Republic; because being still a citizen, he is amenable to the laws, which operate on citizens, and the very act, by which he is said to have been taken under such protection, is a violation of the sovereignty of the United States. If he be innocent, he will be safe in the hands of his countrymen: if guilty, the respect, due by one Nation, to the decrees of another, demands, that they be acquiesced in.\n2. But Henfield is punishable; because treaties are the Supreme law of the land; and by treaties with three of the powers at war with France, it is stipulated, that there shall be a peace between their subjects, and the citizens of the United States.\n3. He is indictable at the common Law; because his conduct comes within the description of disturbing the Peace of the United States.\nEdm: RandolphMay 30. 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0136", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Randolph, with Jefferson\u2019s Note, 30 May 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nE. R. to Mr. J.\nThe return of Warder\u2019s bills under protest has embarrassed me so much, as to make me request the favor of your name to the inclosed. You shall hear no more of it.\n[Note by TJ:]\nIn consequence of the above I endorsed E.R\u2019s note for 1000 D. payable at 60. days sight.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0137", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 30 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President French copies of the communications of Mr. Genet on the subject of our debt to France, as they will convey his sense perhaps more faithfully to the Secretary of the treasury should the President think proper to refer them to him.\u2014He has changed the expression in the close of the 2d. paragraph of the letter to Mr. Van Berkel, so as to leave less room to doubt but that  indemnification to the individual may be required should the case require it, as such an indemnification will be an accomodation of our strict right.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0138", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Biddle, 31 May 1793\nFrom: Biddle, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nI have taken proper measures to discover the person complained of for the Insult to the national flag of France tending to provoke the french Citizens to Acts of Outrage and breach of the publick peace\u2014and have issued a Warrant to apprehend the Offender which I doubt not will be executed. While I am now sitting in Court an Application is made on behalf of one John L. Steele Second Mate of the Ship Active Captn. Blair who it is alledged was assaulted while peaceable in the street the Night before last about ten o\u2019Clock by a large body of the Crew of the Ambuscade and taken and carried on board the Little Sally and from thence to the Ambuscade where he has been and still is kept confined in Irons.\nI have requested Mr. Dunkin Merchant of this City who makes the Complaint to apply to you for redress which I doubt not you will readily obtain. I am Sir wth. great respect Your obedt. servt.\nJames Biddle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0139", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael and William Short, 31 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William,Short, William\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia May 31st. 1793.\nIn my letters of Oct. 14. and Nov. 3. 1792, I communicated to you, papers and Observations, on the conduct of the Spanish Officers on our South Western frontier, and particularly of the Baron de Carondelet, the Governor of New Orleans. These made it evident that he had industriously excited the Southern Indians to war against us, and had furnished them with Arms and Ammunition, in abundance, for that express purpose. We placed this under the view of the Commissioners of Spain here, who undertook to communicate it to their Court, and also to write on the subject to the Baron de Carondelet. They have lately made us communications from both these Quarters; the aspect of which, however, is by no means such as to remove the causes of our dissatisfaction. I send you these communications, consisting of Treaties between Spain, the Creeks, Choctaws, Chickasaws, and Cherokees, handed us by express order from their Court, a Speech of Baron de Carondelet, to the Cherokees, and a letter from Messrs. de Viar and Jaudenes, covering that Speech, and containing in itself very serious matter.\nI will first observe to you, that the question stated in that letter, to have been proposed to the Cherokees, What part they would take in the event of a war, between the United States and Spain? was never proposed by authority from this Government. It\u2019s instructions to it\u2019s agents, have on the contrary, been explicitly to cultivate, with good faith, the peace between Spain and the Indians: and from the known prudence and good conduct of Governor Blount, to whom it is imputed, it is not believed to have been proposed by him. This proposition then you are authorized to disavow, to the Court of Madrid, in the most unequivocal terms.\nWith respect to the treaties, the Speech, and the letter, you will see that they undertake to espouse the concerns of Indians within our limits; to be mediators of boundary between them and us; to guaranty that boundary to them; to support them with their whole power; and hazard to us intimations of acquiescence to avoid disagreeable results. They even propose to extend their intermedlings to the northern Indians. These are pretensions, so totally inconsistent with the usages established among the white nations, with respect to indians living within their several limits; that it is believed no example of them can be produced, in times of peace; and they are presented to us in a manner, which we cannot deem friendly. The consequence is, that the Indians, and particularly the Creeks, finding themselves so encouraged, have passed, without the least provocation on our part, from a state of peace,  which appeared to be well settled, to that of serious hostility. Their Murders and Depredations, which, for some months, we were willing to hope were only individual aggressions, now assume the appearance of unequivocal War. Yet, such is our desire of courting and cultivating the peace of all our Indian neighbors, that instead of marching at once into their Country, and taking satisfaction ourselves, we are peaceably requiring punishment of the individual Aggressors; and, in the mean time, are holding ourselves entirely on the defensive. But this state of things cannot continue. Our Citizens are entitled to effectual protection; and defensive measures are, at the same time, the most expensive, and least effectual. If we find then, that peace cannot be obtained by the temperate means we are still pursuing; we must proceed to those which are extreme, and meet all the consequences, of whatever nature, or from whatever quarter, they may be. We have certainly been always desirous to avoid whatever might disturb our harmony with Spain. We should be still more so, at a moment when we see that nation making part of so powerful a confederacy as is formed in Europe, and under particular good understanding with England, our other neighbor. In so delicate a position, therefore, instead of expressing our sense of these things, by way of answer to Messrs. Viar and Jaudenes, the President has thought it better that it should be done to you, and to trust to your discretion the moment, the measure, and the form, of communicating it to the Court of Madrid.The actual state of Europe, at the time you will receive this, the solidity of the confederacy, and especially, as between Spain and England, the temper and views of the former, or of both, towards us, the state of your negotiation, are circumstances, which will enable you better to decide how far it may be necessary to soften, or even, perhaps, to suppress, the expressions of our sentiments on this subject. To your discretion therefore, it is committed, by the President, to let the Court of Spain see how impossible it is for us to submit, with folded arms, to be butchered by these Savages, and to prepare them to view, with a just Eye, the more vigorous measures we must pursue to put an end to their atrocities, if the moderate ones, we are now taking, should fail of that effect.\nOur situation, on other accounts, and in other quarters, is critical. The President is, therefore, constantly anxious to know the state of things with you: and I entreat you to keep him constantly and well informed. Mr. Yznardi, the younger, lately appointed Consul of the United States, at Cadiz, may be a convenient channel of forwarding your letters. I have the honor to be with great esteem & respect, Gentlemen your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0140", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 31 May 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 31 May 1793\nIn your letter of the 15th curt., you mention that one of the points, stated in my memorial of the 8th of this month, has been reserved for future deliberation. That point appearing to me to be of the most serious magnitude, I shall be infinitely obliged to you, if you will have the goodness to inform me at what time I may expect to receive the determination of this government upon it; as my knowledge of that circumstance will regulate my conduct with regard to the departure of the June packet. I have the honor to be, with great respect, Sir, Your most obedient, humble Servant,\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0142", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Randolph, with Jefferson\u2019s Note, 31 May 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nE. R. to Mr. J.\nThe requisition of departure is, in my judgment, expressed in the most accurate and satisfactory manner possible. It gives me real pleasure  to find the strong measure capable of such a softening of feature, while it retains full nerve.\nWere I to speak for myself, as an individual, I should assent with equal cordiality to the last clause. But I can\u2019t help believing, that it would accord better with a neutral situation, to omit the reciprocation of affection. The existence of this is too manifest in the people, to render any very warm expression of it on the part of the government, necessary to convince the French of our fidelity.\nI forward some papers from Baltimore, which the President, thro\u2019 Mr. Lear, requested me to send to you. As he is unwell, I intend to desire, that we may assemble at your office to morrow 12 o\u2019clock. Perhaps it may not be amiss, to authorize me to say informally to Colo. Smith, as I pass thro\u2019 Baltimore, that the President will, at the next session of congress, recommend the suppression of the sale of prizes in our ports.\n[Note by TJ:]\nThe concluding clause of the letter objected to was in these words. \u2018The assurance conveyed in your letter of the friendship and attachment of your nation is received with sincere pleasure and returned with equal sincerity on the part of this country. That these may be long and firm no one wishes more cordially than he who has the honor to be with sentiments of esteem & respect Sir &c.\u2019 The paragraph was struck out.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0145", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Walker, 31 May 1793\nFrom: Walker, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond May 31. 1793\nMr. Underwood of Goochland, requests me to inclose some certificates respecting his son. He has forwarded such to the war office, but  fearing the subscribers may not be so well known there as to yourself, solicits you to give them the weight they deserve. We both trust that our wish to promote a deserving soldier will be a sufficient apology for giving you this trouble. I am sir your obdt Servt.\nFras: Walker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0146", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 31 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to send the President draughts of letters on the subjects discussed in his presence the other day, meant merely as a ground-work for the gentlemen to propose amendments to. He shall be able to send another in the course of to-day, so that the whole would be ready for consideration tomorrow, if the President should think proper to have them considered before the departure of the Attorney general.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "05-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0147", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 31 May 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has now the honor of inclosing to the President the draught of a letter to Mr. Genet on the subject of the departure of the privateer.\u2014Also a letter just received from Colo. Humphreys.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0149", "content": "Title: Cabinet Memorandum on French Privateers, [1 June 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nOn the letters and papers from Genl. Williams and Colo. Smith.\nIt is the opinion that the writers be informed that with respect to vessels armed and equipped in the ports of the US. before notice to the contrary was given, the President is taking measures for obliging them to depart from the ports of the US. and that all such equipments in future are forbidden: but that as to the prizes taken by them, no power less than that of the legislature can prohibit their sale.\u2014That as the Attorney General is to pass through Baltimore shortly, it is better that this answer be given verbally by him, any other gentleman being free to do the same in writing in his private capacity. Also that they be informed that measures are taken for punishing such citizens as have engaged in hostilities by sea against nations at peace with the US.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0150", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinions on Sending an Agent to the Choctaw Indians, 1 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nThat an Agent be sent to the Choctaw nation to endeavour secretly to engage them to support the Chickasaws in their present war with the Creeks, giving them for that purpose arms and ammunition sufficient: and that it be kept in view that if we settle our differences amicably with the Creeks, we at the same time mediate effectually the peace of the Chickasaws and Choctaws, so as to rescue the former from the difficulties in which they are engaged, and the latter from those into which we may have been instrumental in engaging them.\nTh: JeffersonH Knox\nAltho\u2019 I approve of the general policy of employing Indians against Indians; yet I doubt greatly, whether it ought to be exercised under the particular existing circumstances with Spain; who may hold herself bound to take the part of the Creeks, and criminate the U. S. for some degree of insincerity.\nEdm: Randolph\nMy judgment ballanced a considerable time on the proposed measure; but it has at length decided against it, and very materially on the ground that I do not think the UStates can honorably or morally or with good policy embark the Chocktaws in the War, without a determination to extricate them from the consequences even by force. Accordingly it is proposed that in settling our differences with the Creeks, \u201cwe mediate effectually the peace of the Chickesaws and Choctaws\u201d which I understand to mean, that we are to insist with the Creeks on such terms of peace for them as shall appear to us equitable, and if refused will exert ourselves to procure them by arms. I am unwilling, all circumstances foreign and domestic considered, to embarrass the Government with such an obligation.\nAlex Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0151", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Clinton, 1 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clinton, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 1. 1793.\nThe bearer hereof, Monsr. de Hauterive, appointed Consul at New York in the place of M. de Crevecoeur, having brought me some very particular recommendations from friends at Paris, who would not give them lightly, I comply with their desire in presenting him to your notice.  In a short conversation which I had with him, I found him a man of literature, and a genuine republican, under which character I am sure he will be acceptable to your Excellency. The Minister here also seems to interest himself particularly for him. I therefore take the liberty of asking your countenance of him, both in the social and official line, and verily believe he will do justice to your attentions: which will also be considered as a favor conferred on Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0152", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 1 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 1. 1793.\n[\u2026] to correct an error of fact into [\u2026] being just led into it myself [\u2026] concerning the trespass committed by [a British] sailor on the French flag on board the Amiable. I mentioned it to a gentleman present, who informed me that the sailor [who made the insult?] and another concerned in it, were in jail, [\u2026] mentioned to you. I found on further enquiry that these two sailors were British, who had been committed for another assault on French [sailors?], and had not been concerned in the insult on board the Amiable. I immediately asked the attention of the [proper?] judge to the arrest and punishment of the offender on board the Amiable. I have this moment called on him again. [He informs?] me that he has discovered the name of the other [man?], that he had got on board a vessel bound to Halifax, which vessel [\u2026] that he has reason to believe [that?] the offender [\u2026], that the sheriff and some of his best officers [are now?] in pursuit of him, and he has no doubt he will be taken.\u2014In order to support the civil power, I am informed the Governor has called for sufficient patroles of militias. So that I hope, [\u2026] the [\u2026] prepared for them, we shall soon be led by [these into all?] the measures necessary for the preservation of peace. I have the honor to be with great esteem & respect, Sir, your most obedient & most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0154", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 1 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 1. 1793.\nI have to acknowledge the receipt of your Note of the 27th. of May on the subject of Gideon Henfield, a citizen of the United States, engaged on board an armed vessel in the service of France. It has been laid before the President, and referred to the Attorney General of the United States, for his opinion on the matter of law, and I have now the honor of enclosing you a copy of that opinion. Mr. Henfield appears to be in the custody of the civil magistrate, over whose proceedings the Executive has no controul. The act with which he is charged will be examined by a Jury of his Countrymen, in the presence of Judges of learning and integrity, and if it is not contrary to the laws of the land, no doubt need be entertained that his case will issue accordingly. The forms of the law involve certain necessary delays; of which, however, he will assuredly experience none but what are necessary. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of perfect Esteem and respect, Sir, Your most obedient and Most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. After writing the above I was honored with your note on the subject of Singleterry on which it is in my power to say nothing more than in that of Henfeild.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0155", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, 1 June [1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 1. [1793].\nI have the honor to inclose you the following papers.\nDraught of a letter to Mr. Genet in answer to [his enquiry respecting Hen]field.\ndo.\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003to order away the privateers fitted out in our ports.\ndo. to Messrs. Carmichael and Short on the letter of Viar and Jaudenes.\ndo. to Viar and Jaudenes in answer to their letter.\nWith these are all the preceding letters respecting the same subjects.\nThe above are in the form approved by Genl. Knox, Mr. Randolph, and myself: and we have agreed to meet at my office on Monday at 12. aclock to consider of any alterations which you would wish to propose on my giving them previous notice.\nI also inclose two other papers for signature. The third which relates to the letters of Genl. Williams [and Colo.] Smith is merely in the form of a memorandum to which no signature was thought to be requisite. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your most [obedt. humble Servt]\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0156", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gouverneur Morris, 1 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 1. 1793.\nThe bearer hereof Majr. Jackson formerly of the army, and afterwards of the President\u2019s family, is already too well known to you to need any recommendations from me. Yet a sense of his merit will not permit me to forbear mentioning that your attentions to him will confer an obligation on me. The circumstances of the times too may perhaps render the attentions of your office necessary for him, in which case, as one among our best citizens, I am sure he will have the benefit of them. I am happy in every occasion of expressing to you the sentiments of respect & esteem with which I am Dear Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0157", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 1 June 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nSainport near Paris 1 June 1793\nMy last No. 30 was of the twentieth of May. I had the Honor to transmit therein Copies of my last Correspondence with the Minister of foreign Affairs. Herein I have the Pleasure to send a Copy of his Letter to me of the twenty sixth, covering Copy of the Decree of the twenty third.\nI shall not say any Thing at present upon the State of public Affairs, but refer to what I have formerly said and the Developements contain\u2019d in the Gazettes. With sincere Esteem & Respect I have the Honor to be Dr Sir your obedient Servant\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0159", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Simpson, 1 June 1793\nFrom: Simpson, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGibraltar, 1 June 1793. Having been detained by contrary winds, the vessel this letter goes by also brings his letter of 22 May, to which he adds intelligence of the capture off Cape Gata by an Algerine row boat of an American schooner from Cartagena, the Lark, Captain Pulling, and the escape of her master and crew to Spain. Muley Suliman, to whom most provinces have sent deputies, remains at Rabat and has sent part of his army to Shauia or Tremecena to give the alcaides Benasser and Belarosi an opportunity to join him, they having been independent and uncommitted to any of the contending princes. When Spain supported Muley Ischem against Yezid and Slema it only had communication with the part of the empire under Ischem\u2019s dominion. Now Spanish vessels have received permission to trade as before with all the ports, and according to the best authority the court at Madrid will be one of the first to send an ambassador  to Suliman as soon as he establishes himself at Morocco. The reported sailing of the Toulon fleet has not been confirmed. The allied army has entered France and is before Cond\u00e9 and Valenciennes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0160", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Fulwar Skipwith, 1 June 1793\nFrom: Skipwith, Fulwar\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTrinity, Martinique, 1 June 1793.\nIt is now a week since the Vessel in which I took my passage from Boston, came into this place, (a small port in the Windward part of the Island) where is exhibited the most terrible scene of distress and Confusion immaginable.\nAbout a month ago it seems that the Planters were advised of the arrival of the British fleet, at Barbados, and at the same time they received Assurance that the object of this Armament was to invade the Island, to protect the Royalists, (composed entirely of Planters) and to bend their force against the Patriots, consisting of Townspeople of St. Pierre and Fort-Royal, and the Mulatoes with Mr. Rochambeau at their head. Indeed these two Parties have been thus secretly formed and distinguished previous to the Arrival of the british fleet\u2014Professing however submission to the existing Government, and Keeping up the Appearance of tranquillity. But, immediately on the promise of this force from Barbados, the Planters threw of the mask, changed the flag, and dispatched Deputies to the Admiral of the british Fleet, with an offer of the Island. On the other hand, Mr. Rochambeau was active in assembling and arming his Adherents, and putting the towns of Fort-Royal and St. Pierre in a state of Defense. This done, hostilities soon commenced by frequent Skirmishes; The Planters, to defend their Plantations, and the Patriots, to possess themselves of them, in order to derive a supply for Fort-Royal of provisions. In these rencontres, the former generally lost ground, when, to complete the measure of their misfortunes, there sprung up a numerous band of Plunderers, Composed mostly of their own Negroes, who have been for fifteen days, and are now employed in murdering, burning and destroying. Already, upwards of forty of the most valuable Sugar-Estates are in ashes; many more are likely to share the same fate, and the Planters are closely confined to their two last strong holds, Gros-Morne and Case-Navira; and these must likewise fall, unless early assistance be afforded by the English; what their real intention may be at present, in regard to this unhappy  Island, is perhaps a little problematical, altho\u2019 they have promised to receive it at the hands of the Planters, and have actually coalesced so far with them, as to receive into their fleet a french 74, and a frigate under the white flag (the vessels that took refuge some months since at Trinidad, with a number of their part, when Mr. Rochambeau assumed the Government). This fleet, in all said to be ten sails, have been a fortnight off the Island, but have not landed a Soldier, or done more than to cut off all Communication with Fort-Royal by water; hence American Vessels cannot go there; and unluckily every shilling to which I have any Claim, lays there.\nFrom very respectable Authority I\u2019ve just learned that five American Vessels have been seized by English Privateers, and carried into St. Kitts, for having on board french property. Such property I apprehend will be condemned, but the Vessels doubtless must be released. However I shall as much as may be in my power, Caution the American Flag against committing themselves in future.\nA few days before my leaving Boston, I had the honor to receive from you a Packet containing the Laws of the United States, and your two favors of May 31. 1792 and March 21. 1793. Their several Contents I shall be strictly governed by, whenever I may be placed in a situation to fulfill any one of their purposes. At present, I\u2019ve no more to say than to subscribe myself &ca.\n(signed) Fulwar Skipwith", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0161", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Telfair, 1 June 1793\nFrom: Telfair, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nState House, Augusta 1st June 1793\nYour Communication of the 26th. April last, with its enclosure being the Proclamation of the President of the United States, enjoining a strict neutrality with the European powers at War, came this day to hand; nothing has as yet been attempted in this State, except one case, on which immediate order was taken, which is herewith transmitted: I shall make every exertion to cause a due observance of the said neutrality. I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedt. Servt.\nEdrd. Telfair", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0162", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 1 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 1st 1793\nTo call upon Mr. Hammond without further delay for the result of the reference to his Court concerning the surrender of the Western Posts\u2014or to await the decision of the trial at Richmond on the subject of British debts before it be done, is a question on which my mind has been divided for sometime.\nIf your own judgment is not clear in favor of one, or the other, it is my desire, as the heads of the Departments are now together, that you would take their opinion thereupon, and act accordingly.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0163", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Delamotte, 2 June 1793\nFrom: Delamotte\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLe Havre, 2 June 1793. Our political position is still the same. The allied powers attack us from all sides by land and sea and until now we have resisted them passably. But in the last two days our enemies have apparently had some success, unconfirmed reports saying that they have taken Valenciennes and  Cond\u00e9. Our internal troubles hurt us more than the efforts of foreigners. Despite constant talk of bringing minds together, they grow more and more embittered. The different factions forgive each other temporarily and then fight even more furiously, and if in the end we succumb, this will probably be the cause of our ruin. Even now Paris is in a state of extreme agitation, and what little is known about it makes us fear a new effusion of blood. The exchange on London is 9\u00bdd. Tobacco is worth 100\u20b6 to 105\u20b6, rice 80\u20b6, pearl ashes 125\u20b6, and flour 100\u20b6 per hundredweight. If those with an interest in the Lawrence\u2014bound from Charleston to London under Captain White with a cargo of indigo and rice\u2014have learned that it was brought into this port by a French privateer seeking to have the cargo condemned as enemy property, assure them that the cargo will be delivered to its destination because four or five days ago the National Convention exempted Americans alone from the measures taken under the 9 May decree on neutral cargoes. With our government showing a complete partiality for America, TJ can easily draw the possible consequences.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0164", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 2 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nI wrote you on the 27th. Ult. You have seen in the papers that some privateers have been fitted out in Charleston by French citizens, with their own money, manned by themselves, and regularly commissioned by their nation. They have taken several prizes and brought them into our ports. Some native citizens had joined them. These are arrested and under prosecution; and orders are sent to all the ports to prevent the equipping privateers by any persons foreign or native. So far is right. But the vessels so equipped at Charleston are ordered to leave the ports of the US. This I think was not right. Hammond demanded further a surrender of the prizes they had taken. This is refused, on the principle that by the laws of war the property is transferred to the captors. You will see, in a paper I inclose, Dumourier\u2019s address to his nation, and also Saxe Cobourg\u2019s. I am glad to see a probability that the constitution of 1791. would be the term at which the combined powers would stop. Consequently that the reestablishment of that is the worst the French have to fear. I am also glad to see that the combiners adopt the slow process of nibbling at the strong posts on the frontiers. This will give to France a great deal of time. The thing which gives me uneasiness is their internal combustion. This may by famine be rendered extreme. E.R. sets out, the day after tomorrow, for Virginia. I have no doubt he  is charged to bring back a faithful statement of the dispositions of that state. I wish therefore he may fall into hands which will not deceive him. Have you time and the means of impressing Wilson Nicholas, (who will be much with E.R.) with the necessity of giving him a strong and perfect understanding of the public mind? Considering that this journey may strengthen his nerves, and dispose him more favorably to the proposition of a treaty between the two republics, knowing that in this moment the division on that question is 4. to 1. and that the last news has no tendency to proselyte any of the majority, I have my self proposed to refer taking up the question till his return. There is too at this time a lowering disposition perceivable both in England and Spain. The former keeps herself aloof and in a state of incommunication with us, except in the way of demand. The latter has not begun auspiciously with C. and S. at Madrid, and has lately sent 1500. men to N. Orleans, and greatly strengthened her upper posts on the Missisipi. I think it more probable than otherwise that Congress will be convened before the constitutional day. About the last of July this may be known. I should myself wish to keep their meeting off to the beginning of October, if affairs will permit it. The invasion of the Creeks is what will most likely occasion it\u2019s convocation. You will see Mrs. House\u2019s death mentioned in the papers. She extinguished almost like a candle. I have not seen Mrs. Trist since, but I am told she means to give up the house immediately, and that she has suffered great loss in her own fortune by exertions hitherto to support it. Browse is not returned, nor has been heard of for some time.\u2014Bartram is extremely anxious to get a large supply of seeds of the Kentucky coffee tree. I told him I would use all my interest with you to obtain it, as I think I heard you say that some neighbor of yours had a large number of the trees. Be so good as to take measures for bringing a good quantity if possible to Bartram when you come to Congress. Adieu yours affectionately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0166", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Sullivan, 2 June 1793\nFrom: Sullivan, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBoston June 2d 1793\nI have a wish to serve the public and to oblige my friend. From the office you hold, and the character you support, I venture to attempt through you to do it. Mr. de L Etombe the consul of france for this state, has rendered himself very agreeable to the people here, and has been from the reduction of the Bastile to the present moment, a friend to liberty and the french revolution: and yet it has been represented to the present Government in france that he is against the revolution there. This has been done by men who are themselves violently opposed to it, and who wish to injure him because he has opposed his sentiments to theirs.\nI give you this trouble, because I beleive, that if Mr. Genet is under any wrong impressions it is in your power to convince him. The line of opinion here with regard to the french revolution is exactly the same as that which formerly divided the Whigs and the Tories. Men who are opposed to the liberty of Mankind are generally, alike opposed to it under every appearance, and in every time and place. Should the Democratical principles of Mr. d\u2019L Etombe be called in question, he can at once obtain the Evidence of our Governor and Lieutenant Governor, and of all our republicans in his favour. Should he need Testimonies in favour of his prudence and goodness, to theirs would be added the Testimonies of all the men of public characters in our state.\nAs this is intended to aid a friend who I conceive to be ardently engaged in a cause which you love, the cause of Liberty I hope you will pardon the freedom I take, and allow me to assure you with how much respect I am your Most Obedient and very Humble Sert\nJa Sullivan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0167", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Brown, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Brown, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond 3d: June 1793\nI am favor\u2019d with yours of the 23d: May. Your 3 Pipes Wine are lodged in my Own Cellar apparantly in good Order Where they Shall Remain for Your further commands. I have discovered the Books from Dublin paid the Duties and landed them at Osbornes subject to the Order of Young Mr. Eppes for whom they appear to have been intended. I will make enquiry after the Mathematical Instruments \u214c the  Cammella, I expect they are lodged at the Naval Office. Your furniture was all lodged in a good Lumber House at Rockets, every care was taken of the Glasses and I fondly hope they and the Other furniture will be found free from Damage. You had as well empower me to Send the Whole up by Boats to Warren or some other landing on James River where Mr. Randolph can send your Waggons for them.\nYou may write Mr. Short that his Certificates and every Penny of Interest is Safe, the Certificates are now in his Own name, When I can Spare a little time I will write him with a full State of his Matters. As to your Tobacco I shall hold it Subject to your Orders. For the Present no Ships can be had to Any Port. The confidence You are Pleased to place in me on this Score shall not be misapplied. Donald & Burton have Settled Matters With their Creditors and obtained time to pay. When I hear that matters are fully adjusted I will conclude on future arrangements for their Joint Interest. I am sorry to discover Mr. Donald has Personal Views, that to enforce them he exculpates himself from all Blame of course Rests the failure on his Partners without giving them an oportunity to clear themselves from censure. This conduct every generous Mind will condemn and Suspend Opinions till both Sides are heard. Mr. Donald is also pleased to find fault with my conduct to some of his confidential friends, Without Writing me a Single line on the Subject, however I feel perfectly easy under the charge\u2019s, as I can Satisfy every liberal mind that they are groundless, and this manner of attack below the character of a Man.\nWhen your Carpenter and Stone mason appears I will have them sent forward to Mounticello. With due Respect I am Dear Sir Your Very Hbl: Serv\nJames Brown", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0168", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Matthew Clarkson, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Clarkson, Matthew\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 3d. 1793.\nHaving understood that it was Doctor Foulke who gave to Mr. Moissonier the names of the two persons who are represented in the Vice Consuls Memorial, as having excited the English Sailors to continue the Quarrel with the People of the Ambuscade, The Doctor has been so obliging as to call upon me, at my request, to inform me what he knew of the matter.\nThe following is the substance of what he told me, Vizt.\nThat on the 29th. ulto. at the time the riot happened, he was standing at his Door, when Mr. Moissonier represented to him, that he had seen Several persons encouraging the English Seamen to beat the French men; and occasioned great tumult, that he asked Mr. Moissonier if he could discover any of the persons who had been active in so doing, that Mr. Moissonier pointed out a person who he said was one of them; that he (the Doctor) knows him to be a man whose name is Peter, and is a domestick of the Spanish Charg\u00e9 des\u2019affaires; that he went to the said Peter and spoke to him, and told him that he had better go home and let the Frenchmen alone, or that he would get into trouble, to which he answered that \u201che knew what he was about,\u201d and went on with the crowd.\nThe Doctor says, that he also saw George Abbot a Hair-Dresser, running along side of the French-men; that he spoke to him, and desired him to go home; he answered \u201che would be damned if he did, for he intended to have a Crack at the French-men for beating one of his Comrades.\u201d That the Doctor told Mr. Moissonier his name, upon being asked who he was.\nThe Doctor adds that he hath mentioned to Mr. Viar what passed between his domestick, Peter, and him, and that he appeared Very much displeased with his Conduct. I am with much esteem Sir Your most obedt. humbl. Servt\nMatth ClarksonMayor", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0169", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Currie, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Currie, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRichmond, 3 June 1793. He introduces Alexander Maitland, a young English gentleman formerly of the British Navy who has come to see America and amuse himself\u2014having been recommended by Currie\u2019s friends in Europe, who say he is well connected in England and Jamaica, whence he lately came\u2014and requests TJ\u2019s attention to him as he passes to the north.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0170", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTreasury Department June 3d. 1793\nIt was not till within an hour, that I received your letter of the 1st with the papers accompanying it. I approve all the Drafts of letters, as they stand, except that I have some doubt about the concluding sentence of that on the subject of Henfield. If the facts are (as I presume they are) established\u2014may it not be construed into a wish, that there may be found no law to punish a conduct in our citizens, which is of a tendency dangerous to the peace of the Nation and injurious to powers with whom we are on terms of peace and neutrality?\nI should also like to substitute to the words \u201chave the favourable issue you desire\u201d these words \u201cissue accordingly.\u201d\nI retain till tomorrow the paper relating to an Agent to the Choctaws. My judgment is not intirely made up on the point\u2014the state of my family\u2019s and of my own health for some days having prevented due reflection upon it. With great respect I have the honor to be, Sir Your obedient Servant\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0171-0002", "content": "Title: I. Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President has the honor of inclosing him the draught of a reference to the Secretary of the Treasury, with the papers to be referred, on the subject of the French debt. The latter clause of the letter is inserted merely for the consideration of the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0171-0003", "content": "Title: II. George Washington to Alexander Hamilton, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nThe question of admitting modifications of the debt of the US. to France having been the subject of a consultation with the heads of the departments and the Attorney general, and an unanimous opinion given thereon which involves the inclosed propositions from the French minister, you will be pleased, under the form of a report to me, to prepare what may serve as an answer, making it conformeable to the opinion already given. If however the instalments of the present year can be  made a matter of accomodation, and it be mutual, their near approach may perhaps admit it within the spirit of the opinion given.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0171-0004", "content": "Title: III. George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, [5 June 1793]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Secretary of the Treasury left the enclosed to day (without my seeing him) and is to call to morrow morning to know how it is approved, or what alterations to make.\nWhether to assign, or not to assign reasons for non-complying with the French Ministers proposals is one question\u2014and the footing on which to decline doing it another. I wish you to consider these and if it is not convenient for you to take Breakfast with me at half past Seven tomorrow\u2014to send in the Report, with your sentiments thereon by that time. I sent to your Office for this purpose to day but you had just left the City. Yours always\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0171-0005", "content": "Title: IV. Alexander Hamilton\u2019s Draft Report on the American Debt to France, with Jefferson\u2019s Commentary, [5 June 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nThe Secy. of the Treasury, to whom were referred by the President of the US. sundry documents communicated by the Min. Plenipy. of the Republic of France, respectfully makes the following report thereupon.\nThe object of the communication appears to be to engage the US. to enter into arrangements for discharging the residue of the debt which  they owe to France by an anticipated payment of the instalments not yet due, either in specie, bank bills of equal currency with specie, or Government bonds, bearing interest and payable at certain specified periods, upon condition that the sum advanced shall be invested in productions of the US. for the supply of the French dominions.\nThis object is the same which came under consideration on certain propositions lately made by Colo. W. S. Smith who appeared to have been charged by the Provisional Executive Council of France with a negociation concerning it; in reference to which it was determined by the President with the concurring opinions of the heads of department and the Attorney general that the measure was ineligible, and that the proposer should be informed that it did not consist with the arrangements of the government to adopt it.\nThe grounds of the determination were purely political. Nothing has hitherto happened to weaken them. The decision on the application of the Min. pleny. of France will therefore naturally correspond with that on the propositions of Col. Smith. This indeed is signified to be the intention of the President.\nIt consequently only remains to make known the determination to the Minister, in answer to his application with or without reasons.\nThe following considerations seem to recommend a simple communication of the determination without reasons, viz.\nI. The US. not being bound by the terms of their contract to make the anticipated payments desired, there is no necessity for a specification of the motives for not doing it.\nII. No adequate reasons but the true ones can be assigned for the non-compliance; and the assignment of these would not be wholly without inconvenience. The mention of them might create difficulties in some future stage of affairs, when they may have lost a considerable portion of their force.\nThe following answer in substance, is presumed then to be the most proper which can be given....\n\u201cThat a proposition to the same effect was not long since brought forward by Col. Smith, as having been charged with a negociation on the subject, by the Provisional Executive Council of France. That it was then, upon full consideration, concluded not to accede to the measure, for reasons which continue to operate, and consequently lead at this time to the same conclusion. That an explanation of these reasons would with pleasure be entered into, were it not for the considerations that it could have no object of present utility, and might rather serve to occasion embarrasment in future.\u201d\n<Which is humbly submitted.>\nThe above having been communicated by the President to me, I wrote the following letter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0171-0006", "content": "Title: V. Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 6 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nI cannot but think that to decline the propositions of Mr. Genet on the subject of our debt, without assigning any reasons at all, would have a very dry and unpleasant aspect indeed. We are then to examine what are our good reasons for the refusal, which of them may be spoken out, and which may not.1. want of confidence in the continuance of the present form of government, and consequently that advances to them might commit us with their successors. This cannot be spoken out. 2. since they propose to take the debt in produce, it would be better for us that it should be done in moderate masses yearly, than all in one year. This cannot be professed.3. when M. de Calonne was minister of finance, a Dutch company proposed to buy up the whole of our debt, by dividing it into actions or shares. I think Mr. Claviere, now minister of finance, was their agent. It was observed to M. de Calonne that to create such a mass of American paper, divide it into shares, and let them deluge the market, would depreciate them, the rest of our paper, and our credit in general. That the credit of a nation was a delicate and important thing and should not be risked on such an operation. M. de Calonne, sensible of the injury of the operation to us, declined it. In May 1791, there came, thro\u2019 Mr. Otto, a similar proposition from Schweizer, Jeanneret & Co. We had a representation on the subject from Mr. Short, urging this same reason strongly. It was referred to the Secretary of the Treasury, who in a letter to yourself assigned the reasons against it, and these were communicated to Mr. Otto, who acquiesced in them. This objection then having been sufficient to decline the proposition twice before, and having been urged to the two preceding forms of government (the antient and that of 1791) will not be considered by them as founded in objections to the present form. 4. the law allows the whole debt to be paid only on condition it can be done on terms advantageous to the US. The minister foresees this objection and  thinks he answers it by observing the advantage which the paiment in produce will occasion. It would be easy to shew that this was not the sort of advantage the legislature meant, but a lower rate of interest.5. I cannot but suppose that the Secretary of the Treasury, much more familiar than I am with the money operations of the treasury, would on examination be able to derive practical objections from them. We pay to France but 5. per cent. The people of this country would never subscribe their money for less than 6. If to remedy this, obligations at less than 5. per cent were offered and accepted by Mr. Genet, he must part with them immediately at a considerable discount to indemnify the loss of the 1. per cent: and at a still greater discount to bring them down to par with our present 6. per cents: so that the operation would be equally disgraceful to us and losing to them &c. &c. &c.\nI think it very material myself to keep alive the friendly sentiments of that country as far as can be done without risking war, or double payment. If the instalments falling due in this year can be advanced, without incurring those dangers, I should be for doing it. We now see by the declaration of the Prince of Saxe-Cobourg on the part of Austria and Prussia that the ultimate point they desire is to restore the constitution of 1791. Were this even to be done before the pay-days of this year, there is no doubt in my mind but that that government (as republican as the present except in the form of it\u2019s executive) would confirm an advance so moderate in sum and time. I am sure the nation of France would never suffer their government to go to war with us for such a bagatelle, and the more surely if that bagatelle shall have been granted by us so as to please and not to displease the nation; so as to keep their affections engaged on our side. So that I should have no fear in advancing the instalments of this year at epochs convenient to the treasury, but at any rate should be for assigning reasons for not changing the form of the debt. These thoughts are very hastily thrown on paper, as will be but too evident. I have the honor to be with sentiments of sincere attachment & respect, Sir your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0171-0009", "content": "Title: VIII. Alexander Hamilton\u2019s Report on the American Debt to France, 8 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nThe Secretary of the Treasury to whom was referred a Communication from the Minister Plenipotentiary of the Republic of France, on the subject of the Debts of the United States to France, respectfully makes thereupon the following Report.\nThe object of this communication is to engage the United States to enter into an arrangement for discharging the residue of the debt which they owe to France; by an anticipated payment of the Installments not yet due, either in specie or bank bills of equal currency with specie, or in Government Bonds, bearing interest and payable at certain specified periods; upon condition that the sum advanced shall be invested in productions of the United States, for the supply of the French Dominions.\nWith regard to the first expedient, namely a payment in Specie or bank bills, the resources of the Treasury of the United States do not admit of its being adopted. The Government has relied for the means of reimbursing its foreign debt on new Loans to be made abroad. The late events in Europe have thrown a temporary obsticle in the way of these loans; producing consequently an inability to make payment, by anticipation, of the residue of the debt hereafter to grow due.\nWith regard to the second expedient, that of Government Bonds payable at certain specified periods; this in substance, though in other forms, has repeatedly come under consideration, and has as often been declined as inelegible. Great inconveniencies to the credit of the Government, tending to derange its general operations of finance have been, and must continue to be perceived, in every plan, which is calculated to throw suddenly upon the market a large additional sum of its bonds. The present state of things, for obvious reasons, would serve to augment the evil of such a circumstance; while the existing and possible exigencies of the United States admonish them to be particularly cautious, at this juncture, of any measure, which may tend to hazard or impair their Credit.\nThese considerations greatly outweigh the advantage which is suggested as an inducement to the measure (the condition respecting which is the principal circumstance of difference between the present and former propositions)\u2014to arise from an investment of the sum to be advanced in the products of the Country; an Advantage on which perhaps little stress can be laid, in the present and probable state of foreign demand for these products.\nThe motives which dissuade from the adoption of the proposed measure, may, it is conceived, be the more readily yielded to, from the probability  that the utility of it to France might not, on experiment, prove an equivalent for the sacrifices which she might have to make in the disposition of the bonds.\nAll which is humbly submitted\n(Signed) Alexander HamiltonSecy of the Treasy\nTreasury Department\nJune 8th: 1793", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0171-0010", "content": "Title: IX. George Washington to Thomas Jefferson, 10 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nJune 10th: 1793\nThe President sends to the Secretary of State the enclosed copy of a Report made by the Secretary of the Treasury to him\u2014relative to the Debts of the United States to France, in order that it may be communicated to the Minister of the Republic of France.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0172", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Maury, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLiverpool, 3 June 1793. He encloses a price current for this place and regards the prices affixed as nominal because for three months there has scarcely been a sale of consequence as a result of the stagnation of business arising from the distresses of the commercial part of the community.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0173", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Nixon, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Nixon, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMonday June 3d. 1793\nBy yesterdays post I received directions from Mr. Cruger to inform you, that Capt. Burke was in New York with the Condemnation of his Vessell and sundry other documents respecting her Seizure. That should you think it necessary that he (Mr. Cruger) or Capt. Burke should come forward at this time, they will immediately appear here to answer any Questions that may be thought necessary to Explain this business or will send the papers on for your Examination. I shall therefore thank you to let me know, what information I shall give Mr. Cruger on this Occasion, as he seems extremely anxious to know what he is to Expect from the determination, which may be taken here. I remain with great Respect Your most hum Servt\nJohn Nixon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0174", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Rittenhouse, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Rittenhouse, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nI was unwilling to ask a further Sum of money on account of the Mint until the Treasurer had obtained a Settlement of his Accounts at the Comptrollers Office, which is now done, to the 1st. of April last. This has obliged me to advance considerably for the Expenditures of the Mint, and I must request you to apply to the President for his Warrant for 5000 Dollars, in favour of the Mint. In future I hope our expences will be greatly diminished, the Necessary Buildings and Machinery  being nearly compleated. I have subjoined a Short State of the Mint Accounts at this day. I am, Sir, your most obedient Servant\nDavd. Rittenhouse, Direcr of the Mint\nDollars\nMint in advance as \u214c Statement March 22d\nPaid Since, For Copper Since purchased, Vizt. 11,353 \u2114 .\n  \u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Officers Salaries & Clerks pay, complete to March 31\n  \u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Workmen employed at the Mint 10. Weeks\n\u2007\u2007For Materials Carpenters & Millwrights Bills & other Expences\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Presidents Warrant of March 25th. 1793\n\u2007\u2007\u2007Ballance, Mint in advance, June 3d. 1793", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0175", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson respectfully submits to the President the draught of a letter to Mr. Hammond on the subject of the prizes taken by the Charleston privateers. Mr. Randolph has read and approved it. He has had no opportunity of communicating it to the Secretaries of the Treasury and War. The former is still prevented from coming to town by the situation of his family.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0176", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Anderson, 4 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Anderson, Nathaniel\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 4. 1793.\nI am just now favored with yours of May 26th. The neutrality of the US. so far as depends on France is on the f[irmest] ground. Her minister has not only not required our guarantee of the W. India islands, but has declared that France does not wish to interrupt our peace and prosperity by doing it. She wishes [us] to remain in peace, and has opened all her ports in every part [of the] world to our vessels on the same footing as to her own. With respect to England, if she consults either justice, public economy, or the private interest of her citizens, she will certainly leave us neutral.\u2014You say you are about purchasing an American ship. The merchants seem not to have adverted sufficiently to the circumstance that [it] suffices that a vessel be American-owned to be entitled to the protection of our flag: if she be American-built, also, she has the additional title to pay lower duties at home. But if a vessel belong to Americans, [no] foreigner has a right to touch her any more than they might [any] other American property. The Custom house officers have [been] accordingly instructed to give passports to all vessels bon\u00e2 fide owned by American citizens. Were we to depend on our home-built vessels only, much of our productions must remain on our hands. It would be well that this circumstance were made more known to the merchants. I am with great esteem Dear Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0177", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Currie, 4 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Currie, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 4. 1793.\nYours of the 13th. of May has been duly received. My former letters had informed you that by Mr. Barton\u2019s retiring from the bar, a term had been lost in your case. Mr. Serjeant to whom it was turned over, had at  first a thought that it might possibly be repaired by running two measures into one. But on further enquiry he found it would not be permitted. It cannot therefore be finished till the September term.\u2014I think the delays of justice in certain other states will hardly justify declamation, when in so commercial a place as Philadelphia it shall take two years and a half to get an uncontested case through the court into the hands of the sheriffs.\u2014You remember you desired me to import a pipe of Termo wine for you, when I should do it for my self. I accordingly ordered three pipes, intending one of them for you, if you should continue in the mind (for you had mentioned it only once, and that in a course of conversation). They arrived at Baltimore, and have been sent thence to Mr. Brown in Richmond. You are perfectly free to take one or not, as you please, since it will be quite equal to me to keep the three, or only two: therefore follow your more mature determination as if you had never said a word on the subject.\u2014Be assured that no other delay shall be permitted to happen to your suit against Griffin. I am with great esteem, Dear Sir your affectionate friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0178", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Lilburne Lewis, 4 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lewis, Charles Lilburne\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 4. 1793.\nThe constant calls of public business, which scarcely ever permit me to turn to what is private, will I hope apologize for my late acknolegement of your letter of Mar. 23. on the subject of the claims of Anthony and Giovannini against Mr. Mazzei. With respect to Anthony, I always assured him that whenever I should have any money of Mr. Mazzei\u2019s in my hands, I would join him in referring his claim to any impartial judge, and do him justice as far as in my power. I am still in the same purpose. With respect to Giovannini, I have known him now 16. or 18. years. He lived a considerable time in my family, I have enjoyed his confidence and I believe his esteem, and never before heard of his having any claim against Mazzei. I have too much regard for him not to hope he will avoid the risk of any unfounded claim. However when I come home in the fall I will hear what he has to say, and do for him whatever justice and my powers will authorize.\nI have little of news to add to what the news papers will give you. We have a good prospect of preserving our neutrality. Consequently we may hope open markets for our productions. I am afraid it will be difficult to quiet the Creek Indians; and an open war with them will be expensive and hazardous.\u2014Be so good as to present my [sincere] love  to my sister and the family, and to be assured of the esteem of Dear Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0179", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Adam Lindsay, 4 June 1793\nFrom: Lindsay, Adam\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNorfolk 4th. June 1793\nLast February I shipped you a quantity of Candles which the Skipper told me he delivered safe\u2014at same time wrote you by post inclosing his receipt for them with a bill of parcels, but am afraid some mistake has happened as I have never received any answer. I will thank to inform me if you received my letter.\nRespecting affairs in General here trade is extremely dull, owing to this port depending allmost on the British Shipping and that trade being stopped by the little pickeroons that has been on our Coast. The Merchants wait with patience to know what will be done with the prizes carried in to Phila. as on that determination much depends whether the trade of this place will revive or be anihilated. I Remain Dr. Sir Yr. Most Obt. & Hbl. Servt.\nAdam Lindsay", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0180", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 4 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 4. 1793.\nI am to acknolege the receipt of your favors of May 8. and 23. and to express my perfect satisfaction with what you have done in the case of Barrett. With respect to the interest from the date of the judgment it is a thing of course, and always as just as the judgment itself. If he swears that the account is unpaid, I shall be satisfied he believes it to be so, and in that case would always have paid it had he applied to me, because I do not possess equal evidence to the contrary. The original sum having been about 58. or 59\u00a3 with interest from Apr. 19. 1783. the order I gave you on Mr. Pope will be more than sufficient to cover it, and will render a delay till the fall unnecessary, as I may hope. The money too,  coming to the hands of Mr. Pope, his own lawyer, will abridge the business.\nI will certainly do justice to Mr. Gamble\u2019s competition for the French purchases of flour. I have written to him on that subject. I mean shortly to take a trip to Brandywine, and endeavor to engage a tenant for my mill, so as to produce some competition for the purchase of our flour. I shall go on also to Elkton to take arrangements of time with the tenants engaged for me there. On these may depend the time I see you in Albemarle, as I must precede them.\u2014You should look to the possibility of being called to Philadelphia early in October, if matters with the Creek Indians continue to wear their present serious aspect. The times too are otherwise so pregnant of events that every moment may produce cause for calling you. France has explained herself generously. She does not wish to interrupt our prosperity by calling for our guarantee. On the contrary she wishes to promote it by giving us in all her possessions all the rights of her native citizens, and to receive our vessels as her vessels. This is the language of her new minister. Gr. Britain holds back with the most sullen silence and reserve. She has never intimated to our Minister a wish that we would remain neutral. Our correspondence with her consists in demands where she is interested, and delays where we are. Spain too is mysterious. Nothing promising at Madrid, and contrary symptoms on the Missisipi. Were the combination of kings to have a very successful campaign, I should doubt their moderation.\u2014Parties seem to have taken a very well defined form in this quarter. The old tories, joined by our merchants who trade on British capital, paper dealers, and the idle rich of the great commercial towns, are with the kings. All other descriptions with the French. The war has kindled and brought forward the two parties with an ardour which our own interests merely, could never excite. I pray that the events of the summer may not damp the spirit of our approaching Congress to whom we look forward to give the last direction to the government in which we are embarked. Give my best affections to Mrs. Monroe, and accept them sincerely for yourself. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0181", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Nixon, 4 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Nixon, John\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 4. 1793.\nFrom the view I had of Mr. Cruger\u2019s papers, I had conceived his case to have been that of an arbitrary seizure of his vessel. I now perceive there has been a judicial condemnation of her. The proceedings of courts are so respected in every country that it is always difficult and often impracticable to get them revised. Nevertheless it is sometimes possible where their decision has been very palpably wrong. To effect this, it is necessary that Mr. Cruger should procure the strongest evidence his case admits, authenticated in the highest forms. On this subject he will be best advised by the gentlemen of the law on the spot. On sending to me these proofs, I will give them in to the French minister with a request to him to use his influence with the government of the island where the case happened, to have the proceedings of the court revised and corrected. I have the honor to be with great respect & esteem Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0182", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 4 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 4. 1793.\nI wrote you last on the 7th. of May, since which I have received yours of Mar. 12. Apr. 5. 6. 6. and 10.\nTho\u2019 the character of Mr. Albion Coxe here was not exactly what we would have wished, yet he will be received if he can give the security required by law. With respect to Mr. Holloway, my former letters will have informed you that the necessity of proceeding in our coinage would admit no longer delay in the appointment of officers; and that for this reason a day was fixed after which even Drost could not be received. The same reason operates more powerfully against Mr. Holloway; the office he desired cannot remain so long unfilled, and we shall be obliged to fill it immediately with some one of the candidates here, some of whom indeed are pretty good. The box of coins, which you mention to have forwarded from Mr. Digges, has not come to hand.\nWith respect to the advance of monies to Mr. Wilson, my letter of the 16th. of March has answered you fully, by observing that no money has been provided by law for advances in such cases, and that were it to be done in one, it must be done in all of the same kind, which would open a very wide feild indeed.\u2014The register of the ship Philadelphia packet is received and shall be immediately returned to the Treasury.\u2014Your  information that we are not likely to obtain any protection for our seamen in British ports, or against British officers on the high seas, is of a serious nature indeed. It contrasts remarkeably with the multiplied applications we are receiving from the British minister here for protection to their seamen, vessels and property within our ports and bays, which we are complying with with the most exact justice. However I shall hazard no further reflection on the subject thro the present channel of conveyance. You will be pleased to bear in mind what I wrote you on the subject of M. de la Fayette, to consider it as an object of interest in this country, and to let me know what may be expected in the case. I have the honor to be with great & sincere esteem Dr. Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. June 5. Your letter of Apr. 15. is this moment received, as also the box of medals.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0183", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 4 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President a letter from Mr. Pinckney covering proposals from a Mr. Holloway to come over as engraver to our mint. It does not appear that Mr. Holloway was very eminent, as far as we can judge from the expressions in Mr. Pinckney\u2019s letter: his idea of making it a kind of appointment for life seems inadmissible; and the delay to which his appointment would subject the commencement of our coinage of silver and gold, would be injurious. It therefore appears adviseable to decline his proposition by the packet now about to sail.Th:J. has indeed received information from Mr. T. Digges on the subject of coining which to him appears interesting. He has put it into the hands of Mr. Rittenhouse; if he should find in it any  thing which can be useful, Th: J. will have the honor of laying it before the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0184", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 4 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nJune 4th: 1793\nThe President returns to the Secretary of State Mr. Pinckney\u2019s letter enclosing Mr. Holloways proposals to come over to this country as engraver to our Mint\u2014which proposals the President conceives are inadmissible.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0185", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 4 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President the draught of a letter to Mr. Pinckney. Also the paper sent to him for the signatures now put to it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0187", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Alexander Hamilton to George Washington, 3 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nTreasury department June 3. 1793.\nThe failure of the late enterprize against the United Netherlands may be expected to have made a favorable alteration in regard to the prospects of obtaining loans there for the US. Such an expectation is also countenanced by a late letter from our bankers at Amsterdam, which however as yet gives no certainty, that can be a basis of operation.\nThe existing instructions from the department to Mr. Short do not extend beyond 2. millions of florins. A comprehensive view of the affairs of the US. in various relations, appears to me to recommend a still further loan, if obtainable. Yet I do not think it adviseable to take the step, by virtue of the general powers from you, without your special approbation; particularly as there is little probability that the loan can be effected on better terms than 5. per cent interest and 4. per cent charges. The further loan which I should contemplate would embrace 3,000,000 of florins. With perfect respect & the truest attachment I have the honor to be Sir Your obedient servant\nA. Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0188", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Gamble, 5 June 1793\nFrom: Gamble, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond June 5. 1793\nI was duly honored with your esteemed favor of the 19th. ulto. for which, and the friendly sentiments you entertain for me I beg you to accept my sincere thanks.\nIn hopes that it would be in the power of Mr. Genet to furnish me with the means of purchasing and shipping Flour and Naval stores, I have continued to receive all that offered for sale. And have declined selling to British purchasers\u2014of consequence I have a large quantity on hand. The great difficulty in procuring Vessells to carry the Flour I suppose is the principal reason Why we hear nothing further on the subject.\nI am solicitous, that if any thing can be effected\u2014That Virginia may not be forgot, and\u2014if for particular reasons\u2014Nothing can be done at present\u2014I confide my Dear sir, That when occasion offers you will remind Mr. Genet\u2014That this part of Virginia hopes for an oportunity of furnishing a proportion of the supplies that may be Needed for France. I am with sentiments of respect Your mo Obt Hle Svt.\nRo Gamble\nP.S. I have taken the liberty of enclosing a letter to Mr. Genet which you will please to hand him. You will excuse the trouble I give you on the occasion. Yours.\nRobert Gamble", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0189", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 5 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia 5 June 1793.\nIn my letter of May 15th: to M. de Ternant, your predecessor, after stating the answers which had been given to the several memorials of the British Minister of May 8th: it was observed that a part remained still unanswered of that which respected the fitting out armed vessels in Charleston to cruise against nations with whom we were at peace.\nIn a conversation which I had afterwards the honor of holding with you, I observed, that one of those armed vessels, the Citizen Genet, had come into this Port with a prize; that the President had thereupon, taken the case into further consideration, and after mature consultation and deliberation was of opinion that the arming and equipping vessels in the Ports of the United States to cruise against nations with whom they are at peace, was incompatible with the territorial sovereignty of the United States; that it made them instrumental to the annoyance of those nations, and thereby tended to compromit their peace, and that he thought it necessary as an evidence of good faith to them, as well as a proper reparation to the Sovereignty of the Country, that the armed vessels of this description should depart from the ports of the United States.\nThe letter of the 27th. instant, with which you have honored me, has been laid before the President, and that part of it which contains your observations on this subject has been particularly attended to. The respect due to whatever comes from you, friendship for the french nation, and justice to all, have induced him to reexamine the subject, and particularly to give to your representations thereon, the consideration they deservedly claim. After fully weighing again however all the principles and circumstances of the case, the result appears still to be that it is the right of every nation to prohibit acts of sovereignty from being exercised by any other within its limits; and the duty of a neutral nation to prohibit such as would injure one of the warring powers: that the granting military commissions within the United States by any other authority than their own is an infringement on their Sovereignty, and particularly so when granted to their own citizens, to lead them to commit acts contrary to the duties they owe their own country; that the departure of  vessels thus illegally equipped, from the Ports of the United States, will be but an acknowledgment of respect analogous to the breach of it, while it is necessary on their part, as an evidence of their faithful neutrality. On these considerations Sir, the President thinks that the United States owe it to themselves, and to the nations in their friendship, to expect this act of reparation, on the part of vessels marked in their very equipment with offence to the laws of the land, of which the law of nations makes an integral part.\nThe expressions of very friendly sentiment which we have already had the satisfaction of receiving from you leave no room to doubt that the conclusion of the President, being thus made known to you these vessels will be permitted to give no further umbrage by their presence in the Ports of the United States. I have the honor to be with sentiments of perfect esteem and respect Sir, Your most obedient & Most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0190", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 5 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia, June 5. 1793.\nIn the letter which I had the honor of writing you on the 15th. of May, in answer to your several memorials of the 8th. of that month, I mentioned that the President reserved, for further consideration, a part of the one which related to the equipment of two privateers in the port of Charleston. The part alluded to, was that wherein you express your confidence that the Executive Government of the United States would pursue measures for repressing such practices in future, and for restoring to their rightful owners any captures, which such privateers might bring into the ports of the United States.\nThe President, after a full investigation of this subject, and the most mature consideration, has charged me to communicate to you, that the first part of this application, is found to be just, and that effectual measures are taken for preventing repetitions of the act therein complained of: but that the latter part, desiring restitution of the prizes is understood to be inconsistent with the rules, which govern such Cases, and would, therefore, be unjustifiable towards the other party.\nThe principal Agents in this Transaction were French citizens. Being within the United States, at the moment a war broke out between their own and another country, they determine to go into it\u2019s defence; they purchase, arm, and equip, a vessel, with their own money, man it themselves, receive a regular Commission from their nation, depart out  of the United States, and then commence hostilities, by capturing a vessel. If, under these circumstances, the Commission of the captors was valid, the property, according to the laws of War, was, by the capture, transferred to them, and it would be an aggression on their nation, for the United States to rescue it from them, whether on the high Seas or on coming into their ports. If the Commission was not valid, and, consequently, the property not transferred, by the laws of war, to the Captors, then the case would have been cognisable in our Courts of Admiralty, and the Owners might have gone thither for redress. So that on neither supposition, would the Executive be justifiable in interposing.\nWith respect to the united States, the transaction can in no wise be imputed to them. It was in the first moment of the War, in one of their most distant ports, before measures could be provided by the Government to meet all the cases, which such a state of things was to produce; impossible to have been known, and, therefore, impossible to have been prevented by that Government.\nThe moment it was known, the most energetic orders were sent to every state and port of the Union, to prevent a repetition of the accident. On a suggestion that Citizens of the United States had taken part in the act, one, who was designated, was instantly committed to prison, for prosecution; one or two others have been since named, and committed in like manner; and, should it appear, that there were still others, no measures will be spared to bring them to Justice.\u2014The President has even gone further. He has required, as a reparation of their breach of respect to the United States, that the vessels, so armed and equipped, shall depart from our Ports.\nYou will see, Sir, in these proceedings of the President, unequivocal proofs of the line of strict right, which he means to pursue. The measures now mentioned, are taken in justice to the one party; the ulterior measure, of seizing and restoring the prizes, is declined, in justice to the other: and the evil, thus early arrested, will be of very limited effects; perhaps, indeed, soon disappear altogether. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of respect, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0192", "content": "Title: Opinion on a New Foreign Loan, 5 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nInstructions having been given to borrow 2. Millions of florins in Holland, and the Secretary of the Treasury proposing to open a further loan of 3. millions of florins, which, he says, \u2018a comprehensive view of the affairs of the US. in various relations, appears to him to recommend,\u2019 the President is pleased to ask Whether I see any objections to the proposition?\nThe power to borrow money is confided to the President by the two acts of the 4th. and 12th. of Aug. 90. and the monies when borrowed are appropriated to two purposes only: to wit, the 12. millions to be borrowed under the former are appropriated to discharge the arrears of interest and instalments of the foreign debt; and the 2. millions under the latter to the purchase of the public debt under direction of the Trustees of the sinking fund.\nThese appropriations render very simple the duties of the President in the discharge of this trust. He has only to look to the payment of the foreign debt, and purchase of the general one. And in order to judge for himself of the necessity of the loan proposed, for effecting these two purposes, he will need from the Treasury the following statements.\nA. a Statement of the Nett amount of the loans already made under these acts, adding to that the 2,000,000. florins now in a course of being borrowed. This will form the Debet of the trust.\nThe Credit side of the account will consist of the following statements, to wit.\nB. Amount of the Principal and Interest of foreign debt, paid and payable, to the close of 1792.\nC. do. payable to the close of 1793.\nD. do. payable to the close of 1794. (For I think our preparations should be a year before hand.)\nE. Amount of monies necessary for the Sinking fund to the end of 1794.\nIf the amount of the 4. last articles exceeds the 1st. it will prove a further loan necessary, and to what extent. The Treasury alone can furnish these statements with perfect accuracy. But to shew that there is probable cause to go into the examination, I will hazard a statement from materials, which tho\u2019 perhaps not perfectly exact, are not much otherwise.\n[Report of]\nThe Trust for Loans\u2007\u2007\u2007Dr.\nnew edition.\nPage. 4.\n  A. To nett amount of loans to June 1. 1792. as stated in the \u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Treasury report, to wit 18,678,000. florins @ 99\nDollars\n  \u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007florins to 40.D. the treasury-exchange\n  \u2007\u2007To loan now going on for 2,000,000. florins\nSo that instead of an additional loan being necessary, the monies already borrowed will suffice for 387,474.64 D. to cover charges & errors. And as, on account of the unsettled state of the French dead interest & risk.\u2014Perhaps it might be said that new monies must be borrowed for the loan for this purpose.\u2014If it should be said that the monies heretofore borrowed are so far put out certainly I would rather borrow than fail in a payment. But if borrowing will secure a payment time, then we cannot get an additional sum in time.\nThe above account might be stated in another way, which might perhaps be more satisfactory\nThe Trust for loans\u2007\u2007\u2007Dr.\nTo the nett amount of loans to June 1. 1792\nDollars\nThe Trust for loans\u2007\u2007\u2007Dr.\nDollars.\n  To balance as per contra\n  To 2. millions florins new loan when effected\nCr.\nflorins s\npage 4.\nB.\n  By charges on remittances to France\n  By reimbursement to Spain\n  By Interest paid to Foreign officers\nDollars\n  By Principal paid to Foreign officers\n  By amt. of French debt, Principl. &\nlivers\n  Intt. payable to end of\nBy do. for\nC.\n  By do. for\nD.\n  By do. for\nE.\n  By necessary for Sinkg. fund @ 50,000. D. a month from July 1. 93. to Dec. 31. 94.\n\u2007\u2007Balance which will remain in hands of the Trust at end\nDollars\nall the purposes to which they can be legally applied to the end of 1794. and leave a surplus of government, it is not proposed to pay in advance, or but little so, any further sum would be lying at a current domestic service of the year. To this I should answer that no law has authorised the opening a of our power that we cannot command them before an instalment will be due: I should answer that in time, the 2. millions of florins now borrowing are sufficient to secure it: if we cannot get this sum in\nTo wit:\nCr.\nReport.\nflorins\u2007s\npage. 4.\nBy charges on remittances to France\nBy reimbursement to Spain\nBy Interest paid to Foreign officers\nBy Principal paid to Foreign officers\nflorins\u2007s\nDollars.\nBy paiments to France\nlivres\nBy do. to St. Domingo\nBy do. to do.\nBy do. to M. Ternant [I state this by memory]\n  dollars\n\u2007\u2007Balance in hand to be carried to new Debet\nCr.\nBy the following payments when made, to wit.\n\u2007\u2007Balance due to France to close the year 1792.\nDollars\nlivres\n\u2007\u2007Instalments & Interest to close of the year \n\u2007\u2007do.\n\u2007\u2007Necessary for Sinking fund from July 1. 93. to Dec. 31. 94.\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Balance will then be in hand to be carried to new Debet\nBy this statement, it would seem as if all the paiments to France, hitherto made and ordered, would not quite acquit the year 1792. so that we have never yet been clear of arrears to her.\nThe amount of the French debt is stated according to the Convention, and the Interest is calculated accordingly.\u2014Interest on the 10. million loan is known to have been paid for the years 84. 85. and is therefore deducted. It is not known whether it was paid on the same loan for the years 86. 7. 8. 9. previous to the payment of Dec. 3. 1790. or whether it was included in that paiment. Therefore this is not deducted. But if in fact it was paid before that day, it will then have lessened the debt so much, to wit, 400,000. livres a year for 4. years, making 1,600,000\u20b6 = 290,400.D. which sum would put us in advance near half of the instalments of 1793.\u2014Note: livres are estimated at 18 15/100 cents proposed by the Secretary of the Treasury to the French ministry as the rate of conversion.\nThis uncertainty with respect to the true state of our account with France, and the difference of the result from what has been understood, shews that the gentlemen who are to give opinions on this subject must do it in the dark; and suggests to the President the propriety of having an exact statement of the account with France communicated to them, as the ground on which they are to give opinions. It will probably be material in that about to be given on the late application of Mr. Genet, on which the Secretary of the Treasury is preparing a report.\nTh: JeffersonJune 5. 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0193", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 5 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia, June 5th. 1793.\nI have laid before the President, the letter, which you did me the honor of writing on the 25th. of May. I had, on late, as well as former, occasions, had that of assuring you of the orders given by the President, for befriending your peace with the Indian nations, in your neighborhood: and I do, with the utmost sincerity, assure you, that the question of a contrary aspect, supposed, in your letter, to have been proposed to the Cherokees, has been unauthorized by the President, and unknown to him: and, from the good Opinion entertained of the discretion of Governor Blount, to whom it is imputed, and the whole tenor of his conduct, as far as known to the Government, it is strongly presumed, there has been error in your information.\nWe remain firmly persuaded, that it is for the interest of both nations, to cultivate each other\u2019s peace, with the neighboring Indians, and we are acting faithfully on that principle, in expectation that your Government will prescribe the same rule to it\u2019s officers in our neighborhood, and take measures to be obeyed by them.\nThe other parts of your communications, have such relation to the subjects in negotiation at Madrid, that it is deemed more expedient to express the President\u2019s sense of them to our Commissioners there. I have the honor to be, with the most perfect respect Gentlemen, Your most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0194", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 5 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President has the honor to enclose him the answer to his note of yesterday. Should any article of it need explanation, he will be at the orders of the President for that purpose to do it either verbally or in writing.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0195", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Carmichael and William Short, 6 June 1793\nFrom: Carmichael, William,Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAranjuez June 6. 1793\nWe have had the honor of writing to you jointly on the 19th. of feby.\u201418th. of April\u2014and 5th of May. These letters were sent by duplicates, and went into very minute details of whatever had occurred here with respect to the business of our joint commission. Such conveyances as could with propriety be made use of have not presented themselves so as to admit of our writing more often\u2014and the state of things did not appear to us such as to require the sending of special messengers.\nThese letters will have informed you of the delay which took place before the opening of the first conference with M. de Gardoqui on the 23d. of March\u2014of the manner in which our ideas on the navigation of the Mississipi and territorial limits were recieved by him\u2014of his ideas on the same subjects being so divergent therefrom, and expressed to us in such a manner, as to shew beyond all kind of doubt, that they could not then be brought within the circle of negotiation\u2014of the embarassing postion in which this placed us, on account of the changes which  had taken place in the foreign relations of this country since your instructions had been drawn up, and particularly those which it was probable they were then forming with England\u2014and finally, of our determination therefore not to push the negotiation until some change should turn up; or until we should hear further from you, after the President should have been made acquainted with the events which had thrown England and this country into the same scale, and that, the one in which most of the military and maritime powers of Europe were already placed, and the rest of them likely to enter either of themselves or by force.\nAccording to our calculation of the time when you would probably have recieved from your ministers at London and Paris, the intelligence of this posture of European politics, we flattered ourselves that we should have heard from you in pursuance thereof before this: and we have found that we were not mistaken in the time we allowed, as M. de Gardoqui has already recieved letters from the Spanish commissaries informing him of the arrival in America, of the news of the execution of Lewis the 16th.\u2014of the declaration of war between France and England, and the certain expectation of the same between France and this country. We still suppose it impossible you should not have done us the honor to have written to us after being informed of a revolution of that kind\u2014whether the intention of the President should have been that the negotiation should be accomodated to the effects produced by that revolution, or that it should be pushed without regard thereto, conformably to the instructions originally sent us. We trust that your letters on that subject must be now on their way and we are in impatient expectation of recieving them.\nWhatever we shall learn from you to be the President\u2019s intention on this subject we shall immediately proceed to execute; and we trust you will readily see that the present system of prolongation which we have taken on ourselves does not proceed from a desire to exercise our own will\u2014but to leave time for being more unquestionably informed of that of the President. We are fully persuaded the line we have thus pursued will be considered the proper one; and particularly as the greatest inconvenience which could result therefrom, as it appeared to us, was a short delay, whereas an opposite one might have produced very disagreeable and perhaps dangerous effects, which both the U.S. and Spain might have repented of hereafter in vain.\nOur letters will have already given you such a statement of affairs here at that time as to have exhibited this dilemma in a very clear point of view. Still we beg leave to recapitulate it here, for the greater certainty of its reaching you. This we consider the more important, as generally speaking, the eve of a nation\u2019s being drawn into a war being an  auspicious moment for those who are at peace with them, to demand a restitution of their rights, this may therefore be considered in America, the proper time for the U.S. to have urged their claims here.\nOur joint commission arrived at Madrid, as we have already had the honor of informing you, on the 1st. of february, almost at the same moment with the news of the catastrophe of the 21st. of January. The probability which had principally existed of this country being brought into an union of measures with England, was now changing daily into certainty\u2014and before the commencement of our conferences was placed beyond doubt. Although Spain thus circumstanced would consider her position in general as a much less eligible one than whilst united with France, yet with respect to us in particular she would consider her present position more favorable than her former one\u2014or in other words, she would consider herself better secured against us, whilst united with England against France already attacked by the most formidable powers of Europe, than whilst united with France whose partiality for us she distrusted, and opposed to England whose concert with us she would have apprehended.\nWe were persuaded of this both from the nature of the case and from different circumstances which occurred. Our first conference with M. de Gardoqui put this beyond doubt, and shewed unquestionably that it was far from the intention of the cabinet at this time to yield any thing correspondent to our claims, whatever it might have been under the administration of Ct. de Florida Blanca\u2014or whatever assurances unknown to us, they may have formerly given to the President, so as to have induced his sending a commission to treat here.\nWhilst we were fully impressed with this conviction, and satisfied that no mode of negotiation which we could adopt would induce this court to come to any terms which we were authorized under your instructions to accept, we saw Spain and England now decidedly placed on the same side by having a common enemy, and then treating of the basis of their future union. It was unquestionable that England would desire this to be as close as possible in order to have Spain the more in her dependence, and to cut off hopes of the revival of the family compact in the case of a counter-revolution in France. It was as unquestionable that Spain keeping still an eye on this event, and being the weaker and more distrustful power, would enter timorously and cautiously into this system.\nIt could not be doubted that the effects of their distrust with respect to England would be diminished in proportion to their apprehension of danger from any other quarter. Had we then pressed this negotiation and convinced them of our fixed determination not to desist from any part of what we consider as our right (and what they seem now to consider  as a commencement of the loss of their American commerce and territorial possessions)\u2014and forced them by this means to give us a positive refusal on a solemn demand having been made by an express commission formed and sent for that purpose, it is impossible in whatever manner we might have recieved it, or whatever reasons we might have given to have persuaded them of the pacific intentions of the U.S. that they should not have supposed it their determination to have resorted to other means of redress. That apprehension acting on them would unavoidably have made them more tractable with respect to England, and would have secured them the protection of that country, as they would have made fewer difficulties about the price to be paid for it.\nThis kind of alarm in the Spanish cabinet with respect to us would at any time during the war have an influence on their relations with England, different from what we should desire\u2014but it appeared to us that it would be still greater at the moment the two courts were feeling each other\u2019s pulse as it were, and agreeing on the arrangements to be entered into against a common enemy, than at any future period. Although we have remained altogether uninformed of the present dispositions of England with respect to the U.S. still we could not help supposing that the present situation of European affairs would appear to that power as by no means favorable to them so far as should relate to their European connexions, or prospect of aid from thence in case of need.\nFrom pushing the negotiation immediately to its close under these circumstances we apprehended the inconveniences abovementioned. On the other hand it appeared to us that a temporizing mode of proceeding presented several advantages.\nIt enabled us (being fully convinced of the decision of this court without proceeding further) to inform you of that decision and give time for whatever measures might be thought proper to be taken before the views of the U.S. with respect to what they will invariably insist on, are fully and officially known here; which will not be until the breaking off of our conferences, as they may still suppose that we may be induced to recede from a part of what we stated in our first conference as our right. It enabled us also to recieve (before taking steps that might render it too late) further instructions from you grounded on the changes of European affairs, which had been such as to render it highly probable that the President might chuse to adapt thereto those which you had forwarded to us under circumstances so different.\nThese considerations seemed to us to exact our pursuing the line we have mentioned\u2014and we did not doubt the delay, which we then contemplated, would be amply repaid by those advantages. However disagreeable this mode of prolonging a business of which we already know the issue, has been and still is personally to us, still we do not think  ourselves authorized thereby to risk what we consider disadvantageous to the public.\nAs circumstances have turned out we cannot help considering it unfortunate that an express commission should have been sent to treat here. It seems to us desirable that the U.S. and their claims should have been as much as possible out of the view of this country whilst forming their arrangements with England. That court will certainly excite whatever alarm they can here, with respect to us\u2014and this country may under that influence and the hope of full protection and good treatment from England do many things that she would not be willing to do hereafter when she shall have made trial of her protectress. Between two countries, one characterised by indolence, wealthy possessions, and the desire to preserve them by monopoly\u2014the other, by commercial enterprize and insatiable avidity, it appears to us difficult to suppose that there can long remain confidence and union. Of course we should imagine Spain would be less ready to apply to England for protection against us, at any future period than the present. And at present she will be more or less ready to do it in proportion as she may apprehend more or less from the present conduct of the U.S.\nArrangements between England and Spain have for some time been negotiating, as you have been informed. Nothing has yet transpired of their particulars which can be relied on, or of the progress made in them. It seems certain however that these arrangements are concerting here without the participation of the other powers already leagued and at war also against France. It is believed by some that something conclusive has been settled and was forwarded from hence by a special messenger dispatched by the English Embassador eight days ago. This however is only conjecture among those the most in the way of being informed. We cannot assure you of it; nor can we satisfy ourselves whether in the negotiation on foot, any arrangements have been really proposed, which are eventually to regard the U.S. and their claims with respect to the Mississipi, and territorial limits. You will readily see however that should this country from apprehension with respect to us have been induced to consider such arrangements as essential, they have in their power very tempting means for procuring them.\nWe have had the honor of informing you in a precedent letter of the particularly hostile dispositions of M. de Gardoqui as to the rights of the U.S. We have found on the contrary from his mode of proceeding in business of every kind, the greatest facility given to the temporizing system we have adopted. Hitherto we have followed the conferences as regularly as his ministerial occupations would admit of; and they have been employed in discussing the general subjects of our commission, saving those of the navigation of the Mississipi and limits. We shall  probably not be pressed by him to come forward in a more direct way, not only because from want of order he is always overwhelmed and in arrear of his department, but also because that business affects him much more sensibly and presses him much more than that with us.\nWe flatter ourselves however that we shall ere long be relieved from this position by the reciept of your letters, which will dictate to us the line to pursue and which we shall follow without deviation and without regard to our own opinion. Were we allowed to consult it, it would be that it would be most advantageous for the U.S. that the joint and express commission with which we are charged, should be recalled without our being obliged to press the negotiation to its end at this time\u2014and that this court should be informed that the continuance of the negotiation was confided to their former standing representative here, or whomever the President should name for that purpose, with proper powers. In this manner it might be suspended without exciting alarm here, and pushed whenever any proper opportunity should present itself, if it should be judged most advisable to wait for that mode of obtaining the rights which we are persuaded the U.S. will never abandon.\nIn our late conferences with M. de Gardoqui we have resumed our representations with respect to the conduct of the agents of the Spanish government in America and particularly of the person who stiles himself a commissioner of H.M. with the Creek nation. M. de Gardoqui, as we have already had the honor of informing you, opposed his denial of any such conduct of their agents to our affirmation supported by the testimony with which you furnished us, and to which he considered very little authority as due. Since recieving the attestation with respect to Olivier and the copy of the passport he gave we brought forward that circumstance as being clearly authenticated by an act of his own. M. de Gardoqui assured us that he was convinced himself that no such person had been authorized\u2014he added however that he would make enquiry in the foreign department. After having done this he confirmed to us what he had previously said. We proposed that he should give us a disavowal of this commissioner in writing, that we might transmit it officially to the President of the U.S. to which he assented with much willingness. He observed that the proper mode would be for us to write to him on the subject to which he would give us an immediate answer, conformably to what he had expressed to us verbally.\nIn consequence thereof we wrote to him on the 26th. ulto.\u2014and according to his promise should have recieved his answer without delay. One day of conference has since intervened. In it he told us he had translated our letter and submitted it to H.M. and that he would send us the answer immediately on having recieved his orders thereon; still confirming what he had formerly told us with respect to the disavowal. As  yet however we have not recieved it\u2014and from M. de Gardoqui\u2019s mode of doing business, we cannot say when we shall, although we shall not cease to press him on his own promise. The answer if commensurate with our letter and conformable to his promise, will contain also an assurance of the orders given to their agents in America, and a promise of their being reminded of His Majesty\u2019s intentions that they should strictly adhere thereto.\nSuch assurances are of little importance in themselves\u2014but this being given or withheld, and particularly the manner in which it is done, may be some indication of the ground on which they consider themselves with respect to England and us. So soon as we shall recieve this answer of whatever nature it may be, we shall not fail to transmit it to you.\nThe last letter which we have had the honor of recieving from you was of the 3d. of Nov. (the duplicate only came to our hands as mentioned formerly). What we have said will apprize you agreeably to your desire, at least as far as we know, of what may be expected from Spain with respect to their conduct towards our Indian neighbors. Whatever assurances they may give to the contrary, we believe they will endeavour to strengthen them and make them their friends and our enemies, until the territorial and other claims shall be settled\u2014and that that being done, they will be indifferent as to those who remain within our limits. We have the honor to be with the most perfect respect Sir, your most obedient & most humble servants\n[W Carmichael]W: Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0197", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Gilmer, 6 June 1793\nFrom: Gilmer, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\n6 June 1793 Pen Park\nYour favor inclosing the paper with Madns. observations, I much thank you for, and had trespassed on you long since, but finding no incident worth observation laid it by till the present moment, when I can inform you of an incident that reflects an evidence of my still retaining some small degree of my former elasticity Lucy having on the 25th. Inst. blessed me with a fine girl and is now perfectly well, but what is this, to the great incidents that are now talked of, tis impossible Demourier should immitate Arnold. I feel as much incited by the events in the french struggle as I used to experience in our own hope they\u2019l be victorious and make no doubt of their terminating all their business in the complete imancipation of human nature. Cousin Lucy begs her best compliments may be acceptable to you. Shall have my Porter in perfection by your arrival. Adieu\nGeorge Gilmer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0198", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Garland Jefferson, 6 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, John Garland\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nGoochland June 6. 1793.\nI have this moment received your favor of May 19. I was induced before the reception to take up a few goods of Mesrs\u2019 Shelton & Harris. Their desires that I shoud deal with them, their offers to furnish little sums of cash, for necessaries which require cash, Mr. Sheltons conduct on his disappointment, with respect to the money due for a quarters board, the difficulty of getting to Charlottesville, an expectation that my  proposition woud meet with your approbation, from a supposition that it woud be as easy for you to pay here, as there, all conspired to make me take this immature step. But it is taken and cant be revoked! I am sorry for it. I will add to what I have already said, that I had taken up a few things before I heard from you. Of course I then expected to have had the cash, and to have been at liberty to furnish myself where I pleased. I hope my dear Sir, you will pardon the step I have taken, which tho contrary to your wishes, was actuated by the purest intention. And if it is the intention which makes a man guilty, I shall stand acquitted by you. To your candour, and known friendship, I submit with confidence my conduct. I lost in the course of last spring at least a month for the want of books. This to a man in my situation is a loss of importance. I have prevailed on Mr. William Pope to lend me a horse and chair to go in person for them. I expect to sit off to morrow. I will send your letter to Colo. Bell, and apologize to him for not takeing the credit you there gave me. I am my dear Sir, with the most grateful esteem, Your most obliged servant.\nJno G: Jefferson\nJune 19. Since I wrote the above I have been to Monticello. At the time I wrote it, I expected to have sent it to the office directly. I have received some of the books I wanted. Others are not there. It is to be lamented that those who borrow books, think so little of returning them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0199", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Hans Rodolph Saab\u00ffe, 6 June 1793\nFrom: Saab\u00ffe, Hans Rodolph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCopenhagen, 6 June 1793. He encloses an abstract of a section of a law, passed since his letter of 21 May, \u201cextending the Priveledge of laying up Goods, without Obligation to pay the duty immediately, imposing on such Goods a Recognition of one \u214c Ct.,\u201d that is simultaneously advantageous to the Danish import trade and favorable to Americans trading here, who are thereby relieved of the high duties formerly imposed on them. He hopes this will increase American trade with this port and notes that commodities from America, like most other articles of trade, have been little in demand because of the recent reduction of credit and confidence among merchants. The restoration of peace would much improve commerce. He hopes that America will remain neutral; Denmark\u2019s neutrality is advantageous to Danish trade and navigation. Despite the spilling of blood, the combined allied armies have so far failed to achieve their goal of restoring a government contrary to the wishes of the generality of the French nation. May this confusion enable mankind in the future to be governed more on the basis of rational equality and render posterity truly happy.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0200", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Angelica Schuyler Church, 7 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Church, Angelica Schuyler\nDear Madam\nPhiladelphia June 7. 1793.\nMonsr. de Noailles has been so kind as to deliver me your letter. It fills up the measure of his titles to any services I can render him. It has served to recall to my mind remembrances which are very dear to it, and which often furnish a delicious resort from the dry and oppressive scenes of business. Never was any mortal more tired of these than I am. I thought to have been clear of them some months ago: but circumstances will retain me a little while longer, and then I hope to get back to those scenes for which alone my heart was made. I had understood we were more shortly to have the happiness of seeing you in America. It is now I think the only country of tranquility, and should be the asylum of all those who wish to avoid the scenes which have crushed our friends in Paris. What is become of Me. de Corny? I have never heard of her since I returned to America. Where is Mrs. Cosway? I have heard she was become a mother, but is the new object to absorb all her affections? I think if you do not return to America soon you will be anchored in England by new family connections; for I am sure my dear Kitty is too handsome and too good not to be sought and sought again, till for peace sake she must make somebody happy. Her friend Maria writes to her: and I greet her with sincere attachment. Accept yourself assurances of the same from Dear Madame your affectionate friend & humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0201", "content": "Title: Memorial from George Hammond, 7 June 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe Undersigned, his Britannic Majesty\u2019s Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States, has the honor of acknowledging the receipt of the Secretary of State\u2019s two letters of the 15th. of May and of the 5th. of this month.\nThe Undersigned requests permission to express the satisfaction with which from the general tenor of these communications he has perceived the disposition of this government to adhere to the principles of neutrality so clearly and unequivocally asserted in the President\u2019s proclamation. He desires to add that with respect to those objects of his memorials, on which his opinions have been so fortunate as to have obtained the sanction of the executive government of the United States, he entertains the most implicit confidence that the assurances he has received of a determination to prevent a repetition of the grievances, of which he has complained, will be uniformly carried into complete and energetic effect.\nPossessing this conviction of the general disposition of this government, the Undersigned cannot but regret that there should remain a most essential point, on which a difference of sentiment appears to subsist between it and himself. The confidence which he expressed in his memorial of the 8th. ulto. that the vessels captured by the two privateers, fitted out at Charleston, would be restored to their owners, arose from a persuasion that the government of the United States would regard\u2014the act of fitting out those privateers in its ports as an insult offered to its sovereignty\u2014and any prizes made by them as an unwarrantable aggression on the commerce carried on between its citizens and the subjects of a friendly power, relying on the protection of this government, and unsuspecting that the means of annoying them would be furnished within the harbours of the United States, or would be sanctioned by any of their officers. The Undersigned did not deem it necessary to enter into any exposition of facts relative to the mode of fitting out, equipping, arming and manning these privateers; as it is a matter of public notoriety at Charleston\u2014that they were purchased, armed and equipped in that port\u2014that houses of rendezvous were opened in that town for the express purpose of inviting American citizens and others to enter on board of them\u2014that with the exception of two or three Frenchmen in each of the privateers, they were in fact manned by American citizens or British subjects, who, it is presumable, had been previously in the employ of American citizens\u2014and, that in proceeding to effectuate their views of depredation, they were suffered to pass the fort near Charleston under a written permission from the Governor of South  Carolina. There is farther a reasonable ground of presumption that the Privateers themselves are at this moment actually owned by American citizens residing in Charleston.\nUnder the impression resulting, from his consideration of the principle respecting these privateers, and his knowledge of the facts he has stated, the Undersigned cannot conceal his concern that the principle itself should not have been regarded by the Secretary of State in a similar point of view, and that the facts should have been presented to him under so different an aspect. But even admitting that the facts had been such as they have been represented to the Secretary of State\u2014that the privateers had been \u201cpurchased by French citizens with their own money, armed, equipped, and manned by themselves\u201d\u2014the Undersigned is of opinion that no commission whatsoever could justify any individuals, being under the protection of another power, in preparing in a neutral port such means of attack on the subjects of a nation at peace with the Sovereign of that port, whose previous consent and concurrence, or the stipulations of a treaty, alone, could have authorized such a proceeding. The insult and the aggression would therefore not have been essentially varied by that circumstance.\nFor all these reasons, notwithstanding the deference which he shall ever preserve for the sentiments of this government, the Undersigned conceives himself justified in having entertained a confidence, that the government of the United States would not only have repressed this insult offered to its sovereignty, but also that the aggression on the subjects of the crown of Great Britain would have been repaired by the restitution of the vessels thus captured.\nWith regard to the extent to which the mischiefs arising from these privateers have been carried, exclusively of the long interruption which, in consequence of them, has occurred in the commerce between the Southern States and Great Britain, the annexed list of prizes will prove that their actual depredations have not been confined to a very narrow compass. And there is too much reason to apprehend that their future depredations will not be more limited, as it is generally understood that one of the privateers in question (le citoyen Gen\u00eat) is at this instant augmenting her force within the port of Philadelphia.\nThe Undersigned has esteemed it his duty to submit these observations in this form, lest his silence might have been construed into a dereliction of the arguments he had advanced, or of the facts he had alledged. The determination of the executive government of the United States relative to them is of a nature infinitely too delicate and important for him to venture giving an opinion upon it. He must therefore content himself for the present with respectfully assuring the Secretary of State  that he will lose no time in communicating it to his Majesty\u2019s Ministers in England for their information and final decision.\nPhiladelphia7th June 1793.\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0202", "content": "Title: Enclosure: List of British Vessels Captured by French Privateers on the American Coast, [7 June 1793]\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nEnclosureList of British Vessels Captured by FrenchPrivateers on the American Coast\nList of British vessels captured on the coasts of the United States by the Schooner Privateers, le Citoyen Gen\u00eat and the Sans Culottes fitted out at Charleston\nBy the Schooner Privr.\nShip William of Glasgow.\nCapt. Leggett\nle Citoyen Gen\u00eat\nBrige. Active of Bermuda.\nCapt. Bassett\nBy the Schooner\nBrige. Fanny of London.\nCapt. Pyle\n  Privateer the Sans Culottes.\nSchoonr. John of New Providce.\nCapt. Richardson\nSloop Spry of Do.\nCapt. Brown\nSchoonr. Eunice of Do.\nCapt. Tucker\nSnow Joseph of Do.\nCapt. Prance\nBermuda Sloop driven on shore.\n   The life of this person is despaired of in consequence of the wounds he received in the action with the Sans Culottes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0203", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Lee, 7 June 1793\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRichmond, 7 June 1793. If TJ can give letters of introduction to the bearer, Mr. Livingston, a very worthy man and good citizen who proposes to visit France in order to establish personal and commercial connections, he might give essential help to a truly respectable man who, as a result of the part he took in the late war, sacrificed a very large fortune in Jamaica.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0204", "content": "Title: Notes on Conversations with John Beckley and George Washington, 7 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nJune. 7. 93. Mr. Beckley, who is returned from N. York within a few days, tells me that while he was there Sr. John Temple, Consul genl. of the Northern states for Gr. Br. shewed him a letter from Sr. Gregory Page Turner a member of parliament for a borough in Yorkshire, who he said had been a member for 25 years, and always confidential for the ministers, in which he permitted him to read particular passages of the following purport \u2018that the government were well apprised of the predominancy of the British interest in the US. That they considered Colo. Hamilton, Mr. King and Mr. W. Smith of S. Carolina as the main supports of that interest, that particularly they considered Colo. Hamilton and not Mr. Hammond as their effective minister here, that if the Antifederal interest [that was his term] at the head of which they considered Mr. Jefferson to be, should prevail, these gentlemen had secured an asylum to themselves in England.\u2019 Beckley could not understand whether they had secured it themselves, or whether they were only notified that it was secured to them. So that they understand that they may go on boldly, in their machinations to change the government, and if they should be overset and chuse to withdraw, they will be secure of a pension in England as Arnold Deane &c had. Sr. John read passages of a letter [which he did not put into Beckley\u2019s hand as he did the other] from Ld. Grenville saying nearly the same things. This letter mentions to Sr. John that tho\u2019 they had divided the Consul-generalship and given the Southern department to Bond, yet he, Sr. John, was to retain his whole salary. [By this it should seem as if, wanting to use Bond, they had covered his employment with this cloak.] Mr. Beckley says that Sr. John Temple is a strong republican.\u2014I had a proof of his intimacy with Sr. John in this circumstance. Sr. John received his new Commission of Consul general for the Northern department, and instead of sending it thro\u2019 Mr. Hammond, got Beckley to inclose it to me for his Exequatur. I wrote to Sr. John that it must come thro\u2019 Mr. Hammond, inclosing it back to him. He accordingly then sent it to Mr. Hammond.\nIn conversation with the President to-day, and speaking about Genl. Greene, he said that he and Genl. Greene had always differed in opinion about the manner of using militia. Greene always placed them in his front: himself was of opinion they should always be used as a reserve to improve any advantage, for which purpose they were the finest fellows in the world. He said he was on the ground of the battle of Guilford with  a person who was in the action and who explained the whole of it to him. That General Greene\u2019s front was behind a fence at the edge of a large feild, thro which the enemy were obliged to pass to get at them; and that in their passage thro this they must have been torn all to peices if troops had been posted there who would have stood their ground; and that the retreat from that position was through a thicket, perfectly secure. Instead of this he posted the N. Carolina militia there, who only gave one fire and fell back, so that the whole benefit of their position was lost. He thinks that the regulars with their field pieces would have hardly let a single man get through that feild.\neod. die. [June 7.] Beckley tells me that he has the following fact from Govr. Clinton. That before the proposition for the present general government i.e. a little before, Hamilton concieved a plan for establishing a monarchical government in the US. He wrote a draught of a circular letter, which was to be sent to aboutpersons, to bring it about. One of these letters in Hamilton\u2019s handwriting is now in possession of an old Militia Genl. up the North river, who at that time was thought orthodox enough to be entrusted in the execution. This General has given notice to Govr. Clinton that he has this paper, and that he will deliver it into his hands and no one\u2019s else. Clinton intends the first interval of leisure to go for it, and he will bring it to Philada. Beckley is a man of perfect truth as to what he affirms of his own knolege, but too credulous as to what he hears from others.\n   [In the margin:] Impossible as to Hamilton. He was far above that.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0206", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 7 June 1793\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAranjuez June 7 1793.\nSince my arrival in Spain I have had the honor of writing to you on the 3d. of feb. and 6th. of March. Nothing has since occurred which seemed to authorize my troubling you, except in my joint communications with Mr. Carmichael. The ordinary business of this mission has been followed by him of course exclusively, as well as his usual correspondence with you. The several state papers and public acts which have appeared here from time to time he has forwarded therewith, as he has informed me by the way of Cadiz and Lisbon.\nOur joint letters will have informed you of the progress or rather of the stagnation of the negotiation with which we are jointly charged. This situation of things which it has appeared to us impossible to avoid under present circumstances, is extremely painful to us both, but peculiarly so to me, from the distance which I have been sent for this express object at a considerable expence to the public, and without a probability of rendering them any service whatever. I have not thought myself as yet authorized to relieve myself from this situation by returning to my residence, because that would have been breaking off the conferences which could not have failed in whatever manner it had been done, to have excited here the alarm which we thought it essential to avoid under present circumstances, for the reasons which have been detailed to you in our joint letters. I flatter myself however that this will not long be the case, as I hope we shall soon recieve letters from you written after the President shall have been informed of the change of relations between this country France and England. These are now so different from what they must have appeared to you at the time of your instructions being drawn up, that we have considered it our indispensable duty to leave time for additional ones. Our last advices from you being of Nov. 3: seem not to have contemplated their probability\u2014and indeed could not well have done it, from the unsettled state of political data, at that time. We have since recieved the American gazettes to the 1st: of Jany.\u2014and at that epoch our information from America stops. This ignorance of affairs there adds also to our hesitation here.\nIn my last letters I gave you my particular opinion of the situation of this country and the efforts they might find within their power for the present war. There still remains a great deal of zeal and unanimity in all the influential classes with respect to it. Offers continue to be made by all descriptions of persons. It is said that few have been realized, because the King has declined accepting them as not being in want\u2014but in general voluntary contributions must be considered as a precarious resource. Some very great efforts however have certainly been made by individuals both of the laity and clergy. Several of the former have raised considerable bodies of troops at their own expence\u2014and in one respect their zeal has done injury, as they have paid so large bounties and given so considerable pay to their troops, as to have checked the enlisting in the main army, for the bounty and pay there allowed.\nStill a very great number of troops have been put on foot\u2014they are divided into three armies\u2014one in Catalonia under the command of M. Ricardos. It is by far the largest and the most active\u2014a considerable part of it has advanced into Roussillon and has gained several advantages over the French troops\u2014the numbers are differently stated\u2014the best accounts state those who have passed the frontier at twenty thousand. It is said they treat the inhabitants well\u2014a great number of villages have sollicited to remain under the King\u2019s authority\u2014and several certainly sent to invite M. de Ricardos to pass the frontier to their relief. The probability is that before the arrival of the Spanish troops there were two parties\u2014and that afterwards, the greater number were for the strongest side, and that the rest remained silent, so as to give the appearance of unanimity of which the Spanish government boasts. The second and smallest army, consisting of about 15,000 men, is in Aragon under the command of the Prince de Castel franco\u2014it has not yet passed the frontier. The third is commanded by M. Carott\u2014its number uncertain, from its extending over several posts, on the frontier of Biscay. It has made different incursions into France, always with advantage, but has returned after each success. It has been expected for some time that it would proceed and besiege Bayonne\u2014as that of Ricardos has done Bellegarde, which place it is thought can not make a long resistance.\nThese armies are known to be very illy provided with all the usual articles\u2014either from bad management\u2014or from want of funds\u2014constant complaints have been coming from the generals to the minister of war\u2014who throws the blame on the minister of finance\u2014the want of necessaries, it is said alone prevents the two main armies from penetrating further into France.\nThis country has also made considerable efforts in the marine department\u2014the list which they have published amounts 50 ships of the line  equipped for sea, of which 8 of 112. guns\u201437. vessels above 30. guns\u2014and 49. smaller\u2014making in the whole 136 vessels carrying 5736 guns\u2014and 44,381 men. If this account could be closely examined there would no doubt be found several puffed articles. Still they have certainly fitted out a very considerable fleet. They have in the Mediterranean at sea 25. ships of the line\u2014this fleet lately proceeded to Sardinia\u2014the French troops on two little islands adjoining to Sardinia, surrendered to the Spanish admiral, to the number of 1000\u2014with one or two frigates. The French fleet of 22. sail of the line was expected to sail from Toulon about three or four weeks ago\u2014all communication with that country being cut off, except by sea from Italy or England, we know nothing later from thence. The English fleet it is expected will soon join the Spanish. It is thought their object will then be to pursue the French fleet if at sea\u2014or take them if at Toulon, and destroy that port. What will surprize you is that the Spanish desire this latter event, and would aid to effect it.\nThese efforts have been made by Spain without laying new taxes, and without loans. It is a matter of surprize how these additional expences could be faced without additional revenue and that with a deficit which it is supposed existed previous to the war. The only extraordinary means, which are known, are the offers abovementioned (which certainly could have not have gone a great way towards equalling the extraordinary expences) and an operation made some time ago with which you were certainly duely informed by Mr. Carmichael, the taking into the King\u2019s possessions the sums which the several commonalties and chambers of commerce, had in their respective common treasures to answer their common needs\u2014these sums were considerable, and as the charges which occur are gradual and much inferior to them, and which the King is in future to take on himself, it put at his disposition a considerable quantity of disponible cash. This however, was opposed by several commonalties as being a violation of their property, and in some instances, though I believe few, their opposition was successful. The general dissatisfaction that this fiscal measure gave, has been stifled by subsequent events.\nIn addition to these means some suspect that there has been an abuse also in adding to the sum of Vales reales. This however would be soon detected, and their current price does not seem to indicate a well founded suspicion of such an abuse.\nThe importation of specie from America is also mentioned as a means\u2014but only the excedent of the present or last year, above the other years can be taken into that account as this resource made a part of the ordinary revenue. It seems generally agreed that the late importations both on public and private account have been more than former  ones, and this is corroborated by the statement of coinage in Mexico for the year 1792. which I have procured here, and which I have the honor of inclosing to you.\nShould the war continue these extraordinary means must be exhausted and it is generally thought there would be considerable difficulty in levying additional taxes which would then seem indispensable. Several look to this moment as a very trying one for this country, and indeed it has been found to be such for every country whose taxes were already oppressive, and pushed to so great an extent. Attempts will probably be made towards anticipating on the revenue of posterity, in order to meet present wants. Should this country be able to push that system as far proportionally, as some others of Europe have done, they will find it a rich mine. Hitherto they have not been obliged, or not been able from the state of their credit to exploite it to any considerable degree.\nOn the whole this country, it seems to me, may be considered in a state of probation both with respect to its internal and external affairs: and time (perhaps a short time will suffice) must be the authority to which I must refer you.\nI need not mention to you the steps which have been taken to place the supreme administration in the hands of a young favorite, as you will have of course been informed of them\u2014the effects produced by this event are very different, from what was expected, owing in a considerable degree to the character and disposition of the present minister, and the art which was employed by the Queen to bring it about\u2014and still more perhaps to the minds of all being exclusively occupied by the events in France and the war with that country.\nDuring Ct. de Florida Blanca\u2019s administration, all those who desired to see his fall, placed their eyes on Ct. Daranda for his successor. They might both be considered as national favorites. The Queen alone perhaps looked to her favorite as a rival for them both. She saw that the step from Ct. de Florida Blanca to a young Garde du corps without education, fortune, connexions or any other known recommendation but an handsome person would be too great, and particularly over the head of Ct. Daranda. His ruin was therefore resolved on, at the same time that it was determined that he should be the instrument of the ruin of his rival\u2014this was done by bringing him into the ministry, and preventing him whilst there from taking any measure that could [serve?] any part of the public. As they had begun by excusing Ct. de Florida Blanca\u2019s disgrace in favor of Ct. Daranda\u2019s promotion\u2014they ended by ill humour against him for having deprived them of a favorite without doing any thing to replace him in their affections. As the public march quick in this line they were soon out of sight of the past services and  reputation of Count D\u2019Aranda and saw only the present contemptible role he was made to play. When the public mind was found thus prepared the favorite was brought forward to supplant him and was supported in some degree by the public voice, from opposition or ill will to Count D\u2019Aranda, who is kept as a sitting member in the council, in order to prevent his recovering from his loss of public opinion. As Madrid being the capital, is the most apprehended by the court they have kept themselves and the favorite out of its sight as it were, by residing at the different sitios. The young minister in the mean time by popular manners has gained the affections of the people around him\u2014and by an uncommon degree of prudence, never committing himself on any occasion has acquired a good deal of respect, so that he begins to be really, contrary to what could have ever been expected, a favorite minister with the public. Whether the same caution and prudence will be used when he shall find himself well established in their affections, as have been to acquire them I cannot say\u2014but if that should be the case he may I think promise himself a long administration. He enjoys one advantage also which will be found to give him a considerable advantage over his predecessors. The established usage here of every minister being absolute in his own department has ever impeded the march of administration. Ct. de Florida Blanca in the height of his power only commanded the departments where he had been able to place his favorites\u2014the American department for instance was always independent of him during the life of M. de Galvez. The present minister on the contrary, by being identified as it were with the persons of the Royal family, is raised above envy and would meet with opposition from none of the ministry\u2014and thus the government has acquired a degree of unity and force which it had not before. This unexpected effect of the ministry of a young uninformed man brought so rapidly from the lowest condition to the highest degree of power\u2014and which in other countries would have produced a general outcry on one side, and imprudent insolence on the other, besides the causes above mentioned must depend in some degree also on the Spanish character. The issue cannot be said yet to be fully ascertained, but there seems every reason to believe it will end well for all parties.\nNotwithstanding these subjects do not make a part of the business with which I am charged here jointly with Mr. Carmichael, still I have thought it might not be improper to give you my sentiments respecting them, as they appear to me to have necessarily an indirect connexion with it. It is for the same reason I mention the following intelligence which has been lately communicated to me with a good deal of caution though I think in a way that may be relied on.\nIt is the intention of this government to make New Orleans a free port to all nations with the restriction that vessels in order to be admitted there must first touch on their way at one of two Spanish ports assigned for that purpose\u2014viz. Alicant in the Mediterranean\u2014and a port on the coast of Gallicia on the Atlantic side. A person in the department of the Indies, is now preparing the subject and the ordinance for the purpose by the order of M. de Gardoqui who has that department. It is said this will take place very soon, by which is meant from three to six months. The object is to form an entrepot at New Orleans, by which Spain may supply their American possessions with such goods as they may chuse to admit there\u2014and to encourage the fur trade with the Indians.\nIt does not appear that the U.S. are contemplated in this arrangement, or at least in a favorable manner\u2014nothing is intended therein to facilitate the coming down the river to N. Orleans\u2014and there does not appear as yet any idea of exempting American vessels going by sea, from touching at one of the Spanish ports abovementioned.\nM. de Gardoqui has never given us the most distant hint of this intention of making N. Orleans a free port, and indeed we should have inferred a very contrary disposition from all his conversations with us. Should it be realized on the footing abovementioned it would seem rather to be with an hostile view to the U.S. and in order to enlist in the defense of their possession of N. Orleans, such nations as should be benefited by being thus admitted to it. I shall endeavor to ascertain the progress of this business\u2014and will inform you of such as may be made during my stay here.\nThere is a circumstance which has been for some time and still is depending between this country and England with which you have undoubtedly been made acquainted by Mr. Pinckney, and which it may not be amiss to repeat here, as it shews a disposition in the parties on which we counted in some degree. When Ld. St. Helens arrived here, he proposed to the minister that the rules with respect to re-captures should be the same between England and Spain, as those inserted in the treaty of commerce between England and France. At that time the English commerce in the Mediterranean was much exposed to the French cruisers\u2014and the ministry here thought it would be a losing agreement for Spain\u2014some delay took place therefore before its acceptation. In the mean time a English vessel was recaptured by a Spanish cruiser\u2014and after some difficulty was either delivered or agreed to be delivered\u2014about the time of this agreement, the rich Register ship with specie and merchandize to the value, it is said of 4,000,000 of dollars was recaptured by a part of the English fleet. The Spaniards are now earnest in reclaiming her. The English, it seems, make difficulties\u2014and affirm  that Spain did not agree to give up the English vessel until after the minister got notice of the recapture of the Register ship although unknown to the English Ambassador here. It is doubted much here whether she will be restored and this has created already much ill humour in the administration. How far they will venture to shew it I cannot say\u2014but I do not doubt this country will with time have many reasons to repent of their present position, and many causes of dissatisfaction with their new friends.\nI have only now to beg pardon for troubling you with so long a letter, and to assure you of the perfect respect with which I have the honor to be, Sir, your most obedient & most humble servant\nW Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0208", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nathaniel Cutting, 8 June 1793\nFrom: Cutting, Nathaniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nFalmouth, 8th. June, 1793.\nI have the honor to acquaint you that I arrived in this Port yesterday, which compleated thirty-four days from the time of my departure from the Delaware. The Ship waits here for orders from London, therefore I intend to set out for that metropolis, by land, to morrow.\nAt this extreme corner of the Kingdom, I find very little authentic intelligence respecting public affairs. It is reported and believed here, that Dumourier, after all his brilliant exploits under the Banners of the French Republic, has taken the same step that La Fayette did, and is now resident in the Austrian Territories, a deserter from those Colours which he display\u2019d with such eclat in the Netherlands the year past. Some pretend to account for this from the proverbial versatility of his Countrymen, and the implacable resentment of some influential Characters in the Convention whose native rigidity has never admitted the amiable polish of liberality and whose jealous temperatures lead them to suppose their own individual merit depreciated by the virtues or successes of a Competitor.\nIt seems that the French conducted with so little address or discretion in Brabant or Flanders that they disgusted those whose friendship they ought to have been solicitous to secure; so that instead of extending their glorious career through the States of Holland, as was expected by some in America, they have been obliged precipitately to relinquish all the Territory their rapid successes over-ran in course of the last year; But having once retreated within the proper boundaries of their Realm, they seem to be invincible. Several severe engagements between large Detachments of the combined forces, and the troops of the French Republic are reported to have taken place, in which the English confess the latter were either compleatly victorious, or maintained their ground with all the address of military veterans and all the firmness of men who think it a disgrace to yield to anything less than omnipotence!\nBy Sea the Republic makes but a despicable figure; and I think it good policy that it does not attempt much in that line. French Privateers and light Cruizers are said to swarm through all the navigable world, and by their predatory warfare distress the Commerce of their Enemies, and of course injure them more essentially, than the same force could do if applied in any other way. I am told that a prodigious number of English merchantships have been captured, and many of them have arrived safe in French Ports notwithstanding the British Fleet proudly exults in its superiority and rides triumphant on the broad Atlantic as well as in the narrow seas. The most it has hitherto effected has been  now and then capturing a Privateer, or retaking a Prize. One of each of these descriptions was recently sent into England which are said to be the most valuable that ever fell into the hands of an Enemy. The French Privateer call\u2019d the Dumourier, had captured a Spanish Register Ship, took out of her two hundred and fifty Boxes of Silver, and instead of judiciously shaping different courses for different Ports, they both kept together till they fell in with the British fleet which effectually alter\u2019d their route. The specie and bullion captured as abovemention\u2019d is reported and believed to amount to above one million sterling. This it seems, agreably to the marine Laws of Spain in similar cases, will be wholly condemned as prize to the Re-captors. The share of Lord Hood, as Admiral of the Fleet, is computed at Sixty thousand pounds.\nThe English at this Port confidently assert that French Cruizers when they meet with any American Vessel laden with Provision, bound to any Port in the Territory of their Enemies, they violate the Laws of Neutrality by obliging her to proceed to some port in France. This I take to be a piece of calumny calculated to mislead our Countrymen and irritate them against a people who, though guilty of many excesses which make humanity shudder, are exerting every nerve in Support of that political freedom in which the Americans have so long gloried!\nIt is reported here likewise that English Cruizers have also intercepted American [Vessels] bound to France with Provisions; but I understand that Government disavows having authorized such wanton violations of the laws of declared neutrality. I sincerely hope that such unwarrantable stretches of power, exercised by rapacious and lawless individuals may not excite any serious altercation between our Government and either of the belligerent [Powers] but on the other hand I flatter myself that we shall not pusilanimously crouch to the insolent authority that may presume to insult the American Flag. I have the honor to be, most respectfully, Sir, Your most obedient humble servant\nNat. Cutting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0209", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert W. Fox, 8 June 1793\nFrom: Fox, Robert Were\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nFalmouth, 8 June 1793. He acknowledges TJ\u2019s favors of 20 Feb. and 21 Mch. addressed to Edward Fox\u2014mistakenly, he believes, because Robert Morris, who recommended either him or his brother to serve as American consul here, has informed them that the appointment was made, and there is no Edward Fox in Falmouth\u2014and asks for another appointment in his own name. In the meantime he will act as consul if the minister in London does not object. He will abide to the best of his ability by TJ\u2019s directions and forward the executed bond after the American minister in London approves it. Since the outbreak of war between England and France a great number of American ships have arrived here and been permitted to leave with their cargoes to wherever their proprietors choose, though lately none has been ordered to France, but many to Spain, where wheat sells for 60/ to 70/ per 8 bushels and flour 42/ to 48/ per barrel. He hopes soon to receive his new appointment and will immediately inform the minister in London of anything important. The government will presumably attend to his representations, as he and his brother are known to several Lords of the Treasury and Admiralty.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0210", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 8 June 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nPhiladelphie le 8. Juin 1793.L\u2019an 2e. de la Republique Fran\u00e7aise.\nJ\u2019ai vu avec peine par votre lettre du 5 de ce mois que M. le President des Etats unis persistait \u00e0 penser qu\u2019une nation en guerre n\u2019avoit pas le droit de donner des Commissions en guerre \u00e0 ceux de ses vaisseaux qui se trouvaient dans les Ports d\u2019une nation neutre: cette mesure etant selon lui un acte de souverainet\u00e9.\nJe vous avou\u00eb, Monsieur, que cette Opinion me parait contraire aux principes du droit naturel, aux usages des nations, aux liens qui nous unissent et m\u00eame \u00e0 la proclamation de Mr. le Pr\u00e9sident.\nLe droit de s\u2019armer, Monsieur, \u00e0 l\u2019effet de pourvoir \u00e0 sa deffense et de repousser d\u2019injustes aggressions peut selon moi etre \u00e9xerc\u00e9 par une nation en guerre dans un etat neutre \u00e0 moins que par des trait\u00e9s ou des  loix particuli\u00e8res de cet Etat, ce droit ne soit restreint \u00e0 une seule nation amie ou alli\u00e9e et interdit \u00e9xpr\u00e9ssement aux autres. Ce cas est exactement celui ou nous nous trouvons, les Etats unis, amis des fran\u00e7ais, leurs alli\u00e9s et garans de leurs possessions en amerique leur ont permis d\u2019entrer arm\u00e9s et de sejourner dans leurs ports, d\u2019y amener leurs prises, de s\u2019y reparer, de s\u2019y equiper tandis qu\u2019ils ont refus\u00e9 \u00e9xpressement cet avantage \u00e0 leurs \u00e9nemis. L\u2019intention des Etats Unis a \u00e9t\u00e9 de nous faciliter les moyens de prot\u00e9ger \u00e9fficacement notre commerce et de deffendre nos possessions en am\u00e9rique si utiles \u00e0 notre prosperit\u00e9 commune, et tant que les Etats unis assembl\u00e9s en congr\u00e8s n\u2019auront point d\u00e9cid\u00e9 que cet engagement solemnel ne doit pas \u00eatre effectu\u00e9, il n\u2019appartient \u00e0 personne d\u2019entraver nos op\u00e9rations et d\u2019en annuller l\u2019effet en empechant ceux de nos marins qui se trouvent dans les Ports d\u2019am\u00e9rique de se pr\u00e9valoir des Commissions que le Gouvernement fran\u00e7ais m\u2019a charg\u00e9 de leur faire donner pour les autoriser \u00e0 se deffendre et \u00e0 remplir s\u2019ils en trouvent l\u2019occasion tous les devoirs de Citoyens contre les ennemis de l\u2019Etat. Au Surplus, Monsieur, dans tous les tems de pareilles Commissions en tems de guerre ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9livr\u00e9es \u00e0 nos navires. Les Officiers de la marine les leur remettaient en france, et les Consuls dans les pa\u00efs  etrangers et c\u2019est en vertu de cet usage, qu\u2019aucune puissance n\u2019a jamais imagin\u00e9 de regarder comme un acte de souverainet\u00e9, que le conseil \u00e9x\u00e9cutif a envoy\u00e9 ici de semblables commissions.\nCependant, Monsieur, toujours anim\u00e9 du desir de maintenir la bonne harmonie qui regne si heureusement entre nos deux pa\u00efs j\u2019ai prescrit aux Consuls de n\u2019accorder des lettres qu\u2019aux Capitaines qui s\u2019obligent sous serment et sous caution \u00e0 respecter le territoire des Etats unis et les opinions politiques de leur President, en attendant que les representans du Souverain les aient confirm\u00e9es ou rejet\u00e9es; c\u2019est l\u00e0 tout ce que le Gouvernement americain peut attendre de notre d\u00e9ff\u00e9rence, tout ce qui se passe hors des Eaux des Etats unis n\u2019\u00e9tant pas de sa comp\u00e9tence.\nIl resulte de cette notte, Monsieur, que les Commissions remises en vertu des ordres du conseil ex\u00e9cutif de la R\u00e9publique francaise aux vaisseaux fran\u00e7ais qui se trouvent dans les ports des Etats Unis ne sont qu\u2019une simple autorisation de s\u2019armer, fond\u00e9e sur le droit naturel et l\u2019usage constant de la france; que ces commissions ont \u00e9t\u00e9 expedi\u00e9es de tout tems dans de pareilles circonstances; que leur distribution ne peut \u00eatre consider\u00e9e que comme un acte d\u2019administration consulaire et non de souverainet\u00e9 et que toute entrave mise par le Gouvernement des Etats Unis \u00e0 l\u2019armement des vaisseaux francais serait une atteinte port\u00e9e aux droits de l\u2019homme sur lesquels reposent l\u2019ind\u00e9p\u00e9ndance et les loix des Etats Unis, une violation des liens qui unissent les Peuples de france et d\u2019amerique et m\u00eame une contradiction manifeste dans le sist\u00eame de neutralit\u00e9 de M. Le Pr\u00e9sident; car en effet si nos navires marchands ou  autres n\u2019avaient pas la libert\u00e9 de s\u2019armer dans un moment o\u00f9 les Fran\u00e7ais resistent seuls \u00e0 la ligue de tous les tirans contre la Libert\u00e9 des Peuples, Ils seraient expos\u00e9s \u00e0 une ruine certaine en sortant des ports des Etats Unis; ce qui n\u2019est certainement pas l\u2019intention du Peuple americain: Sa voix fraternelle a retenti de toute part autour de moi et ses accens ne sont point \u00e9quivoques; Ils sont purs comme le coeur de ceux qui les ont exprim\u00e9s et plus ils ont touch\u00e9 mon ame plus ils doivent interesser au bonheur de l\u2019amerique la nation que je repr\u00e9sente; plus je souhaite, Monsieur, que le Gouvernement f\u0153d\u00e9ral observe autant qu\u2019il est en lui les engagemens publics que les deux peuples ont contractes et que par cette conduite g\u00e9n\u00e9reuse et prudente, il donne, au moins, au monde l\u2019exemple d\u2019une veritable neutralit\u00e9 qui ne consiste pas \u00e0 abandonner lachement ses amis dans le moment ou le danger les menace, mais \u00e0 s\u2019en tenir strictement, si l\u2019on ne peut faire mieux, aux obligations que l\u2019on a contract\u00e9es envers eux. C\u2019est par de pareils proced\u00e9s que l\u2019on se rend respectable \u00e0 toutes les puissances que l\u2019on conserve ses amis et que l\u2019on merite d\u2019en augmenter le nombre.\n(sign\u00e9) Genet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0211", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Lambert, 8 June 1793\nFrom: Lambert, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia, 8th: June, 1793.\nThe many instances of politeness and indulgence I received from you, during my continuance in your office, demand my sincere acknowledgments. There are some of them, in particular, which conferred the highest obligations, and will ever be remembered with sentiments of gratitude and respect.\nI have reason to suppose, that the arrangements which will probably be made in the office of the Clerk of the House of Representatives, at the next Session of Congress will be favorable to me, and I have had the strongest assurances from Mr. Beckley, of his friendship and support. Permit me, Sir, to hope that as far as my conduct may appear to deserve it, your influence will also be employed in my behalf. I have the honor to be, with the most perfect esteem, Sir, Your most Obedient Servant.\nWilliam Lambert", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0214", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Sullivan, 8 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Sullivan, James\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 8 1793.\nI was yesterday honored by the receipt of your letter of June 2. on the subject of Mr. Letombe\u2019s continuance in the consulship, and am sorry to inform you that an appointment had taken place three days before and the Exequatur had issued. I should with pleasure have handed in your testimony in favor of Mr. Letombe had it not been too late; in which I should have been gratified in rendering a service to him as well as in doing what would have been agreeable to you. I with pleasure avail myself of this, as of every other occasion, of repeating to you assurances of the respect with which I am Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0215", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Thornton, 8 June 1793\nFrom: Thornton, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nJune 8th: 1793.\nIn consequence of your Intimation respecting the Mace for Virginia I have drawn one which I submit to your superior Judgment.\nThe Rattle-snake, Crotalus horridus, is peculiar to America, and though one of the most terrible of his Tribe, is nevertheless endowed with Qualities which make it a striking Emblem of this Government: for, it is peaceable, and strikes only in necessity or self-defence. It does not, like other Animals, take Advantage; but gives due warning of Danger.\nThe Bald-Eagle I think is not peculiar to America, [for, if I am not mistaken it is found in Russia] and, if it were, there is nothing in its Appearance characteristic of either power or Dignity: Besides, by adopting it we imitate with servility the Devices of several Courts of Europe\u2014they took it from the Romans, and the Romans most probably from the Persians, for, according to Xenophon, they used the Eagle.\nThe Rattle-snake entwined round one Staff I consider as a proper Mace for the Individual States; round many Staves, for the United States. The Staves being of polished Silver and the Snakes enamelled in proper Colours, would have a noble Appearance. They may be made light, and the Mace of the general Government contain as many Fasces or Staves as there are States in the Union. Plutarch says that Publicola  took the Ax from among the Fasces, considering it rather as an Emblem of Terror than of Power.\nI think in this Device you will find as much Simplicity yet significance as can be required, nor will a Motto be requisite. An Emblem that requires a Motto, is like a Fable that requires a Moral or Inference.\nWith this you will receive my Opusculum, entitled Cadmus, of which I request your acceptance. I am, Sir, with much respect and sincere attachment\nWilliam Thornton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0217", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 8 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President a letter from our bankers at Amsterdam stating a balance due them on the foreign intercourse fund Apr. 2. of 13,255 florins equal to about 5,300 Dollars.\u2014This being communicated for the information of the President, the following explanation is necessary. Independant of the fund on which this balance appears, the bankers had in their hands the 50,000 Doll. for the Algerine negociations. For this reason Th:J. had not thought it proper to call on the Treasury for any part of the 40,000 D. of this year, merely to increase the dead mass in the hands of the bankers. When Capt. Cutting went, with powers to Colo. Humphreys to draw the Algerine money, Th:J. sent by him also to Mr. Pinckney bills for between 17. and 18,000. Doll. These would of course turn the balance in our favor about 12,000 Doll. independantly of the Algerine fund, and before that could be drawn out. This remittance, at the rate of 10,000 D. the quarter, will last to about the middle of July. Th:J. is therefore now looking out for 10,000.D. in good bills, to be remitted to the bankers in time for a fresh supply.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0218", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Brown, 9 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brown, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 9. 93.\nI have received your favor of the 3d. and thank you for your kind attentions to the manifold little concerns with which I have plagued you. With respect to my furniture there are several packages which must never be put into a waggon: and these and others must go under peculiar care of being covered against the weather. This would require details of attention which could neither be expected nor given by any body but myself. I conclude therefore to leave them in their present deposit till I come to Virginia myself.\u2014I am glad to hear that Donald & Burton will go on with their own business. You will therefore judge whether to address my tobacco to them or to whom. I am in hopes our merchants will buy up foreign bottoms for the transportation of our produce. Tho\u2019 these will not be favored in the import duties, as if they were home-built, yet they will be entitled to passports, as American property, foreign nations being bound to respect whatever bon\u00e2 fide belongs to us, some by express treaty, and all by the law of nations. As in this way we may suddenly enlarge our stock of shipping, we shall suffer the less. The government has accordingly instructed the custom house officers to furnish passports to all vessels bon\u00e2 fide belonging to Americans, attending rigorously however to prevent fraudulent covers. I am with sincere esteem Dear Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0219", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 9 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nI have to acknolege the receipt of your two favors of May 27. and 29. since the date of my last which was of the 2d. inst.\u2014In that of the 27th. you say \u2018you must not make your final exit from public life till it will be marked with justifying circumstances which all good citizens will respect, and to which your friends can appeal.\u2019\u2014To my fellow-citizens the debt of service has been fully and faithfully paid. I acknolege that  such a debt exists: that a tour of duty, in whatever line he can be most useful to his country, is due from every individual. It is not easy perhaps to say of what length exactly this tour should be. But we may safely say of what length it should not be. Not of our whole life, for instance, for that would be to be born a slave. Not even of a very large portion of it. I have now been in the public service four and twenty years; one half of which has been spent in total occupation with their affairs, and absence from my own. I have served my tour then.\u2014No positive engagement, by word or deed, binds me to their further service.\u2014No commitment of their interests in any enterprize by me requires that I should see them through it.\u2014I am pledged by no act which gives any tribunal a call upon me before I withdraw. Even my enemies do not pretend this. I stand clear then of public right in all points.\u2014My friends I have not committed. No circumstances have attended my passage from office to office, which could lead them, and others through them, into deception as to the time I might remain; and particularly they and all have known with what reluctance I engaged and have continued in the present one, and of my uniform determination to retire from it at an early day. If the public then has no claim on me, and my friends nothing to justify, the decision will rest on my own feelings alone. There has been a time when these were very different from what they are now: when perhaps the esteem of the world was of higher value in my eye than every thing in it. But age, experience, and reflection, preserving to that only it\u2019s due value, have set a higher on tranquility. The motion of my blood no longer keeps time with the tumult of the world. It leads me to seek for happiness in the lap and love of my family, in the society of my neighbors and my books, in the wholesome occupations of my farm and my affairs, in an interest or affection in every bud that opens, in every breath that blows around me, in an entire freedom of rest or motion, of thought or incogitancy, owing account to myself alone of my hours and actions. What must be the principle of that calculation which should balance against these the circumstances of my present existence! Worn down with labours from morning till night, and day to day; knowing them as fruitless to others as they are vexatious to myself, committed singly in desperate and eternal contest against a host who are systematically undermining the public liberty and prosperity, even the rare hours of relaxation sacrificed to the society of persons in the same intentions, of whose hatred I am conscious even in those moments of conviviality when the heart wishes most to open itself to the effusions of friendship and confidence, cut off from my family and friends, my affairs abandoned to chaos and derangement, in short giving every thing I love, in exchange for every thing I hate, and all this without a single gratification  in possession or prospect, in present enjoyment or future wish.\u2014Indeed my dear friend, duty being out of the question, inclination cuts off all argument, and so never let there be more between you and me, on this subject.\nI inclose you some papers which have passed on the subject of a new loan. You will see by them that the paper-Coryphaeus is either undaunted, or desperate. I believe that the statement inclosed has secured a decision against his proposition.\u2014I dined yesterday in a company where Morris and Bingham were, and happened to set between them. In the course of a conversation after a dinner Morris made one of his warm declarations that, after the expiration of his present Senatorial term, nothing on earth should ever engage him to serve again in any public capacity. He did this with such solemnity as renders it impossible he should not be in earnest.\u2014The President is not well. Little lingering fevers have been hanging about him for a week or ten days, and have affected his looks most remarkeably. He is also extremely affected by the attacks made and kept up on him in the public papers. I think he feels those things more than any person I ever yet met with. I am sincerely sorry to see them. I remember an observation of yours, made when I first went to New York, that the satellites and sycophants which surrounded him had wound up the ceremonials of the government to a pitch of stateliness which nothing but his personal character could have supported, and which no character after him could ever maintain. It appears now that even his will be insufficient to justify them in the appeal of the times to common sense as the arbiter of every thing. Naked he would have been sanctimoniously reverenced. But inveloped in the rags of royalty, they can hardly be torn off without laceration. It is the more unfortunate that this attack is planted on popular ground, on the love of the people to France and it\u2019s cause, which is universal.\u2014Genet mentions freely enough in conversation that France does not wish to involve us in the war by our guarantee. The information from St. Domingo and Martinique is that those two islands are disposed and able to resist any attack which Great Britain can make on them by land. A blockade would be dangerous, could it be maintained in that climate for any length of time. I delivered to Genet your letter to Roland. As the latter is out of office, he will direct it to the Minister of the Interior. I found every syllable of it strictly proper. Your ploughs shall be duly attended to. Have you ever taken notice of Tull\u2019s horse-houghing plough? I am persuaded that that, where you wish your work to be very exact, and our great plough where a less degree will suffice, leave us nothing to wish for from other countries as to ploughs, under our circumstances.\u2014I have not yet received my threshing machine. I fear the  late long and heavy rains must have extended to us, and affected our wheat. Adieu. Your\u2019s affectionately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0220", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Currie, 10 June 1793\nFrom: Currie, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHble. Sir\nRichmond June 10th. 1793\nI take the opportunity by Judge Irdell to write you this short Epistle, and to apologise in Some measure for the liberty lately taken upon two Occasions: viz of two Short letters of introduction by A Mr. Campbell and a Mr. Maitland to be delivered by their respective bearers and a liberty I am conscious ought seldom or ever to take place but between friends on the most intimate footing. I hope however youll excuse it on the Score of former freindship; I am very anxious and am afraid rather too urgent to hear the fate of my debt against J. Griffin, your having mentioned in a former letter it would come to issue at the April term, I hope it has been terminated at that time and anxiously hope in my favor; before this reaches you, youll probably hear the decision of the f\u0153deral court in respect to the British debts in general and concerning those paid into the Treasury in particular the Only cause tried here has come to no issue the Jury not being able to come to any agreement that, no judgement Writ of Error, or Consent of parties having taken place no Appeal can lay to the Supreme Court to decide and it seems to me the matter is in a worse situation than before the suit was tried at all; our late accounts from France seem unfavorable to the cause of liberty; Dumourier speaks in a State of disgust, and the loss of him must be great to the republican cause; we have had the most flattering prospects of great Crops particularly of Wheat till very lately. The rust is got among the Wheat and many crops I am told are totally destroyed and Others greatly injured by it to the great dissapointment and loss of the Country at large. All your friends in this part of the World are Well. Coll. TMR. has Recovered from his late dangerous disease but it has left both mind and body so Weak he can scarcely be said to be alive. I hope to have the pleasure of seeing you in this state in the Fall enjoying some relaxation from the weighty matters of state. That you may ever be healthy and happy is the fervent wish of Hble Sir Yr most devoted & V. H. Servt.\nJames Currie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0222", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Adam Lindsay, 10 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lindsay, Adam\nSir\nSchuylkill June 10. 1793.\nI received a considerable time ago your favor of Feb. 26. The croud of business which follows for some time after the close of Congress, and then my removal from the city into the country which has for a while put my papers out of their place, has prevented my performing earlier the duty of acknoleging it and remitting you for the candles which came safely to hand. I now inclose you a bank post note for 53D\u201328c equal to \u00a315\u201319\u2013 8\u00bd with many acknolegements for your kindness.\u2014Letters from our Commissioners to the Indian treaty inform us of their safe arrival at Niagara, but that the treaty would be a month later than had been expected. We have nothing new on the subject of the war. The generosity of the French in declaring to us by their new minister that they do not wish to disturb our prosperity by calling us into the war on account of the guarantee, gives us hopes that we may preserve our neutrality. I do not find it as much known as it ought to be to our merchants that all vessels owned by Americans, (no matter where built) are entitled against all nations to pass freely, as well as all other American property in whatever form. The law of nations never considers where a vessel was built, but to whom she belongs. And this is expressly confirmed by our treaties with such nations as have treated with us. Orders are accordingly given to our custom house officers to furnish foreign-built vessels with passports if they are bon\u00e2 fide owned by Americans. This will not however entitle such vessels to the benefit of low-import duties, that being confined by law to home built vessels. I take the liberty of mentioning this, that it may be known, and our stock of shipping augmented by purchase so as to be equal to the carrying off all our produce. I am with good esteem Sir Your most obedt. servt.\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. The person whom I had desired to go and procure me a bank post note on the 10th. when I wrote the preceding letter, having failed to do  it till this day, your favor of the 4th. came to hand on the 11th. I am really vexed at the circumstances which occasioned my delaying so long to answer your letter. I repeat assurances of the esteem with which I am Sir your very humble servt.\nTh: J", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0223", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Nixon, 10 June 1793\nFrom: Nixon, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMonday June 10. 1793\nYou sent me the Policys, bill of Sale and bill of Lading belonging to Mr. Cruger which I wrote that Gentleman. He writes for more papers, which he apprehends his Brother left with you. Be kind enough to inform me, if you have any more belonging to this business. I am Yr very hl Serv\nJohn Nixon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0224", "content": "Title: Notes on Ceremonial at New York, 10 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nJune 10. 93. Mr. Brown gives me the following specimen of the phrenzy which prevailed at New York on the opening of the new government. The first public ball which took place after the President\u2019s arrival there, Colo. Humphreys, Colo. W. S. Smith, and Mrs. Knox, were to arrange the ceremonials. These arrangements were as follows. A Sopha at the head of the room raised on several steps whereon the Presidt. and Mrs. Washington were to be seated. The gentlemen were to dance in swords. Each one when going to dance was to lead his partner to the foot of the Sopha, make a low obeisance to the Presidt. and his lady, then go and dance, and when done bring his partner again to the foot of the Sopha for new obeisances and then to retire to their chairs. It was to be understood too that gentlemen should be dressed in bags.\u2014Mrs. Knox contrived to come with the President and to follow him and Mrs. Washington to their destination, and she had the design of forcing an invitation from the Presidt. to a seat on the Sopha. She mounted up the steps after them, unbidden, but unfortunately the wicked Sopha was so short that when the Presidt. and Mrs. Washington were seated, there was not room for a 3d. person; she was obliged therefore to descend in the face of the company and to sit where she could. In other respects the ceremony was conducted rigorously according to the arrangements,  and the President made to pass an evening which his good sense rendered a very miserable one to him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0225", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 10 June 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 10 June 1793\nDr. Adair who is going on his private business to Virginia being introduced to me by a Gentleman of my acquaintance here, I avail myself of the opportunity of forwarding to you the model of the threshing machine which I have been so long in getting the mechanic who made it to finish. He has made it upon the improved plan of Mr. Adam\u2019s which will execute much more than one I saw first at Mr. Patersons but of course it requires more power. He has with my consent adapted it both to the power of water and of horses; this gives it the appearance of being more complex and has rendered it more expensive, the whole cost now being 13 Guineas, though he at first said he could make a simple one for 5. Every part which in the model is of Brass may be made of wood except the two long fluted Cylinders which in the original is of cast iron, which is necessary on account of the weight as it is by the pressure alone of the upper one that they hold the grain to the threshing wheel\u2014the joint in the end of the upper wheel must be observed\u2014by means of this they thresh even the large horse beans; of wheat the original of this threshes 150 bushels in 8 hours with six horses and 5 Men. 5 bushels is a days work for a labourer to thresh by hand in the same County. The scale is \u00bd an inch to a foot. Dr. Adair has seen these machines work in Scotland and will be able to give any explanation that may be necessary. With sincere esteem & respect I remain Dear Sir Your most obedient and most humble Servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0226", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 10 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMy dear Martha\nPhiladelphia June 10. 93.\nI wrote you last on the 26th. of the last month. On the 3d. of the present I received Mr. Randolph\u2019s favor of May 22. I sincerely congratulate you on the arrival of the Mocking bird. Learn all the children to venerate it as a superior being in the form of a bird, or as a being which will haunt them if any harm is done to itself or it\u2019s eggs. I shall hope that the multiplication of the cedar in the neighborhood, and of trees and shrubs round the house, will attract more of them: for they like to be in the neighborhood of our habitations, if they furnish cover. I learn from Mr. Brown that all my furniture is safely arrived and stored at Rocket\u2019s. Maria is here, but too lazy to write. She says in excuse that you do not write to her.\u2014Mrs. Shippen lost her little son Bannister the last week. He died of a dysentery. Our letters from Mr. Bev. Randolph and the other commissioners are that they were safely arrived at Niagara; and that their treaty was likely to be delayed a month longer than was expected. Consequently their return will be later. My sincere affections to Mr. Randolph and kiss dear Anne for me. Yours with constant love\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0227", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Elias Vanderhorst, 10 June 1793\nFrom: Vanderhorst, Elias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBristol, 10 June 1793. Since his 10 Apr. letter, having heard nothing from TJ, he adds that by order in council the ports of the kingdom will continue to be open to the importation of foreign corn and flour to the end of Parliament\u2019s present session, subject to low duties on wheat and flour. Although this is uncertain, the policy will probably be prolonged thereafter because of the scarcity of corn in this island and most parts of the continent. The government has lately purchased upwards of 7,000 barrels of American flour here and large quantities of it and wheat in other ports where they were available, \u201cno doubt with a double view, not difficult to discover.\u201d The prospect for growing corn here is favorable, but it is too early in the season to be certain of the harvest. Manufacturing and commerce grow worse, and the government\u2019s offer of aid in the form of Exchequer bill loans is ill calculated to improve matters, since an excess of  paper credit has been the main cause of the kingdom\u2019s present distressed state. The principal remedy lies in peace, which will open the channels of commerce shut or greatly obstructed by the war. A French privateer from St. Malo, the Tyger, Captain Dugue, captured the Commerce, Captain Preble, an American ship bound from Charleston to here. Presuming through ignorance or villainy that not all of the property on board the Commerce was American, Dugue took her entire cargo of sixteen casks of indigo and seven hogsheads of deer skins, replaced all of her crew but the master and cabin boy with fifteen Frenchmen, and ordered her to Brest. A British frigate retook the Commerce on 29 May and two days later she arrived at Spithead. He has taken steps to recover four casks of the indigo, invoiced at \u00a3252.16 Carolina money, which had been consigned to him by his friends Smiths, DeSaussure & Darrell of Charleston, joint owners of them with their Georgetown house, John Cogdell & Company, but if they are not successful he trusts that there will be an opportunity to do these Americans justice on TJ\u2019s side of the water. He has been unable to conclude the matter mentioned in his last letter at the customhouse here and is convinced the delay is due to the resentment of some customs officials whose fees have been reduced because he has secured the cancellation of \u201cthe Custom of Bonding Rice, when in their possession (and in the King\u2019s Casks) and that of paying a Debenture charged when Shipped (tho no duty had been paid on it).\u201d He has written to the board of commissioners and believes this will make it possible for him to obtain the materials needed for the accounts he must send TJ. In view of the need for agents in some outports under his consular jurisdiction, he has appointed Edmund Granger and Samuel Banfill Esqrs. at Exeter, John Hawker Esqr. at Plymouth, George Croker Fox and Robert Were Fox at Falmouth, and Richard Hart Davis Esqr., a Bristol banker, to represent him during his absences. A few days after his commission received royal approval he learned that Auldjo had encroached on his consular jurisdiction by appointing Messrs. Fox of Falmouth to serve as his deputies there as well as in the other Cornwall ports and the Scilly Islands. Auldjo, rejecting his contention that these areas were part of his jurisdiction, suggested that he appeal to TJ for a ruling. But Pinckney, to whom he appealed, decided against Auldjo, who withdrew the appointments. Since the heavy duties of his office cannot be discharged without injury to his private affairs, he hopes Congress will provide a salary adequate to its trouble, expense, and dignity. He encloses a few of the latest newspapers and a state of the market here for American produce. [P.S.] Mr. Fox of Falmouth has just informed him of his appointment as United States consul for that port and district. Since all of the kingdom\u2019s specie, if put into the public treasury, would not pay two shillings per pound of the nation\u2019s enormous debt, it is astonishing that credit is as good as it is. No one can calculate how long this fabric can last.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0228", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 11 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 11. 1793.\nI had the honor of laying before the President your Memorial of the 22d. of May proposing that the United States should now pay up all the future instalments of their debt to France, on condition that the sum should be invested in produce. The President having fully deliberated on this subject, I have now the honor of inclosing you a Report from the Treasury department, made in consequence thereof, and explaining the circumstances which prevent the US. from acceding to that proposition.\nIn fact, the instalments, as they are settled by Convention between the two nations, far exceed the ordinary resources of the US. To accomplish them completely and punctually, we are obliged to anticipate the revenues of future times, by loans, to as great an extent as we can prudently attempt. As they are arranged however by the Convention, they give us time for successive and gradual efforts. But to crowd these anticipations all into a single one, and that to be executed in the present instant, would more than hazard that state of credit, the preservation of which can alone enable us to meet the different paiments at the times agreed on. To do even this hitherto, has required, in the operations of borrowing, time, prudence and patience: and these operations are still going on in all the extent they will bear. To press them beyond this, would be to defeat them both now and hereafter. We beg you to be assured, and through you to assure your nation, that among the important reasons which lead us to economise and foster our public credit, a strong one is the desire of preserving to ourselves the means of discharging our debt to them with punctuality and good faith, in the times and sums which have been stipulated between us.\u2014Referring to the inclosed Report for a more particular developement of the obstacles to the proposition, I have the honor to assure you of the sentiments of particular esteem & respect with which I am Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0231", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Loehmann, 11 June 1793\nFrom: Loehmann, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphia, 11 June 1793. He served as an American army surgeon during the Revolution and fell prisoner at Charleston, South Carolina, where the rigors of a long captivity added to what he had undergone during his army service left him without the use of his limbs when he was liberated. Crippled to this day, he is unable to work and lacks any means of support. He and his wife employed their remaining property and effects with the greatest frugality, but that resource is now gone. Having applied for relief several times to Congress both at New York and Philadelphia, traveling for that purpose from Carolina to here, where he has lived some years now, and made every exertion to be placed on the pension list, he procured the necessary certificates but was delayed until the passing of the last act of Congress and is now told he cannot receive the pension unless three freeholders attest to his disability and mode of life for the first two years. Since this is not now in his power, he must rely on the charity of the members of the Cincinnati and other benevolent persons for his subsistence and hopes for relief of his poverty and distress from TJ.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0232", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Nixon, 11 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Nixon, John\nTh: Jefferson with his compliments to Mr. Nixon has now the honor to inclose him all the remaining papers of Mr. Cruger which were put into his hands. It is impossible any one can be missing, as they have been constantly in the wrapping in which they are now returned.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0234", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Thornton, 11 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Thornton, William\nTh: Jefferson, with his compliments to Dr. Thornton returns him many thanks for the device of the Mace; and still more for his dissertation on the elements of language which he had read in manuscript with great satisfaction, but shall do it with more in print.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0235", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 11 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nJune 11th: 1793\nThe President of the United States sends to the Secretary of State a letter and enclosures which he has just received from the Governor of New York, respecting the detention of an Armed vessel which was about to sail from New York, supposed to be commissioned as a privateer by one of the European belligerent Powers.\nThe President wishes the Secretary of State to lay these documents before the Heads of the other Departments, as soon as may be, and to let the President know what is their opinion, as well as the Secretary\u2019s of State, of the measures which should be taken in the case\u2014and what answer should be given to the Governor\u2019s letter. If there be a concurrence of opinion as to the Answer which ought to be given to the Governor, the President wishes the Secretary to draft it agreeably thereto.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0236", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 11 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President a memorial from Mr. Hammond. He proposes to ask a meeting with the Secretaries of the treasury and war at 9. aclock tomorrow, in time to write by the post of tomorrow. Should the President think fit that the inclosed should be the subject of deliberation, it may be considered at the same time.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0237", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 11 June [1793]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe President returns Mr. Hammond\u2019s memorial and the deposition accompanying it\u2014and desires that they may be laid before the Heads of the Departments tomorrow with the communications from Governor Clinton.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0238", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Bell, 12 June 1793\nFrom: Bell, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nJune 12th. 1793\nIt would have given me pleasure to Supplied Mr. J. G. Jefferson with his Summer Supplies but from a letter recived a few days Since from him enclosing yours to me he writes me that previous to yours coming to hand, he had taken up what few goods he wanted from Messrs. Shelton & Haris\u2014he was induced he Says to do so by their being so convenent to him, and their willingness to Supply him as well with goods as what little cash he might Stand in need of. This being the case he writes me Your letter of Credit becomes unecessary.\nOn Settling a/c. the other day with Colo. Lewes we find that he had Omitted charging you with Some Orders drawn on me which I paid off and charged to him expecting he had charged you. They are now transfered to your debit\u2014which has Swelled your a/c. Some thing more than you had a right to expect. However these matters may rest until you return when they will be more fully explained. I am really Sorry Mr. J. Jefferson had not applied to me for what goods he might have wanted. It is more than probable the payments would have been more Accomodating to you as Corn &c would always Suit me.\nAs to Our friend Mr. DeRiux\u2019s matters I am Truely Sensible how much you are disposed to Serve him. His a/c with me now is about \u00a3260\u2014a considerable part of which is assumed. And are now pressing hard for payment. Besides this he Owes Several other Stores &c Small Sums that are pressing upon him. He dropt a hint the other day that induc\u2019d me to believe he has given out the Idea of purchasing land. As there is little probability of Lewes redeeming the place in Town and unless that can be Affected I fear his funds ortherwise will come Short. (And forsooth She thinks She could not live in the country.)\nPerhaps there has not been less than 3,000. barrels of flower carried from Milton this Spring. And nearly 500. Hhds. Tobacco Wheat &c. What might we expect If the River was opened farther and more good Mills\u2014but we want a leader.\nIt is truely a disgrace to our county that we have not Mills\u2014the prospect of Wheat is Greater than ever known in this county\u2014And must give the benefit of Grinding &c to others.\nOur Neighbours are all well. Mrs. Gilmer Another fine Daughter and the Doctor Says he is not to Stop yet. I am Sir with respect Your most Ob. Sert.\nTho. Bell", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0239", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinions on the Republican and the Catharine, 12 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nThe President having required the opinions of the heads of the three departments on a letter from Governor Clinton of the 9th. inst. stating that he had taken possession of the sloop Polly, now called the Republican, which was arming, equipping and manning by French and other  citizens to cruize against some of the belligerent powers, and desiring to know what further was to be done, and they having met and deliberated thereon, are unanimously of opinion, that Governor Clinton be desired to deliver over to the civil power the said vessel and her appurtenances, to be dealt with according to law: and that the Attorney of the US. for the district of New York be desired, to have such proceedings at law instituted as well concerning the said vessel and her appurtenances, as against all the persons citizens or aliens participating in the armament or object thereof as he shall think will be most effectual for punishing the said offenders, and preventing the said vessel and appurtenances from being applied to the destined purpose: and that if he shall be of opinion that no judiciary process will be sufficient to prevent such application of the vessel to the hostile purpose intended that then the Governor be desired to detain her by force till the further advice of the General government can be taken.\nThe President having also required the same opinions on the Memorial of the British minister of the 11th. inst. on the subject of the British brigantine Catherine captured by the French frigate the Embuscade within the limits of the protection of the US. as is said, and carried into the harbour of New York, they are of opinion unanimously, that the Governor of N. York be desired to seize the said vessel in the first instance, and then deliver her over to the civil power, and that the Attorney of the US. for the district of New York be instructed to institute proceedings at law in the proper court for deciding whether the said capture was made within the limits of the protection of the US. and for delivering her up to her owners if it be so decided: but that if it shall be found that no court may take cognisance of the said question, then the said vessel to be detained by the Governor until the further orders of the General government can be had thereon.\nTh: JeffersonH KnoxAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0240", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, [12 June 1793]\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nWednesday [12 June 1793]\nMr. Hammond presents his compliments to Mr. Jefferson and has the honor of inclosing to him the deposition of the Pilot on board of the Brig Catharine, which he begs Mr. Jefferson to annex to the other deposition upon the subject of the Brigantine\u2019s capture.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0242", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef de Jaudenes and Josef Ignacio de Viar, 12 June 1793\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia. June 12. 1793.\nDesiring to convince the President of the US. by proofs that there was no error (as you supposed in your favor of the 5th. inst.) in the information which had been given us relative to the last letter which we had the honor of writing to you, we transmit to you a literal copy of one of the patents given by Govr. Blount in the creation of Great Medals (the original of which is in our hands, and may be exhibited here in this hotel of the king when you shall chuse.)\nWe also copy literally for you the relation of the Indian Chief Ugulayacabe of what happened to him in his journey to Cumberland, and what obliged him to undertake it. And we can likewise assure you that medals have fallen into the hands of the Governor of N. Orleans of the tenor which we mentioned to you in our former, distributed by Messrs. Antony Foster, James Randolph, and David Smith, Commissioners, sent by the US. to the Choctaws and Chickasaws for the purpose: who, to attach more strongly various chiefs of the said nations gave them the said medals, notwithstanding it must have been known to them that they had them from Spain ever since the year 1784.\nWe leave to the wise consideration of the President of the US. if after these, and many other steps (which we do not mention at present) taken, some with the open authority of your government, and others perhaps without it, but still by it\u2019s officers, the US. can justify easily any complaints whatever which they may make against the Governor of N. Orleans (which we doubt if founded but in presumption or suspicion) even should he have proceeded on the footing of reciprocity.\nWe do not pretend to impeach the character of Governour Blount nor would we produce evidence against him, if we were not persuaded, that since they declaim so bitterly in these states against the Governor of N. Orleans in words, it is very just that we should vindicate his proceedings, and shew those of Govr. Blount and others, not only in words but palpable facts.\nWe duly note the other contents of your letter, and repeat assurances of the sincere esteem & respect &c\nJaudenesViar", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0245", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 12 June 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nSainport 12 June 1793\nThis will accompany Duplicates of No. 30 and 31. I have now the Honor to transmit a Copy of the Decision made by the Municipality of Dunkerque on the third Instant respecting the Ship Fame which I receivd last night in a Letter from that Place of the seventh which informs me that the Ship was then sail\u2019d. I have just now written to Mr. Le brun (who by the bye is en \u00c9tat d\u2019arrestation) a Letter of Acknowlegement Copy whereof is enclos\u2019d. I did this the more readily because I shall have new Complaints to make in all human Probability for in the best regulated Governments it is difficult to prevent the Violation of the Rights of neutral Powers and much more so where in the Tempests of a Revolution Government resembles more a Weather Cock, marking from whence the Hurricane arises than a tower to resist its Force. Whenever a good Opportunity presents itself I shall take the Liberty to hazard my Opinion on the late Events for I cannot yet say Revolution because it is not quite determin\u2019d whether that shall be the conventional appellation of what pass\u2019d in the End of May. I am with Esteem and Respect Dr Sir your obedient Servant\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0246", "content": "Title: Notes on Alexander Hamilton and \u201cVeritas\u201d, 12 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nJune 12. Beckley tells me that Klingham has been with him to-day and relates to him the following fact. A certificate of the old Congress had been offered at the treasury and refused payment and so indorsed in red ink as usual. This certificate came to the hands of Francis [the quondam clerk of the treasury, who on account of his being dipped in the infamous case of the Baron Glaub[ec] Hamilton had been obliged to dismiss to save appearances, but with an assurance of all future service, and he accordingly got him established in New York]. Francis wrote to Hamilton that such a ticket was offered him but he would not buy it unless he would inform him and give him his certificate that it was good. Hamilton wrote him a most friendly letter and sent him the certificate. He bought the paper and came on here, and got it recognized, whereby he made 2500. Dollars. Klingman saw both the letter and certificate.\nIrving a clerk in the treasury, an Irishman is the author of the pieces now coming out under the signature of Veritas, and attacking the President. I have long suspected this detestable game was playing by the fiscal party, to place the Presidt. on their side.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0248", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, with Jefferson\u2019s Note, 12 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe President approves the enclosed and wishes the Secretary to send it as soon as convenient.\n[Note by TJ:]\nThis was the letter to Mr. Genet on his proposal respecting the French debt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0249", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 12 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President some letters received from Mr. T. Digges which contain some interesting information on the subject of our coins.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0250", "content": "Title: George Washington to the Secretaries of State, Treasury, and War, [12 June 1793]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Hamilton, Alexander\nGentlemen\nAs you are about to meet on other business, it is my desire that you would take the enclosed application into consideration. It is not my wish, on one hand, to throw unnecessary obstacles in the way of gratifying the wishes of the applicants. On the other it is incumbent on me to proceed with regularity. Would not the granting of a Patent then, which I believe is always the concluding act, and predicated on the Survey (as an essential document) have too much the appearance of placing the Cart before the Horse. And does not the Law enjoin something on the Attorney General of the U. States previous to the signature of the President? What can be done with propriety I am willing to do. More I ought not to do.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0251", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 12 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor of inclosing to the President the opinion on the two cases of vessels referred to the heads of the department, and the letter he has prepared in consequence to the Attorney of the district. Genl. Knox will wait on him with his letter to the Governor.\u2014Symmes\u2019s case is to be considered of tomorrow, as it required some enquiry.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0252", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 13 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 13. 1793.\nYour Memorial of the 11th. instant, stating that the British brigantine Catharine has been taken by the French frigate the Embuscade within 2. or 2\u00bdmiles of the shores of the US. was duly laid before the President, and in consequence thereof the Governor of New York, where the brigantine is understood to be arrived, is desired to take possession of her. It being now supposed that the tribunals of the country will take cognisance of these cases, so far as they involve acts of force committed within the limits of the protection of the US. instructions are given to the Governor to turn the case over immediately to the civil power, and to the Attorney of the US. for the district of New York to put it into a proper channel for decision. I am therefore to desire you will be so good as to have the parties interested apprised without delay that they are to take measures as in ordinary civil cases for the support of their rights judicially. Should the decision be in favor of the jurisdiction of the court, it will follow that all future similar cases will devolve at once on the individuals interested to be taken care of by themselves, as in other questions of private property provided for by the laws. The Governors of the several states, as the head of their militia, are desired to aid the civil power should it be necessary. This train of things is much more desireable for the Executive, whose functions are not analogous to  the questions of law and fact produced by these cases, and whose interference can rarely be proper where that of the Judiciary is so.\nThe Governor of New York, in consequence of circular instructions issued, having informed the President that he had taken possession of a sloop lately called the Polly, and now the Republican, on evidence that she was armed, equipped and manned in the port of New York to cruize on the enemies of the French republic, he has been desired to turn that case also over to the civil power, and the attorney for the district is instructed to institute proceedings at law before the proper court for preventing the vessel from being applied to the purpose of her destination, and for punishing all the individuals concerned in the enterprize. I have thought it proper to communicate to you this transaction as it shews that the measures taken by the executive to prevent these enterprizes are likely to be efficacious: the Governors being, in these also, desired to interpose the aid of their militia where the power or position of the offenders are beyond the ordinary means of coercion wherewith the civil authority is provided.It was perhaps to be expected that in the first moments of a foreign war, the minds of most persons here would be unapprised of the laws of their new position: and we have little reason to doubt, from the habits of order which characterize our citizens, that a short time will suffice to bring them acquainted with the line they are to pursue, and to lessen the occasions of recurrence to the public authority. I have the honour to be with sentiments of great esteem & respect Sir, your most obedient & most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0255", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gouverneur Morris, 13 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 13. 1793.\nThe insulated state in which France is placed with respect to all the world almost by the present war, has cut off all means of addressing letters to you through other countries. I embrace the present occasion by a private individual going to France directly, to mention that since the date of my last public letter, which was April 24. and which covered the President\u2019s proclamation of Apr.I have received your Nos. 17. to 24. M. de Ternant notified us of his recall on the 17th. of May, and delivered the letter of the Provisory Executive council to that effect. I now inclose you the President\u2019s answer to the Council, which you will be pleased to deliver: a copy of it is also inclosed, open, for your information. Mr. Genet delivered his credentials on the same day on which M. de Ternan took his leave, and was received by the President. He found himself immediately immersed in business, the consequence of this war. The incidents to which that gives daily rise, and the questions respecting chiefly France and England, fill the Executive with business, equally delicate, difficult and disagreeable. The course intended to be  pursued being that of a strict and impartial neutrality, decisions, rendered by the President rigourously on that principle, dissatisfy both parties, and draw complaints from both. That you may have a proper idea of them, I inclose you copies of several Memorials and letters which have past between the Executive and the ministers of those two countries, which will at the same time develope the principles of the proceedings, and enable you to justify them in your communications should it be necessary. I inclose also the answer given to Mr. Genet on a proposition from him to pay up the whole of the French debt at once. While it will enable you to explain the impracticability of the operation proposed, it may put it in your power to judge of the answers which would be given to any future propositions to that effect, and perhaps to prevent their being brought forward.\u2014The bill lately passed in England prohibiting the business of this country with France from passing through the medium of England is a temporary embarrasment to our commerce, from the unhappy predicament of it\u2019s all hanging on the pivot of London. It will be happy for us should it be continued till our merchants may establish connections in the countries in which our produce is consumed and to which it should go directly.\nOur Commissioners have proceeded to the treaty with the North Western Indians. They write however that the treaty will be a month later than was expected. This delay should it be extended will endanger our losing the benefit of our preparations for the campaign, and consequently bring on a delicate question whether these shall be relinquished for the result of a treaty in which we never had any confidence? The Creeks have proceeded in their depredations till they assume the appearance of formal war. It scarcely seems possible to avoid it\u2019s becoming so. They are so strong, and so far from us as to make very serious addition to our Indian difficulties. It is very probable that some of the circumstances arising out of our affairs with the Indians, or with the belligerent powers of Europe may occasion the convocation of Congress at an earlier day than that to which it\u2019s meeting stands at present.\nI send you the forms of the passports given here. The one in three columns is that now used: the other having been soon discontinued. It is determined that they shall be given in our own ports only, and to serve but for one voyage. It has also been determined that they shall be given to all vessels bon\u00e2 fide owned by American citizens wholly, whether built here or not. Our property, whether in the form of vessels, cargoes, or any thing else, has a right to pass the seas untouched by any nation, by the law of nations: and no one has a right to ask where a vessel was built, but where is she owned? To the security which the law of nations gives to such vessels against all nations, are added particular  stipulations with three of the belligerent powers. Had it not been in our power to enlarge our national stock of shipping suddenly in the present exigency, a great proportion of our produce must have remained on our hands for want of the means of transportation to market. At this time indeed a great proportion is in that predicament. The most rigorous measures will be taken to prevent any vessel not wholly and bon\u00e2 fide owned by American citizens from obtaining our passports. It is much our interest to prevent the competition of other nations from taking from us the benefits we have a right to expect from the neutrality of our flag: and I think we may be very sure that few if any will be fraudulently obtained within our ports.\nTho our spring has been cold and wet, yet the crops of small grain are as promising as they have ever been seen. The Hessian fly however to the North, and the weavil to the South, of the Patowmac, will probably abridge the quantity. Still it seems very doubtful whether we shall not lose more for want of the means of transportation, and have no doubt that the ships of Sweden and Denmark would find full employment here.\nWe shall endeavor to get your newspapers under the care of Majr. Read the bearer of this letter. I have the honor to be with great respect & esteem Dear Sir your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0257", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel A. Otis, 13 June 1793\nFrom: Otis, Samuel A.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphia, 13 June 1793. This morning he received an application from his son Samuel A. Otis to the President asking for the consulship at Saint-Domingue. As the business concerns TJ\u2019s department, his support will oblige him and his son, who served his apprenticeship in Cap-Fran\u00e7ais, knows the country\u2019s language and modes of doing business, and is esteemed and generally applied to by Eastern merchants who trade there, to whom, and to any French residents of the Cap, TJ is referred for further information. To escape the intolerable  weather he intends to travel to the eastward in a few days and will gladly execute any commission for TJ.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0258", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 13 June 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello June 13: 1793.\nYou will observe by the abstract of my diary that we have had an uncommon proportion of rainy weather this spring; our fields of Wheat and Rye from this will give a smaller and a meaner product than we have hitherto expected from them. The plants, where they were tall and stood close, have \u201clodged\u201d as the farmers term it and of course cannot perfect the grain; where this has not happened many of the grains in every head appear to me to be of a smaller size than usual, alltho\u2019 the plants themselves are much larger than the same soil would produce in an ordinary year. There cannot, well, be too much rain for the Indian Corn, but the Weather has been so cold that it is but little advanced for the season; the last 8 or 10 days however have been so favorable, and it has improved so much in that time, that we expect an abundant r\u00e9colte. We have not prospered in our gardening this year alltho, for the first time, our exertions have been sufficiently great. Our young vegetables have been separated from the root under ground by grubs, or eaten in the seed-leaf by a very minute tribe of grasshoppers and two species of still more minute volatile insects, or devoured in whole squares when farther advanced by immense swarms of insects resembling a good deal the fire-fly wanting its phosphorus. Having once had some little technical knowledge in Entomology I felt a curiosity to ascertain the families to which these different insects belong but from the insufficiency of Linnaeuses descriptions and the smallness of the subjects I have not been able to satisfy it. The earth is alive with these creatures this summer owing I suppose to their being spared by the frost last winter. Patsy and the little boy are perfectly well. Anna looks badly and does not grow which we with sorrow impute to worms. My Father has recovered his health. Dr. Sir your most sincere & affectionate friend\nTh: M. Randolph\nMay\u2007\u2007\n73. cloudy.\n71. fair\n68. rain from the E.\nJune.\n64. light flying cls.\n67. dark.\n80. r. a shower with light: & th.\n79. \u2007\u2008 a slight shower\n  80. \u2007\u2008 showers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0259", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Stokes, 13 June 1793\nFrom: Stokes, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nJune 13th. 1793\nSensibly impressed with a grateful Sense of the important Service you propose doing me I cannot refrain from returning you my most warm and sincere thanks and acknowledgments for such benevolence. As soon as I return from Virginia (which I hope will be in 3 or 4 weeks) it is my intention to request the favor of declaring to you the object and views of the present design.\nShou\u2019d they be honor\u2019d with your approbation I shall persue them with redoubled vigor. With the highest Sentiments of Esteem & admiration I have the honor to be your most obt. Hble servt.\nWm Stokes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0260", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 13 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe President returns to the Secretary of State, with his approbation, the Answer to Mr. Hammond\u2019s Memorial\u2014and the letter to M. Morris which have been submitted to him\u2014and hopes the documents mentioned to be sent to Mr. Morris will be as full as they can be with propriety. The President also suggests the expediency of sending copies of the same to Mr. Pinckney by Majr. Jackson, or some other direct and safe opportunity.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0262", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David M. Clarkson, 14 June 1793\nFrom: Clarkson, David M.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSt. Eustatius, 14 June 1793. He encloses the bond for the performance of his consular duties here. The numerous British privateers in these seas bring to their ports for examination all vessels suspected of carrying French property and discharge it when found. Only some of the privateers pay for freight so discharged, and many American vessels are now in British ports discharging the French property they had on board. He hopes TJ will approve his appointment of Robert Clinton to act as deputy consul during his absence in Europe for a few months on private business, as he is certain Clinton will comply with TJ\u2019s instructions and support the honor and dignity of the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0263", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 14 June 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nPhiladelphie le 14. Juin 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la Republique.\nVous verrez par les pieces ci jointes qu\u2019au m\u00e9pris des trait\u00e9s qui unissent les Fran\u00e7ais et les Americains, qu\u2019au m\u00e9pris du droit des nations, des officiers civils et judiciaires des Etats Unis se sont permis d\u2019arr\u00eater \u00e0 Philadelphie la vente de batimens pris par une goelette fran\u00e7aise arm\u00e9e et de s\u2019opposer \u00e0 New York \u00e0 la sortie d\u2019un vaisseau fran\u00e7ais muni d\u2019une commission du Conseil Ex\u00e9cutif de la R\u00e9publique Fran\u00e7aise. Je vous prie, Monsieur, d\u2019informer Mr. le President des Etats Unis de ces faits, de l\u2019avertir qu\u2019on s\u2019est servi de son nom pour commettre ces infractions aux loix et aux trait\u00e9s des Etats Unis et de l\u2019engager \u00e0 devellopper dans les circonstances pr\u00e9sentes toute l\u2019autorite que le Peuple des Etats Unis lui a confi\u00e9 pour faire \u00e9x\u00e9cuter ces loix et ces trait\u00e9s. Ne doutant point, Monsieur, de la puret\u00e9 des sentimens de Mr. le Pr\u00e9sident, j\u2019espere obtenir incessamment \u00e0 l\u2019aide de ses bons offices et de son \u00e9nergie restitution avec dommages et inter\u00eats des prises fran\u00e7aises arret\u00e9es et saisies \u00e0 Philadelphie par un juge incomp\u00e9tent, d\u2019apr\u00e8s un ordre que je dois croire suppos\u00e9 et restitution \u00e9galement avec dommages et interets du batiment arr\u00eat\u00e9 et saisi \u00e0 New York.\nC\u2019est par l\u2019entremise des Ministres publics que doivent se traiter des affaires de la nature de celles qui motivent mes plaintes et mes r\u00e9clamations; Repr\u00e9sentant d\u2019un peuple g\u00e9n\u00e9reux et confiant avec ses amis, j\u2019ai d\u00e9ja donn\u00e9 des preuves des sentimens qui l\u2019animent, en faisant restituer, sans examen, \u00e0 la demande du Gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral, le navire anglais le Grange pris par un vaisseau de la R\u00e9publique: Je montrerai une \u00e9gale d\u00e9f\u00e9rence dans toutes mes demarches, mais en m\u00eame terms, Monsieur, Je crois etre fond\u00e9 \u00e0 attendre de votre Gouvernement tout l\u2019appui dont j\u2019ai besoin pour deffendre, aujourdhui, dans le sein des Etats Unis, les interets, les droits et la dignit\u00e9 de la nation fran\u00e7aise que des gens dont le tems nous fera justice travaillent secretement \u00e0 faire m\u00e9connoitre.\nGenet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0266", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Harrison, 14 June 1793\nFrom: Harrison, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAuditors Office June 14. 1793.\nOn looking over the Account which you did me the honor to leave with me a few days since, I am doubtful whether your payments to Col. Humphreys, Mr. Cutting and Mr. Morris (particularly that to the latter) ought to be considered as Advances on Account, or as Compensations allowed by the President for services of a special nature. If of the latter description, I take the liberty to observe that such a Certificate as the law requires, will be necessary to their admission as final expenditures. I have the honor to be, with perfect respect, Sir, Y. obed. hble Servt\nR. Harrison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0267", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 14 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia. June 14. 1793.\nMy last letters to you have been of the 7th. of May and 4th. inst. Since the last date yours of Apr. 15. has come to hand. I now inclose you two forms of passports for our vessels, as given here. That in three columns is the form now used; the other having been early laid aside. They will be given in our own ports only, and to serve for the single voyage. These forms will enable you to decide on the genuineness of such as may be produced to you.\u2014I inclose you also several memorials and letters which have passed between the executive and the ministers of France and England. These will develope to you the principles on which we are proceeding between the belligerent powers. The decisions being founded in what is conceived to be rigorous justice, give dissatisfaction to both parties, and produce complaints from both. It is our duty however to persevere in them, and to meet the consequences. You will observe that Mr. Hammond proposes to refer to his court the determination of the President that the prizes taken by the Citoyen Genet could not be given up. The reasons for this are explained in the papers. Mr. Genet had stated that she was manned by French citizens. Mr. Hammond had not stated the contrary, before the decision. Neither produced any proofs. It was therefore supposed that she was manned principally with French citizens. After the decision Mr. Hammond denies the fact, but without producing any proof. I am really unable to say  how it was. But I believe it to be certain there were very few Americans.\u2014He says the issuing the commission &c. by Mr. Genet within our territory was an infringement of our sovereignty; therefore the proceeds of it should be given up to Great Britain. The infringement was a matter between France and us. Had we insisted on any penalty or forfeiture by way of satisfaction to our insulted rights, it would have belonged to us, not to a third party. As between Great Britain and us, considering all the circumstances explained in the papers, we deemed we did enough to satisfy her.\u2014We are moreover assured that it is the standing usage of France, perhaps too of other nations in all wars to lodge blank commissions, with all their foreign consuls to be given to every vessel of their nation merchant or armed, without which a merchant vessel would be punished as a pirate were she to take the smallest thing of the enemy that should fall in her way. Indeed the place of the delivery of a commission is immaterial. As it may be sent by letter to any one, so it may be delivered by hand to him, any where. The place of signature by the sovereign is the material thing. Were that to be done in any other jurisdiction than his own, it might draw the validity of the act into question. I mention these things, because I think it would be proper that after considering them and such other circumstances as appear in the papers or may occur to yourself, you should make it the subject of a conversation with the minister. Perhaps it may give you an opportunity of touching on another subject. Whenever Mr. Hammond applies to our government on any matter whatever, be it ever so new or difficult, if he does not receive his answer in two or three days or a week, we are goaded with new letters on the subject. Sometimes it is the sailing of the packet which is made the pretext for forcing us into premature and undigested determinations. You know best how far your applications meet such early attentions, and whether you may with propriety claim a return of them: you can best judge too of the expediency of an intimation that where dispatch is not reciprocal, it may be expedient and justifiable that delays should be so.\nOur Commissioners have set out for the place of treaty with the North Western Indians. They have learnt on their arrival at Niagara that the treaty will be a month later than was expected. Should further procrastination take place, it may wear the appearance of being intended to make us lose the present campaign for which all our preparations are made. We have had little expectations of any favorable result from the treaty: and whether for such a prospect we should give up a campaign, will be a disagreeable question.The Creeks have proceeded in their depredations and murders till they assume the appearance of unequivocal war. It scarcely seems possible to avoid it\u2019s becoming  so. It is very possible that our affairs with the Indians or with the belligerent powers of Europe, may occasion the convocation of Congress at an earlier day than that to which it\u2019s meeting stands at present.\nThough our spring has been cold and wet, yet the crops of small grain are as promising as could be desired. They will suffer however by the Hessian fly to the North and the weavil to the South of the Patowmac.\nMy letter of the 4th. inst. was written to go by the packet. But hearing before it\u2019s departure that Majr. Jackson was to go in a few days by a private vessel, it was committed to him, as is also the present letter. I have the honor to be with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0268", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 14 June 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 14 June 1793\nI have to acknowledge the favor of your private letter accompanying the Presidents correspondence for Mr. Carew the directions concerning which shall be observed. I am happy to hear of the arrival of the Pigou at Philadelphia after a short passage as you will have been informed thereby that one of my papers which had been missing and about which I was extremely sollicitous, had been sent by mistake to Mr. G. Morris who returned it to me from Paris. I think I must have some public dispatches from you in the hands of the Captn. or Passenger of one of the last Ships that arrived who may not yet have reached London as the Session of Congress had finished a considerable time and the laws were printed and the important Proclamation relating to our neutrality has  been inserted in the News papers though I had not received it officially. The Packet of News papers sent by the way of Holland are I believe still in the hands of Messrs. Vanstaphorsts who I suppose have not been able to find a conveyance for them.\nI expect to be able to send the Copper for the use of the Mint by the return of the George Barclay a more advantageous offer having been made for the supply from hence than from any other place.\nThe public papers herewith will convey all the intelligence relating to the public state of Europe. It is expected that the parliament of this kingdom will be prorogued in a few days. It is said that the disturbances in Ireland have occasioned the countermanding of two Regiments destined from thence to the West India Islands. The failures of mercantile houses in this Country have not been so numerous lately as they were some time ago, but well informed people here are of opinion that they must again increase in a short period. I remain with sincere respect and esteem Dear Sir Your faithful & obedient Servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0269", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Clarke, 15 June 1793\nFrom: Clarke, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHon\u2019ble Sir\nRichmond June 15th 1793\nHaving heard nothing respecting my petition for a patent for my Machine for a considerable time, And being Anxious to know the success it has met with, I have once more taken the liberty to address you on that subject and humbly request that you will inform me what State the matter is in, the first time you are at leisure.\nI have not yet found a man who will Lease your mill-seat at Monticello, altho\u2019 I have conversed with several who appeared much inclined to do it, but they seemed to think three hundred Barrels of Corn or the value of it, too great a Rent. I however think differently and would not advise you to take a smaller Rent, nor lease it for so long a term as twenty years (which you proposed when we conversed on that subject). The generality of the planters of this State, and those on James River in particular, have almost droped the culture of Tobacco, and turn  their attention principally to the raising of wheat, the greater part of which is purchased by Merchants who are situated on Navigation for that purpose, who find their interest in having it Manufactured before it is sent down the River as it seldom happens that a Boat-load of wheat is brought a considerable distance down the River, free from injury, which if manufactured could not easily be damaged. This is so often the case that the purchasers get all the wheat manufactured up the Country they Can, and I am positive that if there were a sufficient number of Mills to manufacture all the wheat up the Country, there would be none brought down the River unmanufactured. The Flour business has lately become a consequential one in this State, and Millseats are a spieces of property which increase in value faster than any other that I know of, These are the reasons which lead me to think your Mill-seat inferior to none in any respect whatever. And I do not doubt but in a short time it will command as great a price as any situation I am acquainted with, for neither its local situation with respect to geting wheat nor the power of the Stream to do the business, can be doubted. I am Hon\u2019ble sir Your Cordial Friend and Well-wisher\nJohn Clarke", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0270", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 15 June 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nA Philadelphie le 15. Juin 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la R\u00e9publ.\nLe Citoyen Hauterive Consul de la R\u00e9publique \u00e0 New-York vient de m\u2019informer qu\u2019il s\u2019est \u00e9lev\u00e9 entre lui et le Gouvernement de l\u2019Etat dans lequel il r\u00e9side \u00e0 l\u2019occasion de la Fr\u00e9gate l\u2019Embuscade, une discussion sur un point de droit. Il s\u2019agit de savoir si dans un port neutre un vaisseau arm\u00e9 doit laisser une tr\u00eave de 24. heures aux batimens ennemis pour en sortir. Le Citoyen Hauterive re\u00e7\u00fbt a ce sujet, relativement au d\u00e9part du Paquebot Anglais, une requisition formelle du Gouverneur, qui, sans lui dire d\u2019une maniere positive que le Gouvernement local avoit le droit d\u2019emp\u00eacher la Fregate de sortir avant l\u2019expiration de la tr\u00eave de 24. heures et qu\u2019il useroit de ce droit, le lui donnoit \u00e0 entendre et paroissoit croire qu\u2019il \u00e9toit universel.\nLe Citoyen Hauterive, Monsieur, s\u2019est born\u00e9 \u00e0 me r\u00e9f\u00e9rer ce fait et \u00e0 me demander \u00e0 ce sujet des instructions pour lui et pour le capitaine de la Fr\u00e9gate. Je joins ici une copie de celles que je viens de lui faire passer: Je ne les ai r\u00e9dig\u00e9es qu\u2019apr\u00e8s le plus mur examen de la question et quoique mon opinion diff\u00e8re \u00e9ssentiellement de celle du Gouverneur de New-York je suis persuade que Mr. Le President des Etats Unis, apr\u00e8s avoir pris en consid\u00e9ration les autorit\u00e9s et les raisonnemens qui m\u2019ont  guide pour tracer au Consul de la Republique la marche qu\u2019il devoit suivre fera passer au Gouverneur de New-York des ordres dignes de sa justice et de son impartialit\u00e9.\nGenet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0271", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Tayloe Griffin, 16 June 1793\nFrom: Griffin, John Tayloe\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWilmington. June 16th. 1793.\nYou will perhaps think me an interested person who never solicited the honor of a correspondence with you until I had a favor to ask, but I hope my present unfortunate situation will be my excuse.\nI wish most earnestly to return to Virga. and fully intended to have accompanied my friend Mr. Randolph, who offered me a seat in his carriage, but was unluckily prevented by the want of money, nor was it in his power to furnish me, not having more than barely sufficient to defray his expences to Richmond, or He woud chearfully have advanced it for me. I have taken the liberty to request the favor of you to supply me with fifty dollrs. and have inclosed You a draft on my Brother Cyrus for that sum, which I know will be duly honored. I am very sensible, I have no right to make this application to you, but trust that with you my situation will pardon it. If it shoud be inconvenient for You to spare the money, your Note to me payable in 60 days will answer me a very good purpose, and the draft will be paid long before the expiration of that time. If you can comply with my request, you will confer a favor which I shall remember with the liveliest sense of gratitude to the latest hour of my life, and it will relieve me from a great load of anxiety and distress.\nWas there any possible hazard, I woud not have troubled You on this occasion, but I have some property in the hands of my Brother, and have many valuable friends in Virga. I have the honor to be with much esteem & respect Yr. obt Servt\nJohn T. Griffin\nThe Bearer, who is very trusty, will wait Your answer.\nI shou\u2019d most certainly have done myself the honor to have waited on you in person, but do not think it safe to appear in Phila.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0272", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 16 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nSunday 16th. June 1793.\nI should be glad if you would give the enclosed a perusal, and let me know if you think the reasons there given are sufficient to authorise the additional Loan of 3,000,000 of florins applied for by the Secretary of the Treasury in a letter which you have seen.\nThe answers contained in the Report, shew the points on which I required information from him. In addition to the motives assigned in the Report for borrowing the additional Sum, there are others (if the act of doing it is warranted by law) very cogent in my mind as inducements to the measure\u2014namely\u2014the uncertain result of the Indian Treaty\u2014the invasion of our Southern frontiers\u2014and the peculiarly delicate situation in which we are placed with respect to some of the European Powers\u2014who in spite of all we can do may involve us in a dispute with one or other of them\u2014In which case it might be too late to effect a loan. If the propriety of borrowing on the plan, and for the purposes mentioned in the Report is clear in your Mind the Report may be returned by the bearer. If not any time before nine tomorrow may do. Yours always\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0273", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Alexander Hamilton\u2019s Report on a New Foreign Loan, 15 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nEnclosureAlexander Hamilton\u2019s Report on a New Foreign Loan\nThe Secretary of the treasury in obedience to the order of the President of the US. of the 6th. inst. respectfully makes the following report.\nThe statement herewith transmitted, marked A. shews in the Credit side  thereof, the amount of the fund arising from foreign loans transferred to the US. amounting to 2,965,643.47 D. and, on the Debet side thereof, the amount of the sums which have been actually disbursed, and are in a course of disbursement out of that fund for specific purposes, being 2,400,159.19 D.\nThere of course remains free for and subject to application, according to the laws authorizing the loans, a balance of 565,484.28 D.\nTo this will be to be added, when ascertained, certain sums of interest subsequent to the year 1790. which will have been included in the payments to France and Spain out of the proceeds of the foreign loans, and which will thereby have been virtually transferred to the US., provision having been made for that object out of domestic funds. The addition however will not be large.\nHence results an answer to the 1st. question stated by the President.\nIn answer to the 2d. question, the Secretary has the honor to observe that it would be in his opinion expedient for the reason which has governed hitherto, the convenience of which has been fully experienced, namely the power of applying the fund to the purposes of either law according to circumstances, that the proposed loan should be made upon the authority of both acts, and not upon the separate authority of either of them.\nThe following summary answers the 3d. question proposed.\nThe sum allowed to be borrowed by the two acts of the 4th. and 12th. of Aug. 90. is 14,000,000.D. The whole amount of the loans hitherto made is 19,550,000. Gilders, equal at 364/11 ninetieths of a dollar per gilder to 7,898,989 Doll. and 88. Cents. Consequently \u2018the balance remaining unborrowed of the two sums allowed to be borrowed\u2019 is 6,101,010.12 D. which leaves much more than sufficient latitude for a loan of 3,000,000 of florins in addition to that for 2,000,000. already directed, and probably set on foot.\nThe immediate main object of this further loan would be the purchase of the debt.\nThe instalments of the debt to France falling due in Sep. and Nov. next, and the interest for a year upon so much of the debt as by the terms of contract would fall due after the present time, amount to 3,335,000. livres, or Dollars 605,302.50 which, if to be wholly paid will more than absorb the balance on hand of the foreign fund.\nSupposing the application of this balance to that purpose, there would remain to be borrowed for the purpose of purchases of the debt, Dollars 1,715,098.11.\nThe two millions of guilders already directed to be borrowed and the three millions, the loan of which is proposed to be authorised, would amount together to 2,020,202.02 D. which would exceed the sum requisite for purchases of the debt by 305,103.91 D.\nBut it is so possible that events may arise which would render it desireable to the US. to increase it\u2019s payments to France as in that view alone to make such an excess not inconvenient. Besides that on the 1st. of June 1794. another instalment of the Dutch loans becomes payable, and it is probable if instructions to set on foot the loan should go at this time, the entire payment of the sums subscribed to the loan would not be completed much sooner than June next. Add to this that it is frequently possible to get the periods of payment protracted.\nIt would have been fortunate in every sense, if the state of the Treasury had permitted the entering the market for purchases, in force; but the detail, which has been given, shews that it could not have been done, under the obstacles  which the state of European affairs lately threw in the way of loans, without materially hazarding the credit of the US.\nWhile it is prudent to wait, till it is experimentally ascertained, that these obstacles have been removed by the change of affairs, it is desireable to be provided to the extent of the authority given with means of prosecuting purchases.\nIt is probable that, for a considerable time to come, the prices of stock will remain at a point which will render purchases extremely advantageous.\nThe further consideration which has been stated with reference to France and the next instalment of the Dutch loans may not be found unworthy of attention. All which is respectfully submitted.\n(signed) Alexander Hamilton Secy. of the Treasy.\nTreasury department. June 15. 1793.\nDr. State of monies transferred to the US. out of the proceeds of foreign loans.\nTo this sum expended in purchases of the public debt.\nTo this sum pd. & to be paid to France for the use of St. Domingo.\nTo this sum pd. & to be pd. to France on acct. of the 3,000,000. of livres promised\nTo this sum paid to France for miscellaneous purposes\nTo this sum paid & to be paid to Foreign officers.\nTo this sum appropriated to the 1st. instalmt. due to the Bank of the US.\nTo this sum remitted to Europe for paying an instalment due the 1st. of June on the Dutch debt 1,000,000 of guilders @ 364/11 90ths. pr. guilder\n\u2007\u2007Balance subject to future disposition\nCr.\nBy this sum drawn for by Saml. Meredith Treasurer\n  By this sum applied in Amsterdam to the payment of interest for which provision was made out of domestic funds, & thereby virtually drawn to the US. 1,633,189. guilders 2. stivers @ 364/11 90ths per guildr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0274", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Sylvanus Bourne, 17 June 1793\nFrom: Bourne, Sylvanus\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Philadelphia], 17 June 1793, \u201cMrs Dunns No 153 markett street.\u201d Having made a contract with Mr. Morris that will enable him to return to Cape Fran\u00e7ois, he urges TJ to consult with the President about resuming his old consular commission or his reappointment to the place, a necessary condition of his present plan; as his former commission bears the endorsement on his reception, perhaps it will more easily facilitate his readmission by the governor there. Since the business in contemplation would suffer by delay, a decision before TJ leaves town would greatly oblige him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0276", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 17 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 17. 1793.\nI shall now have the honor of answering your letter of the 8th instant, and so much of that of the 14th. (both of which have been laid before the President) as relates to a vessel armed in the port of new York and about to depart from thence, but stopped by order of the Government; and here I beg leave to premise, that, the case supposed in your letter, of a vessel arming merely for her own defence, and to repel unjust aggressions, is not that in question, nor that on which I mean to answer, because, not having yet happened, as far as is known to the Government, I have no instructions on the subject. The case in question is that of a vessel armed, equipped, and manned, in a part of the united States, for the purpose of committing hostilities on nations at peace with the united States.\nAs soon as it was perceived that such enterprises would be attempted, orders to prevent them, were dispatched to all the States and ports of the Union. In consequence of these, the Governor of new York, receiving information that a Sloop, heretofore called the Polly, now the Republican, was fitting out, arming, and manning in the port of new  York, for the express, and sole purpose of cruising against certain Nations, with whom we are at peace; that she had taken her guns and ammunition aboard and was on the point of departure, seized the vessel. That the Governor was not mistaken in the previous indications of her object, appears by the subsequent avowal of the citizen Hauterive, consul of France at that port, who, in a letter to the Governor, reclaims her as \u201cUn vaisseau arm\u00e9 en guerre, et pret \u00e0 mettre \u00e0 la voile,\u201d and describes her object in these expressions \u201cCet usage etrange de la force publique contre les citoyens d\u2019une nation amie qui se reunissent ici pour aller defendre leurs freres,\u201d &c. and again \u201cJe requiers, monsieur, l\u2019autorit\u00e9 dont vous etes revetu, pour faire rendre \u00e0 des Fran\u00e7ois, \u00e0 des alli\u00e9s &c. la libert\u00e9 de voler au secours de leur patrie.\u201d This transaction being reported to the President, orders were immediately sent to deliver over the vessel, and the persons concerned in the enterprise to the tribunals of the Country, that if the act was of those forbidden by the law, it might be punished, if it was not forbidden, it might be so declared, and all persons apprised of what they might or might not do.\nThis we have reason to believe is the true state of the case, and it is a repetition of that which was the subject of my letter of the 5th. instant, which animadverted not merely on the single fact of the granting commissions of war, by one nation, within the territory of another; but on the aggregate of the facts: for it states the Opinion of the President to be \u201cThat the arming and equipping vessels in the ports of the United States, to cruise against nations with whom they are at peace, was incompatible with the sovereignty of the United States; that it made them instrumental to the annoyance of those nations, and thereby tended to compromit their peace\u201d\u2014and this opinion is still conceived to be not contrary to the principles of natural law, the usage of nations, the engagements which unite the two people, nor the proclamation of the President, as you seem to think.\nSurely not a syllable can be found in the last mentioned instrument, permitting the preparation of hostilities in the ports of the united States. It\u2019s object was to enjoin on our citizens \u201ca friendly conduct towards all the belligerent powers,\u201d but a preparation of hostilities is the reverse of this.\nNone of the engagements in our treaties stipulate this permission. The XVIIth. article of that of commerce, permits the armed vessels of either party, to enter the ports of the other, and to depart with their prizes freely: but the entry of an armed vessel into a port, is one act; the equipping a vessel in that port, arming her, manning her, is a different one, and not engaged by any article of the Treaty.\nYou think, Sir, that this opinion is also contrary to the law of nature and usage of nations. We are of opinion it is dictated by that law and  usage; and this had been very maturely enquired into before it was adopted as a principle of conduct. But we will not assume the exclusive right of saying what that law and usage is. Let us appeal to enlightened and disinterested Judges. None is more so than Vattel. He says L. 3. \u00a7. 104. \u201cTant qu\u2019un peuple neutre veut jou\u00efr surement de cet \u00e9tat, il doit montrer en toutes choses une exacte impartialit\u00e9 entre ceux qui se font la guerre. Car s\u2019il favorise l\u2019un au prejudice de l\u2019autre, il ne pourra pas se plaindre, quand celui-ci le traitera comme adh\u00e9rent et associ\u00e9 de son ennemi. Sa neutralit\u00e9 seroit une neutralit\u00e9 frauduleuse, dont personne ne veut \u00eatre la dupe.\u2014Voyons donc en quoi consiste cette impartialit\u00e9 qu\u2019un peuple neutre doit garder.\nElle se rapporte uniquement \u00e0 la guerre, et comprend deux choses. 1\u00b0. Ne point donner de secours quand on n\u2019y est pas oblig\u00e9; ne fournir librement ni troupes, ni armes, ni munitions, ni rien de ce qui sert directement \u00e0 la guerre. Je dis ne point donner de secours, et non pas en donner egalement; car il seroit absurde qu\u2019un Etat secour\u00fbt en m\u00eame tems deux ennemis. Et puis il seroit impossible de le faire avec egalit\u00e9; les m\u00eames choses, le m\u00eame nombre de troupes, la m\u00eame quantit\u00e9 d\u2019armes, de munitions, &c. fournies en des circonstances differentes, ne forment plus des secours \u00e9quivalens.\u201d &c. If the neutral power may not, consistent with it\u2019s neutrality, furnish men to either party, for their aid in war, as little can either enrol them in the neutral territory, by the law of nations. Wolf \u00a7. 1174. Says \u201cPuisque le droit de lever des Soldats est un droit de majest\u00e9, qui ne peut \u00eatre viol\u00e9 par une nation etrangere, il n\u2019est pas permis de lever des soldats sur le territoire d\u2019autrui, sans le consentement du ma\u00eetre du territoire.\u201d And Vattel, before cited L. 3. \u00a7. 15. \u201cLe droit de lever des soldats appartenant uniquement \u00e0 la nation, ou au souverain, personne ne peut en enroler en pays etranger sans la permission du souverain:\u2014Ceux qui entreprennent d\u2019engager des soldats en pays \u00e9tranger sans la permission du Souverain, et en general quiconque d\u00e9bauche les sujets d\u2019autrui, viole un des droits les plus sacr\u00e9s du prince et de la nation. C\u2019est le crime qu\u2019on appelle plagiat, ou vol d\u2019homme. Il n\u2019est aucun Etat polic\u00e9 qui ne le punisse tr\u00e9s-s\u00e9v\u00e9rement.\u201d &c. For I chuse to refer you to the passage, rather than follow it thro\u2019 all its developments. The testimony of these, and other writers, on the law and usage of nations, with your own just reflections on them, will satisfy you that the united States in prohibiting all the belligerent powers from equipping, arming, and manning vessels of war in their ports, have exercised a right, and a duty with justice, and with great moderation. By our treaties with several of the belligerent powers, which are a part of the laws of our land, we have established a State of peace with them. But without appealing to treaties, we are at peace with them all by the law of nature. For by nature\u2019s law, man is at peace with  man, till some aggression is committed, which, by the same law, authorizes one to destroy another as his enemy. For our citizens then, to commit murders and depredations on the members of nations at peace with us, to combine to do it, appeared to the Executive, and to those whom they consulted, as much against the laws of the land, as to murder or rob, or combine to murder or rob it\u2019s own citizens, and as much to require punishment, if done within their limits, where they have a territorial jurisdiction, or on the high seas, where they have a personal jurisdiction, that is to say, one which reaches their own citizens only, this being an appropriate part of each nation on an element where all have a common jurisdiction. So say our laws as we understand them ourselves. To them the appeal is made. And whether we have construed them well or ill, the constitutional Judges will decide. Till that decision shall be obtained, the Government of the United States must pursue what they think right with firmness, as is their duty. On the first attempt that was made the President was desirous of involving in the censures of the law, as few as might be. Such of the individuals only therefore as were citizens of the United States, were singled out for prosecution. But this second attempt being after full knowledge of what had been done on the first, and indicating a disposition to go on in opposition to the laws, they are to take their course against all persons concerned, whether Citizens, or aliens; the latter, while within our Jurisdiction and enjoying the protection of the laws, being bound to obedience to them, and to avoid disturbances of our peace within, or acts which would commit it without, equally as Citizens are. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of great respect & esteem, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0277", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 17 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 17th. 1793.\nI have received and laid before the President, your letter of the 14th. instant, stating that certain judiciary Officers of the united States, contrary to the law of nations, and to the treaties subsisting between France and the united States, had arrested certain vessels and Cargoes taken by a French armed vessel and brought into this port, and desiring that the authority of the President might be interposed to restore the prizes with damages for their detention.\nBy the laws of this Country every individual claiming a right to any Article of property, may demand process from a court of Justice, and a decision on the validity of his claim. This is understood to be the case, which is the subject of your letter. Individuals claiming a right to the prizes, have attached them by process from the court of Admiralty, which that Court was not free to deny, because justice is to be denied to no man. If, at the hearing of the cause, it shall be found that it is not cognisable before that court, you may so far rely on it\u2019s learning and integrity as to be assured it will so pronounce of itself. In like manner, if, having jurisdiction of the cause, it shall find the right of the claimants to be null, be assured it will pronounce that nullity; and, in either case the property will be restored; but whether with damages or not, the court alone is to decide. It happens in this particular case that the rule of decision will be, not the municipal laws of the United States but the law of nations, and the law maritime, as admitted and practised in all civilized countries; that the same sentence will be pronounced here that would be pronounced in the same case in the Republic of France, or in any other country of Europe; and that if it should be unfavorable to the captors, it will be for reasons understood and acknowledged in your own Country, and for the justice of which we might safely appeal to the Jurists of your own Country. I will add that if the seizure should be found contrary to the treaties subsisting between France and the united States, the Judges will consider these treaties as constituting a conventional Law for the two Nations, controuling all other law, and will decree accordingly.\nThe functions of the Executive are not competent to the decision of Questions of property between Individuals. These are ascribed to the Judiciary alone, and when either persons or property are taken into their custody, there is no power in this country which can take them out. You will therefore be sensible, Sir, that though the President is not the Organ for doing what is just in the present case, it will be effectually done by those to whom the constitution has ascribed that duty; and be assured that the interests, the rights and the dignity of the French nation  will receive within the Bosom of the United States all the support which a friendly nation could desire, and a neutral one yield. I have the honor to be with sentiments great respect and esteem, Sir, Your most obedient and Most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0279", "content": "Title: Second Opinion on a New Foreign Loan, 17 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nI cannot see my way clear in the case on which the President has been pleased to desire my opinion, but by recurring to these leading questions.\nOf the 7,898,999.86 D. borrowed, or rather of the 7,545,912.D. nett proceeds thereof, how much has been applied to the payment of the foreign, and purchase of the general debt?\nTo the balance thereof, which should be on hand, and the 2. millions of florins now borrowing, is any and what addition necessary for the same objects for the years 1793. 1794?\nThe statement furnished by the Secretary of the Treasury does not answer these questions. It only shews what has been done with somewhat less than 3. millions out of near 8. millions of Dollars which have been borrowed: and in so doing it takes credit for two sums which are not to come out of this fund, and therefore not to be left in the account. They are the following.\n1. a sum of 284,901.89 D. expended in purchases of the public debt. In the general Report of the trustees of the Sinking fund, made to Congress the 23d. of Feb. last, and printed, it appears page 29. that the whole amount of monies laid out by them was 1,302,407.64 D from which were to be deducted, as is mentioned in the note there subjoined, the purchases made out of the interest fund (then about 50,000.D. as well as I recollect.) Call the sum paid then 1,252,407.64 D. By the Treasury report pa. 38. (new edition) it appears that the surplus of domestic revenue to the end of 1790. appropriated to this object was 1,374,656.40 D and page 34. that the monies drawn from Europe on account of the foreign loans were not the instrument of these purchases: and in some part, to which I am not able just now to turn, I recollect pretty certainly that it is said these purchases were actually carried to account, as was proper, against the Domestic surplus. Consequently they are not to be allowed in the foreign account also. Or if allowed in this, the sum will then be due from the Surplus account, and so must lessen the sum to be borrowed for the sinking fund, which amounts to the same.\n2. The 1st. instalment due to the bank 200,000.D.Though the first payment of the subscription of the US. to the bank might have been made, in the first instant, out of the foreign monies, to be immediately repaid to them by the money borrowed of the bank, yet this useless formality was avoided, and it was a mere operation of the pen on paper, without the displacement of a single dollar. See Reports pa. 12. And, in any event, the final reimbursement was never to be made out of the foreign fund, which was appropriated solely to the paiment of the foreign, and purchase of the general debt.\nThese two sums therefore of 284,901.89 D. and 200,000.D. are to be added to the balance of 565,484.28 D. subject to future disposition, and will make 1,050,386.17 D. actually here, and still to be applied to the proper appropriation.\nHowever, this account, as before observed, being only of a part of the monies borrowed, no judgment can be formed from it of the expediency of borrowing more: nor should I have stopped to make a criticism on it,  but to shew why no such sums, as the two above mentioned, were inserted in the general account sketched for the President June 5. I must add that the miscellaneous sum also of 49,400.D. in this account, is probably covered by some other articles of that, as far as it is chargeable to this fund, because that account under one form or another, takes up all the articles, chargeable on this fund, which had appeared in the printed Reports.\nI must therefore proceed to renew my statement of June 5. inserting therein the 1st. instalment of the Dutch loan, 404,040.40 D. payable this month, which not having been mentioned in any of the Reports heretofore published, was not inserted in my statement. I will add a like sum for the year 1794. because I think we should now prepare for the whole of that year.\nAs the Secretary of the treasury does not seem to contemplate the furnishing any fixed sum for the Sinking fund, I shall leave that article out of the account. The President can easily add to it\u2019s result any sum he may decide to have furnished to that fund. The account, so corrected, will stand thus.\nThe Trust for loans Dr.\nD.\nTo Nett amount of loans to June 1. 1792.\nTo loan now going on for 2,000,000 florins\nD \nCr.\nflorins\u2007s.\nBy charges on remittances to France\nBy reimbursement to Spain\nBy Interest paid to Foreign officers\nD.\nBy Principal paid to Foreign officers\nBy amt. of French debt, Principl.\nlivres\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007& Intt. payable to end\nBy do.\nBy do.\nBy 1st. instalmt. of Dutch debt due\nJune 1793.\nBy Instalment & Interest to France\nBy Instalment to Holland\n\u2007\u2007Balance will then remain in hands of the trust\nSo that it appears there would be a balance in the hands of this trust at the close of 1794. of 499,393.84 D. were no monies to be furnished in the mean time to the Sinking fund. But should the President determine  to furnish that with the 900,000. D. proposed in my statement of June 5. then a loan would be necessary for about 400,000.D. say in near round numbers 1,000,000. of guilders, in addition to the 2. millions now borrowing. I am, individually, of opinion that that sum ought to be furnished to the Sinking fund, and consequently that an additional loan to this extent should be made, considering the subject in a legal point of view only.\nIt remains then to see whether, under any other point of view, the loan should be extended still 2. millions further.\nThe reasons in favor of the extension of the loan are\nThe apprehension of the extension of our war to other Indian nations, and perhaps to Europe itself:\nThe disability this might produce to borrow at all: [this is, in my judgment, a weighty consideration]\nThe possibility that the government of France may become so settled, as that we may hazard the anticipation of payments, and so avoid dead interest.\nThe reasons against it are\nThe possibility that France may continue, for some time yet, so unsettled as to render an anticipation of payments hazardous:\nThe risk of losing the capital borrowed, by a succesful invasion of the country of deposit, if it be left in Europe, or by an extension of the bankruptcies now shaking the most solid houses, and when and where they will end, we know not:\nThe loss of interest on the dead sum, if the sum itself be safe:\nThe execution of a power for one object, which was given to be executed but for a very different one:\nThe commitment of the President, on this account, to events, or to the criticisms of those who, tho\u2019 the measure should be perfectly wise, may misjudge it through error or passion:\nThe apprehension that the head of the department means to provide idle money to be lodged in the banks ready for the corruption of the next legislature, as it is believed the late ones were corrupted by gratifying particular members with vast discounts for objects of speculation.\nI confess that the last reasons have most weight with me.\nTh: JeffersonJune 17. 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0281", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Hilary Baker, 18 June 1793\nFrom: Baker, Hilary\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n18th. June 1793\nMessrs. Armand Gabriel Francois Paparel la Boissier at present of Philadelphia Gentleman a Native of Cape Francois in St. Domingo\u2014and Jean Louis Du Cret also at present of Philada. Gentleman a Native of the Province of Lorain in France have this day taken the Oath of Allegiance to the State of Pennsylva. before me.\nHilary Baker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0283", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 18 June 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nPhiladelphie le 18. Juin 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la R\u00e9publique.\nJ\u2019ai pris connoissance de la correspondance qui a eu lieu entre vous et mon pr\u00e9d\u00e9cesseur relativement \u00e0 des demandes de fonds qu\u2019il a faites au Gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral pour acquitter certaines traites des administrateurs  de St. Domingue et procurer des vivres \u00e0 cette Colonie. Je rends hommage, Monsieur, \u00e0 la justesse des observations que vous avez transmises au citoyen Ternant au sujet de cette demande arrach\u00e9e a sa circonspection par les pressantes instances des administrateurs de St. Domingue. Je con\u00e7ois que cette requisition a du infiniment embarrasser votre Gouvernment et sous ce rapport Je sens toutes les obligations que nous lui avons d\u2019avoir, comme vous l\u2019avez exprim\u00e9 vous m\u00eame, moins consult\u00e9 en y adh\u00e9rant la prudence que l\u2019amiti\u00e9. Vous avez remarqu\u00e9 avec raison, Monsieur, que le d\u00e9cr\u00eat qui affectoit aux besoins des Colonies 4. millions a prendre sur la dette des Etats Unis envers la France, n\u2019\u00e9tant point parvenu au Gouvernment f\u00e9d\u00e9ral rev\u00eatu des formes officielles d\u2019usage, ne devoit point avoir une application aussi positive, aussi determin\u00e9e que celle que les commissaires et les administrateurs de Saint Domingue lui ont donn\u00e9e, et qu\u2019il etoit vraisemblable que le Minist\u00e9re fran\u00e7ais avoit eu recours pour subvenir aux besoins de cette Colonie \u00e0 des op\u00e9rations d\u2019une autre nature que celles qui avoient eu lieu. En effet, Monsieur, les traites pour l\u2019acquittement desquelles les commissaires de Saint Domingue press\u00e9s par des circonstances imp\u00e9rieuses ont en quelque sorte oblig\u00e9 le Citoyen Ternant \u00e0 vous demander des fonds n\u2019ont \u00e9t\u00e9 autoris\u00e9es ni par la Convention Nationale ni par le Conseil \u00c9x\u00e9cutif et Je dois m\u00eame vous dire qu\u2019il m\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 prescrit de ne payer sur les fonds mis \u00e0 ma disposition que celles de ces traites qui auroient \u00e9t\u00e9 accept\u00e9es par le Consul Laforest en vertu des ordres de mon pr\u00e9d\u00e9cesseur. Mais en arrivant ici J\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 instruit que ce Consul avoit recu du Ministre Pl\u00e9nipotentiaire l\u2019ordre d\u2019enregistrer toutes les traites emises par les administrateurs de Saint Domingue et de les payer sur les nouveaux fonds que le Gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral avoit accord\u00e9s provisoirement, sur la base du d\u00e9cret du 26. Juin, quoiqu\u2019il ne lui fut point notifi\u00e9 officiellement. Je n\u2019ai pas cru, Monsieur, devoir arr\u00eater subitement le payement de ces traites, dans l\u2019esp\u00e9rance que le mode de remboursement de votre dette que vous avez mis \u00e0 ma r\u00e9quisition sous les yeux du Pr\u00e9sident des Etats Unis seroit adopt\u00e9 par lui, et me donneroit les moyens, 1\u00b0. de faire honneur aux traites enregistr\u00e9es par ordre de mon pr\u00e9d\u00e9cesseur et dont le payement avoit \u00e9t\u00e9 ordonn\u00e9 par lui; 2e. de pourvoir en m\u00eame tems aux besoins urgens de la France et de ses Colonies. Mais ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 tromp\u00e9 dans mon attente par des motifs qu\u2019il ne m\u2019appartient pas d\u2019examiner, Je me vois priv\u00e9 de l\u2019avantage de concilier tous les interets et contraint de n\u2019ob\u00e9ir qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019empire des circonstances qui me prescrivent de suspendre le payement des traites coloniales et d\u2019employer les fonds destin\u00e9s \u00e0 leur acquittement \u00e0 des achats de vivres pour la France et pour ses Colonies. Cette disposition, Monsieur, ne doit allarmer ni les porteurs des traites enr\u00e9gistr\u00e9es ni ceux des autres traites \u00e9mises et non enr\u00e9gistr\u00e9es  des administrateurs de Saint Domingue et des autres Colonies de la Republique fran\u00e7aise. La Nation remplira certainement envers eux les engagemens contract\u00e9s par ses agens. Je sais qu\u2019elle a destin\u00e9 des fonds particuliers \u00e0 cet objet; Je sais aussi que les Colonies ont fait des contributions en denr\u00e9es pour remplir leurs obligations et pourvoir elles m\u00eames \u00e0 une partie de leurs besoins et c\u2019est d\u2019apr\u00e9s ces notions que Je me suis determin\u00e9 a faire ins\u00e9rer dans les papiers publics l\u2019avis ci joint dont le but est de calmer les inqui\u00e9tudes des porteurs des traites que Je suis oblig\u00e9 d\u2019\u00e9carter, et d\u2019encourager les citoyens des Etats Unis \u00e0 continuer de porter des secours a leurs freres les R\u00e9publicans fran\u00e7ais des Antilles, dont le sors d\u00e9pend de cet acte de g\u00e9n\u00e9rosit\u00e9 sans lequel les Colonies fran\u00e7aises pourroient se trouver reduites par la famine a passer sous une Gouvernement dont les principes commerciaux ne seroient assur\u00e9ment pas aussi avantageux aux Etats Unis que ceux qu\u2019une politique eclair\u00e9e et un attachement sans bornes pour le peuple americain nous ont fait embrasser.\nGenet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0284", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Edmond Charles Genet\u2019s Notice to the Citizens of the United States, 17 June 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Citizens of the United States\nEnclosureEdmond Charles Genet\u2019s Notice to theCitizens of the United States\nCitizen Genet Minister Plenipotentiary of the french R\u00e9public to the citizens of the United States.\nWhereas several american citizens who have furnished provisions to the Colonies of the French Republic in the West Indies, have received bills drawn by the administrators of the respective colonies on citizen Laforest late Consul G\u00e9n\u00e9ral of the R\u00e9public in the United States and lately on myself in payment for such supplies, I inform them, that these draughts will certainly be paid the national convention having appropriated large sums for that object. But as I am not as yet authorized to discharge them, I can only in the mean while advise the holders of such bills which have not yet been registered by Citizen Laforest to have them recorded in the office of Citizen Dupont Consul of the french Republic at Philadelphia in order to ascertain the dates of their presentation; at the same time, I cannot too much encourage the citizens of the United States to continue to assist with unremitting exertions their republican brethren of the french West Indies, whose existence, from the liberal principles adopted by the national Convention with regard to the Colonies of the french R\u00e9public must essentially contribute to the prosperity of the United States. The american citizens may rest assured that the most efficacious measures have been taken as well in France as in the Colonies to protect their property in all the Ports of the Republic, and to ensure to them a prompt payment for their supplies in cash or in merchandize, and at the same time to secure to them the enjoyment of those favors which the national Convention has lately granted to the citizens of the United States which assimilate them, in respect to commercial advantages, to the citizens of France.\nPhiladelphia June 17th: 1793, the second year of the French Republic.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0285", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Tayloe Griffin, 18 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Griffin, John Tayloe\nSir\nI received last night your favor from Wilmington and am sorry it is utterly out of my power to furnish what you desire. A very great disappointment in a remittance from Richmond has not only disabled me for the present, but placed me under difficulties which will continue for some time, and consequently render it as impossible to make a future as a present engagement. I am endeavoring to persuade your messenger to wait for Mr. Morris\u2019s answer which he says cannot be had till tomorrow. He objected he had not money to bear his expences if he staid. I have offered him what he said would suffice, but I do not know whether  he will be prevailed on. I inclose your note and have the honor to be Sir your most obedt servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0286", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef de Jaudenes and Josef Ignacio de Viar, 18 June 1793\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia. June 18. 1793.\nSince our last letter which we had the honor of sending you we are newly informed of different acts practised by Govr. Blount which not only are contrary to the treaty itself which the US. concluded with the Creeks, and which your government wishes to maintain, but which manifest views very distinct from those pacific and friendly ones towards our nation and those Indians, of which the US. have so repeatedly assured us.\nWe will state some of the undeniable ones, and which merit great attention.\nThe 1st. article of the treaty between the US. and the Creeks promises to maintain perpetual peace and friendship, between both the contracting parties and the 14th. article promises to carry into full execution what is stipulated in the treaty by both parties, with good faith and sincerity.\nPermit us to ask now, does it denote good faith, or prove sincerity to incite the Chickasaws to commence war against the Creeks with the palpable views, that they, being less numerous than the Creeks, may be under the necessity to ask the protection of Governor Blount and his troops, and so give him then a good occasion of asking in recompence from the Chickasaws lands to form an establishment at the place called the Ecores Amargos, and have a source whence to incommode and intercept the communication between New Orleans and the establishments of Spain at the Illinois and New Madrid, practised with barks, which, by the eddy formed there by the river Missisipi, must pass within pistol shot of a point which commands the river at that place.\nWith this object, and proceeding to the said place, a son of Genl. Robertson\u2019s passed by New Madrid the 7th. of May, and about that time had already past several Americans to the same post.\nDoes it argue good faith or sincerity towards the Creeks to succour the Chickasaw nation with a portion of corn, that they might with the more convenience pursue the war, which the son of Genl. Robertson carried with him? and moreover a piece of artillery the use of which the Indians never knew, and always feared?\nThe Governor of New Madrid saw all this with his own eyes, and it was confirmed by many Indians of the Chickasaw nation, who went with the same young man, Mr. Robertson, who confessed that Congress had ordered this cannon to be given them at present, a declaration which indicates that it is also contemplated to furnish them more.\nIn the 11th. article of the treaty between the US. and the Creeks, these last oblige themselves to give information to the citizens of the former, of every design which they shall know or suspect to be formed in any of the neighboring tribes or by any person whatever against the peace and interests of the US.\nIs it good reciprocity, sincerity, or good faith, on the part of these not only not to inform the Creeks of the disposition of the Chickasaws against them, but that the said states should be the principal and inciting cause.\nLet us pass under silence a thousand just reflections on the impropriety of the US. meddling with the affairs of nations who are by treaties solemn and ratified, allied with Spain, and let us leave to the superior penetration of the President of the US. to decide if the repeated and positive assurances which we have given to these states in the name of the king our master, of the firm disposition and desire to preserve the strictest friendship with the US. and to exert himself in effecting a continuance of the same on the part of the Indian nations under his royal protection: if the different proofs which we have produced of what has been practiced by the governors of Louisiana and St. Augustine, and the recent one which we have the honor to inclose, merit such a return as that which is experienced on the part of the US.\nYou may vindicate the government of the US. (in those cases which want equal evidence with that which we have produced in some others and which admits no reply) by insinuating again that steps of such a nature, if they have been taken, is without the authority or knolege of the government. Let us suppose it in the article which admits of it, and let us pass on to the other.\nDoes it admit excuse that the US. after such repeated complaints on our part, founded on palpable facts, and documents which cannot be refuted, against the persons employed to manage the business of the Indians, should not have availed themselves of efficacious means to prevent the disorders in question? To the justice of the President of the US. we leave the answer.\nAre the steps which the government of the US. has taken (evident from the proofs which we have presented before) less prejudicial than those which their subalterns have put in practice without the authority of the government as you affirm? We are persuaded they are not.\nRecapitulating all the proceedings of the US. and of their agents with respect to our nation, and the various nations of Indians, our allies, and comparing them with those of the king our master and his agents, we foresee with no small sensibility, that the continuation of the peace, good harmony and perfect friendship which have so happily prevailed till now between our nation and the US. is very problematical for the future, unless the US. shall take more convenient measures, and of greater energy than those adopted for a long time past.\nThese same considerations urge us to desire you to inform the President of the US. of the contents of this letter, and to intreat him earnestly on our part to use all his power and influence to hinder the fatal consequences, to which in the contrary event, the US. stand indubitably exposed, an event which cannot but be sensible to two nations whose reciprocal interests evidently require that they should remain united, in friendship and good faith.\nSo we wish that it may be, and in the mean time we repeat assurances of the sincere esteem & respect &c.\nJaudenes\u2007Viar", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "04-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0287", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Cherokee Nation to Baron de Carondelet, 5 April 1793\nFrom: Cherokee Nation\nTo: Carondelet, Baron de\nEnclosureCherokee Nation to Baron de Carondelet\nTranslation from a Spanish translation of a paper written by the Cherokee nation to the Governor of New Orleans.\nFull of respect and gratitude, the Cherokee nation united, has heard with satisfaction the message by the persons you sent, and gives you expressive thanks for the great generosity with which you offer to assist them with all the means which depend on your power. A general meeting of the Indians is convoking for this effect, and what the warrior Bloody fellow and the other chiefs have expressed to you on the oppression which we suffer is the same which the nation represents.\nIt complains bitterly of the ungenerous method with which the Americans have appropriated to themselves their dwelling lands. The first treaty which was held after the war with Gr. Britain was at Seneca, and was called the treaty of Hopewell. In this treaty the whites obtained concessions from the Indians, tho\u2019 not by general consent of the nation, because it is certain that the lands were settled before their consent was asked. The passion of the Americans for establishing themselves on the lands of the Indians is too well known to you to need explanation: in a word, since the Americans, by the fraudulent means, used among them have usurped the lands of the Indians, the nation universally reclaims and insists to preserve it\u2019s antient limits, on which they agreed with the British nation. They pray you to employ all your force to obtain from his majesty (if it be possible) this favor; and if it cannot be obtained, they insist that the settlement at Cumberland alone shall be removed at all events. Without this, nothing will satisfy the Cherokees and Talapuches.\nCumberland was settled towards the conclusion of the last war by a certain Robertson and some companions of his, who, concealing their journey and designs, took possession by force of those lands. Perhaps the Americans will make it appear that they possess these by free and lawful treaties. But it is not so; and all the nation declares on the contrary that neither the last treaty nor the former were explained to the Indians, and they only knew their contents on their return to their nation.\nRobertson and his companions are the real and true cause, that so much blood has been spilt; and the confusion which has subsisted and still subsists is owing entirely to this settlement, and while it remains in this place, there is no hope of a solid peace. This settlement taken away, the Cherokee nation declares, that it does not desire to be an enemy to the Americans: it declares moreover that it does not entertain this sollicitude from caprice or pique: that they never questioned the legality of their former treaties, because under the British government they were treated with justice and humanity.\nThe nation moreover informs you that they all will preserve in remembrance your words, and will give attention to your friendly councils, do nothing (if possible) against them. But if on the other side necessity compels them to take the feild, they pray you will not impute it to their fault, because force alone will be the cause, which places them under such an extremity, which they would avoid, if possible. The Creeks pass daily in great numbers through this nation which prays you to induce them to keep themselves quiet till the issue of the negociation about their lands is known.Given in the Cherokee nation by me and at the particular desire of the chiefs and warriors thereof, this 5th. of April 1793. Bloody fellow. his mark\u2014Glass. his mark\u2014Charles of Chuckamogga.  his mark.\u2014Walter Hunter. c\u00e1sique of Chickamogga. his mark.\u2014Spiller of Lookout mountn. his mark.\u2014Richard Justice.\u2014Badger\u2019s mother warriors\u2014Guillermo Shewrey his mark\u2014in name of all the rest of the nation.\u2014Se\u00f1or Baron de Carondelet.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0290", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Etienne Clavi\u00e8re, 19 June 1793\nFrom: Clavi\u00e8re, \u00c9tienne\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParis le 19 Juin 1793 L\u2019an deux de la republ.\nJe vous adresse, monsieur, un jeune homme infiniment recommandable, fils d\u2019un des plus anciens amis et compatriote. Il aura l\u2019avantage de vous remettre la presente. Ses Superieurs l\u2019envoyent dans l\u2019amerique libre pour y fonder un \u00e9tablissement de commerce destin\u00e9 \u00e0 correspondre avec toutes les parties du monde connu. N\u00e9 et elev\u00e9 \u00e0 Geneve, il a les m\u0153urs republicaines autant par raison que par habitude; il aime le travail et il est capable de conduire des affaires tr\u00e8s \u00e9tendues. Ses Parens Sont \u00e0 la t\u00eate de tr\u00e8s grands \u00e9tablissemens; et celui que le Citoyen Jaques Odier, c\u2019est le nom du jeune homme, formera dans une de vos villes, fera partie de ces \u00e9tablissemens.\nJe vous propose donc, monsieur, de recevoir le Citoyen Odier, comme un homme utile aux developemens commerciaux, qui doivent  augmenter de plus en plus la consistance et la prosperit\u00e9 des Etats unis. Il ne S\u2019agit point ici d\u2019un particulier qui S\u2019\u00e9loigne d\u2019Europe pour tenter la fortune; mais d\u2019un commercant qui apartient \u00e0 une societ\u00e9 puissante, laquelle \u00e9tend Ses vues et Ses relations a mesure que ses moyens prennent de l\u2019accroissement. Vous avez trop de lumieres, vous \u00eates un trop bon Citoyen, pour ne pas Sentir que ces Sortes de missionnaires en valent bien d\u2019autres, qu\u2019ils m\u00e9ritent, Surtout, d\u2019\u00eatre acceuillis avec fraternit\u00e9, et que leurs premiers pas doivent \u00eatre prot\u00e9g\u00e9s et encourag\u00e9s jusques \u00e0 ce que la connoissance du pays, leur ait donn\u00e9 le moyen de s\u2019y Soutenir Sous la protection des Loix, par leurs propres forces.\nL\u2019interest patriotique auquel je m\u2019adresse n\u2019emp\u00eache pas, monsieur, que je ne recommande le jeune homme \u00e0 votre bienveillance personnelle; et que je ne r\u00e9clame pour lui, vos bons offices, au nom du souvenir amical que vous avez bien voulu conserver de moi. Je vous aurai une obligation toute particuliere des Services que vous aurez la bont\u00e9 de lui rendre, et je les Sollicite avec d\u2019autant plus de confiance, que le Citoyen Odier vous prouvera bientot qu\u2019il en est digne.\nIl vous aprendra que depuis deux jours je ne suis plus ministre. Nous Sommes encore dans le fort de tous les mouvemens qu\u2019il est aise de concevoir chez une Nation nombreuse, puissante, vive et tr\u00e8s neuve dans la Carri\u00e8re de la libert\u00e9: toutes les passions Sont au combat. Puisse le triomphe rester \u00e0 celles qui vous ont mis irr\u00e9vocablement dans l\u2019\u00e9tat social le plus propre au bonheur. Agr\u00e9ez mes v\u0153ux pour tout ce qui peut \u00e9tendre et affermir le votre.\nClaviere\nP.S. Je vous prie de vouloir bien recommander le C. Odier \u00e0 Monsieur hamilton Secretaire d\u2019Etat au d\u00e9partement des finances, en me rapellant \u00e0 Son Souvenir.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0291", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., 19 June 1793\nFrom: Dandridge, Bartholomew, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nUnited States 19 June 1793.\nBy direction of the President of the UStates Bw. Dandridge has the honor to enclose to the Secretary of State, two pardons\u2014one for Hezekiah Usher, the other for Geo. Dunbar Usher, in order to have the Ud. States seal affixed to them; and to request that the Secretary will  wait on the President tomorrow morning at nine o\u2019Clock, to take into consideration certain matters which were postponed on Monday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0293", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton and Henry Knox, with their Approvals, 19 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the Secretaries of the Treasury and war, draughts of two letters of this day\u2019s date to the Ministers of France and England. He confesses himself not satisfied with the latter altogether, as it has somewhat of the appearance of evasion. The gentlemen will be pleased to propose any alterations either may desire, handing the letters round to him to be finally submitted to the President.\nApproved A Hamiltonapproved H Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0294", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 19 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia. June 19. 1793.\nIn answer to your letter of the 14th. inst. I have the honor to inform you that the French privateers therein mentioned were required to depart to the dominions of their own sovereign, and nothing particularly expressed as to their ulterior movements; that it is expected that the speedy departure of those vessels will obviate the inconveniencies apprehended in your letter; and that it will be considered whether any practicable arrangements can be adopted to prevent the augmentation of the force of the armed vessels of any of the belligerent powers within our ports by means which we have a right to controul. I have the honour to be with great respect Sir your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0296", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 19 June 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 19 June 1793\nIn acknowledging the receipt of your letter of this date, I cannot avoid expressing to you my concern at your not having deemed it expedient to return a definite answer to the questions, which I had the honor of submitting to you in my letter of the 14th. curt., and which appeared to me extremely plain and obvious in their import.\nAs an individual, I am not interested in any measures which the United States may pursue for the purpose of vindicating their own dignity; the apprehensions therefore that I had formed on the subject of the privateers, to which I have so frequently been obliged to allude, are in no manner dissipated by the information that \u201cas a reparation of their breach of respect to the United States,\u201d they have been required to proceed to the dominions of another sovereign: But as the Minister of the Crown of Great Britain in this country, it is essential for me to learn whether these two vessels, of which the executive government of the United States conceives itself authorized to require the departure from its ports, will be subsequently allowed to return to them; or to send into  them any captures which they may happen to make in the course of their future depredations on the subjects of the power which I have the honor to represent. I am with the greatest respect, Sir, Your most obedient humble servant,\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0298", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 19 June 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nOrange June 19. 1793.\nThe date of my last was the 17th. It acknowledged yours of the 9th. instant. Our harvest commenced today. It will turn out I think far beyond expectation. On one of two little farms I own, which I have just surveyed, the crop is not sensibly injured by either the rot or the rust, and will yield 30 or 40 perCet. more than would be a good crop in ordinary years. This farm is on the Mountain Soil. The other is on a vein of limestone and will be less productive, having suffered a little  both from the rot and the rust. My father\u2019s and brother\u2019s crops will not be inferior to mine. From these samples, and those of the neighbourhood generally as far as I am informed, the alarm which has of late prevailed is greater than the calamity. I have not heard from the neighbourhood of Monticello, but can not doubt that its situation ensures it an equal fortune with the similar one here. The weather at present is extremely favorable for the harvest, being dry. It is the reverse however for the laborers, being excessively hot. The Thermometer at this moment (4 oC. p. m.) is up at 96\u00b0.\nEvery Gazette I see (excerpt that of the U.S.) exhibits a spirit of criticism on the anglified complexion charged in the Executive politics. I regret extremely the position into which the P. has been thrown. The unpopular cause of Anglomany is openly laying claim to him. His enemies masking themselves under the popular cause of France are playing off the most tremendous batteries on him. The proclamation was in truth a most unfortunate error. It wounds the National honor, by seeming to disregard the stipulated duties to France. It wounds the popular feelings by a seeming indifference to the cause of liberty. And it seems to violate the forms and spirit of the Constitution, by making the executive Magistrate the organ of the disposition the duty and the interest of the Nation in relation to war and peace, subjects appropriated to other departments of the Government. It is mortifying to the real friends of the P. that his fame and his influence should have been unnecessarily made to depend in any degree on political events in a foreign quarter of the Globe: and particularly so that he should have any thing to apprehend from the success of liberty in another country, since he owes his pre-eminence to the success of it in his own. If France triumphs the ill-fated proclamation will be a mill-stone, which would sink any other character, and will force a struggle even on his.\nYour plan is much approved and will be adopted by my brother. I find I was misunderstood in my enquiry as to the proper width of the Portico: I did not mean the proportion it ought to bear to the side of the House to which it is attached: but the interval between the columns and the side of the House; or the distance which the Pediment ought to project. If there be any fixt rule on this subject, I will thank you to intimate it in your next. Yrs. always & affey.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0300", "content": "Title: Report on the Proceedings of the Southwest Territory, 19 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nThe Secretary of State having received from the Secretary of the territory of the US. South of the Ohio a report of the proceedings of that government from Sep. 1. 1792. to the 16th. of Feb. 1793.\nReports to the President of the US.\nThat they do not contain any thing necessary for him to act on: unless, as it is suggested by Mr. Smith, it should be necessary to lay before Congress the act of their legislature of Nov. 20. 1792. That tho\u2019 the Secretary of state knows of no law or circumstance which requires this to be done, yet he thinks it will be safe to consult the Attorney General of the US. whether there be any such law, before any conclusion taken.\nTh: JeffersonJune 19. 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0301", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 19 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nThe decision of the case of the British debts which was expected to have taken place at Richmond, being now deferred, Th: Jefferson has the honor of submitting to the President the draught of a letter to Mr. Hammond, asking an answer on the subject of the treaty of peace.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0302", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 19 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to return to the President the minutes of the 17th. inst. The letters then agreed on are sent to the Secretaries of the Treasury and war for their corrections, and will then be handed to the President.\nHe sends him also a letter from the Attorney of Kentuckey for his information, and because the subject of it belongs to another department.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0303", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion on Relations with Spain and Great Britain, 20 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nAt a meeting this day of the heads of departments at the President\u2019s on summons from him, a letter from Messrs. Viar and Jaudenes dated June 18. and addressed to the Secretary of state, was read: whereupon it is the opinion that a full detail of the proceedings of the US. with respect to the Southern Indians, and the Spaniards be prepared, and a justification as to the particular matters charged in the said letter, that this be sent with all the necessary documents to our Commissioners at the court of Madrid with instructions to them to communicate the same to the court of Madrid, leaving to them a discretion to change expressions in it which to them may appear likely to give offence in the circumstances under which things may be at the time of their receiving it, and that a copy be sent to Mr. Pinckney for his information, and to make such use of the matter it contains as to him shall seem expedient: that an answer be written to Messrs. Viar and Jaudenes, informing them that we shall convey our sentiments on the subject to their court through our commissioners at Madrid, and letting them see that we are not insensible of the stile and manner of their communications.\nA draught of a letter from the Secretary of state to Mr. Hammond asking when an answer to his letter of May 29. 1792. might be expected, was read and approved.\nTh: JeffersonA HamiltonH Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0304", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 20 June 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 20 June 1793\nI have duly received your letter of yesterday.\nIn a written communication which I had the honor of addressing to you on the 2nd. of June 1792, and also in a conversation which I had with you on the following day, I assured you that I should lose no time in conveying to the King\u2019s Ministers in England your representation dated the 29th. of May: And it was in fact forwarded to them in the course of some few days afterwards.\nOn the receipt of that paper, I was informed by his Majesty\u2019s principal Secretary of State that it would be taken into immediate consideration, and that, after it had been thoroughly examined, I should receive some farther instructions relative to it. The transmission of those instructions, which I daily expect, has I presume hitherto been delayed in consequence of the very interesting events which since the receipt of it have occurred in Europe, and which have been of a nature so pressing and important as probably to have attracted the whole attentions of his Majesty\u2019s ministers and thus to have diverted it from objects that are more remote, and that may perhaps have been regarded as somewhat less urgent. Whenever I shall learn his Majesty\u2019s pleasure on the subject of your representation, you may depend, Sir, on speedily receiving my reply, to the preparation of which but little time will be requisite on my part, as, in consequence of my exertions for the purpose, I have already collected, in this country, the evidence necessary to substantiate most of the principal facts advanced in my statement of the 5th. of March, to which that representation was intended as an answer.\nThere is one passage in your letter of yesterday, Sir, of which it becomes me to take some notice. The passage I allude to is that wherein you mention \u201cthe blood and treasure which the detention of the Western posts costs the United States daily.\u201d I cannot easily conjecture the motives in which this declaration has originated. After the evidence that this government has repeatedly received of the strict neutrality observed by the King\u2019s governors of Canada during the present contest between the United States and the Indians, and of the disposition of those officers to facilitate as far as may be in their power any negociations for peace, I will not for a moment imagine that the expression I have cited was intended to convey the insinuation of their having pursued a different conduct, or that it had any reference to those assertions, which have been lately disseminated with more than usual industry though the public prints in this country, that the Western posts have been used by the government of Canada as the medium of supplying military stores to the Indians now engaged in war with the United States.\nI can assure you, Sir, that if the delay on the part of my country in the execution of certain articles of the treaty of peace is such as to create disquietude in this government, I also experience similar impressions with respect to those articles which have hitherto not been carried into effect by the United States: As I am perpetually receiving complaints from the British creditors and their agents in this country of their inability to procure legal redress in any of the Courts of Law in one or two of the Southern States, in which states the greatest part of the debt remaining due to the subjects of Great Britain still continues to exist in the same condition as that in which it was at the conclusion of the war. I have the honor to be with great respect, Sir, Your most obedient Servant\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0305", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Harison, 20 June 1793\nFrom: Harison, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAlbany 20th: June 1793.\nYour Letter of the 12th. Instant was delivered to me this Morning upon my Return from a View with the Commissioners appointed by the Legislature of the State to ascertain the contested Boundaries of some ancient Patents.\nMy Duty to my Clients, and the important Nature of their Business, render it impossible for me to depart from hence until the Hearing is concluded, which I expect will happen in the Course of a few Days. In the mean Time my Friends Messrs. Troup and Hoffman will attend to the public Business in New York on my Behalf, and will pursue every legal Measure in their Power which the Executive may direct, and the Honor and Interest of the Nation require at this important Crisis.\nI have judged it prudent to inform Judge Duane who is now at Schenectady of the Expectations of Government with Respect to the Brigantine Catharine, that he may convene a District Court to try the Legality  of the Capture; and I shall lose no Time in repairing to New York as soon as may be possible, that I may in Person evince my Zeal to promote the public Welfare and my Respect for the Instructions with which I have been honored. I am, Sir, Your most obedt Servt.\nRich: Harison", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0306", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 20 June 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLisbon June 20th. 1793.\nMy last was of the 19th. of May. Since which time no vessel has sailed from this Port for the U.S.\nI have anxiously expected Captain Cutting by every Packet from England, and particularly by that which arrived the day before yesterday. But there is no intelligence of him. Had he fortunately arrived at this instant, we might have obtained a Swedish or Danish vessel for our purpose. Those occasions being lost, I know not when we may find another.\nThe communication with France by the ordinary Post continuing still to be cut off, we receive little intelligence but by accidental arrivals or the British Packet. Without relying on all the particulars we obtain through these channels, we collect however that the French fight desperately in every quarter, that the allied forces make little progress and gain no advantages but at the expence of blood, that great confusions prevail in Paris, and that large bodies of Counter-Revolutionists are in arms in different Provinces. The enclosed English Gazette is the last we have and may give you some details.\nThe American vessel which carried from hence for Havre M. D\u2019Arbot (whom I mentioned was intended as French Minister to this Court) has been taken and sent to Guernsey. The Cargo was French Property.\nNo war has yet taken place between this Country and France. The Portuguese fleet sailed a few days ago: the destination unknown. A Camp consisting of eight Regiments is formed between this and Centra.\nMr. Freire, when he left Lisbon some time ago for London, informed me he should go within a few months to America.\nMr. Church has not arrived. Of course the vessel which was chartered here to go for him a very long time since, must have been embargoed at Bourdeaux, or employed on some other service. For we had news of its arrival there. With sentiments of sincere & great esteem & respect I have the honour to be Sir Your most obedient & Most humble Servant\nD. Humphreys", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0307", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 20 June 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 20th June 1793\nSince my letter of the 14th. of June which goes by the same conveyance with this I have received your several favors of the 15th. 16th. and 20th. of March, of the 12th. of April and the 7th. of May. The letter you mention to have written on the 26th. of April is not yet arrived. This I presume covers the Presidents Proclamation relating to our neutrality which I shall be glad to receive officially.\nI have presented the Bills drawn on London for acceptance and sent that on Liverpool to our Consul there. I am to send for the Bills offered for acceptance today and hope to inform you in time for this conveyance that they have been honored.\nWhen I had written thus-far Mr. Leslie called upon me with the dispatches you intrusted to his care. I have only time to say that the contents of all your favors shall be duly attended to: but I have no hope that this government will accede to that principle of the armed neutrality that free ships shall make free goods since Russia, Denmark, and Sweden do not insist upon it for the present war.\nMr. Cutting purposes proceeding to Lisbon with the first proper conveyance. I purpose writing by him to Colo. Humphreys. Amsterdam appears now to be in a state of security I shall therefore of course place the funds you have sent to me in the hands of our Bankers at that place.\nMr. Deas is returned from the City. The Bills drawn by Robert Gilmer & Co. on Strachan and McKenzie are accepted, that drawn by Willing Morris & Swanwick on John & Francis Baring for \u00a33000 is noted for non acceptance. The person with whom Mr. Deas spoke at the house of Messrs. Barings however said he wished to speak with me on that and some other business for which purpose he would call on me  soon and that he did not know but that the Bill tho\u2019 noted for non acceptance might be paid. I have the honor to be with sincere regard & great respect Dear Sir Your most faithful & obedt. Servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0308", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 20 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nI leave it to you, and the heads of the other two Departments to say what, or whether any answer should be given to the B. Minister\u2019s letter of the 19th. It would seem as if neither he, nor the Spanish Commissioners were to be satisfied with any thing this Government can do. But on the contrary, are resolved to drive matters to extremity. Yours\nGo: Washington\nI send the enclosed to be signed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0309", "content": "Title: Petition from Eli Whitney, 20 June 1793\nFrom: Whitney, Eli\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo the Honourable Thomas Jefferson EsquireSecretary of State for the United States of America:\nThe Petition of Eli Whitney of the County of Worcester and Commonwealth of Massachusetts, humbly sheweth: That having invented a Machine for the Purpose of ginning Cotton, he is desirous of obtaining an exclusive Property in the same.\nConcerning which invention, your Petitioner alledges as follows (viz) first.\nThat it is entirely new and constructed in a different manner and upon different principles from any other Cotton Ginn or Machine heretofore known or used for that purpose.\n2d. That with this Ginn, if turned with horses or by water, two persons will clean as much cotton in one Day, as a Hundred persons could cleane in the same time with the ginns now in common use.\n3d. That the Cotton which is cleansed in his Ginn contains fewer broken seeds and impurities, and is said to be more valuable than Cotton, which is cleaned in the usual way.\nYour Petitioner, therefore, Prays your Honour to Grant him the said Whitney a Patent for the said Invention or Improvement: and that your Honour cause Letters Patent to be made out, in the Name of the United States, granting to him your said petitioner, his hiers Administrators and Assigns, for the term of fourteen Years, the full and exclusive right and liberty of making, constructing using and vending to others to be used, the said Invention or improvement.\nPhiladelphia20th June 1793\nEli Whitney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0310", "content": "Title: Memorial from George Hammond, 21 June 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe Undersigned, his Britannic Majesty\u2019s Minister plenipotentiary to the United States, has the honor of representing to the Secretary of State that the suit (the particulars of which he stated in his letter of the 5th. curt.) instituted in the federal district Court of Pennsylvania by the owners of the British Ship William of Glasgow captured by the Schooner le Citoyen Gen\u00eat, has been this day terminated by the declaration of the Judge that his court had no jurisdiction in questions of that nature.\nThe owners of this vessel having failed in their endeavors to obtain legal redress, in consequence of the incompetence of the Court to afford it, it becomes the duty of the Undersigned to submit to the Secretary of State the annexed protest of the Master and part of the crew of the Ship William, and the affidavit of the pilot who was on board of it at the time of the capture.\nFrom these papers it is manifest that the British Ship William was taken (according to the protest of the Master at the distance of two miles from the shore of the territory of the United States and according to the deposition of the pilot at the distance of not more than five miles at the utmost from it) within the territory and jurisdiction of the United States. The Undersigned therefore entertains no doubt that the executive government of the United States will consider the circumstances of this capture as an aggression on its sovereignty, and will consequently pursue such measures as to its wisdom may appear the most efficacious for procuring the immediate restoration to its rightful owners of the British Ship William thus illegally taken, and now lying as a prize in the port of this city.\nPhiladelphia 21 June 1793.\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0311", "content": "Title: Petition and Memorial from Peter Lemaigre, 21 [June] 1793\nFrom: Lemaigre, Peter\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo Thomas Jefferson Esquire Secretary of State for the United States of America\nThe Petition and Memorial of Peter LeMaigre Merchant residing in the City of Philadelphia and A Citizen of the United States.\nRespectfully sheweth\nThat your Memorialist being a Native of France came into the United States in the Year 1779 and settled in the City of Philadelphia as a Merchant and in the same Year took the Oaths of Allegiance to the State of Pennsylvania before one of the Justices of the said State in Manner and Form prescribed by the Laws of the said State and that from that time he hath continued to reside and is married and hath a Family in the said City of Philadelphia and hath carried on an extensive Trade here as a Citizen of the United States being well known and during the said Term fully recognized as such. That in the last Spring George Makepeace a Native and Citizen of the State of Massachusetts residing in and carrying on Trade as a Merchant in the Town of Boston and who had been in Correspondence with your Memorialist for some time before being Owner of the Snow Sucky an American built Vessel duly registered as such in the Name of the said Makepeace as sole Owner and which had lately arrived in this Port of Philadelphia from the West Indies consigned to your Memorialist did by his Letters and Power of  Attorney authorized your Memorialist to sell or employ the said Snow Suckey and that not finding an Opportunity to sell her at the limited Price your Memorialist did employ the said Snow on Freight in a Voyage for Port au Prince and the said Snow then remaining the sole Property of the said Makepeace your Memorialist on the Removal of the former Captain put her under the Command of Anthony Andaulle a Native of France but who had arrived in the United States in the Yearand had continued to sail out of this Port and in the Yeartook the Oaths of Allegiance to the State of Pennsylvania before a Justice of said State according to the Directions of the Laws of said State and who hath since continued to own or command different Vessels under the American Flag and hath been recognized as a Citizen of the United States during that time at the Custom House in Philadelphia And that your Memorialist did load on board the said Snow at this Port of Philadelphia 484 Barrels of Flour five Tierces of Hams 25 Barrels of Biscuit 26 Firkins of Hogs Lard six thousand feet of Pine boards 2000 Staves two Cases containing Saddles and Bridles and one Case containing Hatts the whole of which were the sole Property of your Memorialist and that no Subject of the present belligerent Powers or any other Power whatsoever had any Property Share or Interest therein that he also loaded on board the said Vessel 50 barrels of Flour 4 Tierces of Hams 3 Barrels of Pork 25 small Barrels of Biscuits and 22 Firkins of Hogs Lard under the Mark P.R for account of John Baptist Pellessier a Passenger who embarked in the said Vessel also two Boxes and one Barrel of Merchandizes marked VD shipped on Freight by JB Drouillard consigned to Castaing Charleslegnay & Co. and also 170 Barrels of Flour 11 Barrels of Gammon two Tierces of Gammons 10 Barrels of Biscuit the whole marked A of the private Adventure of the said Captn. Andaulle 5 Cases of Queens Ware marked Herbert one Barrel of Beef marked Belin And having also for Passengers on board twelve Passengers and two Negroes together with the said Pellesier the said Snow set Sail from this Port of Philadelphia on or about the 11th. Day of April last bound for Port au Prince being furnished with her American Register and clearance from the Collector of the Customs for the Port of Philadelphia as an American Vessel And that the said Vessel having the said Cargo and Passengers on board and proceeding on her Voyage for Port au Prince was on the eighth Day of May last about 8 O\u2019Clock in the Evening about 2 Leagues Distance from the Grange he was met by an english Privateer Brigantine who fired a Cannon at him and four others successively afterwards and the said Andaulle having no dread of said Privateer as he knew that the United States were not at War and supposing the said Brig would examine him or had Occasion for Provisions or Water he hove too and the said Privateer which he found  to be the Brig Maria of Kingston in Jamaica commanded by CaptainMcIver sent her boat on board and examined the said Andaulles Papers and forcibly took Possession of the said Snow notwithstanding the Remonstrances of said Andaulle shewing the Injustice of his Conduct and stating that he could have eluded the said Privateer but for his Confidence in his neutrality And that the said Privateer continued to keep the said Snow in Custody having taken part of her Crew out and put a part of the Privateers people on board (until 9 O\u2019Clock) in the Morning of the next Day when the said Privateer discovering a Brigantine also American which they found to be the Hannah Capn. Ross from North Carolina bound to Cape Francois the said Privateer sent her boat on board this Vessel to examine her and finally sent on board from the said Snow to the said Brig Hannah the said Passengers (except one Negro Woman who they kept) and ordered the said Captain Andaulle to go on board the said Brig Hannah which he refused to do declaring that it was his Duty and he would pursue the Fate of his Vessel as his Voyage was just and his papers clear and legal and that he would not leave his Vessel unless compelled to it which Orders being imperiously persisted in by the Captain of said Privateer who wished to take Advantage of his Absence and to corrupt the Mate and Crew the said Andaulle was compelled to leave his said Snow and go on board the said Brig Hannah yielding to Force and Necessity And that the said Snow and Cargo being unjustly and forcibly taken and detained by the said english Privateer and as they declared with a View of being sent as a Prize to Jamaica that the said Captain Andaulle and Passengers of said Snow proceeded in the said Brigantine Hannah to Cape Francois where they arrived on the 12th. Day of May last and the said Captain there entered his Protest in due form to which and the other Documents herewith handed in support of the Facts herein set forth your Memorialist begs leave to refer And that the said Captn. Andaulle having taken his Passage at Cape Fran\u00e7ois for this port of Philadelphia in Order to inform your Memorialist of his Capture arrived here on Friday last And your Memorialist relying on the Justice of the Government of the United States to support her Citizens in the free Exercise of their Commerce according to their Rights as a neutral Power And to support the Individuals against the unjust Capture and Detention of their Vessels and Cargo humbly submits his Case to your Consideration as well on behalf of himself as Agent for and authorized by and on the part of the said George Makepeace of Boston the Owner of the said Snow Suckey and prays that you will take the said Case into your immediate Consideration and enable your Memorialist by your powerful Aid to obtain Redress either by Application to the British Minister here or by furnishing him with such Letters and Authorities to his Agent who he may send to  Jamaica to support their Claim to said Vessel and Cargo as to you in your Wisdom shall seem just and meet.\nPhiladelphia 21st. May [June] 1793\nP Lemaigre", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0312", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 22 June 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nA Philadelphie le 22. Juin 1793. l\u2019an 2e de la Republique.\nLes discussions sont courtes quand on saisit les affaires par leurs v\u00e9ritables principes. Expliquons nous en Republicains; ne nous abaissons pas au niveau de l\u2019ancienne politique par des subtilit\u00e9s diplomatiques; soyons aussi francs dans nos ouvertures, dans nos declarations, que le sont nos deux Nations dans leurs affections et par cette marche simple et loyale allons au but par la voie la plus courte.\nTous les raisonnemens renferm\u00e9s, Monsieur, dans la lettre que vous m\u2019avez fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019\u00e9crire le 17. de ce mois sont extremement ingenieux; mais je vous dirai sans d\u00e9tour qu\u2019ils portent sur une base que je ne puis admettre. Vous opposez \u00e0 mes plaintes, \u00e0 mes justes r\u00e9clamations sur des points de droit les opinions priv\u00e9es ou publiques de Mr. le President des Etats Unis, et cette \u00e9gide ne vous paroissant pas suffisante, vous mettez en avant des aphorismes de Vatel pour justifier ou \u00e9xcuser des infractions faites \u00e0 des trait\u00e9s positifs. Monsieur, cette conduite n\u2019est point parallelle a la notre. En arrivant parmi vous, j\u2019ai dit avec candeur que la Nation fran\u00e7aise ch\u00e9rissant plus les interets des  Etats Unis que les siens, ne s\u2019occupoit que de leur bonheur, au milieu des dangers qui lentourent, et qu\u2019au lieu de les presser de remplir envers elle toutes les obligations qui leur sont impos\u00e9es par nos pactes, par la reconnoissance et par une politique pr\u00e9voyante, elle venoit d\u2019accorder de nouvelles faveurs \u00e0 leur commerce, de partager avec eux les ben\u00e9fices de sa navigation, de leur ouvrir tous ses ports dans les deux mondes et de les assimiler en un mot \u00e0 ses propres citoyens.\nDes prec\u00e9d\u00e9s aussi d\u00e9sinteress\u00e9s, aussi amicals auroient du rendre le Gouvernement fed\u00e9ral, Monsieur, industrieux \u00e0 chercher au moins tous les moyens de nous servir autant que les circonstances le lui auroient permis; mais au lieu d\u2019attendre que le Congr\u00e9s eut pris en consid\u00e9ration les importans objets qui devroient deja l\u2019occuper, qu\u2019il eut jug\u00e9 si la guerre de la libert\u00e9, si le destin de la France et de ses Colonies etoient pour l\u2019Am\u00e9rique des objets indiff\u00e9rens, qu\u2019il eut d\u00e9cid\u00e9 s\u2019il etoit de l\u2019inter\u00eat des Etats Unis de profiter ou non de la position o\u00f9 les laisse la magnanimit\u00e9 fran\u00e7aise, on s\u2019est empress\u00e9, pouss\u00e9 par je ne sais quelle influence, de suivre une autre marche. On a multipli\u00e9 devant moi les difficultes et les entraves. Nos trait\u00e9s n\u2019ont \u00e9t\u00e9 interpr\u00e9t\u00e9s que d\u2019une maniere d\u00e9favorable; des ordres arbitraires ont dirig\u00e9 contre nous l\u2019action des tribunaux; enfin si j\u2019en excepte ma r\u00e9ception diplomatique, je n\u2019ai rencontr\u00e9 dans les n\u00e9gociations dont j\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 charg\u00e9 que des d\u00e9gouts et des obstacles.\nCe n\u2019est point ainsi que le peuple am\u00e9ricain veut que nous soyons trait\u00e9s; il ne m\u2019est pas permis d\u2019en douter et j\u2019aime \u00e0 croire que des d\u00e9marches de cette nature n\u2019ont point \u00e9t\u00e9 concues dans le coeur du G\u00e9n\u00e9ral Washington, de ce h\u00e9ros c\u00e9lebre de la libert\u00e9; je ne puis les attribuer qu\u2019a des impressions \u00e9trangeres, dont le tems et sa v\u00e9rit\u00e9 triompheront. Je vous prie en cons\u00e9quence, Monsieur, de mettre sous les yeux de ce premier Magistrat de Votre R\u00e9publique les deux protestations ci jointes qui viennent de m\u2019\u00eatre address\u00e9es par les consuls de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 New-York et \u00e0 Philadelphie; vous y verrez que ces officiers se plaignent qu\u2019on a saisi dans ces deux ports, par les ordres de Mr. le Pr\u00e9sident les prises fran\u00e7aises dont le jugement appartiens exclusivement aux tribunaux consulaires. J\u2019attends de l\u2019equit\u00e9 du Gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral, Monsieur, le prompt redressement de ces irregularit\u00e9s et j\u2019ose esperer aussi que Mr. le Pr\u00e9sident voudra bien examiner de nouveau l\u2019affaire du navire le Republicain de New-York et consid\u00e9rer qu\u2019abstraction faite du droit que nous avons d\u2019armer en course, aucune des \u00e9xpressions dont s\u2019est servi le Consul Hauterive pour r\u00e9clamer la lev\u00e9e de la saisie qui en a \u00e9t\u00e9 faite ne prouve que ce batiment ait \u00e9t\u00e9 arm\u00e9 pour cet objet; le citoyen Hauterive a fait entendre clairement au contraire qu\u2019il a \u00e9t\u00e9 arm\u00e9 par des fran\u00e7ais, dans un moment o\u00f9 le plus saint des devoirs est pour eux de voler de toutes les parties de la terre au\nsecours de leur patrie et de remplir envers elle les devoirs aux quels les am\u00e9ricains seroient \u00e9galement tenus, si nous n\u2019avions point le desir de laisser \u00e0 leur sagesse et \u00e0 leur honneur l\u2019arbitrage de leur conduite. Il est incontestable que le trait\u00e9 de commerce, article XXII. autorise expressement nos armemens dans les ports des Etats Unis et interdit cette facult\u00e9 \u00e0 toute nation ennemie; au surplus cet acte m\u00eame ne forme qu\u2019une partie de nos pactes conventionnels et c\u2019est dans leur ensemble que l\u2019on doit envisager des contrats d\u2019alliance et de commerce faits simultan\u00e9ment, si l\u2019on veut en saisir le sens et interpreter fidelement les intentions des peuples qui les ont ciment\u00e9s et des hommes de g\u00e9nie qui les ont dict\u00e9s. Si vous ne pouvez point proteger notre commerce et nos colonies, qui contribueront beaucoup plus \u00e0 l\u2019avenir \u00e0 votre prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 qu\u2019a la notre, au moins n\u2019arretez pas le civisme de nos propres citoyens, ne les exposes point \u00e0 une perte certaine en les forcant \u00e0 sortir sans armes de vos ports et ne punissez point les braves individus de votre nation qui se rangent d\u2019eux m\u00eames sous nos bannieres, sachant tres bien qu\u2019aucune loi des Etats Unis ne donne au Gouvernement le triste pouvoir d\u2019arr\u00eater leur z\u00eale par des actes de rigueur. Les am\u00e9ricains sont libres; ils ne sont point attach\u00e9s a la glebe comme les esclaves de Russie; ils peuvent changer d\u2019\u00e9tat quand bon leur semble, et en acceptant dans ce moment ci le secours de leurs bras accoutum\u00e9s \u00e0 terrasser les tirans, nous ne commettons point le plagiat dont vous parlez. Le v\u00e9ritable vol, le v\u00e9ritable crime seroit d\u2019enchainer le courage de ces bons citoyens, de ces amis sinc\u00e8res de la plus belle des causes.\nJ\u2019ignore, Monsieur, quels sont les juges constitutionnels auxquels le Gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral paroit avoir le projet de renvoyer l\u2019examen des diff\u00e9rentes questions de droit public qui se sont \u00e9lev\u00e9s entre nous, mais il me semble que ces juges ne peuvent etre consid\u00e9r\u00e9s que comme conseils, attendu qu\u2019aucun tribunal particulier n\u2019a le droit ni le pouvoir de s\u2019interposer entre deux nations, dont les seuls arbitres, quand elles ont un desir sinc\u00e8re de vivre fraternellement et amicalement ensemble, ne peuvent etre, dans l\u2019etat actuel des soci\u00e9t\u00e9s humaines que la bonne foi et la raison. Agreez, Monsieur, l\u2019expression de mon estime et de mes sentimens respectueux.\nGenet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0313", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Knox, 22 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Knox, Henry\nDr Sir\nPhiladelphia June 22. 1793.\nI have this moment received a letter from Mr. Hammond informing me that the court of Admiralty having determined against it\u2019s own jurisdiction in the case of the ship William, he applies to the Executive to detain her, as having been taken within the limits of our protection. As this detention can only be by the Military, I take the liberty of submitting to you whether the Governor should not be desired to take possession of the vessel, if she be liberated by the officer of the court. This being within your department, I have made free to write to you directly without passing thro\u2019 the President, as he is much engaged, and it is a  plain case, and may require immediate interposition. I have the honor to be with great respect & esteem, Dr. Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0316", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 23 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia. June 23. 1793.\nIn answer to your letter of the 18th. instant, on the subject of the bills drawn by the administration of St. Domingo in favor of certain citizens of the US. I am instructed to inform you that the funds therein mentioned have been so clearly understood on all hands to be specifically appropriated for the payment of the bills which were recognised by the former agents of France here, as to be incapable of being diverted, without disappointing the just expectations of our citizens, holders of those bills.\nIndeed the government has been so much a party in countenancing those expectations, as, in such an event, to lie under an obligation, in point of propriety, to satisfy the parties themselves, to the extent of the balance which yet remains to be advanced. I have the honor to be with great & sincere esteem Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0318", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 23 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nMy last was of the 17th. if I may reckon a single line any thing. Yours of the 13th. came to hand yesterday.\u2014The proclamation as first proposed was to have been a declaration of neutrality. It was opposed on these grounds 1. that a declaration of neutrality was a declaration there should be no war, to which the Executive was not competent. 2. that it would be better to hold back the declaration of neutrality, as a thing worth something to the powers at war, that they would bid for it, and we might reasonably ask as a price, the broadest privileges of neutral nations. The 1st. objection was so far respected as to avoid inserting the term neutrality, and the drawing the instrument was left to E.R. That there should be a proclamation was passed unanimously with the approbation or the acquiescence of all parties. Indeed it was not expedient to oppose it altogether, lest it should prejudice what was the next question, the boldest and greatest that ever was hazarded, and which would have called for extremities, had it prevailed.\u2014Spain is unquestionably picking a quarrel with us. A series of letters from her commissioners here prove it. We are sending a courier to Madrid. The inevitableness of war with the Creeks, and the probability, I might say the certainty of it with Spain (for there is not one of us who doubts it,) will certainly occasion your convocation. At what time I cannot exactly say. But you should be prepared for this important change in the state of things.\u2014The President is got pretty well again. He sets off this day to Mount Vernon, and will be absent a fortnight. The death of his manager, hourly expected, of a consumption, is the call. He will consequently be absent on the 4th. of July. He travels in a Phaeton and pair. Doctr. Logan sends you the inclosed pamphlet. Adieu. Your\u2019s affectionately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0319", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 23 June 1793\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nAranjuez June 23 1793\nThe last private letter which I have had the happiness of recieving from you was of the 3d. of Jany. with a postscript of the 15th. I answered it on the 5th. of April (having previously acknowleged its reciept  in my two letters of the 2d. of April) so minutely and went into such lengthy details and in so long, prolix and tedious a letter, that I have not had courage to take up my pen on the same subject since that time, although it was my intention. I know not whether I should have prevailed on myself to do it even now if it were not for the uncertainty of letter conveyance by sea in these times\u2014and if I had not experienced the danger of depending on single conveyances at all times.\nBeing deterred from copying my letter of April the 5th. by its length I will comprize its substance as to the delay of the payments to France in as small a compass as possible to save trouble both to you and myself.\nAt the end of the year 91. when the loan was agreed for at Amsterdam, there was not only no cash on hand applicable to France, but there was a deficit of about 300,000 florins to make up the 2\u00bd millions which the Sec. of the treasury had directed to be held appropriated to his draughts, by his letter of May 24. 91. This was of course to be taken from the first money which came in. On the 1st. of Febry. 92. there became due 330,000 florins for interest and premium on preceding loans\u2014and on the 1st. of March 125,000 for interest. To face these demands the sums arising on the loan were first to be applied before any part could be disponible towards the French payments. The loan commenced the 1st. of Jany.\u2014was for three million of florins, and to be paid at the rate of 500,000 florins a month for six months\u2014that is to say the undertakers were not obliged to pay sooner though they had a right to do it if they should find it to their interest. It was probable they would pay somewhat more than the 500,000 florins a month, but we had no right to count on it. Had the Secretary therefore drawn for the money which he had appropriated to his draughts, the bankers would have been obliged to have advanced a part of the sum necessary on the 1st. of Febry.\nUnder this view of the subject I could have no difficulty when I left Amsterdam in the beginning of Jany. to direct them to make no further payments to France until further orders. It then appeared there could be no money disponible until towards the end of Febry. about which time the undertakers would make their payments for that month\u2014and even then the sum could be but small. Before the expiration of that time I recieved intelligence of the President having named another person to reside in Paris\u2014and as he was in London I expected daily his arrival there.\nPrevious to making any further payment to France it was necessary or at least highly proper to settle the rate of depreciation\u2014a former letter from the Sec. of the treasury had authorized me to do this\u2014but after knowing that the President had placed his confidence in another it would have been a piece of indelicacy which I hope would not be  expected from me, to have hastened to have taken this on myself by taking advantage of my being on the spot. Besides in the President\u2019s instructions to the Sec. of the treasury of which he sent me a copy, he is directed to employ the Minister for the time being at Paris for arrangements with respect to the French debt\u2014and the settling of the depreciation I considered as a very delicate arrangement.\nThus you will see that before there was any cash at my disposition to be applied to the French payment I was placed in a situation which forbad my making payments even if there had been cash; and thus far at least I hope I shall be exempted from blame as to any delay.\nBesides this you will be so good as to observe another circumstance which existed at the time of my leaving Amsterdam in Jany. and which would have induced me also to have delayed the immediate application to the French payment of the sums coming in gradually on the loan\u2014and that was that the minister of marine had made a report to the national assembly in favor of applying the American debt to the purchase of succours for their islands. This appeared so advantageous for the U.S. that I was disposed to contribute all I could to it\u2014and as it was expected that the assembly would soon approve the report, it became advisable to hold back such small sums as might be disponible when the assembly should have passed the decree\u2014as the payment once made would be less likely to be applied in the U.S.\u2014and the suspending the payments for that reason, M. Morris informed me was the wish of the Minister of Marine.\nContrary to expectation this decree was postponed being passed from day to day\u2014and before it was passed I recieved from Mr. Morris who was in London, an account of the President having nominated him for Paris. As yet there was no money disponible\u2014but if there had been I certainly should have left the mode of applying the cash to the succours of S. Domingo, to Mr. Morris now become the agent of the U.S. since before his becoming so, or being any way employed by them (at least as far as I knew) he had been active in concerting the measure with the minister of marine. I say I should have left it to him unless some circumstance should render the delay prejudicial.\nHis arrival in Paris as you know was postponed for a long time after his nomination. In the mean time the decree was passed\u2014and the minister of marine pressing me to concert with him the means of execution, observing it would not admit of delay, I consented to go so far as to engage that the sum of 800,000 dollars should be at the disposition of France in the treasury of the U.S. in America, leaving the number of livres for which they should have credit as the value of these dollars (or in other words the depreciation) to be settled between the two governments. I immediately gave notice thereof to the Sec. of the treasury that  he might draw therefore on the bankers in Amsterdam, intending that that amount in proportion as it came in from the loan then on foot should be held appropriated to that purpose. A day or two after I had another meeting with the minister of marine to settle the business finally when some doubts being suggested to him by one of his clerks as to the extent of the decree, and some difficulties having arisen between him and the commissaries of the treasury, he chose to suspend the business until he could obtain from the assembly an explanatory decree. This he expected and indeed was sure would take place in a few days. I was then sure also that M. Morris would arrive in a few days, and proposed to him that the business should be settled between them two, as that could be the cause of no delay, to which he consented and thus we parted. I immediately gave the Sec. of the treasury notice of this suspension\u2014and on Mr. Morris\u2019s arrival at Paris I gave immediate notice thereof also to the Minister of marine\u2014and from that time naturally considered the business as no longer in my hands, being then on my departure for the Hague.\nBefore I set out I recieved a letter from the Sec. of the Treasury which shewed he had occasion for a greater sum for domestic purposes, and desiring me accordingly to open a loan for that purpose. I communicated This to Mr. Morris and it was agreed between us that it would be proper to hold the loan already made, appropriated to that purpose (not knowing then how soon another might be obtained) and in case the minister of marine should apply to him for the execution of my promise, that he should be told the long delay he had made use of had rendered it necessary for the money to be otherwise applied.\nI mentioned that of the cash in the hands of the bankers, 2\u00bd million of florins were kept appropriated to the Secr\u2019ys. draughts in consequence of his orders given before the opening of the loan in Jany. 92.\u2014this appropriation was out of the six millions loaned in Septr. 91. On the 30th. of Nov. 91. he wrote me that he should draw for no more than the million he had already announced to have drawn for\u2014this left 1\u00bd million more disponible\u2014one of the copies of this letter has never yet come to my hands\u2014the other went to the Hague and was detained as I informed you in Mr. Dumas\u2019s hands until my arrival there in June 92.\u2014and of course was of no avail as I had in the mean time recieved his directions to open another loan for domestic purposes.\nA few days before I left Paris I learned from the commissioners that they had succeeded in opening a second loan at 4 per ct. for 3 millions of florins. This again left the cash in hand free to be applied to France, as the loan just opened and which would be coming in gradually might answer the draughts of the Sec. of the Treasury.\nThus matters stood when I left Paris on the 2d. of June. Mr. Morris  and myself both considered at that time, all arrangements with France with respect to the debt as being his appanage: And the being relieved from that delicate part of the money arrangement, I considered some consolation for the manner in which I had been kept in Paris for so long and painful a period of uncertainty, hope, and finally mortification. I mentioned to him the delay which had already taken place as to the settlement of the depreciation and pressed him to take up that business immediately, which he seemed fully determined to do, mentioning two causes which might occasion a short delay, namely his having not yet been presented to the King, and a paragraph in a letter from you, which seemed to indicate that the depreciation was to be thrown on France, and of which he hoped soon to have a further explanation.\nIn whatever manner the cash on hand was applied towards the French debt, whether by bills of exchange as before, to the national treasury, or by the way of succours to the French islands\u2014a previous arrangement became necessary in order to settle the depreciation, or rate at which the florins or dollars should be credited in livres, and as this arrangement was considered by me as belonging to M. Morris, no payment of course could be ordered by me until I recieved from him the account of his having done this. All I could do was to press him to lose no time\u2014and this I did both before and after my departure from Paris, as much and with as much importunity as it was possible to do. In this manner we separated as I have frequently informed the Sec. of the treasury and particularly in my letter to him of June 28. and Aug. 6. 92. and of which letters he acknowleged the receipt before he gave the information to Congress which you mention, of Mr. Morris\u2019s having nothing to do with these payments, and throwing all the blame of the delay on me. (I wish if practicable you would be so good as to take the trouble of reading my letters to him written during the year 1792.)\nIt was not until Aug. 17th. (after I had been informed of the King\u2019s suspension) that I recieved the letter of the Sec. of the Treasury informing me it was the President\u2019s intention that the payments to France were to remain as before in my hands. Until then every circumstance both of reason and propriety implied its belonging in part at least to Mr. Morris\u2014and the Prests. original instructions with respect to employing me to make loans\u2014and the Minister of the U.S. at Paris for the time being with respect to all arrangements as to this debt, were express on this subject. After recieving the Secy.\u2019s letter it was impossible as you will see to have done any thing (the government being changed) however I might have been disposed to have done it. Yet it would have been impossible not to have considered it somewhat cruel that a mark of confidence of that kind, in appearance so much more flattering for me than  for Mr. Morris should have produced for me the ungrateful favor of being employed only in the most odious and delicate parts of a business, while another was placed in the more lucrative and honorable post of Min. Plenipotentiary\u2014this dangerous business being subtracted from the charge of the Paris mission (to which it was originally destined) as soon as it was Mr. Morris who was to fill it.\nAt length M. Morris made an arrangement with the commissaries of the treasury, and in consequence thereof directed me to order the bankers to pay to the French agents 1,625,000 florins. It was not said whether he had settled the depreciation\u2014but as I considered that affair belonging to him, I should have had the money immediately paid had it not been for the then existing circumstances, namely the Kings suspension\u2014the entry of the Duke of Brunswic in France, and every human probability of his getting to Paris, or at least of the then existing government being overturned. Prudence as I thought exacted of me to require a saving clause in the reciept to be given by the bankers of France at Amsterdam\u2014they took time to consider of it and at length refused to give it. Finding Mr. Morris in favor of the payment being made as the contract had been entered into prior to the suspension\u2014and averse that so large sums, as had then come in from the loans, should remain on hand at a dead interest, I yielded my opinion and directed the payment to be made without the clause in the receipt. This was done on the 4th. of Sept.\u2014the delay was therefore from the 17th. of Aug. to that date; and this delay the only one which can in any manner be attributed to me, I think the critical and embarassing situation in which I was placed, will justify. I then thought and still think that neither I or any other agent of our government, directed to pay to the King had a right to pay to the then ministry until directed to do so by our government; and I was happy to find by the letters of the Sec. of the treasury written as soon as he had received news of the revolution of the 10th. of Aug. that both the Prest. and himself desired that there might be a suspension of further payments\u2014and this before he had recieved information of my having done so. This I think may be considered as a full approbation of the delay my scruples had occasioned from Aug. 17. to Sep. 4.\nMy letters to the Sec. of the treasury above alluded to will shew what was the conduct of Mr. Morris in this affair, who after these difficulties arose, wrote me I think in Sept. that on looking over his papers he had found that this business was committed wholly and of course exclusively to me, and that therefore he was determined to meddle no further with it\u2014notwithstanding by the steps he had taken he had put the business as it were out of my reach at least as to the 1,625,000 florins\u2014conducting himself with that kind of prudence which might enable him  to claim credit for whatever might turn out well, and avoid being considered the author, by people in general of what might have a different issue.\nThus I have given a full state of what passed, and on that simple state leave you to judge how far it was candid to throw on me a blame where my repeated letters then in the hands of the Sec. of the treasury, had shewn him, and might have shewn the public that the business was considered both by Mr. Morris and myself as having passed into his hands. I will add nothing more to this long letter than to assure you of the sentiments with which I shall ever remain my dear Sir, your unalterable friend & servant\nW. Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0320", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 23 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 23d. 1793.\nIf you should have leizure between this and my return, to furnish me with your thoughts on Mr. Arthur Youngs queries (Transmitted to you some time ago) It would enable me to solve his questions soon afterwards. Yours always and sincerely\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0321", "content": "Title: Petition from Abijah Babcock, 24 June 1793\nFrom: Babcock, Abijah\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphia, 24 June 1793. Requests a patent for a machine he has invented \u201cfor propelling Boats or Vessels and Carriages, and working Mills, which he conceives will be found of great use in Navigation, and saving of labour in the branches to which it is applied.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0322", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, [24 June 1793]\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr. Coxe has the honor to inform Mr. Jefferson, that the House of Pragers are not drawing at this time. They expect advices of Shipments from Virginia in which event they will draw. Mr. Jacob G. Koch a dutch house is drawing at 3/\u2014or 36/90 of a dollar \u214c Guilder, but tho Mr. Coxe does not doubt his goodness, he cannot say he knows enough to induce a decided recommendation. Mr. Vaughan expresses himself to the same effect concerning Mr. K[och. He] has not procured [.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0324", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 24 June 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTreasury Department June 24 1793.\nI have the honor to inform you that the Collectors have been furnished with all the Sea letters that have been received from Your Department, And that a demand exists at several of the Custom Houses for more. With great respect, I have the honor to be, Sir, your Obedt Servt.\nA Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0325", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel A. Otis, 24 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Otis, Samuel A.\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 24. 1793.\nI received several days ago your favor proposing the appointment of your son to the Consulship of St. Domingo, but the press of business has hitherto prevented my answering it: You know that Mr. Bourne was lately our Consul there. He has sollicited that the appointment may be revived. But this cannot be done till the meeting of Senate. He thinks it possible that in the mean time he may change his views. Should he not, I rather presume the President will think his former possession of the office and some disadvantages into which it led him, as giving him a better title than any other person. Your application shall be laid in time before the President, and should Mr. Bourne decline, I have no doubt the titles of your son will be duly respected. I am with much esteem, Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0326", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 24 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 24. 1793.\nI have to acknolege your two favors of May 31. and June 13. I was so much pressed the last week on the post-day that it was impossible for me to write. The President is at this time gone to Mount Vernon, for a few days only. Maria has the mumps in the city, so that she has not been with me for a week past. She has it favorably. The person engaged for me as a manager, came up from Elkton to see me the last week. He is not yet certain on the subject of tenants, his brother, who had decided  to go as one, having met an advantageous situation at home, and his cousin, whom I formerly wrote you was gone to see place, having been intercepted by another offer. He still thinks he shall get some, and is to let me know definitively by the last of August. The time of the tenant\u2019s removing in Maryland is not till March. This man is about 30. years of age, of not a very bright appearance, but seems as if he would be docile, so that I hope to get my own outlines followed by him. He agrees in condemning Indian corn and hogs, and in preferring the potatoe and clover to every other means of feeding all kinds of stock, even horses. If he does not get tenants for my lands on the East side of the river I shall perhaps propose to Clarkson to go there, unless I could find a person more kind to the labourers and with a smaller family. In the mean time it would be better he should know nothing of my arrangements, unless indeed he were to have an offer elsewhere, which I would not chuse he should lose.\u2014The late accounts from France give us hopes that DuMourier\u2019s desertion has had no other effect than to derange that army a while, whilst it shews the unshaken republicanism of the army and people. Their internal insurrections do not wear the face they were made to assume. They seem to have been confined chiefly to Britanny, where the noblesse was more numerous than the people, and turned against the revolution from the moment of suppressing titles. There was a considerable insurrection there before I left France. The French have been guilty of great errors in their conduct towards other nations, not only in insulting uselessly all crowned heads but endeavoring to force liberty on their neighbors in their own form. They seem to be correcting themselves in the latter point. The war between them and England embarrasses our government daily and immensely. The predilection of our citizens for France renders it very difficult to suppress their attempts to cruize against the English on the ocean, and to do justice to the latter in cases where they are entitled to it.\u2014I begin to be uneasy at not receiving my threshing machine. It cannot now be in time for this harvest. My fear is that it may have been in some vessel which is captured. I condole with you on the misfortunes of your garden. From a feeling of self interest I would propose a great provision of Celery plants to be made. My love to my dear Martha, and am Dear Sir most affectionately Yours\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0327", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Paul Bentalou, 25 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bentalou, Paul\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 25. 1793.\nI have duly received your favor of the 18th. inst. Many objections lie to the issuing of passes by foreign agents to our vessels. In the case of a foreign Consul at Boston who officiously undertook to do it, the thing was forbidden. Were some of our vessels to have these passes, the want of them might subject others to doubts and obstacles in their voyages. The permission to grant these passes might lead to the most dangerous abuses, and the passports which we grant to our own vessels are perfectly sufficient. No instance, has occurred, as far as we know, of our passports having been disrespected. The vessels of ours, taken hitherto, were such as had left our states before a knowlege of the war had reached us, and consequently before we had begun to issue passports. I am Sir Your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0328", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Commissioners of the Federal District, 25 June 1793\nFrom: Commissioners of the Federal District\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nGeorge Town 25th. June 1793\nMajr. Ellicott has returned to us, at this meeting a new map of the Territory of Columbia which as well as the old one we have committed to Mr. Lears care for you. We are Sir Your Most Obdt. Servts.\nTh JohnsonDd StuartDanl. Carroll", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0329", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 25 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 25th. 1793.\nIn the absence of the President of the united States, I have consulted with the Secretaries of the Treasury and War, on the subject of the Ship William, and generally of vessels suggested to be taken within the limits of the protection of the united States, by the armed vessels of your nation, concerning which I had the honor of a conversation with you yesterday, and we are so well assured of the President\u2019s way of thinking in these cases, that we undertake to say it will be more agreeable to him that such vessels should be detained under the orders of yourself or of the Consuls of France in the several ports, until the Government of the united States shall be able to inquire into and decide on the fact. If this arrangement should be agreeable to you, and you will be pleased to give the proper orders to the several Consuls of your nation, the Governors of the several States will be immediately instructed to desire the Consul of the port to detain vessels on whose behalf such suggestion shall be made, until the government shall decide on their case. It may sometimes, perhaps, happen that such vessels are brought into ports where there is no Consul of your nation resident, nor within any convenient distance. In that case the Governors would have to proceed to the act of detention themselves, at least until a consul may be called in. I have the honor to be, with much respect Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0330", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 25 [June] 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonseiur\nPhiladelphia le 25 Janvier [Juin] 1793.L\u2019an 2e. de la Republique fse.\nJ\u2019apprends avec infinement de plaisir par votre lettre du 23 de ce mois que le Gouvernement de la Georgie \u00e0 fait arreter un Corsaire arm\u00e9 dans cet etat pour croiser contre les francais et que les armateurs de ce batiment seront poursuivis. Il est a souhaiter, Monsieur, que la m\u00eame surveillance et la m\u00eame fermete soient d\u00e9ploy\u00e9es dans tous les Etats de l\u2019union, car vous verres par les rapports ci Joints des Consuls de la Republique \u00e0 Charleston, a Baltimore, \u00e0 Philadelphie et a New York que beaucoup de batimens ennemis s\u2019y sont armes, y sont entr\u00e9s, arm\u00e9s y sont rest\u00e9s et en sont sortis armes au mepris de nos trait\u00e9s tandis que l\u2019on poursuivait avec acharnement en vertu des instructions de Mr. Le President des Etats unis tous les armateurs francais qui ont cru pouvoir se mettre en \u00e9tat de deffense dans les ports de leurs alli\u00e9s pour en sortir sans danger et remplir d\u2019ailleurs selon les circonstances, leur devoir de Citoyen contre les ennemis de l\u2019etat. Agre\u00e9s Monsieur mon estime et mon respect.\nGenet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0332", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton and Henry Knox, with their Replies, 25 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander,Knox, Henry\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to submit to the correction and approbation of the Secretaries of the Treasury and War, the inclosed draughts of letters to the French minister on the subject of the ship William and others in her situation, and to Mr. Hammond and Mr. Pinckney on the subject of the Snow Suckey.\n[Replies by Alexander Hamilton and Henry Knox:]\nThe letters to Mr. Hammond and Mr. Pinckney appear to me proper, according to the facts stated in them.\nThe object of that to Mr. Genet also appears to me desireable; but I am not wholly without scruple as to the proposition going from the UStates.\nA HamiltonApproved H Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0334", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 25 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 25th. 1793.\nI have the honor of your\u2019s of the 19th. instant. In mine of the same date, I had that of stating to you the matter of fact of the President\u2019s requisition to the privateers in question. The development of it\u2019s terms, and the inferences from them will, it is conceived, be most properly referred to the occasion which shall call for them. Such occasion may never happen; but, if it does, the disposition which has been manifested, is a security that, that will be done, which shall be right. I have the honor to be, respectfully, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0335", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Zebulon Hollingsworth, 25 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hollingsworth, Zebulon\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 25. 1793.\nThe Secretary at war has delivered me your letter of the 20th. inst. to him, which concerning the civil (not military) proceedings against Hooper it becomes my duty to answer. It is the President\u2019s desire that in the arrest and other proceedings all the respect may be shewn to the French nation which may not be inconsistent with the security of the criminal, and the substantial prosecution of him. But the prosecution is to be effectually taken care of, and the party brought to the punishment which the laws of his country may have prescribed. The issue will shew whether these have left unprovided for so great a case as that of an individual undertaking to dispose of the lives and fortunes of his fellow citizens, by committing them to war. It is unnecessary for me to observe to you, Sir, that in this country the person and dwelling of a public minister, are alone exempted from arrest, and that the pretence is without foundation which would extend that exemption to a foreign officer or foreign vessel. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0336", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 25 June 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nSainport 25 June 1793\nThis will I expect accompany my last No. 32 of the twelfth Instant no Opportunity having offered since it was written. I do myself the Honor to enclose herein the Copy of what I wrote on the nineteenth Instant to  Monsieur Le Brun respecting an atrocious Violation of our Flag and respecting a very extraordinary Step taken by the Convention in the repeal on Motion of a Member, of the Decree by which our Ships were exempted from the Seizure to which those of others were expos\u2019d. I was inform\u2019d that the Object of the Decree I complain of was to effect the Confiscation of a large Cargo belonging to Citizens of the State of South Carolina, and which has been sometime since acquitted at Havre, but an Appeal made from the Decision of the Court, tho\u2019 grounded on the clearest Principles. The Captors then declar\u2019d that they would obtain a Decree for the Confiscation by Means of their Friends in the Convention, and Sometime afterwards that of the ninth of May appear\u2019d, in which a retrospective Clause cover\u2019d precisely the Object they had in View. Such a Coincidence of Circumstances was somewhat remarkable however I made no Allusion to it in my first Application which (as you will have seen) produc\u2019d the desir\u2019d Effect, being the Decree of the twenty third of May. The interested Parties as soon as this Decree was pass\u2019d went to work (as I was afterwards inform\u2019d) and by Force of Money (as my Informant says) procur\u2019d the Decree of the twenty eighth. Certain it is that the former was not sent on to be enregister\u2019d untill after the latter had pass\u2019d, and then both were immediately forwarded together. It did not become me to give Ear to calumnious Suggestions, nor yet could I be totally deaf to a Matter of such general Importance to the United States. You will perceive in the Close of my Letter to Mr. Lebrun some general Observation which may render the corrupted Members (if such there be) a little more cautious. I shall also enclose herewith a Copy of Mr. Lebrun\u2019s Answer of the twenty first Instant to mine of the nineteenth. I had directed Mr. Coffyn the Agent at Dunkerque to cause a Prosecution to be commenced against the Murderer of our Fellow Citizen.\nIn a Letter written long since I mention\u2019d to you Sir that I was in Quest of Monsieur Merlino. I have since found him and convers\u2019d with him. He is immensely rich but seems to have been the Father of his own Fortune, amass\u2019d (as Fortunes frequently are) without rendering the Possessor respectable. If I can judge from his Countenance, the Enquiry was set on Foot in the Hope of negative Answers, and the Affirmative is of Course not pleasing. Certain it is that he shew\u2019d no Inclination to spare to the Necessities of his Nephews a Part of his own Abundance, but this is the less reprehensible in that he treats himself no better than his needy Relatives.\nYour Favor of the twentieth of April reach\u2019d me two Days ago and now I have those of the eighth of that Month and twelfth and fifteenth of March. To the Contents of the last mention\u2019d Letter I shall pay all due Attention whenever Opportunities can be found or made for the  Purpose. I am happy to find by what you say in the Begining of yours of the twelfth of March, that your Sentiments accord so entirely with those which I had the Honor to express in mine of the twenty second of August, and that the Conduct which I had thought it proper to pursue is thereby justified. My Correspondence with Mr. Short will have shewn you Sir that I have been very far from questioning the Principles which you state; And I perfectly agree that there is little Difficulty or Embarrassment in the application of clear Principles, when the Facts are clear. But while Events are doubtful the Feebleness of human Foresight may I hope be pardon\u2019d for Hesitating where Things of vast Moment depend on Steps to be immediately taken. A Man of no little Eminence in the late Revolutions and who has since left France urg\u2019d me much to go away, shortly after the tenth of August. As I had not (and have not) any Reason to question, either on my own Account or on that of my Country, the Sincerity of his advice I could only examine the Ground of his Judgment, which has always been esteemed a good one. We differed in Opinion but this Sentiment he express\u2019d strongly. \u201cIn your Case, said he, I would go to England or Holland and from thence state the existing Facts, and ask my Court to decide at once on my Conduct, without waiting for future Events.\u201d As it was clear from hence that his Reflections turn\u2019d principally on my personal Situation, I told him that my Conduct would be influenced by Considerations totally different, and therefore conceiving it most conducive to the Interests of the United States I should stay.\nIn the present Moment you will observe, Sir, by the public Papers, that a Majority of the Departments declare themselves against the Authority of the present Convention, after the Arrestment of their Fellow Members, just as in the Month of June last a similar Majority declar\u2019d their Execration of the Attempts on Louis the sixteenth; but who will venture to tell us what August is to produce? No small Part of France is in open War with the Rest, and wherever the Insurgents arrive it appears that the whole Country is friendly to them; so that if one were to Judge by what passes in that quarter, France would be nearly unanimous in the ReEstablishment of Royalty should they come on in Force to Paris. Then the establish\u2019d Principle of Administration would undoubtedly be, that all which has been done within the last Year was an abominable Usurpation &ca. &ca.; And without questioning our Principles of Government, they might dissent from the Application of them by a subtle Distinction between the Voice of a Nation and what would then be call\u2019d the Voice of a Faction. Under Circumstances of this Sort I am particularly happy to have receiv\u2019d your Orders, which I shall implicitly obey. Accept I pray you my sincere Thanks for having given them so opportunely.\nI will apply to the Minister for the orders you wish respecting Payments to our Citizens, and make no Doubt that they will be transmitted. And indeed I should suppose that if, without such orders, the Payments were made by the Treasury of the United States, the Government of this Country (let whatever Government may be established) would allow the Justice of a Deduction to the Amount from what we owe. It is possible that we may hereafter have occasion to insist on that Principle, among other Reasons, because of the Plundering of our Ships, of which Complaints are daily made to me, and which the present Government of this Country is too feeble to prevent. Doubtless there are many Things of the Sort which do not come to my Knowlege, for in some Cases the Masters and Crews being taken out of the American Ships and put on Board of the Privateers, are carried very far from where their Vessels arrive, and put on Shore where Chance directs or Circumstances permit, and as many of the Privateers are taken by British Cruizers, some of Our Citizens may find their way to England, and some to the British Colonies and foreign Possessions.\nI am very happy to find that it has been in the Will and in the Power of the United States to make Advances for the Colony of St. Domingo, and also to send Supplies of Bread to this Country. On the twenty seventh of September, I mention\u2019d to you the Plan of Speculation on Drafts to have been made on the United States could my Concurrence have been procur\u2019d. Events have shewn that this Speculation would have been a good one to the Parties who would have gain\u2019d (and the french Nation of Course have lost) about fifty thousand Pounds Sterling in less than Eighty thousand. I was inform\u2019d at that Time that the disappointed Parties would attempt to have me recall\u2019d, and some more tractable Character sent, who would have the Good Sense to take Care of his own Interest. Well Sir nine Months have elapsed, and now if I were capable of such Things I think it would be no difficult Matter to have some of them hang\u2019d: indeed it is highly probable that they will experience a Fate of that Sort. It is a Year ago, that a Person who mix\u2019d in Tumults to see what was doing told me of a Sans Culotte who belowing against poor Monsieur de la fayette, when Petion appeard chang\u2019d at once his Note to Vive Petion, and then turning round to one of his scurvy Companions \u201cVois tu! C\u2019est notre Ami n\u2019est ce pas? Eh bien il passera comme les autres.\u201d And lo! the Prophecy is fulfill\u2019d: and I this Instant learn that Petion, confin\u2019d to his Room, as a Traitor or Conspirator, has fled on the twenty fourth of June 1793 from those whom he sent on the twentieth of June 1792 to assault the King in the Tuileries. In short you will find in the List of those who were ordered by their Brethren to be arrested, the Names of those who have proclaim\u2019d themselves  to be the prime Movers of the Revolution of the tenth of August, and Fathers of the Republic.\nI am hurt and vexed at the Delay of my Letters. By what you say of the advices you had receiv\u2019d on the eighth of April mine down to the thirteenth of February ought to have reach\u2019d you by that Time, and indeed notwithstanding the Length of Winter Passages there was Room enough for their Arrival. But the Mischeif arises from the Ports where Vessels are put up as to Sail on one Day named, and some four or five Weeks after we learn that they are still detain\u2019d. I have not yet receivd the Plans of the f\u0153deral Town which you was so kind as to send, which I am sorry for because if there is any Part markd out for Sale in Europe I think in the present critical Moment Purchasers would be found. By the Bye I think a Plan might be formd for Purchasing Land and Building Houses there by Way of Actions, but I shall not dwell thereon at present and will write more fully about it when I receive the Plans and Letter accompanying them.\nBy the first very good Conveyance which may offer I will send out the Dies you order, at present I have none such, and only Time to write by the Person who takes this with him and who is to sail from Havre for New York. I would rather give them in Charge to some one who is himself going over, for great Neglects happen in the Ports as I know by frequent Experience.\nMr. Pinkney has doubtless inform\u2019d you long since that Mr. Droz declin\u2019d going out to America. There was some Misunderstanding on the Subject between him and Mr. Short, which he entered into a long History of and desir\u2019d me to communicate it to you for whom he exprest the utmost Deference and Respect. As I found it impossible to get him into the Service of the United States which was the main Object, I thought it unnecessary to trouble you with a long Chapter of little Sorenesses, which were I could clearly see the Effect of prudential Caution in Mr. Short on the irritable Delicacy of the Artist. I am sorry however for the Thing, because the Conversation I had with him and the Enquiries I made lead me to beleive that he would have been a very faithful able and useful officer.\nThe Assurances you give in your Letter of the twentieth of April that our fellow Citizens are dispos\u2019d to preserve an exact Neutrality gives me sincere Pleasure, as you will find from what I took the Liberty to say on that Subject in former Letters. I fear that the frequent Violations of our Neutrality by the Privateers fitted out in the french Ports may provoke a Change of Sentiment. I labor incessantly to keep Things quiet in that Regard, and I think it likely that some of my Countrymen may think me too much attach\u2019d to France, because I do not enter into the Violence of  their Resentments for which there is (as you will see) more Ground than I chuse to acknowlege to them. How long the War may last I know not, but this I know that it is very much our Interest not to be drawn into it. The new Constitution, upon which at present I shall make no Remarks but send you a Copy, may if adopted with Enthusiasm be the Means of lengthening out the Struggle, in which Case France (or rather the ruling Party in France) might triumph over all opposition. Otherwise it would seem (humanly speaking) that if there be a perfect Accord between the different Powers without, and the Royalists within, this Campaign must put an End to the whole Affair. Yet who can answer for the Contingencies of War and the Fluctuations of opinion? With perfect Esteem & Respect I am Sir your obedient Servant\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0338", "content": "Title: Memorial from Nicholas Cruger and Others, 26 June 1793\nFrom: Cruger, Nicholas,et al.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo Thomas Jefferson Esquire Secretary for the Department of Foreign Affairs for the United States\nThe Memorial of Nicholas Cruger of the City of New York Merchant, Andrew Burke of same place Mariner And Jacob & Philip Mark, John Alsop, Thomas Randall, Paschal N. Smith, William Laight, Richard Yates & George Pollock, Daniel Cotton, William Minturn, Minturn & Champlin, James Scott & Co., Gulian Verplanck, George Ludlow, Samuel Ward & Brothers, John P. Mumford & Co.,  Gouverneur & Kemble, John McVickar, Shedden Patrick & Co., James Cockroft, John DeWint, Carlile Pollock, Charles Smith & Co., Robert Dale, Daniel Ludlow & Co., Le Roy & Bayard, Henry Sadler and Theophylact Bache & Charles Mc.Evers Junr. all of the said City of New York Merchants. Sheweth\nThat your Memorialists Nicholas Cruger and Andrew Burke are the Owners of a certain Schooner or Vessel called the York which Vessel sailed from this Port of New York on the 27th. day of the month of November last past (being then armed with eleven Blunderbusses, Six Muskets, twelve Cutlasses and four Pistols for a Defence against the Spaniards if they should find it necessary and commanded by the said Andrew Burke) having on board sundry Merchandizes and One thousand Weight of Gunpowder bound upon a Voyage to the Islands of St. Thomas and Curracoa, there to ship an additional number of Men compleat their Cargo and from thence to proceed on a trading Voyage to the Coast of Campeachy on the Spanish Main in the Bay of Mexico.\nThat the said Vessel sailed on the said 27th: day of November on her said Voyage and arrived at St. Thomas\u2019s the twelfth day of December following where they shipped one Man and sailed again the seventeenth day of said Month for Curracoa where they arrived the twenty first day of same month and having shipped eight hands including Domingo Campo his Spanish Trader and sundry Articles of Merchandize he left the said Island of Curracoa and arrived on the Coast of Campeachy on the 14th. day of the Month of January following.\nThat Your Memorialist Andrew Burke found it impossible to trade on the Coast of Campeachy at that Period, the Country being in very great Confusion and disorder, owing as he understood to the Governor of that Place having been assassinated. That the said Schooner York having suffered much by bad weather on the Voyage proved leaky and was also very short of Water and Provisions which rendered it absolutely necessary for the preservation of the Lives of Your Memorialist Andrew Burke and his Crew and the benefit of all concerned in the said Vessel and her Cargo that they should go to some Port immediately to get the necessary Supplies and Repairs.\nThat your Memorialist Andrew Burke from thence sailed first for the Island of Mohairs in hopes of procuring Water which they stood most in need of, but after two days ineffectual search at the said last Island, he left it with the said Vessel intending then to make the best of his Way for the Island of St. Domingo. That on the twenty first day of said last month being off Savannah La Mar in the Island of Jamaica and having only one Gallon of Water on board that was drinkable, Your Memorialist Andrew Burke put into that Port to get a Supply. That the Government  of that Island not permitting American Vessels to stay there he was only allowed to remain till next morning during which time he supplied himself with some water and making his Protest sailed from thence at the appointed hour and proceeded for Port au Prince confiding in the Treaties subsisting between France and the United States of America and not doubting that he should there meet with every Assistance and be allowed to make the necessary Repairs and procure the Supplies he wanted for the said Vessel.\nThat Your Memorialist Andrew Burke arrived at Port au Prince on the third day of February following and immediately brought the said Schooner too under the Guns of the Fort and along side of a Vessel of War belonging to the French Republic and he went directly on board the said Vessel with all his Papers consisting of his Register, Invoices of his Cargo, Protest made at Jamaica &ca. intending to state the Condition of the said Schooner York and to demand Permission to get the necessary Supplies. That there was not any person on board the said Vessel who understood English and therefore he returned to the said Schooner York on board of which he found some Custom House Officers to whom he reported his Cargo and his Reasons for putting into that Port.\nThat the said Officers seized the said Vessel in Defiance of the Treaties existing between that Government and the United States and notwithstanding his fair and open Conduct and the Distress they were in upon a pretence that the Powder and Arms she had on board might be intended for the use of the Negroes who had revolted.\nThat your Memorialist Andrew Burke made use of every Exertion in his Power to procure the Release of the said Schooner York and her Cargo And the Court of Admiralty at Port au Prince (after hearing his Reasons, inspecting his Papers which he delivered to them for that Purpose and causing the said Vessel and her Stores to be examined) adjudged that the said Schooner York and her Cargo should be released from the Seizure but at the same time Your Memorialist was not suffered to depart nor even to take charge of his Vessel and he was obliged to pay all Costs and Expences. And Afterwards another Suit was instituted against him and he was compelled to wait a Decision from the Government Council which Decision reversed the Sentence of the Court of Admiralty and the said Schooner York and her Cargo were finally condemned And Your Memorialist Andrew Burke was also sentenced to pay a fine of One thousand Livres or suffer Imprisonment which Judgement was given altogether on Suspicion and without Your Memorialist having been guilty of any one Act to authorize such a Suspicion. That he applied to have this cruel and unjust Sentence set aside but without Effect and he was forced to pay the Fine. That he also  requested to have his Papers returned to him particularly his Protest made at Jamaica which was likewise refused when finding he could not obtain any Satisfaction or Redress he left that Place.\nThat your Memorialists Nicholas Cruger and Andrew Burke in support and confirmation of the truth of the foregoing Relation have transmitted to you the following Vouchers and Documents Vizt. Bill of Sale (No. 1) Bill of Lading (No. 2) Disbursements at New York (No: 3) Invoice of Cargo at New York (No: 4) Invoice of Cargo at St. Thomas\u2019 and Curracoa, Capt. Burks disbursements and Account Current (No. 5, 6, 7, 8, 9) Capt. Burk and his Mates Protest at New York (No. 10) Affidavits Capt. Burk, his Mate and Mr. Westphal to prove the injustice of the Condemnation (No. 11) And also all the original French Documents of the proceedings at Port au Prince as well on the part of Capt. Burk as by the Government there by which it will appear that Your Memorialists Nicholas Cruger and Andrew Burke have at this present time sustained an actual Loss by the Seizure of the said Vessel and her Cargo to the Amount of Five thousand Six hundred and twenty nine pounds four shillings and six pence or Fourteen thousand and seventy three spanish milled dollars, Six Cents, as appears by General Account No. 12 Also transmitted with the foregoing Papers. That is to say the said Nicholas Cruger the Sum of Three thousand Seven hundred and fifty two pounds, sixteen shillings and four pence and the said Andrew Burke the Sum of One thousand eight hundred and seventy Six pounds eight shillings and two pence exclusive of the Damages suffered by the Detention of their Property which is very considerable particularly to your Memorialist Andrew Burke who is by this means thrown entirely out of Employment with a large Family to maintain.\nThat your Memorialists Jacob & Philip Mark, John Alsop, Thomas Randall, Paschal N. Smith, William Laight, Richard Yates & George Pollock, Daniel Cotton, William Minturn, Minturn & Champlin, James Scott & Co., Gulian Verplanck, George Ludlow, Samuel Ward & Brothers, John P. Mumford & Co., Gouverneur & Kemble, John McVickar, Shedden Patrick & Co., James Cockcroft, John DeWint, Carlile Pollock, Charles Smith & Co., Robert Dale, Daniel Ludlow & Co., Le Roy & Bayard, Henry Sadler and Theophylact Bache & Charles McEvers Junr. are Underwriters on the said Schooner York and her Cargo to the Amount of Three thousand five hundred pounds as will appear by authenticated Copies of the Policies also transmitted to you marked with the Letters A and B\u2014whereby they may ultimately be obliged to pay the said Sum of Three thousand five hundred pounds to the said Nicholas Cruger provided due restitution is not made by the Government of the French Republic to the said Nicholas Cruger and  Andrew Burke for the Seizure and Condemnation of the said Vessel and her Cargo.\nYour Memorialists beg leave further to represent that this Seizure and Condemnation appear to them contrary to every principle of Justice and Equity violating the nineteenth Article of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce entered into between the United States of America and his Most Christian Majesty and Destroying the Friendship and Confidence that has so happily subsisted hitherto between the Citizens of the two Republics. That it is evident from the Proofs transmitted to you that the said Cargo was bought for and intended to be disposed of on the Coast of Campeachy And that the said Andrew Burke was reduced to the necessity of putting into Port au Prince to procure Water and Provisions and repair the said Vessel; That there is not the smallest Spark of Evidence adduced to shew that the said Andrew Burke made any Attempt to dispose of his Powder and Arms or any other Part of his Cargo at the said last Port On the contrary from the small Quantity he had on board and his bringing the said Schooner too under the Guns of the Fort and along side of the Ship of War it is strongly to be presumed he could not possibly have any View or Intention of the Kind imputed to him.\nThat your Memorialists are willing to believe that this unjust Seizure and Condemnation arose from the general Confusion which prevailed at that Period in the Government at Port au Prince owing to the Insurrection of the Negroes and to the differences subsisting amongst the People on political Subjects As also to the said Andrew Burke and his Interpreter not sufficiently comprehending each other and that upon a fuller Investigation of the Merits of this Cause Your Memorialists will receive ample Satisfaction.\nAnd therefore upon all these Considerations and a full Confidence in the propriety and justness of their demand Your Memorialists pray that you will be pleased to make such Representations or Remonstrances to the Government of the French Republic as shall enable them to obtain their just Rights as Citizens of America and a Restitution of the said Schooner York and her Cargo with all damages and Expences now incurred or which may hereafter be incurred Or some other sufficient Compensation for the Injury done to them as Owners and Underwriters of the said Schooner York and her Cargo by the Seizure and Condemnation of the said Vessel and her Cargo And as in Duty bound they shall ever pray &ca.\nNew York June 26th. A D 1793\nWm Laight\nNich. Cruger\nJ Mark & Co.\nAndrew Burke\nTheophylact Bache &\nDanl Ludlow & Co\nCharles Mc Evers Jun\nCharles Smith & Co.\nR Yates & G. Pollock\nSheddin Patrick & Co.\nJohn Mc. Vickar\nRobert Dale\nDanl. Cotton\nHenry Sadler\nGouverneur & Kemble\nGulian Verplanck\nJ: P: Mumford & Co\nThos. Randall\nJames Cockcroft\nPaschal N. Smith\nJohn DeWint\nby his atty\nPeter C. DeWint\nCarlile Pollock\nJames Scott\nMinturn & Champlin  \nSaml. Ward & Brothers\nWilliam Minturn\nJohn Alsop\nLe Roy & Bayard\nGeorge Ludlow", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0340", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 26 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 26. 1793.\nThe Government here has received complaint that the Snow Suckey, belonging to George Makepeace, a citizen of the United States, with her Cargo, belonging chiefly to Peter Le Maigre, and wholly to citizens of the United States, and not at all of the character of contraband, commanded by Anthony Andaulle a citizen also of the United States, and bound from the Port of Philadelphia to Port au Prince, was, on her way thither, on the 8 of May last, taken by an english Privateer Brig, called the Maria, of Kingston in the Island of Jamaica, commanded by a Captain Mc.Iver, who immediately put the Captain of the said Snow on board a vessel, accidentally met with at sea, in order to deprive her of her proper patron and defender. The persons interested propose immediately to send an Agent, properly authorized, in quest of their Vessel and Cargo. They mean to go in the first place to Jamaica. I have the honor to enclose you copies of their papers establishing the facts, and to ask the aid of your letters, either open or closed, directed to such persons in authority in Jamaica, or elsewhere, as you may think proper, recommending  to their patronage, the person and proceedings of the said Agent, so far as shall be just, for the recovery of the property taken. And as doubtless the laws of the place will have provided for the punishment of the offenders, I trust that your Government will make a point of bringing them to justice, if the Case should really prove to be as it is represented, in order to ensure to the commerce and navigation of peaceable Nations that freedom from interruption to which they are entitled.\nYour interposition cannot but be the more effectual in the present case, as the principal Owner of the Cargo is a long-established and well-known-merchant of reputation, of this place, and it would be easy for you to Satisfy yourself in the most perfect manner of the property of the Vessel and Cargo.\nThe distance, and consequent delay, which would attend the sending of this complaint to the Government of England, and the probable escape of the persons and property, if so much time were given for it, has induced me to presume on your concurrence in this more speedy method of pursuit. I have the honor to be, with much respect Sir, Your most obedient and Most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0342", "content": "Title: Memorial from George Hammond, 26 June 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe Undersigned, his Britannic Majesty\u2019s Minister Plenipotentiary to the United States, has the honor of submitting to the Secretary of State the annexed deposition of Michael Pile, late Master of the British brigantine Fanny and the protest of the said Michael Pile and part of the crew of the abovementioned vessel.\nFrom these papers it appears that on the 8th. of May last the British brigantine Fanny was captured by the Schooner le Sans Culottes J. B. A. Fery Commander at the distance of four or five miles from Cape Henry in the state of Virginia, and consequently within the territory and jurisdiction of the United States. Upon this principle the Undersigned presumes to hope that the executive government of the United States will consider this act as an aggression on its sovereignty and will pursue such measures as it may deem the most efficacious for procuring the restitution of the British brigantine Fanny, now lying as a prize in the harbour of Philadelphia, to its rightful owners.\nThe Undersigned esteems it his duty to add that the evidence of the facts of this capture is necessarily not so complete as the testimony which he has had the honor of adducing in former similar instances\u2014in consequence of the unwarrantable conduct of the person commanding le Sans Culottes, who in opposition to the common usages of war forced the crew from the vessel he had taken, and set them on shore in a neutral country, viz. at Lynhaven in the state of Virginia, not far distant from the place where the vessel was captured. The greatest part of these unfortunate individuals thus deprived of their property were compelled to recur to some immediate means of gaining a subsistance, and were thence of necessity incapacitated from proceeding to this city, for the purpose of offering, in defence of their rights and in the endeavor to recover their property, their testimony; the prevention of which it is  more than probable has been the motive that instigated the oppressive and unjustifiable treatment they have experienced. For these reasons the Undersigned cannot but indulge the persuasion that the Secretary of State, so far from allowing these circumstances to invalidate the evidence submitted to him will consider them as additional acts of aggression on the part of the person commanding le Sans Culottes, and as additional inducements to afford every degree of redress which the case may appear to deserve.\nPhiladelphia 26 June 1793.\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0343", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 26 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia, June 26th. 1793\nI enclose you a copy of a letter I have written to Mr. Hammond, and of the papers accompanying it, on the subject of the Snow Suckey, and her cargo belonging to citizens of the United States, captured by an  English privateer, and carried, as is supposed, into Jamaica. I will ask you to obtain, without delay, orders from the British Government to proper persons in their Colonies, to have justice rendered immediately to the complainants and due punishment inflicted on the offenders, if the case shall be as has been stated. I think it would be proper also to make this the occasion of obtaining from that Government, general orders to their West India colonies, to watch, with vigilance, over violations of this kind, which, probably will be multiplied on us, and of which those Colonies will be the receptacle. I have the honor to be, with much respect & esteem Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0344", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Martha Jefferson Randolph, 26 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Papa\nMonticello June 26, 1793\nWe recieved your 3 Last letters yesterday which by the carelessness of the post master in Richmond have been detained many weeks, indeed their negligence is intolerable, we have just heard of some of Mr. Randolphs Letters to you that have gone on to Lexington in kentucke. Those that we do get, come so irregularly without any regard to their dates that it is impossible to follow your directions with any degree of punctuality. Mr. Randolph thinks it would be most adviseable to have all your furniture brought by water as it is not only much more oeconomical but also safer. I have a terible account to give you of your cyder. Of 140 bottles that were put away you will hardly find 12. It flew in such a manner as to render it dangerous going near them. Those that were carelessly corked forced their corks the rest burst the bottles amongst which the havoc is incredible. The servants cloaths are not arrived nor have we been able to hear any thing about them. I am going on with such spirit in the garden that I think I shall conquer my oponents the insects yet, tho Hither to they have been as indifadigable in cutting up as I have been in planting. I have added to your accasia which is at Least 2 feet high 2 lemmon trees and have the promiss of an egg plant from Mr. Derieux. My dear little Anna daily more and more entertaining she is very observing and very talkative of course charming in the eyes of a mother. The dear Little boy tho not in perfect health is very well for one that is cutting teeth. You will easily concieve how great the  satisfaction is I derive from the company of my sweet Little babes tho none but those who have experienced it can. I have allways forgot to mention Petit in any of my Letters. My negligence hurt his feelings I know, as it is not my design to do so you would oblige me infinitely by delivering some message to him de ma part. Adieu my dear Papa. Believe me with tender affection yours\nM Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0346", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, [27 June 1793]\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThursday Morng [27 June 1793]\nThe British Minister presents his compliments to the Secretary of State and has the honor of informing him that he has just learnt that the person who has the care of the Light House on Cape Henry was a witness of the capture of the Ship William. The necessary steps are taken for procuring the deposition of this person on this subject without delay.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0349", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Bell, 28 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bell, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 28. 1793\nI am favored with yours of June 12.\u2014Mr. Jefferson my relation had detained the letter to you till he could write back to me and inform me of the difficulty of getting to Charlottesville, and how much more convenient it would be to him to take his goods in Goochld. My business made me late in answering him, and I then repeated my request to him to apply to you, as I observe that from a want of circulation, the smallest money engagements are serious things, and therefore to be made only where commodities of some sort will be taken. Before the receipt of my letter his necessities had obliged him to supply himself.\u2014I am really sorry to learn that Mr. Derieux has so much anticipated his resources. If this aid is all expended before hand, and he is left with his Charlottesville house on his hands, he will get through the world with difficulty. Mr. Vaughan tells me he will make him his last remittance in a few days.\u2014I am glad to learn the Doctr. has given such proofs of energy. I wish I could hear of Mr. Lewis\u2019s perfect reestablishment also. Be so good as to present my sincere affections to both families.\u2014I am striving to get a tenant for my mill, in which case she will be built as a merchant mill. I offer her to the Brandywine people for 20. years. My chief object is to fix a market for my own grain at home. I am with great & sincere esteem Dr Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0350", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Clement Biddle, 28 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Biddle, Clement\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 28. 1793.\nI have written to the British Minister here on the case of Mr. Lemaigre. He has this day called on me and promised that he will furnish the Agent of Mr. Le Maigre with a letter to the Governor of Jamaica, recommending his case to his attention and justice. In addition to this I can only furnish the agent with a passport naming his general business. Mr. Lemaigre cannot arm his Agent with too much testimony of the citizenship of all the parties. I am with great esteem Sir Your most obedt. servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0351", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Clarke, 28 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clarke, John\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 28. 1793.\nMr. Taylor wrote you a letter on the 10th. inst. (which you probably received a day or two after your\u2019s of the 15th. and) which would inform you of what was necessary to be done by you to prosecute the claim to your discovery under the new law. I can add nothing more on the subject, but that as far as the choice of arbitrators shall be left to me, I shall endeavor to select from the Philosophical society, members of integrity and other proper qualifications for the enquiry. I am with esteem Sir Your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0352", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Fenwick, 28 June 1793\nFrom: Fenwick, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBordeaux 28 June 1793.\nI have none of your favours to reply to. This covers a Bond Executed by me for the performance of the Consular Functions.\nThe uncertainty of the Intercourse with America from this Country during the War, will deprive me of writing to you as often as I shou\u2019d otherwise do\u2014and the little respect English Privateers shew to letters, requires Circumspection in all remarks from hence.\nThe Neutrality of America, and her Flagg has been generally respected by all the Belligerent Powers in Europe, tho\u2019 their Cruizers commit many depredations, as You will see by the Protests and Judgement herewith sent: and I must observe that, altho\u2019 the French commit many Errors in deciding on the Validity of Vessels Papers on the High Seas, they respect infinitely more, the Rights of Men, and Nations, preserve decency, and moderation in their proceedings, respect the Sanctity of letters and Seals, and are more ready and disposed to do Justice, and repair Injuries than the English or Spaniards, particularly the English Cruizers, who have in many instances added insult to Injustice, as you will See by the Papers inclosed. The Brig Sally Captain Storch of Salem, bound from Havre to Bordeaux and Alexandria, was taken and brought in here by a French Armed Vessel. The Court of Admiralty on the verification of her Papers and my application, immediately restor\u2019d  to the Captain the Vessel and Cargo, free of Injury and Costs. I inclose you the Judgement.\nAnother Brig from Same place, the Nancy Captain Barker has been carried into Bayonne, and I have reason to expect equal Justice will be Shewn her. The National Convention decreed the 9th. May, that their Armed Ships might Stop all Neutral Vessels bound to an Enemys Port, and take out any part of their Cargoes that was not Neutral Property. On immediate Representations made to them, they excepted the American Flag the 23d: of same month.\nThe Political Situation of this Country appears precarious\u2014the most wise cannot See how things will end. American produce and Ships are very much demanded at the Rates below. Exchange on London about 3d. Stg. per Livre. I have the honor to be Sir your most obt: hble St\nJoseph Fenwick\nFlour 100\u20b6 pr: barrel\nWheat 18\u20b6 a 20\u20b6 pr: Amn: bushel\n= dollars pr: tons, of 4 Wine Hheads =\n                primage & Avarage\n                To the Cape of Good Hope & Isle of\n                  France and back, 80 a 84 dollars & 10 p 0/0\u2014Up the channel \u00a33 a \u00a35 Stg and", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0354", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Greenleaf, 28 [June] 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Greenleaf, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia, Jan. [June] 28. 1793.\nI received in due time your favor of May 5. and the Volume of your papers which I had desired and now inclose you the price as stated in your letter towit 6D\u201416c. with thanks for your attention to the request, and am Sir your most obedt servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0356", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Lee, 28 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lee, Henry\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 28. 1793.\nI should much sooner have answered your favor of the 15th. of May on the subject of a Mace, by sending you the inclosed design of Dr. Thornton, whose taste and imagination are both good: but that I have not myself been satisfied with the introduction of the rattlesnake into the design. There is in Man as well as brutes, an antipathy to the snake, which renders it a disgusting object wherever it is presented. I would myself rather adopt the Roman staves and axe, trite as it is; or perhaps a sword, sheathed in a roll of parchment (that is to say an imitation in metal of a roll of parchment) written over, in the raised Gothic letters of the law, with that part of the constitution which establishes the house of representatives, for that house, or the Senate, for the Senate. However if you have the same disgust for the snake, I am sure you will yourself imagine some better substitute: or perhaps you will find that disgust overbalanced by stronger considerations in favor of the emblem. I have the honour to be with great esteem & respect Dear Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0357", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Lee, 28 June 1793\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond June 28th. 1793.\nI beg leave to transmit to you the enclosed copy of a letter from Colonel Newton.\nThe President will if he thinks proper direct measures to avert the apprehended evil.\nTo the general Government I conceive belongs the right to act on the subject.\nThe law in this Commonwealth relative thereto contemplates the Agency of the officers of the Customs who are now responsible only to the General Government and therefore could not be used by state Authority, if the same was constitutionally admissible. I have the honor to be Sir with perfect respect your ob: Ser.\nHenry Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0358", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Monroe, 28 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Monroe, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 28. 1793.\nI have to acknolege your favor of May 28. I believe that through all America there has been but a single sentiment on the subject of peace and war, which was in favor of the former. The Executive here has cherished it with equal and unanimous desire. We have differed perhaps as to the tone of conduct exactly adapted to the securing it. We have as yet no indications of the intentions or even the wishes of the British government. I rather believe they mean to hold themselves up, and be led by events. In the mean while Spain is so evidently picking a quarrel with us, that we see a war absolutely inevitable with her. We are making a last effort to avoid it, but our cabinet is without any division in their expectations of the result. This may not be known before the last of October, earlier than which I think you will meet. You should therefore calculate your domestic measures on this change of position. If France, collected within her own limits, shall maintain her ground there steadily, as I think she will (barring the effects of famine which no one can calculate) and if the bankruptcies of England proceed to the length of an universal crush of their paper, which I also think they will, she will leave Spain the bag to hold. She is emitting assignats also, that is to say Exchequer bills to the amount of 5. millions English or 125. millions French: and these are not founded on land as the French assignats are, but on pins, thread, buckles, hops and whatever else you will pawn in the exchequer of double the estimated value. But we all know that 5. millions of such stuff forced for sale at once on the market of London where there will be neither cash nor credit, will not pay storage. This paper must rest then ultimately on the credit of the nation as the rest of their public paper does, and will sink with that. If either this takes place, or the confederacy is unsuccesful, we may be clear of war with England.\u2014With respect to the increase of our shipping, our merchants  have no need, you know, of a permission to buy up foreign bottoms. There is no law prohibiting it. And when bought, they are American property and as such entitled to pass freely by our treaties with some nations, and by the law of nations with all. Such accordingly, by a determination of the Executive will receive American passports. They will not be entitled indeed to import goods on the low duties of home built vessels, the laws having confined that privilege to these only. We have taken every possible method to guard against fraudulent conveyances, which, if we can augment our shipping to the extent of our own carriage, it would not be our interest to cover.\nI inclose you a note from Freneau explaining the interruption of your papers.\u2014I do not augur well of the mode of conduct of the new French minister. I fear he will enlarge the circle of those disaffected to his country. I am doing every thing in my power to moderate the impetuosity of his movements, and to destroy the dangerous opinion, which has been excited in him, that the people of the US. will disavow the acts of their government, and that he has an appeal from the Executive to Congress, and from both to the people.\u2014Affairs with the Creeks seem to present war there as inevitable. But it will await for you. We have no news from the Northern commissioners, but of the delay likely to be attempted by the Indians. But as we never expected peace from the negociation, I think no delay will be admitted which may defeat our preparations for a campaign. Crops here are likely to be good, tho\u2019 the beginning of the harvest has been a little wet.\u2014I forget whether I informed you that I had chosen a house for you, and was determined in the choice by the Southern aspect of the back buildings, the only circumstance of difference between the two presented to my choice. Give my best love to Mrs. Monroe, & be assured of the affectionate esteem of Dr. Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0359", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Isaac Shelby, 28 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Shelby, Isaac\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 28. 1793\nThe bearer hereof Mr. Michaud is a citizen of the French republic who has resided several years in the US. as the Conductor of a botanical establishment belonging to the French nation. He is a man of science and merit, and goes to Kentuckey in pursuit of objects of Natural history and botany, to augment the literary acquirements of the two republicks. Mr. Genet the Minister of France here, having expressed to  me his esteem for Mr. Michaud and good opinion of him, and his wish that he should be made known to you, I take the liberty of recommending him to your notice, your counsels, and good offices. His character here persuades me they will be worthily bestowed on him, and that your further knowlege of him will justify the liberty I take of making him known to you. This will the more need justification, as I have not the honor of being personally known to you myself. This circumstance however has not prevented my entertaining for you those sentiments of esteem and respect which your character is entitled to inspire, and which I beg leave to tender you, with sincere assurances of attachment and regard from Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedt & most humble servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0360", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 28 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia June 28. 1793.\nI should have taken time ere this to have considered the observations of Mr. Young, could I at this place have done it in such a way as would satisfy either him or myself. When I wrote the notes of the last year, I had never before thought of calculating what were the profits of a capital invested in Virginia agriculture. Yet that appeared to be what Mr. Young most desired. Lest therefore no other of those, whom you consulted for him, should attempt such a calculation, I did it. But being at such a distance from the country of which I wrote, and having been absent from that, and from the subject in consideration, many years, I could only, for my facts, recur to my own recollection, weakened by time and very different applications, and I had no means here of correcting my facts. I therefore hazarded the calculation rather as an essay of the mode of calculating the profits of a Virginia estate, than as an operation which was to be ultimately relied on. When I went last to Virginia, I put the press-copy of those notes into the hands of the most skilful and succesful farmer in the part of the country of which I wrote. He omitted to return them to me which adds another impediment to my resuming the subject here. But indeed if I had them, I could only present the same facts, with some corrections and some justifications of the principles of calculation. This would not, and ought not to satisfy Mr. Young. When I return home I shall have time and opportunity of answering Mr. Young\u2019s enquiries fully. I will first establish the facts as adapted to the present times, and not to those to which I was obliged to recur by recollection, and I will make the calculation on rigorous principles. The delay necessary for this will I hope be compensated, by giving something which no endeavors on my part shall be wanting to make worthy of confidence. In the mean time Mr. Young must not pronounce too hastily on the impossibility of an annual production of \u00a3750. worth of wheat coupled with a cattle product of \u00a3125. My object was to state the produce of a good farm, under good husbandry as practised in my part of the country. Manure does not enter into this, because we can buy an  acre of new land cheaper than we can manure an old one. Good husbandry with us consists in abandoning Indian corn, and tobacco, tending small grain, some red clover, fallowing, and endeavoring to have, while the lands are at rest, a spontaneous cover of white clover. I do not present this as a culture judicious in itself, but as good in comparison with what most people there pursue. Mr. Young has never had an opportunity of seeing how slowly the fertility of the original soil is exhausted, with moderate management of it. I can affirm that the James river low grounds with the cultivation of small grain will never be exhausted: because we know that under that cultivation we must now and then take them down with Indian corn, or they become, as they were originally, too rich to bring wheat. The highlands where I live have been cultivated about 60. years. The culture was tobacco and Indian corn as long as they would bring enough to pay the labour. Then they were turned out. After 4. or 5. years rest they would bring good corn again and in double that time perhaps good tobacco. Then they would be exhausted by a second series of tobacco and corn. Latterly we have begun to cultivate small grain: and excluding Indian corn, and fallowing, such of them as were originally good, soon rise up to 15. or 20. bushels the acre. We allow that every labourer will manage 10. acres of wheat, except at harvest.\u2014I have no doubt but the coupling cattle and sheep with this would prodigiously improve the produce. This improvement Mr. Young will be better able to calculate than any body else. I am so well satisfied of it myself, that having engaged a good farmer from the head of Elk (the style of farming there you know well) I mean in a farm of about 500. acres of cleared land and with a dozen laborers to try the plan of wheat, rye, potatoes, clover, with a mixture of some Indian corn with the potatoes, and to push the number of sheep. This last hint I have taken from Mr. Young\u2019s letters which you have been so kind as to communicate to me. I had never before considered with due attention the profit from that animal. I shall not be able to put the farm into that form exactly the ensuing autumn, but against another I hope I shall, and I shall attend with precision to the measures of the ground and of the product, which may perhaps give you something hereafter to communicate to Mr. Young which may gratify him. But I will furnish the ensuing winter what was desired in Mr. Young\u2019s letter of Jan. 17. 93. I have the honor to be with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir, your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0361", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Phineas Bond, 29 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bond, Phineas\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 29. 1793.\nI have this moment received your favor of yesterday informing me that you have appointed Edward Thornton to be your vice Consul at Baltimore and desiring that measures may be taken to have him received. The only measure to be taken is to furnish Mr. Thornton with the President\u2019s Exaquatur, which is in the nature of an Inspeximus, reciting that Mr. Thornton\u2019s \u2018commission has been produced to him.\u2019 This of course renders it requisite that the Commission should be presented to the President. It is also necessary to retain a copy in my office, to be entered among the records. This has been the course with all Consular and Viceconsular commissions. I must therefore trouble you, Sir, for Mr. Thornton\u2019s commission when the President returns, and the Exaquatur can then be issued. I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedt servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0362", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 29 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 29. 1793.\nThe persons who reclaimed the Ship William, as taken within the limits of the protection of the united States, having thought proper to carry their claim first into the Courts of Admiralty, there was no power in this Country which could take the vessel out of the custody of that Court, till it should decide itself whether it had jurisdiction or not of the cause; having now decided that it has not jurisdiction, the same Complaint is lodged with the Executive.\nI have the honor to enclose you the testimony whereon the Complaint is founded. Should this satisfy you that it is just, you will be so good as to give orders to the Consul of France at this port to take the vessel into his Custody and deliver her to the owners. Should it be overweighed in your judgment by any contradictory evidence, which you have, or may acquire, I will ask the favor of a communication of that evidence, and that the Consul retain the Vessel in his custody until the Executive of the united States consider and decide finally on the Subject. I have the honor to be with much respect Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0364", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 29 June 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nPhiladelphie le 29. Juin 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la R.\nJ\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de vous remettre dans ma premiere conference officielle avec vous le seul \u00e9xemplaire que J\u2019eusse entre mes mains de l\u2019\u00e9xpos\u00e9 de la Conduite de la nation fran\u00e7oise envers le peuple Anglois et des motifs qui ont amen\u00e9 la rupture entre la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7oise et le Roi d\u2019angleterre. Je viens de recevoir d\u2019autres \u00e9xemplaires de ce recueil publi\u00e9 par ordre de la Convention nationale et Je m\u2019empresse de vous les faire passer en vous priant d\u2019avoir la Complaisance de les distribuer aux differents membres de l\u2019Ex\u00e9cutif des Etats unis. Je vous adresse \u00e9galement ci Joint M., quelques \u00e9xemplaires du plan de Constitution pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 \u00e0 la Convention nationale par le comit\u00e9 de Constitution et un recueil de pieces Interessantes relatives au Jugement de Louis capet dernier Roi des fran\u00e7ois.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0366", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 29 June 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nYour last was of the 17th. inst: and covered one paper of the 12th. The weather has been very unfavorable for saving our crops of wheat. It has been from the commencement of the harvest either rainy, cloudy, or hot and damp. I still hope however our crops will be respectable. I have not been able to learn how Albemarle has fared. I have no reason to apprehend that you have more to complain of than we have. The present appearance of the weather is rather favorable. A few days more will put the wheat out of its reach.\nMy last was of the 19th. I have since seen several of the Natl. Gazettes which continue to teem with animadversions on the Proclamation. My opinion of it was expressed in my last. I foresee that a communication of it will make a part of the Speech to the next Congs. and that it will bring on some embarrassments. Much will depend on events in Europe; and it is to be regretted that the popularity of the President, or the policy of our Government should ever be staked on such contingencies. I observe that our vessels are frequently and insolently seized and searched for French Goods. Is not this complained of by our own people as a breach of the Modern law of nations; and whilst British Goods are protected by the Neutrality of our bottoms, will not remonstrances come from France on the subject? The present conveyance to Fredg. being made known at this instant only, I am obliged to conclude in haste with assurances of the affection with which I remain Dear Sir Yrs. sincerely\nJ. M. JR", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0367", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Simpson, 29 June 1793\nFrom: Simpson, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGibraltar, 29 June 1793. Having last written on 1 June, he now has just enough time to advise by way of the American brig Bacchus, recently released from detention by a Spanish privateer in Algeciras, that the army Muley Suliman sent from Rabat to the province of Shauia has been totally routed by a superior force opposed to its proceeding southward, in consequence of which Suliman returned to Mequinez with no hope for the present of \u201csucceeding to the general command of that unhappy Empire.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0368", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael and William Short, 30 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William,Short, William\nGentlemen\nI have received from Messrs. Viar and Jaudenes the representatives of Spain at this place, a letter, which, whether considered in itself, or as the sequel of several others, conveys to us very disagreeable prospects of the temper and views of their court towards us. If this letter is a faithful  expression of that temper, we presume it to be the effect of egregious misrepresentations by their agents in America. Revising our own dispositions and proceedings towards that power, we can find in them nothing but those of peace and friendship for them; and conscious that this will be apparent from a true statement of facts, I shall proceed to give you such a one to be communicated to the court of Madrid. If they find it very different from that conveyed to them by others, they may think it prudent to doubt, and to take and to give time for mutual enquiry and explanation. I shall proceed to give you this statement, beginning it from an early period.\nAt the commencement of the late war, the US. laid it down as a rule of their conduct to engage the Indian tribes within their neighborhood to remain strictly neutral. They accordingly strongly pressed it on them, urging that it was a family quarrel with which they had nothing to do, and in which we wished them to take no part: and we strengthened these recommendations by doing them every act of friendship and good neighborhood which circumstances left in our power. With some these sollicitations prevailed: but the greater part of them suffered themselves to be drawn into the war against us. They waged it in their usual cruel manner, murdering and scalping men, women and children indiscriminately, burning their houses, and desolating the country. They put us to vast expence, as well by the constant force we were obliged to keep up in that quarter, as by expeditions of considerable magnitude which we were under the necessity of sending into their country from time to time.\nPeace being at length concluded with England, we had it also to conclude with them. They had made war on us without the least provocation or pretence of injury, they had added greatly to the cost of that war; they had insulted our feelings by their savage cruelties, they were by our arms completely subdued and humbled. Under all these circumstances we had a right to demand substantial satisfaction and indemnification. We used that right however with real moderation. Their limits with us under the former government were generally ill\u2014defined, questionable, and the frequent cause of war. Sincerely desirous of living in their peace, of cultivating it by every act of justice and friendship, and of rendering them better neighbors by introducing among them some of the most useful arts, it was necessary to begin by a precise definition of boundary. Accordingly at the treaties held with them, our mutual boundaries were settled; and notwithstanding our just right to concessions adequate to the circumstances of the case, we required such only as were inconsiderable: and for even these, in order that we might place them in a state of perfect conciliation, we paid them a valuable consideration and granted them annuities in money which have been regularly  paid, and were equal to the prices for which they have usually sold their lands. Sensible as they were of the wrong they had done, they expected to make some indemnification, and were for the most part satisfied with the mode and measure of it. In one or two instances where a dissatisfaction was observed to remain as to the boundaries agreed on, or doubts were entertained of the authority of those with whom they were agreed, the US. invited the parties to new treaties, and rectified what appeared to be susceptible of it. This was particularly the case with the Creeks. They complained of an inconvenient cession of lands on their part, and by persons not duly representing their nation. They were therefore desired to appoint a proper deputation to revise their treaty and that there might be no danger of any unfair practices they were invited to come to the seat of the general government, and to treat with that directly. They accordingly came. A considerable proportion of what had been ceded was, on the revision, yielded back to them, and nothing required in lieu of it: and tho\u2019 they would have been better satisfied to have had the whole restored, yet they had obtained enough to satisfy them well. Their nation too would have been satisfied, for they were conscious of their aggression and of the moderation of the indemnity with which we had been contented. But at that time came among them an adventurer of the name of Bowles, who acting from an impulse with which we are unacquainted, flattered them with the hope of some foreign interference, which should undo what had been done, and force us to consider the naked grant of their peace as a sufficient satisfaction for their having made war on us. Of this adventurer the Spanish government rid us: but not of his principles, his practices, and his excitements against us. These were more than continued by the officers commanding at New Orleans, and Pensacola, and by agents employed by them and bearing their commission. Their proceedings have been the subject of former letters to you, and proofs of these proceedings have been sent to you. These with others now sent establish the facts that they called assemblies of the Southern Indians, openly persuaded them to disavow their treaties and the limits therein established, promised to support them with all the powers which depended on them, assured them of the protection of their sovereign, gave them arms in great quantities for the avowed purpose of committing hostilities on us, and promised them future supplies to their utmost need. The Chickasaws, the most steady and faithful friends of these states, have remained unshaken by these practices. So also have the Choctaws for the most part. The Cherokees have been teazed into some expressions of discontent, delivered only to the Spanish governors, or their agents; while to us they have continued to speak the language of peace and friendship. One part of the nation only, settled at Chuckamogga, and mixed with banditti and outcasts  from the Shawanese and other tribes, acknoleging controul from none, and never in a state of peace, have readily engaged in the hostilities against us to which they were encouraged. But what was much more important, great numbers of the Creeks, chiefly their young men, have yeilded to these incitements, and have now, for more than a twelve\u2014month, been committing murders and desolations on our frontiers. Really desirous of living in peace with them, we have redoubled our efforts to produce the same disposition in them. We have borne with their aggressions, forbidden all returns of hostility against them, tied up the hands of our people insomuch that few instances of retaliation have occurred even from our suffering citizens, we have multiplied our gratifications to them, fed them when starving from the produce of our own feilds and labour. No longer ago than the last winter, when they had no other resource against famine, and must have perished in great numbers, we carried into their country and distributed among them gratuitously 10,000 bushels of corn; and that too at the very time when their young men were daily committing murders on helpless women and children on our frontiers. And tho\u2019 these depredations now involve more considerable parts of the nation, we are still demanding the punishment of the guilty individuals and shall be contented with it. These acts of neighborly kindness and support on our part have not been confined to the Creeks, tho\u2019 extended to them in much the greatest degree. Like wants among the Chickasaws had induced us to send to them also, at first 500. bushels of corn, and afterwards 1500. more. Our language to all the tribes of Indians has constantly been to live in peace with one another, and in a most especial manner we have used our endeavors with those in the neighborhood of the Spanish colonies to be peaceable towards those colonies. I sent you on a former occasion the copy of a letter from the Secretary at War to Mr. Seagrove, one of our Agents with the Indians in that quarter, merely to convey to you the general Tenor of the conduct marked out for those Agents: and desired you, in placing before the Eyes of the Spanish ministry, the very contrary conduct observed by their agents here, to invite them to a reciprocity of good offices with our Indian neighbors, each for the other, and to make our common peace, the common object of both nations. I can protest that such has hitherto been the candid and zealous endeavors of this Government; that if it\u2019s Agents have in any instance acted in another way, it has been equally unknown and unauthorized by us, and that were even probable proofs of it produced, there would be no hesitation to mark them with the disapprobation of the Government. We expected the same friendly condescension from the Court of Spain, in furnishing you with proofs of the practices of the Governor de\nCarondelet in particular; practices avowed by him and attempted to be justified in his letter.\nIn this state of things, in such dispositions towards Spain, and towards the Indians, in such a course of proceedings, with respect to them, and while negotiations were instituted at Madrid for arranging these and all other matters which might affect our friendship and good understanding, we received from Messrs. de Viar and Jaudenes their letter of May 25th. which was the subject of mine of May 31st. to you; and now again we have received that of the 18th. instant, a copy of which is enclosed. This letter charges us, and in the most disrespectful Style with\n1. exciting the Chickasaws to war on the Creeks:\n2. furnishing them with provisions and arms:\n3. aiming at the occupation of a post at the Ecores amargas:\n4. giving medals and marks of distinction to several Indians:\n5. meddling with the affairs of such as are allies of Spain:\n6. not using efficacious means to prevent these proceedings.\nI shall make short observations on these charges.\n1. Were the 1st. true, it would not be unjustifiable. The Creeks have now a second time commenced against us a wanton and unprovoked war, and the present one in the face of a recent Treaty, and of the most friendly and charitable Offices on our part. There would be nothing out of the common course of proceeding then, for us to engage allies, if we needed any for their punishment. But we neither need, nor have sought them. The fact itself is utterly false, and we defy the world to produce a single proof of it. The declaration of war by the Chickasaws, as we are informed, was a very sudden thing, produced by the murder of some of their people by a party of Creeks, and produced so instantaneously as to give nobody time to interfere either to promote or prevent a rupture. We had, on the contrary most particularly exhorted that nation to preserve peace, because in truth we have a most particular friendship for them. This will be evident from a copy of the message of the President to them, among the papers now enclosed.\n2d. The Gift of provisions was but an act of that friendship to them, when in the same distress, which had induced us to give five times as much to the less friendly nation of the Creeks.\u2014But we have given arms to them. We believe it is the practice of every white nation to give arms to the neighboring Indians. The agents of Spain have done it abundantly, and we suppose not out of their own pockets, and this for purposes of avowed hostility on us, and they have been liberal in promises of further supplies. We have given a few arms to a very friendly Tribe, not to make war on Spain, but to defend themselves from the atrocities  of a vastly more numerous and powerful people, and one, which by a series of unprovoked and even unrepelled attacks on us, is obliging us to look towards war as the only means left of curbing their insolence.\n3. We are aiming, as is pretended, at an establishment on the Missisippi, at the Ecores amargas. Considering the measures of this nature with which Spain is going on, having, since her proposition to treat with us on the subject, established posts at the Walnut hills and other places for 200 miles upwards, it would not have been wonderful if we had taken countervailing measures. But the truth is, we have not done it. We wished to give a fair chance to the negotiation going on, and thought it but common candour to leave things in statu quo, to make no innovation, pending the negotiation. In this spirit we forbid and deterred even by military force a large association of our Citizens, under the name of the Yazoo companies, which had formed to settle themselves at those very walnut hills, which Spain has since occupied. And so far are we from meditating the particular establishment so boldly charged in this letter, that we know not what place is meant by the Ecores amargas. This charge then is false also.\n4. Giving medals and marks of distinction to the Indian Chiefs. This is but blindly hinted at in this letter, but was more pointedly complained of in the former. This has been an antient Custom from time immemorial. The medals are considered as complimentary things, as marks of friendship to those who come to see us, or who do us good offices, conciliatory of their good will towards us, and not designed to produce a contrary disposition towards others. They confer no power, and seem to have taken their origin in the European practice of giving medals or other marks of friendship to the negotiators of treaties, and other diplomatic Characters, or visitors of distinction. The British government, while it prevailed here, practised the giving Medals, Gorgets, and Bracelets to the Savages invariably. We have continued it, and we did imagine, without pretending to know, that Spain also did it.\n5. We meddle with the affairs of Indians in alliance with Spain. We are perfectly at a loss to know what this means. The Indians on our frontier have treaties both with Spain and us. We have endeavored to cultivate their friendship, to merit it by presents, charities and exhortations to peace with their neighbors, and particularly with the subjects of Spain. We have carried on some little commerce with them, merely to supply their wants. Spain too has made them presents, traded with them, kept agents among them, though their country is within the limits established as ours at the general peace. However Spain has chosen to have it understood that she has some claim to some parts of that Country, and that it must be one of the subjects of our present negotiations. Out of respect for her then, we have considered her pretensions  to the Country; though it was impossible to believe them serious, as colouring pretensions to a concern with those Indians on the same Ground with our own, and we were willing to let them go on till a treaty should set things to rights between us.\n6. Another article of complaint, is that we have not used efficacious means to suppress these practices. But if the charge is false, or the practice justifiable, no suppression is necessary.\nAnd lastly, these Gentlemen say that on a view of these proceedings of the United States with respect to Spain and the Indians their allies, they foresee that our peace with Spain is very problematical in future. The principal object of the letter being our supposed excitements of the Chickasaws against the Creeks, and their protection of the latter, are we to understand from this that if we arm to repel the attacks of the Creeks, on ourselves, it will disturb our peace with Spain? That if we will not fold our arms and let them butcher us without resistance, Spain will consider it as a cause of war? This is, indeed, so serious an intimation that the President has thought it could no longer be treated with subordinate Characters, but that his sentiments should be conveyed to the Government of Spain itself, through you.\nWe love and we value peace: we know it\u2019s blessings from experience. We abhor the follies of war, and are not untried in it\u2019s distresses and calamities. Unmeddling with the affairs of other nations, we had hoped that our distance and our dispositions would have left us free in the example and indulgence of peace with all the world. We had, with sincere and particular dispositions courted and cultivated the friendship of Spain. We have made to it great sacrifices of time and interest, and were disposed to believe she would see her interests also in a perfect coalition and good understanding with us. Cherishing still the same sentiments, we have chosen, in the present instance, to ascribe the intimations in this letter to the particular character of the writers, displayed in the peculiarity of the style of their communications; and, therefore, we have removed the cause from them to their sovereign, in whose justice and love of peace we have Confidence. If we are disappointed in this appeal, if we are to be forced into a contrary order of things, our Mind is made up. We shall meet it with firmness. The necessity of our position, will supercede all appeal to calculation, now as it has done heretofore. We confide in our own strength, without boasting of it; we respect that of others, without fearing it. If we cannot otherwise prevail on the Creeks to discontinue their depredations, we will attack them in force. If Spain chuses to consider our self\u2014defence against savagebutchery as a cause of war to her, we must meet her also in war, with regret, but without fear; and we shall be happier to the last moment to repair with her to the tribunal of peace and reason.\nThe President charges you to communicate the contents of this letter to the Court of Madrid, with all the temperance and delicacy, which the dignity and character of that Court, render proper; but with all the firmness and selfrespect, which befit a nation conscious of it\u2019s rectitude, and settled in it\u2019s purpose. I have the honour to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect, Gentlemen, your most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0369", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 30 June 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia June 30. 1793\nI have to acknolege the receipt of your favor of the 25th. inst. on the subject of vessels belonging to the enemies of France which have procured arms within our ports for their defence. Those from Charleston and Philadelphia have gone off before it was known to the government, and the former indeed in the first moments of the war, and before preventive measures could be taken in so distant a port. The day after my receipt of your letter the communications now inclosed from the governor of Maryland came to hand, and prevented our interference on the subject of the Trusty Capt. Hale, a vessel loaded with flour and lumber and bound to Barbadoes. You will perceive by these papers that the governor of Maryland had got information that she was buying guns, and had given orders for the examination of the fact, but that she got off before the officer could get on board, having cleared out three or four days before. It appears that she was of 300. tuns burthen and had mounted 4. small guns.The case of the Swallow is different  from any which has yet been presented to the President. It shall be submitted to him on his return; and no doubt will meet his earliest attention and decision. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0370", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Lyall and Others, 30 June 1793\nFrom: Lyall, William,et al.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nCross Mill Printfield 30th June 1793\nWe must begin our letter with apologizing for presuming to write to one so elevated in life, by holding so high and Honorable office in such a great State. It being on a subject that however interesting we may think it is to us as individuals, is but of small importance to You, but the many testifications to the world of the worthy Presidents and the other Legislators fatherly care of the prosperity and happiness of their Subjects, and their eagerness to establish and encourage every branch of Manufacture in America, has induced us to throw aside every obstacle, and make bold  to intrude, as the only way we could think of to obtain sure information respecting the state and progress of the particular branch of Manufacture which we profess. Sir the under signed persons have served a regular apprenticeship of seven Years to the different Branches necessary to carry on the Callico Printing Business, and hearing that altho it has hitherto made but little progress in America, that Government was now encouraging Gentlemen to enter partnership for to Establish it, and that they were building houses and making out grounds for that purpose, but was at a loss for people bred to the Business to carry it on. As we are all willing to engage if encouragement was given, we have used every endeavour to find if the report was true, by applying to people in business who have Correspondence in America, but they either could not give us that satisfaction or rather was not willing as most of them dissuaded us from leaving our own Country, being apprehensive of us carrying away the art of our Manufacture. And being sensable that on account of the complex nature of our business that it cannot be established to any extent in any country untill it is well advance in other trade and Manufactures we think it would be a risk to come over on mere report as we could be of little service to ourselvs and families if we did not find employment at our own Business and of Consequence incumberers of Society. Being also altogether at a loss how to direct to any person carrying it on, or about to do so we are under the necessity of adopting this method which we hope Sir You will pardon, and are hopefull if there is any Company stands in need of such as us you will be so good as take the trouble to give them information where to apply. Sir most of us have been employed at a printing Manufactary that sends goods into the Market equal in point of Quality to any in this Country. And we also can say that hitherto we have been sober Industrous members of Society, which several respectable people will attest, we therefore are in no doubt but we will give satisfaction to our employers.\nSir It is necessary to give the reasons which makes us desirous of leaving our own Country. It is because we have for along time been liable to be engaged in that Monster War, for we are no sooner out of one dispute and bustle of preparation for Wars with some or other of our nighbours, but we are into another, which nevers fails to do much mischief to a Nation that abounds so much in trade and Manufacture and of Consequence throws many usefull members of Society out of employment which this unpopular contest we are presently engaged in evidences in a too conspicuous manner, and we have reason to belive that such circumstances will be the Case while a reformation of the abuses that has creept into our Constitution is not obtained\u2014for while that is not obtained, so long must we continue a dupe to the humour and Caprice of the Minister of the day. Sir these are the reasons which has  caused many thousands with ourselves be desirous of removing to a Country [whose?] present purity of Constitution and Situation renders it in all Human probability much more free from such disastrous circumstances.\nSir we again Humbly request that if You know the Business to be in such a State as to requier operators and consistant with the Rank You hold in the State to take notice of this, please cause them direct to William Lyall Callico Printer Crossmill Printfield Care of Messrs. McDonald & McAlpin Merchants Trongate Glasgow which will be much Esteem\u2019d by Sir Your most obedient and very Humble Servants\nWilliam Lyall\u2014Printer and Colour maker\nJohn Bowman\u2007Drawer & Print Cutter\nAlexr Bowman\u2007Cutter\nJohn Baird\u2007Printer\nJames Dunlop\u2007Printer\nWilliam Gardner\u2007Printer\nJames Lyle\u2007Printer\nPeter Sym\u2007Printer\nJames Bruce\u2007Printer\nJames Peacock\u2007Printer\nWilliam Peacock\u2007Printer\nJames Scot\u2007Printer\nWilliam Barry\u2007Dyer\nJames Robertson\u2007Bleacher\nNB These profess the branch we call Block Printing but we can also have Engravers and Copper plate Printers.\nW L", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0371", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Michael Morphy, 30 June 1793\nFrom: Morphy, Michael\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM\u00e1laga, 30 June 1793. On the 20th he received by the schooner Fredericksburg Packet of Philadelphia, Atkinson Anderson master, TJ\u2019s letter of 2 Mch., the consular commission for him granted by the President and Senate, and related laws, which with the 26 Aug. 1790 circular to consuls and vice-consuls will serve as his standing instructions. He thanks the President, Senate, and TJ for his appointment and promises to use his residence of forty years in Spain to the advantage of American trade and navigation. He forwarded his commission on the 25th to William Carmichael in order to obtain a royal  exequatur, as without it no consul can act officially in the seaports. He is pleased by the strict neutrality of the United States during the present European war and hopes that it will redound to her commercial advantage. To the east of M\u00e1laga, however, there is great danger from the Algerine rovers hovering off the Spanish coast, two of which captured the schooner Lark of Marblehead, John Pattin master, on 9 May while bound for here from Cartagena with a few barrels of beef and 1,000 dollars on board. The master and crew escaped, but a small American naval force is needed in the Mediterranean to bring about a speedy settlement with the states on the African coast. The Portuguese squadron stationed at Gibraltar protects ships of powers at war with the Algerines. Despite the lack of a commercial treaty between the United States and Spain, American vessels and subjects receive the same treatment in ports on this continent as those of favored powers, a situation he will strive to maintain. The trade of nations at war with France suffers, but the contest is expected to end soon because of defeats of the French, divisions among them, and the growing strength of the royalist party. He encloses a list of the forces under the command of Lord Hood, whose fleet left Gibraltar for the Mediterranean on 27 June to join the Spanish fleet of 26 ships of the line and several frigates, armed vessels, and gunboats, though for what purpose only time will tell. The King of Sardinia awaits their arrival to commence operations with his army, and the Spanish armies make progress in France near the frontier and apparently will soon be masters of all Roussillon. He hopes Congress will establish special dues on trade to compensate consuls for their expenses in maintaining the dignity of their offices, especially in Spain. He requests a copy of the navigation act passed by the last session of Congress allowing consuls to own vessels under American colors, as well as any other act proper for his office, and asks TJ to number his letters. He wishes to know if the report on trade he must submit to TJ\u2019s department every six months is to include the quality of goods only or the contents. If the latter, masters of vessels should sign a report of their homeward cargoes before him for presentation at the customs house, for it seems useless to delay in conveying this information.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0373", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 30 June 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMount Vernon June 30th: 1793.\nThe enclosed letter from the Governor of New York, covering a communication to him from the Consul of the French Republic at that place, respecting the continuance of a British Letter of Marque in the Harbour of New York\u2014reached my hands by the post of last evening; and I now transmit it to you, that it may be taken into consideration by yourself and the other Heads of the Departments, as soon as may be after this letter gets to your hands. If you should be unanimous in Your opinions as to the measures which ought to be pursued by the Government, in the case now communicated\u2014You, or the Secretary of War (to whose department it belongs) will transmit, in my name, the result of your deliberations on the subject, to the Governor of New York for his information\u2014and to be communicated by him to the French Consul at that place. But in case there should be a difference of sentiment among the Gentlemen on the matter, I must request that the several opinions may be sent to me for my consideration\u2014and the Governor of New York informed, that a decision will be had in the case as soon as I return to the seat of Government; which I expect will be about the tenth of next month\u2014notwithstanding the death of my Manager and the consequent derangement of my concerns would make my presence here for a longer time, at this important season, almost indispensable: But I know the urgency and delicacy of our public affairs at present will not permit me to be longer absent, I must therefore submit with the best grace I can to the loss and inconvenience which my private affairs will sustain from the want of my personal attention, or that of a confidential Character,  the obtaining of which I have no prospect at present. With very great regard, I am, Dear Sir, Your Affecte & Obedt Servt.\nG Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0375", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 1 July 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLisbon, 1 July 1793. In compliance with the instruction in TJ\u2019s letter of 15 Mch. 1791 he encloses a state of his accounts with the United States and vouchers for the past year. He was surprised to learn a few days ago that Mace and Lucas, the British consuls in Barbary mentioned in his 8 Feb. letter, were still at Gibraltar. Both seemed anxious to avoid delay, and Mace especially assured him of his urgent need to return to Algiers on public business. If Captain Cutting (from whom he has not yet received intelligence) had arrived by an early passage, they might have gone at the same time as the British consuls, who will supposedly leave as soon as Lord Hood arrives momentarily to convoy them. He has heard nothing from the American captives in Algiers since transmitting information about them. The Lark, a Marblehead schooner commanded by Captain Patten, was lately captured by an Algerine cruiser off Cape Gata; the crew escaped and is at Gibraltar. He did not see Montgomery of Alicante when he passed by here a few days ago on his way to England. Moroccan affairs are far from settled, as indicated by an extract of a late letter from Simpson giving news from Tangier of the defeat of some of Muley Suliman\u2019s troops by inhabitants of the midland provinces, thus blasting his hopes of suddenly winning sole dominion over Morocco. He expects shortly to have an opportunity of writing by way of New York and hopes then to be able to announce Cutting\u2019s arrival. P.S. 4 July. The Minister of Marine here has learned that Lord Hood has arrived at Gibraltar and that as soon as he is joined by part of his fleet watering at C\u00e1diz he will proceed up the Mediterranean with 21 ships of the line and a similar number of frigates and other armed vessels, so that something important there might be expected. The Portuguese fleet, mentioned in his last letter as having sailed for an unknown destination, encountered a storm that forced several ships to return for refitting. A misunderstanding between the Minister of Marine and some of the commanders has led to the resignation of the admiral and two captains of great families. The fleet left again two days ago for England after some British naval officers previously sent for arrived to serve under another Portuguese admiral. There is no interesting news about belligerent military operations, and by the last advices Valenciennes and Conde were untaken.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0376", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Logan, 1 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Logan, George\nTh: Jefferson presents his friendly compliments to Dr. Logan. Having engaged a good farmer to go and put one of his plantations in Virginia into a regular course of farming, and being about to give him his plan, he takes the liberty of submitting it to Dr. Logan, in whose experience and judgment he has great confidence. He begs him to favor him with his observations on it, freely and as fully in writing as his leisure will permit. He is himself but a tyro in agriculture, and it being of great importance to set out right in plans de longue haleine, he hopes it will be his excuse with Dr. Logan for the trouble he gives him.What number of constant labourers (men and women in equal number) would such a farm require?\u2014If sheep, instead of cattle, should be made the principal object, what number of sheep are equivalent to a given number of cattle old and young, for making manure? Th:J. is desirous of substituting sheep for cattle to as great an extent as a true calculation of interest will admit.\u2014Mr. Young\u2019s writings are so voluminous one cannot think of buying the whole. Which of them must one buy, in order to have every thing useful which he has written? For it is apprehended that many of his volumes are mere repetitions of what is to be found in the others.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0378", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 1 July 1793\nFrom: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAmsterdam 1 July 1793.\nSince our last Respects of 4 April, We are honored with your esteemed favors of 20 March and 12 April through Thos. Pinckney Esqr. who advised us to have received from you bills of Exchange to the amount of \u00a34000. Stg. of which\n\u00a33,000.Dft of Willing Morris & Swanwick on John & Francis Baring & Co. of London has been protested for non acceptance, but hope has been given it will be paid.\n400.Do. of Walter Stewart on Joseph Birch of Liverpool has been protested for non acceptance.\n  150.}Do. of Robert Gilmor & Co. on James Srackan [Strachan] & James Mackenzie in London have been accepted.\n\u00a34,000.Stg. That we have requested Mr. Pinckney to endorse to our order, and afterwards to deliver unto our Correspondents in London subject to our disposal.\nWe shall attend to do the needfull with these Bills, returning unto You with protests such as will be finally refused payment, and crediting the Department of State for those that will be paid.\nIn the mean time, to comply with Your standing directions, we inclose You the account current of the Department of State with us, up to the 30th. June, the Balance whereof due unto us, Cy. \u019236, 795.17. We transfer unto the Debit of a New Account: Against which will be placed the produce of the aforegoing Remittance made by You to Mr. Pinckney.\nMr. Pinckney writes us in advising the fate of your remittances, \u201cI doubt not however you will take such measures as will prevent the public service from suffering in case these Bills should not be paid when due, as I know the purpose for which Colo: Humphreys is Authorized to draw is of considerable importance.\u201d Upon which point We shall tranquillize him perfectly, by to morrow\u2019s post, in full confidence you will not leave the account for the department of State with us, in long Sufferance.\nWe likewise send You the State of the Separate appropriations You have made of Funds in our hands, lest they may be requisite to enable You to make up Your annual accounts, the Completion of which we shall punctually furnish.\nShould You make us any further remittances in Bills upon England, We beg of You to forward them to our Friends Messrs. John Henry Cazenove Nephew & Co. of London, desiring them to procure the acceptance thereof, and to hold them subject to our disposal; by which means the period of their payment and the risque will be the sooner expired. They are nevertheless to be indorsed by You to us.\nThe Crisis this Country has been in by the invasion of the French being now over, the Correspondence with us may be continued in the usual direct manner. We are respectfully Sir! Your most obedient humble Servants\nWilhem & Jan Willink\nN. & J. Van Staphorst & Hubbard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0379", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, [3 July 1793]\nFrom: S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe Swedish Sloop Betsey, Willm. Johnston Master, from and belonging to St: Bartholome, Being duely Registered and documented by the Governour of said Island, and owned by Messrs. Houseman & Mashiler, Swedish Burgers and Subjects of said mentioned Island, Said Vessell also loaded with Sugar and Rum partly for the said owners, and partly for two passengers Accounts, and Bills of ladings Signed for Baltimor\u2014This Vessell was taken possession of by a franch privatire last Wednesday, In sight of land, the Pilot having been on board some hours previous, and in whose Care she than was, Sent in to Baltimor and their arrived safe last Saturday morning.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0380", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 3 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe President Sends to the Secretary of State the enclosed letter from Mr. Chiappe, which has been forwarded by Mr. Simpson at Gibralter. If, upon translating this letter, there should be found in it any thing important to be communicated to the President\u2014the Secretary will do it when the President arrives in Philadelphia.\nThe President proposes to set out from this place on sunday next.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0381", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Maury, 4 July 1793\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLiverpool, 4 July 1793. There has been no material change since the price current of 3 June enclosed in his last letter. He will pay special attention to the orders about the American flag in TJ\u2019s 21 Mch. letter. His brother Fontaine informs him the bond has been effected. On 23 June the Aerial of Philadelphia, Stephen Decatur master, was seized and brought here by the Liverpool privateer Union while on its way from St. Thomas to Bordeaux with 24 French passengers and sundry merchandise, enough of which the captors claim is French property to justify the capture. The usual proceedings have just begun, and Decatur has left for London. On 1 July the George, Captain Latouche, bound from Baltimore to Le Havre with a cargo of flour, was brought here after being captured on 21 June by the Liverpool privateer Ann, recaptured by the French, and then taken by another Liverpool privateer. He encloses an 8 June paper just published.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0382", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John M. Pintard, 4 July 1793\nFrom: Pintard, John Marsden\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMadeira, 4 July 1793. He has received TJ\u2019s 3 Jan. reply to his letter of 5 Oct. and is pleased to learn that the subject of consular fees at Madeira and Lisbon had already been brought to TJ\u2019s attention and that it is planned to submit information thereon with the consular act to the Attorney General for an opinion. In response to TJ\u2019s request for information, he advises that these fees would not be given to someone else if the consul refused them because they are paid for services rendered by a consul and no one else could claim them. His letter of 5 Nov. informed TJ that these fees were received for actual services the Portuguese government imposes on the consul. In those countries where the consul has no services to perform, fees would burden commerce, \u201cbut where a man works he ought to be paid for his labour.\u201d The duties of his office require the constant attendance of himself or his vice-consul, and the attendant writing requires an extra clerk. If he charged two dollars for every declaration or other act made before him by captains, he is confident his fees would exceed those he now takes, a matter more fully described in a declaration signed by American shipmasters who were here last September. He hopes to hear from TJ on this subject. He encloses a copy of the passports that in conformity with Article 25 of the commercial treaty with France he has given to all vessels belonging to the United States which have sailed from here since the French declaration of war and wishes to know whether he should continue to give them to vessels arriving from the United States without a presidential passport or whether he should endorse on the back of them the time of entry and clearance of the vessels from here. Since the death of the French consul here, French prisoners have applied to him several times to appear \u201cas the Consul of an Ally of their Nation,\u201d but he has avoided doing anything publicly until receiving TJ\u2019s opinion, though he has assisted them with advice and got some liberated.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0383", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Simpson, 4 July 1793\nFrom: Simpson, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGibraltar, 4 July 1793. He encloses a copy of his 29 June dispatch to TJ sent by the brig Bacchus of Philadelphia, since which there has been no interesting news from Barbary. Seeing no likelihood of a speedy accommodation between the pretenders to the Moroccan throne, Spain has sought to demonstrate her neutrality by lately sending one consul to reside in Safi under Muley Ischem\u2019s dominion and another to Tangier under Muley Suliman. Last Sunday a Turkish bashaw, lately governor of the Crimea, arrived in Leghorn on his way to Muley Suliman\u2019s court, some say to act as the Grand Segnior\u2019s mediator between the two brothers and others for private business. The row boats from Oran that continue to infest the hithermost parts of the Mediterranean make  navigation above M\u00e1laga very unsafe for unarmed vessels with American colors. The Moorish cruisers all lay totally neglected; none of the larger ones will ever be fit for sea again, and the smaller galleys are little better. Lord Hood sailed from here for the Mediterranean on 27 June with twenty sail of the line and about the same number of frigates and smaller vessels, joined by Don Juan de L\u00e1ngara from C\u00e1diz, besides the Cartagena fleet, with five three-deckers and three 70-gun ships. Other than deterring the ships at Toulon, the object of this grand fleet is publicly unknown.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0384", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Elias Vanderhorst, 4 July 1793\nFrom: Vanderhorst, Elias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPlymouth, 4 July 1793. He takes this opportunity by the American ship Amsterdam Packet, Captain Weeks, bound for New York from London, to advise that two ships owned by United States citizens have been brought here and detained on the pretense that all or part of their cargoes are French property. The Eliza, Captain Worsley, bound from the Isle of France to Dunkirk and Ostend, was captured by the Liberty, a privateer from London, where Worsley now is and where the ship and cargo, it appears, will soon be released with the payment of damages for detention. The Jay, Captain Thomas Durry, bound from New York to Le Havre, was captured by the royal armed brig Orestes, Lord Augustus Fitzroy, who left again on another cruise immediately thereafter. The failure to libel the Jay, which has been in port for twenty days, suggests that the captors have little hope of securing the condemnation of any part of the cargo and that the chief object is to prevent the provisions aboard her from reaching France, wherefore he expects the government to pay for the whole cargo and to make satisfaction to all concerned in the ship and cargo. As mentioned in a previous letter, he had intended to continue in office John Hawker, the vice-consul appointed by Thomas Auldjo for this port, but he assumed that his consular authority here had lapsed after learning that Robert Were Fox had been appointed vice-consul for Falmouth, which includes Plymouth. Informed last night, however, by Thomas Were Fox that, on Pinckney\u2019s advice, his brother could not serve because his commission was made out by mistake to Edward Fox, he has resumed his consular authority here and hopes that allowances will be made for his lack of experience with the many new and untried matters in public affairs. For further particulars on this and other matters, he refers TJ to the bearer, Dr. Adair, who during a short stay here proved to be a well-informed gentleman and a friend to America and mankind. He encloses a hasty but true declaration by Captain Durry. Three days ago he received TJ\u2019s 21 Mch. letter with the accompanying laws of the last congressional session and will reply more fully to his instructions at a more convenient time.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0386", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 5 July [1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr. Hamilton presents his Compliments to the Secretary of State\u2014requests to be informed, if it will be convenient to him to meet the Secretary at War and Mr. H. to day at twelve oClock. If it will, they will be at that hour at Mr. Jefferson\u2019s office.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0387", "content": "Title: Notes of Cabinet Meeting and Conversations with Edmond Charles Genet, 5 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nJuly 5. 1793. A meeting desired by A.H. at my office. Himself, Knox and my self met accordingly.\nHe said that according to what had been agreed on in presence of the President, in consequence of Mr. Genet\u2019s declining to pay the 45,000 D. at his command in the treasury to the holders of the St. Domingo bills, we had agreed to pay the holders out of other monies to that amount: that he found however that these bills would amount to 90,000D. and the question was whether he should assume the 90,000.  to be paid out of the September instalment. This he said would enable the holders to get discounts at the banks, would therefore be equal to ready money, and save them from bankruptcy. Unanimously agreed to.\nWe also agreed to a letter written by Genl. Knox to Govr. Mifflin to have a particular enquiry made whether the Little Sarah is arming &c. or not.\nI read letter from the Presidt. about the Swallow letter of Mark at N. York, complained of by the French Consul. Agreed as the case was new, to let it wait for the Presidt.\nI read also Govr. Lee\u2019s letter about the Govr. of S.C.\u2019s proclamation respecting pestilential disease in W. Indies. We are all of opinion the evidence is too slight for interference and doubt the power to interfere. Therefore let it lie.\nMr. Genet called on me and read to me very rapidly instructions he had prepared for Michaud who is going to Kentuckey, an address to the inhabitants of Louisiana, and another to those of Canada. In these papers it appears that besides encouraging those inhabitants to insurrection, he speaks of two generals at Kentuckey who have proposed to him to go and take N. Orleans if he will furnish the expence about \u00a33000. sterl. He declines advancing it, but promises that sum ultimately for their expences, proposes that officers shall be commissioned by himself in Kentuckey and Louisiana, that they shall rendezvous out of the territories of the US: suppose in Louisiana, and there making up a battalion to be called theof inhabitants of Louisiana and Kentuckey and getting what Indns. they could, to undertake the expedition against N. Orleans, and then Louisiana to be established into an independant state connected in commerce with France and the US. That two frigates shall go into the river Missisipi and cooperate against N. Orleans.\u2014The address to Canada, was to encourage them to shake off English yoke, to call Indians to their assistance, and to assure them of the friendly dispositions of their neighbors of the US.\nHe said he communicated these things to me, not as Secy. of state, but as Mr. Jeff. I told him that his enticing officers and souldiers from Kentuckey to go against Spain, was really putting a halter about their necks, for that they would assuredly be hung, if they commd. hostilities against a nation at peace with the US. That leaving out that article I did not care what insurrections should be excited in Louisiana.\nHe had, about a fortnight ago sent me a commission for Michaud as Consul of France at Kentuckey, and desired an Exequatur. I told him  this could not be given, that it was only in the ports of the US. they were entitled to Consuls, and that if France should have a consul at Kentuckey Engld. and Spain would soon demand the same, and we should have all our interior country filled with foreign agents. He acquiesced, and asked me to return the commission and his note, which I did. But he desired that I would give Michaud a letter of introduction for Govr. Shelby. I sent him one a day or two after. He now observes to me that in that letter I speak of him only as a person of botanical and natural pursuits, but that he wished the Govr. to view him as something more, as a French citizen possessing his confidence. I took back the letter, and wrote another. See both.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0389", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Peirce, 6 July 1793\nFrom: Peirce, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNewport July 6th 1793\nMr. B. Bourn has communicated to me your desire to be informed of the commercial transactions between the United States of America and Denmark, and the embarrasments it is subject too for want of a commercial treaty. Tobacco, rice, and Indigo, with all other articles of American produce admissible in the ports of Denmark for consumption are liable to an exaction of 50 \u214c Ct. upon the Duties of the like goods imported in English, Dutch, or the Ships of any Nation in treaty with Denmark, (which is call\u2019d the Aliens duty). For your information have inclosed a Copy of the Customhouse charges against a Cargo of rice and tobacco exactly as they would Stand against an English and American Ship, from which you will discover that the extra duty in an American bottom amounts the Customary Peace freight.\nSuppose Mr. Saabye the American Consul at Copenhagen who is one of the most Intelligent merchants in Europe has furnished you with an account of the american goods landed in that port in the Year 1792, from which you will discover the advantage the English, Dutch &c have  over the Americans in carrying our own produce to market. This difficulty of the duty of aliens would be removed the moment a treaty is Signed, and as the Danes at present appear to be the most rational Nation in Europe and much attached to the American flag, I think we may expect to have the priveledges of the most favored nations in a commercial treaty, if it was managed with address. Any further information I shall freely communicate. I am, sir, with respect Your Obedient Hble Servant\nBen Peirce\nPS. The Exports of St. Petersburg for 1792 is inclosed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0392", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mifflin, 7 July 1793\nFrom: Mifflin, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhil: 7 July 1793.\nIn consequence of the request contained in a letter from the Secretary at War, I instituted an enquiry, respecting the equipment of the Little Sarah, as an armed vessel, in this Port; and as she will probably sail this day, I am anxious to receive a communication from the officers of the  Federal Government on the Subject. I have dispatched a messenger to Genl. Knox, requesting an interview; and I have inclosed the Report of the Master Warden, which you will be pleased to return. I am, with great esteem, Sir, Yr. most obedt Serv.\nTho Mifflin", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0393", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Nathaniel Falconer to Thomas Mifflin, 6 July 1793\nFrom: Falconer, Nathaniel\nTo: Mifflin, Thomas\nEnclosureNathaniel Falconer to Thomas Mifflin\nSir\nWardens Office Philadelphia 6th. July 1793\nIn obedience to your Excellencys Letter of the 5th. Instant; I beg Leave to make the following report on the Little Brig Sarah.\nFrom the Best Information I can obtain; When She Sailed from this Port she had four Iron Cannon Mounted, and a number of wooden; and She returned into this port a Prize to the Frigat L\u2019Ambuscaid in the Same Situation.\nHer present Situation, as to Military Equipment is 14 Iron Cannon and Six Swivels now mounted. The Crew is to consist (including Officers, Men and Boys) of One Hundred and Twenty but there is at present very few of her Crew on Board; The officer on Board says he does not Know of any American having entered. There seem\u2019s to be plenty of French Sailors about the wharves.\nThe Captains Uniform is Blue turned up with read.\nThis is the Best Information I can obtain at Present. I am your Excellencyes\nMost obedt. Humble Servant\nNathl Falconer Master warden of the port", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0394", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 7 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMy Dear Daughter\nPhiladelphia July 7. 1793.\nMy head has been so full of farming since I have found it necessary to prepare a plan for my manager, that I could not resist the addressing my last weekly letters to Mr. Randolph and boring him with my plans.\u2014Maria writes to you to-day. She is getting into tolerable health, tho\u2019 not good. She passes two or three days in the week with me, under the trees, for I never go into the house but at the hour of bed. I never before  knew the full value of trees. My house is entirely embosomed in high plane trees, with good grass below, and under them I breakfast, dine, write, read and receive my company. What would I not give that the trees planted nearest round the house at Monticello were full grown.\u2014Can you make a provision of endive plants for the winter? Of celery I take for granted it may be done. But endive in great abundance would be a most valuable addition. I shall be in time for preparing covered places to transplant it to. Present me affectionately to Mr. Randolph and to the friends you have with you, and kiss the dear children for me. Adieu my dear. Yours with unceasing affection\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0395", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinions on the Little Sarah, 8 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nAt a meeting at the State house of the city of Philadelphia July 8. 1793.\nPresent the Secretary of state, the Secretary of the Treasury, the Secretary at War.\nIt appears that a brigantine called the Little Sarah has been fitted out at the port of Philadelphia, with fourteen cannon, and all other equipments indicating that she is intended as a Privateer to cruise under the authority of France, and that she is now lying in the river Delaware at some place between this city and Mud-island; that a conversation has been had between the Secretary of state and the Minister Plenipotentiary of France, in which conversation the Minister refused to give any explicit assurance that the brigantine would continue until the arrival of the President and his decision in the case, but made declarations respecting her not being ready to sail within the time of the expected return of the President from which the Secretary of state infers with confidence that she will not sail till the President will have an opportunity of considering and determining the case.\u2014That in the course of the conversation the Minister declared that the additional guns which had been taken in by the Little Sarah were French property, but the Governor of Pensylvania declared that he has good ground to believe that two of her cannon were purchased here of citizens of Philadelphia. The Governor of Pensylvania asks advice what steps, under the circumstances he shall pursue?\nThe Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of war are of opinion that it is expedient that immediate measures should be taken provisionally for establishing a battery on Mud island, under cover of a party  of militia, with direction that if the brig Sarah should attempt to depart before the pleasure of the President shall be known concerning her, military coercion be employed to arrest and prevent her progress.\nAlexander Hamilton\nH Knox\nThe Secretary of state dissents from this opinion.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0396", "content": "Title: Dissenting Opinion on the Little Sarah, 8 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nI am against the preceding opinion of the Secretaries of the Treasury and War, for ordering a battery to be erected on Mud-island, and firing on the Little Sarah, an armed vessel of the Republic of France.\nBecause I am satisfied from what passed between Mr. Genet and myself at our personal interview yesterday, that the vessel will not be ordered to sail till the return of the President, which, by a letter of this day\u2019s post, we may certainly expect within eight and forty hours from this time.\nBecause the erecting a battery and mounting guns to prevent her passage, might cause a departure not now intended, and produce the fact it is meant to prevent.\nBecause were such battery and guns now in readiness and to fire on her, in the present ardent state of her crew just in the moment of leaving port, it is morally certain that bloody consequences would follow. No  one could say how many lives would be lost on both sides, and all experience has shewn that, blood once seriously spilled, between nation and nation, the contest is continued by subordinate agents, and the door of peace is shut. At this moment too we expect in the river 20. of their ships of war, with a fleet of from 100. to 150. of their private vessels, which will arrive at the scene of blood in time to continue it, if not to partake in it.\nBecause the actual commencement of hostilities, against a nation, for such this act may be, is an act of too serious consequence to our countrymen to be brought on their heads by subordinate officers, not chosen by them, nor cloathed with their confidence; and too presumptuous on the part of those officers, when the chief magistrate, into whose hands the citizens have committed their safety, is within eight and forty hours of his arrival here, and may have an opportunity of judging for himself and them, whether the buying and carrying away two cannon, (for according to information, the rest are the nation\u2019s own property) is sufficient cause of war between Americans and Frenchmen.\nBecause should the vessel, contrary to expectation, depart before the President\u2019s arrival, the adverse Powers may be told the truth of the case, that she went off contrary to what we had a right to expect, that we shall be justifiable in future cases to measure our confidence accordingly, that for the present we shall demand satisfaction from France, which, with the proofs of good faith we have already given, ought to satisfy them. Above all, Great Britain ought not to complain: for, since the date of the order forbidding that any of the belligerent powers should equip themselves in our ports with our arms, these two cannon are all that have escaped the vigilance of our officers on the part of their enemies, while their vessels have carried off more than ten times the number, without any impediment: and if the suggestion be true (and as yet it is but suggestion) that there are 15. or 20. Americans on board the Little Sarah, who have gone with their own consent, it is equally true that more than ten times that number of Americans are at this moment on board English ships of war, who have been taken forcibly from our Merchant vessels, at sea or in port, wherever met with, and compelled to bear arms against the friends of their country. And is it less a breach of our neutrality towards France to suffer England to strengthen herself with our force, than towards England to suffer France to do so? And are we equally ready and disposed to sink the British vessels in our ports by way of reprisal for this notorious and avowed practice?\nBecause it is inconsistent for a nation which has been patiently bearing for ten years the grossest insults and injuries from their late enemies, to rise at a feather against their friends and benefactors; and that too in a moment when circumstances have kindled the most ardent affections  of the two people towards each other; when the little subjects of displeasure which have arisen are the acts of a particular individual, not yet important enough to have been carried to his government as causes of complaint; are such as nations of moderation and justice settle by negociation, not making war their first step; are such as that government would correct at a word, if we may judge from the late unequivocal demonstrations of their friendship towards us; and are very slight shades of the acts committed against us by England, which we have been endeavoring to rectify by negociation, and on which they have never condescended to give any answer to our Minister.\nBecause I would not gratify the combination of kings with the spectacle of the two only republics on earth destroying each other for two cannon; nor would I, for infinitely greater cause, add this country to that combination, turn the scale of contest, and let it be from our hands that the hopes of man receive their last stab.\nIt has been observed that a general order has been already given to stop by force vessels arming contrary to rule in our ports, in which I concurred. I did so; because it was highly presumeable that the destination of such a vessel would be discovered in some early stage, when there would be few persons on board, these not yet disposed nor prepared to resist, and a small party of militia put aboard would stop the procedure, without a marked infraction of the peace. But it is a much more serious thing, when a vessel has her full complement of men, (here said to be 120.) with every preparation and probably with dispositions to go through with their enterprize. A serious engagement is then a certain consequence. Besides, an act of force, committed by an officer in a distant port, under general orders, given long ago, to take effect on all cases, and with less latitude of discretion in him, would be a much more negociable case, than a recent order, given by the general government itself, (for that is the character we are to assume) on the spot, in the very moment, pointed at this special case, possessing full discretion, and not using it. This would be a stubborn transaction, not admitting those justifications and explanations which might avert a war, or admitting such only as would be entirely humiliating to the officers giving the order, and to the government itself.\nOn the whole, respect to the chief magistrate, respect to our country men, their lives, interests and affections, respect to a most friendly nation who, if we give them the opportunity, will answer our wrongs by correcting and not by repeating them, respect to the most sacred cause that ever man was engaged in, poising maturely the evils which may flow from the commitment of an act which it would be in the power and probably in the temper of subordinate agents to make an act of continued war, and those which may flow from an eight and forty hours  suspension of the act, are motives with me for suspending it eight and forty hours, even should we thereby lose the opportunity of committing it altogether.\nTh: Jefferson  July 8. 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0398", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Lucas Gibbes and Alexander S. Glass, 8 July 1793\nFrom: Gibbs, Lucas,Glass, Alexander S.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphia 8th: July 1793.\nLucas Gibbs and A: S: Glass In part Owners of the Cargo of the Sloop Betsy lately Captured by a French Privatier called Citizen Genet, Captn. Johannes and brought into Baltimore; as well for themselves as on behalf of the owners of the Said Sloop and of the Residue of the Cargo beg to declare and Show that Houseman & Mashiler & Mason & Hordman of the Island St: Bartholomew Subjects to the King of Sweden are the true and real Owners of the Said Sloop. That the said Sloop has been duly registerd agreeable to the Laws of Sweden, and furnished with all such papers and Documents from the Governor and other officers of St: Bartholomew as are usual and proper. They therefor conceive that the said Sloop and Cargo ought not to have been captured by the  Said French Privatier and humbly pray that you will cause them to be delivered to Mr: John Hollins of Baltimore to whom they are consigned.\nLucas Gibbes\nAlexander S. Glass", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0399", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 8 July 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 8th July 1793\nI wrote to you by the way of Falmouth on the 5th. of this month and sent a copy of that letter by this opportunity since closing this last I received from Mr. Johnson the inclosed Protest stating the misconduct of the commander of a French Frigate. Mr. Johnson was particularly requested to forward it to our Government or I would have sent it directly to Mr. Morris at Paris. As enquiries concerning the event will probably be made in the same channel you will oblige me by enabling me to answer them. With great respect I am Dear Sir Your faithful & obedt Servt.\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0401", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Wood, 8 July 1793\nFrom: Wood, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nIn Council 8th. July 1793.\nI do myself the honor of enclosing you the Copy of a Letter Just Received by express, from the Mayor of the Borough of Norfolk, with the Proceedings of the Court of Aldermen On the Subject of it. To Afford a Temporary Relief to the Distressed emigrants, the Executive have Directed two thousand Dollars to be immediately Advanced, which is to be Applied Agreeably to the direction of the Common-hall; and the Board have Approved the proceedings of the Court, in  Accommodating the sick and wounded with the use of the Marine Hospital. I have the honor to be with great Respect Sir Yr. Mo Obt. Servt.\nJames Wood", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0402", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 9 July 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nPhiladelphie le 9. Juillet 1793.  l\u2019an 2e. de la Republique fran\u00e7aise\nVous m\u2019av\u00e9z demand\u00e9 des details sur le Brigantin La Petite Democrate ci devant La Petite Sarah qui se trouve actuellement arm\u00e9 et pret a sortir de la Delaware les voici. Ce batiment, Monsieur, de propri\u00e9t\u00e9 anglaise arm\u00e9 par nos ennemis de 4 canons de plusieurs pierriers et d\u2019autres armes a \u00e9t\u00e9 pris par la Fregatte de la Republique francaise l\u2019Embuscade et envoy\u00e9 a Philadelphie. Sa construction etant \u00e9l\u00e9gante et solide, son corps doubl\u00e9 en cuivre sa marche superieure, son greement et sa mature en bon \u00e9tat J\u2019ai jug\u00e9 d\u2019apres le rapport du capitaine de L\u2019Embuscade et d\u2019autres marins eclair\u00e9s que l\u2019acquisition de ce vaisseau serait avantageuse \u00e0 la marine de la R\u00e9publique et cette consid\u00e9ration jointe au d\u00e9sir que j\u2019avais de procurer de l\u2019emploi a un ass\u00e9s grand  nombre de marins fran\u00e7ais qui se trouvaient ici expos\u00e9s aux dangers qui accompagnent souvent le desoeuvrement et la misere, m\u2019a determin\u00e9 \u00e0 le prendre pour le compte de l\u2019Etat.\nJe l\u2019ai fait aussitot reparer J\u2019ai fait completter son armement avec des canons qui se trouvaient \u00e0 bord de 4 vaisseaux fran\u00e7ais, J\u2019en ai confi\u00e9 le commandement au Citoyen Amiot, enseigne non entretenu de la R\u00e9publique et Je le ferai appareiller muni d\u2019une commission du conseil ex\u00e9cutif et de mes instructions particulieres aussitot qu\u2019il sera pret. Je dois me borner, Monsieur, a vous presenter ces faits qui ne sont susceptibles d\u2019aucune discussion de ma part et qui ne peuvent donner lieu \u00e0 aucune difficult\u00e9 de celle de votre gouvernement. Quand les trait\u00e9s parlent les agens des nations ne peuvent qu\u2019obeir. Agr\u00e9ez, Monsieur, mon estime et mon respect.\nGenet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0403", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 9 July 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nPhiladelphie le 9. Juillet 1793.  L\u2019an 2e. de la Republique francaise.\nLe Consul de la Republique Francaise dans cet etat a r\u00e9quis depuis quatre jours le Gouverneur de la Pennsylvanie de faire sortir du Port de Philadelphie le Corsaire Anglais le Jane arm\u00e9 de 16 canons qui y est entr\u00e9 le quatre de ce mois sans avoir aucun signe de d\u00e9tresse.\nLe Gouverneur lui \u00e0 r\u00e9pondu qu\u2019il ne pouvait prendre aucune d\u00e9cision \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard pendant l\u2019absence de monsieur le President des Etats unis. Quoique cette reponse, Monsieur, soit accompagn\u00e9e d\u2019expressions tr\u00e8s obligeantes et tres amicales, je crois devoir vous observer que d\u2019apr\u00e8s les dispositions de l\u2019article XXII de notre trait\u00e9 d\u2019amiti\u00e9 et de commerce il n\u2019est nullement n\u00e9cessaire d\u2019attendre la d\u00e9cision de Mr. Le President pour le faire partir ce Corsaire n\u2019etant point entr\u00e9 ici en rel\u00e2che forc\u00e9e, ayant eu tout le tems pour y prendre beaucoup plus de vivres qu\u2019il ne lui en faut pour se rendre au port le plus voisin de la Puissance dont il tient sa commission, et d\u2019apr\u00e8s diff\u00e9rens rapports que je viens de recevoir, augmentant son armement. Les trait\u00e9s etant consid\u00e9r\u00e9s par le peuple Am\u00e9ricain comme ses loix les plus sacr\u00e9es tous les  Gouvernemens locaux des Etats Unis sont tenus de les connaitre, et tous les magistrats oblig\u00e9s de les faire \u00e9x\u00e9cuter sans d\u00e9lai. Je vous prie en cons\u00e9quence, monsieur, de pr\u00e9senter ces consid\u00e9rations au Gouverneur de la Pennsylvanie et de le d\u00e9terminer \u00e0 remplir contre le Corsaire le Jane les devoirs qui lui sont impos\u00e9s par nos trait\u00e9s.\nGenet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0404", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 9 July 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nPhiladelphie le 9. Juillet 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la Republique.\nJ\u2019ai deja eu plusieurs fois l\u2019honneur de vous entretenir du traitement r\u00e9voltant que les vaisseaux de guerre anglais faisaient essuyer dans toutes les mers aux batimens am\u00e9ricains. Je vous ai instruit des visites sev\u00e8res aux quelles ils les assujettissoient et des saisies qu\u2019ils se permettoient de faire, \u00e0 leur bord et sous la protection du Pavillon des Etats Unis, des personnes et des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s des citoyens fran\u00e7ais.\nLes rapports de tous les navigateurs attestent la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 de ces faits, et les plaintes ci jointes en pr\u00e9sentent de nouvelles preuves. Je vous prie, Monsieur, de les porter \u00e0 la connoissance de M. le Pr\u00e9sident des Etats Unis et d\u2019avoir la complaisance de me faire savoir les mesures qu\u2019il a prises ou celles qu\u2019il se propose de prendre pour faire respecter par nos ennemis le pavillon des Etats Unis autant que nous le respectons nous m\u00eames, et pour faire rendre \u00e0 nos concitoyens les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s dont ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9pouill\u00e9s injustement.\nJe dois vous observer, Monsieur, que comme les anglais continueront vraisemblablement \u00e0 enlever impunement nos citoyens et leurs propri\u00e9t\u00e9s a bord de nos vaisseaux, sans s\u2019embarrasser des principes philosophiques proclam\u00e9s par le Pr\u00e9sident des Etats Unis, les engagemens que nous avons contract\u00e9s avec vous nous mettant dans la position la plus desavantageuse vis-a-vis de nos ennemis, en nous privant de la facult\u00e9 d\u2019user en tout point \u00e0 leur \u00e9gard du droit de repr\u00e9sailles, il est urgent autant pour votre inter\u00eat que pour le notre que nous convenions  de prendre promptement d\u2019autres mesures. J\u2019attends incessamment, Monsieur une r\u00e9ponse positive du Gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral sur cet objet, et j\u2019espere qu\u2019elle sera conforme \u00e0 la dignite et a la justice du Peuple Am\u00e9ricain, qui ne doit point exiger, s\u2019il est hors d\u2019Etat aujourd\u2019hui d\u2019en imposer aux anglais qu\u2019il a vaincus autrefois, que nous nous exposions et que nous l\u2019exposions lui m\u00eame plus longtems par une d\u00e9bonnairet\u00e9 d\u00e9plac\u00e9e aux insultes de cette nation vis-a-vis de la quelle les proc\u00e9d\u00e9s genereux ne conduisent en G\u00e9n\u00e9ral qu\u2019a de nouveaux outrages. Agreez, Monsieur, mon respect & mon estime.\nGenet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0405", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Cooper, 10 July 1793\nFrom: Cooper, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSt. Croix, 10 July 1793. He wrote to TJ on 1 May and received his 21 May circular, but will not be able to provide the information expected in his 26 Aug. 1790 request for a semiannual report on American trade with this island. Most American imports here are subject to a 10 percent duty without the privilege of exporting part of the value thereof in sugar. Few American products fall into the category of permission articles, which are subject to a 5 percent duty with the privilege of exporting half the value thereof in sugar. Rum can be exported freely. It will therefore be apparent to TJ how those entries and clearances are made and that they do not accord with the reports made at American custom-houses. If it will be useful, he will endeavor to send an abstract of these matters from the customhouse books here every six or twelve months. He doubts that the government here, which is jealous of all foreign trade, would allow him to hold the regular office necessary to obtain the information requested about American vessels entering and clearing the island. He will pay attention to the other points mentioned by TJ and by the next conveyance send the required bond. Late accounts from Denmark confirm the opinion here that it will not become involved in the war. This year\u2019s crop is very abundant, and prospects for next year\u2019s are very favorable.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0407", "content": "Title: Memorial from George Hammond, 10 July 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe undersigned, his Britannic Majesty\u2019s Minister plenipotentiary to the United States, has the honor of submitting to the Secretary of state the annexed depositions, relative to the capture, by the armed Schooner, fitted out at Charleston, named le Citoyen Gen\u00eat, of the British Brigantine, the Prince William Henry from Baltimore to Barbadoes, and of the British brigantine the lovely Lass belonging to Barbadoes, both of which, together with the Schooner that took them, are arrived in the Port of Baltimore.\nThe undersigned, deeming it unnecessary to place any stress on the aggravating circumstances specified in these depositions\u2014of the evident concert subsisting between the Pilots of Chesapeak bay and the person commanding the schooner, and of the unwarrantable proceeding of the latter in firing into the Prince William Henry, after her colours had been ordered to be struck &c\u2014esteems it sufficient for him to confine himself to the mere fact of the capture of these vessels: For, after the formal assurance he has received of the President\u2019s having required the schooners, le Citoyen Gen\u00eat and le sans culotte \u201cto depart to the dominions of\u201d another \u201csovereign\u201d and after the \u201cexpectation\u201d expressed in the Secretary of states letter to him of the 19th. ulto. that \u201cthe speedy departure of those vessels will obviate the inconveniences apprehended\u201d by the undersigned\u2014he must presume, (until he is informed of a contrary determination on the subject) that the executive government of the United states will pursue the most efficacious measures for procuring the immediate restitution of the vessels thus captured to their respective owners.\nGeo: Hammond  Philadelphia 10th July 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0408", "content": "Title: James Hoban\u2019s Observations on William Thornton\u2019s Design for the Capitol, 10 July 1793\nFrom: Hoban, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nObservations\nOn drawings delivered by Doctor Thornton, for a Capitol to be built in the City of Washington.\n1st.\n  The extent of bearing of the Repository Ceiling, and the Ceiling of the Halls.\n  The intercolumnations.\n  The entrances.\n  Darkness and irregularity.\n  the Staircases.\n  Inconveniences to the Members.\n  Impractability of the Gallerys.\n  Disagreement between the ornamental and necessary points of the internal structure\u2014\u2014&c.\nJuly 10th. 1793\nJames Hoban", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0409", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Leslie, 10 July 1793\nFrom: Leslie, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon July 10th 1793\nI Arrived here on sunday 9th. of June, with my family all in good health. I Delivered the letter you honoured me with to Mr. Pinkney, a few days after who politely offered me any service in his power, Mr. Cutting is gone to Irland, I have found several Gentlemen here who have been very attentive, and seem desirous of forwarding my designs, tho I have not yet been able to put any of them in execution, being engaged in purching an asortmen of watchs to send over, the repeating watch, you was pleased to order for Miss Jefferson, shal be sent by the first spring ship, I am very anxious to hear how your great Clock gowes, and also your timepiece, if either or boath do not gow right, if you will be so obliging as to let me know it I will send you others from this place, as I can have them mad much better here, and if there is any thing else I can serve you in, I hope you will let me know it, for I shall certainly have no grater pleasure than in serving you to the best of my abilites, please to inform me wheather I shall in the spring direct to you in Philadelphia or Virginia, if you should favour me with a line at any time, please to leave it with Mr. Price my Partner, to be forwarded to me, as It will be but a few week before I move from the place I am now at, and do not know what part the Town I shall gow to. Pleas to except of my Sincerest thanks for the favours you have done me, and belive me always your very humble Servent\nRobert Leslie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0410", "content": "Title: Memorandum of a Conversation with Edmond Charles Genet, 10 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nJuly 10. 1793. The Secretary of the Treasury having communicated to Genl. Knox and myself that he had been informed that the Little Sarah  had much augmented her arms, and was greatly advanced in her preparations, we concurred in opinion that the Govr. should be desired to have a reexamination of the fact. It was done and a Report made that she had entered the port with only 4. guns, and now had 14. &c. The next day, being Sunday the 7th. inst. I received a Letter from the Govr. by express informing me he understood she would sail that day. I went instantly to town. He told me he had received the intelligence the night before and had sent Mr. Dallas at midnight to Mr. Genet. Mr. Dallas told me that on his proposing the subject of detaining the vessel he flew into a great passion, talked extravagantly and concluded by refusing to order the vessel to stay. As the Govr. had sent for Genl. Knox also, I told him I would in the mean time go to Mr. Genet and speak with him on the Subject. I went.\nOn his coming into the room I told him I called on the subject of the Little Sarah, that our information was that she was armed contrary to the decision of the President which had been communicated to him, and that she would sail that day and I requested that he would detain her till we could enquire into the fact and lay it before the President who would be here on Wednesday. He took up the subject instantly in a very high tone, and went into an immense feild of declamation and complaint. I found it necessary to let him go on, and in fact could do no otherwise, for the few efforts which I made to take some part in the conversation were quite ineffectual. It is impossible for me to state the particulars of what he said. Such of the general topics as I can now recollect were these; he charged us with having violated the treaties between the two nations, and so went into the cases which had before been subjects of discussion, complained that we suffered our flag to be insulted and disregarded by the English, that they stopped all our vessels took out of them whatever they suspected to be French property, that they had taken all the provisions he had embarked in American vessels for the colonies, that if we were not able to protect their vessels in our ports nor their property on the high seas, we ought to permit them to protect it themselves, that they on the contrary paid the highest respect to our flag, that tho it was notorious that most of the cargoes sent from America were British property, yet being in American vessels, or pretended American vessels, they never touched it, and thus had no chance of retaliating on their enemies; that he had been thwarted, and opposed in every thing he had had to do with the government, that he found himself in so disagreeable a situation that he sometimes thought of packing up and going away, as he found he could not be useful to his nation in any thing; he dwelt on the friendly propositions he brought from his nation, on the instructions and dispositions with which he came to do whatever would gratify us; that to such propositions such a return ought not to have been made by  the Executive without consulting Congress, and that on the return of the President he would certainly press him to convene the Congress. He had by this time got into a more moderate tone, and I stopped him at the subject of calling Congress, explained our constitution to him, as having divided the the functions of government among three different authorities, the Executive, Legislative and Judiciary, each of which were supreme in all questions belonging to their department and independent of the others: that all the questions which had arisen between him and us belonged to the Executive department, and if Congress were sitting could not be carried to them, nor would they take notice of them. He asked if they were not the sovereign? I told him No, they were sovereign in making laws only, the Executive was sovereign in executing them, and the Judiciary in construing them where they related to their department. But says he, at least, Congress are bound to see that the treaties are observed. I told him No, there were very few cases indeed arising out of treaties which they could take notice of; that the President is to see that treaties are observed. And if he decides against the treaty, to whom is a nation to appeal? I told him the constitution had made the President the last appeal. He made me a bow, and said that indeed he would not make me his compliments on such a constitution, expressed the utmost astonishment at it, and seemed never before to have had such an idea. He was now come into perfect good humour and coolness, in which state he may be spoken with with the greatest freedom. I observed to him the impropriety of his conduct in persevering in measures contrary to the will of the government and that too within it\u2019s limits wherein they had unquestionably a right to be obeyed. But, says he, I have a right to expound the treaty on our side. Certainly, says I, each party has an equal right to expound their treaties: you, as the agent of your nation, have a right to bring forward your exposition, to support it by reasons, to insist on it, to be answered with the reasons for our exposition where it is contrary: but when, after hearing and considering your reasons, the highest authority in the nation has decided, it is your duty to say you think the decision wrong, that you cannot take upon yourself to admit it, and will represent it to your government to do as they think proper; but in the meantime you ought to acquiesce in it, and to do nothing within our limits contrary to it. He was silent as to this, and I thought was sensible it was right. I brought him to the point of the Little Sarah, and pressed his detention of her till the President\u2019s return. Why detain her said he?\u2014Because, said I, she is reported to be armed with guns acquired here. He said the guns were all of French property, and surely we did not pretend to controul them in the disposal of their own property, that he could name to me the French vessels from whom he had taken every gun. I told him I would be obliged to him for any  evidence of that fact with which he would furnish me, and repeated my request to detain the vessel. He was embarrassed, and unwilling, he said he should not be justifiable in detaining her. I told him it would be considered as a very serious offence indeed if she should go away, that the government was determined on the point, and thinking it right, would go through with it. After some hesitation he said he could not make any promise, it would be out of his duty, but that he was very happy in being able to inform me that the vessel was not in readiness and therefore could not sail that day. I asked him if I might rely that she would not be ready to sail before the return of the President? He then spoke of her unreadiness indefinitely as to time, said she had many things to do yet, and would not be ready for some time, he did not know when. And whenever I tried to fix it to the President\u2019s return, he gave the same answer that she would not be ready for some time, but with the look and gesture which shewed he meant I should understand she would not be gone before that. But says he she is to change her position and to fall down the river to-day but she will not depart yet. What, says I, will she fall down to the lower end of the town? I do not know exactly where says he, but some where there for the convenience of getting ready some things, but let me beseech you, says he, not to permit any attempt to put men on board her. She is filled with high spirited patriots, and they will unquestionably resist; and there is no occasion, for I tell you she will not be ready to depart for some time. I told him then I would take it for granted she would not be ready before the President\u2019s return, that in the mean time we would have enquiries made into the facts, and would thank him for information on the subject, and that I would take care that the case should be laid before the President the day after his return. He promised to give me a state of facts the next day.\u2014I then returned to the Governor, told him what had passed, and that I was satisfied that tho the vessel was to fall some where down the river, she would not sail. He thereupon ordered the militia to be dismissed. On repeating to him and Mr. Dallas what Mr. Genet had said, we found that it agreed in many particulars with what he had said to Mr. Dallas: but Mr. Dallas mentioned some things which he had not said to me, and particularly his declaration that he would appeal from the President to the people. He did in some part of his declamation to me drop the idea of publishing a narrative or statement of transactions, but he did not on that, nor ever did on any other occasion in my presence, use disrespectful expressions of the President. He from a very early period shewed that he believed there existed here an English party, and ascribed to their misinformations industry and maneuvres some of the decisions of the Executive. He is not reserved on this subject. He complains of the partiality of the information of those employed by the government, who never let a single movement of a French vessel pass unnoticed, nor ever  inform of an English one arming, or not till it is too late to stop her.\u2014The next day, Monday, I met the Secretaries of the Treasury and War, in the Governor\u2019s office. They proposed our ordering a battery to be erected on Mud island immediately, guns to be mounted, to fire at the vessel, and even to sink her if she should attempt to pass. I refused to concur in the order, for reasons assigned in another paper. The vessel was then at Gloucester point. Whether any intimation of this proposition got out or not, I do not know, but she very soon after fell down to Chester. On a suggestion that there were 15. or 20. Americans on board, we desired Mr. Rawle to take measures to prosecute them. See his answer both as to the fact and the law.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0411", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander J. Dallas, 11 July 1793\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander J.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nSec: Office, Philad. 11. July 1793.\nThe Governor being absent upon Public business, I take the liberty of inclosing for your information a representation, made by the Father and Master of an Apprentice boy, named George Allison, who, it seems, has entered on board the Little Democrat (formerly the Little Sarah) a French armed vessel. I am, with great respect & esteem, Sir, Yr. most obed Serv\nA. J. Dallas Secy of the Com. of Pennsa", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0412", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 11 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 11. 1793.\nThe bearer hereof Mr. John Nicholson has applied to me on the subject of an apprentice of his, named George Allison, about 17. years of age, who has absconded from him and has been recieved on board the Little Democrat, where he now is. As the condition of the young man renders him in some degree the property of Mr. Nicholson, and that as well as his age leave him not free to take such a step without consent, I am persuaded you will be so good as to give orders to have him delivered to Mr. Nicholson who will give any evidence you require of the truth of the facts. Permit me to ask the same with respect to another apprentice in the same circumstances, bound to another person, who has authorised him to act for him, as being well acquainted with all the circumstances relating to it. I have not the name either of the master or apprentice in the latter case, but he will furnish them. I have the honor to be with great respect & esteem Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0413", "content": "Title: Memorandum from Stephen Hallet, 11 July 1793\nFrom: Hallet, Stephen\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMethode usit\u00e9 a paris pour la Preparation et l\u2019employ du Pl\u00e2tre\n1\u00b0 La Pierre se Brule sur la Carriere par un feu Constant de 12 a 18 heures selon quelle est plus ou moins dure.\n2\u00b0 elle est ensuite Battue et reduite en poudre et Se transporte au Batiment dans des Sacs: la on le passe dans une Claye ou Pannier, le plus  Gros et le moins Cuit qui reste dans le pannier est battu de nouveau pour \u00eatre employ\u00e9 Comme mortier pour hourder les murs et autres gros ouvrages: le plus fin qui est aussi le plus Cuit est reserv\u00e9 pour les plafonds, languettes de Chemin\u00e9es; enduis Profiles et autres legers ouvrages.\n3\u00b0 on le Gache plus Serre pour les Gros ouvrages et plus Clair pour les legers, mais la quantit\u00e9 d\u2019eau varie Comme la quotit\u00e9 du Platre, en sorte qu\u2019il n\u2019y a point regle Constante et que la proportion ne peut Se determiner que par la pratique.\nNota les Sculpteurs ou Mouleurs de sculpture Choisissent leur platre en pierre les plus Cuittes quils pulverisent quand ils sont pret a l\u2019employer et le Gachent tr\u00e8s Clair:\nS. Hallet\n11 Juillet 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0414", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 11 July 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 11th July 1793\nIn the conversation which I had with you yesterday, you were pleased to inform me that a complaint had been addressed to the President on the subject of the British letter of marque-ship Jane, William Morgan Commander, having augmented her force within the port of Philadelphia.\nNotwithstanding the loose and general manner, in which this intimation was expressed to me, and my conviction that the facts were not such as I presumed they had been represented, I entertained too great a respect for this government to suffer such a circumstance to remain unnoticed and unexplained. I therefore went myself to observe the vessel in question, and have obtained from her commander a declaration relative to the mode and extent of her force and equipment on her arrival here\u2014to the object of her voyage hither\u2014and to the repairs, which have been, or are intended to be, made in her, antecedently to her departure. This declaration, which I have the honor of inclosing, Captain Morgan is willing to confirm by his oath, and to annex to it, if required, a certificate, from the carpenter employed, of the specific nature of the repairs which this vessel is undergoing.\nThe readiness I have evinced to anticipate a complaint of this kind, that has not yet been formally communicated to me, will I trust be regarded as a manifestation on my part that I will not countenance or protect any British subjects in any proceedings, which may be considered as disrespectful to the sovereignty of the United states, or as infringements  on that neutrality, which the executive government of this country has professed to adopt, and has recommended to its citizens rigidly to observe, in the contest subsisting between France and the other belligerent powers. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of great respect Sir, your most obedient humble Servant,\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0415", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 11 July 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello July 11. 1793.\nWe received your favors of June 24. and 30. on the 9. inst. at night. We are extremely happy to learn that Maria has got well over the mumps.\nI send you now the scheme of cultivation which I formed last year and am adopting at Edgehill. An indisposition, and the preparation for a journey to Richmond prevent my accompanying it with any comment at present. You will observe that it differs from yours in four principal points. First there are two distinct systems, intended to be coexistent. 2d. the years of rest are not successive. 3d. white clover is substituted for red; (a consequence of the 2d.) 4th. one field undergoes a summer fallow. I shall endeavor in my next to give my reasons for these. The system for small fields I think you will adopt. The other and yours I myself am ballancing. Besides the division of my farm which this scheme will require I have set aside a well-watered valley for a standing meadow. It is necessary to break up meadow grounds once in 5 or 6 years, and on the 5th. or 6th. part of mine I rely for Hemp and flax which, with us, thrive no where so well as in the flat grounds on our little streams. You will see that they are not included in the rotation. Lucerne and St. Foin are too long-lived for it. The fields marked pasture I suppose to have nothing in them that is not spontaneous, but there I mean to introduce the white-clover generally as soon as possible  by sowing it in Autumn with the grain. The red-clover you observe I prefer sowing with the Barley in Autumn. This may not be necessary in every soil but in ours I am convinced it will do better then than in the Spring. I suppose it to be intended alltogether for the Scythe. I am Dr. Sir your most sincerely affectionate friend.\nTh: M. Randolph\nP.S. Patsy and her little ones are well.\n[On verso of address cover:]\n1st.\n  years.\n  Corn & Peas\n  Wheat\n  Fallow\n  Wheat\n  Pasture\n  Corn & Potatoes\n  Rye\n  Pasture\nFields of 60 acres.\n  Wheat\n  Fallow\n  Wheat\n  Pasture\n  Corn & Potatoes\n  Rye\n  Past.\n  Corn & Peas.\n  Fallow\n  Wheat\n  Past.\n  Corn & Potatoes\n  Rye\n  Past.\n  Corn & Peas\n  Wheat\n  Wheat\n  Pasture\n  Corn & Potatoes\n  Rye\n  Past.\n  Corn & Peas\n  Wheat\n  Fall:\n  Pasture\n  Corn & Potatoes\n  Rye\n  Past.\n  Corn & Peas\n  Wheat\n  Fall.\n  Wheat\n  Corn & Potatoes\n  Rye\n  Past.\n  Corn & Peas\n  Wheat\n  Fall:\n  Wheat\n  Past:\n  Rye\n  Past.\n  Corn & Peas\n  Wheat\n  Fall:\n  Wheat\n  Past,\n  Corn and Potatoes\n  Pasture\n  Corn & Peas\n  Wheat\n  Fallow\n  Wheat\n  Past:\n  Corn & Potatoes\n  Rye.\n  1st\n  4th\n  5th\n  6th\n  year.\n  Pumpkins\n  Barley\n  clover\n  clover\n  Turnips\n  Oats\nFields of10 acres.\n  Barley\n  clover\n  clover\n  Turnips\n  Oats\n  Pumpkins\n  Clover\n  Clover\n  Turnips\n  Oats\n  Pumpk.\n  Barley\n  Clover\n  Turnips\n  Oats\n  Pump.\n  Barley\n  Clover\n  Turnips\n  Oats\n  Pump.\n  Barley\n  Clover\n  Clover\n  Oats\n  Pump.\n  Barley\n  Clover\n  Clover\n  Turnips", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0417", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 11 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia. July 11. 1793.\nYour letter of the 8th. of June has been duly recieved and laid before the President of the US. The matter it contains is of so serious a complexion that he chuses to treat of it with your government directly. To them therefore his sentiments thereon will be communicated, through the channel of our commissioners at Madrid, with a firm reliance on the justice and friendship of his Catholic majesty. In doing this it will be impossible not to manifest the impression which the style as well as matter of your communications make on the government of the US. I have the honor to be with due respect & esteem Gentlemen Your most obedt. servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0418", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 11 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nThe Secretary of State presents his Compliments to Messrs. Viar and Jaudenes, and informs them that the government of the United States having occasion to send public dispatches to their Commissioners plenipotentiary at the Court of Madrid, James Blake, a Citizen of the United States is employed as their Courier to be the Bearer of them. He is to embark on board the Ship bound from this port to Cadiz in Spain, and the Secretary of State asks from the Commissioners of Spain their Passport for the said Courier, in such form as may protect his person and dispatches from harm and search both by Sea and Land. The Secretary of State offers to have conveyed by the same person any dispatches they may chuse to transmit by him to the country he is going to. He departs the 13th. instant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0420", "content": "Title: Memorandum to George Washington, [11 July 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nPapers requiring the President\u2019s instant attention.\nTh:J\u2019s letter to Viar and Jaudenes.\n the Courier goes on Saturday.\nGenet\u2019s communications relative to Spain\nLittle Sarah.\nthe Governor\u2019s letter of June 24. and Warden\u2019s 1st. report.\n  the Governor\u2019s letter of July 7.\n  Th:J\u2019s conversation with Genet.\n  Th:J\u2019s opinion against firing on the Little Sarah.\n  Rawle\u2019s letter. July 9.\n  Genet\u2019s letter. July 9.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0421", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Papers on Spain Received from Edmond Charles Genet, I, [2 July 1793]\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nEnclosuresPapers on Spain Received from Edmond Charles GenetI\nNote on the principles of Spain relative to the navigation of the Missisipi.\nThere must be in the records of the Secretary of state of the US. a letter from Vergennes to Mr. Jay dated the 6th. Sep. 1782, with a Memoir of that Minister of foreign affairs, the object of which was to engage the US. not to think of the navigation of the Missisipi, and to leave things on the footing which existed then, which exists yet, and which probably will exist a long time if the US. do not take energetic measures to change it. This step of the Minister of foreign affairs was taken at the instigation of Spain, whose invariable principles are contained in the extract, here subjoined, from a Report of Montmorin to Vergennes.\n\u2018The Cabinet of Madrid, Monsr. le Comte, thinks it has the greatest interest not to open the Missisipi to the Americans, and to disgust them from making establishments on that river, as they would not delay to possess themselves of the commerce of New Orleans and Mexico, whatever impediments should be opposed to their progress, and that they would become neighbors the more dangerous for Spain, as even in their present weakness they conceive vast projects for the conquest of the Western shore of the Missisipi.\u2019\nMontmorin adds \u2018that Spain is decided to make the savages a barrier between her possessions and those of the Americans, that it would oppose if necessary, other obstacles to their progress, and that his M.C.M. could not give to his Catholic Majesty a greater proof of his attachment, than in employing his influence in the US. to divert their views from the navigation of the Missisipi.\u2019\nThe court of France conformed itself constantly to this insinuation, as is proved by the instructions which it gave to all it\u2019s Ministers with Congress.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0425", "content": "Title: Memorandum to George Washington, [11\u201313 July 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh:J. has the papers in the following cases which require as early consideration as the President can well give them.\nVainqueur de la Bastille. Genet\u2019s letter July 8. and Govr. of Carolina\u2019s June 24.\nLe Citoyen Genet and prizes. Hammond\u2019s letter July 10.\nGenet\u2019s letter June 26. covering protests of the Consuls against interference of the Admiralty courts, and expressing very improper principles.\nTh:J\u2019s letter to Genet. June 25.\narrangement that prizes reclaimed may remain in hands of Consuls, till decision.\nGenet\u2019s answer. June 26.\nShip William\u2014reclaimed.\nHammond\u2019s letter June 21.\nTh:J. to Genet. June 29.\nBrig Fanny\u2014reclaimed.\n  Hammond\u2019s letter. June 26.\n  Th:J. to Genet. June 29.\nBrig Swallow. Papers from the President.\ntwo British letters of Marque. required to be ordered away.\nShip Jane.\n  Governor\u2019s letter and papers. July 5.\nGenet\u2019s letter to Th:J. July 9.\nGenet\u2019s letter to Th:J. June 25.\n  Governr. of Maryland\u2019s letter and papers. June 20. the Trusty.\n  Th:J\u2019s letter to Genet. June 30.\n  this is a complaint of enemy ships armed in the ports of the US.\nGenet\u2019s letter. July 9. complaining of\n  Vexatious usage of French passengers on an American vessel, by a British privateer\n  French property taken out of an American vessel by a British privateer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0426", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 11 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 11th. 1793.\nBefore I had read the Papers put into my hands by you, requiring \u201cinstant attention\u201d and a messenger could reach your Office, you had left town.\nWhat is to be done in the case of the Little Sarah, now at Chester? Is the Minister of the French Republic to set the Acts of this Government at defiance\u2014with impunity? and then threaten the Executive with an appeal to the People. What must the World think of such conduct, and of the Government of the U. States in submitting to it?\nThese are serious questions. Circumstances press for decision\u2014and as you have had time to consider them (upon me they have come  unexpected) I wish to receive your opinion upon them\u2014even before tomorrow\u2014for the Vessel may then be gone.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0427", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, [11 July 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson presents his respects to the President. He had expected that the Secretaries of the Treasury and War would have given to the President immediately the statement of facts in the case of the Little Sarah, as drawn by the former and agreed to, as also their Reasons: but Colo. Hamilton having informed Th:J. that he has not been able to prepare copies, Th:J. sends the President the copies they had given him, which being prefixed to his opinion will make the case complete, as it is proper the President should see both sides of it at once.\nTh:J. has had a fever the two last nights which has held him till the morning. Something of the same is now coming on him. But nothing but absolute inability will prevent his being in town early tomorrow morning.\nTh:J. had written the above before he had the honor of the President\u2019s note on the subject of this vessel. He has received assurance from Mr. Genet to-day that she will not be gone before the President\u2019s decision. Th: J. is himself of opinion that whatever is aboard of her of arms, ammunition or men contrary to the rules heretofore laid down by the President, ought to be withdrawn. On this subject he will have the honor of conferring with the President, or any others, whenever he pleases.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0428", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Blake, 12 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Blake, James\nSir\nYou will proceed with all diligence in the Ship bound to Cadiz, in Spain, with the dispatches committed to you for Messrs. Carmichael and Short, Commissioners Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, at Madrid. When arrived at your port of destination, or any other to which you may by accident be forced, proceed directly to Madrid by such conveyance as will best reconcile safety, reasonable dispatch and due Economy. You will be furnished with proper passports from the Commissioners of Spain residing here and from myself, to ensure to yourself, as the Courier of this Government, and the dispatches of which you are the Bearer, that protection from harm, and freedom from search or impediment, which you will be entitled to by the law of nations, from a friendly nation. When arrived at Madrid deliver your dispatches into the Hands of the Commissioners themselves, and no other. Await there, their Orders, and return to this place with their answers, in such way as will again best combine safety, dispatch and Economy. Keep an exact account of your disbursements, letting them be perfectly reasonable, according to the character in which you go; providing vouchers for such Articles as will admit of it, and proving the residue on oath.\nOver and above these reasonable expenses, you will be allowed at the rate of 500 dollars a Year, for your time and trouble. \n      Given under my hand and the Seal of the Department of State this twelfth day of July 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0429", "content": "Title: Passport for James Blake, 12 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nTo all to whom these presents shall come. Greeting:\nThe Bearer hereof James Blake, a citizen of the United States of America, being sent in the character of a Courier, to carry public dispatches of the Government of the said United States to their Commissioners Plenipotentiary at Madrid, and embarking for that purpose on board the Ship  at Philadelphia, bound for  in Spain, These are to pray all persons, public and private, subjects or citizens of France, Spain, Great Britain, the United Netherlands, Portugal, and all other Countries with whom the said United States are in Peace and Friendship, meeting the said James Blake by Sea or Land, to permit him to pass, according to his destination, without hindrance or delay, but on the contrary giving to him every hospitable and friendly aid and dispatch, as these United States will do for their citizens or subjects in the like Case. \n      Given under my Hand and the Seal of the Department of L.S. State of the United States aforesaid, the twelfth day of July, 1793, and of the Independence of the United States of America, the Eighteenth.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0430", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion on Consulting the Supreme Court, 12 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nJuly 12. 1793. At a meeting of the heads of the departments at the President\u2019s on summons from him, and on consideration of various representations from the Ministers Plenipotentiary of France and Great Britain on the subject of vessels arming and arriving in our ports, and of prizes it is their opinion that letters be written to the said Ministers informing them that the Executive of the US., desirous of having done what shall be strictly conformeable to the treaties of the US. and the laws respecting the said cases has determined to refer the questions arising therein to persons learned in the laws: that as this reference will occasion some delay, it is expected that in the mean time the Little Sarah or Little Democrat the Ship Jane and the ship William in the Delaware, the Citoyen Genet and her prizes the brigs Lovely Lass and Prince William Henry, and the brig Fanny in the Chesapeake do not depart till the further order of the President.\nThat letters be addressed to the Judges of the Supreme court of the US. requesting their attendance at this place on Thursday the 18th. instant to give their advice on certain matters of public concern which will be referred to them by the President.\nThat the Governor be desired to have the ship Jane attended to with vigilance, and if she be found augmenting her force and about to depart, that he cause her to be stopped.\nTh: Jefferson\nAlexander Hamilton\nH Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0432", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 12 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 12. 1793.\nI take the liberty of inclosing to you the Memorial of Nicholas Cruger and others, citizens of the US. owners and underwriters of the schooner the York. They set forth that their vessel had been sent on a voyage to the Spanish coast in the bay of Mexico, with a cargo assorted to that market, and armed as usual in such cases; that on their return, being distressed for water and other necessaries, they put into Port au Prince, where they were seized, and libelled before the court of admiralty, were cleared by that court, but afterwards condemned by the Governour and council, upon mere suspicion as they suggest, and without foundation. The separate packet which accompanies this letter contains their evidence, and seems really to support their suggestions, and to countenance what they alledge that the condemnation is to be ascribed to the troubles then existing in the island, or to other circumstances not explained. The object of the present letter is to ask your patronage of their case so far as to obtain a re-examination of their case on full evidence  before the proper authority, and the restitution of their property if it shall be found that injustice has been done them; this being consistent with the practice of friendly nations in such cases. Mr. Cruger proposes to have the honour of waiting on you himself. I have that of assuring you of the esteem & respect of Sir your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0433", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet and George Hammond, 12 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles,Hammond, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 12. 1793\nThe President of the US. desirous of having done what shall be strictly conformeable to the treaties of the US. and the laws respecting the several representations received from yourself and the Minister Plenipotentiary of Great Britain on the subject of vessels arming or arriving within our ports, and of prizes, has determined to refer the questions arising thereon to persons learned in the laws. As this reference will occasion some delay, he will expect from both parties that in the mean time the Little Sarah or Little Democrat, the ships Jane and William in the Delaware, the Citoyen Genet and her two prizes the Lovely lass and Prince William Henry and the brig Fanny in the Chesapeake do not depart until his ultimate determination shall be made known. You may be assured, Sir, that the delay will be as short as possible, and the object of it being to obtain the best advice possible on the sense of the laws and treaties respecting the several cases, I am persuaded you will think the delay well compensated. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0435", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, [ca. 12 July 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nTh: Jefferson in writing to Mr. Short forgot to mention that the present occasion by Mr. Blake will be a happy one to receive from him the  Letters of Fernand Cortez published by the Archbishop of Mexico (afterwards Toledo) as mentioned in 3d. Borgoyne\u2019s travels 303. which he so much wishes to get. If Mr. Short will send it by Mr. Blake and note the price it shall be added to the first investment to be made by his brother here. Better to send it unbound.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0436", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Thornton, [ca. 12 July 1793]\nFrom: Thornton, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAfter the Receipt of your Communication, accompanied by the five Manuscript Volumes in folio by Mr: Hallet, I hasten to attempt that Satisfaction which is required relative to the Objections made against the Plan which I had the honor of submiting to the Commissioners.\nI will first endeavour to remove the most material Objection, which respects the Time requisite to the perfection of the Work.\nIt has been said that I thought it would not probably be finished in thirty Years. I did not hear whether it was said in a qualified or unqualified manner. I do not remember that I made the Observation however if I did it must only have had relation to the ornamental Parts, and it matters not whether they be finished in ten or forty Years provided they are not incorporated in the Building; but I have always said, and do now repeat it, that the Building might be made ready for the reception of Congress in the time specified for their removal thither. It is but of small magnitude when compared to many-private Edifices of Individuals in other parts of the World. I am aware, however, that the Americans ought not to feel prone to imitate foreign nations\u2014except where such imitation is peculiarly adapted to their Government and local habits. Yet, when we consider the Building in contemplation, that it is designed for the accommodation of 15 States (and others in addition here after) that it is a work which ought to endure for many ages it can hardly, I should suppose, be thought either too large or too expensive. The Condition of America is every day improving\u2014her population encreasing and her riches accumulating. This is, perhaps, not the case elsewhere\u2014for countries long settled are generally stationary or upon the decline. But to return to the time necessary for the Completion of a building upon the plan I had the honour to exhibit, and to prove that under due exertions, nothing is to be feared on that score let me call  your recollection to a fact. The Escurial of Spain, that enormous and expensive Pile, was finished in about 6 years. Doubtless a multitude of hands were employed to effect so great a work in so short a time. But, it was only expending those monies in 6 years which a less number of hands would have absorbed in a longer term.\nTo you, Sir, it cannot be necessary to repeat, What writers tell us\u2014that the Escurial contains 14000 Windows\u201411,000 Doors\u20141800 pillars 17 cloisters or piazzas and 22 Courts.\nIn answer, to Mr. Hallet\u2019s objection as to the great length of time supposed to be requisite for completing a capitol after my plan, permit me to say, it has been brought forward as an assertion only, when candour required facts to have been adduced in proof.\nI conceive that, under present circumstances, any number of workmen may be procured from Europe. Those might be employed in completing the capitol or so much of it as would give the desired accomodation to Congress within the term limited. The remaining parts might afterwards be finished at leisure. And those workmen would be found useful in carrying on future works both public and private in the City of Washington. Whether the funds of the Commissrs. will allow them to engage so many men on the parts first needful in the capitol, within a short term of years, is a consideration for them to determine. There can be no doubt but the value of the lots will take an important rise whenever the public buildings shall appear to be in active prosecution. The confidence of the people will then it is presumable, be established. And it is certainly a convenience, circumstances considered, that the first or basement story of the plan I submitted is that part of the work which requires the least expence\u2014the expence part of the columns and decorations standing high up on the principal floor.\nI will now make a few observations upon the objections which Mr. Hallet has brought forward. Not having before me either his Sections (which point out the supposed defects in my plan) or the plan itself I cannot be so particular here as I could wish.\nMr. Hallet has founded His calculations upon the dearest materials\u2014as if such were absolutely requisite. When I mentioned Marble for the Columns &c. it did not preclude the propriety of employing free stone. Of course candour seems to require, that the calculation of the expence of marble, should have been accompanied with another of free stone.\nThe lengthy remarks he has thrown together upon the necessity of placing the base of the dome perpendicularly on the Columns\u2014have been condensed into a formidable objection. But would it not have been well, at the same time in Mr. Hallet to have observed that this was a mere inaccuracy in the draft, which no skilful workman could think himself necessitated to follow in the execution. He might and ought to  have said that those columns could be drawn a little nearer towards the center of the dome so as to give the perpendicularity required\u2014and this without deranging in the least the disposition of the building.\nThe Intercolumniation of the portico is objected. The Ancients had five proportions, (viz) the Picnostyle containing 1\u00bd Diameter; the Sistyle 2 Diameters; the Eustyle 2\u00bc Dia:; the Diastyle 3 Diam:; and the Ar\u00e6ostyle 4 Diameters. The Eustyle is reasoned the most elegant in general, but deviations are allowed according to circumstances, and I have designedly increased the intercolumniations in the present case to give a better proportion to the Arcade\u2014which otherwise would have appeared too narrow for the elevation. Should however this immaterial objection be insisted on, it is not difficult to obviate it. The Arcade (not being absolutely necessary) can be turned into a wall, pierced with windows and a door. The End openings to remain for Carriages\u2014for Mr. Hallet must suffer me to insist in my turn, upon the utility of such a convenience, even in a \u201cRepublic\u201d\u2014where would be the crime if a person can afford to keep a carriage alighting dry from it to enter the house. The poorest and most stern republican would not willingly be drenched with rain, if he could procure the means to keep himself dry. And foreign Ministers would think such a provision a real accomodation.\nIf the arcade should be changed for a wall, then the Columns of the portico might be drawn nearer to one another, so as to produce a more received proportion in the intercolumniation. In this case, however, some little alteration in the disposition of the adjoining parts will be necessary. Upon the whole, I would prefer the portico, as it stands.\nThe Senate Chamber is the next scene of objection. In Mr. Hallet\u2019s Section the coving of the cieling passed through the upper windows. This, I grant, is a real defect in my plan, and which doubtless I should have perceived and remedied myself, if time had permitted me to make a section. I should, in that case, have mentioned in the Explanation of the plan, that those windows should be omitted at both ends of the building [for, in fact, none there are needful] and their places filled up with ornamental Tablets. It is to be observed here, that in my Explanation accompanying the plan, a sky light was recommended to be added to the Senate Chamber, as without it, the 3 lower windows would be insufficient. I am sorry I cannot concede to Mr. Hallet\u2019s other objections to the Senate Chamber. He has I think, unnecessarily, not to say unhandsomely, availed himself again of a trifling inaccuracy in the plan. In laying down the 2 columns on each side of this Apartment it seems the diameter of them was made too large. From this, it appears that Mr. Hallet has traced out the Shafts and Capitals, giving to the former a correspondent diameter and consequently Carrying  the Columns to an impracticable height. As Columns in this particular situation need not be regulated by the intercolumniation\u2014the Elevation of the architrave here whatever it may be, is the obvious and natural point at which the capital must stop.\nIf these 4 columns are included In the calculation of the expence they must have added to the error because they were intended to be of wood.\nObjections are brought against the Conference room and the Colonade before it. With respect to the first I can only say at present, that my intentions have in some measure been misapprehended. It is not possible for me to answer particularly, without an inspection of the plans. I dare say however, that if there are defects here, they can be remedied with ease. The Windows here require but a thought to correct them\u2014which I am ready to explain verbally on revising my plan.\nIn regard to the measurements below Mr. Hallet is mistaken. This I will also shew.\nAs to the Colonade of the Conference room, the intercolumniations of which seem to become an objection\u2014because it is surmized, the stones for the architrave over each intercolumniation would be too ponderous to be raised\u2014I answer, that it would require a small expence of genius only to raise stones of much greater magnitude. The same observation will apply to the architrave over the double columns at each end of the Portico. Mr. Hallet will recollect that the lofty Colonade of the Louvre is composed of double pillars\u2014and consequently has very wide intercolumniations. Let me ask him, how were the stones raised there?\nIf the difficulty should still be insisted on, there is still an easy way of oversetting it\u2014by cutting the Stones of the architrave each into 2 or 3 pieces perpendicularly lengthwise.\nFault is found with the semicircular projections at the ends, as losing their effect or appearing disproportionate on a front of such extent. I would ask, whether in a front of any less length having such projections, if seen out of the proper point of view, the like effect would not happen? These projections will be most properly viewed from the ends. There they are ornamental, and useful. The double pilasters which they admit have, in my opinion, a bold and beautiful effect. They correspond in a happy manner with the double pillars seen over the Carriage way of the portico on one side and those of the Colonade on the other\u2014producing a grand and striking part of the composition which I should be very sorry to part with. Besides in an insulated building every front should exhibit the same or similar elegance of stile.\nSome particular parts are said to want light\u2014such as the stairs leading from the Arcade of the Colonade and the passages through the Basement. In the former, it is conceived the objection is not valid, light enough coming in from the arcade: which may be increased by small circular windows looking into the colonade\u2014and which I ought to  have noticed in my Explanation\u2014if it is not already done. With respect to the passages, I conceived a Sufficiency of light for a basement story, would come thro windows over the doors of the apartments, and the open doors of the ends of the passages. If, however, upon farther consideration this should appear doubtful, we have only to break an open arched aperture in the bases supporting the two projecting pillars on each side of the Colonade\u2014and of course leaving out the niches which are placed there in the plan\u2014tho\u2019 I can not believe either this alteration or Mr. Hallet\u2019s lamps to be at all necessary.\nAs to the waste room or space in the Basement Story, I have only to say, That the Capitol will require extensive cellar room for Fuel, public Stores &c.\u2014and the inside walls may be all of the common foundation stone.\nThe want of unity between the Ornaments and the Order, forms another objection in Mr. Hallet\u2019s report. I trust he will permit me in this instance to prefer the authorities of the best books.\nThus, Sir, I have given a few short observations in answer to the voluminous objections which have been brought forward. I believe they embrace all or more than all that required to be answered. I could, however, have been much more particular if the plans had been in my possession\u2014and if Mr. Hallet\u2019s Report had been written in a more legible hand. I have the honour to be with Great respect, Sir Your obedt. hble Sert.\nThe Water Closets objected to in the upper Story may, if deemed improperly placed, be substituted by those below.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0437", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 12 July 1793\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHis Catholic Majesty\u2019s Commissioners present their Compliments to the Secretary of State, and have the honor to transmit herein the Passport requested from them.\nThe Commissioners are extreamely obliged to the Secretary of State for his polite offer in haveing their dispatches conveyed by the same person, and with pleasure would embrace so favourable opportunity, had they not fixed to forward them by a Spanish Gentleman who will sail about the same time.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0438", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 12 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to send to the President Dr. Thornton\u2019s answer to Mr. Hallet\u2019s objections this moment received, and which he has not had time to read. Perhaps the President may think it worth while to communicate them to Mr. Hobens and see what he thinks of them, for which reason he sends them to the President in the instant of recieving them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0439", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gaetano Drago di Domenico, 13 July 1793\nFrom: Drago di Domenico, Gaetano\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGenoa, 13 July 1793. All intercourse between France and Great Britain having ended late in February, he encloses via a friend in London a copy of the 25 Mch. letter he sent by way of France and entreats TJ\u2019s support for the object of it. Since writing that letter the price of wheat here has risen to 86 shillings British sterling per quarter because of heavy French demand. Several convoys of 20 to 30 merchant ships loaded with corn sailed from here and Leghorn to Marseilles before this practice was halted by the late appearance off this harbor of a Spanish fleet of 24 ships of the line and 9 frigates. A French frigate and 12 trading vessels with corn for France sequestered in this port by the fleet are just leaving after learning that it has left this coast. It is not unlikely this French convoy will encounter the British Mediterranean fleet because the division commanded by Admiral Hood reportedly arrived at Gibraltar on 19 June; joined to the 22 sail of the line, besides frigates, of Vice Admiral Gell, Cosby, and Hotham, as well as the Spanish fleet, this will constitute a force more formidable than any the French can mount in these seas. He hears that the French are readying with the utmost dispatch the 20 ships of the line and 13 frigates they have at Toulon. While the French find it difficult to penetrate into Piedmont on the Nice side, they have captured several camps and advanced posts from the \u201cAustro Piedmentese\u201d and driven them back to \u201cSavigio and Monte Ravs,\u201d though they have suffered severe losses in three unsuccessful attacks on the latter place, which like the former is deemed invulnerable. With 40,000 men there now and reinforcements daily arriving, the French do not seem to be abandoning their project. The King of Sardinia, much embarrassed by the present state of things, has scarcely enough revenue to meet his expenditures; although reportedly the Court of St. James has lately sent him a large sum of money, his fear of a French advance into Piedmont has led him to send his archives to Mantua. It is reported that news about the Spanish and British fleets has led the King of Naples to join the coalition against France. It is further presumed that the belligerent powers are trying to win the accession of Tuscany. Thankfully the Genoese republic remains neutral, with almost all of its troops sent to the frontier and with the town itself under the control of its greatest noblemen, genteel families, and people of property.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0441", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef de Jaudenes and Josef Ignacio de Viar, 13 July 1793\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 13. 1793.\nIt is with great sensibility we observe that the office which we had the honor to send you on the 18th. of June last has given any kind of disgust to the government of the US. as we perceive by your favor of the 11th. inst.\nWe assure you particularly, with the purest truth, that if any warmth is observed in it, it has no other object than to give all possible energy to the reason which we are persuaded is on our side, and that we are very far from having the least desire of offending the government of the US. nor of shewing the least want of respect but the most cordial affection to their most worthy President and to your own merit.\nBe pleased, Sir, to present this to the President of the US. and to  receive yourself this sincere assurance of our true esteem and indubitable attachment to the US. and the very worthy heads of it\u2019s government, while we remain firmly convinced that the K. our master will not fail to prove the justice, friendship and generosity which characterize him, and which he has always manifested to the US. We have the honor to subscribe ourselves with the most profound respect & sincere esteem Sir your mo. ob. & mo. hble servts.\nJoseph de Jaudenes\nJoseph Ignatius de Viar", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0443", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Carstairs, 14 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carstairs, Thomas\nSunday July 14. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson will be obliged to Mr. Carstairs if he can be at his office tomorrow exactly at 10. aclock in the morning to go with him to the President\u2019s with the drawings &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0446", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 14 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia July 14. 1793.\nI received yesterday your favor of the 4th. inst. and will immediately have Mr. Peyton\u2019s name placed among the candidates for the superintendancy of the magazines at Columbia. It will be not amiss to observe however that if there be a keeper at present and he chuses to remain, he would not be deprived without evident ill conduct. As I observe that through the negligence of the posts my letters are sometimes long on the  way, I will take the present early moment to ask that the horse you have been so good as to procure for me may be sent on to George town the 1st. day of September, that is to say to leave Monticello that day. Either Jupiter or Tom Shackleford would I think be the best hand, to come with him. His route should be by Mr. Madison\u2019s, Orange C.H. Porter\u2019s mill, Stevensburg, Herring\u2019s, Norman\u2019s ford, Slate run church, Colchester, Georgetown; and his stages would be Mr. Madison\u2019s, Herring\u2019s, Colchester, and George Town putting up at Shuter\u2019s tavern there. I will send off Tarquin so as to arrive there the same day to wit the 4th. to be exchanged by the riders, Tarquin to go on to Monticello, and the carriage horse come on here and have time to recruit for the journey back. Each messenger to be instructed to wait at George town till the other arrives, as accidents may happen on both sides, and it is indeed very possible that Tarquin may be able to go but short journies daily. Clarkson should furnish the messenger about 9. days expences, allowing liberal feeding for the horse. The expences at George town I will provide for from hence.\u2014You will have heard, before you recieve this, of the massacre of about one half the inhabitants of Port au Prince, and the flight of the other half, who are arrived or about to arrive in the Chesapeake. A similar massacre has taken place in Martinique, and I think it cannot be doubted but that sooner or later all the whites will be expelled from all the West India islands. What is to take place in our Southern states will depend on the timely wisdom and liberality of their legislatures. Perhaps the measures they ought to begin to think of may be facilitated by having so near an asylum established. We have no news from the continent of Europe later than the beginning of May. We have reason to presume that French affairs are going on firmly. My best affections to my dear Martha. Present me also to the friends you may have with you, & beleive me to be my dear Sir with the sincerest attachment, and greatest impatience to be with you Your\u2019s &c\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0447", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 14 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia July 14. 1793.\nI have laid before the President your letters of the 11th. and 13th. instant. Your residence in the United States has given you an opportunity of becoming acquainted with the extreme freedom of the Press in those States. Considering it\u2019s great importance to the public liberty, and the difficulty of subjecting it to very precise rules, the laws have thought it less mischievous to give greater scope to it\u2019s freedom, than to the restraint of it. The President has therefore no authority to prevent publications of the nature of those you complain of in your favor of the 11th. I can only assure you that the Government of the United States has no part in them, and that all it\u2019s expressions of respect towards his Catholic Majesty, public and private, have been as uniform, as their desire to cultivate his friendship has been sincere.\nWith respect to the letters I have had the honor of receiving from you for some time past, it must be candidly acknowledged that their complexion was thought remarkable, as to the matters they brought forward as well as the style of expressing them. A succession of complaints, some founded on small things taken up as great ones, some on suggestions contrary to our knowledge of things, yet treated as if true on very inconclusive evidence, and presented to view as rendering our peace very problematical, indicated a determination to find cause for breaking that peace. The President thought it was high time to come to an eclaircissement with your government directly, and has taken the measure of sending a Courier to Madrid for this purpose. This of course transfers all explanation of the past to another place. But the President is well pleased to hope from your letters of the 11th. and 13th. that all perhaps had not been meant which had been understood from your former Correspondence, and will be still more pleased to find these and all other difficulties between the two Countries settled in such a way as to ensure their future friendship. I beg you to accept assurances of my particular esteem, and of the real respect with which I have the honor to be, Gentlemen Your most obedient and most humble Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0448", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 15 July 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nIn obedience to the President\u2019s commands T. Lear has the honor to return to the Secretary of State the following letters and papers which have been put into the President\u2019s hands by the Secretary. viz.\nGenet\u2019s communications relative to Spain\nLetter from Govr. of Pennsyv. dated 24th. June and Warden\u2019s report.\nDo.\u2003\u2003 from Do.\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u20037th. July.\nCopy of Mr. Rawle\u2019s letter 9th. July\nGenet\u2019s letter 9 July.\nGovr. of Virga. letter 28th. June.\nSecy.\u2019s letter to Mr. Hammond 26th. June\nDo.\u2003\u2003\u2003to Do.\u2003\u2003\u2003\u200325 June\nPhilips\u2019 letter 7th. June\nChiappe letter 20th. March.\nSimpson\u2019s do. 30th. Apl.\nGenet\u2019s letter 22d. June\nDo.\u2003\u2003\u2003 Do.\u2003\u2003\u20079 July.\nHoben\u2019s Notes on Capitol.\nB. Minister\u2019s letter 11th. July\nSodderstrom\u2019s letter 11 July\nLt. Govr. Wood\u2019s letter 8 July with enclosures.\nB. Minister\u2019s letter 13 July.\nSecy.\u2019s letter to M. P. of France 30th. June\nCopy of a letter from Govr. of Maryland to the Collector of Baltimore\u200720th. June\nDo. of\u2003\u2003\u2002Do.\u2003\u2003from Collectr. to the Govr. 21 June\nExtract of a letter from Govr. of Maryld. to Secy. of War. 22d. June.\nSecy.\u2019s letter to M. P. of France 12 July\nDo.\u2003\u2003Do.\u2003\u2003\u2002to B. Minister\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003Do.\nDo. Note to Mess. Viar and Jaudennes 11th. July.\nInstructions to Mr. James Blake 12 July.\nPassport\u2003\u2003\u2003for\u2003\u2003\u2003Do.\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003Do.\nSecy.\u2019s letter to Chief Justice Jay Do.\nDo.\u2003\u2003\u2002Do. to Judge Patterson\u2003\u2003Do.\nDo.\u2003\u2003\u2002Do. to M. P. of France 25 June\nDo.\u2003\u2003\u2003Do. to B. Minister\u2003\u2003\u2003 26 Do.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0449", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Nicholas, 15 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Nicholas, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 15. 1793.\nYour letter of May 7. was received and duly laid before the President of the US. On enquiry into the circumstances which you mention as producing difficulty in the district of Kentuckey, in order to see what could be done, he found that a letter had been written by the Commissioner of the revenue to the collector which would relieve much of that difficulty, at least as much of it as there is legal authority to relieve. I have the honor to inclose you a copy of that letter, and it is hoped that it will lessen so much the number of disagreeable cases which would present themselves in the exercise of the office proposed to you, as to place it nearly on the footing you desired; and therefore that we may consider your objections so far removed as that you accept the appointment. It will give me pleasure to be authorised by a letter from yourself to inform the President that you do. I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0450", "content": "Title: Notes of a Cabinet Meeting, 15 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nJuly 15. Th:J. H. and K. met at the President\u2019s. Govr. Mifflin had appld. to Knox for the loan of 4. cannon to mount at Mud Isd. informed him he should station a guard of 35. militia there, and asked what arrangement for rations the general government had taken. Knox told him nothing could be done as to rations and he should ask the Presidt. for the cannon. In the mean time he permitted him to put the Cannon on board a boat, ready to send off as soon as permission was obtained. The Presidt. declared his own opinion first and fully that when the orders were given to the governors to stop vessels arming &c. in our ports even by military force, he took for granted the Govrs. would use such diligence as to detect those projects in embryo and stop them when no force was requisite or a very small party of militia would suffice: that here was a demand from the Governr. of Pensva. to lend 4. cannon under pretext of executing orders of general government, that if this was granted we should be immediately appld. to by every other governor, and that not for one place only, but several, and our cannon should be dispersed all over US. That for this reason we had refused the same request to the Govrs. of S.C. Virga., and RI. That if they erected batteries, they must establish men for them, and would come on us for this too, he did not think the Executive had a power to establish permanent guards, he had never looked to any thing permanent when the orders were given to the governors, but only an occasional call on small parties of militia in the moments requiring it. These sentiments were so entirely my own, that I did little more than combat on the same grounds the opinions of H. and K. The latter said he would be ready to lend an equal number to every governor to carry into effect orders of such importance: and H. that he would be ready to lend them in cases where they happened to be as near the place where they were to be mounted.\nHamilton submitted the purchase of a large quantity of salt petre, which would outrun the funds destined to objects of that class by Congress. We were unanimous we ought to venture on it, and to the procuring supplies of military stores in the present circumstance, and take on  us the responsibility to Congress, before whom it should be laid. The President was fully of the same opinion.\nIn the above case of the cannon the President gave no final order while I remained, but I saw that he was so impressed with the disagreeableness of taking them out of the boat again, that he would yield. He spoke sharply to Knox for having put them in that position without consulting him, and declared that, but for that circumstance he would not have hesitated one moment to refuse them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0451", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 15 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President returns him Montmorin\u2019s letter, which he thought he would wish to keep, and sends him a letter from Govr. Chittenden, open as he received it. Also the letter from Algiers in which there is nothing new but their present marine force in the last page but one.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0452", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael, 16 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 16. 1793\nThe present opportunity is so favorable for obtaining answers to the several particular cases, relative to individuals, which had been committed to your care at Madrid before I came into office, and also those of the same nature since, that I must ask the favor of you to give, by the return of Mr. Blake, a particular statement of what has been done in each case, addressing your letter \u2018to the Secretary of state of the US\u2019 as I shall retire from the office before his return. While in it, I have had the honor of receiving from you but a single letter, which was sent by Colo. Humphreys on his leaving Madrid. The case of the Dover Cutter, which has for so long a time been the subject of so many letters, is still the subject of constant sollicitation and enquiry here. I have the honor to be with great esteem Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0453", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael and William Short, 16 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William,Short, William\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia July 16. 1793.\nMr. Blake\u2019s departure being, by the unreadiness of the vessel, put off till this day gives me an opportunity of inclosing you the last letters which have passed between the Charg\u00e9s des affaires of Spain and myself, and which probably close this subject of correspondence here. I have the honor to be with great respect & esteem Gentlemen Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0455", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 16 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to submit to the President the rough draught of an answer to Mr. Genet\u2019s letter of June 22. It is left unclosed, in case any other matters should be thought proper to be added. Otherwise he would propose to close it with reiterations of friendship to his nation.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0456", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Clarke, 17 July 1793\nFrom: Clarke, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHon\u2019ble Sir\nRichmond July 17th 1793.\nI recieved yesterday your favor of the 28th. of June, for which I humbly thank you. Being unacquainted in Philadelphia, I was at a loss to know who I should get to be my arbitrator, but was happy to find by your letter that you intend to select (for arbitrators) men of integrity and other proper qualifications for deciding who is best entitled to the patent contended for. I was also happy to find, in the latter part of the ninth Section of the new Law, that \u201cwhere there shall be more than two interfereing applications and the parties applying shall not all unite in appointing three Arbitrators, it shall be in the power of the Secretary of State to appoint three arbitrators for the purpose.\u201d As there are more than two interfereing applications in the present case, I anxiously wish and request that you will appoint the arbitrator or arbitrators, required. I recieved Mr. Taylor\u2019s letter of the 10th. of June, a few days before your last came to hand, and shall endeavour to comply with the requisitions mentioned therein, he informs me that you have fixed on the last Monday in the present month for makeing the reference to arbitration, And that the Arbitrators and evidences of the parties must be at 12 Oclock on that day at the office of the Secretary of State in Philadelphia. I feared at first that he meaned that the evidences were to appear in person, but on opening his former letter to me upon the same subject, he says \u201cprocure and send under cover to the Secretary of State in season, such written Testimony either by oath or otherwise, as you may think worthy of consideration, and useful to substantiate the originality of the invention on your part.\u201d I therefore trust that you do not require, that the evidences shall appear in person, but by deposition &c. as it would be exceedingly inconvenient and expensive to me. I have already sent my petition to you for a patent for my invention, and descriptions of it signed by Myself and attested by two witnesses, according to the new Law. These papers I expect you recieved some time ago; for fear that those sent before have miscarried, I here inclose Mr. James Merrideth\u2019s deposition, And my own Memorial. Mr. Merrideth\u2019s deposition is accompanied by two Certificates of his integrity and good Character, from gentlemen who have known him from his Childhood Viz; The certificates of The Hon\u2019ble Robert Goode, one of the council of this state, And the certificate of The Hon\u2019ble William Fleming one of the Judges of the Court of appeals. Mr. David Ross\u2019s Narrative was sent to you some ago, but fearing that it miscarried I would now send another, but his being a considerable distance from this place now prevents my doing it. He is daily expected to return. If he should time enough I shall have another Narrative sent to you immediately. I have sent you here  inclosed Bank Notes for the Thirty Dollars required by Law. I hope and request that you will have all the papers (if you think them necessary) that I have sent you heretofore, or such of them as you think proper, produced at the trial. Having omited no requisition that I know of, I conclude with a firm reliance on your haveing Strict Justice done. I am Hon\u2019ble Sir Your most Obedient and most Humble Servant\nJohn Clarke", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0458", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Lee, 17 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lee, Henry\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 17. 1793.\nI was honored in due time with your favor of June 16. on the subject of an infectious disease supposed to be prevailing in the Windward islands, and the precautions necessary to be taken on our part. The absence of the President prevented it\u2019s being immediately laid before him. That has been now done, and it is thought that no provision on the subject has been made by the laws of the general government which would enable the President to interfere. I have the honor to be with great esteem & respect Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0459", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Stephen Sayre, 17 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Sayre, Stephen\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 17. 1793.\nI have duly received your favor of the 13th. on the same subject with one written to the President, and I have the honor to inform you that the circumstances of the case not leaving room for the appointment therein proposed, the offer of service you are pleased to make cannot be made use of. I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0460", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 17 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 17. 1793.\nAccording to the desire expressed in your letter of June 30. I called together Doctr. Thornton, Mr. Hallet, Mr. Hoben, and a judicious undertaker of this place, Mr. Carstairs, chosen by Dr. Thornton as a competent judge of the objections made to his plan of the Capitol for the City of Washington. These objections were proposed and discussed on a view of the plans: the most material were the following.\n1. The intercolonnations of the western and central peristyles are too wide for the support of their architraves of Stone: so are those of the doors in the wings.\n2. The colonnade passing through the middle of the Conference room has an ill effect to the eye, and will obstruct the view of the members: and if taken away, the cieling is too wide to support itself.\n3. The floor of the central peristyle is too wide to support itself.\n4. The stairways on each side of the Conference room want head-room.\n5. The windows are in some important instances masked by the Galleries.\n6. Many parts of the building want light and air in a degree which renders them unfit for their purposes. This is remarkably the case with  some of the most important apartments, to wit, the chambers of the Executive and the Senate, the anti-chambers of the Senate and Representatives, the Stair-ways &c. Other objections were made which were surmountable, but those preceding were thought not so, without an alteration of the plan.\nThis alteration has in fact been made by Mr. Hallet in the plan drawn by him, wherein he has preserved the most valuable ideas of the original and rendered them susceptible of execution; so that it is considered as Dr. Thornton\u2019s plan reduced into practicable form. The persons consulted agreed that in this reformed plan the objections before stated were entirely remedied; and that it is on the whole a work of great merit. But they were unanimously of opinion that in removing one of the objections, that is to say, the want of light and air to the Executive and Senate Chambers, a very capital beauty in the original plan, to wit, the Portico of the Eastern front, was suppressed, and ought to be restored; as the recess proposed in the middle of that front instead of the Portico projecting from it, would probably have an extreme ill effect. They supposed that by advancing the Executive chamber, with the two rooms on it\u2019s flanks, into a line with the Eastern front, or a little projecting or receding from it, the Portico might be re-established, and a valuable passage be gained in the center of the edifice, lighted from above, and serving as a common disengagement to the four capital apartments, and that nothing would be sacrificed by this but an unimportant proportion of light and air to the Senate and Representatives rooms; otherwise abundantly lighted and aired.\nThe arrangement of the windows in front on different levels was disapproved, and a reformation of that circumstance was thought desirable though not essential.\nIt was further their opinion that the reformed plan would not cost more than half what the original one would.\nI need not repeat to you the opinions of Colo. Williams an undertaker also produced by Dr. Thornton, who on seeing the plans and hearing the objections proposed, thought some of them removeable, others not so, and on the whole that the reformed plan was the best. This past in your presence, and with a declaration at the same time from Col. Williams that he wished no stress to be laid on opinions so suddenly given. But he called on me the day after, told me he had considered and conferred with Dr. Thornton on the objections, and thought all of them could be removed but the want of light and air in some cases. He gave me general ideas of the ways in which he would remove the other objections, but his method of spanning the intercolonnations with secret arches of brick, and supporting the floors by an interlocked framing appeared to me totally inadequate; that of unmasking the windows by  lowering the Galleries was only substituting one deformity for another, and a conjectural expression how head-room might be gained in the Stairways shewed he had not studied them.\nI have employed Mr. Carstairs to calculate the cost of the whole masonry of the building, according to the Philadelphia prices, because the cost of the walls of a building furnishes always a tolerable conjecture of the cost of the whole, and because I thought that a statement in detail of the Philadelphia prices of materials and work might be of some value to the Commissioners. I have the honor to be with the most perfect esteem and respect, Sir Your most obedient & most humble Servant.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0461", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Wood, 17 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wood, James\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 17. 1793.\nI am honored with your favor of the 8th. instant and have laid the same before the President of the US. The case of the refugees from St. Domingo is really deplorable, and calls with a loud voice for charitable succours: but it is a case wherein the general government has not been authorised to furnish them. It is therefore hoped that the particular states will come in with liberality to the relief of the sufferers, and the temporary relief furnished by the Executive of Virginia cannot fail to meet with general approbation. I have the honor to be with great respect & esteem, Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0462", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Justices of the Supreme Court, 18 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Justices of the Supreme Court\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia July 18. 1793.\nThe war which has taken place among the powers of Europe produces frequent transactions within our ports and limits, on which questions arise of considerable difficulty, and of greater importance to the peace of the US. These questions depend for their solution on the construction of our treaties, on the laws of nature and nations, and on the laws of the land; and are often presented under circumstances which do not give a cognisance of them to the tribunals of the country. Yet their decision is so little analagous to the ordinary functions of the Executive, as to occasion much embarrasment and difficulty to them. The President would therefore be much relieved if he found himself free to refer questions of this description to the opinions of the Judges of the supreme court of the US. whose knolege of the subject would secure us against errors dangerous to the peace of the US. and their authority ensure the respect of all parties.\u2014He has therefore asked the attendance of such of the judges as could be collected in time for the occasion, to know, in the first place, their opinion, Whether the public may, with propriety, be availed of their advice on these questions? and if they may, to present, for their advice, the abstract questions which have already occurred, or may soon occur, from which they will themselves strike out such as any circumstances might, in their opinion, forbid them to pronounce on. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect respect Gentlemen Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0463", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 18 July 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe season of harvest having suspended all intercourse with Fredg. your favor of the 7th. inst: has but just been received. That of the 29th. Ult: came to hand at the same time. The preceding one of the 23d. would have been acknowledged before but for the cause above mentioned. The present is the first opportunity and like several others leaves me but a moment to prepare for it.\nI have read over the subject which you recommend to my attention. It excites equally surprise and indignation, and ought certainly to be taken notice of by some one who can do it justice. In my present disposition which is perfectly alienated from such things, and in my present situation which deprives me of some material facts and many important lights, the task would be in bad hands if I were otherwise better qualified for it. I am in hopes of finding that some one else has undertaken it. In the mean time I will feel my own pulse, and if nothing appears, may possibly try to supply the omission. Return my thanks to Docr. Logan for the pamphlet and also for the plows arrived at Fredg., tho\u2019 by a singular succession of errors and accidents lie still on the road between this and that. Your acct. of G\u2014\u2014 is dreadful. He must be brought right if possible. His folly will otherwise do mischief which no wisdom can repair. Is there no one thro\u2019 whom he can be effectually counselled. D. L. F: is said to be able, and if himself rightly disposed as I have understood him to be, might perhaps be of great use. The result of the Harvest is perhaps less favorable than I once supposed. I hope however the crop of wheat as to quantity at least will be tolerable. Of the quality I have great apprehensions. The season for getting it in was as bad as was possible. Every other article of our cultivation is prosperous, and will help to make amends, if the rest of the year be favorable. The corn is particularly luxurient in all quarters. Yrs. always & affy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0464", "content": "Title: Notes on James Cole Mountflorence and on Federalist Intrigues, 18 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nJuly 18. 93. At a meeting at the Presid\u2019s Genl. Knox tells us Govr. Blount (now in town) has informed him that when Mt. florence was in France, certain members of the Execve. council enquired of him what were the dispositions of Cumbld. settlemt. &c. towards Spain? Mt.florce. told them unfriendly. They then offered him a commission to embody troops there, to give him a quantity of blank commissions to be filled up by him making officers of the republic of France those who should command, and undertaking to pay the expences. Mt. florce. desired his name might not be used. Blount added that Mt. florce. while in France pretended to be a great friend to their revolution tho an enemy to it in his heart.\neod. die. Lear calls on me. I told him that Irvine, an Irishman, and a writer in the Treasury, who on a former occasion had given the most decisive proofs of his devotion to his principal, was the author of the peices signed Veritas: and I wished he could get at some of Irvine\u2019s acquaintances and inform himself of the fact, as the person who told me of it would not permit the name of his informer to be mentioned. [Note Beckley told me of it, and he had it from Swaine the printer to whom the peices were delivered.] That I had long before suspected this excessive foul play in that party, of writing themselves in the character of the most exaggerated democrats, and incorporating with it a great deal of abuse on the President to make him believe it was that party who were his enemies, and so throw him entirely into the scale of monocrats. Lear said he no longer ago than yesterday expressed to the President his suspicions of the artifices of that party to work on him. He mentioned the following fact as a proof of their writing in the character of their adversaries. To wit. The day after the little incident of Ricket\u2019s toasting \u2018the man of the people\u2019 [see the gazettes] Mrs. Washington was at Mrs. Powel\u2019s, who mentioned to her that when the toast was given there was a good deal of disapprobation appeared in the audience, and that many put on their hats and went out: on enquiry he had not found the fact true, and yet it was put into\u2019s paper, and written under the character of a republican, tho he is satisfied it is altogether a slander of the monocrats. He mentioned this to the Presidt. but he did not mention  to him the following fact, which he knows, that in N. York the last summer when the parties of Jay and Clinton were running so high, it was an agreed point with the former, that if any circumstances should ever bring it to a question whether to drop Hamilton or the President the had decided to drop the Presidt. He said that lately one of the loudest pretended friends to the government damned it, and said it was good for nothing that it could not support itself, and it was time to put it down and set up a better, and yet the same person in speaking to the Presidt. puffed of that party as the only friends to the government. He said he really feared that by their artifices and industry they would aggravate the Presidt. so much against the Republicans as to separate him from the body of the people. I told him what the same cabals had decided to do if the Presidt. had refused his assent to the bank bill, also what Brockhurst Livingston said tothat Hamilton\u2019s life was much more precious to the community than the Presid\u2019s.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0465-0002", "content": "Title: I. Alexander Hamilton\u2019s Questions for the Supreme Court, [ca. 18 July 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nI\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003Do the Treaties between the United States and France give to France or her Citizens a right, when at War with a Power with whom the UStates are at peace, to fit out originally, in and from the Ports of the UStates, vessels armed for War, with or without commission?\n   Agreed x\nII\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003If they give such a right Does it extend to all manner of armed vessels or to particular kinds only? If the latter, to what kinds does it extend?\n   Agreed\nIIIDo they give to France or her Citizens, in the case supposed, a right to refit or arm anew vessels, which before their coming within any port of the UStates were armed for war\u2014with or without commission?\n   Agreed\nIVIf they give such a right; does it extend to all manner of armed vessels or to particular kinds only? If the latter, to what kinds does it extend? Does it include an augmentation of force, or does it only extend to replacing the vessel in statu quo?\n   Agreed\nVDoes the XXII Article of the Treaty of Commerce in the case supposed, extend to Vessels armed for War, on account of the Government of a Power at War with [France], or to Merchant-armed vessels belonging to the subjects or citizens of that Power (viz.) of the description of those which by the English are called Letter of Marque-Ships by the French \u201cBatiments arm\u00e9 en marchandize et en guerre\u201d?\n   Agreed\nVI\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2002Do the Treaties aforesaid prohibit the UStates from permitting in the case supposed, the armed vessels belonging to a Power at War with France\u2014or to the citizens or subjects of such Power to come within the ports of the UStates there to remain as long as they may think fit except in the case of their coming in with Prizes made of the subjects or property of France?\n   Agreed\nVII\u2003\u2003\u2003 Do they prohibit the UStates from permitting in the case supposed, vessels armed on account of the Government of a Power at War with France or vessels armed for merchandize and war, with or without Commission on account of the subjects or citizens of such Power or any vessels other  than those commonly called Privateers to sell freely whatsoever they may bring into the Ports of the UStates and freely to purchase in and carry from the ports of the U States goods merchandize and commodities; except as excepted in the last question?\n   Agreed\nVIII\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003Do they oblige the United States to permit France in the case supposed to sell in their ports the prizes which she or her citizens may have made of any Power at War with her, the Citizens or subjects of such Power; or exempt from the payment of the usual duties, on ships and merchandize, the prizes so made, in the case of their being to be sold within the Ports of the UStates?\n   Agreed\nIX\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2002Do those Treaties particularly the Consular Convention authorize France as of right to erect Courts within the Jurisdiction of the UStates for the trial and condemnation of Prizes made by armed vessels in her service?\n   Agreed\nX\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2002Do the laws and usages of Nations authorize her as of right to erect such Courts for such purpose?\n   Agreed\nXI\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003 Do the laws of neutrality considered relatively to the Treaties of the UStates with Foreign Powers or Independently of those Treaties permit the UStates, in the case supposed, to allow to France or her citizens, the privilege of fitting out originally in and from the Ports of the UStates vessels armed and Commissioned for War either on account of the Government or of private persons or both? XII Do those laws permit the UStates to extend the like Privilege to a Power at War with France?\n   Agreed\nXII\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2002Do the laws of Neutrality considered as aforesaid permit the UStates in the case supposed to allow to France or her Citizens the privilege of refitting or arming anew vessels which before their coming within the UStates were armed and commissioned for war. May such privilege include an augmentation of the force of such vessels?\n   Agreed\nXIII\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003 Do those laws permit the UStates to extend the like privilege to a Power at War with France?\nXIV\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003 Do those laws, in the case supposed, permit Merchant vessels of either of the powers at War to arm in the Ports of the UStates, without being commissioned? May this privilege be rightfully refused?\n   Agreed XIV\nXV\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003Does it make any difference in point of principle, whether a vessel be armed for War or the force of an armed vessel be augmented in the ports of the UStates, with means procured in the UStates or with means brought into them,\n   Agreed the XV\n by the party who shall so arm or augment the force of such Vessel? If the first be unlawful is the last lawful?\nXVI\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003 Do the laws of neutrality considered as aforesaid authorise the U States to permit to France her subjects or Citizens the sale within their Ports of Prizes made of the subjects or property of a power at War with France before they have been carried into some Port of France and there condemned, refusing the like privilege to her enemy?\n   Agreed XVI\nXVII\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003Do those Laws authorise the UStates to permit to France the erection of Courts within their territory and jurisdiction for the trial and condemnation of Prizes; refusing that privilege to a Power at War with France?\n   Agreed\nXVIII\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2002If any armed vessel of a foreign power at War with another, with whom the UStates are at Peace, shall make prize of the subjects or property of its enemy within the territory or jurisdiction of the UStates\u2014have not the UStates a right to cause restitution of such prize? Are they bound or not by the principles of neutrality so to do, if such prize shall be within their power?\n   Agreed\nXIX\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003 To what distance, by the laws and usages of Nations, may the UStates exercise the right of prohibiting the hostilities of foreign Powers at War with each other\u2014within rivers, bays and arms of the sea, and upon the sea along the Coasts of the UStates?\nXX\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2002Have Vessels armed for War under commission from a foreign Power a right, without the consent of the UStates, to engage within their jurisdiction seamen or soldiers for the service of such vessels being Citizens of that Power or of another foreign Power\u2014or Citizens of the UStates?\n   Agreed\nXXI\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003 Is it lawful for the Citizens of such Power or citizens of the States so to engage being within the jurisdiction of the UStates?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0465-0003", "content": "Title: II. Thomas Jefferson\u2019s Questions for the Supreme Court, [ca. 18 July 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n\u2713 1.<Are we free, by the treaty, to prohibit France from arming vessels within our ports to cruize on her enemies?>\n2. If we are free to prohibit her, are we, by the laws of neutrality, bound to prohibit her?\nagreed.3. What are the articles, by name, to be prohibited to both or either party?\n4. May the prohibition extend to the use of their own means e.g. mounting their own guns, transferring guns from one of their own vessels to another &c.\n5. May they receive on board their armed vessels their own sailors and citizens found within our ports? May they receive other foreigners?\nagreed6. To what extent does the reparation, permitted in the article, go?\nagreed7. What may be done as to vessels armed in our ports before the President\u2019s proclamation? and what as to the prizes they made before and after?\n8. A trading vessel belonging to the enemies of France, coming here for the purposes of commerce, but armed, and having a letter of marque authorising her to cruize &c. as usual, are we obliged by thearticle to order such a vessel out of our ports?\n9. What landlocked waters, and what extent from the seashore, may be deemed within the limits of our protection so as to render captures within them unlawful?\nagreed.10 May we within our own ports sell ships to both parties prepared merely for merchandize? agreed pierced for guns?\nagreed11. May we carry either or both kinds to the ports of the belligerent powers for sale?\nagreed12. Is the principle that free bottoms make free goods, and enemy bottoms make enemy goods, to be considered as now an established part of the law of nations?\nagreed13 If it is not, are nations with whom we have no treaties authorized by the law of nations to take out of our vessels enemy passengers, not being soldiers, and their bag gage?\n14. Which of the above prohibitable things are within the competence of the President to prohibit?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0466-0001", "content": "Title: IV. Questions for the Supreme Court, [18 July 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\n1. Do the treaties between the US. and France give to France or her citizens a right, when at war with a power with whom the US. are at peace, to fit out originally in and from the ports of the US, vessels armed for war, with or without commission?\n2. If they give such a right, does it extend to all manner of armed vessels, or to particular kinds only? If the latter, to what kinds does it extend?\n3. Do they give to France, or her citizens, in the case supposed, a right to refit, or arm anew vessels, which before their coming within any port of the US. were armed for war, with or without commission?\n4. If they give such a right, does it extend to all manner of armed vessels, or to particular kinds only? If the latter, to what kinds does it extend? Does it include an augmentation of force, or does it only extend to replacing the vessel in statu quo?\n5. Does the 22d. article of the Treaty of commerce, in the case supposed, extend to vessels, armed for war on account of the government of a power at war with France, or to merchant armed vessels belonging to the subjects or citizens of that power (viz.) of the description of those which, by the English, are called Letters of marque Ships, by the French \u2018batiments arm\u00e9s en marchandize et en guerre\u2019?\n6. Do the treaties aforesaid prohibit the US. from permitting in the case supposed, the armed vessels belonging to a power at war with France, or to the citizens or subjects of such power to come within the ports of the US. there to remain as long as they may think fit, except in the case of their coming in with prizes made of the subjects or property of France?\n7. Do they prohibit the US. from permitting in the case supposed vessels armed on account of the government of a power at war with France, or vessels armed for merchandize and war, with or without commission on account of the subjects or citizens of such power, or any vessels other than those commonly called privateers, to sell freely whatsoever they may bring into the ports of the US. and freely to purchase in and carry from the ports of the US. goods, merchandize and commodities, except as excepted in the last question?\n8. Do they oblige the US. to permit France, in the case supposed, to sell in their ports the prizes which she or her citizens may have made of any power at war with her, the citizens or subjects of such power; or exempt from the payment of the usual duties, on ships and merchandize,  the prizes so made, in the case of their being to be sold within the ports of the US?\n9. Do those treaties, particularly the Consular convention, authorize France, as of right, to erect courts within the jurisdiction of the US. for the trial and condemnation of prizes made by armed vessels in her service?\n10. Do the laws and usages of nations authorize her, as of right, to erect such courts for such purpose?\n11. Do the laws of Neutrality, considered relatively to the treaties of the US. with foreign powers, or independantly of those treaties permit the US. in the case supposed, to allow to France, or her citizens the privilege of fitting out originally, in and from the ports of the US. vessels armed and commissioned for war, either on account of the government, or of private persons, or both?\n12. Do those laws permit the US. to extend the like privilege to a power at war with France?\n13. Do the laws of Neutrality, considered as aforesaid, permit the US. in the case supposed, to allow to France or her citizens, the privilege of refitting, or arming anew, vessels which before their coming within the US. were armed and commissioned for war? May such privilege include an augmentation of the force of such vessels?\n14. Do those laws permit the US. to extend the like privilege to a power at war with France?\n15. Do those laws, in the case supposed, permit merchant vessels of either of the powers at war, to arm in the ports of the US. without being commissioned? May this privilege be rightfully refused?\n16. Does it make any difference in point of principle, whether a vessel be armed for war, or the force of an armed vessel be augmented, in the ports of the US. with means procured in the US. or with means brought into them by the party who shall so arm or augment the force of such vessel? If the first be unlawful, is the last lawful?\n17. Do the laws of neutrality, considered as aforesaid, authorize the US. to permit to France, her subjects or citizens, the sale within their ports of prizes made of the subjects or property of a power at war with France, before they have been carried into some port of France and there condemned, refusing the like privilege to her enemy?\n18. Do those laws authorize the US. to permit to France the erection of courts within their territory and jurisdiction, for the trial and condemnation of prizes, refusing that privilege to a power at war with France?\n19. If any armed vessel of a foreign power at war with another, with whom the US. are at peace, shall make prize of the subjects or property of it\u2019s enemy within the territory or jurisdiction of the US. have not the  US. a right to cause restitution of such prize? Are they bound or not by the principles of neutrality so to do, if such prize shall be within their power?\n20. To what distance, by the laws and usages of nations, may the US. exercise the right of prohibiting the hostilities of foreign powers at war with each other, within rivers, bays, and arms of the sea, and upon the sea along the coasts of the US?\n21. Have vessels armed for war under commission from a foreign power, a right, without the consent of the US. to engage, within their jurisdiction, seamen or souldiers, for the service of such vessels, being citizens of that power, or of another foreign power, or citizens of the US?\n22. What are the articles, by name, to be prohibited to both or either party?\n23. To what extent does the reparation permitted in the 19. Article of the treaty with France, go?\n24. What may be done as to vessels armed in our ports before the President\u2019s proclamation? and what as to the prizes they made before and after?\n25. May we, within our own ports, sell ships to both parties, prepared merely for merchandize? May they be pierced for guns?\n26. May we carry either or both kinds to the ports of the belligerent powers for sale?\n27. Is the principle that free bottoms make free goods, and enemy bottoms make enemy goods, to be considered as now an established part of the law of nations?\n28. If it is not, are nations with whom we have no treaties, authorized by the law of Nations to take out of our vessels enemy passengers, not being souldiers, and their baggage?\n29. May an armed vessel belonging to any of the belligerent powers follow immediately merchant-vessels, enemies, departing from our ports, for the purpose of making prizes of them?\u2014If not, how long ought the former to remain after the latter has sailed? And what shall be considered as the place of departure, from which the time is to be counted? And how are the facts to be ascertained?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0466-0002", "content": "Title: V. Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 18 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President a copy of the questions to be proposed to the judges, which he has endeavored to make with exactness, but cannot be sure he may not have mistaken some of the interlineations of the original. He has added at the end those from his own paper which were agreed to. They are the numbers 22. &c. to the end.\nHe incloses also the rough draughts of Colo. Hamilton and Genl. Knox; the former may serve to correct any errors of copying which he may have committed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0467", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 18 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia July 18th. 1793.\nThe Chief Justice and Judge Paterson are in Town. The former called upon me yesterday evening to know at what time he should receive my communications. I was embarrassed\u2014but declared the truth, that by waiting for the Attorney General, the business which it was proposed to lay before them, was not fully prepared.\nI shall expect to see you by Nine; and as the Judges will have to decide whether the business which, it is proposed to ask their opinion upon is, in their judgment, of such a nature as that they can comply, it  might save time if you were to draft some thing (before you come) that will bring the question properly before them. I am always & sincerely Yours\nGo: Washington\nP.S. As the Attorney General is not present\u2014quere, would a verbal communication, and explanation of the wishes of Government, made to them by you be better than by letter?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0469", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from J. P. P. Derieux, 19 July 1793\nFrom: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCharlottesville, 19 July 1793. He wrote on 25 May thanking TJ for the seeds and acknowledging his letter of 10 Mch. He fears that his letter may have miscarried and so repeats his request that TJ advise him of the progress of the sale and propose to Vaughan that his merchandise which is perishable or selling slowly be exchanged for coarse dry goods such as brown cloth which would easily be sold here or in Richmond, especially now when all kinds of merchandise have increased in price. If luxury items sell as well as other goods, as is common in large cities, Vaughan might not object to giving him an advantage that is not detrimental to himself. He is anxious to conclude this sale only because  his creditors show their impatience daily. Neither he nor Gamble has learned more of his bill of exchange for 5,000 livres, which prompts him to ask TJ to forward the enclosed letter to Fenwick, as well as another to Madame Bellanger, about whom he is very worried because he has had no news since hers of 29 Dec. He has written her by various routes but supposes that they are less reliable than TJ\u2019s and that the letters did not reach her. He asks TJ to send an order for \u00a37.17.0, deductible from the sale of his merchandise and payable in produce from Monticello, to Peter Mark, to whom he owes that amount. Mark asked him to obtain this favor, which would provide him with bread for his family. [P.S.] Since Madame Derieux has totally adopted the good method of making Virginia cloth for their family, he asks TJ to buy him a bale of good spinning cotton from the proceeds of his merchandise, if the shipping cost would not bring it above the selling price in Richmond.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0471", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Parish, 19 July 1793\nFrom: Parish, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHamburg, 19 July 1793. On 6 July he received TJ\u2019s 20 Feb. and 21 Mch. letters, the first with his consular commission from the President. Four days later he presented his credentials to the presiding Burgomaster, who that day submitted them to the Senate, which received them favorably. He encloses translations of the usual form of acceptance they instructed their secretary to draft and the covering letter from the Syndic. He will observe the laws of the United States TJ sent him and encloses his consular bond with two respectable securities duly executed. The European war still rages. France is attacked in every quarter and her troops fight obstinately. Cond\u00e9 has reportedly fallen and it is doubtful that Valenciennes and Mainz can hold out much longer, but the allies will not penetrate far into France because of their financial exhaustion. Complete anarchy reigns there under the current rulers, the livre is reduced to  2d., and without a favorable turn assignats \u201cwill be without a Course.\u201d The general opinion seems to be that the war cannot last much longer, but meanwhile it offers ample employment to American ships, who are engaged as soon as they arrive and can get almost any freight their captains ask. He has ordered them not to load any contraband in order to ensure the neutral rights they now enjoy and has imposed mandatory inspection of the registers of captains entering here under American colors as the only method to detect foreign usurpation of the flag. Although the French took a number of Hamburg ships with valuable cargoes after the city, acting on the order of the Diet of Ratisbon, reluctantly requested the departure of the French minister Le Hoc, they allow them to pass unmolested for the present. The shipment of all kinds of grain to France is forbidden here, and the English bring up any vessel they find, friend or foe, carrying any sort of grain or provisions to France. Captain Caleb Earl, master of the Brothers of Philadelphia, was captured on 23 Mch. while carrying wheat to Brest and brought to Portsmouth, where he was detained until 9 June. His cargo was unloaded and his ship was returned here in ballast without payment of freight or demurrage. Johnson, the consul in London, will presumably obtain satisfaction for this. He encloses a report of all American ships entering this port between January and the end of June. Although he could not obtain information on vessels which arrived and cleared prior to the receipt of his appointment, the ship registers now being produced will enable him to send more complete reports every six months.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0473", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 19 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President has the honor to inform him that Judges Jay and Wilson called on him just now and asked whether the letter of yesterday pressed for an answer. They were told the cases would await their time, and were asked when they thought an answer might be expected: they said they supposed in a day or two.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0474", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 20 July 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLisbon July 20th. 1793.\nSince my last, which was dated the first of July, I have had the honour to receive yours of the 26th. of April, covering the Presidents Proclamation of the 22nd. of the same Month, and other communications on the subject of it. Hitherto hostilities have not taken place between this Country and France. Should they commence (which is not very improbable) I shall take care to comply with your Instructions.\nI mentioned in a Postscript to my last, that the Portuguese fleet had sailed for England. I have now to advise you, that six Regiments of Infantry and some Companies of Grenadiers are under orders to embark for Spain (probably for Bilboa) under the command of General Forbes, a Scotch officer in this service with whom I am particularly acquainted. This last arrangement was made, unexpectedly to the Public, upon the arrival of a Courier from Madrid a few days since; and, as some intelligent officers surmise, in consequence of a check the Spaniards have received on their frontiers. But for the authenticity of this I am not able to answer.\nMy last letter, which was forwarded by a vessel to Virginia, contained my accounts with the Public for the year past.\nMr. Church arrived here with his family from Bourdeaux about ten days ago. He brings no news, except that great confusions and insurrections exist in the Departments. Santerre, who was sent with the national Guards from Paris to quell the Insurrection, had been totally defeated. In the part of the Country from which Mr. Church could receive genuine intelligence, Marat and the predominant faction were generally execrated. Notwithstanding all these tumults and threatening circumstances, every article of Provisions was plenty and cheap; and the armies on the frontiers fought invincibly. It is a ph\u00e6nomenon in political as in natural history, that, while the heart is mortally sick, the members should be more vigorous than usual.\nIn order to leave no possible precaution omitted which might tend to prevent the flag of the U.S. from being insulted, and the property of their Citizens from being violated by any of the belligerent Powers, Mr. Church and I have thought proper that all vessels of the U.S. sailing from Portugal should be furnished with Passports, in the English, French, and Dutch languages, signed by me, and countersigned by him. I have the honour to transmit the form we have made use of. It will be difficult to calculate the vast advantages which must result to the U.S. from their neutrality; and especially, if neutral bottoms can be made to protect all property which is not usually considered as Counterband.\nA short time since, I received from the Island of St. Michael\u2019s the original Protest of the Captain of a vessel belonging to the U.S. against the Captain of a French national Frigate, of which the enclosed is a copy. The original I sent (under a flying seal) to Mr. Pinckney in London, that he might forward it to our Minister in France, whenever occasion should occur, in order that the said Minister should make such use of it as should be deemed expedient for obtaining immediate reparation for the outrages committed on a Citizen of the U.S. by the Captn. of a French national Frigate, on the high Seas. With sentiments of perfect respect & esteem I have the honour to be, Sir, Your most obedt & most hble Servt\nD. Humphreys\nP.S. Although three Packets have arrived from England since my last, I have no news of Captn. Cutting. The 29th. of last month Valenciennes and Cond\u00e8 were not taken. Lord Hood sailed from Gibralter the 27th. ulto.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0475", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from the Justices of the Supreme Court, 20 July 1793\nFrom: Justices of the Supreme Court\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 20 July 1793\nThe enclosed Letter from us to the President being on the Subject of the one which by his Direction you did us the Honor to write on the 18th. Instant; we think it most proper and regular that it should pass to him thro\u2019 your Hands; and for that purpose commit it to your Care. We have the Honor to be Sir your most obt. & hble Servts.\nJohn Jay James Wilson Ja. Iredell Wm. Paterson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0476", "content": "Title: Enclosure: The Justices of the Supreme Court to George Washington, 20 July 1793\nFrom: Justices of the Supreme Court\nTo: Washington, George\nEnclosureThe Justices of the Supreme Court to George Washington\nSir\nPhiladelphia 20 July 1793\nWe have taken into Consideration the Letter written to us by your Direction, on the 18th. Instant, by the Secretary of State.\nThe Question \u201cwhether the public may with propriety be availed of the advice of the Judges, on the Questions alluded to?\u201d appears to us to be of much Difficulty as well as Importance\u2014as it affects the judicial Department, we feel a Reluctance to decide it, without the Advice and participation of our absent Brethren.\nThe occasion which induced our being convened, is doubtless urgent: of the Degree of that Urgency we cannot judge, and consequently cannot propose that the answer to this Question be postponed, untill the Sitting of the Sup. Court.\nWe are not only disposed but desirous to promote the welfare of our Country, in every way that may consist with our official Duties. We are pleased Sir! with every opportunity of manifesting our Respect for you, and are sollicitous to do whatever may be in our power to render your administration as easy and agreable to yourself as it is to our Country.\nIf Circumstances should forbid further Delay, we will immediately resume the Consideration of the Question, and decide it. We have the Honor to be with perfect Respect Sir your most obedient & most h\u2019ble Servants\nJohn Jay James Wilson Ja. Iredell Wm. Paterson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0477", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 20 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphia, July 20th: 1793\nThe President sends to the Secy. of State a letter from the Chief Justice and the Judges of the Supreme Court on the subject which has been laid before them\u2014and requests, that if the Secretary should be of opinion that an answer ought to be given to this letter, he will prepare one agreeably to what was suggested yesterday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0478", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Francis Eppes, 21 July 1793\nFrom: Eppes, Francis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nEppington July 21st. 1793\nI am sorry its not yet in my power to remit any part of your proportion of the Debt due from A. Cary\u2019s Estate tho\u2019 flater myself it will not be long before it will be in my power to do something for you as Mr. Page gives me very flatering promises. You may assure your self the moment the money gets into my hands it shall be remited. Your note inclosing Polly\u2019s letter to her Aunt came to hand a few days ago, this serves as a cover to the answer. I am with every wish for the health of you both Dr Sir Your Friend\nFrans. Eppes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0479", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 21 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nI wrote you on the 14th. since which I have no letter from you. It appears that two considerable engagements took place between France and the combined armies on the 1st. and 8th. of May. In the former the French have had rather the worst of it, as may be concluded by their loss of cannon and loss of ground. In the latter they have had rather the best: as is proved by their remaining on the ground, and their throwing relief into Cond\u00e9 which had been the object of both battles. The French attacked in both. They have sent commissioners to England to sound for peace. Genl. Felix Wimpfen is one. There is a strong belief that the bankruptcies and demolition of manufactures through the three kingdoms will induce the English to accede to peace.\u2014E. R. is returned. The affair of the loan has been kept suspended, and is now submitted to him. He brings very flattering information of the loyalty of the people of Virginia to the general government, and thinks the whole indisposition there is directed against the Secretary of the Treasury personally, not against his measures. On the whole he has quieted uneasiness here.\u2014I have never been able to get a sight of Billy till yesterday. He has promised to bring me the bill of your ploughs which shall be paid. Adieu. Your\u2019s affectionately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0480", "content": "Title: Note on Edmond Charles Genet and Alexander Hamilton, 21 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nJuly 21. 93. At Dr. Logan\u2019s to-day Genet told us that Colo. Hamilton had never in a single instance addressed a letter to him as the Minister of the republic of France, but always as the minister of France.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0481", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 21 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nTh:J. to his dear daughter\nPhiladelphia July 21. 1793.\nWe had peaches and Indian corn the 12th. instant. When do they begin with you this year?\u2014Can you lay up a good stock of seed-peas for the ensuing summer? We will try this winter to cover our garden with a heavy coat of manure. When earth is rich it bids defiance to droughts, yeilds in abundance and of the best quality. I suspect that the insects which have harassed you have been encouraged by the feebleness of your plants, and that has been produced by the lean state of the soil.\u2014We will attack them another year with joint efforts.\u2014We learn that France has sent commissioners to England to treat of peace, and imagine it cannot be unacceptable to the latter, in the present state of general bankruptcy and demolition of their manufactures. Upon the whole the affairs of France, notwithstanding their difficulties external and internal, appear solid and safe. Present me to all my neighbors; kiss the little ones for me, and my warmest affections to yourself and Mr. Randolph.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0482", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Vaughan, 21 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vaughan, John\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to Mr. Vaughan, and finding that the Pragers do not draw at present, he must endeavor to procure any other good bills on London or Amsterdam to a smaller amount for the present moment. If Mr. Vaughan can recommend him any (say to amount of 5000.D.) the drawers having property here to secure us, and not dealing in paper, he will oblige Th:J.\nCan Mr. Vaughan close the business of Mr. Derieux?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0483", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Bourne, 22 July 1793\nFrom: Bourne, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nProvidence 22d. July 1793\nI do myself the honor to forward herewith inclosed some information relative to the commerce between the United States and Denmark. Capt. Pearce, who furnishes it has commanded a Vessel several  Voyages in that Trade and is in great repute for his veracity and Intelligence. In the hope that this information may conduce to place our commerce with Denmark on a more favorable footing I remain very respectfully your obedt. Servt.\nB. Bourn", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0484", "content": "Title: Memorial from George Hammond, 22 July 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe undersigned, his Britannick Majesty\u2019s Minister plenipotentiary to the United States, has the honor of representing to the Secretary of state, that he has received authentic information, that the brig (formerly the little Sarah, captured by the French frigate Ambuscade and now  named) the Democrat has left this port, and was seen on the morning of Friday last, the 19th. curt., in the act of chasing and bringing to a large ship, at the distance of about seven leagues to the southward of the Capes of Delaware.\nThe undersigned will content himself for the present, with merely asserting his knowledge, of this fact, and likewise of the circumstance of this vessel having been fitted out, armed, commissioned and manned, (with a crew as it is said amounting to about one hundred and twenty in number) in the port of Philadelphia; for the purpose of committing depredations on the property of the subjects, of the King his master, and of the other powers, now engaged in war with the present rulers of France.\nIn addition to this statement, the undersigned esteems it his duty to express his conviction, that these measures have been pursued not only without the approbation, but even without the privity, of the federal executive government. In fact he could not reconcile a contrary course of conduct on its part, with the assurances which the Secretary of state was pleased to make to him in his communication of the 15th. of May\u2014\u201cthat the practice of commissioning, equipping and manning vessels in the ports of the United States, to cruize on any of the belligerent parties, was entirely disapproved, and that the government would take effectual measures to prevent a repetition of it\u201d\u2014or with the declaration contained in the Secretary of State\u2019s letter to him of the 12th. of this month that \u201cthe President expected\u201d that several vessels specified, of which the little Sarah or Democrat was the first mentioned, \u201cshould not be allowed to depart until his ultimate determination\u201d respecting them \u201cshould be made known.\u201d\nPhiladelphia 22 July 1793\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0485", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 22 July 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMy last was on the 18th. and acknowledged yours of the 30th. ult: and 7th. inst: I had not then time to mention that W.N. passed an evening with me on his way home from his brother\u2019s where he had met E.R. on his return to Pha. From his conversation, his sentiments are right and firm on the French Revoln. and in other respects I discovered no symptoms of heresy. He spoke particularly and emphatically of the unquestionable unanimity of the Country in favor of the cause of F. I have no doubt that he held this language to every one, and consequently that the impressions depending on him have been rightly made. I could  not but infer from all that he said with regard to E. R. that he considered the sentiments of him on French affairs as similar to his own, and to such as were expressed by myself. Some allowance however in all such conversations must be made for the politeness or policy of respecting the known sentiments of the party to which they are addressed or communicated. He had seen the first part of H\u2019s publication and spoke of it as from that quarter. He expressed some surprise at the doctrines and cabinet efforts of the Author as he had learnt them from E.R. and seemed unable to account for some things without suspecting H. of a secret design to commit and sacrifice the Pt. His ideas on this subject must have grown out of the language of E. R. if not actually copied from it. I have read over with some attention the printed papers you inclosed, and have made notes towards a discussion of the subject. I find myself however under some difficulties first from my not knowing how far concessions have been made on particular points behind the Curtain, 2dly. from my not knowing how far the P. considers himself as actually committed with respect to some doctrines, 3dly. from the want of some lights from the Law of Nations as applicable to the construction of the Treaty, 4th. from my ignorance of some material facts\u2014such as whether any call was made by G.B. or any other Belligerent power for the intentions of the U.S. prior to the Proclamation\u2014whether F. was heard on the subject of her constructions and pretensions under the Treaty\u2014whether the Ex. had before them any authentic documents or entered into any discussions, on the question whether the war between F. and G.B. is offensive or defensive &c: I do not mean that all such information ought to be brought into the controversy, tho\u2019 some of it is necessary and some more might be used to advantage. But all or most of it seems proper in order to avoid vulnerable assertions or suppositions which might give occasion to triumphant replies. If an answer to the publication be undertaken, it ought to be both a solid, and a prudent one. None but intelligent readers will enter into such a controversy, and to their minds it ought principally to be accomodated. If you can lay your hands on the Explanatory publication of the real object of the Proclamation referred to in your last, or the preceding one, send it to me. The one I had is no longer in my hands. I expect to day to receive your letter next in date to the 7th.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0486", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 22 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President has the honor of inclosing him some letters just received also the draught of a letter to the Judges.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0487", "content": "Title: George Washington to the Justices of the Supreme Court, [22 July 1793]\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Justices of the Supreme Court\nGentlemen\nThe circumstances which had induced me to ask your counsel on certain legal questions interesting to the public, exist now as they did then: but I by no means press a decision whereon you wish the advice and participation of your absent brethren. Whenever therefore their presence shall enable you to give it with more satisfaction to yourselves, I shall accept it with pleasure.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0489", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 23 July 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr. Coxe has the honor to inform Mr. Jefferson that Mr. John Wilcocks of this city has a few hundred pounds Stg. to sell, in bills on London, at 175 PCt: or five PCt. premium. His Bills are considered as very safe. No other Person is drawing, except Mr. Nicholson, that Mr. Coxe has heard of. Mr. J. has been already informed of Mr. N\u2019s bills.\nMr. Coxe has the honor to send Mr. Jefferson two Volumes of the Bee, containing several papers in continuance of the pamphlet by the same hand. The Writer intends to republish and enlarge them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0491", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 23 July 1793\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond July 23. 1793.\nI came here yesterday upon some business in the office of the Ct. of chancery, and shall return to morrow. I shall see Barrett to day and give him a line to Mr. Pope for the adjustment of his claim.\nMr. Lewis and Divers have valued Thenia and children but have not furnished me the statement. They will on my return. I am likewise in your debt for the Encyclopedia. Be so obliging as state in your next the amount and I will include the whole in the same bond. Tis impossible to adjust the transaction in a manner more agreeable to me and therefore hope it will likewise be so to you.\nThe information contained in your last of the prospect of a war with  Spain is truly alarming\u2014but I still hope it may be avoided\u2014as it embarks us of course in the general war of Europe and puts our fortunes afloat on the event. The unanimity of our Executive councils on the subject begets strange suspicions with me. By the proclamation so far as it had a right, we are seperated from France. The progress of the war then is not intended to be in great harmony with that nation, as for the support of publick liberty. We shall however be at war with Spain upon a private quarrel of our own\u2014for instance for the Missisippi, and which I hear has been lately guaranteed by Britain to that power\u2014but the guarantee has not been published and perhaps not intended to be. The commencement in the object and parties to the war, contains as little hostility to Britain and monarchy as possible; the odium of it too with the present Indian war\u2014will be placed to account of the western country, already unpopular enough throughout the continent. Britain it is obvious will prescribe the terms of the peace and what these may be, in the unsettled state of the world with respect to government the disposition of many with respect to the western country and torn to peices as we are, by a malignant monarchy faction is altogether incertain. Besides upon what principle can it be accounted for, that the certificate party lose the support of Hamilton upon this occasion furnished them upon all others? The certificates are in the dust if we are involved in a war, and he has shewn he could bear any kind of indignity from the Bh. Ct. The whole is misterious to me. I fear the party, finding its affairs desperate and that by fair discussion before the publick it will be crushed and that the publick credit partly by the mismanagement of the public finances, and partly by the present war whose effect is felt, are disposed to precipitate us into some dreadful catastrophe which may end we know not where. The circumstance of a Sph. war is of all others the happiest expedient for them. They have shewn themselves the patrons and advocates for peace by the proclamation\u2014a war, and for the Missisippi or southern boundaries will not be theirs\u2014its odium will fall elsewhere.\nI am (against every invitation to war) an advocate for peace. The insults of Spn. Britain or any other of the combined powers, I deem no more worthy our notice as a nation, than those of a lunatic to a man in health\u2014for I consider them as desperate and raving mad. To expose ourselves to their fury if we can get out of their way would be as imprudent in the former as the latter case. To preserve peace will no doubt be difficult but by accomplishing it, we shew our wisdom and magnanimity\u2014we secure to our people the enjoyment of a dignified repose, by indulging which they will be prosperous and happy.\nThere is no sacrifice I would not be willing to make for the sake of France and her cause\u2014but I think by this course we advance her interest\u2014and I am persuaded she must so understand it. In the mean time,  whatever the principles of neutrality would allow of should be granted her.\nI observe a curious publication signed \u201cpacificus\u201d written no doubt by Mr. H. The principles it contains are really novel. The President he says may of himself annull any treaty or part of a treaty he thinks fit, as the Organ of communication with foreign powers\u2014that he has done so by the proclamation\u2014in respect to the guarantee, which he has declared void, and the other two articles he has permitted to remain in force. It contains other doctrines equally exceptionable\u2014but which I have not time at present to notice nor you I presume to read. With great sincerity I am yr. affectionate friend & servant\nJas. Monroe\nI received Mr. Freneau\u2019s note excusing the omission about his paper respecting which I return an answer. Is it not surprising the pamphlet entitled \u201can examination &ca.\u201d has not reached this\u2014I never could obtain a view of it till the other day a copy was presented me for perusal.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0492", "content": "Title: Notes of Cabinet Meeting on Edmond Charles Genet, 23 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nJuly 23. 1793. A meeting at the Pr\u2019s of the 3 heads of departments and E.R.\nGenet had told me about a fortnight ago that he had come here with instructions to let all his contracts to the lowest bidder of sufficient ability, that he had been privately admonished however at the same time by some individuals who had been in America that, if he meant to succeed, he must put his contracts into the hands of Rob. Morris &c. who were all-powerful in the government. That he paid little regard to this, and pursuing rigorously the plan of his instructions he had failed, as I knew, meeting to every proposition for obtaining money, the decided opposition of the Secy. of the Treasury.\u2014Knowing as I did how decidedly the Sy. of the Tr. had been against every the smallest advance beyond what was actually exigible, and even for a day, I was attentive to him. He continued, that he had now found out that if he would put the contract into the hands of Mr. Hamilton\u2019s friends he could get money. That he had already been in treaty with Cuningham & Nesbit, had agreed with  them on terms mutually acceptable tho\u2019 not as good as in the way pointed out in his instructions, and that Mr. Hamilton had also agreed, tho\u2019 it was not yet in writing. I could not help saying \u2018are you sure Colo. H. is agreed. I think it impossible.\u2019 I am sure says he, and you shall see. Accordingly at this meeting Colo. H. proposes to agree to pay the orders of Mr. Genet to the amount of the instalments of this year that is to say, to note at the treasury those orders as presented, and to say to the persons that such a sum will be paid at the day of the instalment and he presented a letter ready cut and dry for the purpose. The Presidt. came into it at once, on account of the distresses of the refugees from St. Domingo, for whom some of it was to be used. Knox asked no other question than whether it was convenient to the treasury. I agreed to it on my old grounds, that I had no objections to an advance. E.R. alone was afraid, and insisted the Secy. of the Try. should present a written paper to each holder of a bill letting them see that we would pay for the government of France on such a day such a sum, so that if a counter-revolution should take place between this and the day (to wit, some day in Sep. and another in Nov.) in time to be known here, we should not be held to pay to the holder but to the new government. Hamilt. agreed to arrange this with E.R. which in private he will easily do.\nAt this meeting (E.R. being called away on business) I proposed an answer to Genet\u2019s letter of July 9. on French property taken by the English in American bottoms, which was agreed to in toto\u2014Also an answer to his letter of June 14. covering protests of Consuls about Admiralty courts arresting their prizes. To this it was thought some additions were necessary, and particularly Knox proposed some notice should be taken of the expressions towards the Presidt. personally. So it was referred to another day.\nThe Presidt. mentioned that we must shortly determine what was to be done with Mr. Genet, that in his own opinion his whole correspondence should be sent to G. Morr\u2019 with a temperate but strong representation of his conduct, drawing a clear line between him and his nation, expressing our friendship to the latter, but insisting on the recall of Genet, and in the mean time that we should desire him either to withdraw or cease his functions. Hamilton hereon made a long speech exhorting the Presidt. to firmness, representing that we were now in a crisis whereon the continuance of the government or it\u2019s overthrow by a faction depended, that we were still in time to give the tone to the public mind by laying the whole proceedings before them, and that this should be done in addition to what he had proposed. That as yet the great body of the people could be kept on the right side by proper explanations, but that if we let the incendiaries go on, they would soon have taken side with them.\u2014Knox told some little stories to aggravate the  Pr. To wit, that Mr. King had told him, that a lady had told him, that she had heard a gentleman say that the Pr. was as great a tyrant as any of them and that it would soon be time to chase him out of the city\u2014that Mr. Stagg lately from N. York had told him that the St. Tammany society now had meetings to the number of 500. persons, and that Consul Hauterive appeared to be very intimate with them.\nThe President also desired us to reflect on the question of calling Congress.\nHamilton and Knox told the President they had extorted from Beach a confession that Pascal (one of the Secretaries of Genet) sent him the queries inserted in his paper 2 or 3 days ago and to one of which the Visct. Noailles gave the lie in the paper of to-day. He said Talon had never been but twice to his house, which was to public dinners, and that he had dined once with Talon, in a large company.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0493", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John M. Pintard, 23 July 1793\nFrom: Pintard, John Marsden\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMadeira, 23 July 1793. The foregoing is a copy of his 4 July letter, since which a vessel arrived here that left Lisbon on the 9th, at which time there was no news of war between France and Portugal. Although lacking official news of such a war, a few weeks ago the governor detained here a French Indiaman bound from Mauritius to Toulon that had put into Porto Santo upon hearing that England and Spain were at war with France, imprisoned the captain, crew, and passengers, and lodged the cargo in the customhouse here. Several English ships, however, brought news that such a war had been reported when they left England, and a British frigate arrived in May with a Portuguese brig that had been captured by a French privateer from Nantes, the Dutch property aboard on its way to Holland from Oporto being assigned by the prize master as the reason for the seizure. In response to a plea by the Indiaman\u2019s captain, he requested the governor to release the ship, crew, passengers, and cargo, but the governor refused until instructions arrived from Lisbon; as a result, he has agreed to act as attorney for the captain and the ship\u2019s owners, and since the cargo is worth \u00a380,000 sterling he should earn a very handsome commission if the ship is released. This arrangement earned the wrath of the intendant of the customhouse, whose father-in-law is a Portuguese merchant who used to transact most French business here; certain of war, they ignored the Indiaman until after word came from Lisbon that France was not at war with Portugal, when they offered their services and were declined. As a result, under the intendant\u2019s influence, the governor doubled the guard on the French, forbidding any communication with them, and has refused until he hears from Lisbon to grant clearance papers for a ship he had chartered for Bordeaux, being convinced by the intendant that the ship, for which he is paying \u00a365 sterling a month, was chartered by the Frenchmen to bring news of their imprisonment to Bordeaux, even though he actually chartered it to take advantage of news from Joseph Fenwick about the high freights that American ships could fetch there. He has written to Humphreys about this and wishes to know if the governor should pay him demurrage for the ship. He also wishes to know if he can serve as French consul here while holding his American consular office. If he can, he asks TJ to recommend him to Genet. The lack of news from Lisbon about the combined armies suggests that they have received a check. He encloses a statement by the French captain and his officers, which they ask to be shown to Genet, and a list of ships for the last six months.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0494", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmund Randolph, with Jefferson\u2019s Note, [23 July 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nTh: Jefferson to E.R.\nI inclose you a letter of Genet\u2019s of July 9. and the draught of an answer to it, which is approved by the other gentlemen but we wish your sentiments on it, and as soon as possible as it is pressing.\u2014The other of June 22. is only under deliberation, and sent to you for your information and consideration against we meet again.\n[Note by TJ:]\nE.R. returned this note and the two answers. On that to the letter of June 22. he had indorsed with a pencil \u2018In all respects tenable and accurate.\u2019 Which was meant however for the other.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0495", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 24 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 24. 1793.\nYour favor of the 9th. instant covering the information of Silvat Ducamp, Pierre Nouvel, Chouquet de Savarence, Gaston de Noger\u00e9 and G. Beustier, that being on their passage from the French West Indies to the United States, on board merchant vessels of the United States with slaves and merchandize of their property, these vessels were stopped by British armed vessels and their property taken out as lawful prize.\nI believe it cannot be doubted but that, by the general law of nations, the goods of a friend found in the vessel of an enemy are free, and the  goods of an enemy found in the vessel of a friend are lawful prize. Upon this principle, I presume, the British armed vessels have taken the property of French Citizens found in our vessels in the cases abovementioned, and I confess I should be at a loss on what principle to reclaim it. It is true that sundry nations, desirous of avoiding the inconveniencies of having their vessels stopped at sea, ransacked, carried into port and detained, under pretence of having enemy goods aboard, have, in many instances, introduced by their special treaties, another principle between them, that enemy bottoms shall make enemy goods, and friendly bottoms friendly goods; a principle much less embarrassing to commerce, and equal to all parties in point of gain and loss: but this is altogether the effect of particular treaty, controuling in special cases the general principle of the law of nations, and therefore taking effect between such nations only as have so agreed to controul it. England has generally determined to adhere to the rigorous principle, having in no instance, as far as I recollect, agreed to the modification of letting the property of the goods follow that of the vessel, except in the single one of her treaty with France. We have adopted this modification in our treaties with France, the United Netherlands, and Prussia: and therefore as to them, our vessels cover the goods of their enemies, and we lose our goods when in the vessels of their enemies. Accordingly you will be pleased to recollect that in the late case of Holland & Mackie, citizens of the United States who had laden a cargo of flour on board a British vessel which was taken by the French Frigate the Ambuscade and brought into this port, when I reclaimed the cargo, it was only on the ground that they were ignorant of the declaration of war when it was shipped. You observed, however, that the 14th. Article of our treaty had provided that ignorance should not be pleaded beyond two months after the declaration of war, which term had elapsed in this case by some few days, and finding that to be the truth, though their real ignorance of the declaration was equally true, I declined the reclamation, as it never was in my view to reclaim the cargo, nor apparently in yours to offer to restore it, by questioning the rule established in our treaty that enemy bottoms make enemy goods. With England, Spain, Portugal, and Austria, we have no treaties: therefore we have nothing to oppose to their acting according to the general law of nations, that enemy goods are lawful prize though found in the bottom of a friend. Nor do I see that France can suffer on the whole. For though she loses her goods in our vessels when found therein by England, Spain, Portugal, or Austria, yet she gains our goods when found in the vessels of England, Spain, Portugal, Austria, the United Netherlands, or Prussia: and I believe I may safely affirm that we have more goods afloat in the vessels of these six nations than France has afloat in our vessels: and consequently that\nFrance is the gainer and we the loser by the principle of our treaty. Indeed we are losers in every direction of that principle, for when it works in our favor, it is to save the goods of our friends, when it works against us, it is to lose our own, and we shall continue to lose while the rule is only partially established. When we shall have established it with all Nations we shall be in a condition neither to gain nor lose, but shall be less exposed to vexatious searches at sea. To this condition we are endeavoring to advance, but as it depends on the will of other nations as well as our own, we can only obtain it when they shall be ready to concur.\nI cannot therefore but flatter myself that on revising the cases of Ducamp and others, you will perceive that their losses result from the state of war which has permitted their enemies to take their goods tho\u2019 found in our vessels; and consequently from circumstances over which we have no controul.\nThe rudeness to their persons practised by their enemies is certainly not favorable to the character of the latter. We feel for it as much as for the extension of it to our own Citizens their companions, and find in it a motive the more for requiring measures to be taken which may prevent repetitions of it. I have the honor to be with great respect and esteem, Sir Your most obedient & most humble Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0496", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Harison, 24 July 1793\nFrom: Harison, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew York. 24th. July 1793\nI had the Honor of writing to you on the Receipt of your Letter of the 12th. June from Albany, and soon after upon my return to this place found, that although the Facts respecting the sloop Polly were generally known, yet no sufficient Testimony had been procured to serve as the foundation of Criminal Proceedings: I have since endeavoured to discover, and procure, the proper Evidence, but hitherto without success, and am apprehensive from the Guarded silence, and Caution, of those concerned in the Transaction, that it will be impossible to bring forward any Proof strong Enough to Justify the Commencement or Prosecution of a suit.\nColonel Troup had in my absence filed a Libel in the district Court of new York praying Restitution of the Brig Catharine and her Cargo as taken within the Territorial Limits and protection of the united States. This measure was calculated to bring forward the question as to the authority of the national Judiciary in matters of this nature, and to settle the Rights of the parties If that authority was admitted. Accordingly the vessel was taken into the Custody of the marshall, and monitions Issued for all Parties Interested to make their respective Claims. Soon after these proceedings had taken place, The Consul of France thought proper to exhibit a Protest against them, which was received by the Clerk, and upon Judge Duanes Coming to Town was by his order Translated and considered as a plea to the Jurisdiction of his Court. A Copy of the Protest as Translated will be found inclosed In order to be laid before the Executive if it should be considered as proper to do so.\nIn consequence of the Judges order respecting the Protest, It became necessary to shew that the district Court was authorised to take Cognizance of the Cause, and this Point was argued at large by Colonel Troup and myself on the part of the Libellants, no Counsel appearing either for the Captors, or to maintain the Doctrines contained in the Consular Protest. In my opinion, It was originally intended to have manifested a supercilious neglect for the Proceedings, and authority of the Court, In confidence that the Decision of Judge Peters upon a similar occasion, would be considered as decisive. But since the argument, other Ideas appear to have prevailed, and a Gentleman of the Law who disclaims to be employed Either by the Consul, or by Citizen Bompart; has nevertheless applied to be heard on behalf of some persons who (he says) are interested in the Capture.\nJudge Duane having determined to indulge the applicant with a Hearing, and to give him some days to prepare for it, and I being under the necessity of Leaving Town in a day or two and solicitous to be  present at the argument, That I might reply with propriety, in a Case so Interesting in itself, and in which Government had thought proper to interfere, It became necessary to adjourn the Farther Consideration of the Cause until my return from Albany.\nThis delay I hope will not be attended with any material inconvenience to the parties interested, Especially as on the behalf of the Libellants we are disposed to consent that the property in Contest may be sold and the proceeds await the determination of the Court. During my absence Colonel Troup will transact all my Official Business, and will I am persuaded pay the Highest attention, to Every Command with which You may Honor him. I remain with the utmost Respect Sir Your most obedient & most Humble Servant\nRich: Harison Atty D. N. Y.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0497", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Randolph, [ca. 24 July 1793]\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr. J. rightly supposed, that the approbation of E.R. was by mistake written upon the answer to the letter of the 22d. of June, instead of that of July. The latter is the only one, which attracted my particular attention; as the other seemed to be a subject of future deliberation. The propriety of the addition intended to accommodate Genl. K. depends upon the measures to be pursued in regard to Mr. Genet. If no movement is to be made towards his removal, by inclosing his offensive correspondence to the Executive council of France, or some other step, I should think, that the paragraph proposed is well suited to call him to his senses. If, however, something farther is to be done, I should be inclined to reserve every communication of sensibility to his indecorums, until it was absolutely decided to take some decisive measure, to which your reply might be adjusted.\nAs to the letter at large, if to be sent now I cannot find room for criticism; unless it may be better to strike out the word complete, as connected with admiralty. For how can France in right establish an admiralty, under any modification?\nPerhaps too the latitude of power eventually assigned to the President, at the bottom of the second page, is capable of some reduction. But  I question, whether the letter ought not to be delayed. For if Genet is to be recalled, the subject ought in all respects to be prepared for the eyes of the world.\nMr. Fisher of Va. eats ham with me to-day between 2 and 3\u2014Will you come down.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0498", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, [24 July 1793]\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nWednesday morning [24 July 1793]\nDon Joseph de Viar, and Don Joseph de Jaudenes present their Compliments to Mr. Jefferson, and would wish to know what time he will have a little leisure tomorrow morning, that they may call on him upon some business.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0499", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 25 July 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nJuly 25th. 1793\nMr. Coxe has the honor to inform Mr. Jefferson that Mr. Nicholson is not in Town, and is not expected to be at home before Friday Evening. Mr. Kingston was to have given information by 1, oClock this day concerning \u00a31000 Stg. but has not yet done it. This was the Cause of Mr. Coxe\u2019s omitting the present Note till this hour.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0500", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 25 July 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nA Philadelphie le 25 Juillet 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la R. F.\nJe recois tous les jours de nouvelles plaintes sur les insultes que les Anglais se plaisent \u00e0 faire essuyer au pavilion des Etats Unis; les pieces cijointes vous prouveront que la souverainet\u00e9 de votre pays est impunement viol\u00e9e non pas par l\u2019exercice l\u00e9gitime que nous avons voulu faire de quelques droits que les trait\u00e9s nous accordent, mais par la spoliation, le pillage, le mauvais traitement exerc\u00e9s par nos ennemis au mepris de vos loix et \u00e0 l\u2019ombre m\u00eame des signes de votre souverainet\u00e9. Sur toutes les mers une piraterie audacieuse poursuit jusque dans vos vaisseaux les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s fran\u00e7aises et m\u00eame celles des americains, quand elles sont destin\u00e9es pour nos ports; vos droits politiques ne sont comptes pour rien. En vain les principes de neutralit\u00e9 \u00e9tablissent ils que les vaisseaux amis rendent les propri\u00e9t\u00e9s amies; En vain le President des Etats Unis cherche-t\u2019il par sa proclamation \u00e0 r\u00e9clamer l\u2019observation de cette maxime; En vain le desir de conserver la paix fait-il sacrifier les interets de la France \u00e0 cet interet du moment; En vain la soif des richesses l\u2019emporte telle sur l\u2019honneur dans la balance politique de l\u2019Amerique.\nTous ces m\u00e9nagemens, toute cette condescendance, toute cette humilit\u00e9 n\u2019aboutissent \u00e0 rien; Nos ennemis en rient et les francais trop confiant sont punis pour avoir cru que la Nation am\u00e9ricaine avoit un pavillion, qu\u2019elle avoit quelque \u00e9gard pour ses loix, quelque conviction de ses forces et qu\u2019elle tenoit au sentiment de sa dignit\u00e9. Il ne m\u2019est pas possible, Monsieur, de vous peindre toute ma sensibilit\u00e9 sur ce scandale qui tend \u00e0 la diminution de votre commerce, \u00e0 l\u2019oppression du notre et \u00e0 l\u2019abaissement \u00e0 l\u2019avilissement des R\u00e9publiques. C\u2019est aux am\u00e9ricains \u00e0 faire entendre sur ces outrages leur g\u00e9n\u00e9reuse indignation et Je dois me borner \u00e0 vous demander une seconde fois de me faire connoitre les mesures que vous avez prises pour obtenir la restitution des propri\u00e9t\u00e9s qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 enlev\u00e9es \u00e0 mes concitoyens sous la protection  de votre pavillon. C\u2019est de notre Gouvernement qu\u2019ils ont appris que les am\u00e9ricains etoient nos alli\u00e9s, que la Nation Am\u00e9ricaine etoit souveraine et qu\u2019elle sauroit se faire respecter. C\u2019est donc sous la sanction m\u00eame de la Nation Fran\u00e7aise qu\u2019ils ont confi\u00e9 leurs biens et leurs personnes \u00e0 la sauvegarde du pavillion Am\u00e9ricain, et c\u2019est sur elle qu\u2019ils se reposent du soin de faire valoir leurs droits. Mais si nos concitoyens ont \u00e9t\u00e9 tromp\u00e9s, si vous n\u2019etes point en \u00e9tat de soutenir la souverainet\u00e9 de votre peuple, parlez, nous l\u2019avons garantie quand nous etions esclaves, nous saurons la rendre redoutable \u00e9tant devenus libres. Agr\u00e9es, Monsieur, mon estime & mon respect\nGenet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0501", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Parry Hall, 25 July 1793\nFrom: Hall, Parry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nParry Hall incloses a Proof Sheet of the Notes on Virginia; which, with the gratest Respect, and a high sense of Obligation, he lays before the Honble. Mr. Jefferson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0502", "content": "Title: Petition and Remonstrance from Peter Lemaigre, 25 July 1793\nFrom: Lemaigre, Peter\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo his Excellency Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State for the United States of America\nThe Petition and Remonstrance of Peter Lemaigre of the City of Philadelphia Merchant and a Citizen of the United States.\nRespectfully Sheweth\nThat your Petitioner has before exhibited Proofs to you in the Case of the Snow Suckey that he has been for upwards of Thirteen Years a Citizen of the United States residing and exercising Business as a Merchant in the City of Philadelphia. That your Petitioner having been largely interested in Trade to the Island of St. Domingo had very considerable Sums of Money due to him there which he was desirous to withdraw from thence and not only directed his Property there to be shipped as well in his own Vessels which he hath from time to time sent to the said Island as in such other American Vessels as would receive Freight for this Port of Philadelphia, That your Petitioner having already stated to you the Capture and Detention of the said Snow Sucky Captain Andaule which was taken and sent into Jamaica by a British Privateer and for the reclaiming of which he is waiting for further Proofs of the Property of the Vessel from Boston, is sorry that he is reduced to the Necessity of again coming forward, humbly to represent the further Capture and Detention of his Property by British Privateers. That your Petitioner being sole Owner of the Brig or Vessel called the Molly whereof Bernard Razer is or was Commander fitted her out and loaded her at this Port of Philadelphia in the Month of May last with a Cargo of flour and other Articles for his own Account for Port Au Prince in the Island of St. Domingo and that the said Vessel having arrived at Port au Prince there delivered her Cargo here loaden and received on board a full Cargo of the produce of said Island and four  thousand eight hundred Dollars in Specie wholly for Account of your Petitioner and set Sail therewith (bound for this Port of Philadelphia). That Your Petitioner hath received a Letter from Captain Bernard Razer the Commander of his said Brig Molly dated at new Providence the 9th. Day of this present Month informing him that his said Vessel and Cargo were captured and sent into said Island of New Providence with a full Cargo and that they had taken from him 4,800 Dollars in Cash the Property of your Petitioner, that they had unbent his Sails for a Trial of his Vessel and Cargo and that he could not inform what would be the Consequence as they bribe the Sailors get them drunk and ship them on board their Privateers, leaving some Vessels but one or two Hands and sending them into Port\u2014that the said Captain Razer\u2019s Letter of which Copy is herewith handed you also informs your Petitioner that a great Number of other Vessels belonging to other Ports in these States several of which have Property on board for your Petitioner, have also been captured by the British and carried into the said Island of New Providence. That your Petitioner is deprived of the Means of making his Claims for the Recovery of his Property by the violent and unjust Measures made use of by the said British Cruisers and must with other Merchants concerned in Trade to the French Islands be involved in Ruin unless some Measures are taken as well to recover the Property thus forcibly and unjustly taken and detained as to secure their Vessels and Cargoes from like Capture and Detention, therefore your Petitioner relying on the Wisdom and Justice of the general Government respectfully submits his Case to your Consideration and prays that you will grant him such Relief herein as to you in your Wisdom shall seem meet.\n  PhiladelphiaP. LeMaigre", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0503", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Randolph, 25 July 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nE. R. to Mr. J.\nWe have been at cross purposes about the inclosed letter of July 24. 1793. in answer to Mr. Genets of the 9th. I am much mistaken, if my note intimated a doubt of its propriety. I certainly always approved it. My remarks as to delay were applicable to the answer to the inflammatory memorial; to which General Knox suggested an addition. Is that some word omitted in the first sentence of the inclosed?\nI have lost my copy of the laws of Congress, at the session commencing in 1792. Look at the index of the laws of last session, under the head of territory; and you will find, that a limitation act has been disapproved by congress. Perhaps the necessity of laying the act before them will appear from the laws, which I miss. But I confess, that it does not strike my eye in the act concerning the Southern territory, the ordinance establishing the Northern territory, nor the cession of No. Carolina. I will examine further.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0504", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 25 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President a second complaint of Peter Le Maigre a merchant of this city, for a second vessel taken from him by the British. In the former case, which happened during the absence of the President, it was unanimously agreed by the heads of the departments that it would be proper to communicate the case to Mr. Hammond, and desire his interference.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0505", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 25 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 25th: 1793.\nA letter from Colo. S. Smith (of Baltimore) to the Secretary of the Treasury, giving information of the conduct of the Privateers\u2014Citizen Genet and Sans Culottes\u2014is sent for your perusal: after which it may be returned; because contained therein, is a matter which respects the Treasury Department solely.\nAs the letter of the Minister from the Republic of France, dated the 22d. of June, lyes yet to be answered; and as the Official conduct of that Gentleman\u2014relatively to the Affairs of the Government\u2014will have to undergo a very serious consideration (so soon as the Special Court at which the Attorney General is now engaged will allow him to attend with convenience) in order to decide upon measures proper to be taken thereupon: It is my desire that all the letters to, and from that Minister may be ready to be laid before me, the heads of Departments and the Attorney General\u2014with whom I shall advise on the occasion\u2014together with the minutes of such Official Oral communications as you may have held with him on the subjects of those letters &ca. And as the Memorials from the British Minister, and answers thereto, are materially connected therewith, it will be proper, I conceive, to have these ready also.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0507", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edward Dowse, 26 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dowse, Edward\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia July 26. 1793.\nI received a few days ago, by the way of Charleston, your favor dated at Ostend Mar. 4. wherein you mention your expectation of being at Boston in two months. At the same time came the two boxes of china mentioned in your letter. I am extremely sensible of your friendly attention in this business, and of the thanks I owe you for it. It has happened that being placed, on my return to America, in a situation which obliged me to go to housekeeping at once, without even waiting for the furniture I had left at Paris in expectation of returning there, I was under a necessity of purchasing a pretty large stock of china here. Afterwards I received that which I had left at Paris, so as to have become double-stocked, when this third supply arrives. You had been so good as to insist on furnishing it at it\u2019s simple cost and charges, a kindness I had no right to expect. I am happy therefore to be in a situation to leave you free to dispose of it to others at the profit which is the just reward of the merchant\u2019s toil and risk, and peculiarly due to you after so long a voyage. I mention however my state of supply merely to place you at your ease in doing what shall be to your best advantage. For should no purchaser  be found for it, I hold myself certainly bound to keep you clear of all loss, in a case where nothing but favor was intended to me. The boxes are here, unopened, and shall be delivered in that state to your order. If at this time, in any future voyage, or on any future occasion I can be useful to you, I shall be so with sincere pleasure, having, in the course of our short acquaintance at Cowes, seen the best ground for esteeming your principles and talents, and being with sincere esteem, Dear Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0508", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 26 July 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nJuly 26th 1793.\nMr. Hamilton presents his Compliments to Mr. Jefferson And has the honor of sending him, herewith, the Copies of two letters from the Commissioner of Loans for Virginia on the subject of Mr. Short\u2019s Stock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0509", "content": "Title: Memorandum of Conversations with Edmond Charles Genet, 26 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nNote given to the Presidt.\nMr. Genet\u2019s declaration to the President at his reception, that France did not wish to engage the US. in the present war by the clause of guarantee, but left her free to pursue her own happiness in peace, has been repeated to myself in conversation, and to others, and even in a public answer, so as to place it beyond question.\nSome days after the reception of Mr. Genet (which was May 17.) I went to his house on business. The Atty. Genl. went with me to pay his first visit. After he withdrew, Mr. Genet told me Mr. Ternant had delivered him my letter of May 15. on the 4. memorials of Mr. Hammond: he said something first of the case of the Grange, and then of the vessels  armed at Charleston. He said that on his arrival there he was surrounded suddenly by Frenchmen full of zeal for their country, pressing for authority to arm with their own means for it\u2019s assistance, that they would fit out their own vessels, provide every thing, man them, and only ask a commission from him: that he asked the opinion of Govr. Moultrie on the subject, who said he knew no law to the contrary, but begged that whatever was to be done, might be done without consulting him, that he must know nothing of it &c. That hereupon he gave commissions to the vessels: that he was of opinion he was justified not only by the opinions at Charleston but by our treaties. I told him the President had taken full advice on the subject, had very maturely considered it, and had come to the decision expressed in my letter. He said he hoped the President had not so absolutely decided it, but that he would hear what was to be said against it. I told him I had no doubt but that the President, out of respect to him and to his country, would receive whatever he should have to urge on the subject, and would reconsider it with candour. He said he would make it his business to write me a letter on the subject, that he thought the arming the privateers was justifiable. But that if the President should finally decide otherwise, tho\u2019 he could not think it would be right, yet he must submit: for that assuredly his instructions were to do whatever would be agreeable to us. He shewed indeed by his countenance, his manner and words that such an acquiescence would be with reluctance; but I was and am persuaded he then meant it.\nMr. Genet called at my office on Tuesday was sennight or fortnight (say July 16th. or 9th.) but I think it was Tuesday was sennight, and know it was on a Tuesday because he went from thence to the President\u2019s. He was summing up to me the strength of the French naval force now arrived. I took that occasion to observe to him that having such great means in his hands, I thought he ought not to hesitate in abandoning to the orders of the government the little pickeroons which had been armed here unauthorised by them, and which occasioned so much embarrasment and uneasiness, that certainly their good dispositions must be worth more than the trifling services these little vessels could render. He immediately declared that having such a force in his hands he had abandoned every idea of further armament in our ports, that these small objects were now beneath his notice and he had accordingly written to the Consuls to stop every thing further of that kind: but that as to those which had been fitted out before, their honour would not permit them to give them up, but he wished an oblivion of every thing which had past, and that in future the measure so disagreeable to the government should not be pursued, tho he thought it clearly justified by the treaty. I told him the government was of a different opinion, that both parties  indeed had equal right to construe the treaty, that consequently he had done his duty in remonstrating against our construction, but that since the government remained finally persuaded of the solidity of it\u2019s own construction, and had a right to act accordingly within their own limits, it was now his duty, as a diplomatic man to state the matter to his government, to ask and await their orders, and in the mean time to acquiesce, and by no means to proceed in opposition within our limits.\u2014It was at the same time he informed me that he had sent out the Little Democrat to obtain intelligence of the state of the coast, and whether it was safe for the fleet to proceed round from Norfolk to New York.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0511", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 26 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nJuly 26th: 1793\nThe President returns to the Secretary of State the Letter from Peter Le Maigre, complaining of a second vessel having been taken from him by the British. If any thing more effectual than was done in the former case can be done in this, the President would wish it; but if there appear no other measures which can be taken with propriety, the President thinks the same steps should be followed as in the former case.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0512", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Delamotte, 27 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Delamotte\nSir\nPhiladelphia July 27. 1793.\nThe bearer hereof, Mr. Livingston, goes to France with a view of settling some commercial correspondences. I have not the pleasure of being acquainted with him myself, but he is recommended to me by Governor Lee of Virginia, as a worthy and respectable citizen, and as such I take the liberty of presenting him to you, and asking for him that information and advice which may be useful to him in the line of his pursuits. I have the honor to be with great esteem Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0513", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 28 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nYour last was of June 29. acknoledging mine of the 17th. Since that I wrote you June 23. 29. July 1. 7. 14. and 22.\u2014I have only time to mention the death of Roger Sherman. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0515", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin H. Phillips, 28 July 1793\nFrom: Phillips, Benjamin H.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCura\u00e7ao, 28 July 1793. Since writing on 8 June by the brig John, he has received and attended to TJ\u2019s letter of 21 Mch. by the schooner Ceres. The Fury, a brig registered in Philadelphia that arrived here from Grenada with slaves, sailed under United States colors for Hispaniola before he received his consular commission, its captain and its owners, Peter W. Marrenner and Domingo Costino, not being citizens according to secretarial papers. Almost two hundred soldiers arrived here lately, and a brig left St. Eustatius for here about two weeks ago, but on account of very rapid currents probably \u201cfell to Leeward loaded Cannon &c.\u201d The home government intends to make this place strong and to rely on British forces to defend St. Eustatius and St. Martin.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0516", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 28 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia July 28. 1793.\nI have to acknolege your two favors of the 11th. and 19th. inst. The miscarriage of the servants clothes has happened, I presume, from the stupidity of the person here who carried them to the vessel, and (the captain being absent) delivered them to a saylor and took his receipt. The vessel has never come to this port again since I began to suspect the roguery.\u2014I desired Mr. Brown to let all my furniture remain in the warehouse till I should come to Virginia, as I knew there would not be water in our river, before that, sufficient for navigation. I think to have the whole carried by water, if it can be guarded from rain.\u2014I am availing myself of the time I have to remain here, to satisfy myself by enquiry from the best farmers of all the circumstances which may decide on the best rotation of crops; for I take that to be the most important of all the questions a farmer has to decide. I get more information on this subject from Dr. Logan than from all others put together. He is the best farmer in Pensylva. both in theory and practice, having pursued it many years experimentally, and with great attention. He thinks that the whole improvement in the modern agriculture of England consists in the substitution of red clover instead of unproductive fallows. He says that a rotation which takes in 3. years of red clover instead of 3. years of fallow or rest, whether successive or interspersed, leaves the land much heartier at the close of the rotation; that there is no doubt of this fact, the difference being palpable. He thinks it much best to sow it alone after harvest, for then it is in it\u2019s prime the next year, whereas if sown in the  spring it can neither be cut nor pastured that year. He takes generally but the spring cutting, which yeilds him 2. tons to the acre, and pastures the rest of the year. It is the red cover alone which has enabled the English farmer to raise and maintain cattle enough to make a coat of dung a regular part of his rotation. I had at first declined the introduction of red clover into my rotation because it lengthens it so much: but I have determined now to take it in, because I see it the source of such wonderful richness round this place. And for a Virginia table it will certainly give unbounded plenty of meats, milk, butter, horse-food, instead of being eternally on the scramble for them as we are in Virginia for the want of winter and summer food. Dr. Logan considers a green-dressing of buckwheat as equal to a coat of 10. loads of dung to the acre. (20 loads to the acre is what he thinks a good coat.) And as it is but 5. weeks from the sowing to it\u2019s being fit to plough in, it may be well introduced after a harvest of small grain, if your next crop is only to be put in in the spring. After a great deal of consultation therefore with him, we have arranged my rotation thus. 1st. year. a crop of Wheat. Then a green-dressing of buck wheat. | 2d. peas and corn mixed. | 3d. wheat, and after it a green dressing of buck wheat, and, in the succeeding winter put on what dung you have. | 4th. potatoes and corn mixed. | 5th. rye and after it sow red clover. | 6th. cut the 1st. crop of clover and pasture the 2d. | 7th. pasture the 1st. crop, and cut the 2d. This change gives spring pasture and eases the mowing. | 8th. pasture. | Or expressed more shortly\n  pe.co.\n  po.co.\n  cl.pa.\n  pa.cl.\n  pa.\n He observes that if it were not for the want of the 8th. year\u2019s pasture, the rotation might close the 7th. year, and would then be clear of weeds and produce the heaviest crop of wheat possible: but he thinks the rotation will need the pasture of the 8th. year, and that this will introduce so many weeds as to render an extra ploughing requisite. Supposing the fields of 60. acres each, this rotation gives you 9 times 60. acres, say 540. acres to plough between harvest and the end of seed-time, which I think may be done by 6. ploughs with a pair of oxen each, especially if 4. waggon horses are kept and called in to the aid of the ploughs a part of the fall.The President thinks that when corn and potatoes are mixed (in drills 8.f. apart, and the stalks of corn 8.f. apart in the drill) that as much is made from each as the same number of plants would yeild if alone. Logan reckons 300. bushels of potatoes to the acre an average crop, and 2. bushels of potatoes to yeild as much nutriment as  one of corn. He allows a bushel of potatoes a day to a fattening ox, and a peck a day to a work horse, mixing a handful of bran, or rye-meal with each to give it flavor.\u2014He considers the above rotation to be the best possible, where you are confined to the articles there mentioned, and that the land will improve very much under it. He has promised however to study it still more fully for me, so that something further may be yet done to it. The winter-spewing of our land may prevent sowing the clover in the fall of the 5th. year. Dr. Logan is making some experiments to determine what number of sheep are equivalent to a given number of cattle as to the articles of dung, food etc. I am at loss what standing force will be sufficient for such a rotation. Taking gangs of half men and half women, as with us, I guess we must allow a hand for every 5. acres content of each feild, say 12. hands if the feilds are of 60. acres each.\u2014You see how much my mind is gone over to the business of a farmer, for I never know when to finish, if once I begin on the subject. My love to my dear Martha. I am uneasy at the situation in which your letter from Richmond mentions you to be. A dysentery, a journey, and the heats of July are three as ill assorted things as could come together. I hope your next will inform me you are at Monticello and recovered. Accept my sincerest affections & Adieu\nTh: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0517", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 28 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSunday 28 July 1793.\nThe President of the United States will be glad to see the Secretary of State tomorrow morning at Nine o\u2019Clock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0518", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., 29 July 1793\nFrom: Dandridge, Bartholomew, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonday 29 July 1793.\nIt is requested as a favor of The Secretary of State to attend, as Pall bearer, the Funeral of Mrs. Lear, this afternoon at five o\u2019Clock. The procession will move from the House of the President US.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0519", "content": "Title: Notes of Cabinet Meeting on Neutrality, 29 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nJuly 29. 1793. At a meeting at the President\u2019s on account of the British letter of marque ship Jane, said to have put up wasteboards, to have pierced 2 port holes and mounted 2 cannon (which she brought in) on new carriages which she did not bring in, and consequently having 16. instead of 14. guns mounted, it was agreed that a letter of marque, or vessel arm\u00e9 en guerre et en marchandise is not a privateer, and therefore not to be ordered out of our ports. It was agreed by Ham. Kn. and myself that the case of such a vessel does not depend on the treaties, but on the law of nations. E.R. thought as she had a mixed character of merchant vessel and privateer she might be considered under the treaty, but this being overruled the following paper was written.\n\u2018Rules proposed by Attorney General.\nagreed\n1. That all equipments purely for the accomodation of vessels, as merchantmen, be admitted.\nagreed\n2. That all equipments, doubtful in their nature, and applicable equally to commerce or war, be admitted, as producing too many minutiae.\nagreed\n3. That all equipments, solely adapted to military objects, be prohibited.\n        Rules proposed by the Secretary of the Treasury.\nagreed\n1. That the original arming and equipping of vessels for military service offensive or defensive in the ports of the US. be considered as prohibited to all.\nnegatived. the Secy. of the Treasy. only holding the opinion.\n2. That vessels which were armed before their coming into our ports, shall not be permitted to augment these military equipments in the ports of the US. but may repair or replace any military equipments which they had when they began their voyage for the US. That this however shall be with the exception of privateers of the parties opposed to France, who shall not refit or repair.\nagreed\n3. That for convenience, vessels armed and commissioned before they come into our ports may engage their own citizens, not being inhabitants of the US.\nI subjoined the following\nI concur in the rules proposed by the Atty. Genl. as far as respects materials or means of annoyance furnished by us. And I should be for an additional rule that as to means or materials brought into this country and belonging to themselves they are free to use them.\nTh J.\u2019\n<Knox agreed to the rules of the A. Genl. in toto, consequently they were established by the vote of three. Ham. proposed to put questions on all the propositions separately, and he took the paper and put questions on the 3. of the Atty. Genl. which were agreed. He was going on with questions on his own propositions without asking us distinctly but by a sort of a look and a nod, and noting in the margin. I observed I did not understand that opinion, that we had agreed to the Atty. Gen\u2019s propositions, he said it was to take a question on each distinctly. Knox observed that as we understood these rules to extend only to cases out of the treaty we had better express it. I agreed and proposed to add some such words as these \u2018excepting always where the treaties shall have otherwise provided.\u2019 Hamilton broke loose at this and pretended it was meant they should go to all cases. All of us bore testimony against this and that he himself had shewn that the present case was out of the treaties. He said he would rather specify the exceptions expressly, than leave them on the general terms I proposed; so it was agreed to take till tomorrow to examine the treaties and specify the exceptions if it could be done.\u2014While this was passing E.R. took the paper in his hand and read Ham\u2019s marginal notes, as above, and seeing that he had written \u2018agreed\u2019 opposite to his own (Ham\u2019s) 1st. proposition, he observed to Knox so that I overheard him that that had not been agreed, which was the truth. To his 3d. proposition we had all agreed in conversation, but it had not been agreed to add it to the rules.\u2014It was pretty evident from Ham\u2019s warmth, embarrasment, eagerness, that he wanted to slip in something which might cover cases we had not in contemplation.>\nA question then arose whether we should expressly say that these articles were meant to extend to cases out of the treaty. It was referred to the next day.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0523", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Enoch Edwards, 30 July 1793\nFrom: Edwards, Enoch\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLondon July 30. 1793\nThe Day I did myself the Honor to take my Leave of you in Philadelphia\u2014I engaged to write to you\u2014and I should have done so before now but the Fact is that so little can be said from hence that will give a true State of the politicks of Europe (owing to the extreem Torrent that has for some time past prevailed here on the Side of Royalty) that I have scarce thought it worth while to give you any trouble. But this is altering and that very fast too, and the People are cooling down and begining to abate of their Fervancy in Favor of the Throne, and are now thinking a little for themselves. The present War is growing very fast excessively unpopular\u2014and the Ministry have received a Check by the Account of the numeraus Acquittals in the Prosecutions for Libels from different Counties. It is thought now that no more Verdicts will be found. The Manufacturies, are generally speaking, nearly stoped from Buisness\u2014and the Rage for Emigration to America, is beyond every thing you can concieve of\u2014all the Vessells here are crouded and they have refused hundreds who are ready to embark and distressed to find they cannot get away.\nWhen I left you I intended you may recollect to go immediately to Paris. I should have done so, but unfortunately Mrs: Edwards got a fall in geting out of a Carriage from Falmouth to London\u2014which has entirely confined Her ever since we have been here. As soon as ever she recovers, and she now mends very fast We immediately go over where I will reside all next Winter. I am satisfied as to the safety of the Place. Valenciennes is not taken nor do I believe it will be at least in time for them to make any Head this fall\u2014and from every thing that appears I believe that the combined Powers are as far from making a Conquest of France or Republicanism as they were before England joined that cruel Confederacy.\nIn fact England is very sick of this War and I am mistaken if it is not oblidged to make a Peace. The States general we are sure intend to do it as soon as ever they can. The King of Prussia does nothing till lately but stay about home cuting up Poland, and the Emperor I hope will have an Account to settle before long with the Turk. In short at present there is very little Idea here of ever conquering them by any other Means than dividing the present Factions which have prevailed.\nI send you a Number of News-Papers. They will I believe give as good a Complection of Matters as can be obtained.\nIt is reported here that you intend to resign the Office you hold, and there are not a few who wish it may be true, because they wish that no Person of genuine Republicanism should be in Office in any Country\u2014but I contradict it and I hope I am telling the Truth. I find where I did not expect it that many have a very imperfect Account of our Government\u2014our Principles our Men, and our Measures. But I also find We have many well wishers in this Country.\nIf you do me the Favor to let Me know you have received this, I will write you again from France. A Letter directed to Me to the Care of Frederick Pigou Merchant London\u2014or to Mr: Pinkney will come safe to hand. I am with very great Respect & Esteem your obedt Srt\nEno: Edwards", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0524", "content": "Title: Memorial from George Hammond, 30 July 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe undersigned, his Britannic Majesty\u2019s Minister plenipotentiary to the United States, has the honor of representing to the Secretary of state that, on Saturday last the 27th. curt., the snow Jane of Dublin, bound from Antigua to Baltimore, was sent into this port as a prize to the armed schooner le Citoyen Genet, fitted out at Charleston.\nThe master and crew of this vessel being detained prisoners on board of the privateer (for the purpose, as is presumable, of suppressing their evidence) it is impossible for the undersigned to ascertain with precision, either the date of its capture, or the situation in which it was at the time. He nevertheless conceives himself fully justified in asserting his belief that, from the statement of the fact in the public prints of yesterday, it must have been taken subsequently to the late departure of the armed schooner le Citoyen Genet from Baltimore.\nThis deficiency of proof is however the less to be regretted in the present case, since, from the circumstances of it, the undersigned cannot  but regard an accurate exposition of the particulars of the capture as totally unnecessary. For\u2014after the assurance which on the 5th. of June, he received from the executive government of this country, that this privateer had been required to depart from the ports of the United States, and after the explicit declaration of the Secretary of state on the 12th. of this month that \u201cthe President expected that this privateer le Citoyen Genet\u201d which, in contravention of this requisition, had returned to one of the ports of the United States (Baltimore) \u201cshould not depart from it until his ultimate determination respecting it should be made known\u201d\u2014the Undersigned trusts he may conclude that the unauthorized return and departure of the schooner le Citoyen Genet to and from the port of Baltimore, (wherein it remained so long only, as it could augment the complement of its crew to seventy men) and its subsequent capture of the snow Jane of Dublin, will be considered as insults on the sovereignty of the United states so flagrant, and as aggressions on the commerce of Great Britain so unwarrantable as to incline the federal executive government to enforce the immediate restoration of the snow Jane, thus taken, to its rightful owners, who are subjects of the sovereign, whom the undersigned has the honor to represent.\nGeo. Hammond\nPhiladelphia 30th July 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0526", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Michael Morphy, 30 July 1793\nFrom: Morphy, Michael\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM\u00e1laga, 30 July 1793. Having written on 30 June by the American schooner Fredericksburg Packet, Captain Anderson, bound for Philadelphia, he confirms his report about the interference of the African states with American ships trading in the Mediterranean, especially eastward of this port. Since Spain gave up the port and fortress of Oran on the coast of Mascara to the Moors, small privateers fitted out there have preyed upon the powers at war with them and particularly American ships, none of which venture to pass M\u00e1laga for fear of enslavement, thereby depriving them of the benefits of carrying American products to where they are most wanted. The schooner Madison, James Parrock from Philadelphia, with flour and tobacco for Marseilles, and the brigantine Fox, Robert Millen from New York, with wheat for Barcelona, have had to stop and sell their cargoes here. In the absence of measures ensuring free navigation for Americans in this part of the world, the only remedy is for the United States to send an armed force to repel the barbarians and protect its trade. American and British seamen abroad commit great abuses by changing their allegiance as it suits them when brought before consuls of these powers or magistrates of countries they are in to settle their disputes. He recently found means to quiet the majority of the crew of the Neptune of Boston, who quarreled with their captain, Edward Preble, and falsely called themselves British subjects in an effort to serve aboard an English man-of-war here. To prevent similar incidents, those who serve on American ships should be enrolled on a separate document before they leave port on a foreign voyage in which \u201cevery man Should Sign and declare his Vassalage of the Country he belongs to,\u201d as it is difficult for masters to replace mariners in foreign ports. In addition to the Spanish fleet under Admiral Borja mentioned in his last and the British fleet under Lord Hood that had gone up the Mediterranean, Admiral L\u00e1ngara with seven heavy ships from C\u00e1diz and Admiral Gravina with four from Coru\u00f1a have since followed them. There is no account here of any junction between British and Spanish naval  forces or their plans of operations. Borja\u2019s fleet was lately forced to return to Cartagena in order to land 4,000 sick men. Hood, who passed Barcelona on the 18th while heading eastward, is expected to sail to Corsica in order to aid General Paoli, who has arrived there with a British commission and is now at the head of thousands of Corsicans in the back and mountain settlements waiting for the arrival of British naval forces to begin hostilities with the French army there. Since it is generally believed that the projected plans against France will not be achieved during this campaign, another one may cause some changes among the belligerent powers, especially those who cannot support heavy war expenses. The Prussian and Austrian armies cause great distress and slaughter to the enemy, but evidently gain no ground in French territory. In the face of a few provincial troops the Spanish have been more successful in Roussillon and need only conquer Perpignan to be masters of the province.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0527", "content": "Title: Notes of Cabinet Meeting on Neutrality, 30 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nJuly 30. Met at my office. I proposed to add to the rules a proviso that they should not be understood to contravene, as of right they could not, the provisions of thearticle of our treaty with France, theof that with the U. N. or theof that with Prussia. Before Ham. and Kn. came into the room E.R. declared himself for a general reference, or a verbal quotation of the words of the treaties, and against all comments or substitutions of new words. When they arrived, Ham. proposed a reference to the articles of the treaty by a description of the cases in shorter terms, which he proposed as equivalent to those of the treaty. E.R. said plumply and without one word of preface that he had been for a general reference to the treaties, but if the special descriptions would give more satisfaction, he would agree to it. So he and Hamilton drew their chairs together and made up the form: but it was agreed to be put off for more mature digestion.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0528", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Church, 31 July 1793\nFrom: Church, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLisbon, 31 July 1793. He and his family arrived here by an expensive chartered vessel on 8 July after a long wait in Bordeaux. In order to comply with the request in TJ\u2019s 26 Aug. 1790 letter for an account of American ships entering and clearing ports in his district, he must be furnished with their registers. Although this practice is customary with consuls of other nations, there is no American law or authority requiring American captains to deposit their registers in his consular office, a circumstance of which recalcitrant captains can easily take advantage. Two captains here deny him their registers, not because they are masked or sailing under false colors\u2014a frequent practice arising from the consuls\u2019 lack of power that greatly injures American citizens and produces serious mischief in the present crisis\u2014nor because they wish to conceal something or are refractory, but only because of bad advice, for one confessed that he had been advised by his merchant or consignee to \u201cthrow his Ship on my hands\u201d rather than comply. He has therefore thought it prudent not to demand this ship\u2019s register and hopes TJ will pardon this departure from orders. The head of an immensely rich English house here, which has almost monopolized American trade for more than twenty years, watches him with \u201can envious jealous Eye,\u201d fearing that he will obtain a small share of this commerce, and has complained about his charging two dollars for the consular seal and encouraged captains to do likewise, even though the resultant annual income is much less than a tithe of the income of the British consul here and significantly less than what the consuls of other nations receive. Since leaving America after his first consular appointment he has already expended more than the present consular fees would produce in ten years, and he is also informed that it will cost more than twenty johannes in fees to pass his patent through the various offices from the Secretary of State downward. He hopes that the duties and authority of American consuls will be more particularly defined so that they can maintain with \u201cbecoming dignity\u201d the character and station that public officers in a foreign country need to discharge their responsibilities successfully. He will obey all of TJ\u2019s commands to the best of his ability and wishes to know if the last Congress passed any laws relating to commerce or consuls. P.S. Since arriving in Lisbon he received TJ\u2019s 14 Nov. 1792 letter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0529", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, with Jefferson\u2019s Note, 31 July 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr. Coxe has the honor to inform Mr. Jefferson that he has purchased of Mr. John Wilcocks a bill on London at 174 \u214cCt. to the amount of  5000 Drs. Mr. Wilcocks wishes for the Cash this day and will give Mr. Coxe the bills by the time Mr. Jefferson can send a check on the Bank.\n[Note by TJ:]\ngave instantly an order on the bank for 5000. D. payable to John Wilcocks or bearer.\nTh J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0530", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 31 July 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nWednesday July 31. 1793\nMr. Coxe has the honor to enclose to Mr. Jefferson a bill of Mr. John Wilcocks for \u00a31077.11.9 Stg. which, at 174 \u214cCt., amounts to 5000 Drs.\nMr. Vaughan this day informed Mr. Coxe that he was negociating for 50,000 Drs. in Bills on London to be delivered on the 18th. of Augt., which he said he should procure on much more favorable terms than 74 \u214cCt.\u2014but he did not say how low. He added that 5000 Drs. could be secured for Mr. Jefferson, if he could be authorized tomorrow to [.\u00a0.\u00a0.\u00a0.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0532", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 31 July 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello July 31: 1793.\nI prepare now to give you some reasons according to promise for my preference of the plan of cultivation I transmitted you 3 weeks since to the one you did me the honor to consult me on.\nThe system of small fields in my plan, is nothing more than an extension of method beyond what you thought requisite in farming. The crops of this rotation, alltho of small value comparatively, are yet worth a methodical treatment on the following principle, if on no other. From the diversity of constitution in plants, some are injured while others are benefited, in the same stage of growth, by great heats or colds, by excessive moisture or drought. The weather every day in the year, must be the most favorable that can be, for some particular crop. Again, there are few plants which have exactly the same length of life, or which flourish exactly in the same season: Hence by a judicious arrangement the operations of sowing their seeds and gathering their fruits may be carried on without interference. The cultivation of a great variety of kinds will ensure plenty. A perpetual seed time will make a perpetual harvest. Thus many plants are worthy of regular cultivation, which are of no value in the market, and cannot in consequence be introduced into the great system with propriety, as the equality of the fields is indispensable  Peas and Potatoes are of this Class and ought not to keep their place among the Corns, if they are not greatly serviceable in preventing the washing of the land. Your plan gives 3 successive years of rest in every 8, to each field, mine the same number at intervals. For the preference I give the latter I have two or three reasons. Three years of rest successive to land full of the roots of trees, must occasion considerable trouble in grubing and cleaning up to prepare for a crop, at the end of that time. Our mountain land is so extremely prone to throw out the tulip-tree, the Locust, the Mulberry, and the Sasifrass, that after one year of rest, if it be not exhausted, a great deal of grubing is requisite. After three, the labor of cleaning would be immense. The soil is so compact, and so much the worse allways for being trodden, that a field after being grazed 3 years, would probably yield a trifling crop at first if it did not get the very best tillage. These objections would be obviated by sowing the land with Red Clover, and shuting it up for the Scythe, which would keep down the young trees, but I question whether this could be done readily to such an extent. Supposing it determined that the years of rest should be successive; I think it would be better to sow the white clover than the red, unless the force on the farm be sufficient to prepare 60 acres annually for the Scythe. The red clover is liable to be extirpated by the bite and treading of animals; the white bears grazing extremely well. The red clover would require to be sown annually in one of the fields of the farm; the white when once established would perpetuate itself; let it be eaten as closely as possible it perfects its seed in so short a time, that it will allways keep the earth well stocked, and will spring again the moment the field is out of cultivation. The red clover indeed, affords a much greater quantity of food, and I believe will bear much better the want of rain, which is an immense advantage with us. This is best on a small farm under exact management, the other does better for large fields and a loose agriculture. With respect to the summer fallow I know it is thought injudicious to expose land bare, to the summer sun, but it will never be bare I think, there will allways be a coat of weeds to shelter it, and there is a considerable advantage in this, that it will divide the business of breaking up the ground, between Autumn and Spring. The field, which is to go from rest immediately into Wheat in my plan, may receive the first ploughing in Spring. Those which are to bear Corn with Peas and Potatoes, must be broken up as soon as the seed time is over. If I understand your system, one of the fields destined for Wheat will be ploughed the first time, between Harvest and seed-time, and will be sown immediately after. Would not this be inconvenient, as that season is rendered the busiest in the year by our apprehensions of the Weevil? Wheat after Red clover would not succeed I fear, unless a fallow intervene, to give the clover roots time to rot. This may be remedied at  once, if a remedy be found requisite, by sowing the clover on the Rye. Six months may be thus gained in the age of the clover, and in consequence a fallow of six months or 12 even may precede the Wheat. If sown in the fall it will give one, perhaps two, crops of hay the next Summer, after the Rye is taken off, and 2 or 3 each summer following for 2 years; after which it will be worth little. I saw a field of clover ready for the Scythe a fortnight ago which had been sown upon Barley last fall. When sown in the Spring, it never I believe, yields a tolerable crop of hay that summer. I am, Dear Sir, yours most affectionately\nTh: M. Randolph\nP.S. Patsy and the children are well.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0533", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 31 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia July 31. 1793.\nWhen you did me the honor of appointing me to the office I now hold, I engaged in it without a view of continuing any length of time, and I pretty early concluded on the close of the first four years of our republic as a proper period for withdrawing; which, I had the honor of communicating to you. When the period however arrived circumstances had arisen, which, in the opinion of some of my friends, rendered it proper to postpone my purpose for a while. These circumstances have now ceased in such a degree as to leave me free to think again of a day on which I may withdraw, without it\u2019s exciting disadvantageous opinions or conjectures of any kind. The close of the present quarter seems to be a convenient period; because the quarterly accounts of the domestic department are then settled of course, and by that time also I may hope to recieve from abroad the materials for bringing up the foreign account to the end of it\u2019s third year. At the close therefore of the ensuing month of September, I shall beg leave to retire to scenes of greater tranquility, from those which I am every day more and more convinced that neither my talents, tone of mind, nor time of life fit me. I have thought it my duty to mention the matter thus early, that there may be time for the arrival of a successor, from any part of the union, from which you may think proper to call one. That you may find one more able to lighten the burthen of your labors, I most sincerely wish; for no man living more sincerely wishes that your administration could be rendered as pleasant to yourself, as it is useful and necessary to our country, nor feels for you  a more rational or cordial attachment and respect than Dear Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0534", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 31 July 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to return to the President the copy of questions which had been destined for the judges.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0535", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 31 July 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia July 31st. 1793.\nAs there are several matters which must remain in a suspended state\u2014perhaps not very conveniently\u2014until a decision is had upon the conduct of the Minister of the French Republic\u2014and as the Attorney General will, more than probably, be engaged at the Supreme Court next week\u2014It is my wish, under these circumstances, to enter upon the consideration of the letters of that Minister to morrow, at 9 \u2019Oclock; I therefore desire you will be here at that hour; and bring with you his letters, your answers, and such other papers as are connected with the subject.\nAs the consideration of this business may require sometime, I should be glad if you and the other Gentlemen would take a family dinner with me at 4 \u2019Oclock. No other company is, or will be envited. Sincerely & affectly. I remain\u2014Yrs.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0536", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Fulwar Skipwith, July 1793\nFrom: Skipwith, Fulwar\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nFort Republic Mque July 1793\nMany details of the disaster which have befallen this devoted Island have doubtless reached you e\u2019er this\u2014and in no one can any great exaggeration have been made of the waste and horrors mutually committed by the two contending parties. The Royalists, however, are entirely driven from the Island with the British armament at their heels. Whether they will repeat their visit or not after the hurricane months, depend I immagine upon the intermediate events of Europe, and should then the success of British arms induce them to hazard a second siege, I am of opinion, that they will find the conquest of the Island Still more difficult. Should even the situation of the mother Country be so wretched as to preclude every hope of protection or assistance, the Island will be more tenable than strangers suppose. The colored people, aided by about two thousand of select slaves, are well armed, and desperately determined. Besides seven months provision of flour, their chief attention is turned to the cultivation of farine manioc. Indeed Men of all descriptions seem to be prepared to die at their posts.\nWith such dispositions and such means, the Island, notwithstanding is left in a most deplorable state. Murders, Massacres and Burning have been exercised in their most unbounded fury\u2014the plantations saved from total ruin are abandoned by their proprietors\u2014the Negros, consequently, \u2019tho not in actual insurrection, are all in a state of disobedience; and all civil law[s?] suspended. I am with most other men, in a commercial line, a sufferer, and in the present position of things seeing little prospect of redress, I contemplate soon to make my final adieu to this unhappy Island.\nMany Vessels of the United States I am informed continue to be carried into the neighbouring British ports under suspicion of having french property on board. Having no communication with those Islands, I am ignorant of the degree of vexation, to which they may be subject. I have however put the American flag as much on their guard as has been in my power. With great Respect I have the honor to remain Sir Your mo ob and mo Hum Servant\nFulwar Skipwith\nThe decree of the National Assembly for admitting of Vessels of the United States into their colonial Ports upon the same footing with their own has not been yet officially received in this Island. The inclosed is a statement of the Duties which continue to be inflicted on all kinds of Merchandize brought in and carried out by American Vessels.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0537", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Biddle, 1 August 1793\nFrom: Biddle, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBack Creek Augt 1 1793\nI take this Opportunity of Informing you that I have been enquiring after people to Move to your lands but Cannot find any Inclin\u2019d to Move this fall but says theyl go and See it in the fall. There are three or four has promised me to go. I stopt at Brandywine and Mr. Spurier Inform\u2019d me that he should use his Influence in your favour and that he Should See you in A short time. I expect to be at Brandywine Shortley, so no more from sir Yr. Most Obt Hble Servt.\nSaml. Biddle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0538", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 1 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia August 1st. 1793.\nI have this day laid before the President of the United States the enclosed papers, which you put into my hands before your departure for New York, and it is his opinion that if the vessel the Republican, therein mentioned as having been sent into New York, be a prize made on the Citizens of France, she ought not to be detained, but to be ordered to retire as soon as possible: And that if she be not a prize there is no ground for ordering her away. In the former case a reasonable delay will doubtless be admitted on account of the circumstance of her hands having been sent away. I have the honor to be with great respect, Sir Your most obedient and Most humble Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0541", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 1 August 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nLondon 1st. August 1793\nI was hopeful you would have received the Copper for the mint by this conveyance but the Contractors have already carried a small quantity down to the Wharff and I have no doubt they will put 20,000 wt. which will be near half the quantity our funds can purchase on board of the Pigou Captn. Loxley who will sail in a few days.\nI have to acknowledge the receipt of your favors by Majr. Jackson the contents of which shall be attended to and a more particular answer than I can now give to some parts of them shall be sent by the Pigou. No alteration in our affairs here render it necessary to enter into any details & I remain with the utmost respect Dear Sir Your most faithful & obedt Servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0542", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Remsen, 1 August 1793\nFrom: Remsen, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nNew York August 1st. 1793\nYou may recollect that you desired me to purchase and send you a small silver inkstand when I was last in Philada. On my return here I found that Berry & Rogers had sold all of their\u2019s, and that there was not one at any other shop in town. I concluded therefore to wait \u2019till spring before I wrote to you on the subject, when Mr. Rogers assured me he should receive a supply. He did accordingly receive a few, but as they were much larger both in length and diameter, of higher price, a different shape and destitute of a pen, I judged such a one would not answer. A few days since I accidentally met with just such a one as you had before, and have now the pleasure to enclose it. I am thus particularly, Sir, lest my silence may have been attributed to inattention.\nSchneider informs me, after having duly considered what you wrote respecting his going to Virginia, that he cannot take less than two dollars per day while actually employed, that is, from his arrival and readiness to begin to work until his discharge, and one dollar per day for his travelling expences in going and returning. He is now engaged in painting, in dry fresco, a large room for the reception and deposit of the curiosities belonging to the Tammanial society, and receives that pay. I have seen his work, and it looks well. From what I could learn, he appears to prefer this as his residence, as he frequently is employed by the Theatre in scene painting.\nThe Ambuscade sailed yesterday morning for Sandy Hook. She got under way and attempted it the day before, but the wind being directly ahead and blowing strong, and the pilot declining then to take charge of her, she was obliged to come to anchor. Unfortunately one of her lieutenants with a boats crew, who were out reconnoitering the English frigate, approached too near to her and were taken. The enclosed paper, into which the inkstand is wrapped, contains our latest advices from  Europe. I have the Honor to be with great respect & esteem Dr. Sir Your most obt. & h\u2019ble servt.\nHenry Remsen\nPS. A report prevails, brought to town by a man from Long island, that there was a considerable firing this morning early which lasted about 50 minutes. We hope the Ambuscade has been successful, if it was only to repress the pride and vanity of some of our anglo-americans.\nPS\u2014August 1st. 6 O\u2019Clock. P: M: By a pilot boat just come up we have the following particulars, which are generally credited and which I believe may be relied on. About 5 O\u2019Clock this morning the Ambuscade and Boston met 10 leagues distant from Sandy Hook, and without exchanging a single word began to engage. The Ambuscade fired the first broadside, and having the wind in the beginning preserved it the whole time. She attempted twice to board her antagonist, but failed from the tempestuousness of the wind, and each time was raked. About 8 O\u2019Clock a:m: the English frigate put before the wind, and sailed off, and the French, as soon as could repair her damages a little, crouded all her sails in pursuit. During the engagement each ship had her colours shot down. The Ambuscade lost her main yard arm, and her fore sail was much torn by the shot. The Boston lost her main top mast with all its appendages, and immediately after clearing herself of them made off. Captains of Vessels say if the Ambuscade has overtaken her before another mast could be erected, she must be made a prize. I hope you will pardon my freedom, Sir, in giving you this detail. It interests us much here; and I thought it might not be altogether unacceptable, at least from it\u2019s novelty, as many people among us, who feel an interest in the success of the efforts now making by the French, have not yet got over the foolish prejudice of supposing, that an English armed vessel will of course take any other of equal force with which she may engage.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0544", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Fenwick, 2 August 1793\nFrom: Fenwick, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBordeaux, 2 Aug. 1793. Indisposition obliging him to leave Bordeaux for what he hopes will be no longer than two months, he has left his consular procuration with Jonathan Jones, a Pennsylvania native and gentleman well known here and in America for his worth, integrity, and attachment to the welfare of the United States, and hopes his absence will produce neither reproach nor inconvenience.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0545", "content": "Title: Notes of Cabinet Meeting on Edmond Charles Genet, 2 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nAug. 2. Met again. Hamilton spoke again \u00be of an hour. I answered on these topics. Object of the appeal.\u2014The Democratic society\u2014this the great circumstance of alarm; afrd. it would extend it\u2019s connections over continent. Chiefly meant for the local object of the ensuing election  of governor. If left alone would die away after that is over. If opposed, if proscribed, would give it importance and vigor, would give it a new object, and multitudes would join it merely to assert the right of voluntary associations.\u2014That the measure was calculated to make the Pres. assume the station of the head of a party instead of the head of the nation.\u2014Plan of the appeal. To consist of facts and the decisions of the Pres.\u2014As to facts we are agreed. But as to the decisions there has been great differences of opinion among us. Sometimes as many opinions as persons. This proves there will be ground to attack the decisions\u2014Genet will appeal also. Will become contest between Pres. and Genet.\u2014Anonymous writers.\u2014Will be same difference of opinion in Public, as in our Cabinet.\u2014Will be same difference in Congress, for must be laid before them.\u2014Would therefore work very unpleasantly at Home.\u2014How could it work abroad?\u2014France. Unkind. After such proofs of her friendship, should rely on that friendship and her justice. Why appeal to the world? Friendly nations always negotiate little differences in private\u2014never appeal to the world, but when they appeal to the sword.\u2014Confedcy. of Pilnitz was to overthrow government of France. The interference of France to disturb other governments and excite insurrections was a measure of reprisal. Yet these princes have been able to make it believed to be the system of France. Col. Ham. supposes Mr. Gen\u2019s proceedings here are in pursuance of that system. And we are to declare it to the world and to add our testimony to this base calumny of the princes. What a triumph to them to be backed by our testimony. What a fatal stroke at the cause of liberty.\u2014Et tu Brute!\u2014We indispose the Fr. government, and they will retract their offer of the treaty of commerce. The President manifestly inclined to the appeal to the people. He said that Mr. Morris, taking a family dinner with him the other day went largely and of his own accord into this subject, advised this appeal and promised if the Presidt. adopted it that he would support it himself, and engage for all his connections.\u2014The Presidt. repeated this twice, and with an air of importance.\u2014Now Mr. Morris has no family connections. He engaged then for his political friends.\u2014This shews that the President has not confidence enough in the virtue and good sense of mankind to confide in a government [bottomed on] them, and thinks other props necessary. Knox in a foolish incoherent sort of a speech introduced the Pasquinade lately printed, called the funeral of George W\u2014n and James W\u2014n, king and judge &c. where the President was placed on a Guillotin. The Presidt. was much inflamed, got into one of those passions when he cannot command himself. Run on much on the personal abuse which had been bestowed on him. Defied any man on earth to produce one single act of his since he had been in the government which was not done on the purest motives.  That he had never repented but once the having slipped the moment of resigning his office, and that was every moment since. That by god he had rather be in his grave than in his present situation. That he had rather be on his farm than to be made emperor of the world and yet that they were charging him with wanting to be a king. That that rascal Freneau sent him 3. of his papers every day, as if he thought he would become the distributor of his papers, that he could see in this nothing but an impudent design to insult him. He ended in this high tone. There was a pause. Some difficulty in resuming our question\u2014it was however after a little while presented again, and he said there seemed to be no necessity for deciding it now: the propositions before agreed on might be put into a train of execution, and perhaps events would shew whether the appeal would be necessary or not. He desired we would meet at my office the next day to consider what should be done with the vessels armed in our ports by Mr. Genet and their prizes.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0546", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinion on Prizes and Privateers, 3 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Hamilton, Alexander,Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nThat the Minister of the French Republic be informed that the President considers the UStates as bound pursuant to positive assurances, given in conformity to the laws of neutrality, to effectuate the restoration of, or to make compensation for, prizes which shall have been made of any of the parties at war with France subsequent to the fifth day of June last by privateers fitted out of their ports.\nThat it is consequently expected, that he will cause restitution to be made of all prizes taken and brought into our Ports subsequent to the abovementioned day by such privateers; in defect of which The President considers it as incumbent upon the UStates to indemnify the Owners of those prizes \u2026 the indemnification to be reimbursed by the French Nation.\nThat besides taking efficacious measures to prevent the future fitting out of Privateers in the Ports of The UStates, they will not give asylum therein to any which shall have been at any time so fitted out, and will cause restitution of all such prizes as shall be hereafter brought within their Ports by any of the said Privateers.\nThat instructions be sent to the respective Governors in conformity to the above communication.\nThe foregoing having been duely considered and being now unanimously approved they are submitted to The President of The United States. August 3. 1793.\nTh: JeffersonAlexander HamiltonH KnoxEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0547", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Enoch Edwards, 3 August 1793\nFrom: Edwards, Enoch\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nAugust 3rd. 1793 London\nBy the William Penn I wrote you a Letter and inclosed you a Number of News-Papers\u2014to the Care of our Friend Doctor Rush\u2014but as I suppose this Letter may reach You before that Ship arrives, I embrace the Oportunity to inform You that Valenciennes is now actually taken by the combined Armies. The Letter I then wrote to you expresses a Doubt of its being taken at all\u2014it was written the Evening before the News arrived\u2014next Day the Penn sailed\u2014and will carry that Intelligence to You.\nThank God there is no Event in a good Cause that does not afford a Scource for Consolation in adverse Fortune. We now think here that it will be for the better, as it may and probably will unite those jarring Interests which have hitherto splitt up and divided France. If they can only be brought to coallece so far as to oppose the common Enemies\u2014for they all seem to be Republicans in one Shape or other\u2014the present Crusade against Liberty would be ineffectual.\nThis is a very excellent Place to give a Man a real Love for Republicanism\u2014so much so that it would be worth while for the Gouvernment of the United States to pay the Expences of all its Aristocrats\u2014over to this Country, and let them be eye Witness\u2019s to the truely deplorable Situation of the fallen and insulted Majesty of Liberty. I sincerely believe unless the Decrees of Heaven forbid the Conversion that it would now even make a Proselyte of Publicola himself. But though as I mention in my last Liberty is begining again to raise her affrighted head, like on the american Cent, yet the breath that displays the Breast in which it is contained\u2014is oblidged to lie rather low and softly\u2014tho\u2019 there is plenty to be seen every where that sufficiently evinces discontent.\nThe Rage for Emigration from this Country exceeds every thing you can conceive of, whole Congregations of Independents, and other Dissenters are now geting ready to embark for America.\nIf you will do me the Honour to exchange the Information from the different Countries\u2014it will be made a good Use of here and entitle you to my Exercions to give You the best I can. I am very respectfully, with great Esteem Your obedt. srv.\nEno: Edwards", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0548", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 3 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nYours of July 18. and 22. are received and have relieved my anxieties about mine of June 27. 30. and July 7. Those of July 14. 21. and 28. I hope soon to have acknoleged. We have decided unanimously to require the recall of Genet. He will sink the republican interest if they do not abandon him. Hamilton pressed eagerly an appeal to the people. It\u2019s consequences you will readily seize, but I hope we shall prevent it tho the President is inclined to it.\u2014The loan is agreed to to the full extent on E.R.\u2019s advice splitting off a few dollars to give himself the airs of independance.\nI will send you the little peice written by him on the proclamation if I can find it. I will here note your several requisitions in your letter of July 22. 1. what concessions have been made on particular points behind the curtain. I think it is better you should not know them. 2. how far the President considers himself as committed with respect to some doctrines. He is certainly uneasy at those grasped at by Pacificus and as the author is universally known and I believe indeed denied not even by himself, it is foreseen that the vulnerable points, well struck, stab the party vitally.\u20143. lights from the law of nations on the constructions of treaties. Vattel has been most generally the guide, Bynkershoeck often quoted, Wolf sometimes. 4. no call was made by any power previous to the proclamation. Genet has been fully heard on his most unfounded pretensions under the treaty. His ignorance of every thing written on the subject is astonishing. I think he has never read a book of any sort in that branch of science. The question whether the war between France and Gr. Br. is offensive or defensive has not been particularly discussed.  Hamilton has insisted it was offensive by the former. I will send you the French collection of papers on that subject.\u2014A paper inclosed will lead you to inform yourself on questions which may come into discussion perhaps at the next session of Congress. They were prepared for the judges who however will not agree I believe to give opinions. I informed the President by letter three days ago that I should resign the last day of September. Consequently I shall see you the middle of october. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0549", "content": "Title: Notes of Cabinet Meeting on Neutrality, 3 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nAug. 3. We met. The rules being now reduced on one paper I considered them, and not finding any thing against the treaties as far as I could see, they were agreed to and signed by us all.\u2014We proceeded to consider what should be done as to the French privateers armed in our ports, and their prizes taken since they were ordered away. Randolph recapitulated his old opinion. Hamilton proposed to suppress the privateers by military coercion and deliver the prizes to their owners. I proposed to require from Mr. Genet a delivery of the prizes to their owners, otherwise that, in consequence of the assurances we had given the British minister, we should be bound to pay for them and must take credit for it with France, and to inform him that we would allow no further asylum in our ports to the said privateers. [These were the Citoyen  Genet, Sans culottes, Vainqueur de la Bastille and petite Democrate. The two last had been armed subsequent to the prohibition.] My proposition was agreed to with an addition that the Governor\u2019s should be notified that the privateers were no longer to be permitted to stay in our ports.\nThe President wrote to take our opinions Whether Congress should be called. Knox pronounced at once against it. Randolph was against it. Hamilton said his judgment was against it, but that if any two were for it or against it, he would join them to make a majority. I was for it. We agreed to give separate opinions to the Presidt.\u2014Knox said we should have had fine work if Congress had been sitting these two last months. The fool thus let out the secret. Hamilton endeavored to patch up the indiscretion of this blabber, by saying \u2018he did not know; he rather thought they would have strengthened the Executive arm.\u2019 It is evidence they do not wish to lengthen the session of the next Congress, and probably they particularly wish it should not meet till Genet is gone.\u2014At this meeting I received a letter from Mr. Remsen at N.Y. informing me of the event of the combat between the Ambuscade and the Boston. Knox broke out into the most unqualified abuse of Capt. Courtnay. Hamilton, with less fury, but with the deepest vexation, loaded him with censures. Both shewed the most unequivocal mortification at the event.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0553", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 4 August 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nPhiladelphie le 4 Aout 1793 l\u2019an 2e de la R\u00e9publique\nJe m\u2019empresse de vous d\u00e9noncer des hommes qui abusent de l\u2019azile qu\u2019ils ont trouv\u00e9 dans les Etats Unis pour former de nouveaux complots contre leur Patrie. Ces hommes Sont ceux qui ont attir\u00e9 \u00e0 la Colonie de St. Domingue tous les maux qui l\u2019accablent aujourdhui par leur opini\u00e2tre resistance aux Loix par leurs passions, par leurs pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s. Des avis certains m\u2019ont appris qu\u2019ils forment dans ce moment ci l\u2019odieux projet de Se rassembler sur le territoire m\u00eame des E.U. pour aller Soutenir ceux de leurs complices qui osent encore lutter contre les autorit\u00e9s constitu\u00e9es par la R\u00e9publique Fran\u00e7aise pour maintenir l\u2019ordre et la tranquillit\u00e9 \u00e0 St. Domingue.\nL\u2019int\u00e9ret de la France et de l\u2019Am\u00e9rique, Monsieur, exige et que le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral prenne les mesures les plus pressantes pour decouvrir la trame de cette nouvelle conspiration et en prevenir les funestes effets et je Suis persuad\u00e9 qu\u2019en portant \u00e0 Sa connaissance les faits que je vous d\u00e9nonce cet objet sera rempli.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0554", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 4 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 4. 1793.\nSince I had the honor of addressing you on the 1st. instant on the subject of the Republican sent into New York by the Boston frigate as her tender, I have received a letter from the Minister of France alledging that the Boston captured the Republican within the limits of the protection of the US. Should this be agreeable to the fact in your own judgment, I would request her delivery to her owners; but should you have, or be able to procure evidence to the contrary I will ask the favor of a communication of that evidence, and that the British Consul retain the  vessel in his custody until the Executive of the US. shall consider and decide finally on the subject. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir, Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0555", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 4 August 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLisbon, 4 Aug. 1793. Three vessels arrived here a few days ago from St. Michael with distinguished Moors, whom he visited with Church and Dohrman to offer assistance after receiving an account of them, via the American captain of one of these ships, in a letter from Thomas Hickling, acting consul at St. Michael, whose Portuguese patent he encloses. The Moors consisted of two widows of the old Emperor Sidi Muhammad, one of the late Emperor Muley Yezid, two wives and eleven concubines of Muley Absulem (the blind prince visited by Lampri\u00e8re and reported to have been the old emperor\u2019s favorite), some young princes and princesses, and many attendants, all under the care of a Director of Finances, Mahomet Squierz, a sensible old man who was grateful for himself and on behalf of the royal family for their visit and attention (the first the Moors had received here), as well as for Hickling\u2019s services to them, of which they have given a written declaration under the royal seal. Squierz, who dined with him the first day, expressed in their absence a strong wish to be useful to the United States. The civilities they showed him cannot be prejudicial to the United States, given the confidence he enjoys by virtue of the party entrusted to him and the old emperor having employed him in confidential and foreign negotiations. After some delay the Portuguese court now overwhelms the Moors with honors and accommodations, and many paragraphs about them appear in the Lisbon gazettes. A few days ago they debarked under a royal salute in the queen\u2019s barge, attended on shore by a multitude of people and the Prince of Brazil, and were taken in six state carriages by an escort of horse and foot guards to the royal palace of the Necessidades. He believes that this is \u201cthe first entire Moorish Harem that ever came to Europe,\u201d and this treatment, since the expulsion of the Moors from Portugal, is as singular a circumstance. The motives and incidents of their intended voyage from Santa Cruz to Sal\u00e9 are accurately reported in the 27 July Lisbon Gazette. To prove their rank the Moors have brought the original of the last treaty between Morocco and Portugal. Other accounts of the voyage indicate that Muley Absulem, the governor on the Atlantic coasts under his brother Muley Ischem, has defected to the party of his brother Muley Suliman and arrived safely from Santa Cruz at Fez, whence it seems pretty certain the Moorish royal family has received letters from him. Accounts by the last post from Gibraltar state that there is no appearance of any settlement of the Moroccan succession, that no nation is treating with either of the pretenders, and that Ischem still resides at Morocco while Suliman has returned to Mequinez from Rabat, whence a force of about 10,000 men sent by him to the southward was beaten back with heavy losses by the people of the middle province. An officer he knows has just arrived from Gibraltar with a report that a rich and distinguished basha from Tripoli has gone to Morocco via Gibraltar to negotiate an accommodation between the two brothers. He encloses a copy of a letter he lately received on this subject  from de la Mar in Amsterdam, the self-styled envoy extraordinary from the Moroccan court, but the Dutch minister here states positively that no person has been recognized at The Hague in that character. Sharpe, who delivered that letter, complains of the great inconvenience encountered by United States ships trading with Santa Cruz, Mogador, and other places for want of someone to dispatch them and especially to give them bills of health, a problem he promised him to bring to the executive\u2019s attention through TJ. By the last letters from Gibraltar it appears that nothing has been heard for a long time of the American prisoners in Algiers, that surprisingly Mace is still at Gibraltar, Lord Hood having refused to provide a ship for him because of the plague in Algiers, that Algerine cruisers are at sea, and that some row boats from Oran are near Gibraltar, the Portuguese fleet alone keeping them in the Mediterranean. Two boats had been at Tetu\u00e1n, according to the officer from Gibraltar, and another source reports that some American ships destined up the Mediterranean had consequently unloaded at M\u00e1laga. He has had no news of Cutting by the packet that arrived since his last letter and fears some accident has befallen him. By the last mail he learned that Cond\u00e9 was taken but not Valenciennes. English papers report that the Provisional Executive Council has declared in consequence of a National Convention decree that, except for military stores, no enemy property on United States ships is liable to capture. The new constitution was agreed to in Paris and offered to the primary assemblies for discussion and acceptance on the 10th. P.S. He wishes the President to know that Hickling, formerly of Boston and now a wealthy merchant and Swedish consul at St. Michael, is generally represented as a very respectable man who has rendered services to and deserves well of the United States. The Portuguese court has given a great promotion to the principal judge at St. Michael for his services there to the Moorish princesses. He encloses an authentic declaration in Hickling\u2019s favor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0556", "content": "Title: Opinion on Convening Congress, 4 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nThe President having been pleased to propose, for consideration, the question Whether it be proper or not to convene the legislature at an earlier period than that at which it is to meet by law? and at what time? I am of opinion it will be proper.\n1. Because the protection of our Southern frontiers seems to render indispensable a war with the Creeks, which cannot be declared, nor provided for but by the legislature, nor prudently undertaken by the Executive on account of the consequences it may involve with respect to Spain.\n2. Because several legislative provisions are wanting to enable the government to steer steadily through the difficulties daily produced by the war of Europe, and to prevent our being involved in it by the incidents and perplexities to which it is constantly giving birth.\n3. Because should we be involved in it, which is every day possible, however anxiously we endeavor to avoid it, the legislature meeting a month earlier will place them a month forwarder in their provisions for that state of things.\nI think the 1st. Monday in November would be a proper time for convening them, because, while it would gain a month in making provisions to prevent or prepare for war, it leaves such a space of time for their assembling, as will avoid exciting alarm either at home or abroad.\nTh: JeffersonAug. 4. 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0557", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Randolph, 4 August 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nE. Randolph to Mr. Jefferson\nPhiladelphia August 4. 1793.\nI can never believe, that the impeachment of Mr. G. should be drawn from any other sources, than his written and verbal communications with you. That he is the president of a particular society; that his secretary may have written inflammatory queries, &c may be reasons, privately operating to the demand of his recal, I shall not absolutely deny; because foreign ministers may give causes of displeasure, and render themselves unacceptable for intercourse by acts, which may not however be strong enough to become articles of formal accusation. But they will not satisfy the American mind; which constitutes the soul of our government.\nIn the letter therefore, to be written to him, the people, to whom the whole of the affair will sooner or later be exposed, ought to be kept in view: and it ought not to be forgotten, that Mr. G. has some zealous partizans, and the French nation too many, to suffer subtleties or caprices to justify the harsh measure.\nI do not conceive it to be any part, of what you have requested of me, or in any degree necessary, to suggest the outlines of those remarks, which ought to precede the charges. It is only for me, to assign the reasons, upon which I grounded my opinion for a recal.\n1. His assurances, that no other commissions should be granted to privateers within the U.S.; and the repetition notwithstanding.\n2. The continuance of the consuls within his controul and knowledge, to exercise the functions of the admiralty; his declarations to the contrary notwithstanding.\n3. His sending off the Little Democrat, against the wishes of the government, expressed to him.\n4. His reprehensible language concerning, and addressed to, the Executive; discarding however, all ambiguities.\n5. His undertaking to reclaim those citizens of the U.S., who had been prosecuted for entering on board of French privateers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0558", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 4 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMy dear Martha\nPhiladelphia Aug. 4. 1793.\nI inclose you two of Petit\u2019s receipts. The orthography will amuse you, while the matter of them may be useful. The last of the two is really valuable, as the beans preserved in that manner, are as firm, fresh, and green, as when gathered.\u2014Mr. D. Randolph is at Philadelphia, and well. He delivered me your watch, which I will have ready to send by him. He proposes to set out for Monticello in 8. or 10. days. Present my best respects to Mrs. Randolph and my regrets at my absence during the favor of her visit. I hope to be more fortunate another time.\u2014We have had a remarkeable death here which I will mention for example sake. Mrs. Lear, wife of the gentleman who is secretary to the President, by eating green plumbs and apples brought on a mortification of the bowels which carried her off in six days. She was 23. years old, and of as fine healthy a constitution as I ever knew. Tell Anne this story, and kiss her for me, in presenting one of the inclosed caricatures. I put up several as Mrs. Randolph may have some of her family to whom they may give a moment\u2019s pleasure. My best affections are with Mr. Randolph and yourself. Adieu my dear.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0562", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 4 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSunday Aug. 4. 93.\nTh: Jefferson presents his respects to the President and will pay due attention to his letter of this day. The question of convening the legislature was considered and as our opinions differed, we agreed to give them separately which will be done tomorrow. We are to meet at 10, aclock tomorrow to apply the rules, now approved by the President, to the several memorials and complaints as yet undecided, the result of which will be submitted to the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0563", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinions on Privateers and Prizes, 5 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nAt a meeting of the heads of departments and the Attorney general at the Secretary of state\u2019s office Aug. 5. 1793.\nThe case of the Swallow letter of marque at New York, desired to be sent out of our ports, as being a privateer. It is the opinion that there is no ground to make any order on the subject.\nThe Polly or Republican, in the hands of the Marshal at New York, on a charge of having been armed in our ports to cruize against nations at peace with the US. It is the opinion there is no ground to make any new order in this case.\nThe Little Democrat, the Vanqueur de la Bastille, the Citoyen Genet, and the Sans Culottes. A letter to be written to Mr. Genet as was determined on the 3d. instant, and an instruction in conformity therewith be given to the governors. Mr. Hammond to be informed thereof and to be assured the government will effectuate their former resolution on this subject.\nThe Lovely Lass, the Prince William Henry, and the Jane of Dublin, prizes to the Citoyen Genet. Mr. Genet to be written to as was agreed on the 3d. inst.\nThe brig Fanny and Ship William reclaimed as taken within the limits of our protection. As it is expected that the court of Admiralty may very shortly reconsider whether it will take cognisance of these cases, it is thought better to take no new measure therein for the present.\nThe Schooner fitting out at Boston as mentioned in a letter of Mr. Gore to Mr. Lear. The Governor of Massachusetts to be written to to suppress her.\nMr. Delaney\u2019s letter of the 24th. of July on the question whether duties are to be paid on prize goods landed for sale. It is the opinion the duties are to be paid.\nA letter from Mr. Genet of the 4th. of Aug. informing the Secretary of state that certain inhabitants lately arrived from St. Domingo are combining to form a military expedition from the territory of the US. against the constituted authorities of the said island. It is the opinion that the Governor of Maryland be informed thereof (because in a verbal communication to the Secretary of state Mr. Genet had named Baltimore as the place where the combination was forming) and that he be desired to take measures to prevent the same.\nTh: JeffersonAlexander HamiltonH Knox\nThe Secretary of State and Attorney General are of opinion that Mr. Hammond be informed that measures are taking to procure restoration of the prizes the Lovely Lass the Prince William Henry and the Jane of Dublin, and in case that cannot be effected that Government will take the subject into further consideration.\nThe Secretaries of the Treasury and of War are of opinion that Mr. Hammond be informed that measures are taking to effect the restoration of the prizes The Lovely Lass, The Prince William Henry and the Jane of Dublin; that in case this shall not be effected The President considers it as incumbent upon the UStates to make compensation for those Prizes; and that prizes in similar circumstances which shall be hereafter brought into the Ports of the UStates will be restored.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0564", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jean B. Desdoity, 5 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Desdoity, Jean B.\n[Dear Sir]\n[\u2026] favor of [\u2026] Grand & Co. of Paris. I am always glad to recieve their commands, and shall with chearfulness testify it in rendering you any service I can. In the particular case on which you are pleased to consult me, I will observe that though the law of the United states requires a residence of two years to make a citizen, yet some of the states admit a citizen on shorter residence, perhaps some of them without any residence at all. If you will therefore give yourself the trouble of enquiring into the rules of citizenship established by the different states, you will probably find some of them adapted to your situation and views, and if you can make yourself a citizen of any one state, you are thereby a citizen of every one. There is no other way of hastening your attainment of that character, as there is no power in this country to dispense with the laws. I have the honor to be with due respect, Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0565", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Harriott, 5 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Harriott, John\n[Dear Sir]\n[Philadelphia] Aug. 5. 1793.\nI have duly received your [\u2026] [pack]ages from Mr. Pinckney for your care of which I return you my thanks. Your object being to settle yourself in this country, you have certainly taken the wisest course, that of going yourself to see the different parts of it, and chuse for yourself. This choice, in order to make it a happy one, depending on the circumstances of climate, soil, cheapness of land, state of society &c. adapted to the views of the person, none but himself can make it. You mention doubts between New York, Rhode-island, and the back country. There are circumstances which would render it worth your while to look also a little way Southwardly. From my knoledge of the different parts of the middle states I would advise you to visit the country lying along the little mountains about 20. or 25. miles below the blue ridge in Virginia, crossing the Patowmac about Leesburg, passing South Westwardly by the Red house Fauquier court house, Culpepper court house and along the South West mountains. There is no healthier nor finer climate in  America, the winters do not eat up the summers, as is the case Northwardly, the soil of the richest and best adapted to farming, and having been kept in the hands of tobacco makers, remains still ill in it\u2019s appearance, consequently cheap, but capable of becoming excessively rich, and in a very short time, in the hands of a farmer. I take the liberty of mentioning this, because I know that particular circumstances lead the views of uninformed strangers in a direction which does not give them a fair choice to suit their views and interests: and I have thought I could not serve you better than by apprising you of it. I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedt. humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0566", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 5 August 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAugst. 5 93\nAt the date of my last which was on thursday last, yours of the 14. had not arrived. I have since received it. That of the 28th. is also just handed me. A review of mine will shew you that all yours from June 23 forward have now been acknowledged. Your account of the ticklish situation with respect to Genet in the 14th. is truly distressing. His folly would almost beget suspicions of the worst sort. The consequences you point out in case matters come to an extremity are so certain and obvious that it is hardly conceivable he can be blind to them. Something must be done if possible to get him into a better train. I find by the paper of the 27. that P. has entered and I suppose closed his last topic. I think it a feeble defence of one important point I am striking at: viz. the making a declaration in his sense of it, before the arrival of Genet. I argue that the Act does not import a decision against the Casus foederis from the manifest impropriety of doing so on the ground that F. was the aggressor in every war, without at least waiting for evidence as to the question of fact who made the first attack admiting for the sake of argument that to be the criterion. A difficulty has occurred which will retard my remarks more than I expected. They must be prepared for the same Gazette, consequently copied into another hand. I am laying a plan for having it done here, but it cannot be done as quickly as I wish. The drouth begins to be severe and alarming for the corn. In a hurry yrs. always", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0568", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Abraham Runnels & Son, 5 August 1793\nFrom: Abraham Runnels & Son\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia Markett Street No. 222 5th. Augst. 1793\nThe Peculiar disagreableness of the business I am at present entangled in and the Extraordinary chain of Circumstances attending it equally injurious to me and offensive to the Neutrality of this Country, obliges me to seek refuge through your Medium from that Power which dispenses equal justice to all.\nI beg leave to refer you to the Accompanying Documents for the Particulars of a Capture made (by a French Privateer the Sans Culottes Captn: Mollinery) of an American Vessell, loaden by my Firm at St. Bartholomew a Neutral Port, and bound to another Neutral Port; The Brig and Property are still in possession of the Captors, and who have hitherto shewn no Disposition to restore either. I find myself Honor\u2019d with Liberal Protection from His Swedish Majesty\u2019s Consul and have exerted all the Measures which he Conceived either Prudent or Necessary to preserve my Right of Recovery of Such Damages as shall be  Adjudged to have arisen from the unlawfull Capture and Detention of my Property, which has now lasted so long, that Common regard to my Interest Compells me Sir to take a Liberty with you, which nothing but that and the Exigency of the Case could Authorize. It is not for me Sir to Suggest what measures may have now become necessary to Procure Restitution of my Property as well as proper Indemnification for the Disadvantages which have necessarily Accrued from the Detention, but I shall take pains to Represent to you, with that Candor and Integrity upon which only the Interests of my Cause, and the Magnitude it is of to this Country rests, every Circumstance that does in any Wise relate to it, and for that Purpose give me leave Sir to pray you to Appoint me an Hour when it shall Suit you that I may have the Honor of a Personal Interview. In the Interim Mr. Soderstroom was kind enough to say he would sue a Conversation with you and open some few of the Particulars of this business to you.\nI shall Consider myself favoured by your interference in the Business which with due defference I conceive to be indispensably Necessary to the obtaining a Decission, as it has long since been under the Investigation of the French Minister and Consul, whose delay is by no means Consistent, with my Interest, as every part of the Cargo of the Vessell Captured, is Perishable. I have the Honor to be with all Possible respect & the most Distinguished Consideration Sir your most obedient & very Humble Svt\nA Runnels & son", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0569", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Vanuxem & Lombairt, 5 August 1793\nFrom: Vanuxem & Lombairt\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphia August 5. 1793.\nJames Vanuxem and Herman Jh. Lombairt, both Cityzens of the United states partners in Trade under the firm of Vanuxem & Lombairt (their Certificates of Cityzenship are dated, of the former in the year 1778, and 1784 of the Latter). They find themselves in a situation of Claiming the Protection of their Country and humbly submit their claims on seven hogsheads of Coffee which they have on board the American Brig Called the Defiance James Nowell master, which vessel has been taken and Carried into the Island of Jamaica on suspicion of having property on board belonging to Cityzens of the french republik.\nTheir seven Hogsheads of Coffee were Shipped on board said Brig Defiance by Dennis Cottineau of Port au Prince under the mark Z M No. 1 a 7. and Mr. Cottineau advised Messrs. Zollickoffer & Messonnier (Vanuxem & Lombairt\u2019s Correspondants in Baltimore) that this shipment was made for account and risk of V & L. In consequence of which Mr. Messonnier caused the Insurance to be made and advised them that the same was Compleated.\nThe Proofs that these Seven Hogsheads are Vanuxem & Lombairt\u2019s Property, are first, The Bill of Loading\n2ly.\u2007The invoice\n3ly.\u2007The Policy of Insurance, and\n4ly.\u2007Their account Current with D. Cottineau, Certified by John L. Clark their Book Keeper; for the amount of which seven Hogsheads of Coffee he has been duly Creditted with and that the Balance as it appears in said account is Still in their favour.\nThe foregoing vauchers Vanuxem & Lombairt submit to the Executive Counsil of the United states of America; praying, that Honorable Body to take the facts above related into it\u2019s most serious consideration, that they may obtain Justice in their Claim.\nVanuxem & Lombairt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0570", "content": "Title: Notes of Cabinet Decisions, 6 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nAug. 6. The President concurs with Ham. and Kn. in notifying Mr. Hammond what we propose to do as to restitution of the prizes made by the Citoyen Genet &c. or compensation, because says he if you notify it to the party to whom it will give displeasure, we should do it to that also which will feel satisfaction from it.\nHe said he should have been for calling Congress himself, but he found the other gentlemen were against it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0571", "content": "Title: Notes of a Conversation with George Washington, 6 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nAug. 6. 1793. The President calls on me at my house in the country, and introduces my letter of July 31. announcing that I should resign at the close of the next month. He again expressed his repentance at not having resigned himself, and how much it was increased by seeing that he was to be deserted by those on whose aid he had counted: that he did not know where he should look to find characters to fill up the offices, that mere talents did not suffice for the departmt. of state, but it required a person conversant in foreign affairs, perhaps acquainted with foreign courts, that without this the best talents would be awkward and at a loss. He told me that Colo. Hamilton had 3. or 4. weeks ago written to him, informing him that private as well as public reasons had brought him to the determination to retire, and that he should do it towards the close of the next session. He said he had often before intimated dispositions to resign, but never as decisively before: that he supposed he had fixed on the latter part of the next session to give an opportunity to Congress to examine into his conduct: that our going out at times so different increased his difficulty, for if he had both places to fill at one he might consult both the particular talents and geographical situation of our successors. He expressed great apprehensions at the fermentation which seemed to be working in the minds of the public, that many descriptions of persons, actuated by different causes appeared to be  uniting, what it would end in he knew not, a new Congress was to assemble, more numerous, perhaps of a different spirit: the first expressions of their sentiments would be important: if I would only stay to the end of that it would relieve him considerably.\nI expressed to him my excessive repugnance to public life, the particular uneasiness of my situation in this place where the laws of society oblige me to move always exactly in the circle which I know to bear me peculiar hatred, that is to say the wealthy Aristocrats, the Merchants connected closely with England, the new created paper fortunes that thus surrounded, my words were caught, multiplied, misconstrued, and even fabricated and spread abroad to my injury, that he saw also that there was such an opposition of views between myself and another part of the administration as to render it peculiarly unpleasing, and to destroy the necessary harmony. Without knowing the views of what is called the Republican part, here, or having any communication with them, I could undertake to assure him from my intimacy with that party in the late Congress, that there was not a view in the Republican party as spread over the US. which went to the frame of the government, that I believed the next Congress would attempt nothing material but to render their own body independant, that that party were firm in their dispositions to support the government: that the maneuvres of Mr. Genet might produce some little embarrasment, but that he would be abandoned by the Republicans the moment they knew the nature of his conduct, and on the whole no crisis existed which threatened any thing.\nHe said he believed the views of the Republican party were perfectly pure, but when men put a machine into motion it is impossible for them to stop it exactly where they would chuse or to say where it will stop. That the constitution we have is an excellent one if we can keep it where it is, that it was indeed supposed there was a party disposed to change it into a monarchical form, but that he could conscientiously declare there was not a man in the US. who would set his face more decidedly against it than himself.\u2014Here I interrupted him by saying \u2018no rational man in the US. suspects you of any other disposition, but there does not pass a week in which we cannot prove declns. dropping from the monarchical party that our government is good for nothing, it is a milk and water thing which cannot support itself, we must knock it down and set up something of more energy.\u2019\u2014He said if that was the case he thought it a proof of their insanity, for that the republican spirit of the Union was so manifest and so solid that it was astonishing how any one could expect to move them.\nHe returned to the difficulty of naming my successor, he said Mr. Madison would be his first choice, but he had always expressed to him such a decision against public office that he could not expect he would  undertake it. Mr. Jay would prefer his present office. He said that Mr. Jay had a great opinion of the talents of Mr. King, that there was also Mr. Smith of S. Carola. E. Rutledge &c.: but he observed that name whom he would some objections would be made, some would be called speculators, some one thing, some another, and he asked me to mention any characters occurring to me. I asked him if Govr. Johnson of Maryld. had occurred to him? He said he had, that he was a man of great good sense, an honest man, and he believed clear of speculations, but this says he is an instance of what I was observing, with all these qualifications, Govr. Johnson, from a want of familiarity with foreign affairs, would be in them like a fish out of water, every thing would be new to him, and he awkward in every thing. I confessed to him that I had considered Johnson rather as fit for the Treasury department. Yes, says he, for that he would be the fittest appointment that could be made; he is a man acquainted with figures, and having as good a knolege of the resources of this country as any man. I asked him if Chancr. Livingston had occurred to him? He said Yes, but he was from N. York, and to appoint him while Hamilton was in and before it should be known he was going out, would excite a newspaper conflagration, as the ultimate arrangement would not be known. He said Mc.lurg had occurred to him as a man of first rate abilities, but it is said that he is a speculator. He asked me what sort of a man Wolcot was. I told him I knew nothing of him my self; I had heard him characterised as a cunning man. I asked him whether some person could not take my office par interim, till he should make an appointment? as Mr. Randolph for instance. Yes, says he, but there you would raise the expectation of keeping it, and I do not know that he is fit for it nor what is thought of Mr. Randolph. I avoided noticing the last observation, and he put the question to me directly. I then told him that I went into society so little as to be unable to answer it: I knew that the embarrasments in his private affairs had obliged him to use expedients which had injured him with the merchants and shop-keepers and affected his character of independance: that these embarrasments were serious, and not likely to cease soon. He said if I would only stay in till the end of another quarter (the last of Dec.) it would get us through the difficulties of this year, and he was satisfied that the affairs of Europe would be settled with this campaign, for that either France would be overwhelmed by it, or the confederacy would give up the contest. By that time too Congress will have manifested it\u2019s character and views.\u2014I told him that I had set my private affairs in motion in a line which had powerfully called for my presence the last spring, and that they had suffered immensely from my not going home; that I had now calculated them to my return in the fall, and to fail in going then would be the loss of another year, and prejudicial beyond  measure. I asked him whether he could not name Govr. Johnson to my office, under an express arrangement that at the close of the session he should take that of the treasury. He said that men never chose to descend: that being once in a higher department he would not like to go into a lower one. He asked me whether I could not arrange my affairs by going home. I told him I did not think the publick business would admit of it, that there was never a day now in which the absence of the Secretary of state would not be inconvenient to the public. And he concluded by desiring that I would take 2. or 3. days to consider whether I could not stay in till the end of another quarter, for that like a man going to the gallows he was willing to put it off as long as he could: but if I persisted, he must then look about him and make up his mind to do the best he could: and so he took leave.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0573", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Clement Biddle, 7 August 1793\nFrom: Biddle, Clement\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nwalnut Street 7 August 1793\nMr. LeMaigre and Mr: L. Crousillat having determined to send a pilot boat to Jamaica with the proofs of their property in the Vessels belonging to them and which have been captured and sent into that  Island by British privateers, they request the favour of You to furnish them with such Letters as you may think proper as well from yourself as from the British Minister to forward their Claims, as the Vessel will be ready to sail tomorrow. I am with great respect Your mo: Obedt. Very humble Servt\nClement Biddle", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0575", "content": "Title: Petition and Memorial from Lewis Crousillat, 7 August 1793\nFrom: Crousillat, Lewis\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo Thomas Jefferson Esquire Secretary of State for the United States of America.\nThe Petition and Memorial of Lewis Crousillat of the City of Philadelphia Merchant\nRespectfully Sheweth.\nThat your Memorialist Came to this Country from France in the year One Thousand seven hundred and eighty one and settled in the city of Philadelphia where he hath continued to reside and carry on Business as a Merchant and Owner of Vessels under American passports\u2014that in the same year 1781 he took the oath of Allegiance to the State of Pennsylvania before a Justice of the peace of the City of Philadelphia aforesaid, but that having lost his certificate, and not recollecting the name of the Justice before whom he had taken the said oath, he did again on the 26th. Day of January in the year 1792 take and subscribe the oath to support the Constitution of the United States before Joseph Swift Esquire one of the Aldermen for the City of Philadelphia, and that being a Citizen of the United States of America he is Owner of different Vessels and Cargoes and that particularly he is sole owner of the Schooner Flora whereof Thomas Arnold is Master which said vessel being cheifly loaded for account of your memorialists at the Island of St. Domingo and proceeding on her voyage for this port of Philadelphia, was as he is informed by Letter from said Captain Arnold, on the 16th. day of June last captured by a British Privateer who kept the said Captain for ten days prisoner on board the said privateer, and sent the said vessel as a prize to Kingston in the Island of Jamaica giving for reason that there was French Property on board (which was the case) although the principal part of the Cargo was the property of your memorialist, and that they had taken from his said vessel a considerable sum of Money belonging to your memorialist. And detained the said vessel to the great loss and damage of your memorialist, And that he is also informed that the Brig Sophia whereof George Price is Master, which is the sole property of your memorialist, and also the principal part of the Cargo on board was also on her voyage from the said Island of St. Domingo for this port of Philadelphia Captured by the same British privateer and sent into the said port of Kingston in Jamaica, and there detained and libelled in the Admiralty Court of said Island\u2014that Your Memorialist with other persons has determined to send a Pilot Boat to Kingston with proper documents to prosecute his claims to the said vessels and Cargoes and he humbly submits his case to your consideration that such measures may be pursued for Obtaining Justice as to you in your Wisdom shall seem meet. And Your Memorialist shall pray &ca.\nL Crousillat\nPhiladelphia\nAugust 7th. 1793", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0576", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 7 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia August 7th. 1793.\nIn a letter of June 5th. I had the honor to inform you that the President, after reconsidering at your request the case of vessels armed within our ports to commit hostilities on nations at peace with the united States, had finally determined that it could not be admitted, and desired that all those which had been so armed should depart from our ports. It being understood afterwards, that these vessels either still remained in our ports or had only left them to cruize on our coasts, and return again with their prizes, and that another vessel, the Little Democrat had been since armed at Philadelphia, it was desired in my letter of the 12th. of July, that such vessels with their prizes should be detained till a determination should be had of what was to be done under these circumstances. In disregard, however, of this desire the Little Democrat went out immediately on a cruize.\nI have it now in charge to inform you that the President considers the united States as bound, pursuant to positive assurances, given in conformity to the laws of neutrality, to effectuate the restoration of, or to make compensation for prizes, which shall have been made of any of the parties at war with France subsequent to the fifth day of June last, by privateers fitted out of our ports.\nThat it is consequently expected, that you will cause restitution to be made of all prizes taken and brought into our Ports subsequent to the abovementioned day by such privateers, in defect of which the President considers it as incumbent upon the United States to indemnify the Owners of those prizes\u2014the indemnification to be reimbursed by the French nation.\nThat besides taking efficacious measures to prevent the future fitting out of Privateers in the Ports of the united States, they will not give  asylum therein to any which shall have been at any time so fitted out, and will cause restitution of all such prizes as shall be hereafter brought within their Ports by any of the said Privateers.\nIt would have been but proper respect to the authority of the country had that been consulted before these armaments were undertaken. It would have been satisfactory, however, if their sense of them, when declared, had been duly acquiesced in. Reparation of the injury to which the United States have been made so involuntarily instrumental, is all which now remains, and in this your compliance cannot but be expected.\nIn consequence of the information given in your letter of the 4th. instant, that certain citizens of St. Domingo, lately arrived in the United States, were associating for the purpose of undertaking a military expedition from the territory of the United States against that Island, the Governor of maryland, within which State the expedition is understood to be preparing, is instructed to take effectual measures to prevent the same. I have the honor to be, with great respect, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0577", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 7 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia, 7th. August 1793.\nA constant expectation of carrying into full effect the declaration of the President, against permitting the armament of vessels within the Ports of the united States, to cruize on nations with which they are at Peace, has hitherto prevented my giving you a final answer on the subject of such vessels and their prizes. Measures to this effect are still taking, and particularly for excluding from all further asylum in our ports, the vessels so armed, and for the restoration of the Prizes the Lovely Lass, the Prince William Henry and the Jane of Dublin taken by them: and I am authorized in the mean time to assure you, that should the measures for restoration fail in their affect, the President considers it as  incumbent on the United States to make compensation for the vessels. I have the honor to be, with great respect Sir, Your most obedient and most humble Servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0578", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 7 August 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nSain Port 7. August 1793\nEnclos\u2019d herewith you will find my Account up to the first of the last month. I did not send it sooner because I wish\u2019d to comprize therein those of the Consulates none of which are come forward. I shall therefore write to them on the Subject. You will observe that I charge therein 24\u20b6 given to an American Sea Officer. He appear\u2019d to be, and really was, in very great distress, so that I could not avoid giving what I conceiv\u2019d needful to carry him to the nearest Seaport. He has since applied to me again repeatedly but he has been refus\u2019d all farther aid. You will find also a Charge for engraving passports. This became necessary because from the Time of my arrival, or very shortly after it, the Difficulties in the way of travelling were so great that people with all formalities required by Law could scarcely get along, And among the Municipalities a handsome Piece of Paper with a seal to it had much more Effect than the ministerial Signatures. If however either or both of these Charges be deem\u2019d improper Let them be recharg\u2019d to me. I sent out more Pamphlets than those I have brought to account, because when an Opportunity offer\u2019d I put up not only those I had procured for your Office, but all others which were at Hand, and which having been originally purchased for my own Information I did not think it proper to charge them to the United States.\nI also enclose herein a Table of the Value of the Assignats compared with Specie for one year ending with last June. During the Month of July they may be stated at about 20 per % But upon that Value as well as on those contain\u2019d in the Table it is necessary to observe First that the Fluctuations of Exchange are great, so that to determine with precision the Value requires Information which I beleive it is impossible to acquire. For instance Louis d\u2019ors have sometimes borne a premium of above 5 per % compared with Silver, and other Times have gone at Par.  Nay this Change has taken place from one Day to another, and on the same day there has been a difference of above 5 per % in the price of Specie. It would be necessary therefore to know at which of two such different prices the greatest Sum was negotiated, and also in other cases whether the principal Negotiations were in Gold or Silver. At first sight indeed it might be supposed that the metal of highest price was the one principally bought, but I am assured that this rule did not hold good: and as for the Reason why it did not hold, we must seek in the Trick of the Day, or the Lie of the Day. Sometimes also in the Searchings and Plunderings. But secondly, This Table however accurate it might be, would not I conceive form a proper Standard on which to proceed in our Custom Houses; because the Value of Comodities has been by no means dependent on that of the assignats. The prices have considerably encreased but not proportionately; and the particular encrease depends on the article, so that a History of each would be necessary. Bread (altho Supplies have constantly been brought from abroad) has been kept very nearly to the old Standard. Flesh is more than double, Vegetables four five or six Times as dear as formerly. Merchandizes for export have not risen in Proportion, Wines and Brandies were getting up rapidly, but the War damped them. They took afterwards a great Rise from the Demand of the Armies so that the low Burgundies got up to the price of the High almost. I am not enough acquainted with the Subject to go into the needful Details, and only say thus much to shew that Merchandizes did not depend for Price on the same Principles with the precious metals, since these last were purchased by the Nation for its Armies; by the Emigrants for their Support; and by People in general as a Ressource in the moment when Paper should be decried. Lastly; the Price of Specie did not go on regular Principles of Apportionment or Comparison with the mass of Paper. In the months of May and June 1792 it rose because the old Ministers having purchased large Sums of Specie, their Successors found that they could dispense with immediate Supplies. In July August and September, Notwithstanding the political Events it was kept tolerably steady by Stock jobbing manoeuvres back\u2019d with the sums in the Treasury, and also by the fear of plunder after the tenth of August: for many were plundered during the Visites domiciliares and it was given out by Authority that Specie would be taken by force and Paper given in Exchange. The benefits which those at the Center of these Operations expected to derive were prevented by the great and unlook\u2019d for Success of the french Arms in October and November. In the End of that last Month, and in the Beginning of December, the Proportion was about 73. per Cent being higher than is stated in the Table, because in November the Exchange was lower in the Beginning and in December at the End of the month, wherefore the  Average of each is diminished. In the month of December the Trial of the King, the Probability that he would be put to Death, the Consequences naturally resulting from that Catastrophe, the certainty of another and more serious Campaign, the Situation of the Armies, and in fine the abundance of the Assignats, when the Cold Weather forc\u2019d back presumptuous Hope into the Region of austere Reflection brought down the Exchange to about 60 per %. In January it was tolerably steady at about 58 And in February at about 56. The paper during this Period went on its natural Course of gentle Decay. In the Beginning of March it was still at about 56 but the Successes of the Enemy shortly after reduced it to 48. In the Beginning of April it was brought down to about 44 so that in one month\u2019s Time it lost about \u2155 of its Value. From that time it went on gradually again being about 42 at the End of April, and then rapidly so as to be at about 30 in the End of June consequently the Degradation monthly for those two months was about \u2159 each. But in July it took a terrible Plunge viz from 30 to 20 being \u2153 of the value taken off in a few days. This was owing in Part to a view of public affairs both foreign and domestic and partly to Stock Jobbing man\u0153uvres carried on by Authority with a view to ruin the Stock Jobbers. These manoeuvres had in Part their Effect for having forced the Exchange below its natural Level it rose towards the End of the month and of Course those who speculated on a farther fall were taken in. The prime movers did indeed expect a wonderful rise from taking out of Circulation about 1700,000,000\u20b6 on which the Kings Head is impress\u2019d, but this Stroke was broken by the necessity of confining it to one Half the Sum, being the large Assignats, because the small ones dispersed in the Hands of the Sans Culottes might have deprived the Government of the Support of its Friends. But besides this the Stroke was in itself a bad one because it injures the Paper more by destroying its Credit than it benefits what remains by lessening the mass even could the mass be thereby lessened which it is not for all the Effect is to give a different Direction to the proscribed paper in those Districts which respect the Decree. Many people persist in believing that the Assignats with that condemn\u2019d Impression are better than the others and even that their value is encreas\u2019d by the Decree which drawing a Line of division between them leaves the future Government at Liberty to annul the Circulation now favored with an Appearance of Justice. You will observe that Men calculate upon the Dissolution of the present System as on a Datum, altho the Period in which it is to arrive is considered as uncertain. It is far from impossible that they reckon without their Host but the Opinion is as important as the thing in Respect to a Species of money whose Value depends on Opinion. Another Circumstance which should have been taken into Consideration and which was not duly weighed is that  the Value of the mass of Paper depends on the Course in the Capital and there the new Assignats must be rather more plentiful than the old; of Course destroying the old cannot do much good to the new and besides the holders of the Old as well as the New being in Effect the great money Dealers they can by their united efforts apportion the value to each as they please and their common Interest will excite a common Action. And they have over the Government an Advantage which no power of Legislation can compensate because they act with the paper in Circulation and the Government with that which goes to encrease the Circulation and which of Course lessens the Value they wish to encrease. From all this I conclude that the Paper must go on perishing Day by Day and like other consumptive Patients be alike weakened by the Doctor and the Disease. On the whole Sir, to return to your original Object, I beleive the safest way in America and the most equitable would be to value Articles imported from this Country at the Prices of 1788. I am with Respect and Esteem Dr. Sir Your Obedient Servant\nGouv Morris\nP.S. I will continue to send you the State of Depreciation according to your Orders and exactly as I can.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0580", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 7 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President the draught of a letter to Mr. Genet, in pursuance of the opinion of Saturday last approved by the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0581", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 7 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose the draught of a letter to Mr. Hammond. If the President approves it, he will send it to Mr. Hammond\u2019s immediately, as tomorrow\u2019s post is the last one which will be in time for the Packet.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0583", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 8 August 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 8 August 1793\nI have had the honor of receiving your letter of yesterday; and I desire you to be assured that I entertain a proper sense of the principles of Justice, which have dictated the President\u2019s determination, of \u201cexcluding from all further asylum in the ports of the United States the vessels that have been armed therein, to cruize on nations with which the United States are at peace,\u201d and of effecting the restitution of, or of making a compensation for, the particular prizes, that are specified in your communication.\nBut all these prizes having been made by one privateer alone, le Citoyen Genet, I hope, Sir, you will not esteem me too importunate, if I request to be informed whether the armed Schooner, le Sans Culottes, fitted out at the same time, and place, as was le Citoyen Genet, and the privateers, le petit Democrat, le Vainqueur de la Bastille, and l\u2019anti-George, all of which have been fitted out clandestinely, and subsequently to the President\u2019s proclamation (the first at Philadelphia the second in the port of Charleston and the third at Savannah in Georgia) are not to be included in a predicament similar to that of le Citoyen Genet\u2014of exclusion from the ports of the United States, and of restitution of any British vessels, which they may have already taken, or may hereafter happen to capture. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the greatest respect Sir Your most obedient humble Servant\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0584", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 8 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 8. 1793.\nI have just received your favor of this morning and am authorized to assure you that the denial of asylum in our ports, was not meant to be confined to the Citoyen Genet, but to extend to all vessels armed in our ports. I had no information before of the Anti-George, named in your letter. But if she is in the same predicament, she will be subject to the same rule. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0587", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 8 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nThe answer to Mr. Hammonds letter is conformable to the measures which have been advised\u2014and of course is approved.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0589", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 9 August 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 9 August 1793\nI have had the honor of receiving your letter of yesterday, and though the circumstances of Mr. Crousillat\u2019s complaints are not quite of so exceptionable a nature as those alleged in Mr. Lemaigre\u2019s former statement, relative to the Suckey, I shall nevertheless willingly give to any  Agent, whom Mr. Crousillat may appoint, a letter for the Governor of Jamaica, similar to that which I gave to Mr. Lemaigre. I am with great respect Sir Your most obedient humble Servant\nGeo: Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0590", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Arthur St. Clair, 9 August 1793\nFrom: St. Clair, Arthur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nCincinnati County of Hamilton Augt. 9th. 1793\nI have had the honor to receive your Letter of the 19th. of April together with the ten Volumes of the Acts passed at the 2d. Session of the second Congress, which shall be distributed in such manner as to render an acquaintance with them as general as possible.\nIn my progress to this Place Having halted at Marietta to see the Magistrates and enquire a little into the State of that Settlement, and an Opportunity to Pittsburgh presenting at the Moment, on the 25 of July I issued a Proclamation for the meeting of the Legislature of the Territory on the first of September at this Place, and took the Liberty to enclose a Copy of it to you, with a request that you would cause copies to be sent to the Judges Symmes and Turner, neither of whom I knew where to find, but it was probable their residence might be known to You. I am very sensible Sir, this was a Liberty that demands an Apology, and I was sensible of the impropriety at the time and nothing would have induced me to take it but the uncertainty as to the places where they were to be found, and the expence that would have attended the sending an Express, if one could have been obtained, which would have been difficult. Be assured Sir, unless it should be a very pressing Case indeed I shall not take it again.\nI have the pleasure to inform you that the difficulties which existed with respect to the Court of Common Pleas for this County are accommodated in a manner that gives Satisfaction, and any irregularities that have happened in their proceedings will, I hope be helped by the Legislature. At the same time the Dignity of the Government has not been committed, nor the just and necessary prerogative of the Governor weakened. The particulars have been communicated to the Attorney General and I have at the same time made some Observations upon some of the Laws passed here at the last Session of the Legislature, and may possibly make some more, but I realy do not know whether it is to him or to you that the Laws of this Territory are referred for consideration; tho it should seem of course that they be referred to him. This may be considered as a work of supererogation in me\u2014but Sir the Circumstances of different parts of this Territory are extremely dissimilar, and  it is very difficult to adapt general Laws to those various Circumstances, and the Operation of the Laws falling more immediately within the observation of the Governor than of any Person at the Seat of Government, tho infinitely better-qualified to judge of them in the Abstract, I have presumed that it would not be deemed an intrusion and should it be to you they are referred, and you will permit me any Observations which I may think necessary, shall be addressed to you. With Sentiments of the greatest Esteem and respect I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedient and most humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0591", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Simpson, 9 August 1793\nFrom: Simpson, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGibraltar, 9 Aug. 1793. He encloses a copy of the letter he wrote on 4 July by way of Charleston. Since then Muley Suliman has remained at Fez, where he is rumored to be gathering another army to make another attempt on Morocco. The two consuls mentioned in his last as having been sent by Spain to Safi and Tangier have not in fact assumed the consular character or brought presents to the pretenders in whose dominion they are. They intimated that their purpose was to protect Spanish trading vessels and assured the respective princes that Spain would send an ambassador as soon as the succession was firmly established. Weeks ago Muley Suliman directed that one of his ships at Larache be fitted out to carry some sheriffs of Taroudant who were with him to Santa Cruz, but because none was seaworthy save for a frigate coppered at C\u00e1diz in Muley Yezid\u2019s reign that would cost 2,000 dollars to repair, a ship will be chartered to  carry them\u2014a situation that supports his previous opinion on the general condition of Moorish cruisers. Despite the plague raging at Algiers, two Dutch frigates have gone there to make peace with the Regency. On 21 July Lord Hood\u2019s fleet was damaged in a violent gale, especially the 74-gun Berwick, which lost her bowsprit and three topmasts. By last report the fleet was off Toulon and had only captured a sloop of war and a privateer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0593", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Clinton, 10 August 1793\nFrom: Clinton, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSt. Eustatius, 10 Aug. 1793. Clarkson having deputed him to act as consul during the President\u2019s pleasure, and his absence, and several American citizens having applied to him for consular acts, he has thought it prudent, because of the interim governor\u2019s refusal to recognize Clarkson as consul or to look at Clarkson\u2019s deputation, to evince a respect for the laws of Holland and guard against suits by disappointed applicants by obtaining the enclosed opinion of an eminent Dutch lawyer and former fiscal affirming the propriety of his exercising his consular office as far as it relates to facilitating the business of American citizens with the United States and with each other. He also encloses a copy of the certificate that in a few instances he has issued at the request of masters of American vessels who have taken on freight here for Europe and have not had an opportunity to apply for sea passes in the United States since the maritime war began, and of another that, in order to ensure their safe navigation, he has issued to American vessels with proper sea passes that have discharged their cargoes and loaded West Indian produce for Europe not mentioned in those passes. 14 Aug. Since writing the above he granted the application of Captain Frederick William Callahan of the brigantine Julius Pringle of Charleston for the second kind of certificate, affixing it with his seal to Callahan\u2019s pass. Interim governor Joannes Runnels removed the certificate from the pass, summoned and then rebuked him \u201cin Language of Gross abuse and invective\u201d for acting as consul, ordered him in the presence of his second in command, Jacobus DeWindt, not to do so in any way, declared that he would prosecute him for having received the oaths of American citizens relating to their affairs and granted them  certificates, and detained as evidence against him his certificate to Callahan. The brigantine left without the certificate, and on the 12th he refused to comply with a subaltern militia officer\u2019s summons to do duty as a private.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0594", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert W. Fox, 10 August 1793\nFrom: Fox, Robert Were\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nFalmouth, 10 Aug. 1793. He wrote on 8 June to request a new consular commission from the President in place of the one mistakenly made out to Edward Fox. He encloses a somewhat incomplete list of American ships that arrived here. He has consistently interceded to procure the release of American sailors impressed here as British subjects; he has been successful in some late cases and hopes to retrieve one man still detained on a king\u2019s ship. After the American ship Portland, Captain Robinson, was captured while on its way to Le Havre with flour, beef, and pork and brought here by the privateer Thought, he demanded the return of the ship and cargo to Robinson and protested against the captain of the privateer for damages. Since then an order has been issued to land the cargo and pay the freight from the cargo\u2019s net proceeds, \u201cthe full amount of which is to be paid in the Commons.\u201d His firm has been asked to inspect the cargo in order to report on its quality, in which case he apprehends the government will take it to their account and the net proceeds will be paid to the court pending the issue of the trial. He has rendered every assistance to and informed Thomas Pinckney of the American ship Active, Captain Blair, which was captured and brought here by the same privateer while bound from Philadelphia to Nantes with a cargo of sugar, coffee, cotton, tobacco, etc. Nothing has been determined about the fate of this ship and cargo, but the necessary steps have been taken at London to protect both. There is little political news here except for the arrival of a warship from Lord Howe\u2019s fleet whose officers  report that the British fleet drove the French into Brest. \u201cAmerican produce is rather low in England,\u201d wheat and flour are dear in Lisbon and Barcelona, and it has fallen much in C\u00e1diz because of large importations directly from the United States and London. [P.S.] The return of the French fleet to Brest is uncertain because both fleets parted at night after having been in sight of each other.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0595", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 10 August 1793\nFrom: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAmsterdam 10 August 1793.\nThe extreme uncertainty of the effects the present War in Europe may have upon the tranquillity and prosperity of this Country, and the fears We entertain on the subject, induce us to wish to become Citizens of the United States, so as at all events, to secure to ourselves under your Government, the invaluable priviledges of true Liberty and protection of property: And We are the more eager to obtain our Naturalisation from Congress, to open the field to the settlement in your Country, of some of our Children or successors, who We flatter ourselves, will be disposed to second our views in this respect, for the promotion of their happiness.\nNot doubting, but that the enlightened patriotic Congress of the United States, will chearfully grant our request, which will acquire for members of the community, persons of our means and who are already deeply interested in the general Welfare of America, We have authorized M. Samuel Sterett of Philadelphia, to apply in our names by petition or in any other proper manner for the naturalisation or Right of\nCitizenship in the United States, of,\nWilhem Willink\nJan Willink\nNicolaas van Staphorst\nJacob van Staphorst\nand Nicolaas Hubbard,\nand should it be possible for their Descendants also.\nWe take the liberty to inclose this letter under his cover, desiring him to deliver it unto You Sir, and to ask your advice about the measures he  had best pursue: In furnishing him which, You will infinitely oblige us, and if you will add thereunto Your efficacious recommendation, where such may be needful and effectual, We shall consider your aid in procuring us this our favorite object, as a strong proof of the approbation of our services for the United States during a long space of years, and hold it a truly pleasing because an honorable Reward for them. We are respectfully Sir! Your most obedient humble Servants\nWilhem & Jan WillinkN & J. Van Staphorst & Hubbard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0596", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Wood, 10 August 1793\nFrom: Wood, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nIn Council 10th. August 1793.\nI do myself the honor of enclosing the Copy of a letter from John Hamilton, esqr. British Consul at Norfolk. The communications contained in Mr. Hamilton\u2019s letter have been transmitted by direction of the Executive, to the Commandants of the Militia of the Borough of Norfolk, and the Counties of Nansemond and Norfolk. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of respect and esteem, &c.\nJames Wood", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0597", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Knox, 11 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Knox, Henry\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to General Knox, and being entirely uninformed where Judge Symes should be directed to in Jersey he asks the favor of General Knox to put his direction on the inclosed, and his advice how it may be conveyed.\u2014He has reflected on the proposition for publishing the rules of Aug. 3. and thinks the inserting them in the newspapers with some such preface as the inclosed would be as effectual as any other and as little exceptionable on the whole. It will be  taken for granted, in this way, that the copy has been furnished by some of the subordinate officers to whom it has been sent.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0598", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 11 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nI wrote you last on the 3d. inst. Your\u2019s of July 30. came to hand yesterday. Besides the present which goes by post, I write you another to-day to go by Mr. D. Randolph who sets out the day after tomorrow for Monticello, but whether by the direct route or vi\u00e2 Richmond is not yet decided. I shall desire that letter to be sent to you by express from Monticello. I have not been able to lay my hands on the newspaper which gave a short but true view of the intention of the proclamation. However having occasion to state it in a paper which I am preparing, I have done it in the following terms, and I give you the very words from the paper, because just as I had finished so far, the President called on me, I read it to him, he said it presented fairly his view of the matter, he recalled to my mind that I had, at the time, opposed it\u2019s being made a declaration of neutrality on the ground that the Executive was not the competent authority for that, and therefore that it was agreed the instrument should be drawn with great care. My statement is in these words. \u2018On the declaration of war between France and England, the US. being at peace with both, their situation was so new and unexperienced by themselves that their citizens were not, in the first instant, sensible of the new duties resulting therefrom, and of the laws it would impose even on their dispositions towards the belligerent powers. Some of them imagined (and chiefly their transient sea-faring citizens) that they were free to indulge those dispositions, to take side with either party, and enrich themselves by depredations on the commerce of the other, and were meditating enterprizes of this nature, as was said. In this state of the public mind, and before it should take an erroneous direction difficult to be set right, and dangerous to themselves and their country, the President thought it expedient, by way of Proclamation, to remind our fellow citizens that we were in a state of peace with all the belligerent powers, that in that state it was our duty neither to aid nor injure any,  to exhort and warn them against acts which might contravene this duty, and particularly those of positive hostility, for the punishment of which the laws would be appealed to, and to put them on their guard also as to the risks they would run if they should attempt to carry articles of contraband to any.\u2019\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2018Very soon afterwards we learnt that he was undertaking to authorize the fitting and arming vessels in that port, enlisting men, foreigners and citizens, and giving them commissions to cruize and commit hostilities against nations at peace with us, that these vessels were taking and bringing prizes into our ports, that the Consuls of France were assuming to hold courts of Admiralty on them, to try, condemn and authorize their sale as legal prize, and all this before Mr. \u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003 had presented himself or his credentials to the President, before he was received by him, without his consent or consultation, and directly in contravention of the state of peace existing and declared to exist in the Pres\u2019s proclamation, and which it was incumbent on him to preserve till the constitutional authority should otherwise declare. These proceedings became immediately, as was naturally to be expected, the subject of complaint by the representative here of that power against whom they would chiefly operate &c.\u2019 This was the sense of the proclamation in the view of the draughtsman and of the two signers, but H. had other views. The instrument was badly drawn, and made the P. go out of his line to declare things which, tho\u2019 true, it was not exactly his province to declare. The instrument was communicated to me after it was drawn, but I was busy, and only run an eye over it to see that it was not made a declaration of neutrality, and gave it back again, without, I believe, changing a tittle.\nPacificus has now changed his signature to \u2018No Jacobin.\u2019 Three papers under this signature have been published in Dunlap. I suppose they will get into Fenno. They are commentaries on the laws of nations, and on the different parts of our treaty with France. As yet they have presented no very important heresy.\u2014Congress will not meet till the legal day. It was referred to a meeting at my office to consider and advise on it. I was for calling them. Kn. against it. H. said his judgment was against it, but he would join any two who should concur so as to make a majority either way. R. was pointedly against it. We agreed to give our opinions separately, and tho\u2019 the P. was in his own judgment for calling them, he acquiesced in the majority.\u2014I pass on to the other letter: so Adieu. Your\u2019s affectionately.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0599", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 11 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 11. 1793.\nI write a second letter to-day, because going by a private conveyance I can venture in it a paper which never could have been hazarded by the post. Timely information of it\u2019s contents (which must be sacredly kept to yourself unless you have an opportunity of communicating them to Monroe) may enable you to shape your plan for the state of things which is actually to take place. It would be the moment for dividing the Treasury between two equal chiefs of the Customs, and Internal taxes, if the Senate were not so unsound. A declaration of the true sense of the Constn. on the question of the bank, will suffice to divorce that from the government, tho\u2019 made by a single house. Censures on censurable things clearly confessed in the reports &c.\u2014With respect to the Proclamation, as the facts it declared were true, and the desire of neutrality is universal, it would place the republicans in a very unfavorable point of view with the people to be cavilling about small points of propriety; and would betray a wish to find fault with the President in an instance where he will be approved by the great body of the people who consider the substance of the measure only, and not the smaller criticisms to which it is liable. The conduct of Genet too is transpiring and exciting the indignation it is calculated to excite. The towns are beginning generally to make known their disapprobation of any such opposition to their government by a foreigner, are declaring their firm adherence to their President, and the Proclamation is made the groundwork of these declarations. In N. York, while Genet was there, the vote of a full meeting of all classes was 9. out of 10. against him, i.e. for the Proclamation. We are told that the cortege which was collected to recieve him (except the committee) consisted only of boys and negroes. All the towns Northwardly are about to express their adherence to the proclamation and chiefly with a view to manifest their disapprobation of G\u2019s conduct. Philadelphia, so enthusiastic for him, before his proceedings were known, is going over from him entirely, and if it\u2019s popular leaders have not the good sense to go over with them, they will go without them, and be thus transferred to the other party.\u2014So in Congress, I believe that it will be true wisdom in the Republican party to approve  unequivocally of a state of neutrality, to avoid little cavils about who should declare it, to abandon G. entirely, with expressions of strong friendship and adherence to his nation and confidence that he has acted against their sense. In this way we shall keep the people on our side by keeping ourselves in the right.\u2014I have been myself under a cruel dilemma with him. I adhered to him as long as I could have a hope of getting him right, because I knew what weight we should derive to our scale by keeping in it the love of the people for the French cause and nation, and how important it was to ward off from that cause and nation any just grounds of alienation. Finding at length that the man was absolutely incorrigible, I saw the necessity of quitting a wreck which could not but sink all who should cling to it.\u2014It is determined to insist on his recall, and I am preparing a statement of his conduct to be laid before the Executive council. Hamilton and Knox have pressed an appeal to the people with an eagerness I never before saw in them. They made the establishment of the democratic society here the ground for sounding an alarm that this society (which they considered as the antifederal and discontented faction) was put into motion by Mr. G. and would by their corresponding societies in all the state draw the mass of the people, by dint of misinformation, into their vortex and overset the government. The Pres. was strongly impressed by this picture, drawn by H. in three speeches of \u00be of an hour length each. I opposed it totally, told the President plainly in their presence, that the intention was to dismount him from being the head of the nation, and make him the head of a party: that this would be the effect of making him in an appeal to the people declare war against the Republican party. R. according to his half-way system between wrong and right urged the putting off the appeal. The Pr. came into his idea; or rather concluded that the question on it might be put off indefinitely to be governed by events. If the demonstrations of popular adherence to him become as general and warm as I believe they will, I think he will never again bring on the question: if there is any appearance of their supporting Genet, he will probably make the appeal.\u2014I can by this confidential conveyance speak more freely of R. He is the poorest Cameleon I ever saw having no colour of his own, and reflecting that nearest him. When he is with me he is a whig, when with H. he is a tory, when with the P. he is what he thinks will please him. The last is his strongest hue, tho\u2019 the 2d. tinges him very strongly. The first is what I think he would prefer in his heart if he were in the woods where he could see nobody, or in a society of all  whigs. You will remark an expression in the inclosed paper with respect to him. It has in some degree lessened my apprehensions of the estimation in which the Pr. held him. Still it is not the less true that his opinion always makes the majority, and that the President acquiesces always in the majority; consequently that the government is now solely directed by him. As he is not yet openly thrown off by the whig party, it gives to the public a false security that fair play is given to the whiggism of the Pr. by an equal division of whig and tory among his counsellors. I have kept on terms of strict friendship with him hitherto, that I might make some good out of him, and because he has really some good private qualities. But he is in a station infinitely too important for his understanding, his firmness, or his circumstances.\u2014I mentioned to you that we had convened the judges to consult them on the questions which have arisen on the law of nations. They declined being consulted. In England you know such questions are referred regularly to the judge of Admiralty. I asked E.R. if we could not prepare a bill for Congress to appoint a board or some other body of advice for the Executive on such questions. He said he should propose to annex it to his office. In plain language this would be to make him the sole arbiter of the line of conduct for the US. towards foreign nations.\u2014You ask the sense of France with regard to the defensive quality of the guarantee. I know it no otherwise than from Genet. His doctrine is that without waiting to be called on, without waiting till the islands were attacked the moment France was engaged in war, it was our duty to fly to arms as a nation, and the duty of every one to do it as an individual. He insisted much on Henfeild\u2019s counsel (who were engaged and paid by him) defending Henfeild on this ground. But they had more sense. Adieu. Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. The Pres. is extremely anxious to know your sentiments on the Proclamation. He has asked me several times. I tell him you are so absorbed in farming that you write to me always about ploughs, rotations &c.\n   When he is with people whom he thinks he can guide, he says without reserve that the party in opposition to the fiscal system, are antifederal, and endeavoring to overturn the constitution. These people name you as having apostatised from your antient federalism, and my self as having never been of that sentiment. I say they name us, because my information is not expressly that R. named us so to them.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0600", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 11 August 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nYours of Aug: 3. has just come to hand. All the preceding have been acknowledged. I am extremely mortified in looking for the Key to the Cypher, to find that I left it in Philada. You must therefore repeat any thing that may be of use still to be known, particularly any thing that may relate to the time of your leaving Phila. which I wish to know as long as possible before it takes place. The task on which you have put me, must be abridged so as not to go beyond that period. You will see that the first topic is not yet compleated. I hope the 2d. and 3. to wit the meaning of the Treaty and the obligations of gratitude will be less essential. The former is particularly delicate; and tho\u2019 I think it may be put in a light that would reflect ignominy on the author of P. yet I had rather not meddle with the subject if it could be avoided. I can not say when I shall be able to take up those two parts of the job. Just as I was embarking on the general subject I received from the reputed Author of Franklyn a large pamphlet written by him against the fiscal system, particularly the Bank; which I could not but attend to. It is put on a footing that requires me to communicate personally with Monroe, whom I ought to have seen before this, as the publication of the work is to be contrived for the Author. It really has merit always for its ingenuity generally for its solidity, and is enriched with many fine strokes of imagination, and  a continued vein of pleasantry and keen satire, that will sting deeply. I have received a letter from the Author wishing to hear from me. I must therefore take a ride as far as Charlottesville as soon as I make out the next packet for you, and suspend the residue of the business till I return. I shall endeavor in my absence to fulfil a promise to Wilson Nicholas which will lengthen the suspension. I forward to F____ a copy of the little thing of Ld. Ch: the last sentence is struck out as not necessary, and which may perhaps wound too indiscriminately certain characters, not at present interested in supporting public corruptions. The drouth has done irreparable injury to the Corn in many parts of the Country. It has been interrupted within a few days past, by a pretty extensive rain. We shared in it here but scantily. I understand that at Charlottesville which had been favored with several preceding ones, it was plentiful. Be good eno\u2019 to contrive an excuse to Mr. R. at Monto: for my not forwarding the Gazettes latterly: if you have not already thought of it. I know not how to apologize myself\u2014and shall feel some awkwardness, as I shall not carry them when I go into his neighborhood.\n[On separate sheet:]\nThe paper for J. F. could not otherwise get to him than with your aid. You must therefore take the trouble of having it handed into the post office whence the penny post will take it, unless you can do it at some shorter hand. I wish you to look over what is said critically, and if you think there be any thing of importance wrong, or that may do more harm than good, that you will either erase it, where that will not break the sense, or arrest the whole till I can make the correction. Delay I know is bad; but vulnerable parts that would be siezed for victories and triumphs would be worse. I beg you also to attend particularly to three passages slightly marked with a pencil, the first, the declaration of the principles and sentiments of the author\u20142d. begining with \u201cWriters such as Locke and Montesqeue\u201d &c\u2014to the pencil mark in the \u00b6. 3 the quotation from the Federalist. If you think the first had better be omitted it can come out without leaving the least gap\u2014so can the 2d. My doubts as to that proceed from the danger of turning the controversy too much into the wilderness of Books. I use Montesqeue also from memory, tho I believe without inaccuracy. The 3d. can also come out without affecting the peice, and I wish you to erase it if you think the most scrupulous delicacy, conjecturing the author, could disapprove it. One No. more or 2 short Nos. will close the first topic and supersede the last. They will be sent as soon as finished and copied. These would have been sent somewhat sooner, but for the delay caused by the last circumstance.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0602", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 11 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 11. 1793.\nThe inclosed letter to Mr. Madison is extremely confidential. Should it arrive before they set off with my horse, it may be sent by that opportunity; otherwise I will thank you to send a messenger express with it. Having written to you to-day by post I shall only add assurances of the sincere esteem of Dear Sir Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0604", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 11 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President, begs leave to express in writing more exactly what he meant to have said yesterday. A journey home in the autumn is of a necessity which he cannot controul after the arrangements he has made, and, when there, it would be his extreme wish to remain. But if his continuance in office to the last of December, as intimated by the President, would, by bringing the two appointments nearer together, enable him to marshal them more beneficially to the public, and more to his own satisfaction, either motive will suffice to induce Th:J. to continue till that time. He submits it therefore  to the President\u2019s judgment, which he will be glad to receive when convenient, as the arrangements he had taken may require some change.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0605", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 12 August 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAugust 12th: 1793\nBy the President\u2019s Command T. Lear has the honor to transmit to the Secretary of State the Report of the Proceedings in the Executive Departmt. of Governmt. in the Territory of the U.S. North West of the Ohio, for six months, ending the 30th. of June last\u2014which the President wishes the Secretary to examine at his leisure and report to him anything that may be found therein requiring the Agency of the President.\nTobias Lear", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0606", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 12 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Augt. 12th. 1793.\nI clearly understood you on Saturday. And, of what I conceive to be two evils, must prefer the least\u2014that is\u2014to dispense with your temporary absence in Autumn (in order to retain you in Office \u2019till January) rather than part with you altogether at the close of September.\nIt would be an ardent wish of mine, that your continuance in Office (even at the expence of some sacrifice of inclination) could have been through the whole of the ensuing Session of Congress, for many\u2014very many weighty reasons which present themselves to my mind: one of which, and not the least is, that in my judgment, the affairs of this Country as they relate to foreign Powers\u2014Indian disturbances\u2014and internal policy\u2014will have taken a more decisive, and I hope agreeable form, than they now bear, before that time\u2014When perhaps, other public Servants might also indulge in retirement. If this cannot be, my next wish is, that your absence from the Seat of Government in Autumn, may be as short as you conveniently can make it. With much truth & regard I am\u2014Yr. Obedt. & Affecte. Servt\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0608", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 13 August 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTuesday Aug 13th 1793\nThe Secretary of the Treasury proposes to the Secretary of State a Meeting of the Trustees of the Sinking Fund at the Office of the Secy. of State the day after tomorrow twelve oClock. If convenient to him he will please to give notice accordingly to The Atty. General. If the Sy. of the Treasury hears nothing to the contrary he will attend of course.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0609", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Gouverneur Morris, 13 August 1793\nFrom: Morris, Gouverneur\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nSainport 13 August 1793.\nEnclos\u2019d herein you will find Copies of my Letters of the 27 and 28 June 4. 21. and 24 July and 6 August to the Minister of foreign Affairs with Copies of his Letters to me of the 3. 19. 29 and 30 July. From these you will perceive that my Application for an Order to the Minister of France in America to pay out of the Funds to be furnished by the United States the Drafts made on his Predecessor from S. Domingo produc\u2019d the desir\u2019d Effect. Some subsequent Circumstances have induc\u2019d me to beleive that under that Cover an Attempt will be made to pay the Bills drawn on Europe in favor of french Citizens. I have certified Signatures which seem\u2019d to be calculated for that Purpose but as I presume that Measures will be taken of a cautionary Nature I shall not pretend to suggest any.\nYou will perceive Sir in this Correspondence one of the many Violations of our Flag in the Case of the little Cherub which being attended with Circumstances of peculiar Atrocity call\u2019d for more pointed Animadversion. The Conduct of the Government on the Occasion was perfectly proper. The Person who committed the Murder has however been acquitted on the Testimony of his Companions in direct Contradiction to that of the American Master and Crew. The Case of the Ship is still depending and I know not what will be the Event. It now appears that a Part of the Cargo on Board of her was for Account of flemish Merchants and to be delivered at Ostende. But more of this presently. I must however take the Liberty of recommending to the Notice of Government Francis Coffyn of Dunkerque an old Deputy of Mr. Barclay while he was Consul General. On Many Occasions and especially in the Affair of the little Cherub he has behav\u2019d with much Sense Spirit and Industry. The Conduct of such Business is by no Means pleasant neither is it without some personal Danger for in the present Situation of this Country the Laws are but little respected and it would seem as if pompous Declarations of the Rights of Man were reiterated only to render the daily Violation of them more shocking.\nYou will see Sir in my Letter of the fourth of July a Clause asking the Liberty of an American Citizen. In my Application on that Subject I have been very cautious fearing that I might be deceiv\u2019d by british Seamen and consequently that our Countrymen might afterwards be without Redress; As in such Case the Government here would throw all the Complaints aside as being unfounded. Among others who have ask\u2019d the Protection of the United States are some Nantucket Whale Men. And at first their Requests were so artfully made that I was near being  the Dupe. I have however declin\u2019d all Interference in their Favor telling them that when they embark\u2019d under a foreign and rival Flag they forfeited by their own Act the Protection afforded by that of the United States and must console themselves in their present Situation by the Privileges which they formerly enjoyed and which tempted them to engage in the british Service. This is the general Idea I have held out but differently modified according to the various Circumstances which Individuals have brought forward. These People are a Sort of Citizens of the World and wherever they went were the most pernicious Enemies to their native Country because every where they solicited either the Exclusion of or else heavy Duties on the produce of our Fisheries. At present those who were settled at Dunkerque have I am told engagd in privateering. Probably if the War lasts the whole Hive may settle again within the Territory of the United States and the more they endure in the mean Time the sooner will they adopt that salutary Determination.\nThe Decree respecting neutral Bottoms so far as it respects the Vessels of the United States has you will see been bandied about in a Shameful Manner. I am told from Havre that it is by the Force of Money that the Determinations which violate our Rights have been obtain\u2019d and in comparing Dates Events and Circumstances this Idea seems to be but too well supported. I will make no Comments on the facts because my opinions are of no Consequence. The true State of them will result from the enclos\u2019d Pieces and the United States will judge thereon. I am with sincere Esteem Dr Sir your obedient Servt.\nGouv Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0610", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Randolph, [ca. 13 August 1793]\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nA Man has 3500 \u00a3 P.C. to pay in instalments of 500\u00a3 each beginning 1. Oct: 1795, and continuing for six years without interest. What sum in hand is equal?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0611", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmund Randolph, [ca. 13 August 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nSuppose interest at 6 pr. Cent, the arrangement to commence Oct. 1. 1793.\nwith\n  8. years interest\n\u00d7 by\n\u00d7 by", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0612", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 13 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nAugust 13. 1793\nThomas Jefferson presents his compliments to the President. The report of the Commissioners of public accounts was delivered to Mr. Taylor to be filed away. He was called to new York on Saturday by the illness of his child, and Mr. Blackwell has been searching some time for it without being able to find it. He will continue to search, and when found it shall be sent to the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0613", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 14 August 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAugt 14th. 1793\nBy the President\u2019s command T. Lear has the honor to transmit to the Secretary of State the enclosed letters and papers from the Judge of the District of Rhode Island relating to the Ship Catharine. After the Secretary shall have considered the enclosed documents the President wishes his opinion of the measures which should be taken on the subject.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0614", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 14 August 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello Aug: 14: 1793\nI have set George and his company to work in the canal according to your desire: Jupiter is with them and is constantly employed in blowing the rock at the upper end which it was their first business to lay bare for him. Part of the timber intended for the house has been brought up, and the remainder will be in place before the middle of next month. The two houses for the servants I am sorry to say are not yet built, the men having been so much deceived in the quantity of timber requisite for the stables, as to have none left for the former when the latter were finished and, then the sap had begun to ascend. I shall have them built as soon as the fall of the leaves commences, and this I fear will be full early enough for the accomodation of the Scotchmen, of whom I could hear nothing when I was in Richmond.\nWe have had a very long drought, which has injured the Indian Corn greatly. The crop will be less by a 4th. or perhaps a 3d. than was expected  some weeks ago. It has probably been of service in checking the Weevil, which appeared very early, but has scarcely increased fast enough to give alarm.\nOne of the Italians whom Mazzei brought over, Giovannini, applied to me lately for a farm of 30 or 40 acres on Edgehill which he says he can cultivate and yet devote at least three days a week to a garden. He is an excellent gardener and one of the most sober, industrious men I ever knew. I mention this to you, thinking that you might perhaps be inclined to take him on those terms yourself. If you do not I shall take him without hezitation as I know he can cultivate a garden of considerable size well and have half the week to spare.\nThe family is in very good health; our guests are allso. Your most sincere & aff. friend\nTh M Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0615", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 14 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nWednesday Eveng 14 Augt. 1793\nThe President wishes the Heads of the Departments to meet at his house tomorrow at ten o\u2019clock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0617", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the Commissioners of the Federal District, 15 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Federal District\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Aug. 15. 1793.\nBy this day\u2019s post I have the honour to return the drawings of the Capitol which had been left here in order to have an estimate made; I send also that estimate, together with the rates of the different work, as  made by a skilful workman here. The sum total it is supposed will enable you to form some idea of the whole cost of your building, as there is a tolerably well-known proportion between the cost of the walls of a building, and it\u2019s whole cost; and the rates will serve as information perhaps in contracts which you may have to make hereafter. I have the honor to be with great respect Gentlemen, Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0618", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Thomas Carstairs\u2019s Estimate of the Cost of Masonry for the Capitol, [ca. 15 August 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Federal District\nEnclosureThomas Carstairs\u2019s Estimate of the Cost of Masonry for the Capitol\nAt the request of the President of the United States, and the Honble. Thomas Jefferson, the subscriber has measured and estimated the cut stone and Ruble work of a Capitol as seen in the plan and one elevation hereto annexed at the Philadelphia rates, viz.\n  Cut Stone round building including 24\u00be Columns and 2. pelestars\nSetting Do. & building rough Stone work\nRough Stone Lime & Sand for building\nor $\nThomas Carstairs\nThe above estimate is as follows\nRusticated Stone at 5/. per foot.\nPlain Cut Stone at 4/. per foot.\nBuilding in rough Stone work at 6/. per perch.\nStone lime & Sand at 11/3. per perch.\nN.B. The cost for Carriage for Virginia Stone from thence to Philadelphia at 20d. per foot.\nT. C.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0619", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 15 August 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLisbon, 15 Aug. 1793. Expecting no other opportunity to occur for some time, he forwards the gazettes. Although this is the campaign season, he has nothing remarkable to communicate. No packet has arrived since his last letter, he has heard nothing of Captain Cutting, and the Moorish princesses have sailed for Tangier under convoy of a warship. The Portuguese troops mentioned in his 20 July letter are slowly preparing to go to Spain with no fixed time for embarkation. The Spanish have certainly received a considerable check, though Short does not mention it in his 6 Aug. letter just received. The vessel carrying this letter is about to descend to Belem, but if a packet or anything important arrives before the ship ultimately departs he will forward it by boat to the captain.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0620", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 15 August 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 15 Augt. 1793\nThe frequent interruptions our vessels experience especially in navigating the European seas induce me to address you in cypher. I have had several conversations with Lord Grenville, but do not find that this government will at all relax in the measures they have adopted toward the neutral nations. I have urged every thing in my power in opposition to the policy as well as the right of these measures, and have assured him that they will be considered by our government as infringements of the neutral rights. As I cannot speak from authority on the subject, I have not said what measures we shall adopt in consequence\u2014altho\u2019 I have strongly insisted on the detriment to the Commercial interests of this country which must necessarily ensue from the various impediments opposed to a free intercourse, as well as from the ill will they will excite. I may perhaps estimate too highly the blessings of peace in general and the advantages of our Neutral situation, notwithstanding all the deductions to be made on account of the conduct of this Country. But it appears to me that if the United States should deem it necessary to go beyond the line of remonstrance on this occasion, prudence will dictate that our opposition should be confined to commercial regulations; not knowing however what sentiments may prevail on your side of the Atlantic, I thought it my duty to enquire of the Danish and Swedish Envoys what support might be expected in Europe from stronger measures. They both tell me that they do not insist upon the principle of free  Ships making free goods, or the other stipulations of the armed neutrality of the last war, and that they shall be very happy if they can obtain the performance of the express Treaties they have with this country, which has by no means been the case hitherto. Sweden says she will send convoys with her merchantmen, Denmark thinks this is an impolitic measure, for unless they are convoyed by an adequate force, it may, without materially benefitting, only serve to involve them in actual hostilities. The opinions of both in short are, that the neutral powers are not strong enough to cause their rights to be respected. You will see in the public papers a curious Diplomatique Morceau of Lord Hervey the British Minister at the Court of Florence, which will illustrate this subject. I enquired of Lord Grenville the reason of the distinction made in favor of the Danish and Swedish vessels going to blockaded ports. Upon his replying that it was in consequence of their treaties, I told him that although from circumstances of which he was apprized, we had no commercial treaty with them, yet I considered the commercial advantages derived by G. Britain from the U.S. to be superior to what they received from either of those powers, and therefore, tho\u2019 not strictly bound by treaty I should conceive it politic in them to give us equal advantages. He said no difference was made but in that article which was more a matter of form than of real utility. If I were to judge from my ideas of the interests of this nation, and from the sentiments I hear expressed by the majority of the people with whom I converse, I should conceive the present campaign would terminate the war\u2014but judging, as I take the safer rule to be, by the characters and views of those who direct their Councils, I think the war will be persisted in until inability to support the expence will force its termination, and happily for mankind that period does not appear to be far distant. The information which was expected from Consul Bond and which was the reason assigned for postponing arrangements concerning the impressment of our seamen is not yet arrived. Perhaps you may be able to expedite that business, if the whole be not calculated merely to avoid meeting a discussion which may terminate either in a fair arrangement or an avowal of principles which, however repugnant to our rights they think necessary for the prosperity of their Marine. I find from official conversations here that the pretence of infractions on our part still prevent the full effect of the treaty of peace\u2014that a variety of objections to the statement of facts as offered by you are brought forward, and that the indecision of the Virginia case is strongly relied upon. Our mint will receive by this opportunity a considerable part of the copper contracted for\u2014by the next Vessels, (which will sail in a short time) I hope to send the remainder. With the utmost respect & sincere regard I remain Dear Sir Your faithful & obedient Servant.\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0621", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Meade Randolph, 15 August 1793\nFrom: Randolph, David Meade\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia 15: August 1793\nI am disappointed not receiving a letter to-day\u2014if you shall have had one from Monticellow, I shall thank you to mention any Thing relative to my family, which may have been communicated to you. I shall set out to-morrow, by the Stage for Virginia. Shou\u2019d any letters be directed to your care, I shall be thankful to have them returned to the Richmond Post Office where I shall find them, as I shall be detained there necessarily several days in order to equip for the expedition to Monticellow. I am Sir, with every sentiment of personal regard your most Obet. Sert.\nD M Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0622", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 15 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 15. 1793.\nMr. Albion Coxe, engaged in England by Mr. Pinckney as Assayer of the mint, has not yet completely qualified himself by giving security as required by law; in the mean time he has been of necessity employed at the mint in his proper capacity, and of course is entitled to paiment for his services. The Director of the mint asks instruction on this subject, and I should be of opinion he might pay him for his services at the rate allowed by law, for the time he has been employed by him, and out of the general fund from which he pays his other workmen. This is submitted to your approbation.\nThe Director also informs me that much silver is brought to him to be exchanged for coin, but not having the coin ready the silver is carried away again. He is of opinion that if the Treasurer was directed to deliver him 1000. Dollars to be coined into dismes and half-dismes, and to be permitted to lie in the mint till wanted for the Treasury, it would serve him in the mean time as a stock for exchange, and enable him to take in the parcels of silver offered as beforementioned. He would by this means throw small silver into circulation and greatly relieve the demand for copper coinage. I have the honor to be with great respect & attachment, Sir, Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0624", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Edmond Charles Genet to George Washington, 13 August 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Washington, George\nEdmond Charles Genet to George Washington\nMonsieur\nNew York le 13 aoust 1793.l\u2019an 2. de la r\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise.\nCharg\u00e9 de deffendre dans cette partie du monde les int\u00e9rets et les droits du peuple fran\u00e7ais, comme vous l\u2019etes vous m\u00eame de maintenir ceux du peuple americain, J\u2019ai jur\u00e9 \u00e0 mon pa\u00efs et Je me suis promis \u00e0 moi m\u00eame qu\u2019aucune convenance priv\u00e9e qu\u2019aucun motif qui serait etranger au bien g\u00e9n\u00e9ral ne m\u2019arreterait dans la marche que Je me suis trac\u00e9e. J\u2019ai mis dans ma conduite cette energie et cette franchise qui doivent former le caractere d\u2019un vrai r\u00e9publicain. C\u2019est \u00e0 vous seul, par l\u2019entremise de votre ministre des affaires etrangeres, que J\u2019ai port\u00e9 mes plaintes contre les principes que vous av\u00e9s adopt\u00e9s et contre les decisions qui en ont \u00e9t\u00e9 les suittes: c\u2019est \u00e0 vous que J\u2019ai dit que loin d\u2019etre sensible a nos g\u00e9n\u00e9reux proced\u00e9s, aux nouveaux avantages que nous offrions au commerce des Etats Unis, \u00e0 toutes les marques que nous leur donnions de notre amitie veritable et desinteress\u00e9e, le Gouvernement federal sacrifioit nos interets a ceux de nos ennemis par la maniere dont il interpretait nos trait\u00e9s; c\u2019est \u00e0 vous que J\u2019ai expos\u00e9 sans detour que cette conduite ne me paraissait pas conforme aux intentions du peuple am\u00e9ricain, a son desir d\u2019observer fidelement ses pactes, \u00e0 son amour pour la cause de la libert\u00e9 \u00e0 la quelle sont attach\u00e9s son existence et son bonheur et plusieurs Jugemens rendus par vos propres tribunaux, plusieurs voeux exprim\u00e9s par vos concitoyens prouvent que Je pouvais sans crime avoir une semblable pens\u00e9e. Maintenant certaines personnes dirig\u00e9es par des vues que le tems nous devoilera ne pouvant attaquer mes principes s\u2019attachent \u00e0 ma personne et dans l\u2019espoir de me faire perdre l\u2019estime que le public accorde au Delegu\u00e9 des republicains fran\u00e7ais publient avec une affectation marqu\u00e9e que Je vous ai insult\u00e9 que Je vous ai menac\u00e9 d\u2019un appel au peuple comme s\u2019il etait vraisemblable que vous vous laissassi\u00e9s impunement manquer de respect, comme si l\u2019id\u00e9e meme d\u2019un appel, qu\u2019un magistrat du peuple vraiment digne des fonctions dont il est revetu doit toujours desirer ardemment etait pour vous le comble de l\u2019offense. Il est essentiel, Monsieur, que ces sombres calomnies soient dissip\u00e9es par la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 et la publicit\u00e9. J\u2019ose donc attendre de votre probit\u00e9 une d\u00e9claration qui atteste que Je ne vous ai jamais parl\u00e9 d\u2019un appel au peuple, qu\u2019il est faux que des opinions politiques differentes des v\u00f4tres m\u2019ayent jamais porte a oublier ce que Je dois a votre caractere, \u00e0 l\u2019imposante renomm\u00e9e que vous aves acquise en combattant pour la libert\u00e9, contre un tiran que vous aves vaincu. La publicit\u00e9 de cette declaration, Monsieur, sera la seule r\u00e9ponse que Je ferai a ces hommes de parti qui melent toujours des individus aux questions d\u2019etat, qui ne sont pour eux que des mots de ralliement et que souvent par cette raison ils n\u2019osent traitter que sous le voile m\u00e9prisable de l\u2019anonime. Quant a moi, Monsieur, J\u2019ai toujours dit tout haut ce que Je pensais et sign\u00e9 ce que J\u2019\u00e9crivais et si d\u2019autres personnes ont cru servir mes vues en entrant pour moi dans la lice de vos paragraphistes et de vos polemistes ils se sont bien tromp\u00e9s.\nUne bonne cause n\u2019a pas besoin d\u2019avocats. Le temps et la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 seuls doivent  la faire triompher et la notre triomphera en d\u00e9pit de nos implacables ennemis et de la froideur de quelques uns de nos anciens amis.\nGenet\nP.S. Je charge de cette lettre Monsieur un officer de l\u2019Embuscade qui attendra votre r\u00e9ponse.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0625", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard, 15 August 1793\nFrom: Willink, Van Staphorst & Hubbard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nAmsterdam 15 August 1793\nConfirming what We had the honor to write you the 1 Ulto. with the Account Current of the Department of State up to 30 June, We have now the pleasure to advise you, the Acceptance of\nDraft of Willing Morris & Swanwick on John & Francis Baring Cy. of London,\nDitto of Walter Stewart on Joseph Birch of Liverpool.\nWhich had been noted on their first presentation for Non-Acceptance.\n  We are respectfully Sir Your most obedient and very humble Servants  \nWilhem & Jan WillinkN & J. Van Staphorst & Hubbard", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0627", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Sir John Sinclair to Enoch Edwards, 13 August 1793\nFrom: Sinclair, Sir John\nTo: Edwards, Enoch\nSir John Sinclair to Enoch Edwards\nSir\nWhitehall 13th. Augst. 1793\nThe conversation I had the pleasure of holding with you a few days ago, having given rise to a variety of reflections which may be of service to Great Britain and America, I think it right to take this mode of submitting them to your consideration.\nIn the first place, I think it might be of considerable utility were you to draw up for our Board, in the order of printed queries, a general view of the Agriculture of Pensylvania, with which you seem to be particularly well acquainted, and would annex to it an account of any practices in your Husbandry, which are likely to be of service to this Country. So far as I could judge from our conversation together the other day, under the latter head the following points deserve more particular attention.\n1 Upland Water Meadows\nThe watering of Land is but very partially attended to in Great Britain, principally in the counties of Wilts Dorset and Devon, and there only flat lands are thus treated. The introducing the same practice into hilly districts, is an object of great importance to many parts of these Kingdoms, and when we have the  pleasure of meeting in Scotland, I hope that we shall have a trial made of it that will sufficiently prove it\u2019s peculiar importance to that part of the Island.\n2d. An Account of your Drill Husbandry and Drills\nThere are many soils in which Drill Husbandry can be adopted to advantage, though I scarcely think that it can ever become an universal practice. It is of great importance, however, that the machines for Drilling should be as simple, and as perfect as possible, and as you seem to think, that the American Drills are rather on a better Construction than ours, on that head information would be desireable.\n3d. Gypsum.\nAny additional evidence respecting the advantage of Gypsum, would also be of consequence, as the efficacy of that manure, is still disbelieved in this Country. Perhaps, you will be able to point out the proper Soil for trying it, the proper Season of the year for putting it on, and the sort that is most likely to answer.\n4. Timothy Grass\nThe acount you give of this grass, of the Quantity of hay it produces, of its growing so well in low cold grounds, and of it\u2019s remaining so long productive, are circumstances which seem to render this plant entitled to the farther attention of the Farmers of this Country, at least in particular districts, and you will be able to point out in what soils and places, it is the most likely to be successfull.\n5 Buffaloe Clover\nI think the new plant you mention found at Kentucky, called Buffaloe Clover, is well entitled to a trial in this country, and may be safely recommended for that purpose, particularly if it would produce a great quantity of hay (which is probable from the largeness of its leaf) and wou\u2019d grow in wet and boggy places. Perhaps also it may stand frost better than the common clovers.\n6 Spring Houses\nThe description you give of what are called in America Spring houses, for Dairies, I consider to be not only a matter of luxury, but of real use, which may be [of] service in many of our Districts, where Dairies are kept on a great Scale. Full descriptions of them, with drawings, therefore, I should be glad to have, also an account of your mode of making Butter in America, in which the English and Irish differ so much, the first using cream alone, the second churning all the milk. To the superiority of the latter practice, the greater excellence of the Irish Butter is attributed. Your churns also seem to be on a better construction than ours.\n7 Making hay\nYour process of making hay in America, particularly of Clover, seems to be worthy the attention of British Agriculturists. I shou\u2019d beg therefore to trouble you for an accurate description of it. The superior greenness of your hay, sufficiently proves the advantages of the plan you have adopted.\n8 Salting Coarse Hay\nYou mentioned to me, a practice in America, of Salting coarse hay, which made it be devoured by the Cattle with greater Avidity, which I think might be recommended to our ffarmers here.\nThere are probably other points which will naturally occur to you in the course of your Tour through this Country.\nI am also of opinion that such a paper should contain any hints, which may occur to you, respecting the best mode of making the Agriculture of America  and that of Great Britain usefull to one another. I certainly do not think that American corn ought to be admitted, except in times of great scarcity. It is dangerous depending upon a foreign and distant country for bread. It is absurd to suffer American Wheat to be imported into Liverpool, and British wheat at the same time exported, with a high bounty from Norfolk, and from the account of Middlesex here with sent, you will see, that so small an addition to our Land in Tillage, as 15,000 acres would Supply us with all the Wheat we want. But there are other articles, the produce of the Soil, by supplying which, the Agriculture of America, might be of essential service to that of Great Britain.\n1st: Clover Seed\nFrom your accounts, it would appear that the Clover of America, is infinitely more productive than that of England, I should think therefore, that the importation of American clover seed, ought to be tried, for though in time it would degenerate, yet the first crops would probably be equal to yours, and Good Husbandmen never think, at present, of taking more than one crop of that grass. It would be worth while, therefore, to ascertain the price of your clover seed, how it stands the frost and whether it can bear a little wet, or even drowning. There is a small tax at present upon the importation of foreign Clover seed, which upon a proper representation, from The Board of Agriculture, would probably be taken of. The consumption of this article is every day encreasing, and if it could be had cheap would be very great. In Scotland They mix Rye grass with their Clover, the seed of which, it would also be desireable to have from the same quarter.\n2 Rape and Flax Seeds\nI should imagine that any quantity of rape and flax seeds, might be raised in America, and that the consumption of these articles, in this Country, might be immense. It is found, that there is no method of ffattening Cattle and Sheep, so quickly as by these seeds. Some give the Seeds merely bruised, without expressing the oil, others express the oil and only give the cake to their Cattle. A Practice is now beginning to be introduced for making use of oil cake, as a top dressing, or manure, so that in ffact, there is hardly any limit to the consumption of these Articles, in this country, could they be had on reasonable terms.\n3. Sun Flower Seed\nThis is an article of less importance, but at the same time if its oil is equal to that of Olives the consumption might be of some moment.\nI have already written a longer letter than I intended, but at the same time being a warm Friend to a good understanding between America and Great Britain, I am thence led to make a few additional observations respecting the articles, which I think, might be the basis of a very important commercial intercourse between the two Countries, and beneficial to both, independent of the Articles now imported as Tobacco, Rice &c.\n1 Hemp\nI have often wondered that Hemp was not more attended to in America, instead of which, I believe that since the Declaration of Independancy, and even since the conclusion of the late war, many American Vessels have been loaded at Petersburgh with that article.\nI have now the pleasure of hearing from you, that in some Districts of America, they have already begun to raise hemp in considerable quantities, and are getting mills to prepare it for Market, I think it is impossible for you to raise this article under greater disadvantages than Russia\u2014The Districts where it grows in that Country, being from 12, to 1500 miles from the Sea. I am perswaded,  that in many parts of America, your Soil and Climate, is as well calculated for hemp, as that of the Ukraine, and you will not probably think it a difficult matter, to supply great Britain with that Article, when I can assure you, that to raise hemp for the consumption of this Country, does not require, above 70,000 acres, of which our Navy requires 12,000 acres in time of peace and 20,000 in time of war. I have not yet learned whether your hemp, is as good as the Russian. What grows in England is greatly superior. If the East India hemp thrives with, as I am told it is likely to do, it may be productive of very important consequences.\n2 Flax\nI believe that this is an article already imported, but if a proper commercial treaty were entered into between the two Countries, I have no doubt that it might be greatly encreased. I understand, however, that the Flax produced in some Provinces of America, is of a very inferior quality, and better callculated for Sail cloths, than for fine linnen. The superior richness of your Soil may occasion the coarseness of the fibre.\n3 Iron\nWe are certainly getting fforwards in Manufacturing Malleable iron, by pit coal, but its quality, I apprehend, is not equal to that made with Charcoal; and as considerable quantities of this article, must still be imported, I see no reason, why it should not, on fair and equal terms, be got from America, as well as from other Countries.\n4 Timber\nIt is incredible the quantities of timber annually imported into Great Brittain, and as it is an article of sure sale, and of immense consumption, I think it a pity that America should not have a Share in that branch of our Commerce. By the means of your Navigable rivers, you certainly may have immense logs, from the interior parts of your Country, which is the best mode of transporting timber here, both the freight and duty being proportionably cheaper.\n5 Bark &c\nI think it probable that Bark is an article, which we shall be glad to have from America. Also hides, if you cou\u2019d spare them, and Tallow. It would be difficult at the same time to enter into a competition with the Russians in regard to tallow, as they have Sheep in such abundance, that they kill the Animal for the sake of it\u2019s fat merely.\n6 Fruits\nIt occurs to me that the fruits of America, notwithstanding the greatness of the distance, might be imported here to advantage, particularly into the Northern parts of the Kingdom where nature is not favourable to productions of that sort. In the Southern States, Oranges might certainly be had in great quantities, the consumption of which is immense. The mere duty on Oranges and Lemons amounts to from 12,000 to 15,000 per Annum.\n7 Wax and Honey\nThese are articles, which undoubtedly might be raised to any extent in America, and which in this country must always be in demand.\nOn the whole, I have no doubt, if these points were properly canvassed, that the two Countries would speedily come to an understanding together, that a Treaty of Commerce beneficial to both, might speedily be formed, and that every remnant of prejudice and zealousy would soon be completely done away. Were we cordially to co-operate together, for our mutual benefit, there is, I think every reason to believe, that those who speak the language of England,  might soon attain as much power abroad and happiness at home, as any wise nation can aspire to. I have the honour to be, Sir Your obedient, and ffaithfull humble Servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0628", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 16 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 16. 1793.\nThe President of the US. has received the letter which you addressed to him from New York on the 13th. instant, and I am desired to observe to you that it is not the established course for the diplomatic characters residing here to have any direct correspondence with him. The Secretary of state is the organ thro\u2019 which their communications should pass.\nThe President does not concieve it to be within the line of propriety or duty for him to bear evidence against a declaration which, whether made to him or others, is perhaps immaterial. He therefore declines interfering in the case. I have the honor to be with great respect, Sir, Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0629-0002", "content": "Title: I. Alexander Hamilton\u2019s Outline for the Letter of Recall, [ca. 2 August 1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Cabinet\n                Discussion of the points in controversy\n                fitting out privateers\u20141 as it stands on the general law of Nations\u20142 upon the Treaties\n                Inlistment of our Citizens as connected with itwith reference to his observations.\n                Exercise of consular Jurisdiction\u2014\n                as it stands on general law of Nations\n                Upon treaties\n                Upon the principles of France herself\u2014see Valin\nHistory of his conduct in regard to these points\u2014\nIImpropriety of what was done at Charlestown before he had come to the seat of Government had known its sentiments &c\nIIThe expectations he gave in conversations\u2014in writing that he would not repeat the fitting of Privateers, and would prevent improper exercise of consular jurisdiction\nIIIHis contraventions of these expectations citing the different instances as to fitting out privateers and condemning prizes\u2014\n\u2003IV\u2014Attempting to justify them as matters of right\u2014\nEnforce the Idea that if his constructions were right his course was wrong\u2014\nOught not have persisted in doing what was contrary to the opinion of the Government, but ought to have referred the matter to National discussion &c &c\u2014\nVImpropriety of his having reclaimed our own offending citizens as matter of right\u2014\nVDisregard of the intimation of the Government with respect to Privateers Citizens Genet and Sans Culottes\ncite the particulars\u2014\nVIIDisregard of sense of Government in regard to Little Democrat\nStating particulars\u2014\nVIIIOffensive stile of his Communications [\u2026] instances with summary comments\nIXIn connection with the last the excessive pretensions of the Vice Consuls disrespectfuly urged and patronised by him by transmitting and upholding their communications.\nImproprieties of conduct in other respects\u2014\nIHis being President of a political society\u2014Society of Friends of Liberty and Equality\nIIHis declaration to Mr. Dallas that he would appeal from the President to the People.\nGeneral observation on the inference to be drawn from such circumstances. An inference fortified by the conduct of his Secretary Mr. Pascal stating it with proper remarks on the impropriety of a privileged person pursuing such a course", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0629-0004", "content": "Title: III. Analysis of the Letter of Recall, [ca. 15\u201320 August 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nAnalysis of the letter.\nObject of the Proclamation.\nGenet\u2019s arrival at Charleston, and conduct till his arrival at Philadelphia his subsequent conduct and correspondence reduced under the following heads.\n1. his right to arm in our ports, enlist our citizens, reclaim against their punishment.\n2. the right of the Consuls to hold courts of Admiralty.\n\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003 courts of the US. to try questions of Prize or not prize.\n\u2003\u2003\u2003 of the US. to protect vessels in their waters and on their coasts.\n3. requisition to drive away letters of Marque, as Privateers.\n4. claim to sell prize goods duty free.\n5. complaint that French goods are taken by the English out of American bottoms.\n6. his assuming to act in opposition to the declared will of the government within their territory.\nObservations\non his dictating what subjects are proper for Congress, when they should be called &c.\n \u2003\u2003 his disrespectful expressions of the President\u2014of the nation.\nProofs of our friendly dispositions\u2014particular instances.\nhis recall urged\u2014and speedily", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0630", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Barnes, 17 August 1793\nFrom: Barnes, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon Augt. 17th 1793\nThis will be presented to you by Mr. Cooper, of Manchester, who is concerned in one of the principal Cotton Manufactury\u2019s in that place, And, who, from his great efforts in Society, And in writing in favor of the Specific rights And General Liberty of Mankind, has become so Offensive to the present Spirit of the British Government, that he can No Longer in Safety reside in this Country; he therefore goes to Seek an Asylum in the United States.\nAs I esteem you, Sir, Our great Patron of Republicanism, And of Virtue, \u2018tis with peculiar pleasure I give this Letter to you, Your Patronage to him will follow of course, So far as you May find him worthy thereof, And I am Sure he will wish it No farther. With grateful esteem I am Sir Yours most respectfully\nJoseph Barnes\nP.S. The Book Which Mr. Cooper has written and Published, I have been well informed, contains the essentials of Mr. Paine\u2019s Rights of men, in excellent Language and great demonstration. He is a friend of Doctor Priestley\u2019s and of Mr. Walker, of Manchester.\nJ. B.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0631", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Barnes, 17 August 1793\nFrom: Barnes, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon Augt. 17th 1793\nThis will be presented to you by Mr. Priestley, Son of the celebrated Doctor Priestley, who goes to the United States to Seek an Asylum for his father, And, who, previous to Making a purchase, Means to visit all those parts of the States which he conceives an object, in order to enable him to determine on the Most eligible place to reside.\nI am happy in giving him this Letter to you, not only, from a knowledge of your being the Most competent to advise, but from a full Sense of the pleasure you will receive in giving, And he in receiving your advice on the Object of his Mission. With the highest esteem I am Sir yours most respectfully\nJoseph Barnes\nP.S. I have not as yet got the afairs of my deceased friend Mr. Rumsey, So arranged, as to give you that Specific information I Wish; however, I find that Messrs. Parker & Rogers have Acknowledged from under their hands, the Practical effect of all Mr. Rumsey\u2019s Machines Stipulated (except the Steam Vessel, the experiments with which are Not finished) to be fully up to contract, And of course the Stipulated Sums due on the Same; but, Not having yet Settled with the Gentlemen in question, I know not what prospect there is of obtaining the Money So due.\n\u2019Tis Some time Since I had the pleasure of an interview with Mr. Pinckney, Who received me with much ease And attention; And, who, on my Suggestion, very obligingly promised to write to France for the requisite information relative to Mr. Rumsey\u2019s objects in that country\u2014and added that he Should be happy to Serve me when ever in his power.\nJ. B.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0634", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Archibald Campbell, 18 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Campbell, Archibald\nSir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 18. 1793.\nI have received your favor of the 13th. inst. and am obliged to you for your attention to my little affair of the wine. I must beg the favor of you to send it to Richmond to Colo. Robert Gamble merchant to whom I write on the subject by this post. I must trouble you either to draw on me here for the freight, payable at 3. days sight, or let me know the amount and I will remit it to you in a post bill, whichever will best suit you, including therein the freight to Richmond, if you please, because I had rather pay it here than there. I will thank you to send it by the first safe conveyance to Richmond, and not to any other place from which it will be to be reshipped for Richmond. As I go to Virginia soon, I should wish it to be arrived in time at my own house.\n  Mr. Fenwick has sent me no particular invoice, but an account only in which, among other articles, this occupies one line, to wit.  14 cases of 36. bottles each is 504. bottles Medoc (bottles included) 1008.\u20b6 The exchange at the foot of the account is 15d. sterl. for 3.\u20b6 and 4/6 sterl. the dollar. Not knowing how the duty is paid, whether on the wine and bottles together or separately I give you their statement separately thus.\n504. bottles of Medoc, bottle included,\nbottles & bottling, corks &c\n\u2007\u2007cost of wine exclusive of bottles\nat the above exchange is 70. Dollars.\nIf I can be informed of the amount of the duty I will send the necessary obligation for it to Baltimore or give it here, as the collector pleases. Repeating my thanks for your trouble & attention, I am Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0635", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to J. P. P. Derieux, 18 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 18. 1793.\nI am mortified at not having written to you ere this, but if you could follow me from morning to night and from Sunday to Saturday you would agree that I am excusable in not writing when I have nothing essential to communicate. The truth is that for some time past Mr. Vaughan has promised to have your affair wound up and the balance remitted in cash. I was to have had it the week before last, last week, this week, but I have it not yet. But I believe you may count on it in a week or two. I know nothing of the sum, nor did he, as the business has remained in D\u2019Homassel\u2019s hands. The moment I receive his note, it shall be forwarded. My friendly respects to Me. De Rieux & am Dear Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0636", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Robert Gamble, 18 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gamble, Robert\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 18. 1793.\nHaving just received information from Mr. Archibald Campbell merchant of Baltimore of the arrival there of 14. cases of claret for me, I have taken the liberty of desiring him to forward it to Richmond to your address, he drawing on me here for the freight to Richmond. I take this liberty because you will best know of the conveyances up to Monticello, to which place I would pray you to send it by the first safe conveyance. I had meant also to take the liberty of addressing to you from this place some stores, of which I shall have occasion on a visit I shall make to Monticello, soon after the stores will go from hence. Consequently shall have to pray your forwarding them also as speedily as can be done safely as I know it is not every waggoner who merits to be trusted. After asking your excuse for the freedom of this trouble, I conclude with assurances of the esteem & respect of Dear Sir Your most obedt humble Servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0640", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Angelica Schuyler Church, 19 August 1793\nFrom: Church, Angelica Schuyler\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDown Place august 19. 1793\nYour letter my dear Sir arrives in time to encourage me to solicit your friendship for a friend of yours and mine, as well as to thank you for your attention to my recommendation. How changed are the fortunes and  situations of those we loved at Paris! and whose Welfare were dear to us; La Fayette is in prison at Magdebourg; and enclosed is the extract of a letter he has been so fortunate as to find means of conveying to a friend and relation, who has sought an Asylum in this country; His Love of Liberty has rendered him culpable in the eyes of a Despot: and you Sir cannot read the recital of his sufferings without tears.\nGeneral Washington\u2019s interference is the only hope left to him and his family;\nMadame de Corney is a widow with a very limitted fortune, and retired to Rouen; Mrs. Cosway gone into a convent at Genoa: Monsieur de Condorcet under accusation, but fortunately escaped or concealed in France, Custine a l\u2019abbaye a sacrifice for the fall of Valenciennes. And the Queen of France at the conciergerie, and taking her Tryal, Marat assasinated by the Republicaine Cord\u00e9t, who suffered Death with the fortitude and tranquillity of Innocence; I hope soon to remove from the vicinity of such horrors; and retire to America, where I shall look forward with impatience to bring Catherine to her friend Maria, and to renew the assurances of my friendship and to express the satisfaction I receive from Your friendly letter:\nAngelica Church", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0641", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Lafayette to the Princesse d\u2019H\u00e9nin, 15 March [1793]\nFrom: Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Yves-Roch-Gilbert du Motier, marquis de\nTo: H\u00e9nin, Princesse d\u2019\nLafayette to the Princesse d\u2019H\u00e9nin\nMagdebourg ce 15 Mars. [1793]\nImagin\u00e9 vous une ouverture pratiqu\u00e9 dans le rempart de La Citadelle et entour\u00e9 d\u2019une haute et forte palissade; c\u2019est par la qu\u2019en ouvrant successivement quatre portes, dont chacun arm\u00e9e de chaines, Cadenats, et Bars de fers, on parvient non sans peine et sans bruit jusques a mon cachot, large de trois pieds, et long de cinq et demi; il est Lugubre, humide, et m\u2019offre pour tout ornemens, deux vers fran\u00e7ois qui riment par souffrir et Mourir. Le mur du cot\u00e9 du foss\u00e9, se mois\u00e9e, et celui du devant laisse voir le jour, mais non pas le soleil, par une petite fenetre grill\u00e9t; deux sentinelles dont la v\u00fce plonge dans mon souterrain, mais en dehors de la palissade, pour quils ne parlent pas, des observateurs etrangeres a la guarde; et puis tous ce qu il y a de murs, de rempart, de foss\u00e9s, et des gardes, en dehors, et dedans de la citadelle de Magdebourg.\nLa Bruante ouverture de mes quatre portes se renouvelle le matin pour introduire mon domestique; a diner pour manger en presence du commandeur de le Citadelle et de celui de la garde, et le soir pour ramener mon domestique en prison, et apres avoir referm\u00e9 sur moi toutes les clefs, le commandeur les emporte dans le logement ou depuis notre arriv\u00e9e le Roi lui ordonn\u00e9 de coucher.\nJ\u2019ai des livres dont on ote les fe\u00fcilles blanc, mais point des nouvelles, point des gazettes, point de communication, ni encre, ni plumes, ni papier, ni crayon, c\u2019est par miracle que je possede cette fe\u00fcille, et je vous ecrit avec un curedens.\u2014 Ma sant\u00e9 se deteriore journellement: ma constitution physique a presque autant de besoin de libert\u00e9, que ma constitution morale; le peu d\u2019air qui m\u2019arrive en sejournant dans le souterrain, detruise ma poitrine, la fievre sans mele souvent, point d\u2019exercise, peu de sommeil; je ne me plains plus, et sais par experience qu\u2019il est au moins inutile de le faire savoir; mais je m\u2019obstine a vivre, et mes amis peuvent compter sur la reunion de tous les sentimens que ma porte a la conservation de moi meme, quoique d\u2019apres ma situation, et le progress de mes souffrances, je ne puisse pas repondre longtems de leur efficacit\u00e9, peutetre me vaut il mieux les affliger d\u2019avance, que de les surprendre aussi triestement.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0642", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 19 August 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 19th August 1793\nAs the several points, which have been for the last four months under constant discussion between this government and myself, have involved in them questions of the highest national importance to our respective countries, and demanded an immediate investigation and decision; I have been unwilling to mix with them any other matters, not immediately connected with them, or of a distinct and subordinate nature. For this reason, I have deemed it expedient to suspend until this time the observations that I have always intended to submit to you, on your letter of the 18th of April on the case of Mr. Pagan, and on the communications from the Attorney General which it inclosed. I trust Sir that you will have esteemed this delay justified by the considerations above stated, and will not have construed it into a dereliction, either of the Arguments I have formerly alleged, or of the principles I have advanced, upon this subject.\nIt is not my intention to repeat the several circumstances I have stated in my different communications, in regard\u2014to Mr. Pagan\u2019s long and rigorous confinement\u2014to the impropriety of the Judges of the supreme judicial court of Massachusets ever taking cognizance of this question\u2014or to the conduct of those Judges in still persisting in their neglect to file their reasons in this cause, according to their solemn assurance of the 27th. of June 1791, which assurance induced the committee of the general court of Massachusets, that had been appointed to enquire into this business, to proceed no farther in it. These facts having been already sufficiently explained, I shall confine myself to the actual situation of the case, as presented in your letter, and in that of the Attorney General.\nThe observations of the Attorney General may be considered under  two points of view\u2014the mode of Mr. Pagan\u2019s application to the Supreme federal Court\u2014and the principles, which the Attorney General imagines would have influenced the decision of the Judges, had the writ of error been granted, and the merits of the question submitted to their deliberation.\nIn regard to the application itself to the Supreme federal Court, I must premise that that measure did not originate in Mr. Pagan or his advisers, but was adopted solely in conformity to a suggestion of yours and of the Attorney General, prescribing this preliminary course of proceeding, as necessary to be pursued, before it could be incumbent on the executive government of the United States to take the subject into its consideration. As to the manner in which the application was enforced\u2014the abilities and integrity of the Lawyer employed by Mr. Pagan are too well known, to excite any suspicion of his neglecting any arguments, which could have promoted the cause of his client. The decision of the Court therefore is the sole circumstance to which it is proper to advert. This was conclusive and fatal to all Mr. Pagan\u2019s expectations of obtaining judicial redress. Since the unanimous refusal of the Judges to grant the writ of error incontestibly evinced their sense of this case not being of a nature to be susceptible of relief by process of law.\nWith respect to the Attorney General\u2019s opinion, that had the question been fairly brought before the Supreme federal Court \u201cthe very merits are against Mr. Pagan\u201d\u2014This opinion is founded solely on the difference of the construction of the armistice, by the government of Great Britain, and by that of the United States. It is not necessary to the present question to endeavour to ascertain which interpretation is the most accurate: But I must assert unequivocally that, in neither country, has a Court of Law any right to re-judge the validity of a prize legally condemned by the proper authority in the other. If a citizen of the United States imagines that he has just reason to complain of the principle that may have been established in the British Courts of Admiralty there are means of appeal open to him, or the whole question may fairly become a matter of negociation between the two sovereigns. But by these modes only, can the citizen or subject of either country seek redress. For if it once be admitted that the courts of law in the country, to which the property captured originally belonged, can take cognizance of the validity of its condemnation, by the proper tribunals of the country of the subjects making the capture, the system established for ages upon this point would be subverted, and such a source of litigation opened as it would be almost impossible to repress. In the case of the Silesia loan, the contrary position has been asserted with so much force and perspicuity, as to leave no doubt of its legality as well as of its reasonableness\u2014 \u201cPrize or not prize must be determined by Courts of Admiralty, belonging to the power, whose subjects make the capture.\u201d In the propriety of the reasoning contained in the passage, extracted by the Attorney General from the same performance\u2014that \u201cthe law of nations founded upon justice, equity, convenience and the reason of the thing, and confirmed by long usage, does not allow of reprisals, except in case of violent injuries, directed and supported by the state, and justice absolutely denied, in re minime dubia, by all the tribunals, and afterwards by the prince\u201d\u2014I perfectly acquiesce as applicable to the case of Mr. Pagan: And I therefore venture to hope that the executive government of the United States (in this instance the Prince) will alter its determination, expressed, Sir, in your letter of the 18th. of April, and, as Mr. Pagan has been declared not susceptible of obtaining relief by process of law, will extend to him such redress as to its wisdom and justice shall appear adequate and satisfactory.\nBefore I conclude, I must intreat you, Sir, to favor me with an answer, as early as convenient: Since Mr. Pagan is naturally become more and more impatient to learn the final decision of this government, and since his health, which has already suffered considerably, may sustain still greater injury by the farther continuance of his imprisonment. I have the honor to be with sentiments of great respect Sir your most obedient humble Servant\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0643", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, 19 August 1793\nFrom: S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 19. Augt: 1793.\nIt is my Duty to represent that the Swedish Schooner Jane commanded by Benjn. Stanners and owned by Richard Barden, Burghers of the Island of St. Bartholomew and Subjects of the King of Sweden lately loaded in Philadelphia by Mr: Robt: Ralston with Lumber, Flour, Bees wax and Sugar the Property of the Said Ralston was in her Voyage from hence to Fayal on Saturday last Captured about 5. Leagues from Land by a privateer called the Petit Democrat un lawfully fitted out in the Port of Philadelphia, and has been brought in to the Said Port where she now Rides. That the Said Privateer took out of the Said  Schooner, three Negro Slaves the Property of the Said Barden and two White Sailors of what Nation I know not. Under these Circumstances I trust there will be an immediate order for the Restoration of the Vessell and Cargo\u2014and I have the Honor to remain with Respect Sir Your most Obd: Hble. Servt\nRichd: S\u00f6derstr\u00f6MHis Swed: Majs: Consul in America", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0646", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 20 August 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nYour favor of the 11th. came to hand the day before yesterday. I am just setting off to Monroe\u2019s and hope to prevent the trouble of an express from Monticello with the letter referred to in it. I have already acquainted you with the immediate object of this visit. I have just received a line from him expressing a particular desire to communicate with me, and reminding me that he sets off the last of this month for the Courts, and of course will be occupied for some days before with preparations. This hurries me: and has forced me to hurry what will be inclosed herewith, particularly the last No. V which required particular care in the execution. I shall be obliged to leave that and the greater part of the other Nos. to be transcribed sealed up and forwarded in my absence. It is certain therefore that many little errors will take place. As I can not let them be detained till I return, I must pray you to make such corrections as will not betray your hand. In pointing and erasures not breaking the sense, there will be no difficulty. I have already requested you to make free with the latter. You will find more quotations from the Fedt. Dark them out if you think the most squeamish Critic could object to them. In No. 5. I suggest to your attention a long preliminary remark into which I suffered myself to be led before I was aware of the prolixity. As the piece is full long without it, it had probably better be lopped off. The propriety of the two last paragraphs claims your particular criticism. I would not have hazarded them without the prospect of your revisal, and if proper, your erasure. That which regards Spain &c. may contain unsound reasoning, or be too delicate to be touched in a Newspaper. The propriety of the last, as to the President\u2019s answers to addresses, depends on the truth of the fact, of which you can judge. I am not sure that I have seen all the answers. My last was of the 12th. and covered the 2 first Nos. of H\u2014s: I am assured that it was put into the post office on tuesday evening. It ought therefore to have reached you on Saturday last. As an opportunity to Fredg. may happen before more than the 3d. No. may be transcribed, it is possible, that this may be accompanied by that alone.\nThe drouth has been dreadful to the Corn. There has been no rain making any sensible impression for seven weeks, of the hottest weather of the hottest year remembered: and at the very period critical to that  crop. Yesterday afternoon we had a small shower\u2014and more seemed to be passing around us. No weather however can now possibly add 5 perCt. to the prospect. There can not be more than half crops made generally and much less in many places. Yrs. affy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0647", "content": "Title: Notes of Cabinet Meeting on Edmond Charles Genet, 20 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nAug. 20. We met at the President\u2019s to examine by paragraphs the draught of a letter I had prepared to Gouverneur Morris, on the conduct of Mr. Genet. There was no difference of opinion on any part of it, except on this expression. \u2018An attempt to embroil both, to add still another nation to the enemies of his country, and to draw on both a reproach, which it is hoped will never stain the history of either, that of liberty warring on herself.\u2019 H. moved to strike out these words \u2018that of liberty warring on herself.\u2019 He urged generally that it would give offence to the combined powers, that it amounted to a declaration that they were warring on liberty, that we were not called on to declare that the cause of France was that of liberty, that he had at first been with them with all his heart, but that he had long since left them, and was not for encoraging the idea here that the cause of France was the cause of liberty in general, or could have either connection or influence in our affairs.\u2014Knox according to custom jumped plump into all his opinions.\u2014The Pr. with a good deal of positiveness declared in favor of the expression, that he considered the pursuit of France to be that of liberty, however they might sometimes fail of the best means of obtaining it, that he had never at any time entertained a doubt of their ultimate success, if they hung well together, and that as to their dissensions there were such contradictory accounts given that no one could tell what to believe.\u2014I observed that it had been supposed among us all along that the present letter might become public; that we had therefore 3 parties to attend to. 1. France, 2. her enemies, 3. the people of the US. That as to the enemies of France it ought not to offend them, because the passage  objected to only spoke of an attempt to make the US., a free nation, war on France, a free nation, which would be liberty warring on herself and therefore a true fact. That as to France, we were taking so harsh a measure (desiring her to recall her minister) that a precedent for it could scarcely be found, that we knew that minister would represent to his government that our Executive was hostile to liberty, leaning to monarchy, and would endeavor to parry the charges on himself, by rendering suspicious the source from which they flowed: that therefore it was essential to satisfy France not only of our friendship to her, but our attachment to the general cause of liberty, and to hers in particular. That as to the people of the US. we knew there were suspicions abroad that the Executive in some of it\u2019s parts were tainted with a hankering after monarchy, an indisposition towards liberty and towards the French cause; and that it was important by an explicit declaration to remove these suspicions and restore the confidence of the people in their government. R. opposed the passage on nearly the same ground with H. He added that he thought it had been agreed that this correspondence should contain no expressions which could give offence to either party.\u2014I replied that it had been my opinion in the beginning of the correspondence that while we were censuring the conduct of the French minister, we should make the most cordial declarations of friendship to them: that in the first letter or two of the correspondence I had inserted expressions of that kind but that himself and the other two gentlemen had struck them out: that I thereupon conformed to their opinions in my subsequent letters, and had carefully avoided the insertion of a single term of friendship to the French nation, and the letters were as dry and husky as if written between the generals of two enemy nations. That on the present occasion however it had been agreed that such expressions ought to be inserted in the letter now under consideration, and I had accordingly charged it pretty well with them. That I had further thought it essential to satisfy the French and our own citizens of the light in which we viewed their cause, and of our fellow feeling for the general cause of liberty, and had ventured only four words on that subject, that there was not from beginning to end of the letter one other expression or word in favor of liberty, and I should think it singular at least if the single passage of that character should be struck out.\u2014The President again spoke. He came into the idea that attention was due to the two parties who had been mentioned France and US. That as to the former, thinking it certain their affairs would issue in a government of some sort, of considerable freedom, it was the only nation with whom our relations could be counted on: that as to the US. there could be no doubt of their universal attachment to the cause of France, and of the solidity of their republicanism. He declared his strong attachment to the  expression, but finally left it to us to accomodate. It was struck out of course, and the expressions of affection in the context were a good deal taken down.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0648", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 20 August 1793\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nSt. Ildefonso Aug. 20. 1793\nThis letter is merely to inclose you a copy of the convention between this country and England. For what reason I know not an uncommon degree of secrecy has been observed with respect to it, even since its being signed. And as yet very few persons even of the corps diplomatique have had a sight of it, or have even known with certainty, whether any such convention was really signed; although it has been suspected by most of them that something had been concluded on between the two countries.\nAlthough it is probable it will be published in England and thus get to you sooner by that route still I have thought it proper by way of precaution to send you the copy which the departure of the post has barely allowed me time to take. I shall by the next post forward it to you by duplicate.\nIt would seem that the usual language of such pieces, had been abolished, as it was signed I believe only in Spanish and English. I have only seen it in the former. It was communicated to me as a mark of particular friendship and confidence, by a person whose name I am not at liberty to mention, and which of course would be useless. I have the honor to be most respectfully sir, your most obedient & most humble servt.\nW Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0652", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 21 August 1793\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nOn my return from Richmond I was favored with yours of the 14. of July. I should have answered it sooner had I not been prevented by some peculair engagements. At present I should be more full upon some points but that the favor of Mr. Madisons company likewise prevents it. Upon one point I think it necessary to say a few words. You suggest that some indiscretions of Mr. Genet have given an advantage to his adversaries they seem disposed to avail themselves of by an appeal to the people\u2014which you fear in the heat of parties and the probable preponderance of the opposit interest may injure his country. Of one fact I am well assured that in case of such an appeal, the people of this State in deciding on the merits of the controversy, would pardon the errors of the French minister, whilst they would consider those of the administration as inveterate and malignant vices. They would consider his as the effect of the intemperate zeal of an honest heart active in the support of the best of causes, whilst they would deem those of his antagonists, as the effect of unsound hearts and wicked heads planning the ruin of that cause.\nA variety of considerations incline me to believe that a crisis is rapidly approaching that will produce some great change in our affairs. I consider this gentleman as an important instrument in bringing on that crisis. The publick mind will not be governed by light or trivial incidents but will take the measures of 4 or 5 years together as the data or rule to decide by\u2014and if upon the whole the measures of the administration partake more of evil than good, let the incident which matures the crisis be what it may, they will condemn it. This is not suggested as a mere matter of surmise. I know the principle to be at work and I am well satisfied it will produce fruit in the course of a short time.\nThe French historians will record the conduct of this country towards theirs. They will note that of individuals also. Those who shall take any part which the world and posterity may not approve, be them who they may, will be handed down in their proper colours.\nI understand from Mr. Madison that you have already received  some intimation of the paper enclosed. I have therefore only to request that you will be so kind as forward it to the gentleman to whom it is addressed.\nMr. Randolph and Mr. Jeffn. dined with us to day\u2014his family are well. I am dear sir very affectionately yr. frnd. & servt.\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0653", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Telfair, 21 August 1793\nFrom: Telfair, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nState House Augusta 21st August 1793\nCitizen M. A. B. Mangourit Consul of the French Republic at Charleston has made a demand, in the name of his Nation, of a certain Captain Reviers and his two Lieutenants, as will more fully appear by the copy of his letter to me which is herewith transmitted for the purpose of being laid before the President of the United States: As I concieve the purport of this letter to be of the highest political concern I shall await with impatience a reply. I have the honor to be Sir Your Mo Hble Servt\nEdwd. Telfair", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0654", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 21 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President a letter from Mr. Seagrove.\nWhen he shall have considered of the questions of wages to Albion Coxe (till he shall have qualified himself to draw his regular salary) and the ordering a coinage of 1000 Dollars in small silver for the Treasury, he will be so good as to communicate his determinations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0655", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Delamotte, 22 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Delamotte\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia. Aug. 22. 1793.\nI shall at present not acknolege the receipt of your letters, except that of Jan. 15. because the present is intended to be merely on so much of the subject of that as relates to my books which it mentions you had received from Mr. Froull\u00e9. I had desired you to draw on Donald &  Burton for the amount, to whom I wrote and received an assurance they would pay your draught. They stopped payment some time in March, and I have never been able to learn whether you had drawn on them before that period or not. If you had, I rest assured your bill was paid, because they paid some other orders given at the same time, and presented early. If you had not drawn before that period, it would not be in their power to answer it. In that case I will beg the favor of you to draw on me here in favor of any body you please, or to let me know the amount and I will remit it immediately. If the books are not yet come away it is probable there are some more volumes of the Encyclopedie come out which I would be glad to receive with them. I shall go to Virginia to remain at the close of this year. If no opportunity offers for that state, be so good as to send them here to the care of Mr. John Vaughan, merchant of this place. Should the vessel which carries this letter, return here direct (as I believe she will) she will find me still here. I am with great esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0656", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Donald, 22 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Donald, Alexander\nMy dear Sir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 22. 1793.\nI have yet to acknolege your favors of Mar. 10. and Apr. 4. Just before their receipt I had heard of the calamity which had befallen you and which has since befallen so many on your side the water. I heard it with poignant distress, for however it may be with others, I find that my earliest affections are my strongest. I have delayed answering your letter because I wished to be able to say something to you about my tobacco. But it is still out of my power to do it with certainty. I have occasion here for 6. or 800. Dollars, and have been expecting to receive it under an execution I have for between 4. and 5000 dollars, ever since February last. I still expect it, and if I get only so much, my tobacco will be free for me to dispose of, and tho\u2019 I had not intended to ship it myself (because I can always get a guinea for it here) yet I will certainly do it, and under the address you recommend. I understood from Mr. Brown that my last year\u2019s crop was still unshipped some time ago. I shall leave this place the 1st. day of January to re-establish myself at Monticello. I shall certainly there render you any services which may be in my power: and shall have more leisure to attend to my friendships. I am with very great & sincere affection Dear Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson\n P.S. The books from Ireland and those by Mr. Marshal are come safely to hand.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0657", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Fenwick, 22 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fenwick, Joseph\nSir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 22. 1793.\nI have just received your favor of May 16. and at the same time learnt the arrival of my wine at Baltimore, from which place I have ordered it to Virginia, whither I shall follow it finally at the close of the year. I thank you for your attention to the commission, and your bill on me shall be honored, it being more convenient to me to pay it here than remit. I had avoided writing to you because I was quite uncertain whether you had drawn on Donald & Burton. Commissions which I gave at the same time to others, and were drawn immediately were paid, but I knew that if you had postponed it, it would be too late. Under this uncertainty I did not know whether to remit to you or not. As it is, it is in the way which suits me best. I shall probably trouble you annually, and would be obliged to you to inform me of the different places and channels of payment which may suit you, that I may always adopt that which is most convenient at the time. I am with great esteem Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0658", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Knox, 22 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Knox, Henry\nDr Sir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 22. 1793.\nI have just received information that the ship Ann and Susan belonging to William Nelson & Co. citizens of New York with about 400 passengers on board, bound from Ireland to Philadelphia has been taken by the French armed vessel the Little Democrat and is brought into Newcastle in the state of Delaware. This capture was made on the 19th. inst. and consequently is within the rule which provided for restitution of the vessels which should be taken by those armed in our ports: and the act of restitution placing the case under your department, I have the honour to inclose you the original affidavit ascertaining the facts, and recommended that the captain shall wait on you to give you any  further information you may desire. I have the honor to be with great respect & esteem Dr Sir Your most obedt servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0660", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James McHenry, Robert Gilmor, and Samuel Sterett, 22 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: McHenry, James,Gilmor, Robert,Sterett, Samuel\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Aug. 22. 1793.\nI recieved yesterday your favor of the 18th. and called to-day on Mr. Hammond. He said he could not give a passport of any kind which would be an absolute protection to either the French passengers or their baggage, but that he would give a letter of recommendation to all commanders of ships and others exhorting them to permit the passengers and what might be properly called their baggage to pass freely; but even this could be only on condition that there was no merchandize on board the ships: and he seemed to be apprized that these ships were loaded with merchandize of the islands. If you think such a letter of recommendation on such a condition may be useful, and will be so good as to write me accordingly, it shall be sent by return of post. I have the honour to be Gentlemen Your most obedient servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0661", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, [22 August 1793]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nI left home the day before yesterday which was the date of my last. It was to be accompanied by 2. and perhaps tho\u2019 not probably 3 additional Nos. of H-l-vd-s. The last towit No. 5. contained two paragraphs the one relating to the accession of S. and P. to the war against F. the other to the answer\u2019s of the P. to the addresses on his proclamation, which I particularly requested you to revise, and if improper, to erase. The whole piece was more hurried than it ought to have been, and these paragraphs penned in the instant of my setting out which had been delayed as late as would leave eno\u2019 of the day for the journey. I mention this as the only apology for the gross error of fact committed with respect to the term neutrality, which it is asserted the P. has not used in any of his answers. I find on looking into them here, that he used it in the first of all to the Merchants of Philada. and in one other out of three which I have examined. I must make my conditional request therefore an absolute one as to that passage. If he should forbear the use of the term in all his answers subsequent to the perversion of it by Pacificus, it will strengthen the argument used; but that must be a future and contingent consideration. Mr. D. R. was not arrived yesterday. The family here well\u2014so also at M. as you will no doubt learn from the Spot itself. Adieu. Yrs. Affy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0662", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 22 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 22. 1793.\nMy last letters to you were of the 13. and 26th. of June, since which I have received yours of Apr. 27. May 2. 11. and 15.\nThe object of the present being merely to cover a bill of five thousand dollars, say one thousand and seventy seven pounds, eleven shillings and nine pence sterling drawn by Mr. Wilcocks on Edward Mc.Culloch & Co. of London at 60. days sight, for the use of our diplomatic gentlemen in Europe, I will pray you to negotiate it, and apply it to it\u2019s purpose as desired on a former occasion. The impossibility of getting bills on Amsterdam has obliged me to make this remittance to London. I shall not cease my endeavors to procure them on Amsterdam, and keep our foreign fund in it\u2019s antient deposit there. Being advised that my letter will go more safely if it contains nothing but this matter of business, I shall here conclude with assurances of the esteem & respect with which I am Dear Sir your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0663", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 22 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nPhiladelphia Aug. 22. 93.\nTh: Jefferson with his compliments to Mr. Pinckney asks the favor of him to have the inclosed delivered to Mr. Donald himself.\u2014Several circumstances have postponed Th: J\u2019s departure to the end of the present year, when he will leave this place. He is anxious to hear of his threshing machine from Mr. Pinckney.\u2014He does not write to him on public matters till he can meet with a confidential conveyance. But the newspapers will go by this.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0664", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 22 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President the letter of the National assembly to him of Dec. 22. 92. It\u2019s most distinct object seems to have been to thank the U.S. for their succours to St. Domingo. It glances blindly however at commercial arrangements, and on the 19th. of Feb. the same assembly passed the decree putting our commerce in their dominions on the footing of natives and directing their Executive council to treat with us on the subject. On this the following questions arise.\n1. Would the President chuse to answer the letter, acknoleging it\u2019s receipt, thanking them in turn for the favors to our commerce, and promising to consult the constitutional powers (the Senate) on the subject of the treaty proposed?\n2. Would he rather chuse to make no reply to the letter, but that Mr. Morris be instructed to negociate a renewal of Mr. Genet\u2019s powers to treat, to his successor?\n3. or would he chuse that nothing be said on the subject to any body?\nIf the President would in his judgment be for a treaty on the principles of the decree, or any modification of them, the 1st. or 2d. measure will be to be adopted.\nIf he is against a treaty on those principles or any modification of them, the 3d. measure seems to be the proper one.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0665", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Anderson, 23 August 1793\nFrom: Anderson, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nNantes, 23 Aug. 1793. Last night he arrived here from Paris, from which he traveled as cheaply as possible, and has been appointed consul for this port by Fenwick pending TJ\u2019s approval, which he earnestly solicits in the event Carnes does not return to France. Nearly a year ago he wrote to TJ, upon Major Mountflorence\u2019s recommendation, soliciting the appointment at Le Havre, which he understands has gone to Cutting. He then mentioned that TJ and the President might learn of his character from Bingham and many other Philadelphia gentlemen. He trusts that his lack of acquaintance with the South Carolina congressional delegation will not militate against his solicitation. In order to counteract the continuing increase in the price of all articles, the National Convention  has forbidden the exportation of wines, brandies, sugar, coffee, tallow, leather, and all articles needed for life\u2019s support and comfort. This decree has adversely affected two American vessels, one because of freight and the other because of a cargo of wine, brandy, etc. which the captain says was purchased before the decree was passed. As soon as he receives his commission from Fenwick and is accepted as an American agent, he will meet the commissaries the Convention has sent to enforce the decree. The garrison here, supplemented by neighboring troops and 15,000 men from the Mainz garrison who arrived this week in the Vend\u00e9e, will suffice to protect this city from the nearby rebels.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0666", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Smith Barton, 23 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barton, Benjamin Smith\nTh: Jefferson presents his friendly compliments to Dr. Barton, and being now in the act of sending off his books to Virginia, takes the liberty of asking from Dr. Barton the volumes lent him.\u2014Th:J. has been for some time settled on the banks of the Schuylkill near Gray\u2019s ferry, where he would always be very happy to see Dr. Barton, should his rides or walks lead him that way. His absence from town has scarcely given him an opportunity of seeing any body in it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0667", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Phineas Bond, 23 August 1793\nFrom: Bond, Phineas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nChesnut Street\u201423d. Augt. 1793.\nI beg Leave to inform You, I have directed Capt. Stewart, of the Brigantine Jane of Dublin, captured by the Privateer, Citizen Genet, Captain Johanene, to prepare an Estimate of the Value of his Vessel\u2014her Cargo, Apparel and Furniture.\nI shall consider it as a particular Favor, if You will be pleased to point out the Mode of Valuation, which the Government of the United States will require, to ascertain the Amount of the Damage, occasioned by this Capture, and by the subsequent Sale of this Vessel &c: As I shall give Instructions to have that Mode strictly complied with, in this and every other Case under similar Circumstances as far as it may be practicable.  With Sentiments of perfect Respect, I have the Honor to be, Sir, Yr very faithful & most obt. Servt.\nP. bond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0668", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinions on Edmond Charles Genet, 23 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Hamilton, Alexander,Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nAt meetings of the heads of departments and the Attorney General at the President\u2019s on the 1st. and 2d. of Aug. 1793. On a review of the whole of Mr. Genet\u2019s correspondence and conduct, it was unanimously agreed that a letter should be written to the Minister of the US. at Paris, stating the same to him, resuming the points of difference which had arisen between the government of the US. and Mr. Genet, assigning the reasons for the opinions of the former, and desiring the recall of the latter: and that this letter with those which have passed between Mr. Genet and the Secretary of state, and other necessary documents, shall be laid by Mr. Morris before the Executive of the French government.\nAt a meeting of the same at the President\u2019s Aug. 15. the rough draught of the said letter having been prepared by the Secretary of state was read for consideration, and it was agreed that the Secretary of the treasury should take measures for obtaining a vessel either by hire or purchase, to be sent to France express, with the dispatches when ready.\nAt a meeting of the same at the President\u2019s Aug. 20. the said letter was read and corrected by paragraphs and finally agreed to.\nAt a meeting of the same at the President\u2019s Aug. 23. it was agreed that the preceeding letter should bear the date of the last document which is to accompany it, to wit, Aug. 16. and the draught of a second letter to our Minister at Paris was read and unanimously approved, and to bear date this day.\u2014Stated and signed this 23d. day of Aug. 1793.\nTh: JeffersonAlexander HamiltonH KnoxEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0669", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Gamble, 23 August 1793\nFrom: Gamble, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear sir\nRichmond August 23rd. 1793\nI have your favor of the 18th. Current informing you have directed to my Care some Cases of Claret That has arived at Baltimore for you in order That they be forwarded to Montecello.\nIt is in my power by the return Waggons from my Staunton Store, to send your goods to the Care of Colo. Bell in Charlotsville, and I will be Careful When The goods come\u2014to deliver Them to Such Waggoners only That I can best Confide in.\nShould I be absent from Richmond I will leave instructions with my young Man, Who will pay the same attention to your interest as if I was here.\nI had like to have suffered very Materially by retaining Flour in consequence of some expectations Mr. Genet gave me that I would be employed by him to purchase for the French Republic in this part of the State. I continued Collecting till I had upward of 5,000 Barrels in my store Houses my self and refused good offers for it. As it was begining to sour I had to part with it to great disadvantage, and part That I shipped to Europe I have no hopes of saving myself.\nThe Season since Harvest, has been uncomonly dry. On your Estate and the Neighbouring Plantations good Crops of Corn Will be raised\u2014but the upper part of Albemarle\u2014orange, Louisia, Prince Edward, Buckingham &c.\u2014I am well assured, from Creditable persons That little or no Corn will [be] made. The Wheat turned out, very indifferent. However, in other parts of the State Corn is very Luxuriant.\nWe have information to Night from Norfolk that a frigate Said to be the Concord has Captured three Vessels off our Capes, and was seen with them going up the Bay supposing to Baltimore\u2014one is the Ship Jupiter Loaded by Donaldson & Stott of Suffolk with 4,000 Barrels of Naval Stores.\nYou will see by the Resolutions forwarded a few days ago from this place\u2014That the Citizens are alarmed at a report that the American Government has been insulted by Mr. Genet. The flame will Spread. However I hope Prudence will always Guide the great Bulk of the people \u2014And That Foreigners will in future be cautious How they Speak of our beloved president; or the supreme Executive of America\u2014be their instructions What they may from their Nation.\nOur trade is suffering irreparably\u2014by the infernal Robbers under Character of Privaters\u2014industry is Checked\u2014the Honest individuals who Adventure, on the Ocean, is Ruined\u2014And such Proceedings can be of little Avail to the Nations at War. Our Tobacco to the great injury of the Planter and Merchant lays in the ware houses\u2014our Flour Spoiling\u2014And shall a Nation be ruined for the emolument of a set of Vagabonds and Miscreants Who infest our Coasts. We are as true friends to the french revolution as the French are them selves\u2014or any people can be\u2014But a tame submission to the unreasonable injuries Sustained, by this privateering business, cannot much longer be expected. I am with regard & Esteem Your mo. ob Hum st\nRo. Gamble", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0670", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gouverneur Morris, [23] August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nDear sir\nPhiladelphia, August 22d. [23] 1793.\nThe letter of the 16th. instant, with it\u2019s documents accompanying this, will sufficiently inform you of the transactions which have taken place between Mr. Genet, the Minister of France, and the government here, and of the painful necessity they have brought on, of desiring his recall. The letter has been prepared in the view of being itself, with it\u2019s documents, laid before the Executive of the French Government. You will, therefore, be pleased to lay it before them, doing everything which can be done on your part, to procure it a friendly and dispassionate reception and consideration. The President would, indeed, think it greatly unfortunate, were they to take it in any other light; and therefore charges you very particularly with the care of presenting this proceeding in the most soothing view, and as the result of an unavoidable necessity on his part.\nMr. Genet, soon after his arrival communicated the decree of the National Convention of Feb. 15. 1793. authorizing their Executive to propose a Treaty with us on liberal principles, such as might strengthen the bonds of good will, which unite the two Nations; and informed us in a letter of May 23rd. that he was authorized to treat accordingly. The Senate being then in recess, and not to meet again till the fall, I  apprised Mr. Genet that the participation in matters of Treaty given by the Constitution to that Branch of our Government, would of course delay any definitive answer to his friendly proposition. As he was sensible of this circumstance, the matter has been understood to lie over till the meeting of Senate. You will be pleased, therefore, to explain to the Executive of France this delay, which has prevented as yet our formal accession to their proposition to treat, to assure them that the President will meet them, with the most friendly dispositions, on the grounds of treaty proposed by the National Convention, as soon as he can do it in the forms of the Constitution, and you will of course suggest for this purpose, that the powers of Mr. Genet be renewed to his Successor.\nSince my last, which was of the 13th. of June, your Nos. 25. 26. 27. of March 26. April 4. and 5. have been received. The public papers, sent herewith, will give you the current news of the Country. I have the honor to be, with great respect and Esteem, Dear Sir, Your most obedient and most humble Servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0671", "content": "Title: Notes of Cabinet Meeting on a Commercial Treaty with France, 23 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nAug. 23. 93. In consequence of my note of yesterday to the Presidt. a meeting was called this day at his house to determine what should be done with the proposition of France to treat. The importance of the matter was admitted, and being of so old a date as May 22d. we might be accused of neglecting the interests of the US. to have left it so long unanswered, and it could not be doubted Mr. Genet would avail himself of this inattention. The Presidt. declared it had not been inattention, that it had been the subject of conversation often at our meetings, and the delay had proceeded from the difficulty of the thing. If the struggles of France should end in the old despotism the formation of such a treaty with the present government would be a matter of offence: if it should end in any kind of free government he should be very unwilling by inattention to their advances to give offence and lose the opportunity of procuring terms so advantageous to our country. He was therefore for writing to Mr. Morris to get the powers of Mr. Genet renewed to his successor. [As he had expressed this opinion to me the afternoon before I had prepared the draught of a letter accordingly.] But how to explain the delay?\u2014The Secy. of the Treasury observed on the letter of the Natl. Convention, that as it did not seem to require an answer, and the matters it contained would occasion embarrassment if answered he should be against answering it. That he should be for writing to Mr. Morris mentioning our readiness to treat with them and suggesting a renewal of Mr. Genet\u2019s powers to his successor, but not in as strong terms as I had done in my draught of the letter, not as a thing anxiously wished for by us, lest it should suggest to them the asking a price: and he was for my writing to Mr. Genet now an answer to his letter of May 22. referring to the meeting of the Senate the entering on the treaty. Knox concurred with him. The Attorney Genl. also, except that he was against suggesting the renewal of Mr. Genet\u2019s powers, because that would amount to a declaration that we would treat with that government, would commit us to lay the subject before the Senate, and his principle had ever been to do no act, not unavoidably necessary, which in the event of a counterrevolution might offend the future governing powers of that country.\u2014I stated to them that having observed from our conversations that the propositions to treat might not be acceded to immediately I had endeavored to prepare Mr. Genet for it by taking occasion in conversations to apprise him of the controul over treaties which our constitution had given to the Senate, that tho\u2019 this was indirectly done (because not having been authorised to say any thing official  on the subject, I did not venture to commit myself directly) yet on some subsequent conversation, I found it had struck him exactly as I had wished, for speaking on some other matter, he mentioned incidentally his propositions to treat, and said \u2018however as I know now that you cannot take up that subject till the meeting of Senate, I shall say no more about it now,\u2019 and so proceeded with his other subject, which I do not now recollect. I said I thought it possible by recalling the substance of these conversations to Mr. Genet in a letter to be written now, I might add that the Executive had at length come to a conclusion that on account of the importance of the matter, they would await the meeting of the Senate. But I pressed strongly the urging Mr. Morris to procure a renewal of Genet\u2019s powers that we might not lose the chance of obtaining so advantageous a treaty. E. R. had argued against our acceding to it because it was too advantageous, so much so that they would certainly break it, and it might become the cause of war. I answered that it would be easy in the course of the negotiation to cure it of it\u2019s inequality by giving some compensation: but I had no fear of their revoking it, that the islanders themselves were too much interested in the concessions ever to suffer them to be revoked, that the best thinkers in France had long been of opinion that it would be for the interest of the mother country to let the colonies obtain subsistence wherever they could cheapest, that I was confident the present struggles in France would end in a free government of some sort, and that such a government would consider itself as growing out of the present one and respect it\u2019s treaties.\u2014The Presidt. recurred to the awkwardness of writing a letter now to Mr. Genet in answer to his of May 22d. That it would be certainly construed as merely done with a design of exculpation of ourselves, and he would thence inculpate us.\u2014The more we reflected on this the more the justice of this observation struck us. H. and myself came into it. Knox still for the letter. R. half for it, half against it, according to custom. It was at length agreed I should state the substance of my verbal observations to Mr. Genet, in a letter to Mr. Morris, and let them be considered as the answer intended, for being from the Secy. of state they might be considered as official tho\u2019 not in writing.\nIt is evident that taking this ground for their future justification to France and to the US. they were sensible they had censurably neglected these overtures of treaty. For not only what I had said to Mr. Genet was without authority from them, but was never communicated to them till this day. To rest the justification of delay on answers given it is true in time, but of which they had no knolege till now, is an ostensible justification only.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0672", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Simpson, 23 August 1793\nFrom: Simpson, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGibraltar, 23 Aug. 1793. He encloses a copy of the dispatch he addressed to TJ on 9 Aug. by the Sophia for Philadelphia. Last week he opened cases no. 7\u201310 and 12 that Barclay left in his charge in order to air the contents, which conformed exactly to the inventory he and Humphreys found among Barclay\u2019s papers. Most of the goods are in good condition, though some have been damaged by water or mildew, and all will benefit from the airing. In the absence of a neutral vessel to take to Santa Cruz the Sheriffs mentioned in his last letter, orders have been given to fit out the copper-bottomed frigate at Larache for that purpose. Though there has been no interesting news from Morocco of late, he quotes an extract from a 13 Aug. letter from his reliable friend, the Swedish consul general at Tangier, stating that since the defeat of Muley Suliman\u2019s army nothing worthy of attention has occurred; that His Majesty remained quietly at Fez with no probability of attacking the Shauians again as soon as his friends wished us to believe; that it will be years before the Empire has one government; that European commerce consequently has nothing to fear from the once terrible Salletin cruisers; that the half galleys are fast decaying on the sand; and that there is no prospect of the frigates leaving the Larache and Sal\u00e9 Rivers because of silting. There has been no news from Algiers since his last. Yesterday a 74-gun ship and a frigate arrived in eight days from Lord Hood\u2019s fleet still cruising off Toulon. Prince Augustus Frederick came in the frigate and will go to England in a day or two.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0676", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joshua Johnson, 24 August 1793\nFrom: Johnson, Joshua\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLondon, 24 Aug. 1793. He has received TJ\u2019s favors of 14 Nov. and 21 Mch. and regrets his intention to retire. Because of the great hardships and inconveniences to which he knew American seamen and commerce would be subjected by the war in Europe that took place prior to receipt of the second letter, he decided to remain in office until he learned the President\u2019s pleasure about his resignation, and thus to comply with the law he executed with sureties a bond drawn up by Pinckney and lodged it in his hands. He wishes he could say Americans were virtuous enough to avoid temptation, but he understands that several ships have usurped the American colors in India and proceeded under  them to Europe. He has rejected with the contempt they deserved the many applications made to him to approve similar violations here. Although he adheres to his opinion about the compensation he should receive, for the present he will trust that the public\u2019s generosity will eventually indemnify him for his sacrifices of time and money. He has rendered an account of his disbursements to Pinckney, who has undoubtedly transmitted it to TJ; as it contains many charges not provided by law, he presumes it must be laid before Congress for approval and payment. He will regularly account to Pinckney for his conduct and asks TJ to correct his errors. He encloses copies of his letters to Philip Stephens, secretary of the Lords of the Admiralty, which have neither been answered nor resulted in the liberation of our fellow citizens, and a list of American ships captured and brought into different British ports by British warships and privateers, many loaded with perishable commodities which may become a total loss to the proprietors because of sentencing delays by the court of admiralty. Added to the detention and expenses of seeking restoration, this may utterly ruin the innocent owners and has made French citizens so fearful of venturing their property in our vessels as neutrals that their value has diminished nearly 100 percent. Representations about the injustice of such treatment have failed to produce any good effect, and he fears that the ministry\u2019s blind pride and obstinacy will force Congress to retaliate. In several cases passengers on American ships bound from France to St. Thomas have been jailed and pillaged even of their trinkets contrary to humanity and the law of nations. Captains and owners of privateers have tempted American captains and crews to swear their cargoes were French property, and have fired on the George, Captain Latouche of Baltimore, and the Carolina Packet, Captain White of Charleston. In Pinckney\u2019s absence, he encloses at his request the bill of lading and invoice of the copper for the Mint shipped on the Pigou, Captain Loxley. He asks TJ to make his devotions to the President, whose confidence and good opinion he highly esteems, and to assure him that he will be proud if his conduct continues to merit the approval of TJ and the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0677", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 24 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\n24 August 1793\nThomas Jefferson with his respects to the President incloses a draught of the clause for the letter to Mr. Morris for his consideration.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0679", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 24 August 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAugust 24th: 1793\nThe President sends to the Secretary of State two letters which he has received from Baltimore, written by persons from St. Domingo.\nThe President has no knowledge of the writer of the letter in English; but he wishes the Secretary of State to consider it, and if he thinks the circumstances therein mentioned deserve attention, the Secretary will communicate to the President such answer thereto as he may think proper to be given.\nIf in perusing the letter written in French, the Secretary meets any thing requiring the particular notice of the President, he will be so good as to point it out.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0681", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 25 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nYou will percieve by the inclosed papers that Genet has thrown down the gauntlet to the President by the publication of his letter and my answer, and is himself forcing that appeal to the people, and risking that disgust, which I had so much wished should have been avoided. The indications from different parts of the continent are already sufficient to shew that the mass of the republican interest has no hesitation to disapprove of this intermeddling by a foreigner, and the more readily as his object was evidently, contrary to his professions, to force us into the war. I am not certain whether some of the more furious republicans may not schismatise with him.\nThe following arrangements are established.\nSep. 10. the Pr. sets out for Mt. Vernon, and will be here again the 30th. Oct. 5th. or a little sooner I set out to be absent 6. weeks, by agreement. Consequently I shall be here again about Nov. 17. to remain to Dec. 31. I break up my house the last of Septemb. Shall leave my carriage and horses in Virginia and return in the stage, not to have the embarrasment of ploughing them through the mud in January. I shall take private lodgings on my return.\u2014Billy who is just going on a nautical expedition to Charleston, called on me yesterday to desire I would send you the inclosed account which he said was necessary for you to debit those for whom the articles were. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0682", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 25 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 25. 1793.\nIn my letter of July 14. I asked the favor of you to send off the horse you had been so kind as to procure for me, on the 1st. of Sep. to meet Tarquin at Georgetown, who is to be sent from hence, there the riders to exchange horses, Tarquin to be carried to Monticello, and the other brought here. I have since that received your letter of July 31. and Maria has received one of Aug. 8. neither of which indicate whether mine of July 14. had got to hand. I have however in subsequent letters repeated the same thing, so that I hope some of them have been recieved, and therefore shall send off Tarquin so as to be at Georgetown on the 4th. of Sep. there to await the arrival of the other horse.\u2014The President sets out for Mt. Vernon the 10th. of Sep. and returns the 30th. I shall be able to leave this place a few days after. I am busily engaged in packing my books, and shall then pack and send off the rest of my furniture, and quit my house for private lodgings, reserving nothing but a portmanteau of clothes. I begin to apprehend I shall be obliged to take a flying trip here about the meeting of Congress, in order to wind up completely. If I do it will be short and by the stage, to avoid ploughing my own horses here and back through mud. My love to my dear Martha, and best affections to your friends with you. Adieu my dear Sir. Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0683", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Simpson, 25 August 1793\nFrom: Simpson, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGibraltar, 25 Aug. 1793. Having already written by this opportunity, he only mentions that the Portuguese consul was advised from M\u00e1laga that some days ago an American schooner, name and destination unknown, was captured off V\u00e9lez-M\u00e1laga by three Algerine cruisers, but that the crew had escaped and arrived at that port. Two of the cruisers were the small galleys he mentioned from Oran and the third appears to be the American schooner he noted on 1 June as having been taken off Cape Gata and now armed. Since the same use will be made of the one now taken, American commanders destined for the Mediterranean should be alerted so that they will not be deceived by the rigging of those new cruisers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0684", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Yznardi, Jr., 25 August 1793\nFrom: Yznardi, Joseph, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBoston, 25 Aug. 1793.Intending to embark for C\u00e1diz by the first opportunity, he asks for TJ\u2019s commands. He will proceed immediately to Madrid to have his appointment acknowledged by the king and on 1 Jan. he will begin to pay strict attention to TJ\u2019s letter of instructions. To end Algerine depredations on American trade and bring about a peace so much desired by merchants he offers, if TJ deems it proper to recommend to the President, to go to Algiers free of charge to the United States with a recommendation from the Spanish court which he can procure \u201cby interest\u201d; if TJ thinks this impractical or disapproves, he should say nothing about it. Yesterday he received letters from Spain stating that a Spanish privateer had taken and brought to the port of Algeciras near C\u00e1diz the American brig Bacchus, Captain Roger Robbins of Baltimore, bound from France to Spain, on the pretext that its cargo was French. His father has attended to this matter \u201cin my name\u201d and will follow Carmichael\u2019s instructions. He asks for information about the quantity and quality of wine he will have the pleasure of sending TJ upon arrival and wishes to know if he can be of any other service. P.S. He offers to take charge of any dispatches for Madrid or any other part of Spain.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0685", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Channing, 26 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Channing, William\nSir\nPhiladelphia, August 26th. 1793.\nI inclose you copies of two letters from Judge Marchant to the President of the United States, and of sundry depositions taken by him, from which there is reason to believe that the Marshal of that district has been guilty of a very unjustifiable negligence, if not a connivance, in suffering the escape of a certain William James Davis, against whom he was charged with criminal process. It is the desire of the President that you should make inquiry into the circumstances of the fact, and if you find sufficient ground for legal prosecution against the Marshal, that you institute and pursue it to effect; and that you be pleased to send here a full statement of the Truth of the Case, as it shall appear from the Evidence of both sides. I am, with great respect, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0686", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Delamotte, 26 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Delamotte\nSir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 26. 93.\nThe sloop Hannah, Capt. Curvan goes on public account to Havre to carry public dispatches for Mr. Morris our minister at Paris. The Captain is to go with those dispatches himself to Paris. I take the liberty of mentioning this to you to ensure to them your particular aid and patronage should it be needed. Tho every precaution has been used to furnish them with every thing or the means within themselves of procuring it, yet should any unforeseen accident call for repairs or other expences of an unexpected nature, if you will be so good as to furnish them, your draught shall be paid at the treasury of the US. at sight, or the amount remitted instantly on receiving your account. I am with great esteem Sir your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0687", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 26 August [1793]\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonday Aug 26 [1793]\nMr. Hamilton presents his Compliments to Mr. Jefferson informs him that he has abandonned the intention of sending Mr. Little on being satisfied that the business may as well be confided to the Capt. of the Sloop.\nThe Sloops name is the Hannah.\nThe Capts. William Culver.\nThe letter for our Consul at Havre is all that is now wanting to complete.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0689", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Gouverneur Morris, 26 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morris, Gouverneur\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 26. 1793.\nThe inclosed papers should have been annexed to the documents of my letter of Aug. 16. but were omitted by inadvertence. They are therefore now inclosed to you separately. I have the honor to be with great esteem & respect Dr Sir your most obedt. servt.\nTh: Jefferson\nMr. Genet\u2019s answer to the address of the citizens of Philada. do. lately to do. at New York.\nThe above contain his declaration that France did not wish to see us engaged in the war.\nJudge Jay\u2019s Charge delivered at Richmd.\nJudge Wilson\u2019s do. at Philadelphia.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0690", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 26 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia August 26. 1793.\nYou will perceive by the enclosed affidavits that an act of piracy has been committed by a certain William James Davis, master of the English merchant vessel the Catharine on board an american Sloop called the Rainbow. He afterwards came with his vessel into Newport in Rhode Island, but having some intimation that process of piracy was issuing against him, he slipt his cable in the night and went off, carrying with him the Baggage of his passengers and leaving his papers at the Custom house. You are desired to endeavor through the medium of our Consuls and their agents in the Ports of Great Britain and Ireland to have a good look-out kept, and in case of the arrival of the said Davis within their Districts to have him arrested and prosecuted for piracy. His own crew will be the most likely to furnish Evidence of the fact, or that of the British Schooner the Olive branch, commanded by Capt. Ayscough, whose affidavit, voluntarily given in here, I inclose you; I am authorized to add that the expenses of prosecution will be allowed by the United States. I have the honor to be, with much esteem, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0693", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 26 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to return to the President the memoir of M. Lentilhon, with a letter to Dr. Mc.Henry adapted to his case.\nOf the letter of M. Millet he can make very little. It is rendered difficult of comprehension by the bad English in which it is written: and still more by the imperfect and indigested views of the writer. He sees no distinct object in it but to get the President to invite him to come to Philadelphia, which he would make the foundation of some other application. It seems also to be an attempt to draw the President into their incomprehensible party disputes. He is of opinion it would be better to give no answer to the letter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0694", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Smith Barton, 27 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Barton, Benjamin Smith\nSchuylkill Aug. 27. 93.\nTh: Jefferson begs the favor of Dr. Barton\u2019s company to dinner with a small party of friends on Friday the 30th. at 3. aclock.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "06-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0696", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Unknown to Tench Coxe or Daniel W. Coxe?, 7 June 1793\nFrom: Unknown\nTo: Coxe, Tench\nEnclosureUnknown to Tench Coxe or Daniel W. Coxe?\nDear Sir\nThe information you requested concerning the Province of West Florida I find myself unable to give correctly having never committed any remarks to paper, and must rely entirely to memory for what I mention concerning it\u2014it will however serve you as a clue to obtain better information.\nWhen west Florida was ceded to Great Britain it comprehended the territory situated between East Florida on the one side, and the Missisippi on the other, excepting the Island of New Orleans (whose boundaries were formed by the Lakes Maurepas, Pontchartrain and River Ybberville) and from the sea to the 31st. degree of North Latitude, of which Pensacola was the Capital. If we except a small portion of good land on the River Tombecbe, which with the Alibamon form by their junction the Mobille River, and that which is contiguous to the Missisippi; the remainder of the Province was a sandy desert unfit for cultivation, and inadequate to the views of Government which were to form a barrier there to defend their other Colonies. Governor Johnston having represented this, the King in Council (I think in 1766) by Proclamation extended the bounds of the Province to the north as far as the River Yazou, which falls into the Missisippi about 100 miles above the Natches, thereby adding to it a beautiful extent of Country fit for every purpose of agriculture. Georgia and west Florida being what were then called Royal Provinces, it was said, the King\u2019s prerogative entitled him to add to or diminish their boundaries as he thought best and what was then added to the latter was taken from the former. In consequence of this, grants of land were made, Forts built, and magistrates appointed through that Country by the Government of West Florida, whose jurisdiction was continued in it till the year 1779, when the Natches was taken by Governor Galvez. In the succeeding years of 80 and 81, Mobille and Pensacola fell into his hands, and by this means he completed the conquest of the Province, which he took possession of conformable to the Capitulation of Pensacola from the Yazou to the sea. In this State things continued till the peace, when probably the English and Spanish Commissioners, being equally ignorant of the boundaries of the Province, when it was ceded to Spain never specified them in the treaty they made, thinking that these matters were so well known, as to require no investigation. The Americans better informed, knowing that the tract of Country which lies between the Yazou and the 31st. degree of North latitude, and which formed the best part of West Florida, had formerly belonged to Georgia and for reasons which suited themselves concealing their knowledge of the Kings Proclamation which extended the frontier of the one, at the expense of the other, took care to reduce the Province to its original size and by treaty got ceded to them, all which lay northward of the first grant.\nHere the British Commissioners committed an unpardonable blunder, they first ceded to Spain the Province which her arms had conquered and then disposed of the best part of it to another power. From this the question in dispute arises, who has the best title to it? In favor of Spain there is conquest as well as Cession, and if the King had really the power of curtailing and extending royal Provinces they having possession of it, and that possession being confirmed by treaty, they seem to me to have a fair claim. Should this power of his Britannic Majesty be an usurpation on the rights of his subjects, the case will be different, for the territory must then be looked upon to have belonged to Georgia, and  unjustly withheld from it, by the Government of Pensacola. Spain, when she acknowledged the Independence of the States, must virtually have acknowledged all their just claims, and this would have been one.\nHad I more time I would endeavor to add something more on the subject, you may think what has been already done is tiresome enough. I shall not, however, conclude this letter without informing you, in order to give you a more perfect idea of our imports and exports, that the duties of last year amounted to 90,000 dollars, the expense of collecting which is about 12000. You who are well acquainted with the custom House arithmetic can easily guess at the real sum which should have been paid, and which from late specimens, I have seen, I really think should have been double the amount. I remain sincerely yours.\nA Note by the person to whom the above letter was addressed\nFrom the above statement of duties collected in Louisiana on the Exports and Imports, I should conclude that the value of them must be at least 3,000,000 Dollars, or perhaps nearer to 4,000,000. Dollars.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0699", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 27 August 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nI wrote you a few lines by the last post from this place just to apprize you of my movement to it. I have since seen the Richmond and the Philada. papers containing, the latter the certificate of Jay and King and the publications relating to the subject of it, the former the proceedings at Richmond dictated no doubt by the Cabal at Philada. It is painful to observe the success of the management for putting Wythe at the head of them. I understand however that a considerable revolution has taken place in his political sentiments under the influence of some disgusts he has received from the State Legislature. By what has appeared I discover that a determination had been formed to drag before the public the indiscretions of Genet and turn them and the popularity of the P. to the purposes driven at. Some impression will be made here of course. A plan is evidently laid in Richd. to render it extensive. If an early and well digested effort for calling out the real sense of the people be not made, there is room to apprehend they may in many places be misled. This has employed the conversation of \u2014\u2014 and myself. We shall endeavor at some means of repelling the danger; particularly by setting on foot expressions of the public mind in important Counties, and under the auspices of respectable names. I have written with this view to Caroline, and have suggested a proper train of ideas, and a wish that Mr. P. would patronise the measure. Such an example would have great effect. Even if it should not be followed it would be considered as an authentic specimen of the Country temper; and would put other places on their guard against the snares that may be laid for them. The want of opportunities, and our ignorance of trust worthy characters will circumscribe our efforts in this way to a very narrow compass. The rains for several days  have delayed my trip to the Gentleman named in my last. Unless tomorrow should be a favorable day, I shall be obliged to decline it altogether. In two or three days I shall be in a situation to receive and answer your letters as usual. That by Mr. DR. has not yet reached me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0700", "content": "Title: Circular to American Merchants, 27 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: American Merchants\n Gentlemen\nPhiladelphia August 27th: 1793.\nComplaint having been made to the Government of the United States of some instances of unjustifiable vexation and spoliation committed on our merchant vessels by the privateers of the Powers at War, and it being possible that other instances may have happened of which no information has been given to the Government, I have it in charge from the President to assure the merchants of the United States, concerned in foreign commerce or navigation, that due attention will be paid to any injuries they may suffer on the high seas, or in foreign countries, contrary to the law of Nations, or to existing treaties; and that on their forwarding hither well authenticated evidence of the same proper proceedings will be adopted for their relief: the just and friendly dispositions of the several belligerent Powers afford well founded expectation that they will not hesitate to take effectual measures for restraining their armed vessels from committing aggressions and vexations on our citizens or their property.\nThere being no particular portion or description of the mercantile body pointed out by the laws for receiving communications of this nature, I take the liberty of addressing it to the merchants of New-York for the State of New York, and of requesting that thro\u2019 them it may be made known to all those of their state whom it may concern. Information will be freely received either from the individuals aggrieved, or  from any associations of merchants who will be pleased to take the trouble of giving it in a case so interesting to themselves and their country. I have the honor to be with great respect, Gentlemen, Your most obedt. servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0701", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Cole Mountflorence, 27 August 1793\nFrom: Mountflorence, James Cole\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew York the 27th. August 1793\nOn Sunday next the 1st. September, I will sail for Amsterdam in the American Ship Cheeseman, from whence I will repair immediately to Paris. Should you wish to transmit any Communication to Mr. Short at the Hague or Mr. Morris at Paris, or to any other Person, I will most chearfully take charge of your Dispatches, and would take the greatest Care of them; In case the Vessel be visited by any armed Vessel of the Powers at War, if you think proper, I would Keep your Dispatches in my Pocket, and throw them into the Sea rather than they should be open, agreeable to the Orders you would be pleased to give to me to that Effect.\nThe Cheeseman is a fast sailing Vessel, and I hope to have a quick Passage; Should you think proper to give me any Orders, by Post, I must take the Liberty of repeating that the Vessel is to sail from here on Sunday next. I have the Honor to be Sir Yr most Obedt & most humble Servt.\nJs. C. Mountflorence No. 15 Duke Street New York", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0703", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 27 August 1793\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMui Se\u00f1or nuestro\nPhiladelphia 27. de Agosto de 1793.\nA mediados del mes proximo pasado lleg\u00f2 \u00e0 nuestra Noticia, que en una Sociedad de Franceses Jacobines establecida privadamente en esta Ciudad, se havia Resuelto formar una Carta, \u00ea imprimir porcion de exemplares de ella Reservadamente, y dirijirlos con algun Emisario \u00e0 la Luisiana para su circulacion, con el fin de Revolver Aquella Provincia, y hacerla independente del Dominio del Rey nuestro Amo.\nA consequencia hicimos las investigaciones Necesarias con la precaucion, que Requeria el caso, y por fruto de ellas, pudimos lograr una de las Circulares impresas la misma que tenemos la honrra de pasar \u00e0 Manos de V. S. adjunta.\nLo h\u00e8mos dilatado tanto tiempo con la esperanza de averiguar su autor primitivo, y el Impresor de los exemplares, pero no haviendonos sido posible sacar en limpio bastante para afirmar estos puntos, no nos parece prudente Retardar Mas el Representar al Presidente de los Estados Unidos contra la Sociedad, autor de la Carta, \u00e8 Impresor de los Exemplares, para que sirviendose d\u00e0r aquellas providencias que tubiese por mas acertadas \u00e0 fin de descubrirlos, se les castigue conforme prescrivan las Leyes, y segun merece el delito de trazar, fomentar, \u00e8 imprimir en un Pais Neutral, y Amigo de Espa\u00f1a, proyectos que se dirixen sin Reboso \u00e0 Revolver y separar del Govierno una de sus Posesiones.\nAl mismo tiempo se hace indispensable, (en vista de uno de los Capitulos de dicha Circular en que el Autor promete, que los Habitantes del  Oeste de estos Estados asistir\u00e0n, y protexer\u00e0n \u00e0 los de la Luisiana, siempre que pongan en planta la Revolucion) que pidamos \u00e0 V. S. nos Manifieste, si semejante oferta h\u00e0 sido hecha con Conocimiento del Govierno de V. S., y sino, no dudamos que este tomar\u00e0 igualmente las medidas para castigar el atrevimiento del Proponente en comprometer con tanta liberalidad \u00e0 los Estados Unidos sin autoridad.\nSuplicamos \u00e0 V. S. informe al Presidente de los Estados unidos de todo el Contenido de esta Carta, y que se s\u00ecrba comunicarnos lo que Resolviese. Nos Repetimos \u00e0 la obediencia de V. S. con el mas Respetuoso afecto, y verdadera estimacion con que nos Subscrivinos. Se\u00f1or. Los mas obedtes, y mas humildes Servidores. Q. B. L. M.\nJosef Ignacio de Viar\nJosef de Jaudenes\neditors\u2019 translation\nOur very dear Sir\nPhiladelphia 27 August 1793\nIn the middle of the last month there came to our attention the fact that in a society of French Jacobins privately established in this city it had been decided to compose a letter and secretly to print a certain number of copies of it, and to send it with some emissary to Louisiana for its circulation, for the purpose of stirring up that province and making it independent from the dominion of the King our Master.\nConsequently, we have made the necessary investigations, with the precautions required by the case, and as a result of these, we managed to get our hands on one of the printed circulars, the very one we have the honor to transmit to your hands herewith.\nWe have delayed so long because we hoped to find out who the original author was, as well as the printer of the copies, but it has not been possible for us to clarify this matter sufficiently to make any firm statement on these questions, so we have not thought it prudent to delay any longer in making a representation to the President of the United States against the society that is the author of the letter and the printer of the copies, so that he may avail himself of such measures as he might regard most effective for discovering them, and they may be punished in accordance with the prescriptions of the law, and as is appropriate for the crime of plotting, fomenting, and printing in a country that is both neutral and a friend of Spain, projects that quite openly have as their object the stirring up of one of her possessions and separating it from the government.\nAt the same time, it is indispensable (in view of one of the chapters of said circular in which the author promises that the inhabitants of the western part of these States will assist and protect the people of Lousiana whenever they start the revolution) that we ask you to tell us whether such an offer has been made with the knowledge of your government, and if not, we do not doubt that your government will properly take measures to punish the daring of the man who has proposed, without any authority, to involve the United States so generously.\nWe beg you to inform the President of the United States of the entire contents of this letter, and that he be so kind as to communicate his decision to us. We  assure you again of our obedience and most respectful regard and true esteem, with which we subscribe ourselves Sir, Your most obedient and humble Servants. Respectfully yours,\nJosef Ignacio de Viar\nJosef de Jaudenes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0706", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 28 August 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 28th. August 1793\nHaving in my former communications related the conduct of this Government to the neutral powers with the reasons assigned by Lord Grenville for this conduct which reasons as far as they concern enemy\u2019s property on board of neutral Vessels his lordship informed me he had directed Mr. Hammond to represent fully to our Government I have only to add that from subsequent conversations there does not appear any probability of the British Government relinquishing this point. These measures are attended for the present with greater inconvenience and consequent irritation to our citizens on account of the Court of Admiralty having as yet given no decision on the freight, demurrage &c. to be allowed to the Vessels brought in. On this subject I have made repeated applications (for although I am convinced of the respect due to the proceedings of the Judiciary of every nation, yet if in any case a delay of justice may be deemed equivalent to a denial it certainly may in the  case of Vessels circumstanced as many of ours are) and the Court of Admiralty having adjourned to the 4th. of September without any decision on these points I reiterated my representation to the Secretary of State, who appeared to be surprized at the farther procrastination and I am from circumstances inclined to think that he will endeavor to accelerate this business at the time to which the Court stands adjourned.\nAs I thought it right that the evidence of our opposition to the measures pursued here should not rest merely on official conversations I took an opportunity of bringing forward the discussion in writing so far at least as to amount to an authentic document of our claim with some of the reasons in support of it, at the same time that I endeavor\u2019d so to guard it, as to leave our Government unembarrassed in any line they might think proper to pursue. I enclose a copy of what passed on this subject. [\u2026] regiments are to embark in a short [time?] on a [secret?] expedition. They are to be commanded by Sir Charles Grey with Generals Stuart and [Dunda]s under him. Their destination is generally thought to be for the West Indies. You will observe in the news papers the Note delivered by the Russian Minister to the Court of Sweden from whence it appears that though they pursue the same line of conduct to the neutral powers they ground their conduct on a different principle, from what this country assigns as the reason for theirs. Thirty cases containing 9 tons, 11 hundred weight and 16 pounds of sheet copper for the Mint, price (including expences) \u00a31230.1s Stg. were sent by the Pigou the remainder will follow shortly. I hope the quality and price will in some measure compensate the delay that attended the conclusion of this contract. I have deferred forwarding my account for want of those of the Consuls. I shall however wait no longer for them than till the sailing of the next Vessels. I transmit herewith a letter received from Mr. Digges & remain with sentiments of sincere respect Dear Sir Your faithful & obedient Servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0707", "content": "Title: Enclosure I: Thomas Digges to Thomas Pinckney, 13 August 1793\nFrom: Digges, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nEnclosuresIThomas Digges to Thomas Pinckney\nSir\nTamworth Augt 13th 1793\nSince I was favourd by Your reply to my Communications from Birmingham relative to the coinage of Dollars &ca. &ca. (which I still am apprehensive are meant to be passd in the United States) I have not had an occasion to intrude upon You, nor as yet been able to get as far as London from the requisite attention it behoovd me to pay to some moveing Farming Families and the getting forward a Young Bull and some Heifers of the improvd Midland kind of Cattle to my farms at Warburton and Bladensburgh near the City of Washington.\nI have been here for a few days on my way from Colebrook Dale to set some Lands on Lease to Farmers of respectability who have fixd to settle in America, and shall proceed tomorrow for Daventry on alike business and thence into Suffolk and Norfolk on a visit to Mr. Arr. Young and Mr. Coke of Holcomb. I am thus explicit in order to give you an oppertunity of communicating any commands you may wish to make to me for the further discovery or enquiry into what appears to me a serious attempt to counterfeit the publick paper of the United States. At any rate I should be obligd by a line from You to know if this gets to hand and my direction for some days will be at the Post office Daventry.\nIn a large Company on Sunday last, when the American Funds and paper was much the subject of Enquiry from me, I was informd by Mr. Harding a Banker and Mr. Heath a Merchant both of this place, that there had been a Man or two from America attempting to induce the Paper makers of this neighbourhood to make them Paper with the water marks of several of the United States. In consequence I yesterday waited on Mr. Robt. Bage of the Elford Paper Mill near Lichfield, and Messrs. W. J. and I. Fowler of the Alder Mills near Tamworth, and took theirs and their workmens memorandums as copyd on the other side.\nThey are all very respectable and worthy men, and of course upon suspecting an intended fraud rejected the order for the Paper. Messrs. Fowlers are Quakers and I recognized a former acquaintance with Mr. Bage who is of very liberal political sentiments, always an advocate for America, and an Author and publishd Barham Downs, Mount Heneth, The fair Sirian, Man as He is, &ca. &ca.\nOn my mentioning that I should inform You of their Communications They have promisd to give You any further discoveries which they may make, and will answer any Enquiries or requests you may make to them.\nThe inclosd is the sort of Paper the person chose for the work at Messrs. Fowlers; But the pattern or first attempt was made at Mr. Bage\u2019s mill on a thinner paper unsizd and rather lighter colourd \u2019tho of equal dimentions and when sized would become nearly as thick\u2014a pattern of which is also sent.\nAltho the two men came at different periods, they were likely connected or of the same party. They never gave their names and probably would have had fictitious ones. They are most likely Birmingham Artists in this vile tho common practice (as I have before informd You) of Coining and adulterating the monies and forging the paper of other Countries. It is not likely they can be now traced, but the parties to whom they applyd for the paper have promisd to do all they can towards further discoveries, and I have written to two men in Birmingham who may stand a chance to get further information among the makers of those particular sort of Letters which make the water marks, some of whom, I make no doubt, have or will soon Employ their genius towards counterfeiting the now circulating new five pound notes of the Bank. I am with great Regard Sir yr obt. Hbe. Servant\nThos. Digges\nPray what American Paper can such Forgeries effect?\n   RC (DNA: RG 59, DD); at foot of text: \u201c<Mr Jefferson>\u201d Tr (Lb in same).\n   Memorandums as copyd on the other side: see Enclosure ii below.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0708", "content": "Title: Enclosure II: Thomas Digges\u2019s Memorandums on Counterfeiting, 12 August [1793]\nFrom: Digges, Thomas\nTo: \nIIThomas Digges\u2019s Memorandums on Counterfeiting\nAt Mr Bages Mill\u2014Elford nr. Lichfield mondy. 12th of Augt. [1793]\nWith Mr. B., his Foreman and 3 workmen.\nIn Feby. last, near the end of Feby., a Man applyd at the mill to get a Ream or two of paper made, of so common a sort that Mr. B. sayd it might be bought in any shop; But on very strong solicitations the men was orderd to get ready the stuf for it the next morning. He then said nothing of a water mark. The next morning, and before Mr. Bage was up, He brought the water mark (to the description within) and fixd it upon the wire frame. A sample was made at which He seemd much pleasd and said it would do with proper-sized Paper. On the Men informing Mr. Bage, he stopd the making more than one sheet or two, and thinks both sheets were destroyd and that the man went without the sample rather vexd and agitated at Mr. Bs. seeming suspicions. He had a file with him to make the Edges of the letters finer where required, and said He was to divide Each sheet into nine parts Each part with a seperate state name (they recollected only New Jersey, New York, Pensylvania and Connecticut) said there were more. The Letters were made of a whitish hard metal like pewter to look at, all in one frame with the spaces between Each letter open. He staid a night or two at John Bubbs the sign of the Crown in the village of Elford after the refusal of the order\u2014at night sent for one of the foremen, pressd him hard to do it unknown to His master\u2014said He would reward Him with half the money he  possessd which was then but 40/-. Then told the man He had many other marks to get done in Water Colour. (Mr. Bage cannot answer for the man being bribed or not.)\nHe was a tall thin young man about 24 years or 25 dark complexion and hair\u2014dark Cloaths\u2014Boots and Breeches rather bad or shabby\u2014seemd sickly, and came a Cross road from Birmingham. Said he came from New York and that his Brother was a Governor in the Island of St. Johns at which place He said He got the Letters from a stationer with an order to get the papers made when He came to England\u2014said He landed and had been sometime in Liverpool.\nSame day went to Messrs. Fowlers mill a few miles from Mr. Bage\u2019s who was good Enough to attend me.\nMr. J. Fowler Jur., and the foreman to whom application was first made for the Paper, said\u2014In Sepr. last or thereabouts a man lookd at and applyd for some Cartridge Paper (see sort, size, &ca. on seperate memorandum). He was middle sized aged about 40\u2014tied Black Hair\u2014Genteel well dressd man and came on a well Equipd handsome horse to the Castle Inn in Tamworth. On second application at the Mill He said He wanted to put water marks in the paper to be made and that He wishd to work at it a day or two himself\u2014wishd to set his marks himself. Messrs. Fowlers were suspicious of Him from his manner and the mention of water marks and saying it was for Exportation and He would pay any price demanded &ca.\u2014said He wanted a frame to set the marks in and then to get back the marks. He did by perswasion get one of the moulds or frames to the Castle Inn which was carryd to Him by the foreman but recoverd back by Mr. Fowler Senr. going to fetch it when He heard what had passd. The man and Him had not quite fixd in the water mark Letters when Mr. Fowler got it away. They saw the marks but could not say of what State whether N. Jersey or N. York &ca. He had plenty of money and offerd to treat the Foreman\u2014was high and vexd when the frame was taken from Him\u2014said you Englishmen are of the most sharp and suspicious natures. He appeard to have ridden over from Birmingham only 10 or 12 miles off.\nMr. Bage and Messrs. Fowlers say that no Capital paper makers will do such suspicious work, But that there are small and lesser mills who take such orders, and doubt not but their workmen are open to such Bribes as was offerd.\nCould get no item of His name or abode.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0709", "content": "Title: Enclosure III: Thomas Digges\u2019s Memorandum on Counterfeiting, 12 August 1793\nFrom: Digges, Thomas\nTo: \nIIIThomas Digges\u2019s Memorandum on Counterfeiting\nThis was the Sort of Paper chosen by the Man who wishd to get the water Mark (nearly as below) made in the paper\u2014(see Memorandum).\nThe paper is about 22 Incs. by 20\u2014call\u2019d cartrige Cap\nThe following is the size and shape of the letter as given me by one of the Men at Mr. Robt. Bage\u2019s Mill in his presence\nNEW JERSEY\nHe told them the paper was to have nine different water marks on each sheet. He had other water marks of New York, Pensylvania &ca. but only shewd the workmen this one, which was fixd to the Frame as a trial and he approvd the sample at Mr. Bage\u2019s Mill. At the other mill of Messrs. Fowler & Co. the marks were not fixd and no sample was taken, as they rejected his offer.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0710", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmund Randolph, 28 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nDr Sir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 28. 1793.\nI have the honor to inclose you the papers of Messrs. Wilson Potts & Easton, merchants of Alexandria, complaining that their brig the Jesse has been taken by a French privateer called the Sans pareil, carried into Charleston, and there condemned by the French Consul and sold. The object of their application is to obtain national interference for redress. But this measure is always slow, rarely effectual, and never proper if the laws of the land give redress. If therefore the laws would give relief to the parties against the vessel and cargo, if still within the US. or against the Captors if here, or the purchasers, or the French Consul, it would be better so to advise the parties, than to take any public measure. Upon this point I take the liberty of asking your opinion, and am with great esteem & respect Dr. Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0711", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Delamotte, 29 August 1793\nFrom: Delamotte\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLe Havre, 29 Aug. 1793. He received TJ\u2019s 21 Mch. letter on 10 June and will continue the efforts already made in accordance with it to prevent foreign ships from flying the American flag. By the first ship he will send the security of which TJ sent him a model, having overcome the difficulty of finding people to make this commitment by offering a counter-guarantee and mortgage on his property. He encloses a state of American ships frequenting this port for the first six months of the year, but fears that the future will not be as favorable for the United States flag. The English, harassing it even more than France\u2019s illadvised corsairs did, seize all American ships bringing colonial provisions to France and take all French letters on them even though they acknowledge they may not do so. By such determined conduct, he fears, England will not allow the United States to remain neutral. He is pleased that Nathaniel Cutting has been named consul of this department, and when Cutting returns from Lisbon, where he is now thought to be, he will hand over his functions to him and resume them only when Cutting is away.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0713", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Gilmor and Samuel Sterett, 29 August 1793\nFrom: Gilmor, Robert,Sterett, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBaltimore 29. August 1793\nWe received Your letter of the 22d. inst. and took the earliest opportunity of communicating it to the Agent of the two Ships destined for France. He assures us that it is not designed to load Merchandize of any sort or description on board of them, nor do we solicit protection for any thing, except the Vessels, the Passengers and what may be properly called their Baggage. If more is found on board, it will, with the Ship and Passengers, be subject to the treatment which the Law of Nations permits. Motives of pity and humanity alone have induced us to interfere in this Business. The situation of the proposed Passengers is truly deplorable and the greater part of the little Baggage we are solicitous to protect to them is perhaps the fruit of the bounty and generosity of our own Citizens. If the British Minister cannot grant an absolute protection, we are authorized to say a recommendatory letter of the Nature he proposed, will be thankfully received. It would be an agreeable circumstance if the Resident from the United Netherlands and the Spanish Commissioners would grant similar letters or passports. With great respect we have the honor to be Sir, Your humb. Servts.\nRobt GilmorSamuel Sterett", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0714", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 29 August 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello Aug: 29: 1793.\nWe received two packets from you on the 20. inst. one of July 21. and another of Aug: 11. The former thro\u2019 the negligence of the post-master somewhere, was sent to Kentuck\u00e9. Some accident of this kind has happened probably to your last, as it did not come to Charlottesville in the mail.\nYour friend Mr. Madison has spent several days in our neighbourhood: he did us the honor of a visit on Friday last: his health I fancy is uncommonly good at present as he looks much better than usual. Colo. Monroe and his family are allso well. Mrs. Monroe has received a near fright, from a set of borrowed horses again, which ran off with her and Eliza between Charlottesville and their house but were stoped before any mischief was done. This alarm and the unruliness of Colo.  Monroes which have got some way so spoiled that they will not move the carriage from the door, deprive us of the pleasure of seeing her at Monticello, which we greatly regret.\nClarkson has not begun to sow wheat yet; the weevil increased so fast that he found it necessary to get out the whole crop before he employed the horses in any other way. He begins however on Monday on this side of the river: on the other it will take ten days yet to defeat the weevil. I shall pay the most pointed attention to your requests and shall have much pleasure in doing so.\nPatsy bids me say to you, in addition to assurances of her love, that you must excuse her not writing as she is obliged to devote all her time to her guests at present. We join in declaring affection for Maria. The little ones are well. Believe me to be dear Sir your most affectionate friend\nTh: M. Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0715", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Isaac Shelby, 29 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Shelby, Isaac\nSir\nPhiladelphia Augt. 29th. 1793.\nThe Commissioners of Spain residing here have complained to the President of the United States that certain persons at this place are taking measures to excite the Inhabitants of Kentucky to join in an enterprise against the Spanish Dominions on the Missisippi; and in evidence of it have produced the printed address now enclosed. I have it, therefore in charge from the President to desire you to be particularly attentive to any attempts of this kind among the citizens of Kentucky, and if you shall have reason to believe any such enterprise meditated, that you put them on their guard against the consequences, as all acts of hostility committed by them on nations at peace with the United States, are forbidden by the laws, and will expose them to punishment: and that in every event you take those legal measures which shall be necessary to prevent any such enterprise. In addition to considerations respecting the peace of the general Union, the special interests of the State of Kentucky would be particularly committed as nothing could be more inauspicious to them than such a movement at the very moment when those interests are under negotiation between Spain and the United States. I have the honor to be, with great respect and Esteem, Sir, Your most obedient, and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0716", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 29 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Aug. 29. 1793.\nI have laid before the President of the US. the letter of the 27th. inst. which you did me the honor to write, and the printed paper it inclosed; and I am authorised to assure you that the President will use all the powers with which he is invested to prevent any enterprize of the kind proposed in that paper to the citizens of the US. and in general to prevent their concurrence in any hostilities by sea or by land against the subjects of Spain, or it\u2019s territories.\nThe printed paper is accordingly forwarded to the Governor of Kentuckey, with instructions to pay strict attention to any endeavors which may be used among the citizens of that state to excite them to join in the enterprize therein proposed or any other, and to use all the means in his power to prevent it. I have the honor to be with great respect & esteem, Gentlemen Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0717", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Ward, with Jeffferson\u2019s Note, 29 August 1793\nFrom: Ward, Samuel,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew York 29 Augt 1793\nI forward the enclosed at the desire of Mr. Adair\u2014the Jays Cargo was shipd by Saml. Ward & Brothers\u2014and was at their risk till its arrival in France.\nI will take the earliest opportunity of laying the particulars of this shipment before you. I am Sir your most obedt sert\nSam Ward\n[Note by TJ:]\nThe affidavit inclosed in this letter was sent to Mr. Pinckney. There is a duplicate of it in Mr. Vanderhorst\u2019s letter of July 4. 93.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0718", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Wood, 29 August 1793\nFrom: Wood, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nIn Council August 29th. 1793.\nBy a letter just received from Colonel Newton Commandant of the Norfolk Militia, the Executive are notified of the Arrival in Hampton Road, of a British ship of 74 Guns, with her Prize the Sans Culotte. The enclosed is a Copy of Colonel Newton\u2019s letter and an Application from the British-Consul, that the ship be permitted to Water and take in Provisions. The Board have declined giving any instructions to Colonel Newton, doubts having arisen, whether the Case of the Sans Culotte from the peculiar situation in which she stands would come within the meaning of the 17th. Article of the Commercial Treaty with France. I have the honor to be with greatest respect &c.\nJames Wood", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0719", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Biddle, 30 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Biddle, Samuel\nSir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 30. 1793.\nI duly received your letter of the 1st. inst. I expect to leave this place on the 5th. or 6th. of October and to be on the afternoon of the next day at Mr. Hollingsworth\u2019s at Elkton, where I shall be glad to see you. I shall then proceed directly home, and wish you to take measures for meeting me there as quickly after my arrival as possible, because, instead of remaining there as I expected, I find that after about three weeks stay I shall be obliged to come back to Philadelphia, and shall not be fixed at home again till the new year. It will be important for your own settlement, as well as for arranging the crop of the ensuing year, that you should pass as much as possible of the three weeks stay I make at home. I am Sir your obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0720", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Buchanan, 30 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Buchanan, George\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to Dr. Buchanan and returns him many thanks for the pamphlet he has been so kind as to send him, and particularly for the partialities expressed toward himself. He concurs sincerely in the general sentiments of the pamphlet and can say with truth that no man in the United states more ardently wishes to see some plan adopted for relieving us from this moral reproach, and at the same time preventing the physical and political consequences of a mixture. Among the latter will certainly be a second chapter of the history of St. Domingo.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0721", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from J. P. P. Derieux, 30 August 1793\nFrom: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCharlottesville, 30 Aug. 1793. Only great worry at TJ\u2019s silence and his own distressful situation can overcome his fear of bothering him again when he may barely have leisure for his own affairs. Since TJ\u2019s letter of 10 Mch., he has written on 25 May and 19 July asking what success he could count on from his merchandise and whether TJ could get Vaughan to send the amount from the sales. He begs for a few lines of reassurance, having reached his creditors\u2019 limit of indulgence. Colonel Bell told him he received a letter from TJ saying that his merchandise was sold and Vaughan was going to remit the profits at once, but  he thinks Bell, not having shown him the letter and now very preoccupied with his own affairs, lost sight of what TJ wrote about him, otherwise TJ would have relayed him this good news. He awaits a response with equal impatience and respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0722", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Dobson, 30 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Dobson, Richard\nSir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 30. 1793\nWhen I last wrote to you I expected that I should have been permanently fixed at home this autumn. I have been obliged however to defer it to the winter. But I shall make a visit there about the middle of October, and therefore will be obliged to you to lodge there for me in the mean time a statement of the paiments made on my bill of exchange and bond, and of the balance due, and I will see that provision be then made for the speedy discharge of it. As there is a weekly post from Richmond to Charlottesville, the conveyance of a letter there will be certain. Only be so good as to note on it \u2018to await my arrival at Monticello,\u2019 lest they should send it on here, while I am on my way there. I am with great regard Sir your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0723", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 30 August 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 30th August 1793\nSeveral communications having at different times passed between you and myself, both in conversation and in writing, on the subject of the prizes made by the French privateers, fitted out in the ports of the United States; I have thought it expedient, for the sake of perspicuity and of avoiding future misunderstanding, to reduce the result of those communications under one point of view, and to request you, Sir, to have the goodness to inform me, whether my conception of the intentions of this government in this respect be accurate.\nI understand\u2014\u2014that all captures, made subsequently to the 7th. of June and antecedently to the 7th. of August, by any vessel, fitted out, armed and equipped, in the ports of the United States, are either to be restored by the captors, or a compensation for their full value, is to be paid, to their owners, by the government of the United States\u2014\u2014and that all prizes, made by vessels of this description subsequently to the 7th. of  August, are to be seized and immediately restored by the government of the United States, or, if the restitution cannot be effected, a compensation for their value is to be paid in the same manner as in the former case.\nIf this statement be correct, I wish, Sir, farther to be acquainted\u2014whether an official communication of any capture, that has been or may hereafter be made under the circumstances abovementioned, will be necessary on my part to substantiate the fact\u2014or whether the circular instructions, which, as I infer from the public prints, have been transmitted to the Collectors of the Customs in the different ports of the United States, will obviate that necessity.\nThere is another point, connected with the foregoing, upon which also I am extremely solicitous to obtain some early information. Being convinced that the determination of the government upon these subjects has been dictated by a sincere desire to redress, as far as was possible, the injuries that individuals might suffer from acts of rapine and plunder committed by the privateers, which have been fitted out in its ports, in violation of it\u2019s authority\u2014I presume that the effects of that desire are not to be limited to the simple restitution of the prizes, but are farther to be extended to the procuring of a reparation for any loss, which the vessels captured or their cargoes may sustain, from detention, waste, or spoliation. Under the influence of this conviction therefore, I shall be infinitely obliged to you, Sir, if you will prescribe the mode, that may appear to the executive government of the United States the most satisfactory, and the best adapted to the ascertainment of the real amount of the damages, which may, in any instance, arise from the causes I have just recited.\nI annex to this letter a list of privateers, which, according to the information I have received, have been all fitted out, armed and equipped in ports of the United States; and I have the honor to be, with sentiments of great respect, Sir, your most obedient, humble Servant,\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0724", "content": "Title: Enclosure: List of French Privateers Outfitted and Armed in the United States, 30 August 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nList of French Privateers Outfitted and Armed in the United States\nList of privateers, fitted out, armed and equipped, in Ports of the United States.\nL\u2019Anti-George\nSavannah\nLe Citoyen Genet\nCharleston.\nLe Sans culotte\nLe Vainqueur de la Bastille\nLa Caramagnole\nRiver Delawar.\nLe petit Democrat\nPhiladelphia\nLe Republicain\nBoston.\nLe Roland\n   lost\n   taken", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0725", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Montgomery & Henry, 30 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Montgomery & Henry\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Aug. 30. 1793.\nI have duly received your favor of Aug. 19. and can with truth assure you that it is the first information I have ever recieved of the existence of such a debt as is therein mentioned. On my annual visits to Monticello, my chief object has been to make an exact statement of every debt great or small due to and from my estate. This I have done chiefly by the information of Colo. Lewis: and thereby made provision for the discharge of them. I have here the statements of the two last years, in neither of which this debt is mentioned. I only repeat to you these circumstances to shew that I was uninformed of it, and that it did not proceed from a want of enquiry. I imagine that Mr. Lewis must have relied on some means of payment which have failed without his knowing it. Be this as it may, the dispositions already made of the monies due to me will oblige me to rely for discharging this on the crop of the present year. I shall be settled at home in the course of the winter, and will take effectual measures for the discharge of it as early as the produce of the year will permit. I am with great regard Gentlemen Your most obedt servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0726", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Nixon, 30 August 1793\nFrom: Nixon, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 30th: August 1793\nThe merchants of Philadelphia received your communication, as one proof among the many of the attention of Goverment to the Commerce of the United States, which involves in it every other important interest of our Country.\nThey will avail themselves of the invitation given, to convey all such information as they may obtain respecting the Vexation and Spoil Committed by the Privateers of the Powers at War upon the trading Vessels of America. And they doubt not upon representation being made, those Powers will shew the best disposition to restrain aggressions, which, being exercised against a People, Who, in maintaining a Strict Neutrality, have manifested a friendship for all, and ought to exempt them from such depredations. I am with perfect Esteem, by Order of the Committee, and on behalf of the merchants of the City of Philadelphia, Sir, Your Most Obedt. Servt.\nJohn Nixon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0727", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Abraham Runnels & Son, 30 August 1793\nFrom: Abraham Runnels & Son\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia Market Street, No. 222, 30th: August 1793.\nWhen I took the liberty of addressing you on the 5th. Instant, Relative the Captured American Brig, with my Property on board, I could not doubt but that some enquiry would have been made, as to the Propriety of the Capture and the objects either Condemned or Acquitted; it is not necessary to prove that I suffer serious Inconveniencies, and disappointments, by the Detention of my Property (for \u2019tis too manifest) as a reason of my Application to you; but it is at least necessary that I should be satisfied, as to the Right in those who Detain and possess it, of doing so. The vessel which I allude to, I chartered and Freighted at St. Bartholomew, a swedish Island, where I then Traded and Resided; the Captain of her William Clarke a Citizen of the united States, did let her to me as an American vessel Navigating with a Register from the  State of Pensylvania owned by Jehu Hollingsworth & Co. Merchants and Citizens of this city of Philadelphia; the principal Inducement, to me to Charter a Vessel of that Description in preference to any other, was the Neutrality of the Power, to which she belonged, and the Security she thereby gave to my Person and Property; she was nevertheless Captured by a French Privateer, on the 16th. June, under pretences to which I am even at this moment a Stranger, and brought into this Port on the 23d. of last Month; and hath ever since been in Possession of the Captors.\nThat she is Truely an American Bottom, is a matter of Publick Notoriety; if she was not Truely So, I have not a doubt but that the Captain, would have been prosecuted, for navigating his vessel under American Colours, and register, if found to have been otherwise obtained, than is prescribed, by the navigation Laws of America.\nThat the Property on board of her, belongs to Swedish Subjects, is also a Matter of such Publick Fact, as not to be Controverted; yet in despite of these Truths, my Property is withholden, from me, and will no doubt be never restored (if \u2019tis left to the option, and descretion of the Possessors, to do so), but for the Interposition of Legislative Authority; had I freighted a Vessel belonging to Citizens, and navigating with a register, of any of the Powers at War with France, I could suffer no more manifest Injury, than I do, though I freighted an American Bottom, which at least might and ought to be Exempt from Captures, if any Regard be had to Existing Treaties.\nWhether it does, or does not belong to the Executive Department, of your Government, to take Cognizance of, and enquire into this business, I can have no True information of, but from you Sir, as I can have no Communication with that Power but through you, and \u2019tis therefore necessary to Address you, and to Crave of you decidedly, your Answer, whether or not, the Executive will take Cognizance and Redress the Injured Party.\nAs a Subject of Sweden, if the Benefits of the Commercial Treaty between her and America, are extended to me, I see no reason to Apprehend, any difficulty with the Executive, (if the Preservation of Treaties belong to that department) to order my Property to be Forthwith restored; and though I may have misapplied the Treaty, and I were a Subject of any of the Powers at war with France, any Property I now have, or in future may have, in an American Bottom, as long as America Continues in Peace, with France, is free and Exempt, from French captures; by the 23d: Article of the Treaty Existing between the two Powers, under these Circumstances then, to whom Sir must I Apply? If \u2019tis manifest (as it really is) that the vessel now in Question is Truely an American Bottom, owned by American Citizens, the Property Loaded  on board of her, is therefore Entitled to the Security given to such Property and Exempted from the Common Fate of War, provided by that Treaty; and who are guarantee\u2019s for the Treaty and for the benefits of it, is it, or is it not, the Executive, of the Power in whose Dominions, any part of that Treaty, should happen to be abused or Contravened; I say, does it belong to them to Correct the abuse\u2019s. May I be allowed Sir, to Remonstrate to you, that I suffer such Inconveniencies, and disappointments, by my Property being thus unlawfully with-held from me, as nothing scarsely can Atone for; that Property was intended as remittances to Mercantile Houses in Europe, to whom my faith and Credit as a Merchant is Solemnly Pledged and at Stake; the Mortification of the Disappointment, to a Man disposed to do Honor to and Fullfill his engagements is in itself sufficient (tho he should ultimately Suffer no Dimunition of property) to make him Lament the Situation and Languish for redress.\nTherefore Sir, if it does belong to the Executive, to take Cognizance of this Case and to redress the Injuries, I suffer, let my situation plead with you, to use some Expedition to bring it before them; beside what I Suffer, in not having the use of my Property, the loss of my time, which now would have been devoted to Salutary objects of business, is another Important Consideration. Whatever Proofs you may need Sir, to Establish the Truth, of the vessel\u2019s being an American Bottom, and the Actual Property of American Subjects, I have, and they shall be forth coming and produced, when and wheresoever you require them, as also that the Cargo on board is bona fide, the Property of Subjects of Sweden.\nI hope Sir you will Pardon me for the liberty I take in thus Troubling you, and that you will do me the Honor, to Acquaint me with your determination, as Soon as it may be Convenient, with your other weighty Occupations; I have the Honor to be most Respectfully Sir your very Obedient & very Humble Servt.\nA Runnels & Son", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0728", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 30 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President a letter received from Mr. Maury, Consul at Liverpool, inclosing a copy of the order of the British government for intercepting our commerce in Grain. We shall doubtless receive it authentically and soon from Mr. Pinckney. In the mean time Mr. Maury\u2019s information seems sufficient foundation to instruct Mr. Pinckney provisionally to make proper representations on the subject, and to return an answer by the meeting of Congress. For this however Th: J. will await the pleasure of the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0730", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinions on the Roland and Relations with Great Britain, France, and the Creeks, 31 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Hamilton, Alexander,Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nAt a meeting of the Heads of departments and Attorney General at the President\u2019s on the 31st. day of Aug. 1793.\nA letter from Mr. Gore to Mr. Lear dated Boston Aug. 24. was read, stating that the Roland, a privateer fitted out at Boston and furnished with a commission under the government of France, had sent a prize into that port, which being arrested by the Marshal of the district by process from a court of justice, was rescued from his possession by M. du Plaine Consul of France with an armed force from one of the ships of his nation. It is the opinion that the Attorney of the district be instructed  to institute such prosecution as the laws will authorize against the said du Plaine; and to furnish to the government of the US. authentic evidence of the facts beforementioned, whereon if it shall appear that the rescue was made by the said Duplaine, or his order, it is the opinion that his Exequatur should be revoked.\u2014Also that the Attorney of the district be desired to furnish copies of his applications or other correspondence with the Governor of Massachusets relative to the several privateers and prizes which have been the subjects of his letters to Mr. Lear.\nA letter from Mr. Maury Consul of the US. at Liverpool dated July 4. 1793. was read, covering an inauthenticated copy of certain Additional instructions from the court of St. James\u2019s to the Commanders of their ships of war dated June 8. 1793. permitting them to stop the vessels of neutral nations laden with corn, flour or meal and bound to any port of France, and to send them into British ports, from whence they are not to be permitted to proceed to the port of any country not in Amity with Gr. Britain. Whereupon it is the opinion that Mr. Pinckney be provisionally instructed to make representations to the British ministry on the said instruction as contrary to the rights of neutral nations, and to urge a revocation of the same, and full indemnification to any individuals, citizens of these states, who may in the mean time suffer loss in consequence of the said instruction. Also that explanations be desired by Mr. Pinckney of the reasons of the distinction made in the 2d. article of the said instructions between the vessels of Denmark and Sweden and those of the US. attempting to enter blockaded ports.\nInformation having been also received thro\u2019 the public papers of a decree passed the National assembly of France revoking the principle of free ships making free goods and enemy ships enemy goods, and making it lawful to seize neutral vessels bound with provisions to any other country and to carry them into the ports of France, there to be landed and paid for, and also of another decree excepting the vessels of the US. from the operation of the preceding decrees, it is the opinion that Mr. Morris be provisionally instructed, in case the first mentioned decrees have passed and not the exceptions, to make representations thereon to the French government as contrary to the treaty existing between the two countries and the decree relative to provisions contrary also to the law of nations and to require a revocation thereof and full indemnification to any citizens of these states who may in the mean time have suffered loss therefrom, and also in case the said decrees and the exceptions were both passed that then a like indemnification be made for losses intervening between the dates of the said decrees and exceptions.\nA Letter from the Governor of Georgia of the 13 instant covering the proceedings of a Council of War relatively to an expedition against certain towns of the Creek Nation was communicated for consideration.\nIt is the opinion that the Governor of Georgia be informed that the President disapproves the measure as unauthorised by law as contrary to the present state of affairs and to the instructions heretofore given and expects that it will not be proceeded in . . that requiring the previous consideration of Congress it will be submitted to them at their ensuing session, if circumstances shall not then render it unnecessary or improper: that the Governor of South Carolina be also informed that the cooperation desired of him by the Governor of Georgia is not to be afforded; and that the Agent for procuring supplies of provisions for the service of the United States in Georgia be instructed that no provisions are to be furnished on their account for the purpose of the said expedition.\nTh: JeffersonAlexander HamiltonH KnoxEdm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0732", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 31 August 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello Aug: 31. 1793.\nMr. Randolph arrived yesterday with the packet for Mr. Madison which I delivered immediately to a trusty messenger, charging him to put it into no hands, but those of Mr. Madison himself. The messenger was directed to go first to Colo. Monroes and afterwards to Wilson Nicolases, as I knew Mr. Madison was in the county but knew not which of these places he was at. My Brother, who came yesterday evening to visit us with his wife and Mrs. Beverley Randolph, informed me that he had travelled some time in company with them on his return from Mr. Nicolases to Colo. Monroes which satisfies me that the packet has reached its destination in safety before this, alltho\u2019 the servant has not returned. Mr. D. M. Randolph has been at Presquisle since his return from Philada. He says that there is a letter and a box, containing probably the model of the threshing-machine, for you, at Bermuda-hundred, in the custom-house. It will be necessary, he tells me, for the box to be opened that its contents may be valued to ascertain the duty, if there is no note of the price in the letter. It will give him pleasure to execute any orders you may give concerning it. If you wish it brought to Monticello, I can take any extraordinary precautions you think adviseable for its safe-carriage.\nThis letter is borne by the person who carries your horse to Georgetown. Having reason to think upon farther trial that he will not suit you, there being little prospect of his recovering his health perfectly, I must beg that you will use him as your own untill your return to Virginia, when I shall have a better one ready to exchange for him. If I could have procured a good substitute this should not have been sent, but the time since I was fully convinced of his unfitness would not admitt of it in the present scarcity.\nM. De Rieux desires me to ask if you have received a letter from him, written late in the last month. Your most sincere & affectionate friend & hble Servt.\nTh: M Randolph\nN.B. Mr. Madison and Colo. Monroe have just called on us. The packet was delivered last night as I expected.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-26-02-0733", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Suter, 31 August 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Suter, John\nSir\nPhiladelphia Aug. 31. 1793\nHaving occasion to send a horse from this place to my own house in Virginia, and to receive another from thence, I have directed a servant to come from thence and be at your house on Wednesday the 4th. of Sep. where another will meet him from this place, to exchange horses, and each return. Both will be furnished with money for their expences: however as accidents may detain one or both on the road, and it is necessary that he who arrives first should wait for the other, which would cause them an expence at your house more than they are provided for, be so good as to debit me with it, and I shall discharge it as I pass on to Virginia, which will be within a few weeks. I am Sir Your obedt servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0002", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to J. P. P. Derieux, 1 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\nPhiladelphia Sep. 1. 93.\nTh: Jefferson with his compliments to Mr. Derieux sends him a letter from Mde. Bellanger. The duplicate (which came with it) shall come by next week\u2019s post, as also he believes assuredly Mr. Vaughan\u2019s account and balance, which he has promised for next post.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0003", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 1 September 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLisbon Septr. 1st. 1793.\nOn the 28th. of last Month a Packet arrived from Falmouth; in which Captn. Cutting came passenger, and delivered to me your several letters of the 21st., 22nd. of March and 12th. of April, together with the official and other Papers accompanying them. Of those of a private nature I notice the Contents, and will comply with your intimations. As to the public Dispatches, I entreat the Executive may be assured, that I shall exert my utmost powers to justify the confidence reposed in me, without wasting unnecessarily one moment of time. I hope either to find a safe passage, or charter a neutral vessel for Gibralter, so that I may leave this in about ten days from this date. At least, if I do not set out as soon as that, or sooner, it shall not be owing to want of arrangement, or exertion on my part.\nThe Portuguese Ship of war which was sent to convoy the Moorish Princesses (mentioned in some of my late letters) after going with them to Tangier, has returned.\nThe British and French channel fleets, of nearly the same force, have been in sight of each other, but have had no action.\nNothing very remarkable seems to have occured in the Armies since the capture of Valenciennes and Mentz\u2025\u2025 In France, the Mountain still prevails\u2014the Queen\u2019s trial has commenced, and it was expected She would have been executed on the 10th. of August; but, that being past, some expectations are now entertained that She will be saved \u2026 or at least, that her fate may depend on the approach of the German Armies towards Paris. Custine is on his trial\u2014Biron superseded\u2014Dillon and Miranda again arrested. Yet in the midst of these, and an infinity of other violences, the Insurrections appear to be rather subsiding, and the Constitution to be adopting as a new rallying point. By a Packet which arrived yesterday, I find Exchange in London, was becoming considerably more favorable than it had been for Paris, Bourdeaux &c. tho\u2019 it is still very low.\nThe report in the English Gazettes, that Perpignan is taken, is false.\nOn the Spanish side, Mr. Short writes thus, in a letter just received: \u201cThe last Courier from the Army in Roussillon, informs us that the Spanish General, by advices from Deserters, had every reason to believe he should be attacked in force about the 25th. of this month (August)\u2014Preparations for that purpose being in train on the French side.\u201d\nThe Portuguese Troops are to sail for the Mediterranean in a short time, as their Commander himself informs me.\nI expect to have an opportunity of writing to you again in a few days, and in the mean while, I have the honour to be, with every sentiment of respect & esteem, Sir Your most obedient & Most humble Servant\nD. Humpreys", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0005", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 1 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nMy last was of the 25th. Since that I have received yours of the 20th. and Colo. M\u2019s of the 21st.Nothing further has passed with Mr. Genet, but one of his Consuls has committed a pretty serious deed at Boston, by going with an armed force taken from a French frigate in the harbour, and rescuing a vessel out of the hands of the marshal who had arrested her by process from a court of justice. In another instance he kept off the Marshal by an armed force from serving a precept on a vessel. He is ordered consequently to be arrested himself prosecuted and punished for the rescue, and his Exequatur will be revoked.\u2014You will see in the newspapers the attack made on our commerce by the British king in his additional instructions of June 8. Tho\u2019 we have only newspaper information of it, provisional instructions are going to Mr. Pinckney to require a revocation of them and indemnification for all losses which individuals may sustain by them in the mean time. Of the revocation I have not the least expectation. I shall therefore be for laying the whole business (respecting both nations) before Congress. While I think it impossible they should not approve of what has been done disagreeable to the friendly nation, it will be in their power to soothe them by strong commercial retaliations against the hostile one. Pinching their commerce will be just against themselves, advantageous to us, and conciliatory towards our friends of the hard necessities into which their agent has driven us. His conduct has given room for the enemies of liberty and of France to come forward in a stile of acrimony against that nation which they never would have dared to have done. The disapprobation of the agent mingles with the reprehension of his nation and gives a toleration to that which it never had before. He has still some defenders in Freneau\u2019s and Greenleaf\u2019s papers. Who they are I know not: for even Hutcheson and Dallas give him up. I inclose you a Boston paper which will give you a specimen of what all the papers are now filled with. You will recognise Mr. A\u2014\u2014 under the signature of Camillus.\n He writes in every week\u2019s paper now, and generally under different signatures. This is the first paper in which he has omitted some furious incartade against me. Hutcheson says that Genet has totally overturned the Republican interest in Philadelphia. However, the people going right themselves, if they always see their republican advocates with them, an accidental meeting with the Monocrats will not be a coalescence.\u2014You will see much said and gainsaid about G\u2019s threat to appeal to the people. I can assure you it is a fact.\u2014I received yesterday the MS. you mentioned to me from F\u2014\u2014n. I have only got a dozen pages into it, and never was more charmed with any thing. Profound arguments presented in the simplest point of view entitle him really to his antient signature. In the papers received from you I have seen nothing which ought to be changed, except a part of one sentence, not necessary for it\u2019s object, and running foul of something of which you were not apprised.\nA malignant fever has been generated in the filth of Water street which gives great alarm. About 70. people had died of it two days ago, and as many more were ill of it. It has now got into most parts of the city and is considerably infectious. At first 3. out of 4. died. Now about 1. out of 3. It comes on with a pain in the head, sick stomach, then a little chill, fever, black vomiting and stools, and death from the 2d. to the 8th. day, every body, who can, is flying from the city, and the panic of the country people is likely to add famine to disease. Tho becoming less mortal, it is still spreading, and the heat of the weather is very unpropitious. I have withdrawn my daughter from the city, but am obliged to go to it every day myself.\u2014My threshing machine is arrived at New York. Mr. Pinckney writes me word that the original from which this model is copied threshes 150 bushels of wheat in 8. hours with 6. horses and 5. men. It may be moved either by water or horses. Fortunately the workman who made it (a millwright) is come in the same vessel to settle in America. I have written to persuade him to go on immediately to Richmd. offering him the use of my model to exhibit, and to give him letters to get him into immediate employ in making them. I expect an answer before I write to you again. I understand that the model is made mostly in brass, and in the simple form in which it was first ordered, to be worked by horses, it was to have cost 5. guineas, but Mr. Pinckney having afterwards directed it to be accomodated to a water movement also, it has made it more complicated, and costs 13. guineas. It will thresh any grain from the Windsor bean down to the smallest. Adieu.\nP.S. The market, was the last winter from 25. to 50 percent higher than it was in the winter preceding. It is now got to from 50. to 100. percent higher. I think by the winter it will be generally 100 per cent on the \nprices of 1790. European goods are also much risen. Of course you must expect a rise in the boarding houses compounded of these two. In the mean time the produce of the farmer, say wheat, rice, tobacco has not risen a copper. The redundancy of paper then in the cities is palpably a tax on the distant farmer.\nP.S. Sep. 2. I have made great progress into the M.S. and still with the same pleasure. I have no doubt it must produce great effect. But that this may be the greatest possible, it\u2019s coming out should be timed to the best advantage. It should come out just so many days before the meeting of Congress as will prevent suspicions of it\u2019s coming with them, yet so as to be a new thing when they arrive, ready to get into their hands while yet unoccupied, before the panic of the culprits shall be over, or any measures for defeating it\u2019s first effect may be taken. I will direct it to appear a fortnight before their meeting unless you order otherwise. It might as well be thrown into a church yard, as come out now.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0006", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 1 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDr Sir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 1. 1793\nThe inclosed affidavit will inform you of the capture of the ship Jay, an American vessel, laden with flour &c. alledged to be American property, bound to Havre de grace, taken by the armed brig Orestes and carried into Plymouth. Though nothing is yet known of the further proceedings against her, yet I have thought it well, not to lose time, to inclose you the affidavit, and to desire that if the owners should not be able to obtain justice through the ordinary channel of the courts, you will then interfere on their behalf, as far as their evidence will justify, to\nprocure from the government the redress to which you shall find them entitled. The unworthy deception practised by the commander of the armed vessel will surely more than obliterate all the effects of the declarations into which he frightened or decoyed the master of the Jay. I send this to the persons concerned to be used or not as they shall find necessary. I have the honor to be with great esteem Dr. Sir your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0007", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Meade Randolph, 1 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, David Meade\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 1. 1793.\nI should with great satisfaction have complied with the desire of Mr. Gregorie, patronised by yourself and Mr. Barksdale, by recommending him for the appointment of Consul at Dunkirk, but that it has been decided to have three consulships only on the Atlantic coast of France, to wit, at Bordeaux, Nantes and Havre. Under this arrangement Dunkirk is within the Consulate of Havre, and the business of the US. at Dunkirk has been done by a Mr. Coffyn, an American, appointed by Dr. Franklin, ever since the beginning of the revolution war. He has done it well, and I am confident it was no part of Mr. Gregorie\u2019s view to wish that appointment. I will ask the favor of you to communicate this to the other two gentlemen, and am with great esteem, Dr. Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0008", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Abraham Runnels, 1 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Runnels, Abraham\nSir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 1. 1793.\nI thought I had clearly and sufficiently answered your former application, by telling you personally, as I did also to Mr. Soderstrom, Consul, that, by the laws of this country, the Judiciary was the branch charged with the care of redressing wrongs of the nature that you complain of, our courts being open to nations at peace, tho\u2019 they cannot interpose between those at war: and wherever the courts can give a remedy, the Executive do not intermeddle. I had the reason to suppose you understood \nthe proper line of redress, on being informed by Mr. Randolph that you were prosecuting your case by the courts. I am Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0009", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Taylor, Jr., 1 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Taylor, George, Jr.\nSunday Sep. 1. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson will be obliged to Mr. Taylor to wait immediately on Mr. Hammond, Mr. Van Berkel, and Messrs. Viar and Jaudenes, and present them the inclosed letters. If the request of the charitable committee of Baltimore be admissible, Th:J. would be very glad to recieve any passports or letters they may be pleased to give, in time to send by tomorrow\u2019s post.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0010", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Elias Vanderhorst, 1 September 1793\nFrom: Vanderhorst, Elias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBristol, 1 Sep. 1793. He wrote from Plymouth on 4 July\u2014but was unable to copy\u2014an acknowledgment of TJ\u2019s 21 Mch. letter because the ship by which he sent it, the Amsterdam Packet bound for New York, was then on the point of sailing. He went to Falmouth and found several American ships detained there on pretexts similar to those used against the Eliza and the Jay at Plymouth. He encloses a copy of the Court of Admiralty decree on the Portland and a copy of instructions to captains of men of war and privateers that explain the object of these detentions. Messrs. Fox of Falmouth conclude that the government plans to purchase the Portland\u2019s cargo from the governmental orders they have received to superintend its landing and render an account of it. He has communicated everything to Pinckney, who has reportedly submitted a remonstrance to the ministry, the result of which is not known, demanding redress for this incident and everything injurious to American commerce that has lately happened here. The war with France grows daily more unpopular, and it would not do to add to it an American war, which people here deprecate most of all. He hopes for peace and for France to be rightfully left to settle her internal affairs. Because of the derangement of French affairs he has been unable to do anything about the indigo belonging to his friends Smiths, De Saussure & Darrell taken from the American ship Commerce by Captain Desgue and the crew of the Tyger, a French privateer from St. Malo. He hopes the United States government will obtain satisfaction for this from the French minister. The French executive have \nno doubt taken from those concerned in the Tyger, who are reportedly men of very considerable property, the security usually given by owners and masters of privateers. In view of this unwarrantable act, it would not be unreasonable to add at least 25 percent to the invoice for damages, making \u00a3316 sterling the amount due Smith & Company, to whom he has written for proof of ownership of the indigo. With TJ\u2019s aid he hopes the matter will soon be resolved to their satisfaction. The grain crops in this country, most of which have been harvested, are promising, the weather having been favorable. Wheat especially is very good, though not as abundant as in some years. Because no corn will be wanting here before next season and he is informed that the general harvest in Europe is also abundant, British ports will probably soon be shut to foreign grain. He has sent Pinckney a bond as requested and if TJ does not approve it he will execute and forward the one TJ lately sent him. The Commissioners of the Customs have not replied to his letter, but, their officers being interested, have sent it to the collector here, from whom he has obtained no satisfaction even though he offered to pay the clerks for the information required. Consequently in future it will be proper and necessary for masters of all American ships to be required under penalties to show their registers and manifests to the consuls so that they can furnish the accounts expected from them. Would it not be proper for collectors to require receipts from returning masters to prove they furnished these documents? Some masters supply them upon request, but many others have absolutely refused, citing the lack of a legal requirement. There has been no material change in the price of American produce since the 3 Aug. account dispatched in his absence by his son by the Roebuck bound for Philadelphia. Many houses lately building in the environs of the city are being taken down and their materials put up for sale\u2014the sad effects of war that should be an instructive lesson to this nation and others. He gives an extract of a letter just received from Hawker at Plymouth stating that Doctors Commons has issued commissions for the delivery of the cargoes of the Eliza, Jay, and Cato, addressed to agents of the captors and claimants, who are directed to put separate locks on the warehouses; that the property of the captains and mates is restored and the Eliza has just left for Bordeaux; that all of the Jay\u2019s cargo except 50 barrels of flour, 550 hides, and a barrel of tar is ordered to be delivered to the victualling office and the Cato\u2019s cargo of naval stores to the royal dockyard; that the produce is to be lodged in the Registry Court until matters are tried and a commission of appraisal and sale for the hides has been sent to Hawker and Lloyd; and that in several cases there is every reason to believe the captors have tried to bribe American masters and crews to help them secure the condemnation of their cargoes. He refers to the enclosed newspapers for current news.\n[P.S.] He encloses dispatches for TJ just received from Pinckney. He has just been advised that today British ports were shut to foreign wheat, etc. Because some of the packets in the dispatches from Pinckney are bulky and have his name on the covers, he has decided instead to entrust them to Captain Jameson of the brig Grange, bound for New York, who promises to deliver them as soon as possible after arrival.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0011", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Ward, 1 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ward, Samuel\nSir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 1. 1793.\nI duly received your favor of Aug. 30. on the capture of the ship Jay by the British armed brig the Orestes. The circumstances mentioned in the affidavit of the Captain were certainly such as would justify the carrying the vessel into port for examination. However we must hope that he would be able to establish the property both of the ship and cargo to be American, in which case it is presumed that the courts of the country will do justice. In case however they should not, I have written to Mr. Pinckney (and now inclose to you the letter) desiring his patronage of their rights so far as the evidence shall establish them, and that he will endeavor to obtain from the government indemnification for the loss. Of this letter you will of course have no occasion to make use, but in the event of a denial of justice by the courts. I am respectfully Sir your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0012", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Wilson, Potts & Easton, 1 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Wilson, Potts & Easton\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Sep. 1. 1793.\nThe President having referred to me your petition on the capture of your vessel by the French privateer the Sans pareil, I consulted thereon with the Attorney general, well knowing that if the laws of the land give you any redress at all, it will be surer and quicker than any by negociation. The advice given you by Mr. Lee appears to be perfectly solid, and if you were in time in pursuing that, we presume it\u2019s effect will be certain. If the vessel and cargo are no longer in the reach of legal process, the purchasers probably may be come at, and will we presume be deemed liable for a property which they possessed without title, for the condemnation by the French Consul was a mere nullity, he having no such jurisdiction. We had depended that Mr. Genet had taken measures to restrain the Consuls from arrogating this jurisdiction, application \nhaving been made to him for that purpose in the first case which came to the knolege of the government; but this not having been done, more effectual measures are now taking to restrain them. Should you fail of obtaining redress at law, be so good as to give me information of it, and the best means shall be taken for obtaining redress from the government of France. I have the honor to be gentlemen Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0014", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Christopher Gore, 2 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gore, Christopher\nSir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 2. 1793.\nThe President is informed through the channel of a letter from yourself to Mr. Lear, that Mr. DuPlaine Consul of France at Boston, has lately, with an armed force, seized and rescued a vessel from the officer of a court of justice by process from which she was under arrest in his custody: and that he has in like manner, with an armed force, opposed and prevented the officer, charged with process from a court against another vessel, from serving that process. This daring violation of the laws requires the more attention, as it is by a foreigner, clothed with a public character, arrogating an unfounded right to Admiralty jurisdiction, and probably meaning to assert it by this act of force. You know that by the law of nations, Consuls are not diplomatic characters, and have no immunities whatever against the laws of the land. To put this altogether out of dispute, a clause was inserted in our Consular Convention with France, making them amenable to the laws of the land as other inhabitants. Consequently Mr. Duplaine is liable to arrest, imprisonment, and other punishment, even capital, as other foreign subjects \nresident here. The President therefore desires that you will immediately institute such a prosecution against him, as the laws will warrant. If there be any doubt as to the character of his offence, whether of a higher or lower grade, it will be best to prosecute for that which will admit the least doubt, because an acquittal, though it might be founded merely on the opinion that the grade of offence with which he is charged, is higher than his act would support, yet it might be construed by the uninformed to be a judiciary decision against his amenability to the law, or perhaps in favor of the jurisdiction these consuls are assuming. The process therefore should be of the surest kind, and all the proceedings well guarded. In particular, if an arrest, as is probable, be the first step, it should be so managed as to leave room neither for escape nor rescue. It should be attended with every mark of respect, consistent with safe custody, and his confinement as mild and comfortable also as that would permit. These are the distinctions to which a Consul is entitled, that is to say, a particular decorum of deportment towards him, indicative of respect to the sovereign whose officer he is.\nThe President also desires you will immediately obtain the best evidence it shall be in your power to procure, under oath or affirmation, of the transaction stated in your letter, and that in this you consider yourself as acting as much on behalf of Mr. Duplaine as the public, the candid truth of the case being exactly that which is desired, as it may be the foundation of an act, the justice of which should be beyond all question. This evidence I shall be glad to receive with as few days or even hours of delay as possible.\nI am also instructed to ask the favor of you to communicate copies of any memorials, representations or other written correspondence which may have passed between the Governor and yourself with respect to the privateers and prizes which have been the subject of your letters to Mr. Lear. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your most obedt servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0016", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 2 September 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nI write this by your servant on his way to George Town with a Horse. He applies to me for his best route. I advise the circuitous one by Fredg., in preference to the shorter one, in which he would probably lose more by mistakes than would be equal to the difference between the two in point of distance. I left Monroe\u2019s yesterday. My stay was spun out by waiting for Mr. D. R., who did not arrive at Monto: till Friday evening. Your letter by him was duly received. On getting home last night I found your subsequent one of the 18th. inst: I have not yet read the paper inclosed in it. I shall write you in the course of the day by another opportunity for the post which will afford me time to say what I could not say now without detaining the Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0017", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 2 September 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nI dropped you a few lines this morning by the servant going to George Town with your horse. I had not time, without detaining him to say more than that I had your two favors of the 11th. Ult: by Mr. D. R. and of the 18th. by post. The former was communicated to Monroe, as shall be the latter in case of opportunity. The conduct of Gen\u00e8t as developed in these, and in his proceedings as exhibited in the newspapers, is as unaccountable as it is distressing. The effect is beginning to be strongly felt here in the surprize and disgust of those who are attached to the French cause, and viewed this minister as the instrument for cementing instead of alienating the two Republics. These sensations are powerfully reinforced by the general and habitual veneration for the President. The Anglican party is busy as you may suppose in making the worst of every thing, and in turning the public feelings against France, and thence, in favor of England. The only antidote for their poison, is to distinguish between the nation and its Agent, between principles and events; and to impress the well meaning with the fact that the enemies of France and of Liberty are at work to lead them from their honorable connection with these, into the arms and ultimately into the Government of G. B. If the genuine sense of the people could be collected on the several points comprehended in the occasion, the calamity would be greatly alleviated if not absolutely controuled. But this is scarcely possible. The Country is too much uninformed, and too inert to speak for itself; and the language of the towns which are generally directed by an adverse interest will insidiously inflame the evil. It is however of such infinite importance to our own Government as well as to that of France, that the real sentiments of the people here should be understood, that something ought to be attempted on that head. I inclose a copy of a train of ideas sketched on the first rumour of the war between the Ex. and Genet, and particularly suggested by the Richmond Resolutions, as a groundwork for those who might take the lead in county meetings. It was intended that they should be modified in every particular according to the state of information and the particular temper of the place. A copy has been sent to Caroline with a hope that Mr. P. might find it not improper to step forward. Another is gone to the District Court at Staunton in the hands of Monroe, who carried a letter from me on the subject to A. Stuart; and a third will be for consideration at the District Ct. at Charlottesville. If these examples should be set, there may be a chance of like proceedings elsewhere: and in themselves they will be respectable specimens of the principles and sensations of the Agricultural, which is the commanding part of the Society. \nI am not sanguine however that the effort will succeed. If it does not, the State Legislatures, and the federal also if possible, must be induced to take up the matter in its true point of view. Monroe and myself read with attention your despatch by D.R. and had much conversation on what passed between you and the P. It appeared to both of us that a real anxiety was marked to retain you in office, that over and above other motives, it was felt that your presence and implied sanction might be a necessary shield against certain criticisms from certain quarters; that the departure of the only counsellor possessing the confidence of the Republicans would be a signal for new and perhaps very disagreeable attacks; that in this point of view the respectful and conciliatory language of the P. is worthy of particular attention; and that it affords a better hope than has existed of your being able to command attention, and to moderate the predominant tone. We agreed in opinion also that whilst this end is pursued, it would be wise to make as few concessions as possible that might embarrass the free pursuit of measures which may be dictated by Republican principles and required by the public good. In a word we think you ought to make the most of the value we perceive to be placed on your participation in the Ex: Counsels. I am extremely glad to find that you are to remain another quarter. The season will be more apropos in several respects; and it will prevent any co-operation which a successor might be disposed to make towards a final breach with France. I have little hope that you will have one whose policy will have the same healing tendency with yours. I foresee, I think, that it will be either King, if Johnson is put at the Treasy: or E. Rutlege, if Walcot should be put there. I am glad the President rightly infers my determination from antecedent circumstances, so as to free me from imputations in his mind connected with the present state of things. Monroe is particularly solicitous that you should take the view of your present position and opportunities above suggested. He sees so forcibly the difficulty of keeping the feelings of the people as to Gen\u00e8t distinct from those due to his Constituents, that he can hardly prevail on himself absolutely, and openly, to abandon him. I concur with him that it ought to be done no further than is forced upon us, that in general silence is better than open denunciation and crimination; and that it is not unfair to admit the apologetic influence of the errors in our own Government which may have inflamed the passions which now discolor every object to his eye: such as the refusal in the outset of the Government to favor the commerce of F. more than that of G. B. the unfortunate appointment of G. M. to the former: the language of the proclamation\u2014the attempts of Pacificus to explain away and dissolve the Treaty, the notoriety of the Author, and the appearance of its being an informal manifestation of the views of the Ex. &c.\nI paid a short visit to Mr. W. N. as I proposed. He talks like a sound Republican, and sincere friend to the French cause in every respect. I collected from him that E. R. had admitted to him that he drew the Procln: that he had been attacked on it at Chatham by Mr. Jos: Jones, that he reprobated the comment of Pac\u2014f\u2014s\u2014&c. W. N. observed that H. had taken the Ex. in by gaining phrases of which he could make the use he has done. The circumstances which derogate from full confidence in W. N. are 1st. his being embarked in a variety of projects which call for money, and keep him in intercourse with the merchants of Richd. 2d. his communication and intimacy with Marshal of whose disinterestedness as well as understanding he has the highest opinion. It is said, that Marshal who is at the head of the great purchase from Fairfax, has lately obtained pecuniary aids from the Bank or people connected with it. I think it certain that he must have felt, in the moment of the purchase an absolute dependence on the monied interest, which will explain him to every one that reflects, in the active character he is assuming. I have been obliged to write this in great haste, the bearer impatiently waiting the whole time.\nI hope you have received the five Nos. of Hel\u2014v\u2014d\u2014s. I must resume the task I suppose, in relation to the Treaty\u2014and Gratitude. I feel however so much awkwardness under the new posture of things, that I shall deliberate whether a considerable postponement at least may not be adviseable. I found also on my return a House full of particular friends who will stay some weeks and receive and return visits from which I can not decently exclude myself. If I should perceive it impossible or improper to continue the publication so as to avail myself the channel used to the press, I shall suspend it till I see and talk with you on the whole matter. Adieu\u2014", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0018", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Resolutions on Neutrality and Friendship with France, [ca. 27 August 1793]\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nEnclosureResolutions on Neutrality and Friendship with France\nIt being considered that, \u2018tis at all times the right and at certain periods the duty of the people to declare their principles and opinions on subjects which concern the Natl. interest; that at present conjuncture this duty is rendered the more indispensable by the prevailing practice of declaratory resolutions in places where the inhabitants can more easily assemble and consult than in the Country at large, and where interests views and political opinions different from those of the great body of the people, may happen to predominate, whence there may be danger of unfair and delusive inferences concerning the true and general sense of the people; It being also considered that under the disadvantage a great proportion of the people labor in their distant and dispersed situation from the want of timely and correct knowledge of particular incidents and the conduct of particular persons connected with public transactions, it is most prudent and\nsafe, to wait with a decent reserve for full and satisfactory information in relation thereto, and in public declarations to abide by those great principles, just sentiments and established Truths which can be little affected by personal or transitory occurrences.\nTherefore as the sense of the present Meeting \nResolved\nThat the Constin. of the U. S. ought to be firmly and vigilantly supported against all direct or indirect attempts that may be made to subvert or violate the same.\nThat as it is the interest of U. S. to cultivate the preservation of peace by all just and honorable means, the Ex. Authy. ought to be supported in the exercise of its constitutional powers and functions for enforcing the laws existing for the purpose.\nThat the eminent virtues and services of our illustrious fellow Citizen G.W. P. of U.S. entitle him to the highest respect and lasting gratitude of his Country, whose peace liberty and safety must ever remind it of his distinguished agency in promoting the same.\nThat the eminent and generous aids rendered to the U. S. in their arduous struggle for liberty, by the Fr. Nation, ought ever to be remembered and acknowledged with gratitude, and that the spectacle exhibited by the severe and glorious Contest in which it is now engaged for its own liberty, ought and must be peculiarly interesting to the wishes, the friendship and the sympathy of the people of America.\nThat all attempts which may be made in whatever form or disguise to alienate the good will of the people of Amera. from the cause of liberty and Republican Government in F. have a tendency to weaken their affection to the free principles of their own Government and manifest designs which ought to be narrowly watched and seasonably counteracted.\nThat such attempts to disunite nations mutually attached to the cause of liberty, and viewed with unfriendly eyes by all who hate it, ought more particularly to be reprobated at the present crisis, when such vast efforts are making by a combination of Princes and nobles to crush an example that may open the eyes of all mankind to their natl. and political rights.\nThat a dissolution of the honorable and beneficial connection between the U. S. and F. would obviously tend to forward a plan of connecting them with G.B. as one great leading step towards assimilating our Government to the form and spirit of the British Monarchy; and that this apprehension is greatly strengthened by the active Zeal displayed by persons disaffected to the Amn. Revn. and by others of known Monarchical principles, in propagating prejudices against the French Nation and Revolution.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0019", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 2 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 2. 1793.\nI wrote to you on the 26th. Ult. since which I have received yours of the 14th. Ult. Maria is well, and is with me on the Schuylkill. A\nmalignant fever has been generated in the filth of the docks of Philadelphia which has given great alarm. It is considerably infectious. At first 3 out of 4. died, at present not more than one out of three. Three days ago (my latest information) about 70. had died and about that number were ill of it. It is called commonly a yellow fever, but by the physicians Typhus gravior. Begins with a pain in the head, sickness at the stomach, then a slight rigor, fever, black vomitings and f\u00e6ces, and death from the 2d. to the 8th. day. At first it was confined to Water street, but is now in many parts of the city. It is still spreading, tho become less mortal. Every body, who can, is flying from the city, and the country people, being afraid to come to the market, there is fear of a want of supplies. Tho there is some degree of danger, yet, as is usual, there is much more alarm than danger; and knowing it to be usual also to magnify these accounts in proportion to distance, I have given you the particulars, that you may know exactly what the case is.\u2014My threshing machine is arrived at New York, and will be here this week. Mr. Pinkney writes me that the original from which my model is taken, gets out 150. bushels of wheat in 8. hours with 6. horses and 5. men. It will thresh any grain, from the Windsor bean to the smallest, and may be moved by horses or water. It happens that the workman who made it (a millwright) is come over in the same vessel, I have written to advise him to go to Virginia, and commence building these machines, offering him the use of my model to exhibit in Richmond if he chuses, in order to get himself into work.\u2014Your letter of the 14th. does not mention the receipt of any of mine on the subject of sending on the horse. Still however presuming some of them will have got to hand, I have sent off a servant with Tarquin so that he will arrive at Georgetown the day after tomorrow. He has orders to wait there a week if necessary.\u2014The character you give of Giovannini is a just one. He is sober, industrious and honest. He lived with me as gardener some time before I went to Europe. However I shall find it necessary to have a gardener constantly at his business, and think to teach a negro at once.\u2014Our last accounts from France are of a very mixed complexion. The combined armies had made no progress. The insurgents of Brittany had obtained a signal victory, and had afterwards been more signally defeated, but not suppressed.\u2014My love to my dear Martha and am Dear Sir Yours affectionately & constantly\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0020", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Vaughan, 2 September 1793\nFrom: Vaughan, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM. Vaughan takes the liberty of enclosing to Mr. Jefferson a Copy of a Contract for Land, made by a worthy French Family. M. Vaughan wishes Mr. Jefferson would favor him with any information in his power on the subject of these Lands\u2014Which The family would I believe wish to dispose of. If you can communicate your opinions to Mr. Priestly, I shall be Still more obliged. Yours sincerely\nJn Vaughan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0022", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Nathaniel Cutting, 3 September 1793\nFrom: Cutting, Nathaniel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLisbon, 3d. Septr. 1793.\nFrom the date of this Letter, compared with the time of my departure from Philadelphia, you might possibly imagine I had visited the place of my destination, and was thus far on my return: no such thing. I conceived the object of my mission to be of so much importance, that I was loth to expose myself and the dispatches with which I was entrusted to the probability of being intercepted and subjected to the impertinent examination of Persons who had no business to be acquainted with either. I consider\u2019d that an occurrence of this kind would inevitably occasion great delay in the execution, if not entirely frustrate the intention of my mission. Add to this the consideration of personal safety. If a British Packet falls in with a French Cruiser, when the former can not escape by sailing, she must engage her Enemy so long as there exists a chance that she may beat her off. Now, I am not invulnerable; and a ball issuing from the deadly cavity of a Cannon by the force of Gunpowder, is, like God, \u201cno respecter of Persons\u201d; So that, notwithstanding every precaution I could take, perhaps I should get a broken head, or be a limb out of pocket; and who would make me compensation for that? I do not think much of sacrificing the prospect of great personal advantage when it comes in competition with the service of my Country; but the trivial stipend which I am allow\u2019d for my present services is not adequate to the risk of life and limb in battle; especially where there is not the consolation of gaining honor neither. These reasons, therefore, induced me to wait so long as I did in London for an opportunity of coming hither in a neutral Ship. I was flatter\u2019d from time to time with the prospect that two American Ships in particular, would be dispatch\u2019d directly from London to this Port; but at length they were both Charter\u2019d for other voyages; my patience was exhausted, and after having from time to time acquainted Mr. Pinckney with the reasons of my delay, in the propriety of which he apparently acquiesced, I took the resolution, with his approbation of proceeding by the British Packet from Falmouth, which I might have done a fortnight after my arrival in England. The Packet in which I took passage sail\u2019d under peculiar advantages; being convoy\u2019d clear of the Channel Cruizers by a two-deck\u2019d Frigate which was conveying Lord Dorchester and family to Canada.\nAfter we parted company with the Frigate and several Packets that also come out under her Convoy, we were frequently alarm\u2019d, and sometimes put out of our route, by Vessels which did not appear to be Quakers; but favorable breezes, and thick weather, which also was favorable, enabled us to reach this place in safety, after nine days passage.\nColonel Humphreys has given directions to charter a neutral Vessel\nto convey us to the place of our destination, provided the price demanded is not too exorbitant. Though the price may be high, and the fund appropriated to the object of our mission and for defraying expences is very small, I conceive, vastly inadequate to the business, yet I think it will prove good economy to have a vessel whose motions we may direct in preference to one whose convenience must direct us; therefore I am strenuous for chartering in the first instance, in preference to taking our chance as passengers in any vessel whatever. Perhaps the delay I have met with, has prevented our going [on] a longer voyage that we had in contemplation, \u201cto t\u2019other world,\u201d as \u2018tis commonly exprest\u2014for Colonel Humphreys has intelligence that the Plague raged at \u2014\u2014 with great violence in course of the last spring. We hope that by this period its ravages have ceased. I have the honor to be, with the greatest respect, sir, Your most obedient humble servant,\nNat. Cutting", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0023", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 3 September 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLisbon Septr. 3d. 1793.\nIn addressing a letter to you the day before yesterday, and announcing the arrival of Captn. Cutting, I promised to write to you again by an opportunity which would occur in a few days. Determining there would be no sufficient compensation for the delay of going by Madrid, my hope was that you would have been informed, at this time, of our having at least secured a passage to Gibralter. This we have not yet been able to effect. I fear we shall be obliged to give a high price, as the demand for neutral vessels is great. But you may be assured I shall leave no effort untried, to make dispatch and security consist with economy as much as possible.\nI have just this moment received letters from Mr. Short, dated at St. Ildefonso the 23d. of August, giving the substance of a Treaty which has been negotiated by Lord St. Helens on the part of Great Britain with Spain\u2014as Mr. Short\u2019s letter, received at the same time, goes to you by the same conveyance as this, I presume he has furnished you with the same and perhaps more particulars than he has me.\nIn my letter, No. 73. I advised you of some dangerous propositions, which, I had good reason to believe, had been made by the Court of\nSpain to the Court of England, respecting the U.S. of America. The same Person, who gave me the original intelligence, sent for me yesterday, to assure me he had a confirmation of it, and that the same overtures had been made by Spain to Portugal, and that probably the Portuguese Ambassador, just returned from Madrid to Lisbon, was charged with something on that subject. He added that the Court of Portugal had not listened to those overtures, that he could not without a violation of confidence enter into a farther disclosure, but that he gave me this information (which might be absolutely depended upon) in order that the U.S. might be on their guard. With sentiments of great esteem & respect I have the honour to be, Sir Your most obedient & most humble Servant\nD. Humphreys", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0024", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Sim Lee, 3 September 1793\nFrom: Lee, Thomas Sim\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nAnns. Sepr. 3. 1793\nI have the Honour to enclose Copies of two Letters lately received from Citizen Moissonier Vice-Consul of the french Republic at Balt. and of my Answers thereto\u2014which you will be pleased to make known to the President of the United States.\nFor an explanation of the principal subject of those representations, I beg leave to refer to a letter and enclosures which I have this day forwarded to the Secy. of War. I have the honor &ca\nT S L", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0026", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 3 September 1793\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nStaunton Sepr. 3. 1793.\nI parted from Mr. Madison three days past at my house. He was so kind as shew me your letter to him by Mr. Randolph. The state into which the conduct of an indiscreet man on the one part, and some very wicked men on the other, has thrown us in respect to France fills me with extreme concern. That he should not have implicitly followed your advice in all the affairs of his country is to me astonishing, as well from\nyour known attachment to that nation and her cause as his having mentioned that fact in Richmond on his way to Phila. With respect to him he must follow the fortune he has carved out for himself. It remains for us to prevent the ill effects which menace us from that quarter, by appeasing France by every possible explanation &ca in our power; and counteracting at home the views of the party who have brought the subject to the publick view.\nThat the object of this party is to seperate us from France and ultimately unite us with Engld. is what I am well assured of\u2014and that the certificate of Messrs. Jay and King was concerted at Phila. as the means of bringing the subject before the publick is likewise what I believe. Tis likewise to be presumed that they had made their arrangments for taking the subject up through out the continent so as to give the proceeding a face that would be highly disgusting to France. I consider the whole however as a mere trick and which will ultimately recoil on the authors of it. The people will soon perceive they have been abused and hurried into excesses they will be ashamed of as soon as they become cool.\nThe party in Richmond was soon set in motion, and from what I have understood here have reason to believe they mean to produce the most extensive effect they are capable of. Mr. Marshall had written G. Jones on the subject and the first appearances threat\u2019ned the most furious attack on the French minister, the press &ca. b[ut] it has ended in a manner honorable to the parties concerned (the mention of that character alone excepted) and he is only classed with Messrs. Jay and King. I am persuaded the subject will likewise be taken up in Albemarle and other parts of the State, and apprehend there is some danger these latter gentlemen may be presented by the Grand jury for their improper interference in the affairs of the Executive. Satisfied I am that in a publick discussion, the sense of the community will be found, in the proportion of 9. to 1. in favor of the French cause and in reprobation of any effort to lessen its merits and interest here. I doubt not your sense of the conduct of the individual is confined to a very narrow circle, for the experiment of seperating him from his country, in every view, is of that delicate nature, that its consequences cannot be for\u2019seen. Many here, and since his letter, and the certificate alluded to have been seen, applaud him for his zeal in pressing the cause of his country. But if they believed that you really thought him culpable, it would create a desponden[cy] that would complete the triumph of the enemies to his country and her cause.\nI have been long sensible that your departure, and especially since the publick mind has been so much agitated, would be sincerely felt and vehemently opposed by a particular character. If I mistake not he fears to be left exposed, in the society of those who would be left behind with\nhim after your departure. If your opinions had more weight upon the questions agitated, I should believe the desire for your continuance was not dictated by self-love. Permit me to add that I consider your situation, the most important and interesting that can be conceived. Its importance is felt by the opposit party in such a degree that altho\u2019 in one view they would be gratified by your retreat, yet they fear greater injury to themselves, from that event than your continuance, and therefore wish it. They know the solidity of your principles founded on reason and reflection, and in case the republican party should pass that boundary, count upon your restraining them; because they well know that that party repose an unlimited confidence in you. Your friends indeed will be happy in your continuance because they will be greatly aided by your councils. I write you in great hurry, not having indeed leasure to read it over, so that you will find an apology for any impropriety it may contain, knowing the sincerity with which I am yr. affectionate friend and servant\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0027", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Griffin Peachy, 3 September 1793\nFrom: Peachy, Thomas Griffen\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nVirginia, Petersburg, Septr. 3d. 1793.\nThe paper, inclosed, contains certain Resolutions of the Inhabitants of this Town and its vicinity, respecting the President\u2019s late Proclamation; they have desired me to transmit them to you, with a request that you\u2019ll be so obliging as to communicate them to the President of the United States. I am, with great respect, Sir Yr. most obt hble Servant\nT: G: Peachy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0028", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Elias Vanderhorst, 3 September 1793\nFrom: Vanderhorst, Elias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBristol, 3 Sep. 1793. Contrary to his 1 Sep. letter by this conveyance, in which he reported advice from Messrs. Hellicar, the most considerable corn factors here, that British ports were to have been closed to foreign wheat, they just now inform him of an announcement in the last Gazette that they will be permitted until 30 Nov. at the second low duty of six pence per quarter. This seems to be a sudden resolution by the Privy Council contrary to what it apparently first intended. He has had little trouble here with the press gangs because the regulating master Captain Hawker has always acted \u201cwith great politeness\u201d and given up every impressed man who appeared to be American. But in Plymouth and Falmouth every means have been used to impress and detain American seamen, not only by offering them \u201cpetty offices\u201d on ships of war, but also by confining them on receiving ships and claiming the bounty would expire if they did not enter service by a certain time, by which means many have entered contrary to inclination. He has informed Pinckney of these circumstances and everything in their power is being done to prevent a recurrence, but his agents at those ports write that they still have a good deal of trouble on this head, though less than before. People here fear a rupture with America, and he wishes he could think there were no indications of one. He will enclose one of the last newspapers if the London post arrives before he seals the letter. 4 Sep. He quotes an extract from a 2 Sep. letter from London stating that by a proclamation of the king in council in the last Gazette the port is shut to foreign wheat until 16 Nov.; that the export of English wheat with bounty is also forbidden until then, though the port is open to all other kinds of foreign grain until 30 Nov.; and that English wheat is 38/ to 48/ and foreign wheat 32/ to 45/ per quarter. Having seen the Gazette, he vouches for the correctness of this account. Messrs. Hellicar were right in the first information they gave him but not in the second, owing they say to an ambiguity in part of the proclamation. He encloses three of the last newspapers.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0029", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Chittenden, 4 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Chittenden, Thomas\nPhilad[elphia] 4. Sep. 1793.\nThe letter of July 8. which you did me the honor of writing was duly recieved, and I immediately delivered to the President that which it covered, recommending to him Mr. Knight as successor to Mr. Chipman in the office of Judge for the district of Vermont. The circumstances you stated in favor of Mr. Knight, and your own and your council\u2019s testimony on his behalf placed him on ground as favorable as it was doubtless just. The President, feeling it his duty, however to make enquiry into the comparative fitness of different persons proposed for the office, took time for that purpose, and after the best enquiries in his power to make, the qualifications of Mr. Hitchcock, the Attorney General of your state, appeared to him to preponderate, and consequently to make it his duty to nominate him, which he has accordingly done; and he has no doubt that the justice of yourself and your council will approve the motives by which he has been governed. A just sense of Mr. Knight\u2019s merit, and of the respectability of the recommendation on which he was brought forward, has rendered him anxious that these motives should be understood. I have the honor to be with great respect Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedient servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0032", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jeremiah Wadsworth, 4 September 1793\nFrom: Wadsworth, Jeremiah\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nHartford Septr 4 1793\nThis mornings Post brought me your favor covering a letter to the Merchants of this place. They assembled this Evening and I here inclose a reply. I have the honor to be with great respect Your obedt Hum Sevt\nJere Wadsworth", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0034", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 5 September 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nNorthern Liberties Septr. 5th 1793\nMr. Coxe takes the liberty of suggesting to Mr. Jefferson the expediency of appointing Consuls in such of the ports of the British American islands as have partaken most in the privateers, which have carried in the vessels of the U. S. vizt. St. Kitts, (with an extension of power to all the British Islands lying to Windward of porto Rico) Jamaica, New Providence (with an extension of power to all the Bahamas) and Bermuda for the whole of that Island and the little Isles or Keys around it.\nMr. Coxe requests that Mr. Jefferson will do him the honor to send him a very summary statement of the Census of the U.S. as last made. The Name of each State, and each territorial Government, with the free persons and the slaves in each, will be sufficient. An informal minute, without date or signature, extracted from the records of the Department by one of the Gentlemen in the Office will be sufficient.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0036", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmund Randolph, 5 September 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nGerman Town Sepr. 5. 1793.\nThe interruption, which the contagious disorder now prevailing in Philadelphia, has given to my residence there, is the cause of the delay, which has occurred in my examination of Mr. Hammonds last memorial on Pagan\u2019s case.\nI beg leave to refer you to my former communications on this head; that I may not repeat them here unnecessarily.\nIt is true, that I considered an application to the Supreme f\u0153deral court, indispensable; and that it has been unsuccessful. Whether it was pressed in the most advantageous form, I undertake not to decide; but while I shall ever acknowledge the abilities and integrity of Pagan\u2019s counsel, I still adhere to my former representation.\nIt is no less true, that the refusal of a writ of error evinced the sense of the judges, that the case was not of a nature susceptible of relief by process of law, issuing from the Supreme court of the U. S.\nIt is then reduced to its original State; namely, a question began in the courts of Massachusetts, where it has run thro\u2019 all the forms of proceeding, and has been decided against a British Subject. He complains of injustice; but of no conduct in the judges founded on impure motives. To this point my quotation from the argument on the Silesia loan is applied; and farther I must remark, that if the judges have erred, and there be an appeal, it is the business of Mr. Pagan to appeal; if there be no appeal according to the laws of Massachusetts, no f\u0153deral authority can give one, and therefore no relief can be had in our courts.\nSuch, sir, is the state of our jurisprudence with respect to this case; and as Mr. Hammond seems now to make it an affair of negotiation, upon the ground, that the American courts ought not to have assumed a jurisdiction over it, and that, if they might, the Armistice was misinterpreted, the subject is no longer within the Sphere of my office. If however you mean to discuss these two questions, and my aid can be useful, it is at your command. I have the honor &c\nEdmd. Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0037", "content": "Title: George Taylor, Jr., to Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., 5 September 1793\nFrom: Taylor, George, Jr.\nTo: Dandridge, Bartholomew, Jr.\nThursday 5 Septr. 1793\nG. Taylor Jr. presents his respectful Compliments to Mr. Dandridge\u2014and informs him that Mr. Jefferson desired the Commissions to be filled up agreeably to the Presidents desire on the day the present ones should determine, which will be on the 26. of the present Month. This has accordingly been done having all been commissioned on that day in 1789.\nWill Mr. Dandridge be so obliging as to send 100 Blank Sea letters? We want that number to make up the 500 per Month with which we furnish the Treasury.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0038", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Anonymous, [ca. 6 September 1793]\nFrom: Unknown\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nIn presence of John Samuel Sherburne Esqr. of New Hampshire, it was mentioned that you was a Deist. The pleasure with which he\nreceived the Intelligence, leads the writer of this to mention the fact\u2014that you may early see whether he will not indeavour by artfully playing with such an idea\u2014to warp you to his purposes.\nThe truth or falsehood of the assertion, is not hereby intended to be credited or disbelieved.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0039", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Barret, Benjamin Harrison, Jr., and James Heron, 6 September 1793\nFrom: Barret, John,Harrison, Benjamin, Jr.,Heron, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond 6th Sepr 1793\nThe Mayor of this City has handed to us your favor of the 27th. Ulto., we have had a meeting to day and taken the proper Steps to communicate your Information to the different trading Towns of this State. That meeting have directed us (their Committee) to make our acknowledgements to Government for it\u2019s Attention to our Interests, and to thank you for the Polite communication, these Orders we most cheerfully and cordially, obey, for we are Sir with the highest sentiments of Respect your most Obedt Serts \nJno Barret\nBenj Harrison Jr\nJ Heron", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0040", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Currie, 6 September 1793\nFrom: Currie, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nRichmond. Sepr. 6th. 1793\nIt is sometime since I had the honor of a line from you. In your last, I was inform\u2019d that, my suit versus Griffin would probably be determin\u2019d last April Court. Not having heard since leaves me in doubt whether any thing has been done in it. Will be glad to be inform\u2019d when\nyou are at leisure its situation and still continue to sollicit your friendly attention to it. We were in hopes of the pleasure of seeing you in this country during the Fall, but I have lately been inform\u2019d you are not expected so soon. From what the news papers inform us you seem to be surrounded with tumultuous Politecians in no small number. It is much to be wished and greatly hoped that Europe will soon terminate their Wars that we may enjoy peace in Reality. With best Wishes for your health & happiness I have the honor to subscribe myself Dr Sir Your most Ob & V. H. Servt.\nJames Currie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0042", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 6 September 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 6th September 1793\nI have had the honor of receiving your letter, dated yesterday, and I request you to accept my acknowledgements for the full exposition which you have given me of the intentions of this government, relative to prizes taken by privateers fitted out in ports of the United States.\nShould any future captures be made by armed vessels of this description, I shall certainly employ every exertion in my power to obtain the evidence, requisite to substantiate the facts of any such captures. In the mean time, Sir, I esteem it an act of justice on my part, to offer my testimony to the scrupulous fidelity and vigilance, with which the collectors of the Customs have discharged the duty, imposed on them by the President\u2019s directions, in regard to this object: Since no instance has yet occurred, in which those officers do not appear to have pursued the most effectual means for conveying, to the Governors of the respective States, the earliest intelligence of the arrival in their districts of vessels, that had been captured by any of the privateers in question.\nWith respect to the mode you have prescribed of ascertaining the value of \u201closses by detention, waste, or spoliation, sustained by vessels taken, as before mentioned, between the dates of June 5th. and August 7th.\u201d\u2014it appears to me perfectly just and satisfactory: And I shall in consequence thereof communicate it to his Majesty\u2019s Consuls, in order that they may arrange with the Collectors of the customs, in the districts in which they reside, the measures necessary to carry it into immediate operation.\nIn addition to the list of privateers, illicitly fitted out in ports of the United States, which accompanied my letter of the 30 ulto., I have lately received information that another, named the Industry, has within the last five or six weeks been armed, manned and equipped in the port of Baltimore. I have the honor to be with sentiments of great respect Sir, Your most obedient humble Servant\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0043", "content": "Title: Memorial from George Hammond, 6 September 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe undersigned, his Britannic Majesty\u2019s Minister plenipotentiary to the United States, has the honor of submitting to the Secretary of state the accompanying papers, relative to the capture, by the French brig le Cerf, of the British brigantine the William Tell, which, with its cargo, is the property of subjects of Great Britain, resident in the island of Dominica.\nFrom these papers it is manifest, that this vessel was taken at the distance of about half a mile from the shore of the American coast, and consequently under the protection of the American territory, and that\nthe Marshal of the district of New-York was prevented, by the menaces of the principal agent of the actual rulers of France, from taking it into his custody, and from thereby subjecting the validity of the capture to the decision of a Court of judicature in the United States. In its present situation therefore, the restitution of this vessel, and of its cargo, can be only effected by the intervention of the executive government of this country.\nIt would certainly be improper for the undersigned to offer any observations on the various aggressions on the sovereignty of the United States, which a review of this single case presents\u2014in the particulars of the capture itself\u2014in the extent of the powers arrogated by the pretended tribunal of the French Consul\u2014and in the nature of the threats thrown out by the person representing, in this country, the ruling party of France. At the same time he conceives it to be strictly within the line of his duty, to express the solicitude, which, from a consideration of the last mentioned circumstance, he naturally feels, to obtain as early and explicit a knowledge of the determination of this government, as may be convenient, on the subject of the memorial, which he had the honor of presenting on the 4th. of this month. For if, added to the establishment of a regular succession of cruizers from New-York, and to the facility, which this government has afforded them of disposing of their prizes, the Commanders of the French ships of war exercise the right also of opposing their force to the functions, of a judicial officer acting under the authority of the United States, exerted for the purpose of procuring justice to British subjects, it is become more and more important for the undersigned to learn with as little delay as possible\u2014whether it be the intention of the executive government of the United States to grant to the French ships of war the permission of an indefinite continuance within its ports.\nPhiladelphia 6th September 1793\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0045", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Rittenhouse, 6 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rittenhouse, David\nTh: Jefferson presents his friendly respects to Mr. Rittenhouse. He has two young ladies at his house whose time hangs heavily on their hands, and the more so, as their drawing master cannot attend them. If Mr. Rittenhouse then does not take his Camera obscura with him into the country, Th:J. will thank him to permit them the use of it a few days, that they may take a few lessons in drawing from nature.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0047", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinions on Relations with France and Great Britain, 7 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund\nTo: Washington, George\nAt a meeting at the Presidents Sep. 7. 1793.\nA circular letter from the Secretary of state to the Consuls and Vice Consuls of France, informing them that their Exequaturs will be revoked if they repeat certain proceedings, also one to Mr. Genet covering a copy of the letter of the Secretary of state to Mr. Gouverneur Morris desiring the recall of Mr. Genet, were read and approved.\nA letter from the Governr. of Georgia to the Secy. of state dated Aug. 21. 1793. was read, communicating the demand by the Vice Consul of France in Georgia of certain individuals under prosecution in a court of justice. It is the opinion that he be answered that the law must take it\u2019s course.\nA Memorial from Mr. Hammond dated Sep. 6. complaining of the capture of the British brig the William Tell by the French brig le Cerf, within the limits of the protection of the US. and the refusal of the French minister and Consul to have the prize delivered into the hands of a marshal charged with process from a court to arrest her, was read. It is the opinion that a letter be written to Mr. Genet calling for evidence in the cases of the vessels heretofore reclaimed and not yet finally decided on, and which were permitted to remain in the hands of the French Consuls in the meantime, informing him that the letter of June 25. was not intended to authorize opposition to the officers, or orders, of courts respecting vessels taken within the limits of our protection, that therefore the brig William Tell ought to be delivered into the hands of the officer charged to arrest her, and that in the event of the court\u2019s deciding that it has no jurisdiction of the case, as in that of the ship William whereon the letter of June 25. was written, she may again be replaced in the Consul\u2019s hands till the Executive shall have decided thereon.\nA letter from Lt. Govr. Wood dated Aug. 29. stating that the French vessel the Orion was arrived in Norfolk and had brought in the Sans Culottes as a prize, and doubting whether from the particular circumstances of this prize she came within the general orders heretofore given. It is the opinion that the situation of the Sans culottes is the same in respect to England and France as any other French vessel not fitted in our ports, and therefore that the Orion is within the 17th. article of our treaty, and the rules heretofore given on that subject.\nA Memorial from Mr. Hammond dated Sep. 4. was read complaining of the long stay of a French fleet in New York, that a regular succession of them appears to be appointed for cruizing on the coasts, that a jurisdiction over prizes is exercised by the French Consuls, and desiring\nto be informed whether it be the intention of the Executive to permit this indefinitely. It is the opinion that Mr. Hammond be informed that effectual measures are taken to put an end to the exercise of admiralty jurisdiction by the French Consuls, that the French have by treaty a right to come into our ports with their prizes, exclusively, that they have also a right by treaty to enter our ports for any urgent necessity, that this right is exclusive as to privateers but not so as to public vessels of war and has therefore not been denied to British ships of war nor has the Executive as yet prescribed to either any limits to the time they may remain in their ports.\nA letter from Mr. Bordman at Boston dated Sep. 4. was read complaining of the capture of the schooner Flora an American vessel by the Roland, one of the illicit privateers. It is the opinion he must seek redress in the courts of law.\nThe draught of a letter to Mr. Pinckney on the Additional instructions of the court of St. James\u2019s dated June 8. 93. was read and approved.\nA Question was proposed by the President Whether we ought not to enquire from Mr. Hammond if he is prepared to give an answer on the subject of the inexecution of the treaty? It is the opinion that it will be better to await the arrival of the next packet, then to make the application to Mr. Hammond, and if he be not prepared to answer, that Mr. Pinckney be instructed to remonstrate on the subject to the British court. \nTh: Jefferson  H Knox Edm: Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0049", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Were Fox, 7 September 1793\nFrom: Fox, Robert Were\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nFalmouth, 7 Sep. 1793. Since his last, the principal occurrence affecting American shipping is the capture by a Liverpool privateer of the sloop Aurora bound from New York to Le Havre with a cargo of coffee, pearl ash, etc. He sees not the least pretense for the detention of this cargo and concludes that it will be returned with damages. At the request of the captors, the English government has taken the cargo of flour, beef, pork, sugar, and staves carried by the American ship Portland, Captain Robinson, and the Victualing Board has asked Robinson to submit his demand for the cargo, including freight and charges. The gentleman in London acting for the owner does not appear inclined to compromise and will consult the minister there on how to act. He has secured the release of some impressed American seamen upon proper application and expects this will be the case in the future.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0050", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, [7 September 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nThe correspondence which has taken place between the Executive and yourself, and the acts which you have thought proper to do, and to countenance, in opposition to the laws of the land, have rendered it necessary in the opinion of the President to lay a faithful statement of them before the government of France, to explain to them the reasons and the necessity which have dictated our measures, to renew the assurances of that sincere friendship which has suffered no intermission during the course of these proceedings, and to express our extreme anxiety that none may be produced on their part. This has accordingly been directed to be done by the Min. Pleny. of the US. at Paris, in a letter a copy of which I now inclose to you. And in order to bring to an end what can not be permitted to continue, there could be no hesitation to declare in it the necessity of their having a representative here disposed to respect the laws and authorities of the country, and to do the best for their interest which these would permit. An anxious regard for those interests, and a desire that they may not suffer, will induce the Executive in the mean time to recieve your communications in writing, and to admit the continuance of your functions so long as they shall be restrained within the limits of the law as heretofore announced to you, or shall be of the tenor usually observed towards independant nations by the representative of a friendly power residing with them.\nThe President thought it respectful to your nation as well as yourself to leave to yourself the restraining certain proceedings of the Consuls of\nFrance within the US. which you were informed were contrary to the laws of the land, and therefore not to be permitted. He has seen with regret however, that you have been far from restraining these proceedings, and that the duty has devolved on him of suppressing them by the authority of the country. I inclose to you the copy of a letter written to the several Consuls and Vice consuls of France, warning them that this will be done if any repetition of these acts shall render it necessary. To the Consul of France at Boston no such letter has been written. A more serious fact is charged on him, which if proved, as there is reason to expect, will render the revocation of his Exequatur an act of immediate duty. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir your most obedt. servt", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0051", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Dennis Griffith, 7 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Griffith, Dennis\nSir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 7. 1793.\nI have duly received your favor of Aug. 31. and am sorry it is not in my power to give you any satisfactory answer, as the papers which served for my information in writing the Notes on Virginia were left in that state when I went to Europe and are still there. Ten or eleven years having elapsed since writing that work, and my mind totally withdrawn in the mean time to other objects, my memory does not enable me to say upon what information I stated the latitude of the dividing line of Virginia and Maryland on the Eastern shore. But I suspect it was on a\nReport from Commissioners appointed by Virginia to examine that boundary. I know there was such a report, and I either have it, or had the use of it, and I believe it was made either a little before or after the commencement of the Revolution war. The original must be in the office of the house of delegates of Virginia. A copy of it must be among the papers of the late Colo. G. Mason, who was too curious in things of this kind not to have had a copy of it. The difference between Mason and Dixon\u2019s computation of a degree of Latitude, adopted by you, viz. 68.896 Miles (I take this from your letter and suppose it to be decimal notation) and Cassini\u2019s which I adopted to wit 68 Miles\u2014864 feet, or in miles and decimals of a mile 68.1636 miles would account for between one and two seconds of our variation.\u2014Should you not have occasion to decide this matter before February or March next I shall be able to answer you from an inspection of my papers in Virginia, and will examine into it for you with pleasure. I am Sir Your most obedt. servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0052", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Maury, 7 September 1793\nFrom: Maury, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLiverpool, 7 Sep. 1793. He encloses a price current. On 3 Sep. the Sisters, Captain William Provoost, bound from New York to Le Havre, was brought here under suspicion of carrying French property\u2014the fourth American ship brought here on that pretext. The courts have not determined the fate of any of their cargoes, though the ships Aerial of Philadelphia and George of Baltimore have been restored.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0054", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 7 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia, September 7th. 1793.\nWe have received through a channel, which cannot be considered as authentic, the copy of a paper stiled \u201cAdditional instructions to the Commanders of his Majesty\u2019s Ships of war and privateers &c\u201d dated at St. James\u2019 June 8th. 1793. If this paper be authentic, I have little doubt but that you will have taken measures to forward it to me. But as your communication of it may miscarry, and time, in the mean while be lost, it has been thought better that it should be supposed authentic, that on that supposition I should notice to you it\u2019s very exceptionable nature, and the necessity of obtaining explanations on the subject from the British Government; desiring at the same time that you will consider this letter as provisionally written only, and as if never written, in the event that the paper, which is the occasion of it be not genuine.\nThe 1st. article of it permits all vessels laden wholly or in part, with corn, flour or meal, bound to any port in France to be stopped, and sent into any British port to be purchased by that Government, or to be released only on the condition of security given by the Master that he will proceed to dispose of his Cargo in the ports of some country in amity with his Majesty.\nThis article is so manifestly contrary to the law of nations, that nothing more would seem necessary than to observe that it is so. Reason and usage have established that when two nations go to war, those who chuse to live in peace retain their natural right to pursue their agriculture, manufactures and other ordinary vocations, to carry the produce of their industry, for exchange, to all nations, belligerent or neutral, as usual, to go and come freely without injury or molestation, and in short, that the war among others shall be for them as if it did not exist. One restriction on their natural rights has been submitted to by nations at peace, that is to say, that of not furnishing to either party implements merely of war for the annoyance of the other, nor any thing whatever to a place blockaded by it\u2019s enemy. What these implements of war are, has been so often agreed, and is so well understood, as to leave little question about them at this day. There does not exist perhaps a nation, in our common hemisphere, which has not made a particular enumeration of them in some or all of their treaties, under the name of contraband. It suffices for the present occasion to say that corn, flour and meal are not of the class of contraband, and consequently remain articles of free commerce. A culture which, like that of the soil, gives employment to such a proportion of mankind, could never be suspended by the whole earth, or interrupted for them, whenever any two nations should think proper to go to war.\nThe state of war then existing between Great Britain and France, furnishes no legitimate right to either to interrupt the agriculture of the United States or the peaceable exchange of it\u2019s produce with all nations; and consequently the assumption of it will be as lawful hereafter as now, in peace as in war. No ground, acknowledged by the common reason of mankind, authorizes this act now, and unacknowledged ground may be taken at any time and all times. We see then a practice begun, to which no time no circumstances, prescribe any limits, and which strikes at the root of our agriculture, that branch of industry which gives food, clothing, and comfort to the great mass of the inhabitants of these states. If any nation whatever has a right to shut up, to our produce, all the ports of the earth except her own, and those of her friends, she may shut up these also, and so confine us within our own limits. No nation can subscribe to such pretensions, no nation can agree, at the mere will or interest of another, to have it\u2019s peaceable industry suspended, and it\u2019s Citizens\nreduced to idleness and want. The loss of our produce destined for foreign markets, or that loss which would result from an arbitrary restraint of our markets, is a tax too serious for us to acquiesce in. It is not enough for a nation to say, we and our friends will buy your produce. We have a right to answer that it suits us better to sell to their enemies as well as their friends. Our Ships do not go to France to return empty\u2014they go to exchange the surplus of one produce which we can spare, for surplusses of other kinds which they can spare and we want; which they can furnish on better terms, and more to our mind, than Great Britain or her friends. We have a right to judge for ourselves what market best suits us, and they have none to forbid to us the enjoyment of the necessaries and comforts which we may obtain from any other independent country.\nThis act too tends directly to draw us from that state of peace in which we are wishing to remain. It is an essential character of neutrality to furnish no aids (not stipulated by treaty) to one party, which we are not equally ready to furnish to the other. If we permit Corn to be sent to Great Britain and her friends, we are equally bound to permit it to France. To restrain it, would be a partiality which might lead to war with France; and between restraining it ourselves, and permitting her enemies to restrain it unrightfully, is no difference. She would consider this as a mere pretext, of which she would not be the dupe, and on what honorable ground could we otherwise explain it? Thus we should see ourselves plunged, by this unauthorized act of Great Britain, into a war, with which we meddle not, and which we wish to avoid if justice to all parties, and from all parties, will enable us to avoid it. In the case where we found ourselves obliged by treaty to withold from the enemies of France the right of arming in our ports, we thought ourselves in justice bound to withold the same right from France also; and we did it. Were we to withold from her supplies of provisions, we should in like manner be bound to withold them from her enemies also; and thus shut to ourselves all the ports of Europe where Corn is in demand, or make ourselves parties in the war. This is a dilemma which Great Britain has no right to force upon us, and for which no pretext can be found in any part of our conduct. She may indeed feel the desire of starving an enemy nation: but she can have no right of doing it at our loss, nor of making us the instrument of it.\nThe President therefore desires that you will immediately enter into explanations, on this subject, with the British government. Lay before them in friendly and temperate terms all the demonstrations of the injury done us by this act, and endeavour to obtain a revocation of it, and full indemnification to any Citizens of these States who may have suffered by it in the mean time. Accompany your representations with\nevery assurance of our earnest desire to live on terms of the best friendship and harmony with them, and to found our expectations of justice on their part on a strict observance of it on ours.\nIt is with concern however I am obliged to observe that so marked has been the inattention of the British Court to every application which has been made to them, on any subject, by this government, (not a single answer I believe having ever been given to one of them except in the act of exchanging a Minister) that it may become unavoidable, in certain cases, where an answer of some sort is necessary, to consider their silence as an answer. Perhaps this is their intention. Still however, desirous of furnishing no color of offence, we do not wish you to name to them any term for giving an answer. Urge one as much as you can without commitment, and on the 1st. day of December be so good as to give us information of the state in which this matter is, that it may be received during the session of Congress.\nThe 2d. article of the same instruction allows the armed vessels of Great Britain to seize, for condemnation, all vessels on their first attempt to enter a blockaded port, except those of Denmark and Sweden, which are to be prevented only, but not seized, on their first attempt. Of the nations inhabiting the shores of the Atlantic Ocean and practising it\u2019s navigation, Denmark, Sweden and the United States, alone are neutral. To declare then all neutral vessels (for, as to the vessels of the belligerent powers, no order was necessary) to be legal prize, which shall attempt to enter a blockaded port, except those of Denmark and Sweden, is exactly to declare that the vessels of the United States shall be lawful prize, and those of Denmark and Sweden shall not. It is of little consequence that the article has avoided naming the United States, since it has used a description applicable to them, and to them alone, while it exempts the others, from it\u2019s operation, by name. You will be pleased to ask an explanation of this distinction: and you will be able to say, in discussing it\u2019s justice, that in every circumstance, we treat Great Britain on the footing of the most favored nation; where our treaties do not preclude us, and that even these are just as favorable to her, as hers are to us. Possibly she may be bound by treaty to admit this exception in favor of Denmark and Sweden. But she cannot be bound by treaty to withold it from us. And if it be witheld merely because not established with us by treaty, what might not we, on the same ground have witheld from Great Britain during the short course of the present war, as well as the peace which has preceded it?\nWhether these explanations with the British government shall be verbal, or in writing, is left to yourself. Verbal communications are very insecure: for it is only to deny them, or to change their terms, in order to do away their effect at any time. Those in writing have many and\nobvious advantages, and ought to be preferred unless there be obstacles of which we are not apprized. I have the honor to be with great & sincere esteem Dr. Sir, Your most Obedt servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0057", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 8 September 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 8 September 1793\nI have the honor to inform you that I have received the inclosed copy of Mr. Shoolbred\u2019s commission, as his Majestys Vice-Consul for the states of North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia, which he has forwarded under a presumption that a copy would be competent to the purpose of obtaining the recognition of the President of the United States.\nThe particular cases of exigency, which have lately arisen, and of which some actually exist in Charleston, require the immediate exertion of Mr. Shoolbred\u2019s official duties; and as a considerable time must necessarily elapse before the original commission could be thence obtained, I flatter myself, Sir you will be pleased upon this occasion to dispense with its production, and interpose your good offices for obtaining a speedy recognition of Mr. Shoolbred\u2019s appointment under the inclosed copy of his commission to which I am ready to add any authenticity that my official situation can enable me to give it. I will also procure from Mr. Shoolbred the original commission, which can at any future period be substituted in the place of the Copy. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of great respect, Sir, your most obedient, humble Servant,\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0058", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 8 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nI have received and am charmed with No. V. I thought the introduction an useful lesson to others as I found it to myself, for I had really, by constantly hearing the sound, been led into a pretty free use of it myself. I struck out the passage you desired in the last page. I struck out also the words \u2018and neutrality\u2019 in the following passage \u2018taking the proclamation in it\u2019s proper sense as reminding all concerned that as the US. were at peace, the laws of peace and neutrality were still obligatory.\u2019 Also a paragraph of 4. lines that a minister from France was hourly expected when the proclamation issued.\u2014There was one here at the time\u2014the\nother did not arrive in 6. weeks.\u2014To have waited that time would have given full course to the evil.\nI went through Franklin with enchantment; and what peculiarly pleased me was that there was not a sentence from which it could be conjectured whether it came from N. S. E. or West. At last a whole page of Virginia flashed on me. It was in the section on the state of parties, and was an apology for the continuance of slavery among us. However this circumstance may be justly palliated, it had nothing to do with the state of parties, with the bank, encumbered a good cause with a questionable argument; many readers who would have gone heart and hand with the author so far would have flown off in a tangent from that paragraph.\u2014I struck it out. Justify this if you please to those concerned, and if it cannot be done say so and it may still be reestablished.\u2014I mentioned to you in my last that a Fr. Consul at Boston had rescued a vessel out of the hands of a marshal by military force. Genet has at New York forbidden a marshal to arrest a vessel and given orders to the French squadron to protect her by force. Was there ever an instance before of a diplomatic man overawing and obstructing the course of the law in a country by an armed force?\u2014The Yellow fever increases. The week before last about 5. a day died. This last week about 11. a day have died; consequently from known data about 33. a day are taken, and there are about 330. patients under it. They are much scattered through the town, and it is the opinion of the physicians that there is no possibility of stopping it. They agree it is a non-descript disease, and no two agree in any one part of their process of cure. The Presidt. goes off the day after tomorrow as he had always intended. Knox then takes flight. Hamilton is ill of the fever as is said. He had two physicians out at his house the night before last. His family think him in danger, and he puts himself so by his excessive alarm. He had been miserable several days before from a firm persuasion he should catch it. A man as timid as he is on the water, as timid on horseback, as timid in sickness, would be a phaenomenon if the courage of which he has the reputation in military occasions were genuine. His friends, who have not seen him, suspect it is only an autumnal fever he has. I would really go away, because I think there is rational danger, but that I had before announced that I should not go till the beginning of October, and I do not like to exhibit the appearance of panic. Besides that I think there might serious ills proceed from there being not a single member of the administration in place. Poor Hutcheson dined with me on Friday was sennight, was taken that night on his return home, and died the day before yesterday. It is difficult to say whether the republican interest has suffered more by his death or Genet\u2019s extravagance. I sometimes cannot help seriously believing the latter to be a Dumourier, endeavoring to draw us into the war against France as\nDumourier, while a minister, drew on her the war of the empire.\u2014The Indians have refused to meet our Commissioners unless they would make the Ohio a boundary by preliminary condition. Consequently they are on their return and we may suppose Wayne in movement.\u2014Since my last which was of the 1st. your\u2019s of the 22d. Aug. and 2d. Sep. are received. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0060", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 8 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMy Dear Martha\nSchuylkill Sep. 8. 93.\nI received this day Mr. Randolph\u2019s letter of Aug. 31. with the horse, rather thin, having performed his journey in 7. days. However I shall hope to recruit him before I set out. The servant gives a very good account of him. The President sets out the day after tomorrow for Mount Vernon, and will be back about the last of the month. Within 4 or 5. days or a week after his return I can set out. The yellow fever, of which I wrote Mr. Randolph last week still encreases. The last week about twice as many have died as did the week before. I imagine there are between 3. and 400. persons ill of it. I propose after the President\u2019s departure to remove my office into the country so as to have no further occasion to go into the town. I was just about ordering some few stores to be got and sent off to Richmond for Monticello: but I think it too unsafe now, and shall therefore write to Colo. Gamble to send up some from Richmond.\u2014Tell Mr. Randolph that the box for me in the Custom house at Bermuda must be a small Orrery, cost 2 \u00bd or 3 guineas.\u2014If Mrs. Beverley Randolph is still with you tell her that the Indians having refused to meet our Commissioners, we expect Mr. Randolph her spousy here in the course of a week on his way back. Present my respects to her and your other friends with you. My best affections to Mr. Randolph, yourself and dear little ones. Adieu my dear dear Martha.\nTh:J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0061", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Sterett, 8 September 1793\nFrom: Sterett, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBaltimore 8. Sept. 1793\nYour letter of the 2d. inst. was received by the Committee and communicated to the Vice-Consul of the French Republic.\nAt a late hour of the Evening and when I despair of a meeting of the Committee, I am solicited to request you to forward a letter of that nature which the British Minister will please to grant. The unfortunate people, whom it is intended to protect, if it can carry protection with it at all, are extremely chagrined at the treatment they experience from the Representative of a Nation that professes to support their principles and conduct; for they are all of them the avowed enemies of the French Revolution and of every Government that is not monarchical. The Recommendation that is offered to them, I am myself fearful will not be accepted, and the expedition is probably at an end. But still it will depend very much on the tenor of the Minister\u2019s letter. Many of the unfortunate Exiles experience too keen a misery in their present situation, not to wish for a Change, and they are willing to risque any fate that can be inflicted by a people of Humanity. The Ladies particularly love cleanliness and comfort. But the means of both have been cruelly and unfeelingly torn from them by British Cruisers in their passage here, in every instance that they were exposed to such treatment. If they can be persuaded to have a little confidence in the British Minister\u2019s proposed favor, they may be induced still to go, and the Charity of the Town will be relieved from a Burthen of 600 or 800 Dollars, weekly, which is the present expenditure for their support, and much too heavy to be of very long continuance. If this plan cannot be effected, the poor Wretches must soon be exposed to a misery infinitely surpassing their present feelings.\nThe numbers already entered and for whom a provision has been made at a heavy expence to the French Republic and the Inhabitants of this Town, are as follow\u2014\nIn the Marianne, Capt. Ardouin, 250 persons\nIn the Nouvelle Rosalie, Capt. Dupouy 180. persons, in all 430.\nIt is not without great pain and reluctance that I have consented to write this letter. My scruples have been overcome by the solicitation of a people, who have strong claims to our pity and compassion. I have the honor to be, with great respect, Sir, Your Humb. Ser\nSamuel Sterett", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0063", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 9 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia September 9th. 1793.\nIn my letter of June 25th. on the subject of the Ship William, and generally of vessels suggested to be taken within the limits of the protection of the United States by the armed vessels of your nation, I undertook to assure you it would be more agreeable to the President that such vessels should be detained under the orders of yourself or the Consuls of France than by a military guard, until the government of the United States should be able to enquire into and decide on the fact. In two separate letters of the 29th. of the same month, I had the honor to inform you of the claims lodged with the Executive for the same ship William and the brig Fanny, to inclose you the evidence on which they were founded, and to desire that if you found it just you would order the vessels to be delivered to the Owners, or if overweighed in your judgment by any contradictory evidence which you might have, or acquire, you would do me the favor to communicate that evidence, and that the Consuls of France might retain the Vessels in their custody in the mean\ntime until the Executive of the United States should consider and decide finally on the subject. \nWhen that mode of proceeding was consented to for your satisfaction, it was by no means imagined it would have occasioned such delays of Justice to the individuals interested. The President is still without information either that the vessels are restored, or that you have any evidence to offer as to the place of capture. I am therefore, Sir, to repeat the request of early information on this subject, in order that if any injury has been done those interested, it may be no longer aggravated by delay.\nThe intention of the letter of June 25th. having been to permit such vessels to remain in the custody of the Consuls, instead of that of a military guard, (which in the case of the Ship William appeared to have been disagreeable to you) the indulgence was of course to be understood as going only to cases where the Executive might take or keep possession with a military guard, and not to interfere with the authority of the Courts of Justice in any case wherein they should undertake to act. My letter of June 29th. accordingly, in the same case of the Ship William, informed you that no power in this country could take a Vessel out of the custody of the Courts, and that it was only because they decided not to take cognizance of that case that it resulted to the Executive to interfere in it. Consequently, this alone put it in their power to leave the vessel in the hands of the Consul. The Courts of Justice exercise the sovereignty of this country in judiciary matters, are supreme in these, and liable neither to controul nor opposition from any other branch of the Government. We learn however from the inclosed paper that the Consul of New York in the first instance, and yourself in a subsequent one, forbid an officer of Justice to serve the process with which he was charged from his Court on the British brig William Tell, taken by a French armed vessel within a mile of our Shores, as has been deposed on oath and brought into New York, and that you had even given orders to the French Squadron there to protect the vessel against any person who should attempt to take her from their custody. If this opposition were founded, as is there suggested, on the indulgence of the letters before cited, it was extending that to a case not within their purview: and even had it been precisely the case to which they were to be applied, is it possible to imagine you might assert it within the body of the country by force of arms? \nI forbear to make the observations which such a measure must suggest, and cannot but believe that a moment\u2019s reflection will evince to you the depth of the error committed in this opposition to an officer of Justice, and in the means proposed to be resorted to in support of it. I am therefore charged to declare to you expressly that the President\nexpects and requires that the officer of justice be not obstructed in freely and peaceably serving the process of his Court, and that in the mean time the Vessel and her Cargo be not suffered to depart till the Judiciary, if it will undertake it, or himself if not, shall decide whether the seizure has been made within the limits of our protection. I have the honor to be with great respect, Sir Your most obedient and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0065", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Knox, 9 September 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWar Department September 9th. 1793\nWill you be so good as to inform the British Minister that the privateers Petit Democrate and Caramagnole sent into New London as a \nprize the Brig Nancy of Jamaica, That the Governor of Connecticut having possess\u2019d himself of the said Brig by a party of Militia was ready to deliver her up to her Master or Owner at the time of her capture, but that no such persons have appear\u2019d, and that in this case the Governor will deliver her to the Owner or the Minister. I have the honour to be with great Respect Sir Your Humble Servant\nH. Knox Secy of War", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0066", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Langdon, 9 September 1793\nFrom: Langdon, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSr\nPortsmouth. 9th. Septemr. 1793\nI was honor\u2019d with your favo\u2019r of the 27th. Ult. by last post Incloseing your letter, directed to the Merchants of this place, which I laid before them at their Insurance Office, on the same evening that it came to hand; the gentlemen, Merchants were much pleased, and gratified with the attention of government to their Commerce, and are determined to pay particular attention, in procuring all the proof and information in their power, Relative to the Injurys or Insults, offer\u2019d to our Trade, by the Belligerent Powers. I have the honor to be with the highest sentements of Esteem and Respect Sr. your most Obt. Servt\nJohn Langdon", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0068", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 9 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President has the honor to inclose him draughts of letters to Mr. Genet and Mr. Hammond, as agreed on Saturday. If Genl: Knox and the Atty. Genl. should wait on the President to-day, it would be well they should see them. Th:J. will have that honour before he leaves town.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0069", "content": "Title: George Washington to the Commissioners of the Federal District, 9 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Commissioners of the Federal District\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Sep. 9. 1793.\nI have duly recieved your letter of Sep. 5. and in consequence thereof have authorised Mr. David Ross of Bladensburg, and Colo. Robert Townshend Hooe of Alexandria, to examine the accounts and vouchers of the expenditure of the monies appropriated to your trust as Commissioners of the public buildings of the federal territory, and to certify to me the result.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0070", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Clinton, 10 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clinton, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia September 10th, 1793.\nThe President of the United States has received the letter, which Your Excellency addressed to him on the second instant.\nHe considers it as a fresh proof of your disposition, to prevent the exercise of state authorities from clashing with those of the f\u0153deral Government.\nThe event which Your Excellency has communicated, is indeed, what you express it to be, of national concern, and the power of arresting, derived from the 9th: article of the consular convention with France, is capable of great abuse. For altho\u2019 some degree of security may arise from the character of Consuls and Vice-Consuls, who alone are designated as intitled to demand deserters; and a person unjustly apprehended be ultimately discharged; yet the facility which is afforded by that instrument, for obtaining the interposition of the Magistracy, merely by exhibiting the register of a vessel, or a ship\u2019s roll, may often expose to a temporary imprisonment those, who never constituted a part of any crew whatsoever. The President therefore feels an assurance, that by the cautions which Your Excellency will prescribe to yourself on such occasions, you will save the United States from every possible embarrassment. I have the honor to be with sentiments of great respect Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0071", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Tench Coxe, 10 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Coxe, Tench\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to Mr. Coxe. He directed a Census to be sent him in the moment of receiving his note of the 5 th. With respect to the placing Consuls in the British islands, we are so far from being permitted that, that a common mercantile factor is not permitted by their laws. The experiment of establishing Consuls in the Colonies of the European nations has been going on for some time, but as yet we cannot say it has been formally and fully admitted by any. The French colonial authority has received them, but they have never yet been recognised by the national authority.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0072", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Duane, 10 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Duane, James\nSir\nPhiladelphia September the 10th. 1793.\nThe inclosed papers relate to an event of national importance and they are transmitted to you by the direction of the President of the United States: the district judges being the officers contemplated by law, as best suited to the execution of the 9th. article of the consular convention he thinks it desirable, that all such information, should, if possible be acted upon by the judicial power. I have the honor to be with sentiments of great respect Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0073", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, [10] September 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nNew york le 9. [i.e. 10] 7bre. 1793. l\u2019an 2e.\nLe Citoyen Johanene, Capitaine de la Go\u00eblette le Citoyen Genet arm\u00e9 \u00e0 charleston en vertu des trait\u00e9s entre la france et les etats unis Sous l\u2019autorisation du Gouvernement francois et avec l\u2019assentiment du gouvernement local de la Caroline du Sud apr\u00e8s avoir eprouv\u00e9 mille obstacles depuis le Commencement de son exp\u00e9dition en Course vient d\u2019\u00eatre arret\u00e9 ainsi que son nav[ire] par l\u2019amiraut\u00e9 des Etats unis dans la delaware au moment ou il alloit se soumettre aux ordres qui lui avoient \u00e9t\u00e9 donn\u00e9s par le gouvernement: Comme il est \u00e9vident, d\u2019apr\u00e8s les traitt\u00e9s, que les Cours d\u2019amiraut\u00e9s n\u2019ont aucun droit Sur nos prises et sur nos batimens arm\u00e9s et qu\u2019il est probable que des ordres particuliers eman\u00e9s du Gouvernement federal ont autoris\u00e9e a agir celle des Etats unis Je vous prie M. de donner les ordres n\u00e9cessaires pour que la Go\u00eblette le Citoyen Genet que le Capitaine ne veut plus employer \u00e0 la Course et qu\u2019il destine \u00e0 servir d\u2019aviso \u00e0 la Republique soit relach\u00e9.\nLe Citoyen Johanene Officier de marine de la r\u00e9publique francaise employ\u00e9 \u00e0 bord du Jupiter, ayant agi d\u2019apr\u00e8s des autorisations l\u00e9gales, ne peut etre arrete pour cause resultant de cet armement. Il est donc de la plus grande Justice que les poursuittes contre lui cessent \u00e9galement.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0075", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Christopher Gore, 10 September 1793\nFrom: Gore, Christopher\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBoston Septr 10. 1793\nYesterday morning I receiv\u2019d your favor of the 2d. instant, and this day preferr\u2019d a complaint to Judge Lowell against Mr. Duplaine for wilfully and Knowingly opposing and obstructing the Deputy Marshal in an attempt to serve and execute a writ of the United States. This complaint was supported by the oaths of several witnesses. Mr. Duplaine was arrested, and brought before the judge who has recogniz\u2019d him in the sum of 1000 dollars, with two sureties in the sum of 500 dollars each, for his appearance before the next circuit court, and answering to what may then be objected against him in behalf of the United States, especially to the subject of this complaint. I did not apprehend that Mr. Duplaine or any consul enjoy\u2019d the privilege of a diplomatic character\u2014but always consider\u2019d persons of his quality amenable to the laws.\nAt the time this opposition to law took place, the judge of the district was absent, and I did not think it expedient to hazard an enquiry in a matter of this importance before a common justice of the peace. When the judge return\u2019d the vessels were in possession of the Governor. The grand jury being soon, viz on the 12th. October, to attend the circuit court in Boston I thought it adviseable the process shoud originate\nthere. Having doubts whether the action of replevin woud lie in cases of this nature, I considerd the argument in favor of Duplaine drawn from this supposition at least plausible\u2014and thinking there was no danger that Mr. Duplaine woud leave the district before the 12 Octr., I had concluded prior to the receit of your favor to delay any prosecution till the sitting of the Circuit Court. These reasons will shew why I did not make complaint against Mr. Duplaine at an earlier day.\nI enclose evidence of the conduct of Mr. Duplaine in this transaction, which was taken in his presence and when he had counsel to cross examine the witnesses. These depositions were taken at the time of the enquiry into the truth of the complaint\u2014thus they were taken with every advantage to Mr. Duplaine, th\u00f4 he did not Know the purpose for which they were taken. Enclosed are copies of the representations made by me to Governor Hancock, my letter to Mr. Duplaine and note to Mr. Avery Secretary of the Commonwealth, also a copy of the writ under which the deputy marshal acted. I am sir with the greatest respect your most obed servt\nC. Gore", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0076", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 10 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 10. 1793.\nI received yesterday, and laid before the President your letter of the 8th. instant, desiring that James Shoolbred should have an Exequatur on the copy of a consular commission inclosed in that letter. But it appears so material in law that our records should be founded on an inspection of the original, that the President, on account of the distance, thinks it more convenient that Mr. Shoolbred should be permitted to act for a while without an Exequatur, I am therefore authorized hereby\nto declare his permission to him to exercise the functions of Vice-Consul for his Britannic majesty in the states of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia, without the formality of an Exequatur, until there shall have been full time to produce the original of his commission to be exhibited to the President. I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0078", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Knox, 10 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Knox, Henry\nSir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 10. 1793.\nThe inclosed memorial of Alexandr. S. Glass praying the exertion of the publick force to deliver to him his sloop the Betsey, prize to the Citoyen Genet, belonging to your department, I have the honor of inclosing it to you, & of being with great respect, Sir, Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I inclose the letter of Mr. Soderstrom, who communicated the papers to me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0079", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Adam Lindsay, 10 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lindsay, Adam\nSir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 10. 1793.\nYour favor of the 27th. came duly to hand, and I have to thank you for the intelligence it contained. I meant to have asked the continuance of it, but that I am likely to leave this place a little sooner than I had intended. You will have heard of an infectious and mortal disease which has broken out in this city. There was a hope till lately that it might have been prevented spreading. However it is now beyond all expectation of that, and the deaths which had increased from 5. to 10. a day, were the last two days probably risen to 25. a day. It happened that the President had made his preparations to visit Mt. Vernon, having some time ago fixed on this day for his departure. He is accordingly gone. Colo. Hamilton is ill of the fever tho\u2019 on the recovery. The people of business in the line of\ngovernment are mostly gone or going: so that I think it probable I shall go to Virginia myself within a week or ten days, uncertain as to the time of my return. I am Sir Your obedt. Servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0080", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Meade Randolph, 10 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, David Meade\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 10. 1793.\nI learn from Mr. Randolph that there is a box from England lodged for me in the custom-house at Bermuda. I presume it contains a small orrery, as I know that such an one has been sent out for me. The cost was 2\u00bd or 3. guineas, I do not remember which, and my letters are packed so that I cannot turn to the one mentioning this. I do not know what the duty is, but as it cannot be much I will take the liberty of asking you to pay it, and contrive the box to me, and I will take care to have the duty reimbursed. If you will send the box to Colo. Gamble he will readily forward it to me.\nThe yellow fever is spreading so fast in this city, that the President being gone, Genl. Knox going, and Colo. Hamilton ill of it, I believe I shall go also within a few days though I had not intended to set out till the beginning of next month. My best respects to Mrs. Randolph & am Dear Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0081", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, 10 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, Richard\nSir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 10. 1793.\nI have the honor to acknolege the receipt of your letter of the 7th. inst. accompanying the application of Mr. Glass for the delivery of his sloop Betsey, a prize to the Citoyen Genet. If the case admits of redress by the Executive, it will be only by the interposition of an armed force, and cases of that class belonging to the department of war, I have inclosed the memorial and other papers to the Secretary at war, with whom it rests to consider whether delivery can be made in that way and to give an answer. I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0082", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to St. George Tucker, 10 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Tucker, St. George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 10. 1793\nYour favor of June 14 came to hand some time ago, and nothing but a load of business has prevented my sooner acknoleging it. No person on earth heard with more sincere regret the tales which were the subject of it, no body lamented more the torture thro\u2019 which their victim must have passed. For myself, when placed under the necessity of deciding in a case where on one hand is a young and worthy person, all the circumstances of whose education and position in life pronounce her virtuous and innocent, and on the other, the proneness of the world to sow and spread slander, there is no hesitation in my mind. I needed no evidence therefore on this question, and could at any time have conscientiously appeared as one of her compurgators.\u2014What an ocean is life! And how our barks get separated in our passage thro it! One of the greatest comforts of the retirement to which I shall soon withdraw will be it\u2019s rejoining me to my earliest and best friends, and acquaintance. I shall hope to be in your way in some of your tacks, and to be able to assure you personally of the sincere respect & esteem with which I am Dear Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0083", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 10 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nChester Septr 10th. 1793.\nI return, from this place, the Papers which you put into my hands on the Road, to day.\nThe unpromising state of the Negotiation at Madrid, and the opinion of the Commissioners that their Commission should be withdrawn, and matters at that Court placed in Statu quo, deserve very serious consideration. I pray you to give it; and if it rests altogether with the Executive (after the Agency the Senate has had in the business) let me know the result.\nMr. Carmichael must not be the person left there; for, from him we should never hear a tittle of what is going forward at the Court of Madrid. I am Your Affecte \nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0084", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Bankson, 11 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bankson, Benjamin\nTh: Jefferson will be obliged to Mr. Bankson as soon as he has finished the letters left with him yesterday, to go on with the Duplicate of those Aug. 16. and 23d. to Mr. Gouverneur Morris and the documents, taking therein the assistance of the other gentlemen. The press copy is to be sent to Mr. Morris, that on writing paper being wanting for another purpose. When it is ready, Mr. Bankson will be pleased to exert himself particularly to find some vessel going to France, and if possible a trusty passenger to whom he can commit it. Th:J. is authorised to refund the reasonable expences from the port of landing to Paris, of any trusty person who will undertake to deliver it. The letter now inclosed is to be sent with the other.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0085", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Bringhurst, [11 September 1793]\nFrom: Bringhurst, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nJohn Bringhurst informs his friend TJ. that he is very sorry it is not in his power to come in the country to see him, as he departs for New York in the early stage of tomorrow, nevertheless any particular business respecting the notes or otherwise will be punctually attended to. If TJ leaves an order for the money on the treasury, he (JB) will gett the money when due and pay the notes as he will not be absent more than 3 weeks. Any Letter or orders left at my brothers Store No. 131 South front Street will meet due attention. The note sent Last was informal the word to (or order) being omitted prevented my getting it done, and expect the banks will shut to day. I will leave orders with my brother to pay the remainder of money due in Cash.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0086", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Carmichael and William Short, 11 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carmichael, William,Short, William\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Sep. 11. 1793.\nMy last letters to you were of the 12th. and 16th. of July. Since that I have recieved yours of Apr. 18. May 5. and June 6. The present occasion does not admit of my entering into particulars on the subject of your letters: I will only inform you therefore generally that the President approves of your proceedings and views. Proceed in the plan your letter of June 6. expresses; we make no other alterations in our instructions. The negociation was fixed at Madrid at the express desire of that court delivered to me verbally by their Charg\u00e9s here, and on which some explanations in writing took place.\u2014The Indians on our North West have refused to meet our Commissioners unless they would fix the Ohio as our boundary by a Preliminary article. This being impossible on account of the army locations and sales to individuals North of that river, the war goes on, and we expect Genl. Wayne is now in motion.\u2014An infectious, putrid and mortal fever has broken out here. The week before last the deaths were about 40. the last week about 80. and this week they will probably be 200. and it is increasing. Every body who can is flying. We hope the approaching cold will stop it. The President sat out for Mount Vernon yesterday, according to arrangements made\nsometime since. Colo. Hamilton is ill of the fever, but is on the recovery. The Secretary at war is setting out Northwardly, and I shall in a few days set out for Virginia. Our reassembling will depend on the course of this malady, and on that will depend the date of my next letter to you. I have the honor to be with great & sincere esteem, Gentlemen, your most obedt. servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0087", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 11 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 11. 1793.\nAccording to your desire I wrote to the Committee of Baltimore to inform me of the passengers to France who ask your passport. The following is an extract from their letter, of Sep. 8. \u2018The numbers already entered and for whom a provision has been made at a heavy expence to the French republic and the inhabitants of this town are as follow. In the Marianne, Capt. Ardouin 250. persons. In the Nouvelle Rosalie, Capt. Dupouy 180. persons, in all 430.\u2019\nI have also the honor to inclose you the names of 330. the roll of which was sent to me on the part of these unhappy persons themselves. This was the whole number then inscribed, but it was mentioned that they were daily increasing.\nTo the favor of giving the most effectual protection you can to them, will you be so good as to add that of putting it under cover to Mr. Samuel Sterritt, Baltimore, and have it put in the post-office that it may go off immediately. Otherwise my residence out of town may delay it a day or two which I understand is of great importance to these poor people. I write to Mr. Sterrett that I have asked this favor of you. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0089", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Knox, 11 September 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWar Department Septemb. 11. 1793\nThe Swedish neutral Vessel having been brought into our ports before the fifth of August, is not comprehended in the rule to restore Vessels taken by the illicit privateers after that period.\nIt would appear to me, that the appeal to the Circuit Court should be prosecuted. If the event should then be unfavorable, and it should be proper to interfere with force, it must I conceive be by virtue of a special rule, and orders from the President of the United States.\nIf I err in this opinion, I shall be much obliged to you to point out the mode of procedure. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your obedt. hble servant \nH Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0091", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 11 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 11. 1793.\n  Your letters of May 11. and 15. June 14. and 20. are recieved. My last to you have been of Aug. 20. and 29. and Sep. 1. The first of these covered a bill of exchange drawn by John Wilcocks in your favor on Edward Mc.Culloch & Co. London for \u00a31077\u201311\u20139 sterl. cost here 5000.D. of which I now inclose a duplicate. I am endeavoring to procure a remittance of 10,000. Dollars more to London or Amsterdam. I now inclose you the following papers.\nApr\na letter of Messrs. Carmichael and Short to me.\nMay.\ndo.\nJune\na letter of Messrs. Viar and Jaudenes to me.\na letter of mine to Messrs. Carm. and Short.\nJuly\na letter of mine to Messrs. Viar and Jaudenes.\na letter of theirs to me.\nanother do.\na letter of mine to them.\na note of the policy of Spain as to the Missisipi, from good authority.\nThese are communicated merely for your information, and to govern your discretion in any occurrence which may arise where this information may enable you to do good or avoid evil. You mention that when proposing arrangements for the regulation of impressments of seamen, so as to shelter our seamen from them, you were told that Mr. Bond was to make enquiries here for a final arrangement. He has been long arrived, and we have never heard of any enquiries.\u2014You must have received the President\u2019s proclamation by Lesley who was the bearer of it, whose arrival you mention in your last. The North-Western Indians have refused to meet our Commissioners unless they would agree as a preliminary article to make the Ohio our boundary. This was impossible on our part, on account of the lands sold on the other side to Individuals: consequently the war goes on, and we may expect very shortly to hear of General Wayne\u2019s advance towards them.\u2014A very contagious and mortal fever has made it\u2019s appearance here lately. The week before last there were about 40. deaths under it, the last week about 80. This week they will be about 200. and it goes on increasing. The city is thrown into the utmost consternation by it. All descriptions of people are flying from it, as far as any asylum can be found. This endangers the spreading it through the country and in other large cities. All the public offices are shutting. The President went to M. Vernon yesterday according to an arrangement of long standing. Colo. Hamilton is ill of the fever, though on the recovery. General Knox is going away. I think to go also in some days. When or where we shall re-assemble will depend on the course this malady takes, and on that will depend the date of my next letter to you. I have the honor to be with great & sincere respect & esteem Dr Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0092", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Remsen, 11 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Remsen, Henry\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 11. 1793.\nYour favors of July 29. and Aug. 1. are now before me, and the inkpot was duly received, for which I return you a thousand thanks, for it is to me a great convenience. You did not mention the price, but I suppose it to be about 3. dollars (judging from the former one) and will not fail to replace it by the first person I can find passing. Schneider\u2019s price is high. I must do the less in his way; but still I must employ him when I am ready. I go home to live decidedly at the beginning of the new year. Can I get the favor of you to watch for a trusty passenger to send the inclosed letter to Mr. Pinckney by. It is of an extreme confidential nature, and moreover covers a bill of exchange.\u2014You will have heard much of the contagious and mortal disorder broke out here. It is really formidable. During the last three weeks the deaths have more than doubled weekly, and it is still spreading. I think the deaths this week will be 200 at least. Colo. Hamilton is ill of it, but on the recovery. The President went to Virginia yesterday according to an arrangement of long standing. Genl. Knox is going off. I believe I shall also go to Virginia in a few days. When and where we shall reassemble will depend on the course this malady takes.\u2014Command my services always freely, as I am sincerely and affectionately your friend & servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0093", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Sterett, 11 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Sterett, Samuel\nSir\nSchuylkill Sep. 11. 1793.\nI this moment recieve your favor of the 8th. and have sent to Mr. Hammond the numbers for whom the passports are asked. Besides this I was enabled by Mr. Bournonville to inclose him a roll of the names of 330. of them. I have desired him to put his passports under cover to you and send them to the post office; otherwise my residence in the country might occasion the loss of a post. I have the honor to be with great esteem Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0095", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 11 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nElkton 11 Septr. 1793.\nI will thank you to have made out and forwarded to me a Commission for the Collector of Annapolis, in place of \u2014\u2014\u2014 Davidson, leaving the name of the person blank to be filled up by me.\nYou will please to have the U: States seal affixed thereto, and countersigned by you, so that it may be sent directly from me to the person who shall be appointed. With much esteem, I am, Sir, Your mo: hble Servt. \nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0097", "content": "Title: Circular to Certain Consuls and Vice-Consuls, 12 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Consuls,Vice-Consuls\nSir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 12. 1793.\nThe object of the present is chiefly to acknolege the receipt of your favors of Dec. 30. Apr. 10. June 10. and July 4. and to express our satisfaction with your attention to the cases of the ships Commerce and Jay.\nThe US. Persevere in their line of peace with all nations, and will, we hope, by a just conduct to all, be enabled to preserve it. We think it best that our vessels should take passports in our own ports only, and renew them every voyage, as the surest means of avoiding the difficulties produced to ourselves by the usurpation of our flag, to which we desire your particular attention.\nA kind of jail or camp-fever has lately broken out in this city, where being unusual it has excited considerable alarm. It is but little infectious and we hope that more experience in it\u2019s treatment, and the cool weather now commencing will soon stop it. I am with great respect Sir Your most obedt servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0098", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 12 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia, September 12th. 1793.\nI have the honor of your letter of the 6th. instant, and can assure you with real truth of the readiness and zeal with which the Executive will concur in preventing within the limits of the United States any preparation of hostilities against France or her Colonies, as far as this can be effected by the exertion of that portion of the public power with which they are invested by the laws. Your letter requires the arrest and delivery of Tanqui, Galbaud, Conscience and Bonne, escaped from the ship Jupiter and from the punishment of crimes committed against the Republic of France, and also that necessary measures be taken to prevent the carrying into execution certain plots formed by them and others against their country. These two requisitions stand on different ground. The laws of this Country take no notice of crimes committed out of their jurisdiction. The most atrocious offender coming within their pale is\nviewed by them as an innocent man, and they have authorized no one to seize or deliver him. The evil of protecting malefactors of every dye is sensibly felt here as in other countries, but until a reformation of the criminal Codes of most Nations, to deliver fugitives from them would be to become their accomplices\u2014the former therefore is viewed as the lesser evil. When the Consular Convention with France was under consideration, this subject was attended to: but we could agree to go no further than is done in the IXth. article of that instrument where we agree mutually to deliver up \u2018Captains, Officers, Mariners, Sailors, and all other persons being part of the Crews of vessels\u2019 &c. Unless therefore the persons before named be part of the Crew of some vessel of the French Nation no person in this country is authorized to deliver them up, but on the contrary they are under the protection of the laws. If they are part of the Crew of a vessel, they are to be delivered up, but then it happens that the District Judge of each State is by the law of Congress made the competent person to execute this article of the Convention, and consequently each within his own State, and no one over all the States. So that as Criminals they cannot be given up, and if they be of the Crew of a vessel, the act of Congress has not given authority, to any one officer to send his process through all the States of the Union.\nThe other branch of your request is more completely provided for by the laws, which authorize coercions as to expeditions formed in the territory of the United States against nations with whom they are at peace. If therefore you will be pleased to give me such information as to persons and places as may indicate to what points the vigilance of the officers is to be directed, proper measures will be immediately taken for preventing every attempt to make any hostile expedition from these States against any of the dominions of France. The stronger the proofs you can produce, and the more pointed as to persons, the stronger will be the means of coercion which the laws will allow to be used.\nI have not yet laid this matter before the president, who is absent from the seat of Government: but to save delay which might be injurious, I have taken the liberty as the case is plain, to give you this provisory answer. I shall immediately communicate it to the President, and if he shall direct any thing in addition or alteration, it shall be the subject of another letter. In the mean time, I may venture to let this be considered as a ground for your proceeding. I have the honor to be with great respect, Sir, your most obedient Servant.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0101", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 12 September 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 12 September 1793\nI have this day had the honor of receiving your letter, dated the 9th. curt., in answer to my memorials of the 4th. and 6th. of this month.\nAs there appears to subsist an essential difference between us, on a matter of fact, I esteem it necessary for my justification, to assure you that my statement, of the establishment of a regular succession of cruizers, from the French fleet stationed at New-York, was founded on information, which at the time I knew to be authentic, and was particularly intended to apply to the Favorite of 20 Guns and the brig Cerf of 16 Guns, both of which were successively detached from the fleet at New-York, and have sent British prizes into that port. They are now reinforced by the frigate Concorde of 40 Guns and le Normand of 20 Guns, all, or at least the principal part, of which vessels are, as I have the greatest reason to believe, at this moment employed in cruizing on the American coasts in the vicinity of New-York. I have the honor to be with sentiments of great respect Sir, your most obedient humble Servant \nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0102", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 12 September 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 12th September 1793\nI have the honor of transmitting to you, a copy of an additional instruction, given by his Majesty\u2019s order in council, to the Commanders of the British armed vessels, respecting the commerce of neutral nations with France in the article of grain, and also with regard to such French ports as may in the course of the war be blocked by the vessels of his Majesty, or of the other powers engaged in the war.\nIn communicating to you this paper, it is necessary for me to remark that, by the law of nations, as laid down by the most modern writers, it is expressly stated that all provisions are to be considered as contraband and as such liable to confiscation, in the case where the depriving an enemy of these supplies, is one of the means intended to be employed for reducing him to reasonable terms of peace. The actual situation of France is notoriously such as to lead to the employing this mode of distressing her by the joint operations of the different powers engaged in the war: And the reasoning, which in these authors applies to all cases of this sort, is certainly much more applicable to the present case, in which the distress results from the unusual mode of war employed by the enemy himself\u2014in having armed almost the whole labouring class of the French nation, for the purpose of commencing and supporting hostilities against all the governments of Europe. But this reasoning is most of all applicable to the circumstances of a trade, which is now in a great measure entirely carried on by the actually ruling party of France itself; and which is therefore no longer to be regarded, as a mercantile speculation of individuals, but as an immediate operation of the very persons who have declared war, and are now carrying it on against Great Britain. On these considerations therefore the powers at war would have been perfectly justifiable, if they had considered all provisions as contraband, and had directed them as such to be brought in for confiscation.\nBut the present measure pursued by his Majesty\u2019s government, so far from going to the extent, which the law of nations and the circumstances of the case would have warranted, only has prevented the French from being supplied with corn, omitting all mention of other provisions, and even with respect to corn, the regulation adopted is one, which, instead of confiscating the cargoes, secures to the proprietors, supposing them neutral, a full indemnification for any loss they may possibly sustain.\nWith respect to the rule that has been adopted relative to ports blockaded\u2014it is conformable to the general law and practice of all nations, and the exception, there mentioned as to Denmark and Sweden, has reference to existing treaties with those powers, and cannot therefore give any just ground of umbrage or jealousy to other powers, between whom and Great Britain no such treaties subsist.\nBefore I conclude this letter, I deem it proper to express my hope that you, Sir, will perceive in the communication itself of this paper a proof of my willingness, to furnish this government with any intelligence that may be interesting to it, and thereby to anticipate the necessity of enquiries on the subject: And I cannot avoid farther adding my conviction that the explanation I have now given of this measure, will\nsatisfactorily evince the propriety of recurring to it in the present instance. I have the honor to be, with Sentiments of great respect, Sir, Your most obedient humble Servant,\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0103", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 12 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nThe fever spreads faster. Deaths are now about 30. a day. It is in every square of the city. All flying who can. Most of the offices are shut or shutting. The banks shut up this day. All my clerks have left me but one: so that I cannot go on with business. I shall therefore set out in 3. or 4. days and perhaps see you before you get this. H. had truly the fever, and is on the recovery, and pronounced out of danger.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0106", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 13 September 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nNewyork le 13. 7bre 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la r\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise\nJ\u2019ai re\u00e7u la lettre que vous m\u2019av\u00e9s fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019ecrire le 9 de ce mois et Je m\u2019empresse de vous assurer que depuis longtems Je presse le Consul de la r\u00e9publique \u00e0 Philadelphie de me mettre \u00e0 port\u00e9e de vous\ncommuniquer les informations que vous m\u2019aves demand\u00e9es sur les prises des Corsaires, le Citoyen Genet et le Sans culotte, nommees le William et la Fanny; mais que ses occupations extremement multipli\u00e9es depuis l\u2019arriv\u00e9e de l\u2019escadre et une maladie qu\u2019il vient d\u2019essuyer l\u2019ont empech\u00e9 Jusqu\u2019a present de me fournir Ces materiaux; au surplus, Monsieur, Je doute que nous puissions en faire un usage utile tant qu\u2019il n\u2019aura pas \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9fini de part et d\u2019autre ce que l\u2019on entend par la ligne de protection que les Agens de nos ennemis reclament sans cesse aupr\u00e8s de vous pour faire servir vos mains \u00e0 nous depouiller des foibles d\u00e9domagemens que nous recueillons de la guerre de la tirannie contre la libert\u00e9. Presque tous les gouvernemens presque tous les Jurisconsultes ont une maniere differente de voir sur cet objet et Je crois, Monsieur, que C\u2019est aux Corps legislatifs de nos deux pa\u00efs qu\u2019il appartient de Juger la question: quant \u00e0 moi Je penserais qu\u2019il ne faudrait reclamer le droit de protection et de Jurisdiction que lorsque par la nature des choses on pourrait proteger et rendre Justice avec effet. Si ce principe etait etabli il ne s\u2019agirait plus que de trouver une mesure invariable et la moyenne proportionnelle de la port\u00e9e de Canons d\u2019un calibre et d\u2019une charge determin\u00e9es me paroitrait propre \u00e0 remplir cet objet.\nIl me reste \u00e0 repondre, Monsieur, \u00e0 la seconde partie de votre lettre Je veux dire aux reproches tr\u00e8s amers que vous me faittes d\u2019avoir oppos\u00e9 quelque resistance \u00e0 l\u2019ordre donn\u00e9 par un tribunal de cette ville \u00e0 un de ses marechaux de s\u2019emparer \u00e0 la r\u00e9quisition des n\u00e9gotians anglais, d\u2019une prise faitte par un Vaisseau de le R\u00e9publique et vous me demand\u00e9s au nom de Mr. Le President de faire remettre ce batiment entre les mains de la ditte Cour. Je prens la libert\u00e9 de vous observer, Monsieur, que cette requisition implique une double contradiction puisque 1\u00b0. le traitt\u00e9 statue de la maniere la plus positive qu\u2019aucune Cour ne prendra connoissance de nos prises et, 2\u00b0 que les decisions renferm\u00e9es dans votre lettre du 25 Juin ont etabli que les prises suppos\u00e9es avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 faittes dans la ligne (ind\u00e9finie) de protection resteront Jusqu\u2019a leur Jugement entre les mains du Consul de la r\u00e9publique.\nPar respect pour nos traitt\u00e9s, qui sont aussi des loix et pour les decisions du gouvernement f\u0153deral J\u2019ai du agir comme Je l\u2019ai fait: Je vais d\u2019ailleurs pr\u00e9scrire au Capitaine du Cerf de se conformer aux intentions de Mr. le President aussit\u00f4t que le tribunal qui requiert la saisie du Guillaume Tell aura produit ou cit\u00e9 la loi en vertu de la quelle il se propose de faire son explo\u00eft: Je sais tout ce qui est du Monsieur, aux tribunaux qui exercent une partie de la Souverainet\u00e9 du Peuple; mais Je sais aussi que ces tribunaux cr\u00e9es par la loi n\u2019ont d\u2019action que par elle et que lorsqu\u2019ils s\u2019ecartent des l\u00efmites qu\u2019elle leur a trac\u00e9es ils tombent dans l\u2019arbitraire et: Je vais en consequence, Monsieur, faire requerir le Juge qui a os\u00e9 lancer un decr\u00eat de prise de corps contre Guillaume\nTell de nous produire la loi ou l\u2019autorisation d\u2019apr\u00e8s laquelle il agit et si se refusant \u00e0 nous satisfaire sur ce point \u00efl nous prouve que les lois du pa\u00efs l\u2019autorisent \u00e0 rendre arbitrairement des Warrans et a violer des traittes existans et des d\u00e9cisions du pouvoir \u00e9x\u00e9cutif des Etats unis Je lui ferai remettre la prise et J\u2019exprimerai \u00e0 mon tour au gouvernement f\u0153deral toute ma sensibilit\u00e9 sur l\u2019erreur dans laquelle nous a fait tomber la Constitution des Etats unis qui dit que les trait\u00e9s sont au nombre de leurs lois les plus sacr\u00e9es et les d\u00e9cisions qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 le resultat des arrangements relatifs aux prises suppos\u00e9es faites dans la ligne de protection des Etats unis. \nGenet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0107", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 13 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia, September 13th. 1793.\nI have now the honor to enclose you the copy of a letter from the Attorney General of the United States in the case of Hooper and Pagan, in consequence of your last to me on that subject. It is still to have been wished that no efforts had been spared on the part of Mr. Pagan to bring his case before the Supreme Court of the United States. However supposing the Court of Massachusetts to be the Court of last resort in this case, it is then to be observed that the decision has been pronounced by the Judges of the land entrusted for their learning and integrity with the administration of justice to our own Citizens, that all the proceedings in the case have been marked with candor and attention towards Mr. Pagan, and that their decision can in no wise be charged with gross and palpable error. On the contrary, the interpretation they have given to the armistice (which entered into this question) is precisely that which has been given by every Court in the United States where it has come into question, and which was pronounced in this very instance in the British Court of Admiralty in Nova Scotia, where the question began. None of those strong features therefore of partiality and wilful injustice is to be seen in this case, which render a nation responsible for the decisions of it\u2019s Judges, and which the United States would have been perfectly disposed to rectify, as I hope you will have been satisfied by the attention and care which has been bestowed on the complaint. I have the honor to be, with great respect, Sir, Your most obedient Servant.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0108", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 13 September 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLisbon Septr. 13th. 1793.\nWe have chartered a Swedish vessel at the rate of 340 Millrees per Month for two Months certain, and as much longer as we shall have occasion for it. This was the only expedient left for us, and the best\nterms we could make, and at all events will prove \u0153conomical in case of our success at the place of destination. We shall have our Money, Passport, and every thing provided, and I hope we shall meet with no impediment to our going out the day after tomorrow. My zeal for the service will not permit us to be detained one moment longer than absolutely necessary: for the circumstances strongly urge our departure, and render the business more critical and the success more doubtful every day.\nSince my last we learn, that the Algerines have taken another of our vessels near Malaga\u2014the Crew fortunately escaped or the prospect of our success would have been utterly at an end. The vessel taken sometime ago off Cape de Gat has been converted into a Cruizer, and made this last capture. The last appears to be, by the Cadiz Marine list and other informations, the Schooner Laurel, Captn. John Daniel, from Philadelphia. This will also probably be turned into a Cruizer.\nThe Dutch are about sending a great Embassy to treat with the Algerines. Vice Admiral Melvil is appointed Ambassador, and is expected here very soon with several Ships of the line and frigates under his orders. He is to leave his Convoy, and proceed directly with the fleet to the Mediterranean. No body can appreciate more highly than I do the advantage of getting the start of the Dutch negotiator. A comparison between our means and his, almost precludes us from the least gleam of expectation of success. In fine, if, with our limitations, and under all the views, we should happily succeed, I shall esteem it almost a miracle. It will, at least, be one of the happiest days of my life.\nI write the general News, which is of great importance, to the President; and hasten to conclude with assurances of the sentiments of perfect respect & esteem, with which I have the honour to be Sir Your most obedt & Most humble Servant \nD. Humphreys\nP.S. I could not obtain an interview with Mr. Pinto until last Evening, when I introduced Mr. Church to him as remaining in charge with the affairs of the U.S. during my absence. I have left with Mr. Church a letter to be delivered to Mr. Pinto in case of war between this Country and France.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0111", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Stephen Moylan, 13 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Moylan, Stephen\nSir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 13. 1793.\nThe President, on his departure, left in my hands a commission for a Marshal of this district with a blank for the name to be inserted. It was his wish that your\u2019s should be inserted if you should think the office\nwould suit you. I must ask the favor of you to say whether you would accept of the commission, and to do it in a letter to Mr. Benjamin Bankson at my office, as I set out for Virginia within two or three days. Should you decline it I must still ask you to notify it to him, that he may proceed to follow the instructions given him in that case. The office will be vacant on the 20th. inst. by the resignation of Colo. Biddle, and I can with truth express the satisfaction it would give me personally to have it filled again by a person to whose merits I am less a stranger than to his person. I am with great respect Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0112", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Oliver & Thompson, 13 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Oliver & Thompson\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Sep. 13. 1793.\nThe present is to acknolege the receipt of your favor of the 10th. inst. and to assure you it shall be duly attended to as soon as other matter shall be received of the same nature, which is expected shortly to be recieved. I have the honor to be Gentlemen Your most obedt servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0113", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Griffin Peachy, 13 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Peachy, Thomas Griffin\nSir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 13. 1793.\nI received by the last post your favor of the 3d. covering the resolutions of the inhabitants of Petersburg and it\u2019s vicinity respecting the President\u2019s late proclamation. I shall have the honor of forwarding them by the first post to Mount Vernon to which place the President is gone.\nHe will certainly receive with great satisfaction this testimony from the inhabitants of Petersburg and it\u2019s vicinity of their approbation and support of the line of conduct he is pursuing for the preservation of the peace of our country, and of the respect which is due to it. I have the honor to be with great regard Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0114", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Ross, 13 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ross, John\nDear Sir\nSchuylkill Sep. 13. 1793.\nAs all the world is flying, I think to fly too in two or three days. But I am money-bound. I shall have 215. dollars free out of monies to be recieved for me at the Treasury between two and three weeks hence. But, to pay some matters to people in want, and to carry me home also, I have occasion for 100. Doll. more. Having never had any money connection at Philadelphia, I take the liberty of applying to you rather than any other person, to enable me to receive immediately the amount of the inclosed order on Mr. Bankson (one of my clerks who is to receive the money at the treasury for me) and of my own note for 100.D. which I cannot get by discount from the bank till Wednesday next, and my wish is to go on Sunday or Monday. I expect to be absent 7. weeks, but for fear any accident might delay me a few days, I have left the date of my note blank to be filled on the day it shall be lodged in the bank, that I may be the less hurried by this circumstance in my return. I will assuredly see that it be taken up in time. If you can, for this paper, furnish me a check on the bank or it\u2019s amount otherwise, you will enable my wheels to get into motion, which otherwise stand still. I have the honor to be with great esteem & respect Dr. Sir, your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0115", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Ross, 13 September 1793\nFrom: Ross, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Say Grange 13 Septr. 1793.\nI have before me your favour of this date, Am much pleased when I can Serve a friend, and without troubling You with further occurrence\u2019s on the Subject, Receive a Check for the Amount of the two Notes Sent to me, vizt. one of 215. Drs.\nand 1 other of 100 Say 315 Dollars. I wish it had been convenient for You to have done my Family the pleasure to have Spent a day with us here, but under the present Unfortunate Situation of the City, it is certainly prudent to get out of the Way as Soon as possible. Wishing You an Agreeable Jaunt, Believe me with Sincerity to be very truely Dear Sir Your Most Obedt Servt\nJno Ross", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0116", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Arthur St. Clair, 13 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: St. Clair, Arthur\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 13. 1793.\nI received yesterday your favor of Aug. 9. Your having endeavored to avail the public of my agency in convening your legislature needed no apology. I did it with pleasure, as a public servant, and as one willing to serve yourself. Judge Symes however was at a distance, and Judge Turner gone from hence. With respect to the question to whom you should send your observations on the laws relating to your government, I can answer with more disinterestedness, as before they can come I shall be no longer in my office. All the business of the government is divided into 3. departments, to wit, of war, finance and state. To some one of the heads of these every possible matter belongs. As to whatever you have to do in your military capacity, you refer yourself to the Secretary at war. I do not know that you can ever have any thing to do in the line of finance. Every thing else falls into the department of state, to the head of which it should be addressed. To him the general report, given every six months, is referred, and if there are matters in it proper for the other departments he reports them to the President who sends the extracts to the proper department.\u2014Whether in or out of office I shall ever be happy to render you any service I can, being with sincere respect Dear Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0117", "content": "Title: Circular to Foreign Ministers in the United States, 14 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Foreign Ministers in the United States\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to [Mr. Genet] and being about to be absent from this city for a few weeks begs the favor of him to write his name on the outside of all letters he shall do him the honor to write to him before his return, that, being sent to his office, they may receive the particular attention for which he leaves instructions in order to shorten as much as possible the delay of answer which may be occasioned by his absence.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0118", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 1[4] September 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nNew york le 11. [i.e. 14] 7bre. 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la Republique fran\u00e7oise.\nLes affaires multipli\u00e9es dont J\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 accabl\u00e9 depuis que Je suis ici ne m\u2019ont point encore permis de vous accuser la reception de la lettre que vous m\u2019av\u00e9s \u00e9crite le 5. ao\u00fbt. Elle m\u2019est parvenue dans son tems et comme les d\u00e9cisions qu\u2019elle renferme ne sont qu\u2019une cons\u00e9quence de celles contre les quelles Je vous avois d\u00e9ja fait les representations les plus fortes et les plus fond\u00e9es J\u2019ai pens\u00e9 que Je devois laisser au gouvernement federal le soin de les \u00e9x\u00e9cuter, parcequ\u2019il ne m\u2019appartenoit en aucune maniere de donner aux Consuls de la R\u00e9publique des ordres contraires au sens de nos trait\u00e9s, de leur pr\u00e9scrire de ne point se conformer relativement aux armements et aux prises de nos batiments aux instructions qui leur ont \u00e9t\u00e9 donn\u00e9es par des autorit\u00e9s superieures \u00e0 la\nmienne et de leur enjoindre de suspendre l\u2019\u00e9ffet des Commissions que nos armateurs tiennent du Conseil \u00e9x\u00e9cutif et non de son d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9. \u00c0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des Indemnit\u00e9s promises par Mr. le President des Etats unis au Ministre d\u2019Angleterre en vertu des principes qu\u2019il a \u00e9tabli Il n\u2019est pas plus en mon pouvoir d\u2019y consentir que d\u2019apr\u00e8s ma maniere de voir il n\u2019est au sien de le promettre puisque pour operer cette appropriation nouvelle des fonds des Etats unis ou de la france l\u2019aveu des Corps legislatifs des deux parties est indispensable.\nAu surplus, M., quoique Je n\u2019aie point le droit de retirer d\u2019autorit\u00e9 les Commissions dont nos armateurs sont nantis, quoique Je ne puisse point non plus les contraindre de se soumettre \u00e0 des d\u00e9cisions que nos trait\u00e9s d\u2019alliance et de Commerce ne sanctionnent point et que des Jugements rendus par plusieurs tribunaux des Etats unis que des n\u00e9gociations entam\u00e9es avec vous m\u00eame semblent contredire Vous dev\u00e9s \u00eatre assur\u00e9 cependant qu\u2019apr\u00e8s avoir d\u00e9fendu aussi longtems que Je l\u2019ai pu les droits et les inter\u00eats du peuple fran\u00e7ois Je ne n\u00e9glige rien pour engager par les voies de la persuasion nos armateurs \u00e0 suspendre leur course et \u00e0 Changer leur d\u00e9stination: L\u2019objet pour lequel nous avons encourag\u00e9 l\u2019armement de tous ces petits batiments \u00e9toit de d\u00e9truire le Commerce de nos \u00e9nnemis et de bloquer leurs marins dans vos ports afin d\u2019accelerer le retour de la paix en diminuant leurs forces. Ce plan \u00e9toit bon et malgr\u00e9 tous les obstacles qu\u2019il a rencontr\u00e9 il a r\u00e9ussi au point de faire tomber entre nos mains une cinquantaine de leurs batiments et de condamner \u00e0 l\u2019inaction un nombre infiniment plus grand. Actuellement cet objet est rempli. Des forces Superieures ach\u00e9veront le reste et si J\u2019ai eu le malheur par mon aveugle obeissance \u00e0 mes instructions par mon opiniatret\u00e9 \u00e0 ne reconnoitre que les lois et les trait\u00e9s des Etats unis de d\u00e9plaire \u00e0 quelques Anglophobes J\u2019ai au moins la satisfaction d\u2019avoir rendu un service important \u00e0 ma patrie dont la politique aujourdhui est enti\u00e9rement dirig\u00e9e vers la guerre.\nJe suis tr\u00e8s sensible, Mr., aux mesures que vous av\u00e9s prises pour faire avorter les projets odieux de quelques r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s de St. domingue et il seroit \u00e0 souhaiter que l\u2019on put \u00e9xpulser entierement cette race ainsi que celle des \u00e9migr\u00e9s aristocrates d\u2019Europe bien plus dangereux pour la paix la libert\u00e9 et l\u2019Ind\u00e9pendance des Etats unis que tous les corsaires du monde.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0120", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 14 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Sep. 14. 1793.\nIn my letter of Aug. 20. I inclosed you the 1st. of John Wilcocks\u2019 bill on Messrs. Edwd. Mc.Culloch and Co. of London for \u00a31077\u201311\u20139 sterl. (cost here 5000. Dollars) payable to yourself at 60. days sight to be applied to the use of our diplomatic gentlemen abroad. In my letter of the 11th. inst. I inclosed the 2d. and now the 3d. of the same bill. I have also engaged the bank of the US. to purchase bills for 10,000 Dollars more, either on London or Amsterdam. Those on the former place will be forwarded to you, those on the latter to our bankers at Amsterdam, where it is best the deposit should finally be made. Mr. Kean, cashier of the bank is charged with the purchase and remittance of the bills.\nYour letter of July 5. is now recieved, and a communication of the paper, which was the subject of it, has been recieved from Mr. Hammond. He was answered that the measure was new and deeply interesting to us, and that instructions were sent to you to make representations on the subject of it, which of course rendered it\u2019s discussion here unnecessary. I have the honor to be with great esteem & respect Dear Sir your friend & servt.\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Messrs. Willing, Morris & Swanwick assure me their bill, tho\u2019 noted, will be paid.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0122", "content": "Title: Memorandums to Benjamin Bankson, [15 September 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bankson, Benjamin\nMemorandums for Mr. Bankson.\nMr. Bankson will receive for me at the Treasury 875. Dollars. He will in the first place pay 600. Dollars of it to the bank of North America, and take up a note of mine for that sum endorsed by J. Bringhurst and due the 3d. or 4th. of October.\nThere will then remain free money\nalso Mr. Bringhurst\u2019s note now delivd. to Mr.  Bankson for\nOut of this Mr. Bankson will be pleased to pay\nDol\nMy note in the hands of Mr. John Ross payable Oct. 4.\nMrs. Fullerton, the acct. now delivd.\nMr. Ker. do.\nBringhurst\u2019s note is payable at sight, and Crosby will collect it. It may furnish the payment to Mr. Ker.\nThe blank commission for a Marshal of this district in the room of Colo. Biddle, who means to resign at the expiration of his term, is offered to Genl. Moylan, who is desired to write to Mr. Bankson, if he accepts it. In that case his name is to be inserted. If he does not accept, it is then to be offered to Majr. Lenox, and his name inserted. If he will not accept Mr. Bankson will be pleased to write to the President informing him of it, and asking his orders. I think Colo. Biddle\u2019s commission expire\u2019s about the 20th. inst. so there is no time to be lost.\nForward all letters to me \u2018at Monticello near Charlottesville\u2019 by the post of every Monday morning. It goes through but once a week. \nForward Freneau\u2019s and Fenno\u2019s papers and the Leyden gazette. But no other newspapers. Keep back also all foreign packets appearing to have newspapers in them, and all packets appearing to have books or pamphlets.\nAfter Monday the 21st. of October send nothing more to me, as before their arrival at my house, I shall be set out on my return to Philadelphia.\nSend by post to the President all the Sea letters countersigned by me and not yet signed by him. As fast as they are sealed, let them be sent to the Treasury.\nI have desired Mr. Genet, Mr. Hammond, Mr. Van Berckel and Messrs. Viar and Jaudenes to indorse their names on the letters they write to me in my absence. Forward them with my other letters till the President\u2019s return, but after his return send them to him instead of me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0123", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nicholas Collin, 15 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Collin, Nicholas\nDear Sir\nSchuylkill Sep. 15. 1793.\nHaving had very certain accounts that a threshing machine was at length invented in Scotland, and got into use in England, which furnished the farmer with that great desideratum, I wrote to England for a model. It arrived in N. York (cost 13. guineas) and is now on it\u2019s way from that place, which it left the 13th. inst. for Philadelphia, by one of the packets plying between the two places, commanded by Capt. Elkins, who is to lye at one of the wharves just below Penrose\u2019s shipyard. As this is near your house and I am to be absent, I must beg the favor of you to be on the lookout for this vessel, and prevent the possibility of my losing this precious machine by the captain\u2019s not finding me. Your love of the useful arts as well as your goodness to me will, I am sure, induce you to take this trouble and either to keep the machine at your own house till my return, or to lodge it at my office. I am with sincere esteem & respect Dr. Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0124", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 15 September 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr. Coxe has the honor to enclose to the Secretary of State a letter from the Attorney Genl. of the Bahamas to Mr. C\u2019s brother, who had written to him upon some business of the Vessels of the U.S. taken into Providence. Mr. J. D. Coxe wishes, that a knowledge of Mr. Franks\u2019s communication may be confined to the principal Officers of the Government, and that the letter may be returned in the course of the Month\u2014also that no copy of it may be taken.\nMr. C. had the honor to receive Mr. Jefferson\u2019s Note relative to the Appointment of West India Consuls.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0125", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Currie, 15 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Currie, James\nDear Sir\nSchuylkill Sep. 15. 1793.\nI have duly recieved your favor of the 6th. and immediately wrote to Mr. Serjeant, your lawyer. I inclose you his answer, by which you will\nperceive that the fatal fever of this place has not been without it\u2019s effect on you also. I had intended to go to Monticello a fortnight hence; but the suspension of all business by the malady, renders it more convenient that I should be absent now. I think therefore to set out in one, two, or three days. My stay there will be short, and not much longer here when I return, as I mean decidedly to retire about the close of the year. This will give me time to wind up your affair here, to which I will give every attention. When I look back to the time of it\u2019s commencement, and consider that it has been in the commercial city of Philadelphia that such a delay has taken place, I am filled with astonishment. My best compliments to Mrs. Currie and am with sincere esteem Dr. Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0126", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to J. P. P. Derieux, 15 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\nDear Sir\nSchuylkill Sep. 15. 1793.\nI find myself on the eve of my departure for Virginia without being able to finish your matter. The contagious fever in the city has prevented my going there for a week past. I had been in daily expectation of receiving the account and balance from Mr. Vaughan who had repeatedly promised it, and excused himself by the multiplicity of his business. I have now written him a letter which I hope will produce an immediate remittance either to yourself or me in Albemarle, where I shall probably arrive as soon as this letter. I am, with respects to Mrs. Derieux Dr. Sir Your most obedt. servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0127", "content": "Title: Agreement with James Hemings, 15 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nHaving been at great expence in having James Hemings taught the art of cookery, desiring to befriend him, and to require from him as little in return as possible, I do hereby promise and declare, that if the said James shall go with me to Monticello in the course of the ensuing winter, when I go to reside there myself, and shall there continue until he \nshall have taught such person as I shall place under him for that purpose to be a good cook, this previous condition being performed, he shall be thereupon made free, and I will thereupon execute all proper instruments to make him free. Given under my hand and seal in the county of Philadelphia and state of Pennsylvania this 15th. day of September one thousand seven hundred and ninety three.\nTh: Jefferson\nWitness\nAdrien Petit", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0128", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Kerr, 15 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Kerr, James\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to Mr. Ker. He has put into the hands of Mr. Bankson a note of Mr. J. Bringhurst\u2019s payable at sight, out of which Mr. Bankson will pay Mr. Ker\u2019s account. It has been impossible for Th:J. to go to town to recieve and deliver the money to Mr. Ker. He will be back again in seven weeks, proposing to set out tomorrow.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0129", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 15 September [1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nSchuylkill Sep. 15. [1793]\nI have to acknolege yours of Aug. 27. and Sep. 2. The fever in town is become less mortal, but extends. Dupont the Fr. Consul is dead of it. So is Wright the painter. His wife also. Lieper is said to be dead, but that is not certain. J. Barclay ill. Ham. and his wife recovered. Willing on the recovery. The banks are not shut up, as I had been falsely informed when I wrote you last. I have some expectation to set out tomorrow, and shall make it eight days to your house; but it is very possible I may yet be detained here two or three days.\u2014The arrangement on which I had consented to remain another quarter was that the President was to be absent three weeks, and after that I was to be absent 6. weeks. This got me rid of 9. weeks of the 13. and the remaining 4. Congress would be setting. My view in this was precisely to avoid being at any more councils as much as possible, that I might not be committed in any thing further. This fever by driving me off sooner, will bring me back sooner, and so far counteract my view.\u2014But I need not take the trouble of writing on this subject, as I shall see you as early as you will get this letter. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0130", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 15 September [1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nSchuylkill Sep. 15. [1793]\nYour\u2019s of the 4th. to Maria arrived last night. Mine of last week mentioned a contagious fever which had broke out in Philadelphia. Since that it is so much spread, as to have driven every body off, who can get out of the town, and to have suspended business of every kind. I have never been into the town since the President\u2019s departure on the 10th. But I find it impossible to keep my servants from going; and as my clerks have all gone off except one, so that the business of my office cannot be carried on, I have determined to go also. I think to leave this in one, two, or three days, and shall be nine days on the road. Probably \nI shall be with you before you recieve this, and therefore I shall add nothing more than assurances of sincere affection to you all. Adieu Dear Sir Your\u2019s &c\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0131", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Vaughan, 15 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Vaughan, John\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia. Sep. 15. 1793.\nI received some time ago from you the inclosed paper, but not being certain of the precise point of the enquiry intended, I meant to have had the pleasure of seeing you. In the mean time the malady of the town prevents it, and occasions my setting off for Virginia tomorrow. I presume it might be to know something of the value of the lands: but on this subject a more ignorant person could not have been applied to, as I never was beyond the mountains, nor ever interested to know the value of an acre of land there in my life.\nThe situation of my friend Mr. Derieux, obliges me to become importunate on his account. I must therefore entreat for the remittance of his balance immediately, as he informs me that he has staved off some demands on the weekly expectation of that till they say they will be put off no longer. I know he will be au desespoir on seeing me arrive without his money. I am with much esteem Dr. Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0133", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Valeria Fullerton, 16 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Fullerton, Valeria\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to Mrs. Fulle[rton,] whose account he has received and left in the hands of Mr. Bankson, at his office, with an order to pay it out of monies he will receive at the treasury for Th:J. in the course of the week after next. The present difficulty of money transactions in the city, on account of the absence of so many people and his own journey, has put it out of his power to be more immediate in the discharge of Mrs. Fullerton\u2019s account. [He?] begs her to accept assurances of his high respect & esteem for her.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0136", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Moses Cox, 17 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cox, Moses\nSir\nSchuylkill Sep. 17. 1793.\nThe malady prevailing in the city, and which has nearly suspended all business, has induced me to take a trip to Virginia, and as the season for the country will be nearly over before I return (which will be about the end of next month) I have had my furniture here packed, so as to be out of the way if you would chuse to occupy the house in order to secure yourself against the prevailing infection. I have been obliged to place my boxes of furniture in the passages below and above stairs, and to leave 4 or 5. trunks piled on one another in one of the rooms. I would have put them in the room below ground but on account of the [damp,] or would gladly have sent them to the city, but on account of the infection to which I would not expose them, as they are to go on to Virginia. I have also left a pipe of wine in the small cellar. I am sorry that these things will be somewhat in your way. There are between 2 and 3. dozen chairs not packed, which may be useful to your family, and save the trouble of bringing chairs. The same circumstance of infection has put it out of my power to have workmen from town to mend 5 or 6. broken panes of glass, fill up screw holes made by the clock, cover with tin a small hole \nmade in the trap door for the bell wire of the clock, and plane out a scratch in the passage floor made in moving a heavy box of books. These are all the repairs I know of which should have been made by me, and if you will be so good as to have them done and make a bill of them, I will pay them with my rent on my return. I leave a servant to finish packing my furniture as soon as he can get 2 or 3 more boxes from town. I shall be happy if my early departure shall be an accomodation to you, as it is certainly a moment when refuge in the country is desireable. I am Sir Your most obedt servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0137", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 17 September 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nOn board the Postillion, Lisbon Harbour, Septr. 17th 1793.\nWe are now under way with a fair breeze, to go over the bar, in company with the vessel which will carry this letter.\nSince my letter of yesterday we have nothing new, except an account from Spain (which is depended upon) that the Spanish Camp near Perpignan commanded by Genl. Ricardos, has been surprised by the French, and that the Spaniards have lost three thousand men in the affair.\nThe Portuguese Troops, who began to embark yesterday, are still embarking.\nI have letters from Gibralter, which treat of the affairs of Morocco; but not of those of Algiers. By other channels, I have been informed that the Plague still rages at Algiers, insomuch that 60 Persons die of a day. The British Consul, destined for that place, is yet at Gibralter. With perfect respect & esteem, I have the honour to be, Sir, Your Most obedient & Most humble Servant\nD. Humphreys", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0138", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 18 September 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nNewyork le 18 septembre 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la R\u00e9publique Fran\u00e7aise.\nPersuad\u00e9 que la souverainet\u00e9 des Etats-unis reside essentiellement dans le Peuple et sa representation dans le Congr\u00e8s; Persuad\u00e9 que le \npouvoir \u00e9x\u00e9cutif est le seul qui ait \u00e9t\u00e9 confi\u00e9 au President des Etats-unis; Persuad\u00e9 que ce magistrat n\u2019a point le droit de d\u00e9cider des questions dont la Constitution reserve particulierement la discussion au Congr\u00e8s; Persuad\u00e9 qu\u2019il n\u2019est point le maitre de faire plier, des trait\u00e9s \u00e9xistans, aux circonstances et d\u2019en changer le sens; Persuad\u00e9 que la ligue form\u00e9e par tous les Tirans pour aneantir les principes r\u00e9publicains fond\u00e9s sur les droits des hommes sera l\u2019objet des plus serieuses d\u00e9liberations du Congr\u00e8s; J\u2019avais differ\u00e9, dans la seule vu\u00eb de maintenir la bonne harmonie entre les Peuples libres d\u2019amerique et de france de communiquer \u00e0 mon gouvernement avant l\u2019epoque \u00e0 laquelle devaient s\u2019assembler les representans du Peuple les pi\u00e8ces originales de la correspondance qui s\u2019est etablie par \u00e9crit entre vous et moi sur les droits politiques de la France en particulier, sur les interets de la libert\u00e9 g\u00e9n\u00e9rale et sur les actes proclamations et decisions de Mr. Le President des Etats unis relativement \u00e0 des objets qui necessitent par leur nature la sanction du Corps legislatif. Cependant instruit que les messieurs qui m\u2019ont \u00e9t\u00e9 peints si souvent comme des aristocrates partisans de la monarchie, partisans de l\u2019angleterre, de sa constitution et par consequent ennemis des principes que tous les bons fran\u00e7ais ont embrass\u00e9s avec un enthousiasme religieux, alarm\u00e9s de la popularit\u00e9 que faisait rejaillir sur le Ministre de france l\u2019affection du Peuple am\u00e9ricain pour la r\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise et pour la cause glorieuse qu\u2019elle defend, alarm\u00e9s \u00e9galement de mon in\u00e9branlable et incorruptible attachement aux maximes severes de la d\u00e9mocratie, travaillaient \u00e0 me perdre dans ma patrie apr\u00e8s avoir r\u00e9uni tous leurs efforts pour me Calomnier dans l\u2019esprit de leurs concitoyens; J\u2019allais commencer \u00e0 rassembler ces tristes materiaux et Je prenais des mesures pour les faire passer en France avec mes rapports lorsque la d\u00e9nonciation que ces m\u00eames hommes ont excit\u00e9 Mr. Le President \u00e0 faire porter contre moi par Mr. Morris m\u2019est parvenu\u00eb. Fort des principes qui ont dirig\u00e9 ma conduite, a l\u2019abri de tout reproche fond\u00e9, Je croyais n\u00e9anmoins y trouver des allegations graves; mais quel a \u00e9t\u00e9 mon \u00e9tonnement lorsque J\u2019ai vu que le Peuple americain y etait plus outrag\u00e9 que moi, que l\u2019on supposait que J\u2019exer\u00e7ais sur lui une influence souveraine, que l\u2019on pretendait que Je lui faisais prendre part \u00e0 la guerre de la libert\u00e9 pour la deffense de ses freres de ses alli\u00e9s contre les intentions de son gouvernement; que des Jugemens favorables \u00e0 nos interets rendus au milieu des acclamations des Citoyens de Philadelphie par des Jur\u00e9s et par des tribunaux independans n\u2019ont pas \u00e9t\u00e9 l\u2019expression d\u2019une Justice severe; enfin que J\u2019\u00e9tais une puissance dans une autre puissance. D\u2019aussi \u00e9tranges accusations prouvant seulement que le Peuple am\u00e9ricain aime et soutient nos principes et notre cause en depit de ses nombreux ennemis et que la puissance que l\u2019on me fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019attribuer n\u2019est que celle de la reconnoissance qui lutte contre l\u2019ingratitude, \nde la verit\u00e9 qui combat l\u2019erreur, Je n\u2019enverrai point d\u2019autre Justification de ma conduite. Je Joindrai Seulement \u00e0 l\u2019appui des opinions que Je devais professer quelques ecrits qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 publi\u00e9s ici, tels que ceux de veritas et d\u2019Helvidius, &c. Quant aux outrages personnels, quant aux doutes que vous insinu\u00e9s sur mon devouement \u00e0 l\u2019union des Peuples, J\u2019ai lieu de croire qu\u2019ils ne feront point une grande impression lorsqu\u2019on relira mes r\u00e9ponses aux nombreuses adresses que vos concitoyens ont daign\u00e9 me pr\u00e9senter; lorsqu\u2019on se rappellera que plac\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019age de 12 ans dans le bureau des affaires etrangeres c\u2019est moi qui ai eu l\u2019avantage de contribuer a p\u00e9n\u00e9trer les Fran\u00e7ais de l\u2019esprit de 1776. et de 1777. en traduisant dans notre langue sous la direction de mon Pere, alors chef de Bureau, la plupart de vos loix et des ecrits de vos politiques; que depuis cette \u00e9poque, toujours fid\u00e8le \u00e0 la cause de la liberte, J\u2019ai rendu aux am\u00e9ricains dans les differens emplois que J\u2019ai occup\u00e9s tous les services qui ont d\u00e9pendu de moi et qu\u2019enfin, charg\u00e9 de representer le peuple fran\u00e7ais aupr\u00e8s du premier peuple qui ait proclam\u00e9 les droits de l\u2019homme, sachant \u00e0 quel point notre ancien gouvernement avait mis d\u2019entraves liberticides au commerce et \u00e0 l\u2019intimit\u00e9 de nos deux nations, Je n\u2019ai rien n\u00e9glig\u00e9 pour obtenir d\u2019une part les bases liberales sur les quelles doivent se n\u00e9gocier les nouveaux liens que la r\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise desire contracter avec les Etats unis, pour faire sentir de l\u2019autre au gouvernement f\u0153deral combien il etait instant de S\u2019occuper promptement de la conclusion de ce veritable pacte de Famille qui doit unir \u00e0 Jamais les interets politiques et commerciaux de Deux peuples \u00e9galement en but \u00e0 la haine de tous les tirans. Au surplus, Monsieur quel que soit le resultat de l\u2019exploit dont vous ven\u00e9s de vous rendre le g\u00e9n\u00e9reux instrument, apr\u00e8s m\u2019avoir fait croire que vous eti\u00e9s mon ami, apr\u00e8s m\u2019avoir initi\u00e9 dans des misteres qui ont enflamm\u00e9 ma haine contre tous ceux qui aspirent au pouvoir absolu; Il est un acte de Justice que le Peuple americain, que le Peuple fran\u00e7ais, que tous les peuples libres sont interess\u00e9s \u00e0 reclamer, c\u2019est qu\u2019il soit Fait une enquete particuliere dans le prochain congr\u00e8s des motifs d\u2019apr\u00e8s lesquels le chef du pouvoir \u00e9x\u00e9cutif des Etats-unis \u00e0 pris sur lui seul de demander la destitution d\u2019un Ministre public que le Peuple souverain des Etats-unis avait recu fraternellement et reconnu avant que les formes diplomatiques eussent \u00e9t\u00e9 remplies \u00e0 son \u00e9gard \u00e0 Philadelphie.\nC\u2019est au nom du Peuple fran\u00e7ais que Je suis envoy\u00e9 aupr\u00e8s de ses fr\u00e8res; aupr\u00e8s d\u2019hommes libres et Souverains, C\u2019est donc aux representans du Peuple am\u00e9ricain et non \u00e0 un seul homme \u00e0 porter contre moi un acte d\u2019accusation si Je l\u2019ai m\u00e9rit\u00e9. Un despote peut seul se permettre de demander \u00e0 un autre despote la destitution de son representant et ordonner en cas de refus son expulsion; c\u2019est ce que l\u2019imperatrice de\nrussie \u00e0 fait \u00e0 mon egard vis-\u00e0-vis de Louis XVI; mais dans un etat libre il ne peut point en etre ainsi, \u00e0 moins que l\u2019ordre ne soit entierement interverti, \u00e0 moins que le Peuple dans un moment d\u2019aveuglement ne veuille river ses fers en faisant \u00e0 un seul individu l\u2019abandon de ses droits les plus precieux. Je vous prie donc, Monsieur, de mettre sous les yeux du President des Etats unis la demande que Je lui fais, au nom de l\u2019\u00e9quit\u00e9, de presenter \u00e0 la discussion du congr\u00e8s \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9poque ou il s\u2019assemblera par la loi, si les grands \u00e9v\u00e9nemens qui occupent l\u2019univers ne paroissent pas encore suffisans pour accelerer Sa convocation 1\u00b0. toutes les questions relatives aux droits politiques de la france dans les Etats-unis. 2\u00b0. les differens cas resultans de notre etat de guerre avec les puissances dont Je vous ai Fait connoitre les actes d\u2019agression: 3\u00b0. les chefs d\u2019accusation que le Ministre des Etats-unis aupr\u00e8s de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise est charg\u00e9 de porter contre moi et contre les Consuls dont le caractere se trouve compromis et outrag\u00e9 de la maniere la plus scandaleuse, pour avoir ob\u00e9i a des ordres superieurs qu\u2019il n\u2019etait ni en leur pouvoir, ni au mien de r\u00e9voquer. Dans cette attente, Monsieur, Je ne considere point la dignit\u00e9 de la Nation francaise comme compromise par la position extraordinaire dans laquelle Je me trouve ainsi que les Consuls et Je n\u2019ai a me plaindre que des formes que vous av\u00e9s employ\u00e9es. Le Conseil \u00e9x\u00e9cutif de la republique fran\u00e7aise avait aussi des plaintes d\u2019une \u00e9spece bien differente que celles que l\u2019on allegue contre moi \u00e0 porter contre Mr. Morris votre ambassadeur \u00e0 Paris; mais p\u00e9n\u00e9tr\u00e9 d\u2019un Juste sentiment de respect pour la Souverainet\u00e9 du Peuple americain il m\u2019a recommand\u00e9 de ne vous Faire que des observations confidentielles sur la necessit\u00e9 de rappeller ce Ministre plenipotentiaire accus\u00e9 par la voix publique sur des Faits constat\u00e9s, mais non par les representans du Peuple, apr\u00e8s une enquete r\u00e9guliere, d\u2019avoir favoris\u00e9 autant qu\u2019il a pu les projets contre revolutionnaires de Louis XVI. de lui avoir fait parvenir des m\u00e9moires dans les quels il lui conseillait de ne point accepter la Constitution, de n\u2019avoir eu de liaisons qu\u2019avec des hommes suspects, d\u2019avoir affect\u00e9 le plus grand mepris pour tous ceux qui servaient loyalement la cause du Peuple; d\u2019avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 le Canal des Conseils qui ont conduit Lafayette dans les cachots de la Prusse; d\u2019avoir abus\u00e9 du respect que le peuple francais portait \u00e0 l\u2019envoy\u00e9 du Peuple americain pour faciliter plus surement la correspondance et les conspirations de tous ses ennemis; de n\u2019avoir montr\u00e9 que de l\u2019aigreur dans ses relations avec les ministres de la r\u00e9publique; d\u2019avoir affect\u00e9 en leur ecrivant de n\u2019employer en parlant de l\u2019ex\u00e9cutif des Etats-unis que de ces mots au nom de sa cour si choquants pour des oreilles r\u00e9publicaines; d\u2019avoir demand\u00e9 un passeport le 10 aoust 1792 pour passer en angleterre avec l\u2019ambassadeur de George III. et d\u2019avoir dit publiquement avec une confiance que l\u2019evenement actuel\nJustifie que si l\u2019ambassade de la r\u00e9publique etait recu\u00eb \u00e0 Philadelphie son \u00e9xistance et celle des Consuls r\u00e9publicains en Amerique n\u2019y serait pas de longue dur\u00e9e.\nJe vous ai deja Fait part, Monsieur, de quelques unes de ces imputations; mais comme Je vous l\u2019ai deja dit par respect pour la souverainet\u00e9 des Etats-unis, J\u2019ai cru devoir laisser \u00e0 leur sagesse le soin de prendre les mesures les plus convenables pour concilier leur dignit\u00e9 avec ce que peut \u00e9xiger leur prudence.\nNe doutant point, Monsieur, que la Justice que Je reclame ne me soit rendu\u00eb ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 mes cooperateurs; Je dois vous prevenir que Je vais faire imprimer toute ma correspondance avec vous, toutes mes instructions et toutes celles des Consuls, afin que le Peuple americain, dont l\u2019estime m\u2019est plus chere que la vie, Juge si Je me suis rendu digne ou non de l\u2019accueil fraternel qu\u2019il a daign\u00e9 me Faire, si dans tous mes offices Je n\u2019ai point exprim\u00e9 mon respect pour cette nation vertueuse et ma confiance dans la puret\u00e9 de ses sentimens; si J\u2019ai insiste Sur un seul principe qui n\u2019ait ete soutenu depuis par des d\u00e9cisions des Jur\u00e9s et des tribunaux du pa\u00efs; si en agissant et en m\u2019exprimant avec la franchise et l\u2019energie d\u2019un r\u00e9publicain J\u2019ai attaqu\u00e9 la Constitution; si J\u2019ai meconnu une seule loi, enfin si en reclamant avec toute la fermete qui m\u2019etait prescrite l\u2019execution fidele de nos traitt\u00e9s Je n\u2019ai point cherch\u00e9 a encourager le gouvernement f\u0153deral a employer les seuls moyens qui conviennent \u00e0 un grand Peuple pour conserver la paix et Jou\u00efr de tous les avantages attach\u00e9s \u00e0 la neutralit\u00e9; objet utile qui ne s\u2019acquiert pas par des demarches timides et incertaines, par des proclamations pr\u00e9matur\u00e9es qui semblent arrach\u00e9es par la peur par une impartialit\u00e9 partiale qui aigrit vos amis sans satisfaire vos ennemis; mais par une attitude ferme et prononc\u00e9e qui annonce \u00e0 toutes les Puissances que le desir tr\u00e8s l\u00e9gitime de Jou\u00efr des douceurs de la paix n\u2019a point fait oublier ce que l\u2019on doit \u00e0 la Justice, \u00e0 la reconnoissance et que sans cesser d\u2019etre neutres on peut remplir des engagemens publics contract\u00e9s avec ses amis dans un moment ou l\u2019on etait soi m\u00eame en danger.\nJe repondrai plus en detail lorsqu\u2019il en sera tems, Monsieur, \u00e0 votre violente diatribe mais elle renferme un fait sur lequel Je dois \u00e0 present vous donner des explications. L\u2019on vous ordonne de me reprocher d\u2019avoir imprim\u00e9 inopinement \u00e0 mes demarches officieles un ton de Couleur qui a Fait imaginer que l\u2019on n\u2019avait connu en france ni mon Caractere ni mes manieres; Je vous en dirai la raison, Monsieur, c\u2019est qu\u2019un sang pur et chaleureux coule avec rapidit\u00e9 dans mes veines, que J\u2019aime passionement ma patrie, que J\u2019adore la cause de la libert\u00e9, que Je suis toujours pret \u00e0 lui sacrifier ma vie, qu\u2019il me parait inconcevable que tous les ennemis de la Tirannie que tous les hommes vertueux ne marchent point avec nous au Combat et que lorsque Je trouve que l\u2019on\nFait une injustice \u00e0 mes Concitoyens ou que l\u2019on ne prend point leurs interets avec le z\u00e8le qu\u2019ils m\u00e9ritent aucune consideration au monde n\u2019empecherait ni ma plume, ni ma bouche de tracer, d\u2019exprimer ma douleur: Je vous dirai donc sans detour que J\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9xtremement bless\u00e9 Monsieur, 1\u00b0 que le President des Etats-unis se soit hat\u00e9 avant de savoir ce que J\u2019avais \u00e0 lui transmettre de la part de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise de proclamer des Sentimens sur lesquels la decence et l\u2019amiti\u00e9 auraient au moins du Jetter un voile. 2\u00b0. qu\u2019il ne m\u2019ait parl\u00e9 dans ma premiere audience que de l\u2019amiti\u00e9 des Etats unis envers la france sans me dire un mot, sans \u00e9noncer un seul sentiment sur notre r\u00e9volution, tandis que toutes les villes, tous les villages depuis charleston Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 Philadelphie venaient de faire retentir les airs de leurs voeux les plus ardens pour la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise. 3\u00b0. qu\u2019il ait recu et admis \u00e0 une audience particuliere avant mon arriv\u00e9e Noa\u00eflles et Talon agens connus des contre revolutionnaires fran\u00e7ais qui depuis ont eu des relations intimes avec deux membres du gouvernement f\u0153deral. 4\u00b0 que ce premier magistrat d\u2019un Peuple libre ait decor\u00e9 son sallon de certains medaillons de Capet et de sa Famille qui servaient \u00e0 Paris de signes de ralliement. 5\u00b0. que les premieres plaintes qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 faittes \u00e0 mon predecesseur sur les armemens et les prises qui ont eu lieu \u00e0 Charleston lors de mon arriv\u00e9e n\u2019aient \u00e9t\u00e9, pour ainsi dire, que la paraphrase des notes du Ministre d\u2019angleterre. 6\u00b0. que le secretaire de la guerre auquel Je Fis part du desir qu\u2019avaient nos Gouvernemens des Isles du vent de recevoir promptement quelques fusils et quelques canons qui les missent en etat de deffendre des possessions garanties par les Etats-unis, ait eu le front de me repondre avec une insouciance ironique que les Principes etablis par le President ne lui permettaient pas de nous pretter m\u00eame un pistolet. 7\u00b0. que le secretaire de la tresorerie que J\u2019entretenais sur la proposition que J\u2019avais Faitte de convertir presque toute la dette am\u00e9ricaine au moyen d\u2019une op\u00e9ration de finance autoris\u00e9e par la loi, en farines, en ris, en grains, en salaisons et en autres objets dont la France avait le plus pressant besoin, ait ajout\u00e9 au refus qu\u2019il avait d\u00e9ja Fait officielement de favoriser cet arangement la d\u00e9claration positive que dans le cas m\u00eame ou il serait praticable les Etats unis ne pourraient point s\u2019y pretter v\u00fb que l\u2019angleterre ne manquerait pas de considerer ce remboursement extraordinaire fourni \u00e0 une nation avec la quelle elle est en guerre comme un acte d\u2019hostilit\u00e9. 8\u00b0. que d\u2019apr\u00e8s les instructions du President des Etats unis des Citoyens americains qui s\u2019etaient rang\u00e9s sous les bannieres de la france ayent \u00e9t\u00e9 poursuivis et arret\u00e9s, attentat inoui contre la liberte dont un Jury vertueux et populaire a veng\u00e9 avec \u00e9clat les deffenseurs de la plus belle des causes: 9\u00b0. que l\u2019on ait souffert que des tribunaux incompetens aient pris connoissance de Faits relatifs aux prises dont les traitt\u00e9s leur interdisent expressement le pouvoir de s\u2019emparer; que sur l\u2019avoeu de leur\nincompetence l\u2019on nous ait enlev\u00e9 ces propriet\u00e9s acquises par le droit de la guerre, qu\u2019on ait trouv\u00e9 mauvais que nos consuls aient protest\u00e9 contre Ces actes arbitraires et que pour prix de son devouement \u00e0 ses devoirs celui de Boston ait \u00e9t\u00e9 emprisonn\u00e9 comme un malfaiteur: 10\u00b0. que le Pr\u00e9sident des Etats-unis ait pris sur lui de donner \u00e0 nos traitt\u00e9s des interpretations arbitraires absolument contraires \u00e0 leur veritable sens et que par une serie de d\u00e9cisions que l\u2019on voudrait nous faire recevoir comme des loix, il n\u2019ait laiss\u00e9 d\u2019autre d\u00e9domagement \u00e0 la France, pour le sang qu\u2019elle a repandu, pour les tresors qu\u2019elle a dissip\u00e9s, en combattant pour l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance des Etats-unis; que l\u2019avantage illusoire d\u2019amener dans leurs ports les prises faittes sur ses ennemis sans pouvoir les y vendre: 11\u00b0. que l\u2019on n\u2019ait pas encore r\u00e9pondu \u00e0 la notification que J\u2019ai Faitte du decret de la convention nationale, qui ouvre tous nos ports dans les deux mondes aux Citoyens americains en leur accordant les m\u00eames faveurs qu\u2019aux citoyens fran\u00e7ais avantages qui cesseront si l\u2019on continu\u00eb \u00e0 nous traitter avec la m\u00eame injustice. 12\u00b0 que l\u2019on ait differ\u00e9 malgr\u00e9 mes respectueuses insinuations de convoquer immediatement le Congr\u00e8s pour recueillir les veritables sentimens du Peuple pour Fixer le sisteme politique des Etats-unis et decider s\u2019ils veulent rompre, suspendre ou resserer leurs liens avec la france, marche loyale qui aurait evit\u00e9 au gouvernement f\u0153deral beaucoup de contradictions et de subterfuges, \u00e0 moi beaucoup de peines et de degouts, aux Gouvernemens locaux des embarras d\u2019autant plus grands qu\u2019ils se trouvent plac\u00e9s entre les traitt\u00e9s qui sont des loix et les decisions du gouvernement f\u0153deral qui n\u2019en sont point; Enfin aux tribunaux des devoirs d\u2019autant plus penibles a remplir qu\u2019ils les ont souvent mis dans la necessit\u00e9 de rendre des Jugemens contraires aux intentions du gouvernement.\nIl resulte de tous ces Faits, Monsieur, que J\u2019ai du etre profondement affect\u00e9 de la conduite du gouvernement f\u0153deral envers ma patrie; conduite si contraire \u00e0 tout ce que la volont\u00e9 de son souverain a tout ce que les proced\u00e9s du mien me donnaient lieu d\u2019attendre et que si J\u2019ai montr\u00e9 de la fermet\u00e9 c\u2019est qu\u2019il etait indispensable que ma r\u00e9sistance fut \u00e9gale \u00e0 l\u2019oppression, aux injustices auxquelles se trouvaient en but les interets qui m\u2019etaient confi\u00e9s; c\u2019est qu\u2019il n\u2019\u00e9tait pas dans mon caract\u00e8re de parler comme beaucoup de gens d\u2019une maniere et d\u2019agir d\u2019une autre, d\u2019avoir un language officiel et un language confidentiel. J\u2019ai Fait strictement mon devoir, J\u2019ai deffendu mon terrein et Je ne laisserai prescrire contre aucun des droits du peuple fran\u00e7ais tant qu\u2019il me restera un souffle de vie, tant que nos deux r\u00e9publiques n\u2019auront point chang\u00e9 les Fondemens de leurs rapports politiques et Commerciaux, tant qu\u2019on n\u2019aura pas persuad\u00e9 au peuple americain qu\u2019il est plus avantageux pour lui de redevenir insensiblement l\u2019esclave de l\u2019angleterre, le tributaire passif de Son Commerce, le jouet de sa Politique, que de rester l\u2019alli\u00e9 de la seule\npuissance qui soit interess\u00e9e a deffendre sa souverainet\u00e9 et son ind\u00e9pendance, \u00e0 lui ouvrir ses Colonies, et \u00e0 offrir \u00e0 toutes ses richesses, des d\u00e9bouch\u00e9s qui en doublent la valeur. Si c\u2019est la que tendent toutes les machinations que l\u2019on Fait agir contre les r\u00e9publicains francais et contre leurs amis dans les Etats-unis, si c\u2019est pour y parvenir plus commodement que l\u2019on veut avoir ici au lieu d\u2019un ambassadeur d\u00e9mocrate un ministre de l\u2019ancien r\u00e9gime, bien complaisant, bien doux, bien dispos\u00e9 \u00e0 faire sa Cour aux gens en place \u00e0 se conformer aveuglement \u00e0 tout ce qui peut flatter leurs vu\u00ebs et leurs projets, et \u00e0 pr\u00e9ferer surtout \u00e0 la Soci\u00e9t\u00e9 modeste et Sure des bons fermiers, des simples citoyens, des honn\u00eates artisans, celle de ces personnages distingu\u00e9s qui sp\u00e9culent si patriotiquement sur les fonds publics, sur les terres et sur les Papiers d\u2019Etat. J\u2019ignore si la r\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise vous trouvera aujourd\u2019hui un pareil homme dans son sein; mais dans tous les cas Mr., Je puis vous certifier que Je presserai vivement son gouvernement de me sacrifier sans balancer si cette injustice presente la moindre utilit\u00e9. Agr\u00e9\u00e9s mon respect. \nGenet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0139", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Lee, 18 September 1793\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond September 18th. 1793.\nIt has been deemed proper by this Government to direct Vessels coming from Philadelphia, the Grenades and Tobago to perform quarentine.\nThe officers of the Customs might contribute to the due execution of the regulations prescribed by giving to the Superintendants of Quarantine every information which may reach them concerning the apprehended disorder on the Arrival of Vessels from the infected ports.\nI am induced on this ground to mention the matter to you for the information of the President who can give the requisite directions if he pleases. I have the honor to be sir With great respect Your Ob: h: ser.\nHenry Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0140", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Michael Morphy, 18 September 1793\nFrom: Morphy, Michael\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM\u00e1laga, 18 Sep. 1793. He confirms what he wrote on 30 July, since which there has been nothing in this consulate worth mentioning. On 16 Aug. the Algerine cruisers, which are constantly on this coast, captured the Laurel, a small empty Philadelphia sloop bound for here from C\u00e1diz, whose master and crew escaped and landed safely. By virtue of a private treaty in train for some time with Admiral Hood, the people of Toulon have proclaimed Louis XVII, hoisted the white flag, and surrendered the port to the British and Spanish fleets under whose protection they will remain until order is restored in France. Twenty-eight French ships of the line and nine frigates were reportedly in that port, from which Admiral Truguet and many of his officers have retired to France. Troops are heading to Toulon from most Spanish ports, including about 2,000 who will leave here in three or four days and reportedly three British regiments from Gibraltar. He encloses a copy of a treaty of alliance beween Great Britain and Spain, the original printed text in both languages having only arrived yesterday from Madrid. Political divisions and royalism are growing so strong in France that it is generally thought there will be a suspension of arms before the year ends\u2014a welcome prospect for trading nations. Few American ships appear here; the only two now loading for America are the Augusta, Benjamin Richards, for New York, and the brigantine Joseph, Thomas Dissmore, for Boston. Because of the penchant for secrecy among merchants and ship masters, who conceal the destinations, quantity, and quality of their cargoes from each other, he cannot keep a register and furnish the accounts required by the United States until the subjects are ordered to produce their manifests and swear to the contents after the English practice, which is a sure method to prevent smuggling.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0141", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin H. Phillips, 18 September 1793\nFrom: Phillips, Benjamin H.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCura\u00e7ao, 18 Sep. 1793. He last wrote on 8 Aug. In contrast to the account given in his 8 June letter, it appears from Captain Ross\u2019s protest that he went of his own accord to Aruba, where an armed vessel took \u201cthe Negroes &ca.\u201d from his American schooner. Upon arriving here, Ross received back the Negroes who were his property, but the French property found in the Dutch harbor has been kept, though Ross was allowed freight on it. A high-ranking officer and pretended friend to America is displeased because he unsuccessfully urged the court to condemn the property and then, changing sides, was unable to persuade Ross and himself to file what would have been a tedious and unsatisfactory suit. Since the officer will probably address the President on this subject, he is obliged to report that he has been informed that the Dutch ambassador will be furnished with such papers as will fully explain the affair. Not being received in a consular capacity, his situation is peculiar in regard to Ross, though he has advised him to receive back his property and let \u201cthe point of Honour be referred to the two Courts.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0142", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 19 September 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nI learn from the gentlemen in my office that two hundred Sea letters have been sent thither. They were accompanied by a Note from Mr. Bankson. Immediate Measures were taken for their distribution among the Collectors, for which purpose I presume they were sent. Any others which shall be received will also receive immediate Attention. I have the honor to be with great respect, Sir, yr. mo. obedt. Servant\nTench Coxe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0144", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Stephen Moylan, 19 September 1793\nFrom: Moylan, Stephen\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nWest Chester Sepr. 19th 1793\nI this day received your Letter of the 13th. inclosed in one from Mr. Bankson of the 17th. instant. To the Later I returned an Answer which was my Non Acceptance of the Kind Offer made me thoro You by the President to fill the Office of Marshal for this District vacant by the Resignation of Colonel Biddle. After makeing my most respectfull and grateful Acknowledgements to the President for his wish to Serve me and to you Sir for the very polite manner of communicating his intention, I must confess that nothing but the narrowness of my Circumstances makes me decline accepting this honorable Office. I had but little time to gain information respecting its income, if I thought the emoluments of it were at present Such, that with a rigid Oeconomey I coud mentain my familly I most certainly woud accept of it, but from the little information I can procure the income does not exceed 400 dollars \u214c annum. I hold an Office under the state which brings me about that Sum, which with the produce of a Small farm enables me to rub\nthoro Life in this Country with decency, it woud not do in the City. Pardon me sir for troubling you with my privat affairs the Subject necessarily led to it. Be So good as to Lay this before the President, who has not a more sincere freind than the writer of it, and believe me with great respect and perfect esteem Sir Your obedient and Very humble Servant\nStephen Moylan", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0146", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Church, 22 September 1793\nFrom: Church, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLisbon 22d Septr. 1793\nColl. Humphreys with Mr. Cutting embarked the 17th. Instt. on board a Swedish Vessel called the Postillion commanded by Abm: Herbst bound first for Gibralter. The Algerine Corsairs are (unfortunately for Us) more at liberty just at this time than heretofore, the Portugueze Ships of War, which were stationed on that Coast, being obliged to quit it, to follow the orders of their masters the English; it is therefore to be feared that this circumstance may increase the difficulties of the proposed negociation, as the Algerines only wanted this obstacle removed to have become Masters long ere this of many of our Vessels and fellow-Citizens. Coll. H. has probably informed You that an American Vessel was taken by the Algerines the 18th. Ulto. and that the Men fortunately escaped in their boat to the opposite Shore near Malaga. Had the Men been taken, it is more than probable that the great object in view would have been defeated. The Algerines were in an American Vessel which they had taken some time before and armed for the purpose. The Crew of this Vessel had also effected their escape in the same way. An American Vessel from Boston sailed from this Port last Week bound for Malaga, it is of the utmost importance that She also should escape, for should one other American Crew fall into the Dey\u2019s hands, our Friend\u2019s means would be totally inadequate, and his mission of course fruitless. Under the most favourable circumstances, with his present means, We have no great reason to be very sanguine of his success. The extreme ignorance and imprudent conduct of one of the Precursors on the same errand, have greatly magnified the expectations and demands of the Dey, and the tribute paid by other Nations far exceeds the Sum prescribed by the U.S. Fortunately for America She has every thing possible to hope from the present Agent, Who goes with a heart tremblingly alive to the Sufferings of the unfortunate Captives, and who also possesses every other requisite conducive to the success of such an Enterprize; but when we consider that he has to treat with a rapacious Despot, who is probably actuated solely by self-interest, and restrained only by fear; that it is palpably for the interest of all the European maritime Nations that We should be excluded from a share in the mediterranean trade, and therefore that all the Barbary Powers should be our\nEnemies; I would hope, whatever may be the issue of this negociation, that my Countrymen will give Coll. Humphreys all the credit due to a Man who has done all that Man can do. No man is more thoroughly convinced than I am of the importance, and vast commercial advantages to the U.S. of Amca. of a free mediterranean Navigation, but I am by no means convinced that these advantages can possibly be secured to Us in our present Situation; the faith of Pirates\u2014whose only support is plunder, and who have hitherto contemned all those ties and obligations which clash with their interest, and which sometimes bind more civilized Despots, seems to me to be but a feeble dependence on which to place a large Stake.\nWhen we can appear in the Ports of the various Powers, or on the Coast, of Barbary, with Ships of such force as to convince those nations that We are able to protect our trade, and to compel them if necessary to keep faith with Us, then, and not before, we may probably secure a large share of the Meditn: trade, which would largely and speedily compensate the U.S. for the Cost of a maritime force amply sufficient to keep all those Pirates in Awe, and also make it their interest to keep faith.\nWe are here almost as ignorant of what the belligerent Powers are doing as if we were in the moon, being excluded from all communication with France, and having only the garbled accounts in the London papers, calculated in general to tickle the ears, and drain the pockets of that duped, and almost ruined Nation.\nThis Nation seems in general extremely averse to engaging in the War, both Nobles and People, but the Prince Regent is said to be under the absolute guidance and controul of one Man, Martin de Mello, who is the Creature and Idolator of the English. 6000 Troops are just embarked to join the Spanish Army, and the Portugze. have sometime since furnished their Quota of Ships to the English, but it seems the French still consider this nation as not involved in the War against them, as a Portugueze Ship is lately arrived from Bayonne in France laden with pitch, tar, and paper. All the portugueze vessels lately arrived, as well as many Americans, complain bitterly of the insults and pillage of the british privateers which they meet at Sea, and of the politeness of the french\u2014but it is probably more wise and prudent for both, to pocket the abuses at present, than to resent them. The following very recent event will give you some idea of the power of the present Minister of State, of the blindness and ignorance of the P\u2014\u2014e, and of the extreme Servility of his Court; I give it to you from the most unquestionable Authority. A Ship richly laden from Brazil bound to Lisbon was lately captured by a french Privateer, the Ship was ransomed, and\nhostages given for the payment of the ransom on condition that War had been declared by either nation prior to the Capture; the Vessel arrived here, and the Prince being informed of the circumstance when a very large number of his Courtiers were present, expressed great surprize and resentment on the occasion, and as no one present spoke on the subject, a By-stander would have concluded they were all struck dumb with astonishment, but the fact was, they all knew that six weeks prior to this event, the Governour of Madeira had seized a french East India Ship that touched at that Island on her Return from the East, with a Cargo valued at \u00a380,000 Sterling, and had confined the Capt., Passengers, and Crew, and that he had also detained an American Vessel in that Port near a month, for no cause assigned, but Mr. Pintard who had chartered her, supposes it was because She was bound to Bordeaux. Such is the Power of Martin de Mello and his Creatures, and such are the blessings of a wise and absolute Prince. I was greatly affected on seeing the Troops embark for Spain, their prejudices it is well known are violent against the Spaniards. It is also said that far the greater number are married and have families, be that as it may\u2014they cried like Children, loudly murmured, and insisted that they were sent to be sacrificed, and that none of them would ever return. The Prince was present, and made a short speech, which I am informed was intended to animate and console them and seemed to have such an effect\u2014what a strange Machine is Man!\nHerewith I take the liberty to send you Copy of a Letter which I had the honor to write you soon after my arrival here under date of 31st: July on the subject of the Consular functions & ca.\u2014since which Mr. Cutting has arrived here, and delivered me your favor of the 21st. March, accompanied with a blank bond, which shall be filled up as soon as one of the Sureties (whom I have named, and who with the Other is approved by our Minister at this Court) arrives from Oporto, whither he is gone on a Visit, and it shall be forwarded without delay; Sorry I am to inform you, that I cannot look forward with any promising prospect of even an indemnification for what I have already unavoidably expended in consequence of my consular appointments, and the delay and disappointment attending the first, unless Congress should grant a Salary adequate to the importance and utility of the Office, and in consideration of the great sacrifice which every Citizen of the U.S. must necessarily make who expatriates himself, particularly those who have families\u2014but I beg pardon for troubling You with matters which have no direct claim to your attention. Those which have, shall never pass unnoticed, while I consider it my duty to attend to them, which I do more particularly at this time, as the Minister is absent, and as prior to\nhis departure, he did me honor to introduce me to the Portugueze Minister and Secretary of foreign Affairs, as Charg\u00e9 des affaires of the Ud. States during his Absence\u2014if therefore, (as the time of our Minister\u2019s Return is at present uncertain) there should be any thing requiring immediate attention at this Court, in which I may be thought worthy to be employed, you will be pleased to honour me with your Commands.\nNo safe Opportunity has yet offered to convey your letter to Mr. Short, and those to Messrs. Carmichael and Short, at Madrid, and my instructions from Coll: Humphreys are, not to hazard a doubtful conveyance; nor has any thing yet transpired from Messrs. C. and S. relative to the object of their joint Commission. With Sentiments of the most perfect esteem & respect I have the Honor to be Sir Yor. most humble & devoted Servant \nEdwd. Church\nP.S. Coll. Humphries (from whom I received the information) has doubtless aquainted you, that England and Spain seem to be plotting in what way they can most effectually clip our Eagle\u2019s Wings. They are both extremely envious of her soaring; this may probably be one cause that retards the conclusion of the business which occupies our Commissioners at the Spanish Court.\nSeptr. 23d. It is whispered that there has been a second severe action near Perpignan between the French and Spaniards in which the latter have been greatly worsted. The best voucher which I can produce at present in confirmation, is the sombre visages of almost all the English here but this may proceed more from their fears, than from their knowledge of the truth of the report.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0147", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 22 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSir\nSeptember 22. 1793.\nI have yet to acknowledge the receipt of your favor of the 12th. instant covering an additional Instruction, to the Commanders of British armed vessels, and explaining it\u2019s principles, and I receive it readily as a proof of your willingness to anticipate our enquiries on subjects interesting to us. Certainly none was ever more so than the instruction in question, as it strikes at the root of our agriculture, and at the means of obtaining for our Citizens in general the numerous articles of necessity and comfort, which they do not make for themselves, but have hitherto procured from other nations by exchange. The paper had been before communicated to the President, and instructions immediately sent to our Minister at London to make proper representations on the subject, in the effect of which we have all that confidence which the justice of the British Government is calculated to inspire. That \u2018all provisions are to be considered as contraband in the case where the depriving an enemy of these supplies is one of the means intended to be employed\u2019 or in any case but that of a place actually blockaded, is a position entirely new. However, the discussion having been transferred to another place, I forbear to enter into it here.\nWe had conjectured, but did not before certainly know that the distinction which the instruction makes between Denmark and Sweden on the one hand, and the United States on the other, in the case of vessels bound to ports blockaded was on the principle explained by you, that what was yielded to those countries by treaty it is not unfriendly to refuse to us, because not yielded to us by treaty. I shall not contest the right of the principle, as a right to it\u2019s reciprocity necessarily results to us. I have the honor to be with great respect, Sir, Your most Obedient servant \nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0148", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 22 September 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon 22d. Septr. 1793\nMr. Miller the bearer hereof is an English Gentleman of science and good reputation who was recommended to me by the Marquis del Campo. He is now going on business to Canada, and as in the present state of warfare between his Country and France it is not impossible that he may be captured and carried into one of our ports, I rely upon your love of science and general philanthropy to excuse the liberty I take in requesting that you will in that case extend to Mr. Miller those good offices which may tend to alleviate any unpleasant circumstances attending his situation. I have the honor to be with the utmost respect Sir Your most obedient Servant \nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0149", "content": "Title: Memorandum to George Washington, 22 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nHeads of answer to the Caroline resolutions.\nTaking them up in their order, they appear susceptible of answer in the following way.\nThe 1st. and 2d. by a concurrence of sentiment for the maintenance of the constitution, and preservation of peace, and the pleasure with which the President recieves their assurances of support in these objects.\n3. Notice of the expressions of their personal respect.\n4. Approbation of their expressions of gratitude to the French nation for aids extended in a time of need, and the honorable trait evidenced in the National character by a strong remembrance of it, even in the moment when the justice due to others imposes laws on the manifestation of it. That being firmly persuaded that the interest and happiness of all the parties engaged in the present contests of Europe will be most promoted by their obtaining every one what is right, and no more, we may innocently and justly pray to heaven that such may be the result of these afflicting contests.\n5.6.7. to express a firm attachment to the free principles of our government, and a confidence that the virtue and good sense of our citizens will counteract and defeat all measures which might tend to weaken their affection to these principles, to alienate them from the republican government they have established for themselves, or to innovate on it\u2019s character.\n8. it would seem more delicate and dignified to pass over this altogether.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0150", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Bankson, 23 September 1793\nFrom: Bankson, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia, Septemr. 23d. 1793.\nThe Letters which you will receive herewith are all that have come to the Office since your departure.\nI have not yet received an answer from Genl. Moylan. His residence is in Chester County 30 miles from this City, and out of the post road, so that I fear your Letter and one I have written him have miscarried. Mr. Biddle\u2019s Commission will expire the 26th. inst.\u2014and from your\ninstructions \u201cthat no time be lost\u201d in ascertaining the acceptance or non acceptance of the Office by him or Major Lenox\u2014I hope I shall be in the line of my duty in sending an Express.\nCrosby left Town yesterday for a week or [ ] days\u2014he said with your permission.\nNo opportunity has yet offered for Europe from this place\u2014and as all communication is cut off between this City, New York and Baltimore, it is uncertain when one will present itself. I have the honor to be very respectfully Your most obed Servt. \nB Bankson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0152", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 2[4] September 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nNewyork. le 23. [i.e. 24] Septembre 1793 l\u2019an 2e de la R\u00e9publique\nJe suis charg\u00e9 de vous communiquer le decret rendu par la Convention nationale le 13 du mois d\u2019avril dernier par lequel elle declare \u201cque le Peuple fran\u00e7ais ne s\u2019immiscera en aucune mani\u00e8re dans le gouvernement des autres puissances, mais qu\u2019il ne souffrira qu\u2019aucune puissance s\u2019immisce dans le r\u00e9gime interieur de la R\u00e9publique et prononce la peine de mort contre quiconque proposerait de n\u00e9gocier ou de traitter avec les Puissances ennemies qui n\u2019auraient pas reconnu solemnellement l\u2019independance et la souverainet\u00e9 de la r\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise.\u201d\nLorsque les Citoyens fran\u00e7ais \u00e0 l\u2019exemple des Citoyens americains ont voulu etablir un gouvernement fond\u00e9 sur les droits des hommes, Ils devaient s\u2019attendre a trouver des ennemis dans tous les ambitieux, avides de l\u2019autorite, dans tous les Cabinets ou le machiavelisme est en honneur, et lorsque le Peuple fran\u00e7ais, indign\u00e9 fatigu\u00e9 des machinations tenebreuses de ses ennemis, de leurs attaques publiques, des insultes contenu\u00ebs dans les offices des cours despotiques, des gouvernements tendants \u00e0 la monocratie \u00e0 voulu repousser ces perfidies par des actes marqu\u00e9s au coin de la loyaut\u00e9, de la grandeur, de la philosophie a l\u2019instant m\u00eame ses vils ennemis ont repandu qu\u2019il voulait aneantir tous les gouvernemens, d\u00e9truire toutes les autorit\u00e9s, repandre le trouble et la confusion partout, comme si repondre a une provocation n\u2019etait pas de droit naturel, comme si un grand peuple victime de la haine particuliere du gouvernement d\u2019un autre Peuple n\u2019avait pas le droit de lui faire connoitre ses craintes, de l\u2019eclairer sur Ses erreurs, et de tenter par ces moyens doux et Justes d\u2019empecher de tr\u00e8s grands malheurs, de pr\u00e9venir m\u00eame la guerre: quoiqu\u2019il en soit la Convention nationale a cru devoir pour rassurer les amis de l\u2019humanit\u00e9 et fermer la bouche \u00e0 ses ennemis proclamer les intentions du Peuple francais et ses agens montreront dans toutes les Circonstances qu\u2019ils savent aussi bien respecter les lois des autres Peuples que deffendre celles de la nation fran\u00e7aise et maintenir ses droits.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0154", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 24 September [1793]\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nl\u2019an 2e. Edmond Charles Genet a re\u00e7u la note que Mr. Jefferson lui a \u00e9crite le 14. de ce mois et il se Conformera \u00e0 l\u2019avis qu\u2019il a bien voulu lui donner.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0155", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Church, 25 September 1793\nFrom: Church, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLisbon, 25 Sep. 1793. He wishes to provide a more authoritative account of two actions between the French and the Spanish that his accompanying letter of 22 Sep. mistakenly described as having taken place near Perpignan. On 28 Aug. General Dagobert\u2019s army surprised and defeated a Spanish force of about 3,000 men, commanded by General La Penha and camped near Montlouis, killing 700 to 800 of them, taking almost all the rest prisoner, capturing eight artillery pieces and all the baggage, and entering and garrisoning Puycerda, reportedly the key to Catalonia. On 5 Sep. an army of 6,000 chosen Spanish troops, commanded by General Vasques and situated so as to sever all communication between Dagobert\u2019s army and France, was attacked and completely defeated by the French, reportedly with a third of the men slaughtered in battle, the rest taken prisoner, and thirteen cannon, all baggage, and many mules fallen into French hands, the loss of the mules being especially regretted. The English have raised their costly siege of Dunkirk. The allied forces will probably need another campaign but may not be able to afford it. 26 Sep. He has received a polite and unequivocal letter from Lu\u00eds Pinto de Sousa stating that orders have been sent this day to the governor of Madeira to make full compensation to Pintard, the consul there, for detaining his vessel bound for Bordeaux.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0156", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 25 September 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 25 Septr. 1793\nNo alteration has taken place since my last in the conduct of this Government towards the neutral powers, they still assert the propriety \nof preventing the provisions specified in their additional instructions from being sent to French ports, and of making prize of their enemy\u2019s property in whatever Vessels it may be found\u2014the execution of these measures of course creates much uneasiness among our citizens whose commerce is much injured thereby. I receive assurances that their courts will amply redress the irregularities which may be committed by their cruizers upon proper application, but these are frequently of a nature to be with difficulty brought under the cognizance of the judiciary and I find our seafaring people in general rather inclined to submit to the first inconvenience than risk the event of a lawsuit: The Court of Admiralty in the begining of the present month adjudged freight, demurrage and expences to an American Vessel whose cargo was condemned. I am hopeful since this precedent that it will be allowed in all other cases which will of course prevent so many of our Vessels from being brought in. The protection afforded our seamen remains also on the same footing, they profess a willingness to secure to us all real American seamen when proved to be such, but the proof they will not dispence with\u2014our Consuls are allowed to give protections where the master of the Vessel and the Mariner swear that the party is an American native and citizen, which protections in general are respected, though some irregularities occasionally take place: So many objections are made to the arrangement we propose on this subject that I see no prospect of its taking place.\nThe Vessel which conveys this will also carry out the remainder of the Copper for the Mint, the first parcel was sent by the Pigou Captn. Loxley.\nI inclose my account up to 1st. July last; as I have not yet received all the Consuls accounts for settlement and several articles in those which are rendered must be referred for your determination I would detain it no longer for them. I remain with great and sincere respect Dear Sir Your most obedt & most faithful Servt.\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0157", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 25 September 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLondon 25th. Septr. 1793\nIn consequence of your favor of 15 March concerning M. La Fayette I renewed to the Prussian Minister here in an authorised stile the application I had before unofficially made to him in behalf of our unfortunate friend, declaring the interest taken by the United States in his welfare and suggesting the obligation his liberation would confer. I was hopeful that before this time I should have been able to communicate an answer but none has yet been received. I had previously obtained permission through the same channel for a correspondence by open letters to be carried on between Mr. Lafayette and his wife which however was not to extend beyond information of their respective healths nor to be trop suivie. I am happy to find that of late his confinement is not altogether so rigorous as it was at first He being now allowed to walk an hour in the day in the open-air. The money lodged for him by Mr. Morris supplies his expences. He lately drew on me through a confidential person for six thousand livres expressing in the draft that it was to assist him to emerge from captivity. I paid the bill from the contingent fund, but wish for particular instructions specifying what money may be advanced to him and his family and for what purposes.\nYou may rest assured, Sir, that a more pleasing task could not be assigned me than that of endeavoring to alleviate the misfortunes of one to whom we owe so much. I correspond with Mr. Morris on this subject when occasion offers and will not fail to give you information if any favorable prospect should arise. I have the honor to be with great & sincere respect Dear Sir Your most obedt & most faithfull Servant\nThomas Pinckney\nI sounded Lord Grenville some months past without success.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0158", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Robert Gamble, 26 September 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gamble, Robert\nSir\nMonticello Sep. 26. 1793.\nIn passing through Baltimore I received the Skipper\u2019s reciept for the 14. cases of wine, which having been shipped from thence on board the sloop Polly, James Fibbett master, on the 7th. inst. is I hope arrived at Richmond by this time, in which case I shall be happy to receive them, or a part of them by the first waggon. I took the liberty of desiring a box of books from Baltimore to be also addressed to you. They will come to hand later. The receipt for the wine is inclosed. I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0160", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Leslie, 26 September 1793\nFrom: Leslie, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLondon September 26th 1793\nSince I wrote you last, your frend Mr. Cutting has arived from Irland, in whos aquantince I find a great deal of pleasure, and am very much obliged to you, for your Introduction to him.\nI find my improvements much better recived here than I expected, so much so, that several of the most eminent watch and Clock makers, have offered to be at all the expence of getting patents here, and alow me half of all the profits, which I should have thought very avantageous proposals, if better had not offered, as the patents will cost one hundred guines each, but I have now agreed with one who is very largely in business, he is to be at all the expence of the patents, and furnish any some of money I wish, under fifteen thousend pounds, to work on, so that I shall have one half of all the profits, and not be under the necessity of useing any of my own money, this is a contract by which I cannot loose, and may perhaps gain some thing handsom.\nI have now begun business on the above plan, and hope by spring you will see som of our performence, which I have no doubt will give satisfaction, as we have engaged some of the best workmen in London. The watch you was pleased to order, shall be among the first.\nI am now in the very situation I have allways wished for, as the gentleman I am conected with, has giv me the intier direction the business, and wishes to indulge me with every experiment I choose to make at his expence.\nI find your Report on Weighs and measures, is very well known here, and very generaly approved of, so that if it is adopted by Congress, I have no doubt but the Parliment here will follow the example. I have by the asistence of Mr. Pinkney, got permison to viset the Royal Observatory at greenwich, and think it a very convenient place to try the Pendulum Rod, as I can have the use of the best instruments to reagulated it by. I know of no convenient place in America, that is in Lat. 45, and Greenwich is as near it, as Philadelphia, and perhaps the tables showing the lenght of Pendulums in different Lat., will show what it would be in 45, so that an alowence might be made.\nIf you find no objection to the above plan, I shall be glad to have the honour of making the experiment and bring it over with me, on my return, or send it, if it should be wanted sooner.\nI hope you will always look on me as an American and every thing I do, as the productions the United States. I am Sir with the highest respect your much obliged and very Humble Sert\nRobert Leslie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0161", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Michael Morphy, 26 September 1793\nFrom: Morphy, Michael\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM\u00e1laga, 26 Sep. 1793. Since his 18 Sep. letter, sent to New York by the Augusta, Benjamin Richards, the Spanish court has officially published news of the entry on 29 Aug. of the British and Spanish fleets into the harbor of Toulon, where they were joyously greeted by the chiefs and the people of that strong garrison. A force from both fleets immediately took possession of the strong posts in the port and city, and at a meeting between French governmental chiefs and principal allied naval commanders a preliminary agreement was reached to restore the town to Louis XVII \u201cwith its fortifications and Stores, as well as the Arsenal Ships, and every thing belonging thereto.\u201d The keys of the city were accordingly delivered to the new governor, Rear Admiral Samuel Granston Goodall Esq., commander in chief of the civil line, and Rear Admiral Don Federico Gravina of the military line. Seventeen French ships of the line in the bay and all batteries posing any danger to the allies were immediately disarmed. Admiral St. Julien, the second in command for the French, was taken prisoner to Barcelona because of his alleged treacherous designs. Essential reinforcements and provisions are daily going to Toulon from Spain and Gibraltar, and a report of an attempt to prevent this by a French army has proven to be false. Pilots have gone from here to convey to Barcelona 6,000 Portuguese troops expected at Gibraltar, and an army of equal force from Naples is to go there, both to reinforce Spain in Roussillon. There is little expectation that the recently reinforced French garrison at Perpignan will surrender this campaign. Letters from C\u00e1diz report that two American ships, reportedly with rich cargoes loaded at Bordeaux for St. Thomas but suspected of being destined for some of the French settlements, were last week brought to C\u00e1diz by a Spanish frigate of war. William Carmichael reports that many American vessels in England have been released and allowed damages for detention.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0162", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Simpson, 26 September 1793\nFrom: Simpson, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGibraltar, 26 Sep. 1793. Inclosing a copy of his letter of 25 Aug. sent to New York by the brig Ann, he acknowledges  TJ\u2019s 22 Mch. letter, received a few days ago from Humphreys, and will comply with the directions about the public money and effects left in his charge by Thomas Barclay. What he has done with those articles will be explained by the enclosed letter from Humphreys. He is \npleased that TJ has accepted his offer to report news about this country or the adjacent African states, but for now there is nothing to communicate.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0163", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 27 September [1793]\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr.\nJe vous envoye le Decret rendu par la convention nationale le 9 mai De la presente ann\u00e9e relatif \u00e0 la conduite, que Doivent tenir Les vaisseaux arm\u00e9s De la france envers les batimens Des puissances neutres. Je vous adresse en m\u00eame tems celui Du 23 Du m\u00eame mois que j\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 charg\u00e9 De vous communiquer et qui renferme Des Dispositions particulieres en faveur Des batimens americains.\nTous les amis De l\u2019humanit\u00e9 rendront sans doute hommage, Monsieur, aux Dispositions Du Decret Du 9 mai. Par cette loi, les principes De la justice la plus s\u00e9v\u00e8re envers les particuliers Neutres Se trouvent concili\u00e9s avec les mesures De rigueur qu\u2019a exig\u00e9es De la france l\u2019odieuse tyrannie exerc\u00e9e Sur les nations neutres par les gouvernements qui l\u2019ont forc\u00e9e \u00e0 la guerre: Dans le cinquieme article, La convention manifeste Solemnellement un voeu Dont l\u2019execution est Depuis long tems sollicit\u00e9e par la raison et la justice; c\u2019est De voir les puissances neutres jouir De tous les avantages que doit leur assurer la neutralit\u00e9, m\u00eame par rapport aux marchandises ennemies charg\u00e9es \u00e0 bord De leurs batimens. L\u2019expression De ce voeu et l\u2019engagement qu\u2019a pris la convention De retirer les mesures de rigueur ordonn\u00e9es par Son decret aussit\u00f4t que les puissances avec qui elle est en guerre auront adopt\u00e9 la m\u00eame Disposition Sont bien faits pour lui attirer la reconnoissance Des nations neutres, pour les interresser De plus en plus \u00e0 Ses Succ\u00e8s, et concilier aux principes g\u00e9n\u00e9raux qui Dirigent sa Diplomatie, touts les peuples De l\u2019univers.\nLe Decret Du 23 mai prononce en faveur Des americains une exception aux mesures De rigueur que la france a \u00e9t\u00e9 contrainte d\u2019ordonner par celui Du 9 mai contre les batimens Des nations neutres. Les consid\u00e9rations qui ont D\u00e9termin\u00e9 ce Decret ont \u00e9t\u00e9 D\u2019un c\u00f4t\u00e9, la fidelit\u00e9 religieuse avec laquelle la france est Dispos\u00e9e \u00e0 observer dans toute Sa latitude le trait\u00e9 qui la lie avec les etats-unis; et De l\u2019autre, la confiance intime o\u00f9 elle est que les americains n\u2019abuseront pas De ce privilege pour porter \u00e0 Ses ennemis Des produits par lesquels ils doivent \nconcourir \u00e0 la d\u00e9fense d\u2019une cause qui est autant la leur que la Sienne m\u00eame; elle esp\u00e8re qu\u2019elle ne Sera pas tromp\u00e9e Dans l\u2019attente qu\u2019elle a fond\u00e9e \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard Sur les principes et l\u2019amiti\u00e9 De Ses fr\u00e8res D\u2019amerique.\nJ\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 instruit que le gouvernement anglois avait annonc\u00e9 la r\u00e9solution de faire conduire dans les ports anglais tous les Batimens am\u00e9ricains charg\u00e9s De comestibles pour les ports De france. La republique fran\u00e7aise attend, Monsieur, que le gouvernement Des etats unis, tant par attachement pour elle que par \u00e9gard pour Son propre commerce et pour la Dignit\u00e9 qu\u2019il Se doit, S\u2019empressera De faire des Demarches \u00e9nergiques pour faire revoquer cette Decision qui est une Suite bien Digne de l\u2019audacieuse Diplomatie \u00e0 laquelle cette cour pretend Depuis long tems assujettir toutes les autres nations. Si les D\u00e9marches que vous ferez \u00e0 cet egard, D\u00e9marches qui Sont dans l\u2019esprit Si elles ne Sont pas la lettre De nos trait\u00e9s, Sont insuffisantes ou infructueuses, et que votre neutralit\u00e9, ainsi qu\u2019elle l\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 jusqu\u2019ici, ne puisse qu\u2019\u00eatre utile aux ennemis De la france et funeste \u00e0 elle m\u00eame, vous Sentirez Sans doute qu\u2019elle exercera un droit bien naturel en prenant Des mesures propres \u00e0 en arr\u00eater une qui lui est Si contraire et qui annulle l\u2019effet Des principes Sur lesquels ont \u00e9t\u00e9 fond\u00e9s les trait\u00e9s pass\u00e9s entr\u2019elle et les etats-unis. En attendant, je Suis autoris\u00e9 \u00e0 vous annoncer que les vaisseaux fran\u00e7ais qui Sont en ce moment maitres De la manche et Du golphe De gascogne, ont ordre De prot\u00e9ger les batimens am\u00e9ricains Destin\u00e9s pour france, et d\u2019assurer leur arriv\u00e9e jusqu\u2019aux ports pour lesquels ils seront expedi\u00e9s, De mani\u00e8re que les negocians am\u00e9ricains peuvent, Malgr\u00e9 la tyrannie exerc\u00e9e Sur eux par l\u2019angleterre Diriger avec Securit\u00e9 leurs Speculations vers nos ports, et nous donner Des preuves De leur attachement pour nous et pour la cause De la libert\u00e9.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0164", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 27 September 1793\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe above is the duplicate of my last by the Mohawk. I omitted to mention therein that I have directed insurance to be made on the whole of the copper against the dangers of the seas only. I have no instructions on this head but have acted as I should have done for myself. By desire of the correspondents of the Owners I inclose a statement of the case of the Ship Laurens concerning which there appears to be some unjustifiable proceedings on the part of the Captors, I believe Mr. Morris has made some representation on the subject but hitherto without success. Four Regiments of infantry are now said to be under sailing orders for Canada, but the events of the campaign so far determine the destination of the troops of this Country that untill they have actually sailed nothing concerning it is certain. I remain with the utmost Respect My dear Sir Your faithful & most obedt Servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0165", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 27 September 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nMount Vernon Septr. 27. 1793.\nThe enclosed Letter and Memorial came to my hands yesterday, to which I returned an answer of which the enclosed is a copy.\nGo:Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0168", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Carmichael and William Short, 29 September 1793\nFrom: Carmichael, William,Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nSn Lorenzo Septr. 29. 1793\nThe despatches which you forwarded by Mr. Blake having been delivered to us we think it proper to make use of the first conveyance to announce it to you. This being by the ordinary post we shall send two copies of this letter by to-morrow\u2019s mail being the first for Cadiz and Lisbon. Mr. Blake arrived at Madrid on the 24th. inst. The Court was to come the next day from St. Ildefonso to this place. Mr. Carmichael\u2019s indisposition prevented his proceeding here in company with Mr. Blake until the day before yesterday when he arrived and found the other commissioner who had come directly to this place from St. Ildefonso. We immediately proceeded to take a joint communication of your several letters of May 31. June 30. July 12. and 16. and the papers they respectively inclosed, and have since then been employed in weighing them with the most anxious care and attention.\nIt is with a mortification which you will easily concieve, that we have observed that none of our letters had been recieved by you so low down as the departure of Mr. Blake. Those written Feb. 19. April 18. and May 5. we might have hoped would certainly have got to your hands before that time, and possibly that of June 6th. The three first were sent by duplicates and the fourth by triplicate. They were prolix in the extreme and gave you a full account of all that had taken place and of all we knew or expected. Nothing has since occurred to change our opinions or expectations on those subjects nor can we yet add any thing of importance to what we then said. Taking it for granted that some of the copies of those letters will have been recieved, we think we cannot do better by this conveyance than to confirm what we then said.\nAlthough nothing new occurred after the first conference of which we rendered you a full account in our letters of April 18. and May 5. yet\nwe should have written more often merely to have repeated their contents, had such conveyances as we could with propriety have made use of, occurred more often. This however was not the case; and as the conveyances did not depend on us the two letters abovementioned were delayed thereby after having been written.\nNothing in the bosom of futurity appeared to us more inevitably certain than that you would consider it indispensable to write to us after having recieved information which we knew would get to you from others previous to the reciept of our letters, and that expectation had the influence on us which we have formerly mentioned to you. Until Mr. Blake\u2019s arrival however we have not had the honor of recieving a single line from you since your letter of Nov. 3. 1792. We recieved the gazettes as low down as Jany. 1st. and three of the month of April\u2014except which we have remained in an ignorance of what was passing in the U.S. to a degree which added beyond measure to our embarassment.\nWe had the honor of writing to you also on the 15th. of August inclosing copies of letters which had passed between M. de Gardoqui and ourselves. The intention which we then announced to you for St. Ildefonso was changed after our arrival, for the reasons which we shall mention by another conveyance. Those matters therefore remain in statu quo.\nWe shall immediately proceed to lay before M. de Gardoqui the substance of your letters and will endeavour to get his answer in time to despatch Mr. Blake by the middle of October. Our experience however of the delay generally used by no means allows us to be sure of it. An answer to the subject contained in your letters is all that you can expect by him. Nothing new will be known with respect to the subjects of our former letters to you, or at least nothing more favorable than what we then mentioned to you.\nColo. Humphreys wrote us some time ago that he had recieved from you two letters for us, which you desired he might entrust to some person of confidence and that not having found such an one to forward them by he should leave them on his departure with Mr. Church the Consul, to forward them if a proper conveyance should present itself, or if not, to take our orders thereon. As you did not direct Colo. Humphreys to send a special messenger with them, we feared to do it being unacquainted with the nature of their contents and the expense being considerable. We know not therefore when or how we shall recieve those letters, but hope Mr. Church will find out some means of conveying them to us by some person of confidence coming from thence.\nYou will have recieved the convention between England and Spain. We think you may be assured it will be interpreted in its most extensive sense, and that a rupture with either party for any cause however different from those expressed would be made common to both.\nNaples has joined the league against France by a convention of the month of July. It is thought that their succours and the Piemontese troops are by this time at Toulon. We have the honor to be with the most profound respect Sir, your most obedient &c. &c.\nWm. Carmichael\nW Short \nP.S. The treaties alluded to in your letter of May 31. were not inclosed as announced by you.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0169", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Bankson, 30 September 1793\nFrom: Bankson, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia, September 30th. 1793.\nThe inclosed Letters and papers from Mr. Dumas were received last Wednesday\u2014a number of French News papers and a pamphlet accompanied them, which I have retained agreeably to your instructions.\nThe Letter with Mr. Genet\u2019s name on the outside was taken from the post office last Saturday, and is the only one from any of the foreign Ministers that has come to my hands.\nI did not receive an answer from Genl. Moylan until the 25th. on which day the Express I had sent returned with one, a copy of which is enclosed. I immediately forwarded a Letter to Major Lenox whose residence is about 10 miles from the City\u2014and expect his answer to morrow.\nThe Documents to accompany Mr. Morris\u2019 Letter I hope to finish this day, and shall exert myself in finding an opportunity to transmit them\u2014none as yet has offered. Not a word from any of the Gentlemen of the Office since your departure. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir, your most Obed servt.\nBenjn. Bankson\nNB: Fenno did not print last week.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "09-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0170", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 30 September 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nNewyork Le 30 7bre. 1793. L\u2019an 2e. de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise\nJe Suis Charg\u00e9 de vous communiquer un nouveau d\u00e9cr\u00e8t de la Convention Nationale rend\u00fce le 26. mars relatif au Commerce des Etats unis avec nos Colonies. Vous y trouverez de nouvelles preuves de l\u2019attachement que porte la france aux americains Et de l\u2019Inter\u00eat qu\u2019elle prend \u00e0 leur prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9. Non contente d\u2019accorder \u00e0 leur commerce d\u2019Europe tous les avantages qu\u2019ils pouvaient d\u00e9sirer pendant la guerre pr\u00e9sente, elle leur confirme par le decret que je vous envoye, l\u2019ouverture de Ses ports Coloniaux pour la consommation de tous les produits de leur Sol et de leur Industrie, pour l\u2019Importation dans les Etats unis d\u2019une partie de Ses Sucres et de ses caf\u00e9s, Et pour l\u2019Exportation de toutes Esp\u00e9ces de denr\u00e9es Coloniales pour les ports de france aux m\u00eames conditions que les francais. Cette loi Interpr\u00e9tative de celle du 19 fevrier me parait telle que Je ne crois pas que les Etats unis puissent En d\u00e9sirer une plus favorable. J\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 charg\u00e9 d\u2019Enjoindre \u00e0 tous les consuls Et autres agens de la R\u00e9publique francaise de suivre les armements qui pourront se faire dans les divers ports des Etats unis pour les colonies francaises Et d\u2019Emp\u00eacher qu\u2019il ne se commette aucune contravention aux dispositions des articles 1 et 3. du d\u00e9cr\u00e8t cijoint; j\u2019ai lieu de croire que le gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral voudra bien prendre Sans d\u00e9lai les mesures n\u00e9cessaires pour que les ordres que Je vais donner \u00e0 cet Egard n\u2019eprouvent pas de difficult\u00e9 dans leur Ex\u00e9cution.\nJusqu\u2019ici, Monsieur, ma correspondance ne vous a pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 En grande partie que des d\u00e9tails affligeants pour un Philosophe: la d\u00e9claration de guerre faite par la tirannie \u00e0 la france libre ne m\u2019a permis de vous Entretenir que des rapports militaires qu\u2019a etablis entre votre nation Et la mienne l\u2019alliance qui les unit: Et Je trouve un veritable plaisir \u00e0 vous occuper aujourdhui de d\u00e9tails plus consolants, de d\u00e9tails qui ne peuvent pas manquer d\u2019Exciter en vous le plus vif Inter\u00eat puisqu\u2019ils n\u2019ont pour\nobjet que les occupations paisibles et naturelles de l\u2019homme Social, de L\u2019homme Sur qui Seul la Philosophie aime \u00e0 fixer Ses regards.\nPress\u00e9e par les convulsions qu\u2019Excite dans son Sein l\u2019Etablissement d\u2019une constitution qui ann\u00e9antit tous les privil\u00e9ges, qui Etouffe tous les pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s, entour\u00e9e de toutes les forces qu\u2019ont appell\u00e9es contr\u2019elle de tous les points de L\u2019Europe la Tirannie Et Le fanatisme, la france Tenant d\u2019une main la lance de la libert\u00e9 Et de l\u2019autre les foudres de la guerre trace d\u00e9j\u00e0 par Son g\u00e9nie, ces vastes entreprises dont l\u2019Ex\u00e9cution doit assurer au retour de la paix le bonheur des francais, celui de leurs alli\u00e9s et pr\u00e9parer la r\u00e9g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de tous les habitants du Globe.\nParmi ces Entreprises, celles qui les premieres ont fix\u00e9 Son attention ont \u00e9t\u00e9 les relations commerciales de la R\u00e9publique avec les autres nations. La convention nationale a \u00e9prouv\u00e9 ces mouvements d\u00e9licieux que fait go\u00fbter le Spectacle de Cette Institution qui annullant les distances, r\u00e9unit sur le m\u00eame point les productions Et les Jouissances de tous les climats et qui liant tous les hommes Epars Sur le globe devrait n\u2019en faire qu\u2019une m\u00eame famille perpetuellement anim\u00e9e par les Echanges que n\u00e9cessitent leurs besoins r\u00e9ciproques. Elle a vu avec douleur tous les peuples g\u00e9missant sous des loix commerciales aussi absurdes que Tyranniques, victimes partout de L\u2019Erreur et de l\u2019avidit\u00e9 fiscale; elle les a vus avec peine apr\u00e8s avoir franchi les mers, les montagnes, les d\u00e9serts et toutes les barieres que la nature paroissait avoir \u00e9lev\u00e9es entr\u2019eux, arret\u00e9es au moment o\u00f9 leur courage allait \u00eatre Couronn\u00e9, par des r\u00e9glements et des Combinaisons ministerielles qui mettent \u00e0 leur communication des Entraves plus Insurmontables que celles que la nature elle m\u00eame paroissait avoir cr\u00e9es.\nLa france, Monsieur, a apper\u00e7u le moment ou toutes les nations Seront affranchies de ces obstacles, elle a apper\u00e7u le moment o\u00f9 tous les peuples r\u00e9gis par les m\u00eames loix, guid\u00e9s par les m\u00eames Inter\u00eats et promenant librement leur activit\u00e9 Sur la surface du globe, n\u2019y trouveront d\u2019autres loix commerciales que celles de leur g\u00e9nie; elle a fix\u00e9 Ses regards Sur cette heureuse \u00e9poque et elle a r\u00e9solu de l\u2019accelerer. Persuad\u00e9e que le moyen le plus propre \u00e0 y parvenir etait de pr\u00e9senter l\u2019Exemple de deux peuples Jouissant de tous les avantages d\u2019une Communication parfaitement libre, elle a tourn\u00e9 Ses yeux Sur les americains. Ce peuple gouvern\u00e9 comme elle Sans Roy et dont les principes constitutionnels ont de l\u2019affinit\u00e9 avec les siens; ce peuple dont les lumieres ont, comme Chez elle, \u00e9touff\u00e9 ou Sont pr\u00eates \u00e0 Etouffer tous les pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s de l\u2019Ignorance; ce Peuple enfin dont le g\u00e9nie s\u2019irrite, comme le Sien, contre les obstacles qu\u2019opposent \u00e0 Son activit\u00e9 commerciale, les Sist\u00eames corrupteurs des Cours; ce Peuple lui a paru \u00eatre celui qu\u2019elle devait s\u2019associer pour effectuer le grand projet qu\u2019elle medite. C\u2019est avec ce peuple qu\u2019elle a r\u00e9solu de Conclure un nouveau Trait\u00e9 qui, fond\u00e9 Sur les principes\nImmuables de la nature, puisse devenir un objet d\u2019Envie pour les autres nations, les Inviter \u00e0 y participer, et Servir de mod\u00e8le \u00e0 tous ceux qui Se feront \u00e0 l\u2019avenir entr\u2019elles. Au lieu de l\u2019Inter\u00eat reciproque des nations contractantes, elle n\u2019a vu dans tous les trait\u00e9s faits Jusqu\u2019icy que le resultat des combinaisons d\u2019un fisc avide ou Ignorant, que le calcul perfide de quelques Individus, et le rafinement d\u2019un regime que condamnent \u00e9galement la raison, l\u2019Equit\u00e9 et la saine Politique. C\u2019est dans le vice de ce regime qu\u2019elle a reconnu L\u2019Instabilit\u00e9, Et la cause de la violation Si fr\u00e9quente de tous les trait\u00e9s qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 faits Jusqu\u2019icy Entre Les gouvernements: aussi, la france veut aujourd hui avec le peuple americain non un trait\u00e9, Le mot seul en annonce la nullit\u00e9, mais un pacte accept\u00e9 par les deux peuples et dont la dur\u00e9e ait pour base non l\u2019Inter\u00eat du moment, non les combinaisons de deux cabinets, mais l\u2019Inter\u00eat vrai et Immuable des deux peuples.\nC\u2019est dans cette v\u00fce que la Convention nationale s\u2019est faite rendre compte des rapports commerciaux qui Se Sont Etablis entre les deux nations depuis les trait\u00e9s pass\u00e9s sous notre dernier gouvernement. Elle a vu avec peine que ces relations avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 presque nulles, que le maximum des Importations annuelles des am\u00e9ricains dans les ports fran\u00e7ais s\u2019etait \u00e0 peine \u00e9lev\u00e9 \u00e0 onze millions; que leurs Exportations etaient \u00e0 peine de deux millions et demi, et que les huit millions de Surplus d\u2019Importations pay\u00e9s en numeraire n\u2019avaient eu pour destination que d\u2019aller alimenter les manufactures anglaises: La france a vu avec regret que depuis qu\u2019elle appelle de toutes parts l\u2019Introduction des comestibles Sur son Territoire, les americains ont fourni \u00e0 peine le Seizieme des grains et farines qui y ont \u00e9t\u00e9 Introduits, et que les quinze Seiziemes y ont \u00e9t\u00e9 port\u00e9s par les nations Etrang\u00e9res, m\u00eame par celles dont le gouvernement l\u2019a forc\u00e9e \u00e0 la guerre. On a vu avec peine dans ce compte qu\u2019apr\u00e8s avoir r\u00e9duit consid\u00e9rablement les droits Impos\u00e9s Sur votre tabac, qu\u2019apr\u00e8s avoir admis dans Ses march\u00e9s votre morue et vos huiles de poisson, ce qui la force de Conserver des primes aux Etablissements de la P\u00eache de la morue Et de la Baleine, nous ne jouissions ches vous d\u2019aucune Esp\u00e8ce de faveur pour nos Importations Et Exportations, enfin qu\u2019apr\u00e8s avoir affranchi du droit de fret les batimens de votre nation, vous ay\u00e9z impos\u00e9 les notres \u00e0 un droit exorbitant de Tonnage. La Convention nationale a \u00e9t\u00e9 Instruite par ce m\u00eame Compte que depuis la derniere guerre, l\u2019admission des am\u00e9ricains dans nos Colonies a fait passer dans leurs mains l\u2019argent Immense, qu\u2019y avait laiss\u00e9 cette guerre; celui qu\u2019y a Introduit depuis ce tems le gouvernement fran\u00e7ais pour les frais d\u2019administration; celui enfin qu\u2019y ont r\u00e9pandu les relations tant directes qu\u2019Indirectes avec les colonies Espagnoles Et anglaises: elle a \u00e9t\u00e9 Instruite qu\u2019ils en avoient Export\u00e9s tous les sirops et melasses,\nla plus grande partie des Rums et des Tafias, et une quantit\u00e9 Immense de sucre de Caff\u00e9 Et d\u2019autres productions Coloniales, surtout depuis que la r\u00e9volution y a fait negliger les moyens de prohibition. La france, Monsieur, a vu Sans regret qu\u2019une partie de ces immenses produits avait Contribu\u00e9 \u00e0 La prosp\u00e9rit\u00e9 d\u2019un peuple dont elle a second\u00e9 les efforts pour la libert\u00e9, mais elle a vu avec la plus vive douleur que la plus grande partie de ces richesses n\u2019ait Servi qu\u2019a payer vos relations avec les Anglais et \u00e0 enrichir Ses propres Ennemis; elle a vu avec sensibilit\u00e9 que Ses liaisons avec votre nation n\u2019avaient fait que ruiner Son Commerce colonial sans procurer le moindre Encouragement \u00e0 Ses manufactures, Sans fournir le moindre d\u00e9bouch\u00e9 aux produits Superflus de Son sol.\nLa france malgr\u00e9 ce tableau facheux est bien \u00e9loign\u00e9e de Songer \u00e0 retirer les faveurs qu\u2019elle vous a accord\u00e9es, elle d\u00e9sire au contraire les accroitre et Ses d\u00e9cr\u00e8ts en Sont la preuve, mais elle vous demande une Juste r\u00e9ciprocit\u00e9; elle entend que la part qu\u2019elle vous c\u00e9de \u00e0 Ses richesses, loin d\u2019\u00eatre transport\u00e9e \u00e0 une puissance qui est autant votre ennemie que la sienne ait Son effet naturel, celui de perfectionner nos rapports mutuels; elle veut que L\u2019Immense d\u00e9bouch\u00e9 qu\u2019elle offre \u00e0 toutes vos denr\u00e9es en procure un \u00e0 Ses manufactures et aux produits que la nature a refus\u00e9s Jusqu\u2019ici \u00e0 votre Sol: elle veut enfin que cette part qu\u2019elle vous donne \u00e0 ses richesses de toute esp\u00e9ce, Surtout \u00e0 Ses richesses coloniales vous fournisse des objets d\u2019Echange, non avec vos anciens Tyrans, mais avec vos alli\u00e9s, avec vos amis les plus Sinceres. \nSans doute, Monsieur, la france sollicite avec r\u00e9pugnance contre l\u2019angleterre des loix dont elle condamne le principe: Sans doute Son voeu le plus ch\u00e9ri Seroit de voir la nation anglaise, ainsi que toutes les autres nations unies par un commerce libre, par un commerce qui n\u2019eut d\u2019autre r\u00e8gle et d\u2019autres bornes que leur activit\u00e9; mais Jusqu\u2019a ce que cette nation Se soit affranchie du Sist\u00eame fiscal Sous lequel elle gemit, Jusqu\u2019a ce qu\u2019elle ait renonc\u00e9 \u00e0 Son projet de domination sur les mers Et de commerce universel, Jusqu\u2019a ce qu\u2019elle ait consenti \u00e0 l\u2019abandon d\u2019un Sist\u00eame aussi Impolitique pour elle que revoltant pour les autres nations, la france est oblig\u00e9e d\u2019apporter une r\u00e9action egale aux efforts que fait Son ministere pour un Commerce Exclusif; elle est oblig\u00e9e de Suivre vis \u00e0 vis d\u2019elle un sist\u00eame qu\u2019elle reprouve mais que l\u2019Inter\u00eat des francais rendra n\u00e9cessaire tant qu\u2019il sera la base de la conduite du gouvernement De St. james.\nC\u2019est d\u2019apr\u00e8s ces consid\u00e9rations que J\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 Charg\u00e9, ainsi que J\u2019ai d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu l\u2019honneur de vous en informer plusieurs fois, d\u2019ouvrir avec vous une nouvelle n\u00e9gociation dont les bases Soient la Candeur et la loyaut\u00e9, dont la regle Soit l\u2019amiti\u00e9 sincere qui unit les deux peuples,  \ndont le but Soit L\u2019Inter\u00eat reciproque Et bien Entendu des deux nations. Je me promets que Je trouverai pour cette grande op\u00e9ration, dans le gouvernement des Etats unis, la m\u00eame franchise que Je suis charg\u00e9 d\u2019y mettre: Je me promets que vous Ser\u00e9z egalement empress\u00e9 de concourir \u00e0 la conclusion d\u2019une convention qui honorera l\u2019humanit\u00e9, et dont les bases fond\u00e9es sur la nature m\u00eame la rendront Imperissable. Il me Seroit bien douloureux, Il Seroit bien affligeant pour la france, Si J\u2019\u00e9tais tromp\u00e9 dans cette attente; ce serait avec bien du regret que Je me verrois forc\u00e9 de vous communiquer la seconde partie de mes Instructions Tendantes \u00e0 vous annoncer, en cas de refus ou de d\u00e9tour, la r\u00e9vocation des loix qu\u2019ont dict\u00e9es l\u2019attachement des francais pour les americains, Et le d\u00e9sir de resserrer de plus en plus les liens qui les unissent. Mais Je ne Saurois craindre d\u2019opposition de votre part, en considerant la vaste carriere que Je Suis charg\u00e9 d\u2019offrir \u00e0 vos n\u00e9gocians; En consid\u00e9rant l\u2019activit\u00e9 que ce nouveau pacte commercial va r\u00e9pandre dans vos champs, dans vos p\u00eaches, dans l\u2019Education de vos bestiaux, dans la coupe de vos bois; en considerant la source Intarissable de richesses que vous offrira l\u2019ouverture Libre des Colonies fran\u00e7aises; en Considerant Surtout que la france ne vous demande en retour de ces grands bienfaits, que de tirer de ch\u00e9s les francais, au lieu d\u2019aller chercher ch\u00e9s nos Ennemis communs, le Drap Et Le vin necessaires \u00e0 votre consommation. Fort de cet Espoir, heureux du grand objet que nous allons remplir, J\u2019attends que vous me fixi\u00e9s un mode de n\u00e9gociation qui nous conduise dans le plus court d\u00e9lai possible \u00e0 la fixation d\u2019un projet de Pacte national qui puisse bient\u00f4t \u00eatre present\u00e9 \u00e0 la ratification des repr\u00e9sentans des deux peuples, et dont la Simplicit\u00e9 egale la grandeur du but que nous devons nous proposer. Agr\u00e9\u00e9s mon respect.\nGenet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0172", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Barry, 1 October 1793\nFrom: Barry, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBaltimore, 1 Oct. 1793. Since he will be delayed in coming to Philadelphia, he forwards by a safe hand two enclosed letters which he received from Montgomery of Alicante a few days before sailing from Falmouth on 14 July with directions to deliver them to TJ.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0174", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 1 October 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nNewyork le 1er. octobre 1793. l\u2019an 2e de la R\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise\nLes Circonstances qui ont am\u00e9n\u00e9 dans les Ports des etats-unis le Convoi de St. domingue ont interess\u00e9 le C\u0153ur de tous les americains. La perte que le Commerce de france \u00e9prouve \u00e0 ce Sujet est d\u2019autant plus considerable que plusieurs batimens ont \u00e9t\u00e9 oblig\u00e9s pour echapper aux dangers qui les mena\u00e7aient de Fu\u00efr sur leur lest. Ils sont venus dans vos ports chercher des secours et un asile et sans doute la France entendra avec reconnoissance le rapport de l\u2019accueil qu\u2019ils y ont re\u00e7u de leurs Freres.\nApr\u00e8s avoir obtenu du Peuple americain des marques signal\u00e9es de l\u2019interet qu\u2019il a pris individuellement a leur position, ils en sollicitent une de leur Gouvernement qui parait fond\u00e9e Sur une loi port\u00e9e dans la seconde session du Congr\u00e9s en 1790. chapitre 35. section 35: cette Faveur est la remise du droit de tonnage et la loi qui Justifie leur demande est ainsi concu\u00eb and be it further enacted that if any Ship or vessel from any foreign port or place compelled by distress of Weather or other necessity. Il ne peut y avoir certainement de cas auquel le b\u00e9n\u00e9fice de cette loi puisse s\u2019appliquer plus Justement qu\u2019a celui qui a amen\u00e9 dans vos ports le Convoi fran\u00e7ais. Je me promets que le Ministere am\u00e9ricain prendra dans la plus serieuse consideration la demande que Je lui fais de la part de tous les Agens du Commerce de france interess\u00e9s dans ce convoi: J\u2019ai lieu de croire qu\u2019il aura \u00e9gard aux circonstances malheureuses\nqui les ont mis dans la n\u00e9c\u00e9ssit\u00e9 exprim\u00e9e par la loi de relacher ici\u2014qu\u2019il considerera le d\u00e9domagement pour le Fisc des Etats-unis et le b\u00e9n\u00e9fice pour le commerce Americain qui resulteront de la vente des objets qu\u2019on dechargera si on peut compter sur la remise reclam\u00e9e.\nLe Commerce Fran\u00e7ais est d\u2019autant plus fond\u00e9 a l\u2019esperer que les batimens americains sont affranchis de cet impot dans les ports de france et J\u2019ai lieu de croire d\u2019apr\u00e8s ces motifs que le gouvernement F\u0153deral s\u2019empressera de donner aux prepos\u00e9s des douanes de Norfolk de Baltimore, de Newyork et autres ports ou se sont retir\u00e9s les batimens Fran\u00e7ais, l\u2019ordre de ne pas exiger de leurs capitaines le droit de tonnage, ou au moins d\u2019en suspendre la perception Jusqu\u2019a la tenu\u00eb du Congr\u00e8s.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0175", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Remsen, 1 October 1793\nFrom: Remsen, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew York October 1st. 1793\nI have had the Honor to receive your favor of the 11th. Ult: enclosing two letters for Mr. Pinckney, and one from Mr. Taylor of the same date enclosing a third; also a note from you of the 12th. with a fourth letter for Mr. Pinckney. These letters I put under a cover, and delivered to Capt. Harvey an american, and commanding the Ship Ellice a constant trader from here to London. I thought this a preferable conveyance to the English packet, as there were several french cruisers out when she sail\u2019d some days ago. Capt. Harvey was recommended to me by one of the owners of the ship, as a person in whom the greatest confidence might be placed.\nJust before I received your\u2019s of the 11th. abovementioned I had the pleasure to write informing you, that I had put on board one of the Philadelphia packets a box containing a model, which a gentleman by your direction left with me. This gentleman was Dr. Adair. The vessel still remains here with the box onboard, the captain having expected to sail from day to day; but as he now says it is uncertain when he shall go,\nI shall take it out and keep it until she does sail, or I meet with some earlier conveyance equally safe. This vessel has been detained on account of the malady in Philadelphia, as another vessel the same property and in the same trade, which had been sent there some time ago remains unloaded, no person applying for the effects and merchandize she carried.\nThe contagious and mortal disorder which broke out some time ago in Philadelphia, still rages with great violence. Every day we receive accounts of it\u2019s progress, and of it\u2019s victims. Some think it was engendered in Philadelphia, but others, more justly perhaps, suppose it to have been imported; and this latter idea is confirmed by the circumstance of the arrival there of a vessel from Barbadoes, while the disorder was unknown, the Captain of which and three of the crew died on the passage, and the greater part of the rest soon after they had gone into lodgings in water street. It is also now ascertained, that some months ago a very mortal fever prevailed in some of the English islands. But from whatever cause it may have originated, it\u2019s effects have been dreadful. It is conjectured that at least half the people of Philadelphia have left it, and that the number of persons who have died is not much short of 3,000. This shocking event has alarmed the continent. At Boston every person who comes from the southward, tho\u2019 no farther south than this, must undergo an examination and a purification by smoke. At Albany they must be also examined. The inhabitants here have taken every possible precaution to prevent it\u2019s introduction, but still some people from Philadelphia who arrived in seeming good health, have been attacked with it and died. These deaths amount to 6 or 7, and among the persons dead is a Mr. Carnes, the brother of Burrell Carnes. None of our people, even those who were about these sick persons, as physicians, nurses &c. have taken the infection. A Committee of Citizens and our Physicians (and they are supported by the police of the City) now require that all coming from Philadelphia shall perform quarantine for 14 days before they can be admitted; and have forbidden masters of vessels, river-craft, &c. from places lying in the route from Philadelphia landing any passengers until the visitation and report of the inspecting physicians. Patroles of citizens are on the look-out every night to see that these regulations are not transgressed. Col. Hamilton after his recovery came on to Powles hook, but understanding his crossing the river would be disagreeable to the inhabitants, went up to Albany on the west side of the river. He was examined by physicians after he got there; and indeed before he was suffered to go to Gen. Schuylers, consented to certain restrictions they thought it prudent to impose on him. Gen. Knox having performed his quarantine at Elizabeth-town and Blackpoint, was expected here this day.\nAs there is little expectation that Philadelphia will be sufficiently \npurified of the infection of, or even free from the fever, by the time Congress is to meet, it is possible that after assembling there, they will adjourn either to Baltimore or New York. The former will be the place probably, as it will be saving the travel at a future day.\nI beg, Sir, you will not trouble yourself about remitting me the price of the inkstand\u2014it was two dollars only, and as it is possible I may have an opportunity of paying my respects to you before you retire from public business, it will be as well to postpone it for the present. If you should want another, or any thing else that can be procured here please to let me know, and I shall with pleasure attend to your directions or wishes. I defered writing you \u2018till now, as I had understood you had left Philadelphia, and was uncertain where my letter would find you had I written before. I concluded therefore to wait till you had time to reach Monticello, where I hope, my dear Sir, you are now in good health. I take the liberty to enclose a few of the latest newspapers, as they contain interesting european information and as you may not have been lately in the regular receipt of any\u2014and subscribe myself with great respect & esteem\u2014Dear Sir Your grateful & obedt. Servt.\nHenry Remsen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0176", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 2 October 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nMonticello in Virginia Oct. 2. 1793.\nI was honored yesterday with your letter of the 14th. of Sep. covering the commission of the citizen Dannery to be Consul of the republick of France at Boston. I now lay the same by letter before the President to obtain his Exequatur, which will be forwarded to you with the Commission. The Exequatur is made exactly commensurate with the commission; but I apprehend that neither is so with the intentions of the Executive council, who probably did not mean to confine the functions of Mr. Dannery to the township of Boston. Should this be the case, you\nwill be sensible of the expediency of obtaining for him as early as possible a new commission defining the limits of his office as extensively as they mean he shall exercise them, to which, a new Exequatur being adapted, their intentions will be fulfilled.\nSatisfied that errors in the address of their commissions proceed from a want of intimacy with our constitution, no difficulty has been made on that account in the case of the present commission. But it is my duty to remark to you that by our constitution all foreign agents are to be addressed to the President of the US. no other branch of the government being charged with the foreign communications. I have no doubt you will draw the attention of your government to this circumstance of form in future commissions. I have the honor to be with great respect & esteem, Sir your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0177", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef de Jaudenes and Josef Ignacio de Viar, 2 October 1793\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMuy Se\u00f1or nuestro\nNueva-York 2. de Octubre de 1793\nCon relacion al perverso proyecto contra la Luisiana que tubimos la honrra de comunicar \u00e0 V. S. en nuestro Oficio de 27. de Agosto ultimo, han salido esta ma\u00f1ana en el Carruage que conduce la mala del Sur los quatro Franceses siguientes Monsr. Lachaise, Charles Delpeau, Malhurin, y Gignoux.\nLos mencionados van autorizados por el Ministro de Francia Monsieur Genet para dirixirse \u00e0 Kentuckey haciendo quantos Proselitas puedan en todo el camino de Americanos, y Franceses por todos los medios que les sea posible, sin pararse en el dinero, pues \u00e0 este fin van bien provistos de especie, y credito.\nEn Kentuckey deben embarcarse y por el Ohio, y Mississipi pasar \u00e0 la Luisiana, y atacar los primeros puestos de aquella Provincia con la Gente que huviesen levantado, y proceder hasta la Nueva-Orleans si les\nfuese practicable con la ayuda que les debe proporcionar la Esquadra que se halla en los Puertos de los Estados Unidos, y que devuelta de Terranova para donde va \u00e0 partir, debe pasar \u00e0 la boca del Mississipi y con Buques peque\u00f1os desembarcar Tropas, piezas de Campa\u00f1a, y demas pertrechos en la expresada Provincia.\nCon el mismo objeto nos consta se han ofrecido Comisiones de orden del precitado Ministro \u00e0 varios Americanos, y quando sepamos de cierto si las han acceptado lo comunicaremos \u00e0 V. S. con sus nombres.\nEn atencion \u00e0 quanto va expuesto, y \u00e0 que en ello no cabe duda; pasamos \u00e0 pedir \u00e0 V. S. informe de todo al Presidente de los Estados Unidos para que con acuerdo \u00e0 la buena disposicion y amistosa correspondencia que subsiste entre el Rey nuestro Amo, y los Estados Unidos, y arreglado \u00e0 los principios de Neutralidad que tan sabiamente desea guardar el Govierno de V. S. se sirva dar las ordenes que Juzgase oportunas con la energia, y actividad que requiere el caso para evitar el que los consavidos Franceses revoltosos, seduzcan los animos de los habitantes Americanos, \u00f4 de qualquiera otra Nacion en terreno de los Estados Unidos; y se les aprese \u00e0 los citados, apoderandose de sus Papeles que van en una maleta.\nPara este objeto incluimos \u00e0 V. S. adjuntas las se\u00f1ales de los tres Capatazes en el Idioma Frances mismo en que nos las han dado.\nAl mismo tiempo confiamos que los Estados Unidos encargar\u00e0n \u00e0 los Gefes que mandan sus Provincias, y Puestos den avisos \u00e0 los de las Posesiones de S. M. de qualquiera proyecto que descubriesen contra ellas, y de los medios que adoptasen para ponerlos en execucion, cooperando de igual suerte con sus disposiciones \u00e0 quanto prescrive la reciproca buena correspondencia la humanidad, el buen orden, y los Dictados de Neutralidad.\nCon referencia a esta permitanos V. S. representar contra varios hechos de que hemos sido testigos, y otros de cuyos informes no debemos dudar, que nuestros enemigos los Franceses han practicado, y estan continuando en los Puertos, y terreno de los Estados Unidos sumamente perjudiciales al interes de Espa\u00f1a, y de algunas de las Potencias sus Aliadas, sinque les sean permitidos por el Tratado entre Francia, y los Estados Unidos.\nEl Tratado no autoriza \u00e0 los Franceses \u00e0 hacer Reclutas en el territorio de los Estados Unidos, y por disposicion del mencionado Monsieur Genet se han hecho, y estan haciendo en esta Ciudad, y es dable suceda lo mismo en varias otras.\nEl mismo tiene empleado un Bote Americano de Piloto por ciento, y cinquenta Libras al mes que sirve de traerle los avisos de quantos Barcos de las Potencias aliadas se descubren sobre la Costa, para proporcionarle su presa.\nLos Buques de Guerra, y Corsarios Franceses entran, y salen \u00e0 discrecion \nde los Puertos de los Estados Unidos, y dan vela tan frequente como les acomoda en sequito de los de sus enemigos conforme lo hemos visto practicar desde que residimos en esta Ciudad sin guardar las quarenta, y ocho horas de espera que son generalmente permitidas en los Puertos neutrales, mientras el Articulo 19. del Tratado solo expresa tomar asilo en los Puertos de los Estados Unidos y proveerse de quanto puedan necesitar en caso de hallarse persequidos del enemigo, desastre \u00fb otro caso urgente.\nTodos estos acaecimientos Juntamente con el osado proyecto que llevamos referido al principio, son circunstancias tan opuestas al interes de nuestra Nacion y de las Potencias nuestras aliadas, y se apartan de una estrecha neutralidad en terminos, que Juzgamos de nuestra obligacion exponerlas \u00e0 V. S. para que lo haga al Presidente de los Estados Unidos esperanzados en que se servir\u00e0 adoptar los medios mas eficazes \u00e0 fin de precaver los repetidos perjuicios que se siguen \u00e0 las Potencias aliadas, (y particularmente \u00e0 la que tenemos la honrra de representar) de los diferentes abusos cometidos por los Franceses, y tolerados en los Estados Unidos. Nuestro Se\u00f1or gue \u00e0 V. S. como deseamos. B. 1. mo. de V. S. Su mas recondos. y obedtes. servs.\nJosef de Jaudenes Josef Ignacio de Viar\neditors\u2019 translation\nOur very  dear sir\nNew York 2 October 1793\nIn connection with the perverse scheme against Louisiana that we had the honor to communicate to you in our note of 27 August last, this morning in the coach that carries the mails for the South the following four Frenchmen departed: Messrs. Lachaise, Charles Delpeau, Malhurin, and Gignoux.\nThese persons are under authorization from the French Minister, Monsieur Genet, to head for Kentucky and make as many recruits as they can along the way, of Americans and Frenchmen, by whatever means they may find possible, without consideration of money, for they are well provided with both cash and credit for this purpose.\nIn Kentucky they are supposed to take ship and go by the Ohio and Mississippi to Louisiana, and to attack the first posts in that province with such forces as they may have raised, and to proceed to New Orleans, should it prove possible, with help they are supposed to receive from the fleet which is stationed in the ports of the United States, and which, back from Newfoundland, must, to reach its destination, continue to the mouth of the Mississippi and with small craft unload troops, field pieces, and other equipment in the aforesaid province.\nWith the same objective, it is evident to us that commissions have been offered by the aforementioned Minister to several Americans, and when we know if they have accepted them, we shall communicate this to you with their names.\nIn view of everything we have explained, and the matters about which there is no doubt, we proceed to request that you inform the President of the United\nStates so that he may, in accord with the favorable attitude and friendly relationship that subsists between the King our master and the United States, and in conformity with the principles of neutrality which your government so wisely desires to maintain, be pleased to issue such orders as he may deem appropriate, with the energy and force required by this case, so as to prevent the obviously obstreperous Frenchmen from seducing the spirits of the American inhabitants, or those of any other people on United States soil, and from impressing such persons by taking their papers kept in traveling cases.\nTo this end we enclose for you descriptions of the three operatives in the French language just as they were given to us.\nAt the same time, we trust that the United States will instruct the officials in charge of its provinces and posts to warn the authorities in His Majesty\u2019s possessions of any scheme they may uncover against them and the means to be used for its execution, and to cooperate likewise in their actions in accord with the prescriptions of mutually good relations, humaneness, good order, and the rules of neutrality.\nWith reference to neutrality, permit us to protest against several acts of which we have been witnesses, and others, the reports of which give us no reason to doubt that our enemies the French have carried them out and are continuing to carry them out in ports and territories of the United States, actions extremely harmful to the interests of Spain and certain of her allies, and not allowed under the treaty between France and the United States.\nThe treaty does not authorize the French to engage in recruiting in United States territory, and by the disposition of the aforementioned Monsieur Genet persons have been recruited, and are being recruited in this city, and it is to be supposed that the same thing is going on in several other cities.\nHe has himself hired an American pilot boat for one hundred and fifty pounds a month whose function is to bring him reports of whatever ships belonging to the allied powers are to be found along the coast so that he may take them as prizes.\nFrench warships and privateers enter and leave United States ports at will, and put to sea whenever they please in pursuit of their enemies, as we have seen happen since we have been residing in this city, without observing the forty-eight hours of delay generally permitted in neutral ports, whereas Article 19 speaks only of taking asylum in United States ports and of taking on such provisions as may be needed in case of pursuit by the enemy, of a disaster, or of some other urgent situation.\nAll these events together with the daring scheme we recounted at the beginning are circumstances so contrary to the interests of our nation and those of powers that are our allies, and so depart from a strict neutrality, that we deem it obligatory for us to put them before you so that you may put them before the President of the United States, in the hopes that he will be pleased to take the most effective measures for preventing the repetition of damages to the allied powers (and particularly to the power that we have the honor of representing) caused by the different abuses committed by the French and tolerated in the United States. May Our Lord preserve you as we desire. Respectfully yours, Your most grateful and obedient servants\nJosef de Jaudenes\nJosef Ignacio de Viar", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0179", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Bankson, 3 October 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bankson, Benjamin\nMonticello Oct. 3. 1793.\nMr. Bankson will recieve herein an original commission for Mr. Dannery to be Consul of France at Boston, an Exequatur signed by the President and myself, and a letter from me to Mr. Genet meant to accompany both. He will be pleased to retain in the office a copy of the original commission, then to inclose the commission itself with the Exequatur (to which he will first affix the seal of the US.) and my letter to Mr. Genet.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0180", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Exequatur for Thomas Dannery, 3 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n  EnclosureExequatur for Thomas Dannery\nGeorge Washington President of the United States of America.\nTo all whom it may concern.\nThe Citizen Dannery having produced to me his commission as Consul for the Republick of France at Boston, I do hereby recognize him as such, and do declare him free to exercise and enjoy such functions, powers, and priviledges, as are allowed to Consuls of the French Republick by the laws, treaties, and conventions, in that case made and provided. \nIn testimony whereof I have caused these letters to be made patent, and the seal of the United States to be hereunto affixed.\nGiven under my hand theday of in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred and ninety three, and the Independence of the United States of America, the eighteenth.\nBy the PresidentTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0181", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Bankson, 3 October 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bankson, Benjamin\nMonticello Oct. 3. 1793.\nMr. Bankson will find herein inclosed the following papers, to wit\n1. Letters patent revoking the Exequatur of the Vice Consul, signed by the President and countersigned by myself. He will affix to it the seal of the US.\n2. a letter from me to Mr. Duplaine.\n3. another to Mr. Genet.\n4. another to Mr. Morris.\n5. the original evidence on which the whole is founded. Of these he will make up and forward three dispatches, consisting of the following papers.\n                my original letter to him\n                a copy of the Letters patent\n                a copy of the Evidence\n                my original letter to him\n                a copy of the Letters patent\n                a copy of the Evidence.\n                a copy of my letter to Duplaine\n                my original letter to him\n                press copies will do for this if good.\n                a copy of the Letters patent.\n                a copy of the Evidence\n                a copy of my letter to Duplaine\n                a copy of my letter to Mr. Genet\nMr. Bankson will also have the Letters patent published in Fenno\u2019s and Freneau\u2019s papers as usual.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0182", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Bankson, 3 October 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bankson, Benjamin\nSir\nMonticello Oct. 3. 1793.\nI have duly received by post your favor of Sep. 23. and the letters accompanying it. I now inclose you a returned commission to be filed in the office.\u2014Crosby mentioned to me that he had some interests, of moment to himself and his wife, to settle in Delaware, which would require an absence of a week, and I thought he could not take a better time than during the suspension of our business. Indeed I was in hopes that yourself as well as him would retire a little way from the city, where the risk is serious and unnecessary. I therefore desired him to tell you that Mr. Grey would let you make use of a very agreeable room, separated from his other houses, if you should chuse to retire to it.\u2014I shall be obliged to you in your letters to give me an exact statement of the progress and state of the fever in and about Philadelphia. I think it probable we shall re-assemble as near there as will be safe about the end of October.\u2014Having given some particular directions in separate packets, I have only to add assurances of the esteem of Sir your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0186", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Revocation of Duplaine\u2019s Exequatur, 3 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nEnclosureRevocation of Duplaine\u2019s Exequatur\nGeorge Washington President of the United States of America.\nTo all whom it may concern.\nThe Sieur Antoine Charbonet Duplaine heretofore having produced to me his Commission as Vice Consul for the Republick of France, within the States of New Hampshire, Massachussets, and Rhode Island, and having thereon received from me an Exequatur bearing date the fifth day of June 1793. recognising him as such, and declaring him free to exercise and enjoy such functions, powers, and priviledges as are allowed to Vice Consuls of the French republick by the laws, treaties, and conventions in that case made and provided, and the said Sieur Duplaine having under colour of his said office, committed sundry encroachments, and infractions on the laws of the land, and particularly having caused a vessel to be rescued, with an armed force out of the custody of an officer of justice, who had arrested the same by process from his court, and it being therefore no longer fit nor consistent, with the respect and obedience due to the \nlaws, that the said Sieur Duplaine should be permitted to continue in the exercise and enjoyment of the said functions, priviledges, and powers, these are therefore to declare that I do no longer recognise the said Antoine Charbonet Duplaine as Vice Consul of the republick of France in any part of these United States, nor permit him to exercise or enjoy any of the functions, powers, or priviledges, allowed to the Vice Consul of that nation, and that I do hereby wholly revoke and annul the said exequatur heretofore given, and do declare the same to be absolutely null, and void from this day forward.\nIn testimony whereof I have caused these Letters to be made patent, and the seal of the United States of America to be hereunto affixed.\nGiven under my hand thisday ofin the year of our Lord 1793. and the Independence of the United States of America the Eighteenth.\nBy the President  Th: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0190", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 3 October 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nMonticello. Oct. 3. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President has the honor to inclose him a commission from the French Executive council to Mr. Dannery to be Consul for them at Boston, also an Exequatur, countersigned by himself, which will want the President\u2019s signature, and then the seal of the US. With these is a letter to Mr. Genet, and a cover to Mr. Bankson\ndirecting him what to do. Should the whole be approved by the President, he will be so good as to sign the Exequatur and then stick a wafer in the cover of the whole to Bankson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0192", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 3 October 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDr Sir\nMonticello Oct. 3. 1793.\nI received from Mr. Gore by yesterday\u2019s post the evidence on the aggression committed by Mr. Duplaine Vice Consul of France at Boston, and it appears fully to establish the fact against him. I have therefore prepared and countersigned a Revocation of his Exequatur, with letters on the subject to him, to Mr. Genet, and Mr. Morris; as also instructions to Mr. Bankson in what way to make up their several packets. Although I know of no circumstance which might change the determination with respect to Mr. Duplaine, yet I have prepared these papers separately and unconnected with any other business, and put them under a separate cover and instructions to Mr. Bankson, so that if you should chuse it, the whole will be completely suppressed by your stopping this packet. Should you on the other hand think, as I confess I do, that an example of authority and punishment is wanting to reduce the Consuls within the limits of their duties, and should you approve of the papers prepared for that purpose, I must trouble you to stick a wafer in \nthe cover to Mr. Bankson, and forward it by post. I have the honor to be with the most perfect respect & esteem Dear Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0193", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 3 October 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nMonticello Oct. 3. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to the President a Note to Mr. Coxe and a letter which is the subject of it. When perused he will ask the favor of the President to stick a wafer into the cover and forward it by post. Mr. Coxe\u2019s note to Th:J. is put into a separate packet among papers to be returned to Th:J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0194", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 3 October 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nMonticello Oct. 3. 1793.\nI have the honor to inclose herewith the following papers.\n1. a Note from Mr. Coxe which covered a letter from Nassau.\n2. a letter from George Nicholas which covered his commission, returned.\n3. a letter from Mr. Gore, relating to Mr. Duplaine, and the communications between him and Govr. Hancock, which I asked at the desire of the Secretary at war, and which are for him.\n4. a letter from Mr. Genet of Sep. 14. which, being merely an answer to one of mine, requires no reply.\n5. a letter from Mr. Genet of Sep. 13. This is an answer to the written and verbal applications made to him on the subject of the William and the Fanny. After being in his hands between two and three months, the Consul at Philadelphia is still too busy to furnish the information I had desired. He is since dead, which of course furnishes a new excuse for delay. This indicates clearly enough that Mr. Genet does not mean to deliver them up. However he adds that the information would be useless until we settle what is to be deemed the extent of the limits of our \nprotection. As this has never yet been decided, I am not able to answer him until you shall be pleased to determine what shall be proposed on that subject. I think my self that these limits are of great consequence, and would not hesitate the sacrifice of money to obtain them large. I would say, for instance, to Great Britain, \u2018we will pay you for such of these vessels as you chuse; only requiring in return that the distance of their capture from the shore shall, as between us, be ever considered as within our limits: now, say for yourself, which of these vessels you will accept payment for.\u2019 With France it might not be so easy to purchase distance by pecuniary sacrifices: but if by giving up all further reclamation of the vessels in their hands, they could be led to fix the same limits (say 3. leagues) I should think it an advantageous purchase, besides ridding us of an article of account which they may dispute. I doubt on the whole whether any thing further can be effectually done on this subject until your return to the seat of government, or to the place where you will fix for the time.\nMr. Genet\u2019s answer with respect to his opposing the service of process on a vessel is singularly equivocal. I rather conjecture he means to withdraw the opposition, and I am in hopes my letter to Mr. Hammond will have produced another effort by the Marshal which will have succeeded. Should this not be the case, if military constraint cannot be used without endangering military opposition, this vessel also may become a subject of indemnification.\nMr. Bankson writes me word that Genl. Moylan\u2019s residence being off the Post road, he had been obliged to send an express to him, which was not yet returned. Besides the duplicate dispatches for Gouvernr. Morris, I had left in his hands letters for all our foreign ministers and Consuls. He writes me that the communications with Philadelphia had been so much intercepted that he had not yet obtained conveyances.\nThe death of Wright will require a new nomination of an engraver. If it be left to Mr. Rittenhouse, I think he would prefer Scott.\nJust before I left Philada. I received from Mr. Genet a claim of exemption from tonnage for their vessels which quitted the Cape in distress and made the first ports in the US. and particularly as to those which came to Baltimore, the tonnage of which amounted to a large sum. As you were come away, I thought it would shorten the business to send his claim in a letter addressed to the Secretary of the Treasury, but (as he was sick) under cover to Mr. Wolcott, in hopes they would make a report thereon to you for your consideration. The necessity of these abridgments of formalities in our present distant situations requires that I should particularly suggest to you the expediency of desiring Genl. Knox to communicate to the foreign ministers himself directly any matters relative to the interpositions of his department through the \ngovernors. For him to send these to me from Boston to this place merely that I may send them back to the ministers at Philadelphia or New York, might be an injurious delay of business.\nI shall hope to have the honor of a line from you whenever you shall have fixed on the time and place at which you shall decide to reassemble us. I have the honor to be with sentiments of the most perfect respect & attachment Dear Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0195", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Harriott, 4 October 1793\nFrom: Harriott, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHonourable Sir\nNew Port, Rhode Island Octr: 4th, 1793\nThe Capt: of a Vessell from Spain that arrived in this Port yesterday, reports, that all the American Vessells which were at Bourdeaux and other neighboring Ports, were detain\u2019d there by the French. How far his information may be depended on, I can not say, but some respectable Merchants here, beleive it true, possibly you have better intelligence. But I would not neglect an Opportunity of evincing my sence of the Duty every One owes, who lives under protection of the Laws of the Country he resides in as a Citizen, by giving the earliest information of what comes to his knowledge, which he thinks material to the interests of the Country.\nWill you pardon my troubling you with Thoughts that occurred at New York, while looking on the French Ships of Warr laying there so long. It struck me, should the present Government in France declare Warr against America (as well as the rest of the World,) how easy it \nwould be for these Ships to lay New York under a heavy Contribution &c. The best, and as it appear\u2019d to me, the only remedy against such Evil, would be to provide a sufficient number of small Fire Ships both above and below the Town. And the present critical situation of this Country either with England, or France, would justify the guarding against such Insult from either Nation.\nI receiv\u2019d your much esteem\u2019d favor of the 5th. of Augst: just as I was embarking with my Family onboard a Sloop from Baltimore to this Port. I have been tolerably busy since, in visiting parts of this, and New York, the Jerseys, and Connetticut States, the result, I find myself much mistaken in the opinion I entertain\u2019d and flatter\u2019d myself with, of being able to farm Lands in this Country on a large Scale, in an improved manner. Certainly there is room enough for improvement (I have not yet seen five Acres of Arable Land in a tolerable condition,) but the scarcity, and dearness of Labor, join\u2019d to an inveterate obstinacy, appears an insurmountable objection, so much so, that I have now partly determin\u2019d giving over the pursuit, at least on so large a Scale as I was in hopes might have enabled me to provide better for my Children here, than in England. Consequently the only motive left to induce a continuance in this Country, is a preference to its Laws and Government. Whether this will counter-ballance old Friends and Connections, I have not as yet resolved on.\nHad not the melancholy state of Philadelphia prevented, I should have extended my Journey (when in the Jerseys) to have paid my Personal Respects, with a hope of receiving fuller information about the Southern Co[untry] you were pleas\u2019d to recommend to my notice. My re[asons] for not extending my views so far Southerly, were the Heat of the Climate, and my ignorance of the management of Negroes which I conceive requires a long habit to manage to advantage, and if severity is necessary, I should not like to attempt it.\nHaving been twice in Turkey while the Plague raged violently (We had four Men died onboard with it) I take the liberty of observing that those European families who took the precaution to live in the upper parts of their Houses, (and even on the Tops,) escaped the Infection, while those who neglected it suffered nearly as much as the native Turks. Possibly it may be of service to those unhappy Inhabitants of Philadelphia, who are oblig\u2019d to remain [there?] to be acquainted with this Circumstance. Thanking you Sir, for your kind Wishes and a[\u2026] to a Stranger, I remain Your Devoted, & faithful Hble Servant\nJohn Harriott", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0197", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Lee, 4 October 1793\nFrom: Lee, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond October 4th. 1793.\nThe intelligence contained in the letter from the British Consul at Norfolk of the 26th. ultimo, was repeated to me in letters of the same date from the Collector at that Port and from the Commandant of the Militia. They were submitted to the United States Attorney for this district, who did not consider the Privateer Republic as violating the established Neutrality.\nHis opinion was forwarded by me to the respective parties with out delay, but from the last letter from Mr. Hamilton it seems that the Captain of the Privateer did not wait the reply although it had been Stipulated on his part so to do\u2014and that material changes were made in the Vessel as well as additional force received on board. I have &c.\nHenry Lee", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0198", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Isaac Shelby, 5 October 1793\nFrom: Shelby, Isaac\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nKentuckey Octr. 5th. 1793\nI have just now been Honoured with Your favour of the 29 of August wherein you Observe, that the Spanish Commissioners have Complained to the President of the United States, that certain persons are taking Measures to excite the inhabitants of Kentucky to join in an interprise against the Spanish Dominions on the Mississippi. I think it my duty to take this early oppertunity to Assure you that I shall be perticularly Attentive to prevent any Attempts of that Nature from this Country. I am well perswaded at present none such is in Contemplation in this State. The Citizens of Kentucky possess too just a Sence of the Obligations they owe the General Government, to embark in any interprise that would be so injurious to the United States. I have the Honour to be with very great respect & Esteem Sir Your Most Obedient servt.\nIsaac Shelby", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0200", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Bankson, 7 October 1793\nFrom: Bankson, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia, October 7th. 1793\nThe inclosed Letter and account from Mr. Dumas as also the Letter from Mr. Remsen were taken from large packets of News papers which are deposited in the office.\nI yesterday received a Letter from a Mr. J. Mason dated Georgetown, the 26th. ultimo\u2014covering a Bill of Lading for a Cask of Macarony expected to arrive in the Ship Salome Capt. Watson from Havre. No such vessel has entered in this City since you left it\u2014upon her arrival I shall pay the necessary attention.\nYour note which was lodged in the Bank of N.A., as also the one drawn in favor of John Ross, are taken up. Bringhurst is still in the Country. I will discharge Kerr\u2019s account this day, and wait his, or your return for a reimbursement.\nThe Salary of the Gentlemen of the office (who are all absent) I have deposited in the Bank of the United States, payable to their order.\nNo opportunity presenting, and seeing in the New York papers several vessels advertised for Havre and other parts of France, I forwarded the dispatch for Mr. Morris as also the Letters to the American Consuls to Mr. Henry Remsen, with a Letter, a Copy of which is inclosed. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir, your most obedient serv.\nB. Bankson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0201", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 7 October 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nGibralter Octr. 7th. 1793.\nI wrote to you, under yesterday\u2019s date, letters to be forwarded by four different conveyances, containing information that a Truce for twelve months was concluded between Portugal and Algiers; and that a Fleet of eight Algerine Cruizers had gone through the Streights into the Atlantic.\nI observed in a Postscript, that I should afterwards explain by whose instrumentality the Truce was made. I have now to inform you it was effected by Mr. Logie, Consul of G. Britain at Algiers: but I am very happy to add, there are strong circumstances to induce me to believe, it was without the authority or even knowledge of his own Court\u2014from which (I am most credibly assured) he has not received any direct official communications for fourteen months past \u2026 this was owing to his having been recalled, and a Successor appointed for that residence. By what I have learned in a confidential manner, from good authority, Mr. Logie wishes to remain at Algiers until the final negotiation between that Regency and Portugal be concluded.\nThe strong easterly wind, called the Levanter, has prevented the Portuguese Convoy, mentioned in my late letters, from proceeding any distance up the Mediterranean. The same cause still detains the English ships with Troops on board in this harbour, tho\u2019 a second vessel has arrived with Dispatches from Lord Hood to accelerate their departure. In consequence of this last arrival, some more Artillerists, with field Artillery, have been detached from this Garrison\u2014and Genl. O\u2019Hara (the Leiutenant Governor) is going to take the Chief Command at Toulon.\nBy yesterday\u2019s mail we have nothing but an account of the Duke of York\u2019s repulse with the loss of his Cannon and Baggage\u2014and a \nconsiderable advantage gained by the Spaniards over the French near Perpignan. With sentiments of great respect & esteem I have the honour to be Sir Your most obedient & most humble Servant\nD. Humphreys\nP.S. I shall prosecute my former Plan of proceeding to Alicant, the moment the wind will permit.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0202", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Remsen, 7 October 1793\nFrom: Remsen, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nNew York October 7th. 1793\nTwo days ago I received a letter from Mr. Bankson of your Office dated the 3d., enclosing a packet for Mr. G. Morris, one letter for Mr. Fenwick, one for Mr. Cathalan and one for Mr. dela Motte; and this day, having previously put them under cover to Mr. de la Motte, sent them by the Brig Rebecca owned in this port and bound to Havre. The Capt. promised to deliver the dispatch to Mr. de la Motte himself; and from what Mr. Bankson wrote me respecting Mr. Morris letter, I thought it proper to write a few lines to Mr. de la Motte, informing him it was your desire that that letter should be sent to Paris only by a confidential conveyance.\nMr. Bankson says the fever continues to rage with great violence; but our accounts, \u2018tho still very distressing, were more favorable by this day\u2019s post than they were the last week.\nI have taken from on board the vessel to my own chamber the box containing the model, where it will remain in perfect safety. At present it would be impossible to get it to Philadelphia, there being few or none going thither either by land or water, except the post.\nMessr. Brothers, Coster & Co. tell me they have received answers to several letters they sent by the Brig Sion, whence they infer that the letter bag of that vessel has at last got to Amsterdam. You may recollect, Sir, that some important dispatches you sent me for Mr. Short remained long unaccounted for\u2014they were sent by this vessel, which foundered soon after she sailed; but the Capt: Crew and letter bag were picked up by another vessel, and carried into Newfoundland. It must be satisfactory to you, knowing the letters were preserved, should they have \nreached Mr. Short without inspection, even should they now be useless. I hope, Sir, you either have had, or soon will have an acknowledgment of their receipt.\nI enclose a few of the latest papers, in one of which vizt. that of the 3d., is a list of the american vessels captured by the new Providence privateers, and carried in and detained there. I have the Honor to be with great respect and esteem, Dr. Sir Your most obt. & most h\u2019ble servt.\nHenry Remsen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0203", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 7 October 1793\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe Escurial Oct. 7th. 1793\nI have had the pleasure of recieving by Mr. Blake your kind and friendly letter of July. 11th. I cannot too warmly express my grateful feelings on the subjects it treats of, and particularly for the new proofs it gives me of your friendship. The intelligence with respect to my funds in Mr. Browne\u2019s hands was agreeable and satisfactory beyond measure and the more so as it was so much more than I had expected. His reprehensible silence to me since the year 91. was of an ominous nature which left me little to hope, and much to fear under such circumstances.\nThe information you give me with respect to the commencement of tenanting lands in Virginia gave me a double pleasure\u2014both as a proof of the increasing prosperity of my country, and of the practicability of placing one\u2019s fortune, in that solid, substantial and patriotic way. If lands could be tenanted in the manner you mention I should be exceedingly happy to have my funds or at least the greater part of them say \u2154 or \u00be placed in that way. As it is impossible at this distance to give a precise instruction on such a subject, viz. fix on the precise spot or manner in which I wish it to be vested, I will indulge myself in giving my ideas, relative thereto and ask the favor of you to draw from thence the conclusion according to circumstances in America.\nI shall go on the idea of my funds in Mr. Browne\u2019s hands being safe, which your friendly letter of July seems to warrant me in, and on that of Mr. Kennon of New York, (Mr. Donald\u2019s agent) having delivered you for me the funds he had of mine as mentioned in former letters. These funds amounted to I think 6000 dollars of various descriptions, \nwith the interest accruing thereon and vested from time to time in more funds. Mr. Browne was to have followed the same method with those in his hands\u2014and of which he has rendered no account since the year 91.\nI have or ought to have besides this 1000 acres of land near Norfolk on the grean sea\u2014and \u2154 of 15000 acres of military lands. It seems to me that much too great a part therefore of my estate is in paper. I have only been tempted hitherto to keep it in that form from the convenience of the property during my absence, and from the inconvenience of our landed estates in Virginia, during the absence of the owner. And also from the difficulty of fixing on a proper investment in lands without being present. I am sorry however at present not to have directed a part to have been placed in some of the ways which now occur to me, so as to have varied the kind of my fortune as much as possible.\nTwo modes have long existed of doing this and since your letter a third\u2014namely 1. Lots producing rent in towns. 2. shares in the canal companies\u2014and now 3. in tenanted lands. I have formerly thought a good deal on this subject and should have desired it to be executed if I had not experienced how little I could rely on Colo. Skipwith\u2019s taking any trouble about it\u2014and if I had not been without any other person in that part of the country to whom I could apply. Nor should I now have ventured to have troubled you on such a subject but for your former letter encouraging me to hope that being retired to a private life, you would have more leisure to serve an absent friend. I still fear it will give you too much trouble of the kind to which you are not accustomed and in that case I hope you will have no scruple in dispensing yourself from it. But to proceed with my ideas.\nIn these investments I would wish three things to be considered. 1st. The solidity of the investment. 2dly. the convenience of the rent and security of its being recieved\u2014and 3dly. the facility of disposing of the investment when I shall return to America, in order that I may place it if I should chuse it in some estate of land to settle on. It seems to me that well chosen lots in some flourishing town and whose prosperity depends on the nature of its position and the country around it, say Philadelphia, Baltimore\u2014(Geo. Town on Potowmac, I suppose the lots are now at an advanced price on the contingency of the seat of government coming there and Alexandria perhaps exposed to some degree of uncertainty also as connected therewith) Richmond or Norfolk\u2014I mean lots which are leased on a ground rent and which are built on\u2014so that the property is in the land only, the houses belonging to the lessee; and which are a security for the regular payment of the rent\u2014or lots with houses on them, the houses being insured against fire and other accidents. I should prefer the former however\u2014and it should be observed that in the case of the latter the rent should be considerably higher (viz. \nthe interest of the money invested) because of the repairs and final decay of the houses, which must be rebuilt by the owner\u2014whereas this is not the case with lots on a ground rent\u2014and of course I think the interest accruing on the money laid out is generally calculated so as that it should be double or nearly double to put it on a par. However the solidity of the buildings\u2014the price of insurance against fire and other accidents, are to be taken into the account in order to form a proper estimation.\nFrom my idea of the profits of stock in the U.S.\u2014and of course the general interest of money, I imagine no persons who have their property in ground rents can recieve less than 5. p. cent annually on the value of the ground of those lots\u2014and if I could place my money at that rate I should be satisfied\u2014and think it better than to keep it in the funds at six\u2014that is to say, I should be satisfied, supposing I have 20,000 dollars 6. p. cents for instance which bring me in annually 1200 dollars to vest them in the ground of lots, which are leased out on a ground rent (being built on by the lessee) and which bring in 1000 dollars annually, supposing better could not be done; and that it should seem probable that I should be able to dispose of this property again with facility for the price I pay for it, should I chuse on my return to dispose of it, in order to purchase a landed estate to settle on. As these lots would not be to live on, but merely to derive a rent from their geographical position would be more indifferent, except that caeteris paribus, I should prefer them the least removed from Virginia.\n2. Stock in the canal companies also seems to me an agreeable kind of property after the canal shall have been finished, and some idea can be formed of the clear profits to be counted on. In all countries the price of labor, the profits of stock, and the interest of money unavoidably bear a certain proportion to each other\u2014of course the profits arising from money vested in this way must be considerable, since it is so in all others, in the U.S. It should and must be greater here than on ground rents, because there are more contingencies\u2014and all these things, though they operate insensibly, operate however infallibly to establish a proper level. I know not how far the James River or Potowmac canals are advanced\u2014nor in what train they are\u2014but should either be so far advanced as to shew what will be the probable clear profits I imagine it will be the Potowmac and therefore I should prefer being concerned therein, as far as I can judge from here\u2014or if they are both advanced sufficiently I should have no objection to be concerned a little in both\u2014always having a view to the circumstances abovementioned viz. the security and rate of interest arising on the money vested there and the facility (which will depend a good deal on those circumstances) of disposing of my capital therein if I should chuse it in order to vest it in lands to settle on. I cannot say what should be the clear annual profits of \nthis kind of stock in order to put it on a level with other vestments\u2014this must depend on circumstances of which a person on the spot and in the way of judging can alone decide\u2014and which I must leave to you. My general idea being given to you, viz to place a part of my funds in some convenient and sure way, so as to be able to change that placement if I should chuse it hereafter and in the mean time to derive a proportionable interest therefrom\u2014I would add also to vest more or less in this way in proportion as the canal should be finished or not, and the rate of clear profit ascertained.\n3. Could lands be tenanted in Virginia it would certainly be to me the most agreeable of all kinds of property. This system will unquestionably be adopted in time\u2014but I should apprehend as yet that lands were too cheap and too easily to be procured in property for laborers to content themselves with taking them on lease\u2014leases can not be valuable until the farmers are rich, and those who are rich will necessarily and with reason prefer laying out a part of their capital in the property of lands to taking them on lease. If by tenanting you mean that humane and philanthropic system of letting them to the slaves, in the way of metairies then it seems to me that it would not answer my present purpose\u2014because not to mention that it is an experiment to be made (although I believe firmly it would answer with proper care)\u2014the capital to be laid out in the purchase of slaves would be too considerable to admit of any reasonably adequate revenue. Still I think those who have the misfortune to own slaves, should for the sake of humanity make the experiment. When I shall return to America it is my intention to preach this not only by precept but by example\u2014and for this purpose I intend purchasing a small number\u2014it is a subject my mind goes much on\u2014I have already formed the rules to be observed for exciting in these people the idea of property and the desire to acquire it, which I think would be easily done, and which when done, I think would insure the success of the experiment\u2014this should be done gradually, and in the mean time a part of the estate should be kept as at present\u2014where might be retained and employed such as were found unworthy of being employed in another way. Several of the present generation who have grown up in slavery and to whom the care and foresight necessary to take care of themselves, their families, and their property would be worse than slavery itself, might be found of this description\u2014but there would be many of a different character even among the present generation\u2014and I take it all their children grown up and formed in a different way would be capable of being at least metayers\u2014and some of them farmers if proper advances should be made to them or at least such of them as should be judged trustworthy. It seems to me therefore that there should be those three gradations of slaves\u2014metayers and farmers\u2014to secure the business. \nThe two last exist in France and indeed all the civilized part of Europe almost may be divided into them. In many parts there exist also what may be compared to our slaves. Let any person examine the situation of Russia and Poland for instance and compare those countries with France or England and he may form some idea of what our southern states would be could our slaves be made free tenants, compared with what they are now. This is one of the most pleasing reveries in which I indulge myself. It seems to me to unite the very ideas which are formed to give the most heartfelt satisfaction to a pure and virtuous mind\u2014viz. an union of the purest principles of humanity with the prosperity of one\u2019s country. These reflexions have insensibly drawn me off from my subject, to which I now return.\nIf it were possible to vest my funds in lands yielding a clear rent of 5. p. cent, I should think it a desirable mode\u2014and if there seemed a certainty of disposing of them after my return to America, so as to purchase lands to settle on, if these should not suit me, then their geographical position would be less important\u2014but as there would be always some inconvenience probably in alienating this kind of property it would be desirable to consult the geography a little, and the other considerations with respect to a proper place of settlement\u2014this however it would be difficult for me to do well at this distance, and without a later view of the ground than I have had. There was a time when my enthusiasm and inexperience of the affairs of this world was such that I should have preferred being settled on a few acres on the top of Montalto to any other position\u2014and even now the being your neighbor would have infinite weight with me as it will during all my life, and under every circumstance of my life. I like also the climate of Albemarle\u2014but the soil and position of any estate immediately round Monticello, do not seem to me to admit of such a grazing, meadowy farming establishment as I should like. No part of E. Carter\u2019s land for instance seems to me to have water in proportion to the thirstiness of the soil\u2014it is excellent for planting\u2014but not suitable for farming according to my mind\u2014and that stiffred clayey soil is disagreeable in other respects\u2014at least my examination of these subjects here\u2014and my recollection of those things whilst there leave me this impression. J. Cole\u2019s tract to the south and Thos. Walkers to the North of Monticello, were those which pleased me most. I never shall forget the fine gazon of Cole\u2019s yard when we fled there. I know not how these tracts are as to water\u2014but except the yard Thos. Walker\u2019s possession presents itself the most agreeably to me at present\u2014as being less red and argillous I think, more level\u2014and nearer market\u2014but I remember that both these tracts were of those privileged kind which in the midst of cheap lands were carried to an exorbitant height in the estimation of their owners and particularly the latter.\nInstead of meddling with over-rated tracts I should imagine it would be better to think of such as being sold for particular and inevitable reasons present always considerable advantage to the holder of ready money, which I should be in this case by means of my funds. It seems to me good opportunities of this sort might be found by a person on the spot among our ci-devant James river Nabobs. Lands thereabouts also would be more easily tenanted I should imagine. If I were rich enough to have a farming establishment there, then I should like a small country seat as near as possible to Monticello to spend the hot months at\u2014but such things are beyond my capital I fear, and to be indulged only in idea. What person on earth would be as happy as I should be if I were with such a partner of domestic enjoyments as I have an idea of, rich enough to be settled on such a place as Curls, suppose (or any other place capable of being converted into a profitable, and prosperous farm) and with a summer retreat on the mountains in your neighborhood. It is then that Montalto would have all its charms\u2014or Coll\u00e9\u2014or something thereabouts.\nWhilst Gov. Morris was employed by Mr. R. Morris at Paris, and even after he became the Min. Plenipo: of the U.S.\u2014he had several tracts of land to dispose of for him, on the terms of Mr. R. Morris\u2019s engaging to take them as lessee for a given number of years at a given rent, which amounted as well as I remember to at least 5. p. cent on the sum paid. He wished to dispose of the famous Dover tract (formerly Griffin\u2019s) in that manner. He communicated this to me as knowing the tract, that I might give information respecting it, in the case of being applied to by any of those to whom he should offer it. I do not recollect the number of acres, or whether there were slaves with it, or indeed any of the other particulars\u2014but the sum demanded I remember was \u00a320,000 stlg. or thereabouts. It is possible also he might have meant 500,000. livres tournois which according to the then exchange would have been only about half of the sum. I know not whether he sold it\u2014though I remember he sold a small tract near Philadelphia, to his friend Poor Segur, who purchased it absolutely de confiance for about \u00a35000 stlg.\u2014and was induced thereto absolutely from the persuasion that he was placing his money in land at the rate of 5. p. ct. I don\u2019t doubt he will find this to be really the case as Mr. Morris knew he was dealing with his friend who knew nothing of the matter and proceeded blindly on his word\u2014but with any other than a person of M. Morris\u2019s character and delicacy, the bargain might turn out a very different one to Segur\u2014for a person might very well agree to give a 5. p. cent rent, for a few years on a sum double the real value of the land, in order to engage him to purchase that land in fee for the double of its value.\nIf however the price paid was really no more than the value of the \nland, then in my case it would be a very agreeable circumstance that a responsable seller should bind himself to lease it for a given number of years at a rent of 5. p. cent on the money\u2014but it should be seen that the price paid was really no more than the worth of the land.\nNot venturing to hope that my fortune will ever be sufficient to admit of the plan abovementioned I must confine myself I imagine to one residence and I have therefore for some time been revolving in my mind this subject to find what place would most probably unite all the desiderata, of climate, soil, health, profit, agr\u00e9ment &c. It seems to me with the map in my hand, and all other considerations in my mind\u2014that that region lying on the Potowmac or on some of the waters falling into it on its south side and above the falls, must possess several inducements to preference for me. The lands there I believe are dearer than further south\u2014but they would be more easily tenanted also. I should like as much water and as much level land as possible except an height for an house and other conveniencies\u2014places capable of giving mill seats and other means of facilitating labor in the ruder manufactures would be also desirable\u2014and unless a too great increase of price should oppose it, the lower down and the nearer the Potowmac the better. Too near the falls I should apprehend lands would have felt the influence and been raised in price on account of the contingency of the seat of federal government coming there\u2014and, as I have said above, I don\u2019t like contingencies whenever they can be avoided.\nHaving been obliged to deal so much in generalities I cannot be sure of having given you a sufficient knowlege of my ideas on the subject, to induce you to act for me: and indeed I rather apprehend the contrary unless some particular case should present itself of so desirable and advantageous a vestment of my funds as should leave no room in your mind for doubt. This I take the more likely to happen with respect to lots on ground rent, (where the title is clear and beyond all possibility of dispute) or with respect to canal shares than with respect to land, because being more merchantable objects and their neat rent being more accurately ascertained, their true value is known with greater exactitude, and shew more clearly whether the bargain is an advantageous one. Should you find no such opportunity of placing my funds, as you should chuse to make use of, I should be much obliged to you to write to me on these subjects and to inform me, what would be practicable in this way, Viz. the price of some lots\u2014canal shares\u2014and tracts of land, and as nearly as may be the clear rent they produce. I mean this as nearly as you may know it, without giving yourself too much trouble about it.\nShould any opportunity present itself of making an investment as abovementioned then I should prefer my six p. cent funds being employed in that way, as far as they may go\u2014the relative prices of the \ndeferred and 3. p. cents, at the time of the sales, should decide which of them it is best to dispose of. There is one thing also which I fear will be productive of still further doubt and uncertainty. The funds viz. the 6. p. cents I observe are considerably below par\u2014and the rest in proportion. Now it would be hard to dispose of them with that loss after their having been already whittled down by the \u2153 and \u2154 and \u2153 of \u2154 system\u2014which was as unequal as it was unjust in its operation and which I never would have subscribed to if Mr. Browne had consulted me. And yet as long as they are selling under par in the market I can\u2019t expect to get par for them, and I should be unwilling to dispose of them at a lower rate, unless indemnified by the bargain made\u2014as for instance take 10,000 doll. of 6. p. cents which yield an annual interest of 600 dollars\u2014if they could be placed in lots yielding a ground rent of 300 dollars, and of which there was a good likelihood of their appreciating so as to command in a short time 10,000 dollars in money, then it would be immaterial what was the nominal rate at which the 6. p. cents were disposed of, whether 19. shillings 18. shgs. or any other rate, in the pound. Such a case might happen from the owner of the lots or other property wishing to recieve the cash for them and of course selling them low. Such cases however must be rare, and rarely to be found except by persons on the spot and hackneyed in the ways of business. I can hardly expect therefore that a bonne fortune of the kind should fall to our lot. This is all I can say on the business, and indeed in order to say so much I have been obliged to have constantly in my mind that you would be before the arrival of my letter retired from public life.\nIn your letter recieved by Mr. Blake you do not inform me whether any of the letters I have written to you since my arrival have got to your hands except the two of April 2. Besides those I wrote to you previously as Sec. of State\u2014Feb. 3. and March. 6.\u2014and Mr. Carmichael and myself: Feb. 19. None of these letters are acknowleged by you so low down as July 16th. the date of your last to us. I wrote to you also a private letter of April. 5. in answer to yours of Jany. 3d. It was so long, so voluminous and so prolix, that I was really and in conscience ashamed of it. Still I hope on account of its contents being a complete and satisfactory statement of every thing that had passed that it will have got to your hands. I repeated the same subject also more abridged and by duplicate the 23d. of June.\nMr. Carmichael and myself wrote to you also jointly and fully and sent our letters by duplicates and triplicates after the conferences opened\u2014April 18. May. 5. and June 6: We have been as much surprized as mortified to learn that none of them had arrived before the departure of Mr. Blake. On his arrival here we immediately announced\nit to the Sec. of State by post via Cadiz and Lisbon four copies and mentioned the several letters we had written up to the present time.\nIn my No. 124. (March 6:) I confirmed by examples as to this court in particular what I had mentioned on former occasions in my private letters to you, respecting the usages of courts in general as to diplomatic characters. As you tell me in your letter you suppose what you formerly mentioned as to me would take place, I find my letter even if it should have arrived has produced no effect. I must own that it seems to me a little odd that our government in paying this third grade nearly as much as some powers pay the second, should persist with so much inveteracy in withholding the single word of Plenipo: which produces certainly two effects inevitably and which have been stated\u2014namely to disable the agent from speaking with the minister of foreign affairs except by shifts and starts, and when he is quite exhausted\u2014and to expose the agent to daily humiliations in his own eyes, and also in the eyes of others at most courts, and particularly at the Hague and still more particularly here. It is different I learn at Lisbon, or at least much less so\u2014as the usage there is to go to court two or three times the year only\u2014and to see the foreign minister by appointment only when business requires it, so that a charg\u00e9 des affaires has an equal chance with an Ambassador. As to Ministers Rest. I believe they are obsolete except in old rusty books and on our diplomatic establishment.\nI recollect as to this court what happened to Mr. Carmichael and myself and which made me feel somewhat and laugh at the ridiculousness of the position in which this system or no system placed us. After the minister had lost and made us lose some time in finding out what to do with us or how to present us under our mongrel character, he settled it in a way that Mr. Carmichael observed to him it was useless he should be presented a second time having already been presented in that way\u2014viz. in being kept in an out antichamber until all the ministers of the second order have done, and until the King having left them goes to dine and gets up from dinner\u2014whilst he is picking his teeth and the public are standing around him understrappers are brought in and shewn to him\u2014the corps diplomatique go away before dinner. As I never had been shewn to the King, it seemed that I could not well dispense myself as Mr. Carmichael did. Accordingly on the day appointed we went to the Palace\u2014we were stopped of course in the first antichamber\u2014whilst there, the members of the first and second order passed by us to go into the next antichamber to wait until the King was ready to recieve them. Among them I remember passed the Secretary of the English embassy, a young man of three or four and twenty. He as other Secretaries of the embassy, is made Min. Plenipo:\u2014the British ministry \nhaving more regard it seems for the feelings of the persons they employ, and for the estimation in which they wish them to be held by others, than our government has. It is impossible to describe the triumph which was painted on the countenance of this young Englishman to pass by and see two soi-disant diplomates from America waiting in an out antichamber among the vulgar. Rebels in fact deserve no better treatment\u2014and it would seem as if our government was conspiring with them to humiliate our national respectability in the eyes of foreigners. This might be done with impunity if we had a large fleet and army to establish our respectability, but as it is, the policy is as bad as it is inexplicable, on any principle resulting from a knowlege of Europeans and European courts. As the Prest. has been happy enough for himself, never to have been among them, and as the same may be the case with your successor I hope it will not be considered as blasphemy to say that he must be unacquainted with the details of this business\u2014and that it would not be very wrong for you simply to give him your opinion thereon\u2014though I can hardly expect it now as it seems you must have thought it improper whilst having that department. If I had not seen this to be your way of thinking I should have thought it a real duty in a person situated as you were. I have said so much on this head really more from a regard to the interest and character of the U.S. than to my own. For it has become to me a matter which will probably be of little importance. I shall not remain here after affairs get somewhat settled in France, longer than may be thought indispensable\u2014so that my accepting what may be offered will depend more on this circumstance than the grade they give. I do not like the climate or any thing else here well enough to be tempted to remain, and most certainly will not remain a moment after France becomes travellable and habitable, in the humiliating (and uselessly expensive) grade of Min. Rest. I say uselessly expensive because really in it no business can be done with the Minister of foreign affairs, or no business which could not be just as well done, by some young clerk in a good banking house who might be employed (and would consider himself liberally paid at \u00a3100 stlg. p. Ann.) to write news to government, send newspapers, edicts cedules &c.\u2014and on occasion be the agent of such American citizens as might have lawsuits or other contestations, adjourned to the capital. And at this court particularly it would be the case, as really nothing can be more useless than the expence of \u00a31000 stlg. a year, for a person who is only a daily monument of our country treating this court with less respect than they do France or England, and of course a daily source of ill humour here; this country being more than any other jealous of its own dignity of the respect shewn by others\u2014to which by way of compensation also it is exceedingly sensible when satisfied\u2014and this you may consider as one \nof the strongest traits in their national character. I have been so convinced of this that I have endeavored to smooth over the subject whenever it has been mentioned to me, as it has been frequently and sometimes with warmth\u2014by observing that America had begun by sending a Min: Plenipo: who had not been recieved\u2014and that Spain had never sent one as yet\u2014to this it was observed that great allowances should be made for Spain at the time of Mr: Jay\u2019s coming\u2014and that Spain had since sent a Minis: Plenipo: for that M. de Gardoqui, (as he has observed on several occasions) had that commission in his pocket and was always ready to unfold it if America would have named one of the same grade.\nHe now wishes much that this grade should be adopted\u2014not only from the national considerations abovementioned, but particularly I believe because he wishes to send his son to America in that character. I should have no doubt of his succeeding therein as he has since his return from America been constantly in that line and employed at Vienna and Florence, if I did not know he had a dangerous rival in a person who desires the place much and who is very much in the personal confidence of the Duke de la Alcudia whose will would be without control. The persons now in America would in that case be provided for elsewhere, and which would not be a misfortune as I apprehend their correspondence does not produce the most favorable effect, being of the old school of G. and conformable to the ideas he took up whilst in America, and which are certainly far from being just particularly as applicable to our present government.\nAfter all whatever may be decided on as to the permanent establishment here I shall never cease reflecting on the kind of fortune which has always pursued and persecuted me in this line. After being kept in that suspended, and anxious way at Paris for so long a time and being succeeded there in so humiliating a way\u2014I am sent to the Hague and placed there where the corps diplomatique, may be considered constantly as raked to publick view\u2014and where the English faction domineering, would view with devouring pleasure whatever would tend to humiliate or mortify an insurgent and particularly an insurgent diplomate\u2014my grade there is such as no other person has, and I am excluded thereby from admission to a diplomatick society and subjected to such treatment at what they call the court, and which they think the thermometer, of the respect due to any member of the corps diplomatique, as became the food for all the commerage of the place to the great amusement of all the Anglomen. Whilst thus situated, and ostensibly treated I was employed by our government in a way which required more responsibility, and would have argued more confidence, than any thing they could have shewn, by the large sums of money which were put \nunder my control. So that whilst I was apparently and ostensibly an underling character and employed in a grade in which other countries employ the lowest sort of clerks, I was subjected in fact to all the weight, anxiety and responsability of the most dignified and confidential agents. A business is then to be conducted at Madrid it is thought of so much importance as to require a particular commission being formed and a person being sent there at a very considerable expence to the public\u2014this honor is destined to me. I pack off during the rigorous season, in a bad state of health\u2014through a vast country where there might be every day a thousand inconveniences and I arrive after a journey of 400 leagues, to be kept a considerable time without the ministers giving any sign of acknowleging me, because he did not know in what manner our new character should be acknowleged, and at length admitted to an out antichamber, to remain there in the mob, until the corps diplomatique should have passed and repassed\u2014the King have dined\u2014and been ready to see the vulgar. As in Spain the U.S. are still called and considered las Colonias, we were and could only be considered by the Spaniards as the counterpart of their agents from Mexico, Peru &c.\u2014sent to reside near the court to sollicit the affairs of those colonies\u2014and as we were the first instance of Plenipotentiaries treated in that way, being the first who had ever been seen here without letters of credence, we were and could only be considered by the corps diplomatique as representing a country not entitled to what is called in their language the perfect rights of sovereignty. If the President supposed that under these circumstances we were to enjoy a proper degree of respect in the eyes of the Spaniards or of the corps diplomatique, or that the representations or arguments of persons in our humiliating situation would have the same weight with any Spanish minister, as they would have done if we had been placed on the same footing with the corps diplomatique, he must know little indeed of the one or the other. In this instance no argument from economy can be pleaded\u2014nothing was wanted but a single letter of credence. Mr. Carmichael would have asked no augmentation of salary, and as my expences are to be borne, they would have come to the very same. I can account for it therefore only on the principle of the destiny which has constantly pursued me since I have had the now irremediable misfortune not to have followed your friendly advice of abandoning this infernal and for me pernicious and humiliating career. It will embitter the rest of my days. I never was destined certainly for it\u2014for with respect to everything that has occurred to me in it, I can compare it only to what is seen in some animals of whom I have read to whom the most wholesome food becomes poison as soon as they touch it. To any other than myself in a diplomatic career, special commissions are always honorable and the most desirable incidents\u2014and insure their advancement\u2014to me they become sources of pain anxiety and humiliation. What could be \napparently more honorable and more likely to insure advancement, than being employed as I was in the affair of Holland, with a degree of confidence as to the sums under my disposition of which there is no example to any public agent in Europe, whether Ambassador Envoy or any other foreign missionary. Well I undertake it, and with all the aversion that instinct could supply and which nothing but necessity in the first instance arising from the fear of disappointing government if I declined it\u2014and aided also by an hope that if well executed, I should be advanced at Paris, there being no older diplomatick American that seemed to have a preference. I execute it to the full satisfaction of government, and with a zeal which I never have felt since I have seen the issue and never shall feel again. I am even fondled and flattered into a continuance, by government, who find I act so well that they say they can\u2019t think of adding any other person to me in so delicate a commission, notwithstanding my earnest sollicitations. To any other than myself this would have been a sure source of promotion\u2014to me it is only one of pain, anxiety and mortification. The same with respect to the Spanish mission\u2014honorable and flattering as it might have been\u2014with me it has only produced trouble and anxiety before arriving here and humiliation since. Thus circumstanced\u2014thus treated by the President my mind is made up\u2014I abandon all hopes of advancement in a line under his control and am ready to abandon it should my fortune in Mr. Browne\u2019s hands be safe as I trust after your friendly letter, I thank God that I have enough to live on for myself and independent of the frowns or favors of any body. I never desired indeed that any unmerited favor should be shewn to me by government. I respect the unquestionable right of the President to give his confidence under our constitution, to any persons he may please and the Senate approve\u2014it is not certainly for those who are supplanted to criticise\u2014they can never be supposed sufficiently impartial\u2014but I feel they have a right to require that they should be treated with a sufficient degree of confidence by government, to know what they may expect\u2014and not be kept in an uncertain condition during years for the meer personal convenience of those destined to supplant them. I feel they have a right to ask the same degree of impartiality which is shewn to their more fortunate rivals and particularly by a person who affiches such a perfection of reserve and indifference to all\u2014and such a distance from all sorts of favoritism. Was this practised with respect to Mr. Morris and myself? You know and every body except the Prest. must have known that Mr. Morris had rendered himself famous at Paris for ridiculing the principles of the French revolution\u2014and as to the new constitution accepted by the King he had not confined himself to meer words\u2014and bons mots, which had been doated on as food by all the Aristocrats\u2014and the cause of scandal and displeasure to the friends of the revolution. The Prest. remained deaf and blind to these words \nand deeds\u2014although M: Morris had been attacked on their account in the journals printed in Paris\u2014and this was during a continuance of years. I go to the Hague. I remain there only six months\u2014and immediately the President becomes all eyes and all ears as to me, and hears at once all I say\u2014and what is still more extraordinary hears and believes all I do not say, with respect to this same French revolution\u2014his usual caution deserts him and he adds faith to what must have come at least through a suspected chanel, and for purposes which must have been obvious to the Prest. had it related to any other than myself. I have written to you already on these subjects. I should not have renewed them here but for a letter which I have found respecting me in the Newspapers just recieved from America. I must premise however that this letter is published long after the Prest. has heard of what I said at the Hague\u2014and of course that it is not from thence that he could have derived his information.\nThis letter is said to be written from Rotterdam by a respectable merchant of that place dated Dec. 20th. It seems to have been first printed in a Baltimore paper and copied from thence in others. I find it in Freneau\u2019s and also in [Davis\u2019s] of Richmond. I am there accused by this respectable merchant generally of conducting myself not as the envoy of a republic but as a minion of despotism and particularly of two things, of being the first to treat the French minister with disrespect\u2014and of being under the counsels, and the friend\u2014or as Mr. Davis has inserted it, the humble (in Italics) friend of Ld. Auckland. As to general accusations I know not how to refute them except by general denials\u2014and those I give here in the most solemn and unreserved manner. Without recollecting every particular circumstance of my conduct, I feel myself so purely a republican\u2014I love and cherish so much the excellent constitution of our country, I venerate so much the principles of my fellow-citizens, and above all I ever have had and still have such a perfect abhorrence of despotism, and such a sovereign contempt for all its minions of every description, that I do not hesitate to affirm that I have never in any instance of my life swerved from the line which the envoy of a republic ought to pursue\u2014or given any foundation, by word or deed, for the reproach of Conducting myself like a minion of despotism. As to being the first to treat the French minister with disrespect that charge is more particular and admits of a more particular answer. As M. de Maulde was the only French minister at the Hague whilst I was there it must allude to him. You will see whether it is founded or not. On my arrival at the Hague, and presenting my credentials I paid the usual visit and in the customary way to all the corps diplomatique and among them M. de Maulde. This was returned by them in the same manner as by M. de Maulde. He came once to see me afterwards and I went also to see him. He certainly experienced nothing but civility from me\u2014our visits \nwere not renewed, probably because we did not suit each other enough to court each others society\u2014but I do not know that I was bound from any respect to make advances to M. de Maulde, more than he was to me\u2014and I respect the dignity of my country sufficiently to consider its representatives in foreign courts on a level and entitled to the same respect with any foreign minister\u2014and by no means bound to make advances to any. There were others of the corps diplomatique also with whom I kept up no more communication than with M. de Maulde\u2014but I never supposed that this was treating them with disrespect. To such as were civil to me, I replied by civility and did not imagine that any thing more would be required. I was not there long enough to have formed an intimacy with any of them. I did not consider my country far enough advanced in the politics and intrigues of Europe (and God grant that she never may be) to render it necessary that her agents abroad should render their society and visits subordinate thereto. I meddled with no intrigue and had none (I thank God) to meddle with. My object was so to conduct myself as not to give any cause of dissatisfaction to the country where I was sent to reside\u2014and to acquire sufficiently their confidence, by meriting it, to be useful to my own country in such business as I might have to transact there for them. This was not only conformable to general and obvious rules of propriety, but to your official instructions to me. To have acted otherwise would have been a violation of the confidence reposed in me. Had the government of the United Provinces supposed any particular intimacy between M. de Maulde and myself, I should have immediately forfieted all pretensions to so much of their confidence as is necessary in conducting business. On what ground I know not they had taken up an idea that M. de Maulde was actively employed in fomenting disturbances in their country\u2014they supposed that he held meetings with those who are known by the appellation of the patriotic party and that he was endeavoring to bring on a general insurrection. In the situation in which things then were suspicions became certainties in the mind of that government\u2014and for all I know they may have entertained those suspicions or those certainties, unjustly with respect to M. de Maulde\u2014but be that as it may, such were the impressions that it excited, that neither M. de Maulde or any person who was intimately connected with him could expect to be considered in the light in which alone a foreign minister can hope to serve his country to advantage in that character. Had any circumstance placed me in that position with that government I should have thought it my duty to acquaint our government with it and to have owned to them frankly that I considered myself incapable of managing their interests against the torrent of such prejudices. These circumstances however did not require that I should affect any singularity in my conduct with respect to M. de Maulde. I behaved to him as to others when we met\u2014 \nnothing contrary to civility ever passed between us\u2014and I cannot concieve therefore in what this writer from Rotterdam (if it is really from thence that the letter is written) can suppose I shewed disrespect to the French minister. It would be something like despotism, thus to pry into and denounce my private conduct even if it were conformable to truth and to exact, that without any object I should be forced to cultivate the society of a person, who for all this writer knows, might be disagreeable to me, or who might find my society disagreeable to him. And after all if the reproach of disrespect is founded on our visits not being kept up, then I insist that he should make the same reproach of disrespect also to M. de Maulde; as I paid him as many visits as he did me. He must be liable to the same reproach unless it should be proved that a minister from the U.S. is not on a level with a minister from France or any other country\u2014and this it would take all the writers in Rotterdam and the seven United Provinces together to convince me of. The second accusation against me is being the friend or according to Mr. Davis, the humble friend of Ld. Auckland. If I had the honor of being better known to Mr. Davis, I trust he would soon satisfy himself that I never was and never shall be the humble friend of any body. And I am much at a loss to know on what this Rotterdam gentleman can have founded his idea of my being at all the friend of Ld. Auckland, or led by his counsels. Luckily I had not occasion for the counsels of any body whilst at the Hague, and if I had had it would not certainly have been to Ld. Auckland that I should have addressed myself. He is not a man I believe to inspire confidence very readily and still less so to an American than any other. The fact is that I never in my life recieved a counsel of any sort from Ld. Auckland, and do not remember ever to have seen him except in public companies. His house was open twice a week not only to the corps diplomatique, but to all the Hague and to all foreigners who passed. As there was little resource at the Hague every body went there as to the only rendezvous of the place, if it were meerly to hear the news. I went there generally and passed an hour with the others. M. de Maulde went there also for some time, and discontinued it afterwards I imagine because he had other business, or because it did not amuse him. I never gave myself the trouble to enquire about the cause of it. It was never understood I believe that all those who went to the public assemblies of an Ambassadors were his friends and further than that I certainly never recieved any kind of civility from Ld. Auckland which could warrant the supposition of my being his friend\u2014nor was there ever any circumstance which could give rise to an idea of my being under his counsels\u2014and if I had been they would not probably have induced my treating M. de Maulde with disrespect, as there was certainly more communication between M. de Maulde and him than M. de Maulde and any other person of the \ncorps diplom:. I cannot quit this subject without observing that whatever the Rotterdam writer may have thought of my conduct towards M. de Maulde, it would seem as if the inhabitants of the Hague did not view it in the same light. It was there constantly reported on the contrary that the greatest intimacy prevailed between us\u2014that we had meetings together and with the discontented party which we were exciting\u2014that the place of our rendezvous with these people, was particularly at Ryswick a small village near the Hague &c &c. These things came to my knowlege from different sources. I never took pains to contradict them, supposing the government were sufficiently acquainted with the proceedings of all the foreign ministers residing there\u2014and as to busy chattering idle individuals I always despised their reports too much to take notice of them and hope I always shall whether they confine themselves to private slander, or exhibit in the more formidable garb of public print\u2014though I own this latter mode makes a deeper impression on me, being less accustomed to it in that way, and above all its coming from my country and through my countrymen, to whom it is said to have been handed from a respectable merchant of Rotterdam. For my part however I can see but little mercantile respectability in a traffic of infamous falsehoods of this kind\u2014and I am sorry to say it, still less candor and propriety in Printers inserting and copying an atrocious and anonymous libel against a fellow citizen absent from his country and devoting his whole time to her service. It is somewhat hard to be thus considered at the Hague, leagued with M. de Maulde, for the purpose of propagating revolutionary principles\u2014to be looked on there in every society where strangers are admitted, for I can speak of no other, as a real Jacobin, to be ill regarded by many on that account, and at the same time to be denounced from Rotterdam and believed in America, to be the first to treat this same French minister with disrespect, and to have conducted myself as a minion of despotism.\nI observe that M. Morris is denounced in the same paper and under the same head on a still more serious account, and I don\u2019t doubt with as little foundation\u2014however I am not uneasy as to him as I suppose the public will pass it over, and the proper person be blind and deaf to it as hitherto. I should not have troubled you with so much of this on my own account, but from knowing what prompt credit was given by the same person to what had formerly come from the Hague on my account, and through chanels if I don\u2019t mistake, still more subject to caution than the present.\nI have used every effort since my arrival in Spain, and hitherto in vain to procure Cortez\u2019s letters. The Booksellers assure me that the book is not to be found unless by the greatest accident. Having learned that the Archbishop of Toledo gave copies of the work, with pleasure, I applied \nto a friend of his to make the request of him. He told me that to his knowlege he had not a copy left, having distributed them all. I see little hopes of procuring it, but I have spoken to two booksellers to endeavor to find it, and they have written to their correspondents in the case of accident throwing it in their way and you may rest assured of having it if it is to be got.\nI find no satisfactory information with respect to the history of the Mexican dollar. M. de Gardoqui tells me there is no book which treats of it\u2014and seems ignorant of it himself, although at the head of the mint. I have spoken with others in his department who should be informed, but I learn nothing from them of the nature I wished. I shall ever remain my dear Sir your friend as sincere as I am troublesome and tedious.\nW Short\nP.S. You never answered my public letter with respect to correcting the title given the States General in my letter of credence although I wrote to you twice respecting it. I will thank you to let me know the cause of it\u2014and what is to be expected as they really make a point of this article. I hope I shall often hear from you if you have leisure.\nWS.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0205", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Church, 8 October 1793\nFrom: Church, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLisbon 8th October 1793\nI had the honor to write you on the 22nd. Ulto. since which nothing material has occurred here. I have been diligent in my Enquiries concerning the Views of the belligerent Powers with regard to the U.S. and have solid grounds to believe that it is the determined purpose of England and Spain sooner or later to unite their Endeavours to Crush Us, I mean of the Courts and Kings of those Nations. It is probably a very fortunate circumstance with respect to Us that the combin\u2019d Powers have not succeeded as they expected against France. It should seem that nothing else has prevented their Active operations against Us. Our fate may therefore at this time be considered as more intimately involved with that of France than is generally supposed, at the same time I anticipate, and feel alarmed at, the probable Effects of the present Mania of the French Democrats, who are crouding into the U.S. lest it should create in those of not the greatest discernment such a disgust and dread of the like excesses prevailing Among Us, as to produce effects similer to those consequent on the insurrection of Shays and his party in New England, where a Majority of the moderate Men, among whom were many good Patriots, on the quelling the insurgents, seemed disposed in\norder to avoid a similar extreme to plunge head long into a more fatal one, and to wish to draw the Cords of Government so close as to strangle all the blessings resulting from the Revolution.\nIn conversing on the Subject of the intentions of England and Spain towards America, with a Portugueze Gentleman of great erudition, and of the purest Democratical principles, he observed, that when the Pope established and supported the King of Naples against the Duke of Suabia, the latter in an attempt to recover his right, was taken prisoner by the King of Naples, who wrote to the Pope for advice how he should dispose of him, when the Pope return\u2019d this answer, \u201cthe Life of the Duke is the death of the King,\u201d\u2014\u201cand vice versa,\u201d\u2019 by this we may judge of the opinions and jealousy of those powers, and how seriously they consider themselves interested in our destruction.\nThe Portugueze have no treaty with the English or any other Nation for the Article of Bacall\u00e3o or dried Cod-fish, and small pickled fish of all kinds; The Encouragement of that fishery, and a good market, is of the greatest importance to the U.S. as on these will greatly depend our future Naval Strength. A large Portion of Spain is supplied through Portugal by land, in addition to the vast consumption of these Articles in this Country. A mode might be adopted to secure to the U.S. a monopoly of the Sale in this kingdom without any great loss or sacrifice on our part, let the U.S. reduce the duty on the Wines of Portugal, and the same per Centage I am led to believe will be allowed by this Government on our fish, and as the Amount of the Exports from America wou\u2019d far exceed the Imports of Wines from this Country, the advantage of such a Contract wou\u2019d be palpably in our favor, and woud exclude all competition. In this reduction of the Duty of Portugal Wines, I do not include those imported from the Island of Madeira, but only the Wines imported from Lisbon and Oporto into the U.S., the duty on these wou\u2019d be but a trifling object compared to the advantages of encouraging our fishery, and of securing the Monopoly of this Market for our fish, which must be the result of a large reduction on the duty on Wines, this wou\u2019d go far to annihilate the English Newfound-land Fishery which is now thought to be on the decline. The Portugueze grow daily more and more impatient of their dependence on the English, and wish to shake of the Yoke, even Martin de Mello I am told would not be averse if he had a plausible pretence to turn the course of Portugueze Gold into a different Channel, or at least a part of it; I have asked, supposing a War between the U.S. and England if the Portugueze woud conceive themselves obliged to take an Active part on the side of great Britain, The same well informed Portugueze Gentleman seemed to think that this Nation were not disposed to Quarrel with Us, or to aid the English Against Us, but Personal safety, their opinion and dread, of\nthe power of Britain, and our supposed weakness, might possibly drive them to act against their own inclination, but this he seemed to think rather doubtful, though he is painfully sensible of the present servile state of dependence of this Nation, they Ask me where is your Strength? you have no Ships of War, what therefore can you do against the Naval force of Britain? I have said all I could to obviate these objections, which could not be much; but shou\u2019d nevertheless be glad to see something like an American Fleet, though it shou\u2019d be but small, it wou\u2019d sound large in Europe, and might be greatly magnified and multiplied in crossing the Atlantic. The British it is true have many Ships but they want Men, particularly to Act against Us, which wou\u2019d be the most unpopular measure in England that could be adopted by the british Minister.\nIt would be very dangerous to publish the object of the proposed reduction of the duty on Portugal Wines, for if the English had any Idea of our design to obtain this Market exclusively for our Fish, they would infallibly defeat Us with their Gold, but if I cou\u2019d promise a reciprocity on our part, I have every reason to think I could bind the Bargain secretly and irrevocably (War excepted) for a certain term of Years. With perfect esteem & Respect I have the honor to be Sir Yor. faithful & mo: obedt. Servt. \nEdwd. Church\nN.B. There were two Vessels sailed for Boston the day before the News arrived of the Algerines being on this Coast, by one of which I sent the Original of this Copy. The Betsy Capt. Atkins and The Violet Capt. Babson were the names of the two that sailed.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0206", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Humphreys, 8 October 1793\nFrom: Humphreys, David\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nGibralter Octr. 8th. 1793.\nI have already forwarded for you five copies of Dispatches, to inform you, that a Truce for twelve Months was concluded between Portugal and Algiers; and that a fleet of Algerine Cruizers had gone through the Streights into the Atlantic, on Saturday night last. They were reported to me by an officer of a Portuguese frigate who spoke with them, to consist of eight sail; I believe, however, there were but three frigates,\ntwo Xebecks and a brig. This morning another Algerine frigate was in this harbour, and has gone through the Streights to the westward.\nTo multiply the chances of getting early information to you, I am sending off to order neutral vessels to be chartered at Cadiz and Lisbon to carry my Dispatches to you, if they cannot otherwise be transmitted by the most expeditious and certain conveyances: and those vessels will be ordered to put into the first Port in the U.S. they can reach. With Sentiments of great esteem, I have the honour to be Sir Your most obedient & Most humble Servant\nD. Humphreys", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0207", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John M. Pintard, 8 October 1793\nFrom: Pintard, John Marsden\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMadeira, 8 Oct. 1793. In his 23 July letter he informed TJ that the island\u2019s governor had detained an American vessel he had chartered here at \u00a365 a month to go to Bordeaux and that he had sent Humphreys documents proving the detention. A few days ago he received a 14 Sep. letter from Lisbon in which Humphreys stated that he was to sail the next day for Gibraltar, that he only had time to write to the Secretary of State on this subject, and that Lisbon Consul Edward Church would transmit that official\u2019s answer. He encloses a copy of Humphreys\u2019s letter to the Secretary of State and a copy of Church\u2019s letter received by the brig Washington, Captain Lemuel Goddard, who arrived here three days ago. Yesterday evening an aide-de-camp to the governor informed him that he was to remain under house arrest until further orders and refused to explain why or to give the order in writing. He can write no more because a vessel is just about to depart for America, but he will write again by a vessel leaving tomorrow.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0208", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Simpson, 8 October 1793\nFrom: Simpson, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGibraltar, 8 Oct. 1793. He encloses a copy of his last dispatch and reports that there is nothing new in West Barbary. He is extremely concerned to see the Algerine fleet sail into the Atlantic; under such an unpleasant circumstance, he is glad to see Humphreys in Gibraltar and promises to continue to assist him in conveying prompt news of this event wherever necessary for American citizens. By a letter from the English consul at Algiers it appears that Portugal agreed to the truce on 12 Sep. for twelve months by his mediation, but the conditions are still unknown. The ship that passed the Straits of Gibraltar this morning is one of two corvettes France gave the Algerines to replace one of two xebecs destroyed by Neapolitan cruisers near Toulon in 1791. Pierced for 22 guns on the main deck, it has a small figurehead and ports that open in halves fore and aft and lay high.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0209", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 9 October 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nMonticello Oct. 9. 1793.\nI have the honor of answering, by the return of post, your favor of Sep. 27. recieved this day, inclosing the letter and memorial of Messieurs King, Pratt and others, owners of the ship Andrew, and her cargo, desiring the interposition of the Executive on account of the cargo of rice taken by a decree of the general council of L\u2019orient, and of the freight and detention of the vessel. The memorialists seem to expect that an indemnification may be made them by this government out of\nthe monies due from us to France. But this would be an act of reprisal, which the usage of nations would not justify until justice has been required from France, and formally denied. Their money in our treasury can no more be taken for this purpose, nor under any other forms, than their vessels in our harbors. It is necessary therefore that the Memorialists make application to the government of France for indemnification, exhibiting the fullest and most authentic proofs. If they will at the same time furnish me with a copy of these, I will instantly write to our minister at Paris, and desire him to give to their claim that firm support which it\u2019s justice calls for. The conduct of that government in other cases communicated to us by Mr. Morris, gives every reason to presume they will do ready and ample justice in the present one. I have the honor to be with great & sincere respect & attachment Dear Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt \nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0210", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Hopkins, 10 October 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hopkins, John\nSir\nMonticello Oct. 10. 1793.\nIn consequence of a power of Attorney from Mr. Short to act for him in all his affairs here, Colo. Hamilton was so kind as to furnish me with copies of your letters to him of Apr. 29. and July 18. containing a statement of Mr. Short\u2019s property in the public funds transferred by Mr. Brown. Being much unacquainted with this kind of business I am obliged to ask your information What sums of interest are due on this property? Where and by whom it is to be paid? Whether it can be paid at Philadelphia? And whether any particular form of order is requisite? If you will be so good as to favor me with an answer by the return of the post, which leaves Richmond on the Monday morning for this place, it will find me still here, and particularly oblige Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0211", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 10 October 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew York October 10th: 1793\nI shall embark at this place for London in the early part of November, from whence I shall go to Holland and other parts of Europe to make arrangements for carrying into effect the commercial establishment which I have made in the City of Washington. You had the goodness to tell me in Philadelphia that you would favor me with letters to such of your friends and acquaintances in Europe as might be able to give me useful information on the subject of my tour\u2014and to add thereto a few notes respecting the rout, the best mode of travelling &c. through such parts of Europe as you had passed and which it might be useful for me to visit. If, my dear Sir, you can make it convenient to transmit these letters and notes to me before the 10th. of November they will probably find me here, and should I have sailed their being recommended to the care of Mr. James Greenleaf would ensure their reaching me in London or Amsterdam by the next Vessel sailing after they get here.\nAs we have it in contemplation to engage in the Levant Trade, beleiving it to be a commerce that may be carried on very beneficially with the part of the Country where our principal establishment is made, You will add much to the obligation I shall feel for the other letters &c. if you will have the goodness to give me letters to or Notes respecting the southern parts of Europe that may tend to give the necessary information which it will be my object to acquire if I extend my tour to that quarter. Wishing you every blessing that health and an honest mind can give I have the honor to be with very sincere attachment & respect Your Obliged friend & Obed Servt \nTobias Lear", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0212", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Paine, 10 October 1793\nFrom: Paine, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nParis Oct. 10th. 1793 2d. year of the republic\nAs far as my Judgement extends I think you cannot do better than send Commissioners to Europe; and so far as the freedom of Commerce may become a subject of Conference it ought to be done. It may be a means of terminating the war for it is necessary that some power should\nbegin. England is in a wretched condition as to her Manufactures and her public and private credit. The combined Armies make no progress. My opinion is that they cannot agree among themselves, and that the object of the English Government is to get possession of both sides the channel, which certainly cannot be consented to by the Northern powers. It is not the English alone that has possession of Toulon, the Spaniards have landed more troops than the English as if to keep an Eye upon them. Holland does nothing. She must wish to be out of the war. If you send Commissioners Holland will be the best place for them to arrive at\u2014they can there make known their Credentials to all the resident Ministers. It will not do to appoint Gov: Morris upon that business. His appointment here has been unfortunate. He has done more harm than good. All the Americans will give you the same account. I wish much to be in America were it only to press the sending Commissioners. I think it is a plan in which all parties among you will unite. Were you to appoint two or three Comsss. from America and direct them to call Mr. Pinckney to their Councils, I think it would have a good effect. I suppose you know the person that wrote the enclosed American letter. The contents show there are many subject for conference that does not appear at first sight. It either has or will be published in London in a few days. Remember me to the President and all my friends. Your\u2019s affectionately \nThomas Paine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0213", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Philip Freneau, 11 October 1793\nFrom: Freneau, Philip\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Ed. Note: This 11 Oct. 1793 letter was printed in Vol. 20: 759 as part of a group of documents on Jefferson, Freneau, and the founding of the National Gazette.]", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0214", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 11 October 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMount Vernon October 11. 1793.\nYour dispatch of the 3d. with it\u2019s several enclosures, reached Alexandria on Wednesday evening, and got to my hands yesterday morning.\nThis afternoon I shall send to the post office the Letters for Mr. Bankson, with my signature to the Exequatur for Mr. Dannery, and Letters patent revoking that of Mr. Duplane. Your letter to the latter, two to the French Minister, one to his Secretary Mr. Bournonville and another to Mr. Morris, being approved are also forwarded.\nTo a Letter written to you a few days ago I refer for the time and place mentioned for the meeting of the Heads of Departments, and hope it will be convenient for you to attend. If I do not take a circuitous rout by Frederick-town in Maryland &c. I shall not leave this before the 28\u2014and in that case should be glad of your company, if it is not inconvenient for you to call.\nSince writing that letter, however, I have received the enclosed from the Attorney General which may make a change of place necessary; but I shall wait further advices before this is resolved on. I have also received a letter from the late Speaker, Trumbull; and as I understand sentiments similar to his are entertained by others\u2014query, what had I best do? You were of opinion when here, that neither the Constitution nor Laws gave power to the President to convene Congress at any other place than where the Seat of Government is fixed by their own act. Twelve days since I wrote to the Attorney General for an official opinion on this head, but have received no answer. If the importance and urgency of the case, arising from a supposition that the fever in Philadelphia should not abate, would justify calling together the Legislature at any other place\u2014where ought it to be? This, if German town is affected, with the malady, involves the Executive in a serious and delicate decision. Wilmington and Trenton are equidistant, in opposite directions, from Philada. both on the great thoroughfare, equally dangerous on account of the infection being communicated to them, and would, I presume, be equally obnoxious to one or the other set of members; according to their situations. Annapolis has conveniences\u2014but it might be thought I had interested and local views in naming this place. What sort of a town then is Reading, and how would it answer? Neither Northern nor Southern Members would have cause to complain of its situation. Lancaster would favor the Southern ones most.\nYou will readily perceive, if any change is to take place, not a moment is to be lost in the notification\u2014whether by a simple statement of facts (among which, I presume, the House intended for them in Philada. will\nbe unfit for their reception)\u2014and an intimation that I shall be at a certain placedays before the first of December, to meet them in their legislative capacity, or to advise with them on measures proper to be taken in the present exigency. If something of this sort should strike you favorably, draw (and if necessary sign) a proper Instrument to avoid delay, leaving the name of the place blank, but giving your opinion thereon. German town would certainly have been the best place for them to have met in the first instance, there to have taken ulterior resolutions without involving the Executive.\nI have no objection to the Director of the Mint, with your concurrence, chusing an Engraver in place of Mr. Wright.\nNo report has been made to me relative to the Tonnage of the French ships from St. Domingo.\nMajor Lenox, I perceive by the papers, is marshall for the District of Pennsylvania.\nLimits of jurisdiction and protection must lie over till we meet, when I request you will remind me of it. I am Your Affecte. Servant\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0215", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Church, 12 October 1793\nFrom: Church, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLisbon Saturday 12th: Octr. 1793\nYesterday the 11th. I received the following note from Coll. Humphreys, our minister Resident at this Court, but now at Gibralter.\n\u201cDear Sir\n\u201cWe have advice of a Truce between the Portugueze and Algiers, and that an Algerine Fleet has gone into the Atlantic, Pray forward the inclosed with the intelligence and believe me\u201d\nYour\u2019s\n(Signed) D. Humphreys\nImmediately on receipt of this very alarming news, I called together all the American Captains now in this Port, and communicated the Contents of the above Letter, with such farther information as I had a few minutes after obtained from a friendly and always well-informed Portugueze Gentleman\u2014which was, that on the 5th. instant an Algerine Fleet consisting of eight armed Ships had been seen by a Portugueze Frigate (just arrived) sailing out of the Mediterranean, there were 4 Ships carrying 44, 36, 30 and 28 Guns\u20143 Xebecs 20, 24 and 26 Guns\u2014and one Brigantine of 22 Guns. Their Signals to the Portugueze and English are said to be an English Jack at the fore-top-gallant-mast head, and a Flag with blue and white, or blue and yellow Stripes, at the main top gallant mast Head.\nEarly this morning I waited on his Excellency Luiz Pinto de Souza Minister and Secretary of State for foreign Affairs, on the subject of this unexpected Event, and the unfortunate situation in which it had placed not only the American Captains now here, but our nation at large, whose injury seems to have been particularly meditated in this negociation.\nThe Minister received me with great politeness, and anticipating the cause of my visit, informed me that he was at the moment of my arrival occupied in writing to me on the subject, but was better pleased to see me, as he could more fully and particularly explain the nature of this business to me viva voce, than by letter, and assured me that he would candidly communicate to me how far the Court of Portugal were concerned, or chargeable for the mischiefs resulting from this Truce, to all those Powers not at peace with Algiers; he declared that it was as unexpected to the Court of Portugal, as it could be to us, and if it was not\nquite so unwelcome, yet it was by no means agreeable to their Court, who never intended to conclude either a Peace or Truce with the Dey without giving timely notice to all their friends that they might avoid the dangers to which they might otherwise be unavoidably exposed by trusting to the protection of the Portugze. Ships of war stationed in the Mediterranean. He acknowledged that the Court of Portugal had about 6 months past, expressed to the Courts of England and Spain, a desire of their friendly co-operation to induce a disposition in the Dey towards the establishment of a firm and lasting peace with her most faithful Majesty, but having appointed no person directly or indirectly to negociate in behalf of her Majesty, they considered the business as only in embryo; but the british Court zealous over-much for the happiness of the two nations Portugal and Algiers, in order to precipitate this important business, very officiously authorized Charles Logie the british Consul-General and Agent at Algiers, not only to treat, but to conclude for and in behalf of this Court, not only without any Authority, but without even consulting it. A Truce was accordingly concluded between the Dey and the british Agent (for twelve months) in behalf of her most faithful Majesty, for the performance of which on the part of her majesty the British Court is Guarantee. The Condition is, that this Court shall pay to the Dey one third as much as he receives annually from the Court of Spain. When this Court received information of this proposed condition, from Mr. Walpole the british Envoy to this Court, They informed him, that however desirous they might be of a Peace with Algiers, they were so far from being disposed to submit to such a condition, that it was the determination of her most faithful Majesty not to pay one farthing, but in the interval, the truce was signed by the self-constituted Agent Mr. Logie. The Minister Mr. Pinto farther informed me that this Court had ordered an Augmentation of the number of armed Ships on the Meditn. Station, so little was their expectation of a peace or truce with Algiers, and intimated that the Algerines would probably ere long be less at liberty to cruise than at present, and mentioned less than a month; but though I have great confidence in his Sincerity, and in the good wishes and disposition towards us of many of the Portugze. Nobility, and of their sincere hatred of the English\u2014yet the Prince is young, weak, and obstinate, and can, and probably will determine as his own Caprice, or Martin de Mello may direct. The Conduct of the British in this business leaves no room to doubt, or mistake their object, which was evidently aimed at us, and proves that their envy, jealousy, and hatred, will never be appeased, and that they will leave nothing unattempted to effect our ruin\u2014as a farther confirmation, it is worthy of remark, that the same british Agent obtained a truce at the same time\nbetween the States of Holland and the Dey for six months, whereby we and the Hanse Towns are now left the only prey to those Barbarians. This last Truce has in all probability cost the English very dear, as the Algerines had profited much by Captures from the Dutch since the commencement of the late hostilities between the two Nations. This will I fear give a fatal stroke to the advantages which we might otherwise have derived from our Neutrality.\nI am at this place interrupted by intelligence from a staunch friend to America, who has his information from the fountain-head\u2014it has greatly shocked me. I have reason to fear that there is an infernal combination in Europe against us, France excepted, and that we have no other hope or resource but in our own strength.\nMonday 14th. I have just received a letter from Gibralter of the 8th. with orders to charter a Vessel to carry the intelligence to you, Copy of which letter I send herewith. At this moment a Swedish Vessel arrives. On the 9th. in Lat: 38. 13. She was boarded by an Algerine Frigate, at a small distance She saw another which had just captured 4 Americans, 2 Brigs, 1 Ship, and 1 Schooner, and one Genoese Ship. She was informed of the Truce and that it was for 12 Months with both Holland and Portugal. I have forwarded letters by Expresses wherever I thought it necessary to notify our Citizens of their danger. We are betrayed and many, many of our Countrymen will fall into the cruel Snare. I send you a list of Those in this Port. I have chartered a Ship this moment for \u00a3800 Stlg. to carry my Dispatches, She sails to morrow. They will be delivered to you by Mr. Livingston to whom refer you for farther particulars which in my great hurry I may omit; I have not slept since Receipt of the news of the hellish plot\u2014pardon me for such Expressions. Another Corsair is in the Atlantic. God preserve Us.\nNews is just arrived \u214c Post, that the French have retaken Toulon\u2014have repulsed the Duke of Brunswick with great Slaughter; and that the Prince de Cobourg is in great danger of a total defeat, being hemmed in, by a very powerful Army which he dares not attack, Cetera desunt. I have chartered the Vessel to go, and return with a Cargo of Wheat or Flour to this Port or Cadiz for \u00a3800 Stlg., her freight back will go far to pay the expence of her hire. God grant her a safe and speedy Passage. Small hopes now of a peace with Algiers. It is currently reported here, that 3 or 4, some say 2, and some but one\u2014of the Algerine Frigates now cruising against Us were a late present from the british King, but for this I have no other Authority than common report. If it should be thought that I have chartered the Vessel at a high price, I wish the Government to be informed that all the protected Ships demand at least double since the confirmation of this Algerine News, and I have been rather favoured in the Contract which I have made, and\ntherefore hope no blame will fall on me, but that I shall be enabled by the Government to fulfill my Engagement.\nUpon farther enquiry I am sorry to inform you, that the letter containing the above french news, comes from doubtful Authority.\nIt is a matter of Certainty, which I have received from undoubted Authority, though contradicted by the Minister Luiz Pinto, and at present a great Secret, that One of the present Portugze. Ministers is in this execrable plot, a plot loudly and publickly execrated by this Nation. I asked if it was Martinio de Mello?, and was answered that all his consequence and his pecuniary Resources were derived from the Meditn. fleet, or Algerine War, and of course no suspicion could justly fall on him. Was it the Secy. Lz. Pinto? My Informant only knew at present that one of the four Ministers had been privy to the whole transaction, but could not fix it, but could and would tell me very soon, at present he seemed disposed rather to suspect the first Minister, the Marquis Ponte-de-Lima, because he was the inveterate Enemy of Martinho de Mello, whom my Author heard say on a former occasion to an Ambassador on his taking leave of the Court to go to Algiers to negoc\u00edate a peace, Sir! the Ships attend you, you will therefore proceed without delay on your Embassy, but remember what I have said, and what I now repeat, as of the greatest consequence, (meaning to himself), if You succeed in making a peace you will do well, but if you should not succeed you will do much better. The relation of These circumstances tho\u2019 trivial in themselves, may possibly enable you to form a more adequate idea of this Court than I should be able to give you, it is with this view I trouble you with them.\nOne of the Frigates now cruising under Algerine Colors was a present from the King of Spain, but not very lately\u2014and one is certainly a very late present from the british King. I write in great haste, and perturbation of mind, yet hope and believe I have omitted nothing in my power to communicate for the public good and safety, to promote which, I pray you to believe me ever most firmly and sincerely devoted. If by the harshness of some of my expressions I should appear to you to be more strongly prejudiced against the british, or british politicks, than my Countrymen in general, I trust it is only because I know them better; Few of my Countrymen having been so much conversant with them for 30 years last past, the Interval of the late war excepted, and Fewer perhaps have observed and studied them so much. I am convinced they were making large strides again in America, and would probably ere long have possessed an influence there which sooner or later would have proved our ruin, but Heaven I hope has timely interposed, and doomed them to fall into the pit which they were digging for us, and that great good will ultimately be derived to us from this great\nevil. It is greatly to be deplored that so many of our Citizens must be doomed to perpetual Slavery, but better so, than the whole nation, of which there seemed to be not a little danger.\nI keep this letter open to make such additions as occasions may offer till the moment the Vessel weighs Anchor, She has nothing to do but to take in Water.\nI send you by this Opportunity a large Packet of Letters from Coll. Humphreys which doubtless contain the most important intelligence. I am Sir with the highest esteem & regard Yor. mo: hble & mo: obedt. Servt.\nEdwd. Church", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0216", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexandre Maurice d\u2019Hauterive, 13 October 1793\nFrom: Hauterive, Alexandre Maurice d\u2019\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nNew York, 13 Oct. 1793. Duty obliges him to forward the enclosed letter and sheets, received by sea with the envelope missing in an open packet addressed to him, but which apparently belong to TJ, whose name and titles appear at the foot of the letter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0217", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Bowman, 14 October 1793\nFrom: Bowman, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nChs: town 14 Octr: 1793\nSeveral Months ago I enclosed to You a small sealed packet, containing a rough draught of a steam Engine, by Mr. Lucas, a most ingenious and Worthy Man. He purposed to soon afterwards send on a Model of that Engine, but the urgency of our more intelligent planters for his aid in relief of our former heavy labour in clearing out the Rice Crops has kept him in uninterrupted hurry. I now enclose for him an accurate drawing and descripsion of the Engine in Question. He is about the immediate Construction of One of them for Me, and if necessary to his obtaining a patent, a working Model can be shortly sent forward to whatever place You shall appoint. I am confident, Sir, that Your attention to this Matter will redound to the advancement of Many Useful Arts in the United States. After which it were needless to add, that besides my share of satisfaction in the Public Welfare, the benefit of One of the best and most ingenious Men I have ever known, will from my attachment to him founded on a Nine Years Knowledge of him, give Me much pleasure.\nMrs. Bowman and Miss Lynch join Me in All good wishes to You and Family. I am with much Esteem Dear Sir Yr. most Obedt. Servt.\nJ. Bowman", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0218", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 14 October 1793\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nThe fatigue of my late journey and some concerns which require immidiate attention will deprive me of the pleasure of being at Monticello till after the arrival of Mr. Madison which will be on Wednesday\u2014Unless the funeral of his brother should detain him longer, which however\nis not expected. I send you the Fredbg. paper containing the proceeding there, which terminated in a recommendation to the counties to take the subject up. It commenc\u2019d in an invitation by Jas. Mercer, Man Page and others, the most respectable inhabitants in that part of the State, to the inhabitants of the district to convene for the purpose of discussing some topics of general concern. Edwd. Stevens who was at that time in town with some associates of the same party took the recommendation up, and (he being in the chair) address\u2019d the inhabitants of Culpepper against the meeting\u2014similar efforts were made elsewhere, which together with the short notice given, and the real difficulty in assembling people from parts so distant, prevented a numerous meeting. The majority therefore was with the town and its dependants. This will account for the issue. Those of character, such as Page &ca. withdrew their names from the committee, and Mercer was retained by his seat in the chair only. The weight of the republican characters awed the sects, tories, and their assistants into silence or I believe a most loyal proceeding would have been exhibited to the publick. The resolves I have no copy of but they will be published in the paper. I am affecy. yr. friend & servt\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0219", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Remsen, 14 October 1793\nFrom: Remsen, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nH. Remsen\u2019s respectful compliments to Mr. Jefferson\u2014and sends him the enclosed papers. The accounts from Philada. by this day\u2019s mail are no better than they were the last week, when the mortality was exceedingly great indeed. We have heard of the death of Mr. Jon: Sargent, Mr. V. Berckel, Mr. Franks and Mr. Rittenhouse, tho\u2019 respecting the latter the account does not come so strait, and is therefore not so generally credited.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0220", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Hopkins, 15 October 1793\nFrom: Hopkins, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond October 15th 1793\nI received your favor of the 10th. too late to Comply with its Contents by the post last Monday, but I now enclose you two Statements of the different species of Stock standing on the Books of my Office, to the Credit of William Short esquire\u2014of the Quarterly amount of Interest payable thereon, and the payments thereof which have been made by me, in Conformity to a power of Attorney from Mr. Short, in favor of Mr. James Brown of this City.\nIt will then be perceived that although you have a general power from Mr. Short to transact his business, yet the one alluded to in favor of Mr. Brown was made for the special purpose of receiving the Interest as it accrues on the public Stock belonging to Mr. Short, which power is filed in my office, as a voucher for the payment\u2014and which is the only mode authorizing such payment. So long as the Stock in question remains on the Books of Virga., the Interest will be payable here\u2014and not in Philadelphia, but it can be removed from hence to the Books of the Treasury, when required, in which case the accruing Interest will be paid there. I have the honor to be most respectfully Sir Your very obedient Servant\nJno: Hopkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0221", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John M. Pintard, 15 October 1793\nFrom: Pintard, John Marsden\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMadeira, 15 Oct. 1793. He encloses copies of his 8 and 9 Oct. letters. Since then he has conferred with the governor, the result of which is in the enclosed statement No. 3. He also encloses paper No. 1, his letter to Captain Goddard, and No. 2, Goddard\u2019s certified deposition, copies of all three of which he transmitted to Humphreys. He has always endeavored to get on well with the government of this country, but the governor is a stubborn man who will go to any length to revenge himself on anyone he takes a dislike to. Although he is vulnerable to injury by the governor in his commercial capacity, that will never prevent him from carrying out his consular duties. P.S. He will attend to TJ\u2019s 21 Mch. circular, which he received via Lisbon a few days ago.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0222", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Eli Whitney, 15 October 1793\nFrom: Whitney, Eli\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nRespected Sir\nNew Haven Oct. 15th 1793\nIt was my intention to have lodged in the Office of State a description of my machine for ginning Cotton, immediately after presenting my petition for an exclusive property in the same; but ill health unfortunately prevented me from completing the description untill about the time of the breaking out of the malignant fever in Philadelphia. This so interrupted communication and deranged business of every kind, that I thought it best not to send my description till the disorder had in some measure subsided. But as the sickness, which I hoped would be of short continuance, still prevails, and as I am unwilling to delay any longer, I herewith enclose and forward it, together with a short description designed to form the schedule annexed to the patent.\nIt has been my endeavour to give a precise idea of every part of the machine, and if I have failed in elegance, I hope I have not been deficient in point of accuracy.\nIf I should be entitled to an exclusive privilege, may I ask the favour of you, Sir, to inform me when I may come forward with my model and, receive my patent. I am, Sir, with the highest respect your most obedient and very humble Servant,\nEli Whitney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0223", "content": "Title: Enclosure I: Long Description of the Cotton Gin, 28 October 1793\nFrom: Whitney, Eli\nTo: \nEnclosuresILong Description of the Cotton Gin\nA Description of a New Invented Cotton Gin: or Machine for cleansing and separating Cotton from its seeds.\nThis Machine may be described under five divisions, corresponding to its five principal parts: Viz: 1. The Frame, 2. The Cylinder; 3 The Breastwork; 4 The clearer, and 5 The Hopper.\nI. The frame, by which the whole work is supported and kept together, ought to be made of well seasoned timber, so that it may be firm and steady, and never become loose in the joints. Scantling four inches by three, will perhaps be stuff, of as suitable size as any. The frame should be of a square or parallelogramic form, the width must answer to the length of the Cylinder and the height and length may be proportioned as circumstances shall render convenient.\nIn the drawing annexed, Fig. 1, is a section of the Machine. A represents the cylinder, B The Breastwork, C, The clearer and D: The Hopper.\nII. The Cylinder is of wood: its form is perfectly described by its name, and its dimensions may be from six to nine inches diameter, and from two to five feet in length. This cylinder is placed horizontally across the frame, in such manner as to give room for the clearer on one side of it, and the Hopper on the other, as in fig. 1. Its height, if the machine is worked by Hand should be about three feet four inches: otherwise it may be regulated by convenience. In the cylinder is fixed an Iron axis so large as to turn in the lathe without quivering. The axis may pass quite thro\u2019 the cylinder or consist only of gudgeons, driven with cement into each end. There must be a shoulder at, b. Fig. 2. on each side the bearing or box to prevent any horizontal variation in the Cylinder. The bearings of the axis, or those parts which rest on the boxes must be rounded in a lathe, so that the centre of the axis may coincide with the center of the cylinder. One end of the axis should extend so far without the frame as to admit the winch, by which it is turned, to be connected with it at C. and so far at the other end as to receive the whirl designed for putting the clearer in motion. The brass boxes, in which the axis of the cylinder runs, consist each of two parts; c, and, d. Fig. 7. The lower part d, is sunk into the wood of the frame to keep it firm and motionless; and the upper part, c, is kept in its place by 2 small Iron bolts, H, H, headed on the lower end at, H. These bolts are inserted into the under side of the rail or scantling of the frame and continued up through both parts of the box. A portion of the bolts, as H, a, should be square, to prevent them from \nturning. The upper part of the box, c, is screwed down close, with a nut on the end of each bolt. At, e, is a perforation for conveying oil to the axis.\nAfter the cylinder, with its axis is fitted and rounded with exactness, the circular part of its surface is filled with teeth set in annular rows. The spaces d, e, f, g, h, Fig. 2 between the rows of teeth must be so large as to admit a cotton seed to turn round freely in them every way: and ought not to be less than seven sixteenths of an inch.\nThe spaces k, 1, m, n, &c, Fig. 1, between the teeth, in the same row, must be so small as not to admit a seed or a half seed. They ought not to exceed one twelfth of an inch, and I think about one sixteenth of an inch the best.\nThe teeth are made and set in the following manner: Take common Iron wire about No. 12. 13 or 14: draw it about three sizes less, without nealing, in order to stiffen it. Cut it into pieces four or five feet in length and streighten them. Then with a machine, somewhat like that used for cutting Nails, cut the wire into pieces about an inch long. In the jaws of this machine at, o, Fig. 10. are fixed the two pieces of steel, d, d, which are pressed together; as may be observed from the figure, by the operation of a compound lever. These pieces of steel are so set in, that upon being pressed together, their approaching surfaces, meet only on the side next to, d, d, leaving between them a wedge like opening, which enlarges as the distance from the place of contact increases. On the side, d, d, about an inch distant from the place of contact, is fixed a guage. The wire is inserted on the side opposite, d, d, and thrust thro\u2019 to the guage. Then on forcing down the lever the wire is separated, leaving that end of the wire next the side, d, d, cut smoothly and and transversely off, and the end of the other part flatted like a wedge. The flatted end is then thrust forward to the guage and the same operation is repeated. In this manner the teeth are cut of equal length, with one end flatted and the other cut directly off. Flatting one end of the wire is beneficial in two ways: 1, The flatted ends of the teeth are driven into the wood with more ease and exactness: and 2, it prevents them from turning after they are set. To prevent the wires from bending while driving, they are holden with pliers the jaws of which ought to be about half an inch in width, with a corresponding transverse groove in each jaw. Thus holden, the teeth are, with a light hammer, driven, one by one, into the cylinder, perpendicular to its axis. Then with a tool, like a chissel or common screw Driver each tooth is inclined directly towards the tangent to that point of the circle, into which it is set, till the inclination is such that the tooth and tangent form an angle of about 55 or 60 Degrees. If this inclination be greater, the teeth will not take sufficient hold of the Cotton, if it be less there will be more difficulty in disengaging the Cotton from the teeth, after it is separated from the seeds.\nWhen the teeth are all set they should be cut of an equal length. In order for this take a crooked gage Fig. 8 having two prongs q. r.; the curvature of which corresponds with that of the cylinder. This gage is merely a crooked fork, the thickness of whose prongs or tines, as represented between s. and t. Fig. 9 equalizes the length of the teeth, and is applied to the cylinder, with one tine on each side of an annular row. With a pair of cutting pliers, cut the teeth 1.2.3. &c off even with the gage, then slide it along to 6.7.8. &c. and so proceed till you have trimmed all the teeth to an equal length. This done put the cylinder into a lathe and with a file bring the teeth to a kind of angular point, resembling a wire flatted and cut obliquely. After the teeth are brought to a proper shape, smooth them with a polishing file and the cylinder will be finished.\nRemark. Though the dimensions of the cylinder may be varied, at pleasure, yet it is thought that those described are the best, being more easily made and kept in repair, than those of a larger size. The timber should be quarter stuff, i.e. a quarter of the Trunk of the Tree, otherwise it will crack in seasoning. It must also be of wood of an equal density such as beech, maple, black birch &c. In oak and many other kinds of wood, there are spaces between the grains which are not so hard as the grains themselves: and the teeth driven into those spaces would not stand sufficiently firm, while the grains are so hard as to prevent the teeth from being driven without bending.\nIII. The breastwork Fig. 11. and B. Fig. 1. and Fig. 2. is fixed above the cylinder, parallel and contiguous to the same. It has transverse grooves or openings 1.2.3.4 &c through which the rows of teeth pass as the cylinder revolves: and its use is to obstruct the seeds while the Cotton is carried forward through the grooves by the teeth. That side of the breastwork next the cylinder should be made of brass or Iron, that it may be the more durable. Its face or surface a.x. Fig. 1. ought to make an angle with the tangent x.z. less than 50 Degrees. A tooth in passing from k up to the breastwork B. fastens itself upon a certain quantity of Cotton, which is still connected with its seeds. The seeds being too large to pass through the breastwork are there stopped, while the cotton is forced thro\u2019 the groove and disengaged from the seeds. Now if the point of the tooth enters the groove before the root or that part next the cylinder, it carries through all which it has collected in coming from k; but if the root of the tooth enter the groove before the point, part of the Cotton fastened on it, will slide off: and this latter case is preferable as it helps to give the Cotton a rotary motion in the hopper. The thickness of the breastwork, or the distance from a. to i. Fig. 1. should be about 2 \u00bd or 3 inches, in proportion to the length of the cotton. It should be such that the cotton which is carried through by the teeth may be disconnected from that which is left in the hopper before it leaves the grooves; otherwise that which is carried partly through the breastwork will by the motion of that with which it is connected in the hopper become so collected and knotted at i, as to obstruct and bend the teeth.\nThe under part of the breastwork next the cylinder, ought, as has before been observed, to be made of iron or brass. It may be cast either in a solid piece and the openings for the passage of the teeth cut with a saw and files: or in as many parts as there are spaces between the several rows of teeth in the cylinder and in form of Fig. 12. and the pieces set, by means of a shank or tenon, in a groove running lengthwise along the wooden part of the breastwork.\nThe breastwork, described, if properly constructed, will it is thought answer every valuable purpose. But I shall mention one of a different construction which I have used with success, and is made in the following manner. Form a breastwork of the same shape and dimensions as the one before described, entirely of wood. Place a bar of wood one inch below the cylinder and parallel to it. Then with straps or ribs of Iron, brass or tin plate connect the breastwork of wood with the bar below. The ribs or straps must be so applied as to sit close to the surface of the cylinder between the wooden breastwork and the bar, and of a width that will permit them to work freely between the annular rows of teeth. That end of each strap which is fastened to the breastwork should divide widthwise into two parts, one of which should pass along the lower surface of the breastwork and the other run up its front. In Fig. 14.B. is the wooden\nbreastwork: D. the bar below the cylinder; the dotted circle b.b. the cylinder; e.e. the strap; c. the place where the strap divides; and a.a.a. wood screws or nails with which the strap is made fast to the bar and breastwork.\nIV. The clearer, C, Fig. 1. is constructed in the following manner. Take an iron axis perfectly similar to that described as extending through the cylinder, except that it need not be so large nor fitted for the application of a winch. Frame together crosswise at right angles two pieces of timber of suitable size and of a length about equal to the diameter of the cylinder, so as to make the four arms equal in length, and insert the axis thro\u2019 the centers of two crosses or frames of this kind. Let their distance from each other be one third of the length of the cylinder and make them fast on the axis. The arms of the two crosses are then connected by four pieces, of the same length of the cylinder: equidistant from the axis, and parallel to the same, and to each other. In each of the parallel pieces, on the outside or side opposite the axis, a channel is made lengthwise for the reception of a brush. The brush is made of Hogs bristles, set in a manner somewhat similar to that of setting the reeds in a Weavers Sleigh. Between two strips of wood about \u215b of an inch in thickness and half an inch in breadth, is placed a small quantity of bristles; then a strong thread or twine is wound round the sticks, close to the bristles: then another quantity of bristles is inserted &c. till a brush is formed, equal in length to the cylinder. The bristles on the side a.a. Fig. 6. are smeared with pitch or rosin and seared down with a hot iron even with the wood, to prevent them from drawing out. On the other side they are cut with a chisel to the length of about an inch from the wood. A brush of this kind is fixed in each of the before mentioned channels.\nThe boxes as well as axis of the clearer, are like those of the cylinder. The clearer is placed horizontal with the cylinder, parallel to it and at such a distance, that while it revolves the ends of the bristles strike with a small degree of friction on the cylinders surface. Its use is to brush the cotton from the teeth after it is forced through the grooves and separated from its seeds. It turns in a direction contrary from that of the cylinder, and should so far outrun it, as completely to sweep its whole surface. \nA clearer with two brushes may be made by simply screwing upon the axis the board K. Fig. 4. and another similar board on the opposite side, which leaves spaces for the insertion of the brushes s.s. The clearer may also be formed of a cylinder with grooves running lengthwise in it for the reception of the brushes; or in any other way, which may be found convenient.\nThe number of brushes in the clearer is not material; but let it be observed that the distance from, e, to e, Fig. 1. between the brushes, must be at least 4 or 5 inches; otherwise the cotton will wind up round the clearer. The surface of the clearer moving much faster than that of the cylinder, the brushes sweep off the Cotton from the teeth. The air put in motion by the clearer, and the centrifugal force of the cotton disengage it from the brushes. Note, It is best to set the brushes in the grooves in such a manner, that the bristles will make an angle of about 20 or 25.\u00b0 with the diameter of the clearer, in the direction e,o, Fig. 1. By that means the Bristles fall more perpendicularly on the teeth, strike them more forcibly, and clear off the cotton more effectually.\nThe clearer is put in motion by the cylinder, by means of a band and whirls. These whirls are plain wheels of solid wood about 2 \u00bd or 3. inches thick. Their periphery is a spherical surface swelling at the center, and sloping off at the edges. To give them the proper shape, take a perfect globe of the same Diameter as your intended whirl; inscribe upon it a circle dividing it into two equal parts: then cut the globe on each side, parallel to the plane of this circle, and at the distance from it, of half the thickness of your whirl. On these whirls runs a leather band, the breadth of which answers to the thickness of the whirls. The band may be broader or narrower and the whirls thicker or thinner in proportion as the resistance to be overcome is greater or less. The reason for giving the whirls this shape is to secure them the better from being unbanded. A band of this kind always inclines to the highest place on the whirl, and is much less liable to be cast off from the work, when it runs on a spherical surface, than when it runs in a groove in the periphery of the whirl.\nThe whirls are four in number, and must be so arranged as to make their central planes coincident. The whirl E, Fig. 3. is fixed upon the end of the axis of the cylinder without the frame, and the button A. Fig. 5. is screwed on with the screwdriver B. to keep the whirl in its place. L is put upon the axis of the clearer in the same manner. P.Q. whose axes are pivots made fast in the frame, are false whirls added for two purposes. 1, to make the clearer turn in a contrary direction from the cylinder; 2, for the purpose of doubling the band more completely round the small whirl L. so as to bring a greater portion of the whirls surface into contact with the band, increase the friction and consequently turn the whirl more forcibly. The first of these purposes might be accomplished by the addition of one false whirl, but the second not so fully without two. The dotted line, w.v. represents the band. The diameters of the whirls E.L. should be so proportioned as to produce a proper degree of velocity in the clearer. The axis of the whirl Q is fixed in a plate of Iron, which is moveable in a groove in the side of the frame, and the band is made tighter or looser by moving the plate. This arrangement of whirls produces the same movement as a cogwheel and pinion, with much less friction and expence, and without the ratling noise, which is always caused by the quick motion of Cog-wheels.\nV. One side of the Hopper is formed by the breastwork, the two ends by the frame, and the other side is moveable so that as the quantity of Cotton put in at one time, decreases, it may slide up nearer the cylinder, and make the Hopper narrower. This is necessary in order to give the seeds a rotary motion in the hopper, by bringing them repeatedly up to the cylinder till they are entirely stripped of the cotton. D. Fig. 1 is a section of the moveable part of the hopper. The part from H. to I. should be concave on the side next the breastwork, or rather it should be a portion of a hollow cylinder. Between H. and y. is a crate of wire thro\u2019 which the sands and the seeds as soon as they are thoroughly cleansed, fall into a receptacle below. The crate may be either fixed in the frame or connected with the moveable part of the hopper. The wires of which the crate is made should be large and placed perpendicular to the cylinder, that the cotton may turn the more easily in the hopper.\nA few additional remarks will sufficiently shew the construction, use and operation of this machine.\nThe cotton is put into the hopper I.D.H.k.a.u.s. Fig. 1. in as large a quantity as the cylinder will put in motion. Some of the seeds become stripped sooner than others. If it be black seed Cotton, the seeds being smooth, will most of them fall through the crate as soon as they are clean, but a considerable part of \nthe green seeds which are thus denominated from being covered with a kind of green coat, resembling Velvet will continue in the hopper. It will not answer therefore to supply it gradually as the quantity in it diminishes, because the seeds will soon grow cumbrous and by their constant intervention prevent the teeth from attaching themselves to the Cotton so fast as they otherwise would: but one hopper full must be finished, the moveable part drawn back, the hopper cleared of seeds and then supplied with Cotton anew. There is a partition y.w. under the cylinder, on the left hand of which or the side beneath the hopper, the seeds fall, and the clean cotton on the other side. There may be a receptacle for the clean cotton in the frame: but it is best to have an opening through the wall or partition into a contiguous room, then place the end of the machine against this opening and let the cotton fly into a close room; or it may fall through an opening in the floor into a room below. This machine may be turned by Horses or Water with the greatest ease. It requires no other attendance than putting the Cotton into the hopper with a basket or fork, narrowing the hopper when necessary and letting out the seeds after they are clean. One of its peculiar excellencies is, that it cleanses the kind called green seed Cotton, almost as fast as the black seed. If the machinery is moved by water it is thought it will diminish the usual labour of cleaning the green seed cotton at least forty nine fiftieths.\nThe foregoing is a Description of the machine for cleansing Cotton, alluded to in a Petition of the Subscriber, Dated Philadelphia June 20th. 1793, and lodged in the Office of the Secretary of State alledging that he the Subscriber is the Inventor of said Machine, and signifying his desire of obtaining an exclusive property in the same.\nEli Whitney\nSigned in presence of  Chauncey Goodrich Counsellor at law Hartford. \n John Allen Counsellor at law Litchfield.\nState of Connecticut Ss. City of New Haven\nI Elizur Goodrich Esqre. Alderman for said City, and Not. Public, by lawful authority admitted and sworn, residing in said City, and by law authorized to administer Oaths, Do hereby certify, declare and make known to whom it doth or may concern: That at said City on this Twenty Eighth day of October one thousand seven hundred and ninety three, Eli Whitney of the County of Worcester in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, now resident in said City, personally appeared before me, the said Alderman and Notary, and made solemn Oath, that he does verily believe that he the said Whitney is the True inventor and Discoverer of the machine for Ginning Cotton, a Description whereof is hereto annexed by me the said Alderman and Notary by my Seal Notarial, and that he the said Whitney verily believes that a Machine of similar construction hath never before been known, or used.\n    In Testimony whereof I the said Alderman and Notary, have hereunto set my Hand and Seal at the City aforesaid on the Day above said. Elizur Goodrich Alderman & Not. Public\n   Steel wire would perhaps be best if it were not too expensive.\n   If the perforation about 3/16 of an inch be made thro\u2019 the breastwork at the upper part or end of each groove, the metal part need not be more than \u215c of an inch thick.\n   Perhaps nailing these straps together would be better than winding them with twine.\n   The brushes may be fixed in a stock which is moveable by screws so as to bring them nearer or carry them farther from the cylinder.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0225", "content": "Title: Enclosure III: Short Description of the Cotton Gin, 28 October 1793\nFrom: Whitney, Eli\nTo: \nIIIShort Description of the Cotton Gin\nA Short Description of the Machine invented by the Subscriber for Ginning Cotton.\nThe principal parts of this machine are, 1. The Frame. 2d. The cylinder. 3 The breastwork. 4 The clearer, and 5, The Hopper.\n1st. The frame by which the whole work is supported and kept together, is of a square or parallelogramic form and proportioned to the other parts as may be most convenient.\n2. The cylinder is of wood; its form is perfectly described by its name, and its dimensions may be from six to nine inches diameter, and from two to five feet in length. This cylinder is placed horizontally across the frame, leaving room for the clearer on one side, and the Hopper on the other. In the cylinder is fixed an Iron axis which may pass quite through, or consist only of gudgeons driven into each end.\nThere are shoulders on this axis, to prevent any horizontal variation, and it extends so far without the frame as to admit a winch at one end, by which it is put in motion, and so far at the other end as to receive the whirl by which the clearer is turned. The surface of the cylinder is filled with teeth, set in annular rows, which are at such a distance from each other as to admit a cotton seed to play freely in the space between them. The space between each tooth in the same row, is so small as not to admit a seed, nor a half seed to enter it. These teeth are made of stiff Iron wire; driven in the wood of the cylinder. The teeth are all inclined the same way and in such a manner, that the angle, included between the tooth and a tangent drawn from the point into which the tooth is driven, will be about 55 or 60 Degrees. The gudgeons of the cylinder run in brass boxes, each of which is in two parts, one of which is fixed in the wood of the frame, and the other is confined down upon the Axis with screws.\nIII. The breastwork is fixed above the cylinder, parallel and contiguous to the same, It has transverse grooves or openings thro\u2019 which the rows of teeth pass as the cylinder revolves and its use is to obstruct the seeds while the cotton is carried forward through the grooves by the teeth. The thickness of the breastwork is two and half or three inches, and the under side of it is made of iron or brass.\nIV. The clearer is placed horizontal with and parallel to the cylinder. Its length is the same as that of the cylinder, and its diameter is proportioned by convenience. There are two, four or more brushes or rows of bristles, fixed in the surface of the clearer in such a manner that the ends of the bristles will sweep the surface of the cylinder. Its axis and boxes are similar to those of the cylinder. It is turned by means of a band and whirls; moves in contrary direction from the cylinder, by which it is put in motion and so far outruns it, as to sweep the cotton from the teeth as fast as it is carried through the breastwork. The periphery of the whirls is spherical and the band a broad strap of Leather.\nV. One side of the hopper is formed by the breastwork, the two ends by the frame, and the other side is moveable from and towards the breastwork, so as to make the hopper more or less capacious.\nThe cotton is put into the hopper, carried through the breastwork by the teeth, brushed off from the teeth by the clearer and flies off from the clearer, with the assistance of the air, by its own centrifugal force. The Machine is turned by Water, Horses or in any other way, as is most convenient.\nThere are several modes of making the various parts of this machine, which, together with their particular shape and formation are pointed out and explained in a Description with Drawings, attested as the act directs, and lodged in the Office of the Secretary of State.\nEli Whitney\nSigned in presence of\nChauncey Goodrich\nCouncillor at Law Hartford\nJohn Allen\nCouncillor at Law Litchfield", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0228", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Peter Walsh, 17 October 1793\nFrom: Walsh, Peter\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nCadiz, 17 Oct. 1793.\nIn addition to what he wrote this morning by the Fair Hebe, two American brigs and a schooner have just arrived with the Nancy, Captain Butler, a ship bound from New York to Barcelona that managed to evade Algerine capture by means of its superior sailing in shallow waters, but Butler fears that the Algerines captured an American sloop. \u201cHumanity Shudder\u2019s for the fate of those who may have the misfortune to fall into the hands of the Pirates.\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0230", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Hanson, 18 October 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hanson, Richard\nSir\nMonticello Oct. 18. 1793.\nYour favor of the 7th. inst. was brought me by our last post. The bonds you received on the sale of negroes, those of Mr. Ronald for my Cumberland lands which you have also received, and those for my Elk hill lands, will, according to my calculation completely discharge my bonds to Mr. Jones, both as to sum and time, to within less than an hundred pounds of the last paiment. The Elk hill bonds are in possession of Mr. Daniel Hylton, on whom I now inclose you an order for them. The omission of this order has been owing to the impossibility of turning one moment during the last summer to my own affairs. I shall return here to live the beginning of January, and will take the first good weather afterwards to meet you at Mr. Eppes\u2019s to settle the equivalence of the bonds. I leave this for Philadelphia this day sennight. I am Sir Your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0231", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Daniel L. Hylton, 18 October 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hylton, Daniel L.\nDear Sir\nMonticello Oct. 18. 1793.\nThe bonds of Banks and Taylor which you were so kind as to take for my Elkhill lands, are destined to discharge bonds of mine to Mr. Jones of Bristol for Farrel & Jones, according to an agreement existing between Mr. Richard Hanson, attorney for Mr. Jones, and myself. Be\npleased therefore to deliver the said bonds to Mr. Hanson, taking his receipt for them on the back of this order, which will oblige Dear Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0232", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Carr, 19 October 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carr, Martha Jefferson\nDear Sister\nMonticello Oct. 19. 1793.\nI recieved your letter in which you were so kind as to inform me what kinds of supplies might be useful to our sister Marks, and I meant when I should make a purchase of stores for myself in Philadelphia to bring here, to have got some for her also. But the infectious fever which took place there, drove us all away very suddenly, and made it too dangerous to go into the city to purchase: so that I came away without having got any thing for myself. I have therefore thought it would be best to give her a credit with some merchant near her to furnish whatever she may call for. But knowing no merchant in her neighborhood, or whether there may be any, I inclose you a letter of credit for her, in hopes you will direct it to some merchant most likely to carry my wishes into a friendly execution. Knowing nothing of the influence of her husband over her, or of his dispositions, I leave to you to take any precautions, for her or myself, which your better knowlege of circumstances may dictate.\nI satisfied Mr. Myers on the subject of your order. Mr. Eppes who has the management of a very large execution for Mr. Wayles\u2019s executors, has given me hopes that I shall be able soon to furnish what the present state of your family might find convenient. I rejoice to hear you are likely to become our neighbor. I hope in January to be fixed here myself. My love to your family and am Dear Sister Your affectionate brother\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0233", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 19 October 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nNew york le 19. 8bre 1793 L\u2019an 2e de la Republique\nJ\u2019ai press\u00e9 autant que je l\u2019ai pu le consul de Philadelphie de me rendre sur le william et la fanny les comptes que vous reclamez. Les affaires multipli\u00e9es du Consulat avaient retard\u00e9 la confection de ce travail, et la mort du Consul l\u2019avait encore recul\u00e9.\nJe viens enfin de recevoir les pi\u00e8ces relatives \u00e0 cette affaire et j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous les transmetre. Ce sont de simples extraits des procedures par lesquelles, ainsi que vous le verrez, il conste que les prises ne sont point disputables sous le rapport de la violation du territoire, vu qu\u2019il resulte des pieces legales depos\u00e9es \u00e0 la chancellerie du Consulat de Philadelphie, que la saisie a eu lieu bien au del\u00e0 de cette ligne ind\u00e9finie qui forme la limite de la juridiction americaine.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0235", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Paine, 20 October 1793\nFrom: Paine, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nI wrote you by Captain Dominick who was to sail from Havre about the 20th of this month. This will probably be brought you by Mr. Barlow or Col. Oswald. Since my letter by Dominick I am every day more convinced and impressed with the propriety of Congress sending Commissioners to Europe to confer with the Ministers of the Jesuitical Powers on the means of terminating the War. The enclosed printed paper will shew there are a variety of subjects to be taken into consideration which did not appear at first, all of which have some tendency to put an end to the War. I see not how this War is to terminate if some intermediate power does not step forward. There is now no prospect that France can carry revolutions into Europe on the one hand, or that the combined powers can conquer France on the other hand. It is a sort of defensive War on both sides. This being the case, how is the War to close? Neither side will ask for peace though each may wish it. I believe that England and Holland are tired of the War. Their Commerce and Manufactures have suffered most exceedingly\u2014besides this, it is for them a War without an Object. Russia keeps herself at a distance.\nI cannot help repeating my wish that Congress would send Commissioners, and I wish also that yourself would venture once more across the ocean, as one of them. If the Commissioners rendezvous at Holland they would know what steps to take. They could call Mr. Pinckney to\ntheir councils, and it would be of use, on many accounts, that one of them should come over from Holland to France. Perhaps a long truce, were it proposed by the neutral powers, would have all the effects of a Peace, without the difficulties attending the adjustment of all the forms of Peace. Yours affectionately,\nThomas Paine", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0236", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from David Meade Randolph, 20 October 1793\nFrom: Randolph, David Meade\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPresq: Isle 20th. October 1793\nMy return home was delayed \u2019till a few days past. Upon going to the Custom House, I found that your box had been entered by Mr. Patrick Hart of Richmond. The collector informed me that it was the design of Mr. Hart to forward it by the first safe opportunity\u2014consequently I had been deprived of the pleasure of executing your commission\u2014nor should you now be troubled with this scrawl, but to assure you of the prompt services at all times, by your obliged Hume. Sert:\nD M Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0237", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Benjamin Bankson, 21 October 1793\nFrom: Bankson, Benjamin\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladela. Monday, October 21st., 1793.\nYour several Letters of the 3d. instant I did not receive until last Saturday (the 19th), the business committed to me shall be expedited with all the dispatch in my power.\nI had the honor to forward you by last Monday\u2019s post a number of Letters and the Leyden Gazette\u2014a fever which I had at that time and which continued upon me for several days prevented my writing.\nThe Fever has considerably abated\u2014this I had yesterday from the Committee having the charge of the sick at Bush-hill and Doctr. Duffield\nthe principal Physician there. In addition to Freneau\u2019s paper I send you herewith Brown\u2019s Evening post for the last week\u2014some information relative to the prevailing disorder may be collected from them. Fenno has not printed a paper these three weeks.\nCrosby is still absent\u2014nor can I form a conjecture when he will return. I yesterday received a Letter from Mr. Taylor\u2014not a syllable when he will return. Mr. Blackwell and Pfeiffer I know nothing of\u2014I assure you, Sir, I experience great inconvenience from being left alone. This being the period to which I am limited as to the transmission of Letters to you, I shall retain those I may receive hereafter, unless otherwise instructed. I have the honor to be with great respect, Sir Your most Obedt servt\nB. Bankson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0238", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Currie, 21 October 1793\nFrom: Currie, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nNot expecting the pleasure of seeing You down here, I take the liberty of writing you a line to inform I received Your polite letter dated Schyllkill inclosing the attorney\u2019s report to you of the state of my Suit vs. Griffin and am much Obligd. by your friendly intention to have it brought to an end before you leave Philadelphia again. After Your return from Monticello, there are 3 pipes or HHds. of Lisbon Wine of Yours in Jas. Brawn\u2019s cellar in Richmond\u2014as you took a memorandum to send for some of the same kind of Wine for me, I should be glad to know if any of that Wine now here is what you intended for me. With best respects to all my friends at Monticello I am Sir Very Respectfully yr most Ob H Serv\nJas Currie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0239", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 21 October 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nNew york le 21. 8bre. 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la Repe. fran\u00e7oise\nVous av\u00e9s port\u00e9 des plaintes sur la Conduite du Vice Consul de la Republique fran\u00e7oise \u00e0 Boston relativement \u00e0 une prise faite par le Roland furieux batiment arm\u00e9 dans ce port. Je vous envoye sa Justification. Elle est imprim\u00e9e. Agr\u00e9\u00e9s mon respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0240", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Christopher Gore, 21 October 1793\nFrom: Gore, Christopher\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBoston Octr 21. 1793\nI submitted to the grand jury for this district, a bill against Mr. Duplaine, for resisting and obstructing the Depy. marshal, in the execution of a writ, issuing from the Circuit Court of the United States. In addition to the evidence already transmitted to you, in my letter of the 10th. ult., a witness swore before the jury that he saw written orders, signd by Duplaine, commanding the Captain of the frigate Le Concorde, to take possession of the vessel replevied, and detain her against all persons. Eleven of the jury were for making the presentment, but more cou\u2019d not be convinced of its legality\u2014they agreed that the facts were prov\u2019d; but doubted of the law. In one stage of the business, there was a prospect that the jury wou\u2019d consult the court, as to the law\u2014at this time, I stated the facts to judge Blair, and judge Lowell. They entertain\u2019d no doubts, but that the opposition was illegal, whither the writ coud have been supported or not. The Jury, however, did not chuse to consult the court, and rejected the bill.\nThe jury return\u2019d two bills one against five American Citizens, who were on board the Roland privateer, for a misdesmesnes in committing hostilities against nations with which the U.S. are at peace\u2014and one against John Juttau a frenchman, and chancellor to the consulate for fitting out, and equipping the Roland as a privateer in the harbor of Boston. These bills were not returnd into court till thursday evening. On friday morning the prisoners were arraign\u2019d, and requested that their cause might not be tried till saturday\u2014this request was granted by the court. On saturday the judges did not think there was sufficient time for the trial, and judge Blair being obliged to quit Boston this day, to attend a circuit court in N. Hampshire, they gave notice that these causes cou\u2019d not be tried the present term. The council for the Defendants told the court they were just going to move for a continuance\u2014the Defendants were recogniz\u2019d, with sureties, to appear the next term and answer the indictments found against them. With the greatest respect, I am, sir, Your very obed. servt\nC. Gore", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0243", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Lu\u00eds Pinto de Sousa Coutinho to Edward Church, 22 October 1793\nFrom: Pinto de Sousa Coutinho, Luis, Chevalier de\nTo: Church, Edward\nTranslation of a Note from Louis Pinto de Souza Secretary of foreign affairs at Lisbon to Edward Church Consul for the US. \nPalace of Queluz 22. Octob. 1793.\nIn answer to the letter you addressed to me of yesterday\u2019s date on the protection and convoy which you sollicit in favor of the vessels of the US. of America which have to sail to their destinations, in danger from the Cruizers of Algiers, I am ordered to inform you that her most faithful majesty, desirous of manifesting to the said states whatsoever may benefit their navigation or commerce as far as may be compatible with her own supreme justice, is very ready to give her royal orders that the vessels of the said states shall enjoy in their passage the same protection which she has ordered to be extended to the vessels of the Hanseatic towns until the conclusion of the ratification of the truce adjusted between her M. F. Majesty and the regency of Algiers: provided nevertheless that the vessels of the US. which shall desire to shelter themselves under the protection of the said convoys, shall unite and assemble in sufficient number to merit to be convoyed; as this measure cannot be practised in favor of a few, for clear reasons which manifest themselves. I am with the greatest esteem Sir your servant\nLuiz Pinto de Souza", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0244", "content": "Title: Memorandums to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., [ca. 22\u201325 October 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nMemorandums with respect to Watson.\nThe waggon is to be sent for him on Monday Nov. 4. to bring his things.\nHe is to work in the shop near the sawpit, and he must lodge there till Claxton moves.\nThen his wife is to live in Claxton\u2019s house till I return and can fix them elsewhere.\nJohnny is to work with him for the purpose of learning to make wheels, and all sorts of work.\nHe is to do the following work, and in the order here mentioned unless any good reason should arise for changing it.\nMake a pair of wheels for Tom\u2019s mule cart.\nMend or make wheels for the two oxcarts.\nMake a pair of forewheels for the Phaeton.\nMake 2 pr. of wheels for wheelbarrows. 3 f. diameter.\nMake a set of waggon wheels.\nThe Phaeton wheels should be of ash, but the rest may be of the oak I bought of Gaines.\nWatson is to be furnished with provisions till I come home which may be done from the Plantations at the same time with Mr. Biddle.\nIn rainy weather the carpenters are to be employed in splitting, planing, jointing and rounding shingles, which may be under the eye of Watson.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0245", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef de Jaudenes and Josef Ignacio de Viar, 23 October 1793\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMui Se\u00f1or nuestro\nNueva York 23. de Octubre de 1793.\nPor la Copia Carta que acavamos de recivir de Willmington en la Carolina Septentrional, y que tenemos la honrra de incluir \u00e1 V. S. en esta; se hallar\u00e1 V. S. informado de lo acaecido en aquel Puerto con un Bergantin Espa\u00f1ol apresado por el Corsario frances Le Vainqueur de la Bastille.\nEste que es uno de los proscritos por la proclamacion del Presidente de los Estados Unidos, nos proporciona el reclamar contra el hecho; y pedir \u00e1 consequencia que el Presidente de los Estados Unidos se sirva dar las correspondientes ordenes para que se devuelva inmediatamente el Barco, Carga, y el dinero arrestado los primeros por el consul frances, y lo ultimo por la Aduana de aquel Puerto; juntamente con los da\u00f1os, y perjuicios que se estimase ha causado el acto ilegal del mencionado Corsario.\nTodo lo qual se entregara al Se\u00f1or Eduardo Jones Escudero, Procurador del Estado, \u00e1 quien autorizamos con esta misma fecha para que obre \u00e1 nombre nuestro en favor de los Interesados, y de la Nacion Espa\u00f1ola que tenemos la honrra de representar.\nEn el interin quedamos mui agradecidos al paso tan oportuno que tom\u00f3 el oficial de la Aduana de apoderarse del Dinero que clandestinamente queria sin duda ocultar, \u00f3 salvar el Capitan de dicho Corsario.\nPara este fin suplicamos a V. S. tenga \u00e1 bien informar de todo al Presidente de los Estados Unidos, quien no dudamos se servir\u00e1 expedir las ordenes que juzgase convenientes con la brevedad, y energia que requieren las circunstancias del hecho. Nos reiteramos \u00e1 la obediencia de V. S. y rogamos \u00e1 Dios gue su vida ms. as. B. 1. mo. de V. S. Sus mas recondos. y obedtes. Servs.\nJosef de Jaudenes Josef Ignacio de Viar\neditors\u2019 translation\nOur very dear Sir\nNew York 23 October 1793.\nFrom the copy of the letter which we have just received from Wilmington, North Carolina, and which we have the honor of enclosing herewith, you will be informed of what has happened in that port with a Spanish brig taken as a prize by the French privateer Le Vainqueur de la Bastille.\nThis ship, which is one of those proscribed by the proclamation of the President of the United States, provides our grounds for protesting against the deed; and for requesting, consequently, that the President of the United States be pleased to issue the appropriate orders for the immediate return of the ship, its cargo, and the money sequestered, the first two by the French consul, and the\nlast by the customs in that port, together with the damages estimated to have been caused by the illegal act of the aforesaid privateer.\nAll of which is to be delivered to Mr. Edward Jones, Esquire, attorney general of the state, whom we authorize as of this date to act in our name in behalf of the interested parties, and of the Spanish nation, which we have the honor to represent.\nIn the meantime, we are very grateful for the timely measures taken by the customs officer in taking possession of the money which the captain of the said privateer no doubt wished to hide secretly.\nTo this end, we beg you to communicate everything to the President of the United States, who we do not doubt will be pleased to issue such orders as he may deem appropriate with the dispatch and vigor required by the circumstances of the event. We repeat that we are at your service, and we pray to God to preserve your life for many years. Respectfully yours, your most grateful and obedient servants\nJosef De Jaudenes Josef Ignacio De Viar", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0246", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Wayne, 23 October 1793\nFrom: Wayne, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nSavannah October 23d: 1793\nPermit me to acknowledge the Receipt of Your Letter of the 27th. August Last Handing me the Communication to the Merchants of Savannah. It was Immediately delivered In Conformity to the Directions\nthereof. The Gentlemen to whom it was Directed, were, of Opinion, It wou\u2019d meet with the quickest Circulation by having It Inserted In the Gazette, which was done Accordingly.\nThe Merchants of Savannah Sir, must Feel themselves obliged, by this Singular mark of Attention, Every One that I have had the Pleasure to Converse with on the Subject has Signify\u2019d a Grateful acknowledgement thereof. On all Occasions, wherein I can be serviceable, I shall be happy to obey Your Commands. With Great Respect I am Sir You most obdt & most hu[\u2026]\nR Wayne", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0247", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Peter Carr, 24 October 1793\nFrom: Carr, Peter\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nSpring-forest. Octr. 24. 1793.\nMy mother desires me to intimate to you, that there are several very pressing claims against her, which she has given assurances shall be discharged in january next. By something in one of your last letters, she hoped it would have been in your power, to furnish her with the means; if it should, a line upon the subject would be satisfactory to my mother. We all here wish you a good journey and an early return. Till I see you believe me with great and sincere esteem yr. friend and H servt\nP: Carr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0248", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Breckinridge, 25 October 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Breckinridge, John\nDear Sir\nMonticello Oct. 25. 1793.\nThis will be handed you by Mr. Toulmin a gentleman who goes to visit your state with a view to settle in it. I have not the pleasure of a personal acquaintance with him; but from the multiplied testimonies of those who have, I am able to assure you that you will find in him a person of understanding, of science, and of great worth: and what will be an additional recommendation to you, a pure and zealous republican. Any attentions or services you can render him will oblige me, and will\nbe a comfort to yourself also when you shall have known him of yourself. I am with great & sincere regard & respect Dear Sir Your friend & servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0249", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Hague & Lester, 25 October 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hague & Lester\nGentlemen\nMonticello Oct. 25. 1793.\nMr. Randolph informs me you are desirous that my goods lodged in your warehouses should be removed. I have just engaged a person to bring up the whole by water in the course of the winter; and that they may be convenient to the watermen, Mr. Randolph has engaged a store for them at Belvedere, to which place he will take immediate measures to have them removed. I am this morning setting out for Philadelphia or it\u2019s neighborhood. If you will be pleased to forward your account to me\nthere at any time before the 1st. of January, I will immediately remit the money to Richmond. After that date it would find me here. I am Gentlemen Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0250", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 27 October 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nNew york le 27. 8bre. 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la Repe. fse.\nJe viens de recevoir avec votre lettre du 3. de ce mois l\u2019acte de d\u00e9stitution du Citoyen duplaine Vice Consul de la Republique \u00e0 Boston et Je m\u2019empresse de vous d\u00e9clarer que Je n\u2019en reconnois point la validit\u00e9 parceque la Constitution des Etats unis n\u2019a point donn\u00e9 au Pr\u00e9sident le droit qu\u2019il paroit vouloir s\u2019arroger aujourdhui. Elle l\u2019a charg\u00e9 Comme premier Ministre du peuple Americain d\u2019admettre et de recevoir les Ministres des nations Etrangeres accredit\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s de la grande Confederation Americaine et leurs Agens Consulaires departis aupr\u00e8s des Etats particuliers; mais en lui Confiant cette fonction officielle elle ne lui a point donn\u00e9 le pouvoir de les destituer de les renvoyer ou de les suspendre lorsqu\u2019ils ont \u00e9t\u00e9 admis, de pareils actes ne peuvent etre \u00e9xerc\u00e9s M., que par le souverain de ces Agens ou par celui aupr\u00e8s duquel Ils resident; de la part de leur souverain leur rappel ne peut \u00eatre que l\u2019\u00e9ffet de sa volont\u00e9 particuliere ou la suite de n\u00e9gociations entam\u00e9es avec lui pour cet objet. De la part du Souverain aupr\u00e8s duquel ils sont accredit\u00e9s leur renvoi ou leur suspension ne peut \u00eatre que le resultat d\u2019un acte de Justice reguliere ou d\u2019un acte arbitraire; Si c\u2019est un acte de Justice nationale Il faut que le souverain se soit entour\u00e9 de toutes les lumieres possibles sur un objet aussi important afin d\u2019\u00eatre en mesure de prouver au Souverain Etranger que son Ministre \u00e9toit indigne de sa Confiance et que sa suspension ou son renvoi etoient indispensables; Si c\u2019est un acte Arbitraire Il rentre dans la Classe des actes d\u2019agression Il devient un cas de guerre et vous sav\u00e9s Mr. qu\u2019\u00e0 cet \u00e9gard la Constitution des Etats unis a reserv\u00e9 aux Repr\u00e9sentants du peuple le droit de prononcer.\nJe ne me rappelle point ce que les \u00e9crits poudreux de Grotius de Vatel de Puffendorff de Wiquefort disent \u00e0 ce sujet, J\u2019ai oubli\u00e9 dieu\nmerci ce que ces publicistes gag\u00e9s par des tyrans ont \u00e9crit sur les droits des nations dans un tems o\u00f9 elles \u00e9toient toutes dans les fers; mais les bases fondamentales de votre libert\u00e9 et de la n\u00f4tre sont grav\u00e9es dans ma Memoire en Caracteres in\u00e9ffacables; mais les droits de l\u2019homme sont renferm\u00e9s dans mon c\u0153ur avec le feu de la vie; mais J\u2019ai Constament sous les yeux votre Constitution et la n\u00f4tre, et c\u2019est parceque Je suis p\u00e9n\u00e9tr\u00e9 des intentions Justes est sages de ceux qui les ont dict\u00e9 que Je vous demande Mr., d\u2019inviter Mr. le President des Etats unis \u00e0 faire \u00e9xaminer par la Legislature qui repr\u00e9sente le peuple Souverain du Massachusset la Conduite du Citoyen duplaine de m\u00eame que J\u2019ai demand\u00e9 qu\u2019\u00e9xamen fut fait de la mienne dans le prochain Congr\u00e8s.\nDans des gouvernements Comme les n\u00f4tres les affaires politiques ne peuvent \u00eatre Jug\u00e9es que par les Corps politiques et si le Vice Consul duplaine a manqu\u00e9 aux loix particulieres du Massachusset ou aux loix Generales de l\u2019union que ce gouvernement est charg\u00e9 de maintenir c\u2019est \u00e0 lui \u00e0 prendre Connoissance de ce crime de leze nation en premiere instance et c\u2019est \u00e0 ses officiers \u00e0 les denoncer au gouvernement federal afin que l\u2019agent Etranger qui se trouveroit avoir viol\u00e9 les loix du pays soit puni par son souverain S\u2019il merite de l\u2019\u00eatre. Je suis d\u2019autant plus fond\u00e9, Mr., \u00e0 insister sur cette marche que trois fois l\u2019avocat du gouvernement federal \u00e0 Boston \u00e0 \u00e9ssay\u00e9 d\u2019accuser aupr\u00e8s de la Cour de circuit le Citoyen duplaine, que trois fois un Jur\u00e9 populaire et vertueux a rejett\u00e9 ses moyens et qu\u2019enfin ce Vice Consul a \u00e9t\u00e9 acquit\u00e9 de la maniere la plus honorable. En \u00e9ffet comment auroit on pu trouver lieu \u00e0 accusation contre lui puisqu\u2019il n\u2019a agi que d\u2019apr\u00e8s les trait\u00e9s, que d\u2019apr\u00e8s ses Instructions que d\u2019apr\u00e8s les d\u00e9cisions du gouvernement federal communiqu\u00e9es \u00e0 tous les Etats qui confient aux Consuls fran\u00e7ois la garde m\u00eame des prises suppos\u00e9es faites dans la Jurisdiction des Etats unis, et qu\u2019il a prouv\u00e9 demonstrativement qu\u2019il n\u2019avoit point eu l\u2019intention de resister par la force aux ordres qui lui avoient \u00e9t\u00e9 intim\u00e9s par une autorit\u00e9 Judiciaire quoiqu\u2019ils fussent contraires aux droits politiques de la nation francoise.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0251", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., [27 October 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nSunday eveng. [27 Oct. 1793]\nTh:J. will be obliged to Mr. Randolph to make George prick out the inclosed grains of wheat below the garden wall or wherever he thinks best. It is of the genuine early wheat gathered by Mr. Jones in a field\nhere which was reaped on the 5th. of June.\u2014So far all well. I set out in the stage between 3. and 4. in the morning. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0252", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Enoch Edwards, 28 October 1793\nFrom: Edwards, Enoch\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nLiverpool Octr: 28th: 1793\nSince my Arival in England as I promised so I have frequently written to You and given You such Information as I thought worthy of your Attention.\nI mentioned to you heretofore the Accident (a Fall Mrs: Edwards received from a Carriage) that prevented my going immediately to the Continent. We were also induced to stay \u2019till Fall in Consequence of a Determination Mrs: Pinckney had come to, to go with Us and tarry there \u2019till the Spring. In the mean time We have Made a Tour through England, into Scotland beyond the great Canal that runs across this Kingdom. We passed up the east side of the Island\u2014but wen\u2019t into all the principle Towns\u2014such as Norwich, Lynn, Leicester Notingham\u2014Chesterfield\u2014Sheffield, Wakefield Leeds York, Durham, Newcastle, Berwick, and so on to Edinburgh\u2014at allmost all which I saw such Places, and many of such Characters as were worthy the Attention of a Stranger. Having provided myself with good Letters for the Purpose, at the last Place I saw allmost all the Leterati\u2014among whome are many great and worthy Men, and many lovers of Aristocracy and Tyranny. On my Way from Glasgow I visited the Bishop of Landaff. He is a great and a good Man, he is so in Appearance and in Practice\u2014and an Enthusaist in favor of America\u2014he is as good a Practical Farmer, as Mr: Young is a writing One and better. I have also seen the Farm of the latter.\nI have passed through Manchester that Nest of Democrats, and seen the Ruins of the [things?] of the best Men in Birmingham\u2014and I expect in about three Weeks to be in London, by Way of Bristol, Bath, and through some of the interior Counties. I have aranged my Plans so that by the time I finish this Journey, I shall have been in every County in\nEngland, and have formed usefull and agreable Acquaintances, I am therefore convinced I shall profit by making this Tour before I go to the Continent, it has furnished Me with Knowledge that I ought to be possessed of.\nThe Advocates of Tyrants here are highly tickled with seeing the Misunderstanding between the french Minister and our Government, they say and indeed they hope it arises from an attachment to british Politicks, they also say we now begin to have our Eyes open to discern our best Friends, and our true Interest\u2014and they as publickly say that they are confident we wish to return into the Arms of the mother Country, and among other Things they give in support of their Assertions the Writings of our Vice President\u2014they extol our Aristocrats to the Skies, seem highly interested about who shall succeed the President\u2014and I sincerely beleive wish to have a Finger in the Business.\nThey labor here to make it appear that You among some of your Friends are endeavouring to thwart the President and all the moderate Party in their laudable Designs to establish an energic Government. I have been able notwithstanding some consequential Gentlemen from our own Country I believe have ratified if not raised this Calumny\u2014to set it right and shall be more so. I have endeavoured also to shew that We take an abstract View of the French Cause, as it stands unconnected with the unworthy Agents into whose Hands it is entrusted\u2014and indeed it is a very painful Reflection that so noble a Revolution should be stained by such want of Magnanimity\u2014such Inconsistency and such execrable Crimes. Yet to a Man capable of feeling or reflecting on, the, Justice of a free Government he must continue to love the Principle \u2019tho he ought to detest the Abuse of the Means.\nThe French on the whole are victorious in all Quarters. Lions is taken, the Slaughter has been great. The Blockade of Maubeuge is raised, they are rather more setled in their Determinations, and I have no Doubt but before Christmas they will again drive away all their Enemies. The Queen is executed. The imperial Minister is arested for a treasonable Correspondence with the French. It is thought his Master has been trying to make a seperate Peace with the French, and that the aresting his Minister is all a political Humbug.\nHe is publickly cursed here by the Friends to the War\u2014and so is the Dutch. I beleive there is no Doubt but this Confederacy will soon be distracted and crumble to Nothing but a heavy Debt for some of them\u2014and poor England it is thought will be favored with at least its Share.\nOur Country stands charged here for makeing no Exercions in Favor of the M. la Fayette. I am not able to satisfy the Enquirers, as I know of none that have been attempted or in Contemplation to be made, I wish I could be made Use of to do him any Service. I saw him recieve his\nwound in the Battle of Brandy Wine\u2014and was the first that dressed it\u2014it would add greatly to my Satisfaction to again be any Way instrumental in contributing towards his Comfort and Relief. A Report has lately prevailed here that He is dead\u2014but from what I can learn it must be groundless.\nI have been somewhat disappointed with Respect to the Agriculture of this Country\u2014having heard so much about it\u2014I expected to be struck up into a Consternation at every Farm I should see\u2014most certainly great Industry does perform Wonders in this sterrile Island, the Land in general is poor, and yet they raise great Crops, but the Cultivation does not so far exceed the good, I mean the best, farming round Philadelphia as I expected. The great Art of their farming consists in merely choaking the Earth with Manure and a judicious Rotation of Crops. I have no Doubt but what with Us the latter in time will be adopted\u2014the great Buisness we have then first to attend to, will be how to procure in general throughout the Country a sufficient supply of Manure at a Distance from large Towns. We have many Advantages over this Country, our Land is worked with I believe half the Labor\u2014it is not an uncommon Thing here to see a farmer ploughing with five strong Horses\u2014and turn up no larger Furrow than has been done on my Farm with three smaller Ones\u2014half the Quantity of Manure that they use on an Acre here will have a better Effect with Us\u2014nor is Wages so much higher with Us as we have been made to believe. In short when we take into Consideration the Taxes and Burdens a Farmer labors under in this Country, and the Price that Wheat Beef and Pork, beares with Us, under all our disadvantages for the Want of Hands\u2014A Farmer with Us with the same Capital will within 50 Miles of our large Towns make more Money than can be made here. I am dear Sir with very great Respect Your very obedt: Sert:\nEno: Edwards\n29th: The Report of the Emperors Minister is contradicted\u2014but Furnes is taken by the French, and Neuport bombarded and now it is said in a Flame if not also taken.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0254", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 2[9] October 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nNew york le 28. [i.e. 29] 8bre. 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la Republique.\nQuand un fonctionnaire public n\u00e9glige ses devoirs, quand il Commet des actes arbitraires Il merite d\u2019\u00eatre puni; \u00e0 ces deux titres Je vous denonce\nle Juge federal du district de New york; Cet officier au m\u00e9pris de nos trait\u00e9s au m\u00e9pris des d\u00e9cisions du gouvernement federal que vous m\u2019av\u00e9s communiqu\u00e9es a enlev\u00e9 des mains du Consul de la Republique dans ce port \u00e0 la r\u00e9quisition du Mre. Anglois deux prises suppos\u00e9es faites dans la ligne Ind\u00e9finie de Jurisdiction et de protection des Etats unis, Savoir la Catherine d\u2019halifax et le Guillaume Tell et au lieu de rendre un Jugement quelconque Il laisse la premiere deperir depuis plusieurs mois et ne s\u2019empresse pas plus \u00e0 motiver ses proc\u00e9d\u00e9s violents \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard de la seconde qui lui a \u00e9t\u00e9 remise Conform\u00e9ment aux Intentions de Mr. Le President ainsi que vous le verr\u00e9s Mr. par la lettre ci Jointe du Consul au Mal. de la Cour du district. Le Citoyen hauterive, Mr., s\u2019est adress\u00e9 au gouvernement de l\u2019Etat de New york pour reclamer contre les voies de fait Commises par le susdit Juge et moi Mr. Je requiers les bons offices du gouvernement federal pour obtenir du Congr\u00e8s 1\u00b0. la reparation de l\u2019offense faite \u00e0 la R\u00e9publique et au gouvernement federal par la punition d\u2019un Juge qui n\u2019a point respect\u00e9 nos trait\u00e9s lesquels font partie des lois des Etats unis 2\u00b0. le remboursement \u00e0 qui de droit des pertes resultantes pour les capteurs des dites prises de l\u2019abandon dans lequel elles ont \u00e9t\u00e9 laiss\u00e9es.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0255", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 29 October 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr.\nA New york le 29 8bre 1793 l\u2019an 2e De la R. F.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur De vous envoyer une copie De la lettre qui a \u00e9t\u00e9 ecrite au consul De La republique fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 Newyork par le directeur Des douanes De cette ville. Cette lettre contient le refus notifie par Mr. hamilton \u00e0 ce directeur De faire la remise du droit de tonnage reclam\u00e9e par les capitaines du convoi fran\u00e7ais. Je vous envoye cette notification ainsi que des observations que m\u2019a adress\u00e9 \u00e0 ce Sujet le consul fran\u00e7ais de newyork, et le proc\u00e8s verbal de l\u2019assembl\u00e9e tenue par les capitaines marchands.\nJe vous enverrai Successivement les dep\u00eaches que je recevrai Sans doute bient\u00f4t Sur le m\u00eame objet de norfolk et de baltimore. J\u2019aurois eu bien de la Satisfaction, Monsieur a pouvoir annoncer \u00e0 la convention nationale dont toutes les lois ont \u00e9t\u00e9 jusqu\u2019ici favorables \u00e0 votre commerce, La concession de ce leger avantage en faveur du notre. C\u2019est avec bien du regret que je me verrai contraint de l\u2019instruire que toutes les reclamations officielles que je vous ai faites en vertu de Ses lois et des ordres du conseil executif, pour obtenir De vous une juste reciprocit\u00e9 en faveur De notre commerce, n\u2019ont eu jusqu\u2019ici aucun Succ\u00e8s.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0256", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 2[9] October 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nNew york le 27. [i.e. 29] 8bre. 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la R\u00e9pube.\nJe crois devoir vous pr\u00e9venir que J\u2019ai d\u00e9livr\u00e9 des Commissions de Vice Consuls de la Republique aux Cit. Pennevert et Chervi\u2014Le premier r\u00e9sident \u00e0 New London le second \u00e0 Alexandrie. Je vous prie de vouloir bien obtenir en leur faveur l\u2019\u00e9x\u00e9quatur de Mr. le President des Etats unis. Je ne Joins point ici leurs Commissions. Il me paroit suffisant de vous assurer qu\u2019elles sont Conformes aux autres Commissions de Vice Consuls que vous av\u00e9s d\u00e9j\u00e0 eu la bont\u00e9 de pr\u00e9senter \u00e0 ce Chef de l\u2019\u00e9x\u00e9cutif de l\u2019union Americaine.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0257", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John M. Pintard, 29 October 1793\nFrom: Pintard, John Marsden\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMadeira, 29 Oct. 1793. He encloses copies of his 8, 9, and 15 Oct. letters and their enclosures, as well as a copy of his letter of this date to Edward Church, which will explain the particulars of his case more fully than the statement he transmitted with his 15 Oct. letter. He does not enclose the Portuguese papers mentioned in his letter to Church, which consist of a notary public\u2019s certificate that he would not take Pintard\u2019s protest against the governor for fear of that official and a certified copy of the receipt for the money he received for demurrage on his Bordeaux vessel, the latter of which is dated 21 Oct., two days before his clerk and vice-consul were examined and the governor ordered him to exhibit his books. The Portuguese government has concluded a one-year truce with the Algerines and permitted five of their corsairs to sail beyond the Straits of Gibraltar. They are cruising off Cape St. Vincent and the Rocks of Lisbon,\nand yesterday two vessels arrived here from Lisbon that had been boarded by them. He fears the corsairs will wreak havoc on American ships bound to Cadiz or Lisbon. David Humphreys sailed from Lisbon for Gibraltar on 16 Sep., leaving Church in charge of American affairs. He has not heard from him by either of the vessels that has arrived, but presumes he shall by the next one. The English government at Gibraltar reportedly negotiated the Portuguese-Algerine treaty or truce, which he presumes is a political maneuver by the combined powers because of their envy of rising American prosperity. Because of the advanced season, he presumes the Algerines will wait until spring before sailing beyond the Straits in swarms. He will continue to communicate such information as he receives about this matter and all others affecting the United States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0258", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 30 October 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nNewyork Le 30. 8bre. 1793. L\u2019an 2e. de la republique fran\u00e7aise.\nDes Traitres viennent de livrer aux ennemis de la france une portion int\u00e9ressante de St. Domingue. Quelques bons Cito\u00ffens qui ont mieux aim\u00e9 S\u2019expatrier et abandonner leur fortune que de pr\u00eater \u00e0 une puissance \u00e9trang\u00e8re un Serment qu\u2019ils ne devoient qu\u2019a la republique fran\u00e7aise, m\u2019ont apport\u00e9 cette nouvelle. Ainsi, Monsieur, cette Colonie dans la quelle un Decret de la Convention nationale venoit d\u2019admettre vos vaisseaux aux m\u00eames Conditions que les n\u00f4tres; Cette Colonie qui \u00e9toit depuis dix ans le principal aliment de votre agriculture et de votre navigation; Cette Colonie enfin qui vous fournissoit les moyens de payer vos relations avec l\u2019Europe, Touche au moment d\u2019\u00eatre perd\u00fce pour vous Comme pour nous.\nLa Prise de possession que viennent d\u2019effectuer les anglais d\u2019une partie de cette Isle n\u2019est qu\u2019une Suite du plan qui Se combine depuis deux ans entre les Colons des isles du vent et des isles Sous le vent pour Se livrer aux anglais et aux espagnols. C\u2019est par une suite de ce plan que l\u2019etendart de la rebellion a flott\u00e9 pendant quatre mois aux isles du vent. C\u2019est \u00e0 la demande des Colons eux m\u00eames, C\u2019est d\u2019apr\u00e8s une d\u00e9putation qu\u2019ils ont e\u00fb l\u2019impudence d\u2019envoyer publiquement \u00e0 Londres, qu\u2019une flotte consid\u00e9rable avoit \u00e9t\u00e9 envoy\u00e9e par le Minist\u00e8re de St. James pour mettre le si\u00e9ge devant la Martinique, qui ainsy que J\u00e9r\u00e9mie n\u2019existeroit\nplus ni pour vous, ni pour nous, S\u2019il ne S\u2019y \u00e9toit Trouv\u00e9 de braves patriotes qui ont S\u00fb repousser les traitres, et les Tirans que le m\u00eame inter\u00eat avoit Coalis\u00e9.\nLes hommes qui ont appell\u00e9 les anglois et les espagnols dans St. Domingue Sont li\u00e9s avec un grand nombre de ces m\u00eames Colons que par piti\u00e9, par bont\u00e9 les Etats unis ont accueillis, que par \u00e9gard pour les vertus charitables de vos Concitoyens, j\u2019ai moi m\u00eame Secouru de Concert avec eux. C\u2019est Sur cette Terre de libert\u00e9 que Se sont form\u00e9s tous les projets, que Se Sont concert\u00e9s tous Les plans contre r\u00e9volutionnaires qui viennent de S\u2019executer. C\u2019est d\u2019ici que Sont partis Tous les \u00e9missaires qui Sont all\u00e9s Traiter avec nos ennemis et la joie que manifestent en ce moment un grand nombre de Colons ne laisse pas de doute Sur leur complicit\u00e9.\nCette conspiration \u00e9toit li\u00e9e avec l\u2019arriv\u00e9e de L\u2019Escadre de la Republique dans les Etats unis sous la conduite de galbaud. Les Scelerats qui avoient fait la guerre aux Cito\u00ffens r\u00e9int\u00e9gr\u00e9s dans les Droits de l\u2019homme par la loi du 4. avril, Travailloient ici, Comme dans la Colonie \u00e0 \u00e9garer cette escadre et Se flattoient de la livrer aux nombreux Contre r\u00e9volutionnaires refugi\u00e9s dans vos Ports, de la ramener \u00e0 st. Domingue, et de Concourir avec elle \u00e0 l\u2019ex\u00e9cution des inf\u00e2mes projets qui viennent de S\u2019effectuer. La decouverte de leur Correspondance, la saisie l\u00e9gale de leurs papiers et leur fuite dans le Canada depuis que j\u2019ai \u00e9vent\u00e9 leurs forfaits ne m\u2019ont prouv\u00e9 que trop la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 de cette Conjuration dans le renversement de la quelle J\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 si bien second\u00e9 par le vertueux gouverneur et le digne maire de New york. Cependant je ne suis point au Terme de mes peines, ces hommes qui vouloient enti\u00e8rement corrompre nos forces navales, m\u00e9ditent de nouveaux Projets et Conspirent actuellement non Seulement Contre leur patrie, mais encore Contre votre propre ind\u00e9pendance et votre propre s\u00fbret\u00e9; peuplant Toutes vos villes maritimes, ils S\u2019efforcent d\u2019y pervertir l\u2019opinion publique, en la dirigeant vers leur Sist\u00eame de royalisme, ils Se coalisent avec les \u00e9migr\u00e9s, avec les agens des ci devant princes fran\u00e7ois, avec les anglois, s\u2019avo\u00fcent hautement les Sujets de ces derniers ou du pr\u00e9tendu Louis XVII, grossissent le parti de cette nation qui n\u2019a pas encore perd\u00fb l\u2019espoir de vous reconqu\u00e9rir et Se rendent Les instrumens les plus actifs du Sist\u00eame de domination universelle \u00e0 la quelle aspire cette puissance audacieuse Sur tous les Etablissemens de l\u2019amerique.\nEnfin ne pouvant mod\u00e9rer leur Caract\u00e8re remuant et agitateur aigri par l\u2019infortune, Ils deviennent dangereux m\u00eame pour la S\u00fbret\u00e9, pour l\u2019existence morale de vos Etats du Sud. Propageant eux m\u00eames des principes Contre les quels ils declament Sans circonspection, environn\u00e9s de noirs et de mul\u00e2tres qui ont gout\u00e9 le fruit Savoureux de la Libert\u00e9, ils peuvent donner lieu \u00e0 des mouvemens. Ce sont eux qui par\nla publication irrefl\u00e9chie des mesures que leur rebellion a provoqu\u00e9es et peut\u00eatre malheureusement provoquera encore, fournissent \u00e0 vos Planteurs du Sud l\u2019aliment des allarmes continuelles qu\u2019ils \u00e9prouvent; Ce sont eux qui leur faisant craindre Sans cesse une insurrection parmi Leurs esclaves, refroidissent par le sentiment puissant de leur inter\u00eat, les sentimens d\u2019amiti\u00e9 que leur patriotisme les portoit \u00e0 avoir pour la france. C\u2019est \u00e0 Charlestown Surtout que leur prodigieuse multiplication est deven\u00fce dangereuse tant pour vous m\u00eame que pour ma patrie. C\u2019est l\u00e0 qu\u2019on les voit Se permettre audacieusement les provocations les plus ind\u00e9centes et les calomnies les plus atroces contre les agens de la republique; C\u2019est l\u00e0 ainsy qu\u2019a Philadelphie et \u00e0 Baltimore qu\u2019on les voit se porter envers les fonctionnaires publics d\u2019une patrie qu\u2019ils ont reni\u00e9e, aux menaces les plus insolentes, et que leur grand nombre a jusqu\u2019ici assur\u00e9 l\u2019impunit\u00e9 de leurs attentats.\nLa france votre amie apprendra Sans doute avec peine que de tels hommes Soient non seulement Tol\u00e9r\u00e9s, mais encore qu\u2019ils tiennent des assembl\u00e9es publiques \u00e0 Charlestown, \u00e0 Baltimore, \u00e0 Philadelphie, \u00e0 Newyork et qu\u2019ils y repandent impun\u00e9ment des journaux remplis d\u2019invectives et de Calomnies contr\u2019elle et Contre Ses d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s. Sans doute je n\u2019ai pas droit d\u2019exiger contr\u2019eux des mesures r\u00e9pressives, mais je puis au moins exprimer le voeu du representant de la nation fran\u00e7aise. Il me paroit indispensable autant pour votre tranquillit\u00e9 que pour les inter\u00eats de la france que le gouvernement f\u00e9deral prenne dans Sa Sagesse des mesures promptes pour faire avorter les Complots que je viens de lui d\u00e9noncer et pour \u00e9viter autant qu\u2019il Se pourra que le sol de la Libert\u00e9 ne Soit point Souill\u00e9 par la Lave que le volcan de st. Domingue y a jett\u00e9 et qui ne peut y repandre que le poison de l\u2019aristocratie et du Royalisme. Pourquoi ces hommes dangereux choisissent-ils de pr\u00e9f\u00e9rence le Territoire de la libert\u00e9 Si ce n\u2019est pour la Compromettre ou Conspirer Contr\u2019elle? S\u2019ils ne vivifient ni votre commerce, ni votre agriculture, S\u2019ils ne peuvent que vicier votre \u00e9xistence morale et politique et diviser votre f\u00e9d\u00e9ration en deux parts, pourquoi ne seroient ils pas \u00e0 l\u2019avenir envoy\u00e9s Sur les Terres des rois vos voisins dont ils S\u2019avouent les esclaves? L\u2019Espagne leur offre la molesse de ses villes; l\u2019orgueil anglois leur tend les bras; ils ont \u00e0 leur porte des Compagnons de Servitude et des rivaux en barbarie, et c\u2019est icy qu\u2019ils portent leurs pieds liberticides et corrupteurs! Pardonn\u00e9z, Monsieur, \u00e0 l\u2019indignation qui m\u2019opresse, \u00e0 l\u2019amour de ma patrie qui m\u2019isole peut\u00eatre de la Sensibilit\u00e9; mais la Saison des Temp\u00e9ramens n\u2019existe plus; Le r\u00e9gime de la Libert\u00e9 veut des hommes, on en exclut Comme \u00e0 sparte tout ce qui ne promet pas de l\u2019\u00eatre; la gazette de la Caroline du Sud repand des bruits et des Soup\u00e7ons; une Coalition atroce fait d\u00e9noncer nos r\u00e9publicains comme des\nConspirateurs et nos magistrats comme des brandons incendiaires. C\u2019est votre intervention que je r\u00e9clame, Monsieur; vous que j\u2019avertis si Souvent des vrais rapports de notre esprit avec les autres peuples; vous \u00e0 qui j\u2019ai notifi\u00e9 officiellement le D\u00e9cret d\u2019avril qui d\u00e9ment des Calomnies trop accredit\u00e9es parmi vous. Les grandes destructions par Toute la france Sont d\u00fces \u00e0 des resistances \u00e9tonnantes; nous \u00e9tions d\u00e9termin\u00e9s \u00e0 ne composer avec aucun principe reconnu pour vrai. Le tumulte fut grand, parceque les abus \u00e9toient monstrueusement accumul\u00e9s; mais o\u00f9 ont ils v\u00fb ces Calomniateurs insens\u00e9s, que nous veuillions forcer les revolutions dans le sein des peuples et introniser nos Principes \u00e0 la lueur des incendies et avec le Couteau des assassins? O\u00f9 ont-ils v\u00fb que Les r\u00e9publicains fran\u00e7ais ayent mepris\u00e9 les loix et m\u00e9connu Les autorit\u00e9s? Il est Temps, Monsieur, que vous pr\u00e9veni\u00e9s la formation d\u2019un autre Coblentz dans votre Sein; il est Temps que la nation fran\u00e7aise soit conn\u00fce \u00e0 fond et veng\u00e9e des insultes de ces \u00e9migr\u00e9s pervers rejett\u00e9s du monde entier; il est Temps que vous metti\u00e9z en vigueur des loix que vos Legislateurs ont faites pour emp\u00eacher que l\u2019intrusion des \u00e9migr\u00e9s \u00e9trangers ne devienne un fardeau pour la soci\u00e9t\u00e9, car bient\u00f4t les patriotes de 1775 ne seront plus rien dans le pa\u00ffs qu\u2019ils ont cr\u00e9\u00e9, l\u2019arbre de la Libert\u00e9 dont Les racines ont \u00e9t\u00e9 arros\u00e9es de leur Sang ne Couvrira plus de Son ombre que Ses plus cruels ennemis. Ferm\u00e9z vos ports \u00e0 Tous ces hommes vils qui viennent Ch\u00e9z vous pour y jouir des bienfaits d\u2019un r\u00e9gime qu\u2019ils ont Trahi dans leur Patrie et qu\u2019ils Trahiraient \u00e9galement icy lorsque les \u00e9venemens qui s\u2019accumulent vous auront mis dans la n\u00e9c\u00e9ssit\u00e9 de prendre part \u00e0 la Lutte de la Libert\u00e9 Contre la Tirannie. Cette \u00e9poque, Monsieur, marqu\u00e9e par la destin\u00e9e qui Se jo\u00fce des mesures que prennent les foibles humains pour \u00e9viter des maux souvent r\u00e9els, mais plus Souvent illusoires S\u2019approche chaque jour. La liberalit\u00e9 et le desinteressement de nos proc\u00e9d\u00e9s envers vous, la Circonspection de nos Demandes, la politique que vous av\u00e9z observ\u00e9 n\u2019ont Conduit \u00e0 rien; vous \u00eates Compris dans la Conjuration des tirans et votre ancien maitre Se repait d\u00e9ja de l\u2019id\u00e9e de tirer de vous un vengeance \u00e9clatante. Des avis que je crois Certains m\u2019instruisent que le gouvernement Brittanique ayant appris la d\u00e9faite de Gardner \u00e0 la Martinique a resolu de faire une seconde tentative Sur cette Colonie. Les ordres sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 donn\u00e9s \u00e0 plusieurs vaisseaux et \u00e0 plusieurs r\u00e9gimens de se tenir pr\u00eats \u00e0 partir pour cette destination. D\u2019autres exp\u00e9ditions Secretes Se pr\u00e9parent. L\u2019ordre est donn\u00e9 de Lever des troupes dans le Canada, dans l\u2019acadie et dans toutes les possessions anglaises du nord de l\u2019am\u00e9rique. Plusieurs officiers envoy\u00e9s par le Lord Dorchester et par Simpcoe parcourent vos Etats pour observer vos mouvemens ou constater votre \u00e9tat d\u2019ind\u00e9fence; les Espagnols agissent de leur C\u00f4t\u00e9 et Tout annonce que les\nCours de Londres et de Madrid Sont d\u00e9termin\u00e9es \u00e0 vous attaquer Sans m\u00e9nagement ou \u00e0 vous imp\u00f4ser des Conditions Si humiliantes, que Le peuple am\u00e9ricain ne sauroit jamais y Souscrire.\nDans cet \u00e9tat des Choses il est de mon devoir de vous repr\u00e9senter qu\u2019il n\u2019est pas probable que le nombre de bons Citoyens qui ont jusqu\u2019ici d\u00e9fend\u00fb nos Colonies puisse r\u00e9sister \u00e0 toutes les forces tant int\u00e9rieures qu\u2019exterieures qui les menacent et que ces possessions pr\u00e9cieuses que les loix de la Convention nationale ont rend\u00fces aussi int\u00e9ressantes pour votre Commerce que pour le n\u00f4tre touchent au moment d\u2019\u00eatre perd\u00fces pour vous Comme pour nous. La r\u00e9publique fran\u00e7aise a le droit d\u2019esp\u00e9rer dans une pareille Circonstance que la garantie que vous av\u00e9z promise \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard ne sera pas entierement illusoire et que vous vous empresser\u00e9z de l\u2019effectuer par des secours directs par des diversions ou bien enfin par des demonstrations imposantes avec le m\u00eame Z\u00eale qu\u2019elle d\u00e9fendra votre ind\u00e9pendance Si elle est attaqu\u00e9e. Vos engagemens et le partage fraternel que nous faisons avec vous de ces sources f\u00e9condes de richesses vous font un devoir de vous montrer. Votre navigation vous en impose la n\u00e9c\u00e9ssit\u00e9 et votre inter\u00eat doit vous presser de vous entendre promptement avec nous Sur les mesures \u00e0 prendre en Commun, puisque le danger p\u00e8se \u00e9galement Sur nous et Sur vous. La neutralit\u00e9 dont nous aurions souhait\u00e9 nous m\u00eames que votre pavillon fut rev\u00eatu n\u2019est qu\u2019un vain mot qui n\u2019abuse plus la Cr\u00e9dulit\u00e9 publique; vous \u00eates dans un \u00e9tat de guerre indetermin\u00e9 bien plus dangereux qu\u2019un \u00e9tat de guerre d\u00e9clar\u00e9e. L\u2019angleterre ne veut point que votre commerce prospere tandis que le sien languit, elle ne veut point que ses matelots qui deviennent plus rares de Jour en Jour trouvent sur vos vaisseaux un azyle contre la presse; Elle insulte en Cons\u00e9quence le signe de votre souverainet\u00e9 sur toutes les mers. Elle prend impun\u00e9ment vos vaisseaux, ou y presse vos matelots; elle excite au nord les indiens contre vos Cito\u00ffens; tandis que les Espagnols les arment contre eux au Sud, ces deux puissances vous font une guerre Sanglante Sous le nom de ces Sauvages, elles font avorter ou prolongent avec perfidie toutes les n\u00e9gociations que vous entam\u00e9z pour r\u00e9tablir la paix avec eux, la premi\u00e8re retient impudemment au m\u00e9pris des Trait\u00e9s garant\u00eds par la france, des forts qui leur servent \u00e0 alimenter ces barbares; et toutes deux attaquent en am\u00e9rique les poss\u00e9ssions de la france que la religion des trait\u00e9s vous force de d\u00e9fendre Sans qu\u2019il Soit nec\u00e9ssaire m\u00eame que nous vous en requ\u00e9rions. Tous ces faits doivent vous convaincre qu\u2019il ne vous reste plus que deux partis \u00e0 prendre et que vous dev\u00e9z vous courber sous le poids de vos anciens fers; passer humblement Sous les fourches caudines que les Rois d\u2019angleterre et d\u2019Espagne vous pr\u00e9parent, vous jetter dans les bras liberticides de ces Vampires politiques, au prix de votre honneur, ou bien Si l\u2019esprit de 1775 n\u2019a point encore fui de cette Contr\u00e9e,\navertir votre souverain qu\u2019il est temps qu\u2019il Se l\u00e8ve avec majest\u00e9, qu\u2019il est temps que votre Jeunesse aille prendre dans vos arsenaux les armes que leurs p\u00e8res y ont d\u00e9pos\u00e9es avec leurs lauriers imp\u00e9rissables pour d\u00e9fendre s\u2019il le faut avec la france la libert\u00e9 et l\u2019ind\u00e9pendance des peuples le bonheur du genre humain.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0259", "content": "Title: Note from Edmond Charles Genet, [ca. 30 October 1793]\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nNote particuliere.\nLes fran\u00e7ais du Canada, des Illinois, de la nouvelle Orl\u00e9ans n\u2019attendent que l\u2019Instant o\u00f9 les am\u00e9ricains prendront une attitude digne d\u2019un peuple libre pour s\u2019unir \u00e0 eux et pour Consacrer ce vaste Continent au Culte de la Divinit\u00e9 qui regnera bient\u00f4t sur le monde entier. Les adresses cijointes les ont instruits des dispositions de la france, des agens Surs les ont repandus parmi eux et l\u2019on peut assurer que s\u2019ils voyoient paroitre Sur les frontieres trac\u00e9es par leurs Tirans les 15 \u00e9toiles am\u00e9ricaines unies aux Trois couleurs du peuple fran\u00e7ois, leurs fers Seroient bris\u00e9s, l\u2019angleterre et l\u2019Espagne punies et l\u2019humanit\u00e9 Veng\u00e9e.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "10-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0261", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 31 October 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello Oct: 31. 1793\nAltho I know your time is allready so completely taken up, with important public concerns, that you are obliged to neglect your own private matters, allmost totally, I cannot refrain from asking a small part of it, for an affair of very considerable consequence, to myself and my family. I have mentioned to you before, tho perhaps I never related the particulars, that the land in Henrico, given me by my father, was under an incumbrance. It was mortgaged in December 1787 to Mr. Herman Le Roy, then of New-York, now a resident in Philada., to secure the discharge of two bonds of \u00a3860.3.4. sterling each, the one payable on the 1st. Feb: 1788, the other on the same day of the year 1789. The sum of \u00a3.1169.16.6. current money, was paid by David Ross to the draft of my father in favor of Alexander Donald, then acting for Mr. Le Roy, on and immediately before, the 9. May 1789, in discharge of one of the bonds. Nothing, as far as I can learn, has been paid on the other: it remains still undischarged, with all the interest which has accrued. With respect to this other bond, and the interest due on it, I am somewhat uneasy in the present condition of my father; he is rendered by disease incapable of managing his affairs, there is no great hope of his recovery, and in consequence a considerable derangement is likely to ensue. My purchase in Albemarle having put the means of indemnification, in my own hands, I am desirous of making some arrangement with Mr. Le Roy immediately, to take on myself the payment of the bond undischarged, and provide for the release of my land. You will oblige me much by proposing to him, and executing in my name some agreement to this purpose. Perhaps it might suit him to receive the whole sum at once, on a day, not nearer than eighteen months from the first of March next: this would be highly convenient to me, as I could make provision by the sale of my property of a certain species. It is more probable that he may prefer installments: in this case I will undertake to raise a sum of 500.\u00a3. in the course of the winter; the fund, a parcel of Wheat of very good quality, by estimation 2000 bushels, now on the land of Varina and ready for market. I hope he will not insist on short intervals: I am ready however to make any sacrifice compatible with the preservation of my Estate. It will give me great satisfaction, in any case, to have the old mortgage cancelled, and to give my own bonds, secured by a new mortgage on the same land. Be kind enough to remember me to Mr. Le Roy whom I had the pleasure of seeing, and the honor of visiting frequently, at New-York, in 1789. He will confer an important favor on me by saying, whether in his opinion it would be to\nmy advantage to ship wheat, this winter or next spring, to New-York, and by naming someone there, who is in the way of taking consignments of grain. I am Dear Sir Your most sincere & affectionate friend\nTh: M. Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0262", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 2 November 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nA New york le 2 9bre 1793 L\u2019an 2e De la rep. francaise.\nUne Denonciation tr\u00e8s grave a \u00e9t\u00e9 faite contre le consul de la republique \u00e0 charlestown; telle est Son importance qu\u2019elle a troubl\u00e9 la tranquillit\u00e9 dans vos etats du Sud. La m\u00eame Denonciation S\u2019\u00e9tend \u00e0 plusieurs militaires arriv\u00e9s de St. domingue dans la baye de charlestown, et tel a et\u00e9 l\u2019effet de l\u2019accusation port\u00e9e contr\u2019eux qu\u2019ils Sont rest\u00e9s deux jours dans cette baye priv\u00e9s des objets de premi\u00e8re n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 et que l\u2019entr\u00e9e de la ville et m\u00eame leur d\u00e9barquement Sur la terre ferme leur ont \u00e9t\u00e9 refus\u00e9s. Ces militaires Sont des hommes qui ont fui de St. domingue pour ne pas porter Serment \u00e0 des traitres ou \u00e0 des tyrans, et dont la plupart ont vers\u00e9 leur Sang dans la derniere guerre pour la conqu\u00eate de votre libert\u00e9. J\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 instruit qu\u2019\u00e0 la tete de ces d\u00e9nonciateurs, \u00e9toient les nomm\u00e9s moput, faur\u00e9s l\u2019ain\u00e9, calman, le chair, le ris, Mondesir.\nLe consul fran\u00e7ais, et les militaires dont je viens de vous parler Sont accus\u00e9s d\u2019avoir voulu renverser les lois interieures de vos etats du Sud,\net comme un tel fait est un crime capital non seulement envers le gouvernement des etats-unis mais encore envers celui de la france, je demande qu\u2019il Soit fait Sur cette accusation une enquete solemnelle, et que les coupables, S\u2019il en existe, Soient livr\u00e9s \u00e0 toute la rigueur des lois. Mais je demande en m\u00eame tems qu\u2019on livre les denonciateurs aux memes lois, Si ceux qu\u2019ils ont accus\u00e9s Sont reconnus innocents. J\u2019ecris \u00e0 ce Sujet au consul accus\u00e9 et je lui mande qu\u2019il est tr\u00e8s essentiel et que Son devoir l\u2019oblige de Se justifier publiquement d\u2019une accusation \u00e0 la quelle on a donn\u00e9 le plus grand eclat et dont l\u2019effet a \u00e9t\u00e9 de causer dans le public une allarme g\u00e9n\u00e9rale.\nLe fait suivant vous donnera quelques lumieres Sur cette affaire, et pourra peut-\u00eatre vous faire juger Du veritable but de cette D\u00e9nonciation. Dans le moment de l\u2019allarme qu\u2019elle donna le nomm\u00e9 dubosq se presenta chez le gouverneur de charleston pour lui proposer d\u2019enregimenter les fran\u00e7ais refugies dans cette ville et il lui offrit leurs Services pour le maintien de la tranquillit\u00e9. Ce Sage Gouverneur ne Se trompa pas Sur la nature perfide de cette Demarche, et il refusa cette offre, en disant que les milices du pays lui Suffisaient parfaitement pour faire respecter le bon ordre. Cette d\u00e9marche vous fera Sans doute prejuger quel \u00e9toit le veritable but et les veritables auteurs de l\u2019allarme qui S\u2019est r\u00e9pandue \u00e0 charleston. C\u2019est ainsi que nos emigr\u00e9s de coblentz parvinrent \u00e0 obtenir \u00e0 se former en compagnies Sous le pretexte des insurrections imaginaires que le voisinage des fran\u00e7ais causait dans l\u2019\u00e9lectorat de treves, et que l\u2019effet de cette aveugle condescendance des magistrats de cet electorat, a \u00e9t\u00e9 la guerre universelle qui agite l\u2019europe. Cette Similitude de tactique entre les emigr\u00e9s de coblentz et les refugies de charleston me paroit etre un nouveau et grand motif de fixer enfin votre attention Sur cette foule immense de renegats \u00e0 leur patrie, d\u2019etrangers \u00e0 tous les pays qui S\u2019agittent Sur le Sol de la libert\u00e9 pour la detruire, pour renverser votre ind\u00e9pendance et qui Sont les vrais perturbateurs, les hommes vraiment dangereux pour votre Suret\u00e9 int\u00e9rieure.\nOn m\u2019a d\u00e9nonc\u00e9 les nomm\u00e9s bouteille et carvin comme faisant \u00e9quiper en ce moment \u00e0 charleston un fort batiment Sur lequel ils doivent embarquer beaucoup de monde dont le projet est d\u2019aller S\u2019emparer de l\u2019isle de la tortue distante du cap de Sept lieues, et d\u2019y egorger tous les fran\u00e7ais qui resteront fideles \u00e0 leur patrie. Je vous prie de vouloir bien instruire de cette denonciation le gouverneur de Charleston.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0263", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 2 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nDear Sir\nGermantown Nov. 2. 1793.\nI overtook the President at Baltimore, and we arrived here yesterday, myself fleeced of seventy odd dollars to get from Fredericksburg here, the stages running no further than Baltimore. I mention this to put yourself and Monroe on your guard. The fever in Phila. has so much abated as to have almost disappeared. The inhabitants are about returning. It has been determined that the President shall not interfere with the meeting of Congress. R. H. and K. were of opinion he had a right to call them to any place but that the occasion did not call for it. I think the President inclined to the opinion. I proposed a proclamation notifying that the Executive business would be done here till further notice, which I believe will be agreed. H. R. Lewis, Rawle &c. all concur in the necessity that Congress should meet in Phila. and vote there their own adjournment, if it shall then be necessary to change the place. The question will be between N. York and Lancaster. The Pensylva. members are very anxious for the latter, and will attend punctually to support it as well as to support Muhlenburg and oppose the appointment of Smith (S.C.) speaker, which is intended by the Northern members. According to present appearances, this place cannot lodge a single person more. As a great favor I have got a bed in the corner of the public room of a tavern: and must so continue till some of the Philadelphians\nmake a vacancy by removing into the city. Then we must give from 4. to 6 or 8. dollars a week for cuddies without a bed, and sometimes without a chair or table. There is not a single lodging-house in the place.\u2014Ross and Willing are alive. Hancock is dead.\u2014Johnson of Maryld. has refused. Ru. L. and Mc.l. in contemplation. The last least.\u2014You will have seen Genet\u2019s letters to Moultrie and to myself. Of the last I know nothing but from the public papers; and he published Moultrie\u2019s letter and his answer the moment he wrote it. You will see that his inveteracy against the President leads him to meditate the embroiling him with Congress. They say he is going to be married to a daughter of Clinton\u2019s. If so, he is afraid to return to France. Hamilton is ill, and suspicions he has taken the fever again by returning to his house. He of course could not attend here to-day, but the Pr. had shewed me his letter on the right of calling Congress to another place. Adieu.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0266", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Walter Boyd, 5 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Boyd, Walter\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 5. 1793.\nThe bearer hereof, Mr. Lear, proposing to establish himself in commerce in the new city of Washington, he now sets out to visit such parts of Europe as he supposes may furnish him either articles or connections in the mercantile line useful for his position. He is well known as late Secretary to President Washington, and I can assure you that he is a person of great understanding, discretion, activity and of the most perfect integrity. Having for him a very high esteem, which an acquaintance of considerable intimacy has proved him to merit, I take the liberty of asking for him your kind attentions and services, and particularly your introduction of him to any persons in such branches of commerce or manufactures as may suit his object.\u2014Should your views of goodness be extended to the family of your late brother near Bladensburgh, Mr. Lear\u2019s position within half a dozen miles of them will render him a very convenient channel of transmission, and I pledge myself to you that there is not a man on earth who will deal out any kindnesses you may meditate for them with more discretion and true paternal good faith than him. I beg leave to assure you of the continual esteem & attachment of Dear Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0267", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Angelica Schuyler Church, 5 November 1793\nFrom: Church, Angelica Schuyler\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy Dear Sir\nI have heard very melancholy accounts from Philadelphia occasioned by a fever and in consequence am extremely anxious for you and my young friend Polly: I hope that you have both escaped the power of its destructive influence.\nAccept of my good wishes, for your health, and be so good as to write me a line to say that your family have enjoyed security from this disease. Adieu\nA Church", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0268", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 5 November 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTreasury Department Revenue office Novr. 5th. 1793\nI have the honor to inform you that a distribution of the first parcel of the Sea-letters, which was sent to my office after that of the Secretary of the Treasury ceased to be attended, was immediately made, in the best manner of which my defective information of the preceding distributions, admitted. The greater part of the Second parcel was treated in a similar Manner, and the remainder I have directed to be delivered into the office of the Secretary of the Treasury to whom the requisite communication has been made. It appears from the letters of Acknowledgement that the Supplies arrived very opportunely at several of the Custom houses. With great respect, I have the honor to be Sir; Your most obedt. Servant\nTench Coxe Commissioner of the Revue.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0269", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Delamotte and Others, 5 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Delamotte,et al.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 5. 1793.\nThe bearer hereof, Mr. Lear, proposing to establish himself in commerce in the new city of Washington, he now sets out to visit such parts of Europe as he supposes may furnish him either articles or connections in the mercantile line useful for his position. He is well known as the late Secretary of President Washington, and I can further assure you that he is a person of great understanding, discretion, activity, and of the most perfect integrity. Having for him a very high esteem, which an acquaintance of considerable intimacy has proved him to merit, I take the liberty of recommending him, not only to the ordinary protection and aids\nof your office, but to any other attentions or services you can render him, assuring you they will be considered as particular favors conferred on Dear Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0270", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 5 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nGermantown Nov. 5. 1793\nI shall be late in acknowledging the receipt of your several letters written since my departure from Philadelphia, not having received any of them till the 24th: ult: and most of them only the last night. I have already laid some of them before the President and shall lay the others successively before him at as early moments as the pressure of business will permit.\nThat of September 30. with the decree of the national convention of March 26. 1793. on the subject of a treaty of commerce was laid before him yesterday, and will be considered with all the respect and interest which its object necessarily requires. In the mean time, that I may be enabled to present him a faithful translation of the decree, I take the liberty of returning the copy to you with a prayer that you will have it examined by your original, and see whether there is not some error in the latter part of the 2d. article, page 2. where the description of the cargo to be reexported from the Islands is so unusual as to induce me to suspect an error in the copyist. Having to return the decree for reexamination, I take the liberty of doing the same by the letter covering it, as in the first lines of the 7th. page the sense appears to me incomplete, and I wish to be able to give it with correctness.\nI am able at present to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of October 29. desiring Exequaturs for Messrs. Pennevert and Chervi, but not inclosing their original commissions. It is of indispensable necessity that these originals be produced to the President and copies of them filed of record in my office; because occasions may sometimes occur where authentic copies of them may be required, which cannot be furnished but after an exhibition of the original itself. An exhibition of a copy and a copy from that, would not be received as evidence by our Courts in any case where it should be called for.\nI must therefore trouble you to send me the originals. I have the honor to be with sentiments of respect Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0271", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 5 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nGermantown November 5th. 1793\nI have the honor to inclose you the copy of a letter from Mr. Moissonier Consul of France at Baltimore to the Governor of Maryland, announcing that Great Britain is about to commence hostilities against us, and that he purposes to collect the Naval force of your Republic in the Chesapeak and to post them as a Van-guard to derange the supposed designs of the enemy.\nThe bare suggestion of such a fact, however improbable, renders it a duty to enquire into it; and I shall consider it as a proof of your friendship to our nation, if you have it in your power and will be pleased to communicate to me the grounds of Mr. Moissonier\u2019s assertion, or any other respectable evidence of such an intention on the part of Great Britain.\nIn the mean while as we have reason to believe it unfounded as they have in no instance as yet violated the sovereignty of our country by any commitment of hostilities even on their enemies within our jurisdiction, we presume with confidence that Mr. Moissonier\u2019s fears are groundless. I have it therefore in charge to desire you to admonish Mr. Moissonier against the parade he proposes of stationing an advanced guard in the bay of Chesapeak, and against any hostile array, which under the profession of defensive operations may in fact generate those offensive. I flatter myself, Sir, that you will be so good as to join the effect of your authority to that of our government to prevent measures on the part of this Agent of your republic which may bring on\ndisagreeable consequences. I have the honor to be with great respect, Sir Your most obedient & most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0272", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Tobias Lear, 5 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Lear, Tobias\nDear Sir\nGermantown Nov. 5. 1793.\nYour favor of Oct. 10. reached me at Monticello only the night before my departure; that of Nov. 1. last night. I have thrown upon paper very roughly such notes as my memory enables me to make, for my papers are not at present at this place. I also inclose letters to such acquaintances\nof mine as I think may be most useful to you. There are none to London, because I have none there, and you will easily get them from everybody; and only one to Dumas, at Amsterdam, because Mr. Greenleaf will so perfectly introduce you there. I could only have given you letters to the V. Staphorsts & Hubbard, with whom Mr. Greenleaf is particularly connected. I have given you none to political men in Paris, because all my friends there have been turned adrift in the different stages of the progression of their revolution. I add my sincere wishes for your success and safety, and assurances of perfect esteem & attachment from Dear Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I retire decidedly the 1st. day of January next.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0276", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Bowman, 6 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Bowman, John\n[Sir]\nGermantown Nov. 6. 1793\nYour favor of the [14th.] covering a drawing [\u2026] engine came to [hand?] two days [ago]. That which you mention [having?] forwarded several months ago, never has been received. [\u2026] the papers in my office but to entitle Mr. Lucas to a patent several more circumstances are necessary, such as the payment of [30. dollars?] into the treasury, a particular affidavit &ca. for all which [I refer him to?] the last act of Congress on the subject, which specifies the mode of proceeding. A model of the machine is also [required?]. I [shall?] be happy to give him every facility which the [law?] perm[its] to [\u2026] as well to encourage an ingenious man, as to bring [\u2026] pronounced useful by so good [\u2026]. There have been several applications already for pat[ents] for steam engines but none of them I think would stand in the way of this [one].\nI am happy in having this occasion of renewing acquaint[ance with] you and of repeating my respects to Mrs. Bowman and Miss Lynch with assurances to yourself of the esteem & respect [\u2026] Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0277", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Brown Folger, 6 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Folger, Brown\nSir\nGermantown, November 6th. 1793.\nIt was not till the 14th. of Octo: that I received your favor of the 1st. of that month, which I have communicated to the President on my arrival here, and I am sorry it is not in my power to say that your property taken on board an English ship by a French Privateer can be reclaimed by us. By the 14th. article of our Treaty with France we have established the principle that enemy vessels make enemy goods, and only two months after the declaration of war is allowed for property embarked before the declaration. After that period the article declares that notice of the declaration shall be presumed, and the goods be lawful Prize. Yours having been taken long after that time, we are precluded by the treaty from reclaiming them. We have therefore only to regret that you should suffer by a principle established by treaty between the two nations, and according to which we have uniformly acted on both sides. I am, Sir, &c:\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0278", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Knox, [6] November [1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Knox, Henry\nDear Sir\nGermantown Nov. [6. 1793.]\nI have received from the representatives of Spain here information that the French privateer the Vainqueur de la Bastille one of those unlawfully constituted in these states, and therefore ordered to depart, has taken and brought into a port of North Carolina a Spanish brigantine bound from Carthagena to Cadiz, richly laden with money and merchandize, that Hervieux the commander proceeding to Wilmington in his boat with a trunk of 40,000 dollars, the same had been seised by the\nCustomhouse officer for having broken bulk without an entry, that the crew of the Spanish vessel were in irons on board the Privateer. Having laid this information before the President, he charges me to communicate it to you that proper instructions may be given to the Governor for executing the decisions of the government in cases of this description. Circumstances seem to indicate that there is not a moment to be lost on the occasion. I have the honor to be with great esteem & respect Dr. Sir your most obedt & most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0279", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Knox, 6 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Knox, Henry\nDear Sir\nGermantown Nov. 6. 1793.\nAs it is possible that the measures complained of by the representatives of Spain as meditated to be pursued by La Chaise and others for attempting hostilities from Kentuckey against the Spanish settlements, may require the employment of military force by the Governor of Kentucky, I have the honor to inclose you my letter to the Governor, stating the facts handed me by the Spanish gentlemen, and submit to yourself whether instructions from yourself to him may not be necessary with respect to the use of military force if necessary. My letter gives none on that subject. I have the honor to be with great esteem & respect Dear Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Be so good as to forward my letter with your own.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0281", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Isaac Shelby, 6 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Shelby, Isaac\nSir\nGermantown Nov. 6. 1793.\nI have received from the representatives of Spain here information of which the following is the substance. That on the 2d. of October four Frenchmen of the names of Lachaise, Charles Delpeau, Mathurin and Gignoux, set out in the stage from Philadelphia for Kentuckey, that they were authorized by the Minister of France here to excite and engage as many as they could, whether of our citizens or others, on the road or within your government, or any where else, to undertake an expedition against the Spanish settlements within our neighborhood, and in event to descend the Ohio and Missisipi and attack New Orleans where they expected some naval cooperation: that they were furnished with money for these purposes and with blank commissions to be filled up at their discretion. I enclose you the description of these four persons in the very words in which it has been communicated to me.\nHaving laid this information before the President of the US. I have it in charge from him to desire your particular attention to these persons, that they may not be permitted to excite within our territories or carry from thence any hostilities into the territory of Spain. For this purpose it is more desirable that those peaceable means of coercion should be used which have been provided by the laws, such as the binding to the good behaviour these or any other persons exciting or engaging in these unlawful enterprizes, indicting them, or resorting to such other legal process as those learned in the laws of your state may advise. Where these fail or are inadequate, a suppression by the militia of the state has been ordered and practised in the other states.I hope that the citizens of Kentuckey will not be decoyed into any participation in these illegal enterprizes against the peace of their country, by any effect they may expect from them on the navigation of the Missisipi. Their good sense will tell them that that is not to be effected by half-measures of this\nkind, and that their surest dependance is on those regular measures which are pursuing and will be pursued by the general government, and which flow from the United authority of all the states. I have the honor to be with great respect and esteem Your Excellency\u2019s Most obedt. & Most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0282", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 6 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nGentlemen\nGermantown, Novemr. 6th. 1793.\nI received on the 4th. instant, your favor of Octo. 23d. informing me that the French privateer the Vainqueur de la Bastille, one of those clandestinely armed in the United States, had taken and carried into North Carolina a vessel of your nation. It is hoped that the instructions heretofore given to the Governors of the several States will have effected the immediate restitution of the vessel and cargo. For greater caution however the Secretary at war is charged to write to the Governor of North Carolina on this special subject, and there is every reason to rely that (the facts being as has been represented to you) the vessel and her cargo will be restored. This is all the Executive can do: for by our laws, damages can only be awarded against an individual by a Court of Justice, to which the injured party must apply for that purpose. I have the honor to be with sentiments of respect & esteem, Gentln: &c:\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0283", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 6 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nGentlemen\nGermantown Nov. 6. 1793.\nIt was not till the 24th. of October that I received your favor of the 2d. of that month, informing me that the four Frenchmen therein named and described had set out from Philadelphia for Kentuckey furnished with money, commissions, and instructions to procure some hostile enterprize from our territories against those of Spain. I took the first opportunity of laying the same before the President and was in consequence charged by him to communicate it to the Governor of Kentuckey, with instructions to prevent any such enterprize by such peaceable means as the laws have provided if sufficient, but if insufficient to suppress it by the military force of his state: and I flatter myself that these measures will have the desired effect. The laws of our country do not permit us to seize the papers of individuals until they shall have done some act which subjects their persons to be arrested. For this reason no order can be given to violate the secrecy of their papers. I have the honor to be with great esteem & respect, Gentlemen your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0284", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 6 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose several letters for the perusal of the President.\u2014When he wrote to the Governor of Kentuckey, on a former intimation from the Spanish representatives, there was no probability that the intervention of military force would be requisite, and as far as illegal enterprizes could be prevented by the peaceable process of law, his writing was proper. It is proper now, so far as the same means may suffice. But should military coercion become necessary, he submits to the President whether a letter from the Secretary at war should not go, Th: J. having avoided any order of that kind in his letter.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0285", "content": "Title: George Washington to the Trustees of the Germantown Academy, [ca. 6 November 1793]\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Trustees of the Germantown Academy\nGent.\nThe readiness with which the Trustees of the school of Germ. to. tender the buildings under their charge for the use of Congress is a proof of their zeal for furthering the public good. And doubtless the other inhabitants actuated by the same motives will feel the same dispositions to accomodate if necessary those who assemble but for their service and that of their fellow citizens.\nWhere it may be best for Congress to remain will depend on circumstances which are daily unfolding themselves, and for the issue of which we can but offer up our prayers to the sovereign dispenser of life and health.\nHis favor too on our endeavors, the good sense and firmness of our fellow citizens and fidelity in those they employ will secure to us a permanence of good government.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0286", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 7 November 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLansdown near Philadelphia 7th: Novr. 1793\nIn a letter, which I had the honor of addressing to you on the 6th. of September, I acquainted you with my having received information, that in the course of the last five or six weeks, antecedent to that date, a privateer, named the Industry, had been illegally fitted out in the port of Baltimore. As you never controverted my assertion, nor required from me any evidence to substantiate it, I concluded either that you regarded my assurance as a sufficient proof of the existence of the fact, or that you were yourself possessed of other testimony, by which it was confirmed. You will therefore, Sir, judge of the surprize and concern, with which I learnt that this privateer, having captured a British ship, attempts have been made, to invalidate the evidence of its illegal equipment, and thereby to retard or prevent the restoration of the prize it had made. The principal circumstances of this transaction, I shall endeavor to relate with as much brevity as possible; and shall rely on the justice of the executive government of the United States for speedy and substantial redress.\nThis privateer was one of two vessels which, in consequence of a positive requisition from the Secretary of war, a member of the executive Council of Maryland (named Kelty) was appointed to examine, and to endeavor to discover whether the information, that had been given to the Secretary of war, of this vessel\u2019s arming for hostile purposes, in the port of Baltimore, had been well-founded. The intelligence obtained by that person, (Kelty) on his arrival at Baltimore, was certainly deemed sufficient to warrant the immediate forcible seizure and dismantling of this vessel: Although, on the following day, he was induced to restore her, to allow her to be refitted, and to proceed to sea, with a more complete equippment, than any former privateer of a similar description had ever received.\nWithin a few days after the departure of the Industry from Baltimore she captured the British ship Roehampton, and sent her into that port as a prize. On the arrival of the Roehampton, Mr. Thornton, his Majesty\u2019s Vice-Consul for the state of Maryland, esteemed it his duty to ascertain the fact of the illegal equippment of the privateer the Industry: And unquestionable evidence was obtained\u2014that material alterations had been made in her form, solely for hostile purposes; and that she had received additions to her force much beyond the measure of her former strength. A requisition was therefore made to the Governor of Maryland, accompanied by depositions of these facts, and on the authority of this testimony which placed the privateer in a predicament similar to that of the vessels proscribed by the Presidents instructions, the release\nof the Roehampton was demanded. The Governor, in his answer of the 18th. of September, refused all interference on the ground\u2014that this evidence ought to have been produced, when the owner of the vessel was present to controvert it\u2014that it was now taken in a manner generally supposed illegal\u2014and that even if admitted in its fullest extent, it did not appear sufficient to authorize his interposition. In the mean time, in order to prevent the precipitate sale of the vessel, and that no measures might be left untried for its recovery, a suit was instituted on behalf of the British owners in the Admiralty Court. It was presumed from the new point of view in which the circular instructions had placed all questions of this nature, that the Judge of that court might be induced to vary his former decision\u2014or that at least in a cause which involved a breach of the law prior to any capture, and within the territory and judicial cognizance of the United States, an enquiry demanded by the owners might be instituted to invalidate or to establish their assertions. The Judge however continued in the opinion that the Admiralty Court had no jurisdiction, and, as a consequence of that sentiment, refused to hear the evidence which was offered. The suit was dismissed: and, as the last resource, application was once more made to the Governor for the provisional detention of the Roehampton, until the determination of the executive government could be obtained. The testimonies already adduced were thought to be sufficient grounds for this requisition at least, even if they had been considered as inadequate to procure her entire restitution. But this request was also refused, because \u201cno testimony was offered in addition to that, which in the Governor\u2019s letter of the 18th. of September did not seem to him sufficient to authorize an interference\u201d: when in reality no other could be produced than such as the same letter had pronounced to be \u2018generally supposed illegal.\u2019 After these repeated ineffectual attempts to preserve the Roehampton to her original proprietors, that vesel was of necessity abandoned, was immediately exposed to sale by the French agent, and purchased by a citizen of the United States.\nOn the propriety of the conduct observed by the Governor of Maryland it is not my intention to offer any animadversions, but I shall content myself with submitting to you, Sir, that evidence which he has thought proper to reject, but which, as contained in the depositions inclosed, will I doubt not appear to the wisdom of the federal executive government to contain as complete a body of proof, as can be expected, of the privateer the Industry having received in the port of Baltimore such repairs, and such augmentation of force (nearly double to her original equippment) as could be intended solely for the purpose of offensive hostility\u2014and consequently she falls under the description of privateers proscribed by the President\u2019s instructions.\nAfter this statement of facts it only remains for me to express my hope, that the executive government of the United States will adopt such measures, as may be the most efficacious, for procuring the recovery of the ship Roehampton from the American citizen to whom, after having been illegally captured, it has been sold, under the authority of a tribunal possessing no legal authority\u2014and for restoring it to its real owners, subjects of Great Britain.\nBefore I conclude this letter, it is necessary for me to observe that the delay which has arisen in submitting to you the subject of it, has been occasioned by my separation from the members of the executive government, (resulting from the melancholy situation of Philadelphia) by my ignorance of your actual residence, and by my desire of accompanying it, by any oral communication, through which it may be elucidated, or the decision upon it expedited. I have the honor to be with sentiments of great respect Sir Your most obedient humble Servant\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0289", "content": "Title: Notes on the Roehampton and the Pilgrim, [7\u201314 November 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n                Hammond. the Industry within 5. or 6. weeks past armed in\n                Baker\u2019s deposition that Industry was brought to Baltimore\n                Thornton. that the Industry about 10. days ago captured\n                  and sent the Roehampton\n                Nicole\u2019s deposition that the Industry came\n                  to Baltimore with Fr. fleet from Cape Francois. she had 4. guns mounted.\n                T. S. Lee to Thornton. that a member of council examined\n                  her, found she was a privateer and therefore restored her. Bournonville. that the\n                  Industry was armed at St. Domingo.\n                Thornton. that the Roehampton is\nHammd. that on requisition from Secy. at War, Kelty examined her. sold under authority of Fr. Consular tribunal.\n                Aug. 6. to 12th. Industry came to Balt. with Fr. fleet from St. Domingo. had 4. guns. and commission.\n                Secy. at war ordered examination\n                Kelty examined\u2014found her a privateer, no material\n                  equipments discharged her [this report wanting]\n                Mr. Hammond\u2019s first information to me that she had been\n                about this day she took and sent to\n                  Baltimore the Rochampton\n                Thornton applies to Govr.\u2014takes new evidence the Rochampton arrested and discharged by\n                Bournonville reclaims, saying the Industry armed in St.\n                the Rochampton is sold under authority of Fr. Consulr.\n[on verso:]\nRoehampton\nthat she stands on the ground of augmentation\nrestn. never promised on this ground\u2003\u2002 impracticable to draw line.\nKelty\u2019s report\naided by Brit. Consul.\nsufficient excuse for not reducing her then\non sending in prize new testimony hunted up.\nthis cannot by retrospection censure the former proceedings.\nwe attend to it however so much as\nto have directed legal examination\nif it shall be found true will instruct all governors if she shall enter any port, to reduce her.\nPilgrim.\nrefer to Atty. of district to enquire if within limits?\nhas she been condemned?\nhas she been sold?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0290", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 7 November 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello Nov: 7: 1793.\nI have inclosed and addressed to you today the papers you left with Patsy except the pamphlet (No. 21. The political state of Europe: July.) which I take the liberty to keep till the next post that I may have the\nsatisfaction of reading it: I did not see these papers till today. I have inclosed allso three letters, one found among the papers mentioned, one on the table in the dining room, and one which I have just received, addressed to yourself.\nWe have had much wet weather since you left us which has greatly brightened our prospects of Wheat another year. There has not been rain enough however to render the river navigable. Biddle is very active and well contented in his situation: in 4 or 5 days he takes the reins in his own hands. Watson has arrived and is at work as you ordered. The man whom you left ill has had a hard time of it, his disorder having terminated in a general swelling which I have no doubt is dropsical: Gilmer being confined with his legs, and his assistant absent constantly he has had no medical aid: by much attention we have placed him, I am in hopes, out of danger, the swelling having abated considerably and an alarming palpitation of the heart, produced I think by obstruction from water, subsided. There has been no other sickness.\nWe are all in perfect health and happy when we can forget the risk you are runing.\nMartha and Maria remind you of their love. I am Dr. Sir your most sincerely affectionate friend & hble Servt.\nTh: M. Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0291", "content": "Title: Report on the Proceedings of the Southwest Territory, 7 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nThe Secretary of State having received from the Secretary of the territory South of the Ohio a report of the Proceedings of the Governor of that territory from Mar. 1. to Sep. 1. 1793. has examined the same and\nReports to the President\nThat he finds nothing therein which will require his immediate agency.\nTh: Jefferson Nov. 7. 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0292", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 7 November 1793\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nSn Lorenzo Nov. 7th. 1793\nI had the pleasure of recieving by Mr. Blake your friendly letter of July 11th.\u2014and answered it by one of a size so enormous that I should not have had courage to have sent it but for the recollection of your being now retired to private life. Although I have not since been so happy as to hear from you, and of course know nothing more of my affairs in Mr. Browne\u2019s hands than there mentioned, still I indulge myself in the hope of their being safe, and it is a most pleasing hope after what had passed.\nI wrote you the useless efforts I had made to obtain Cortez\u2019s letters. I begin now to entertain hopes that you will recieve them by Mr. Blake (who has been delayed here beyond all expectations by the reasons mentioned to the Sec. of State) and who will probably set off in eight days. The book is not be found anywhere for sale, and the Archbishop of Toledo had distributed all he had. Mr. Carmichael met with him accidentally some days ago\u2014he promised him that he would endeavor to procure a copy from a person who he believed had one he could spare\u2014and if so he will send it by Mr. Blake. Mr. Blake will carry you also a copy of my last letter of the 7th. of October.\nI could not avoid mentioning there perhaps in too warm terms the manner in which I have been treated by government, and the impression it had made on me. I have only now left vain and sterile regrets at not having followed your friendly advice of abandoning the career I had been in, and which I foolishly continued in the vain hope of being in the end employed in such a grade abroad as would enable me to return to my country in the manner I chose, and not in a low grade after so long service, which under a government that is supposed to admit of no preference but such as is founded on merit, could not but leave an idea as to me, of want both of capacity and merit\u2014and particularly as the person at the head of the department was considered as the person best acquainted with the measure of my worth in every respect, and as it would not naturally be supposed that he was to take no part whatever in the\nregulations and appointments of his department. When I consider therefore that the President has been, contrary to the uniform tenor of his conduct in other respects, so ready to give credit to what was reported as to my conversations at the Hague, I suppose he must have had from the beginning some disposition not to be quite so impartial as to me as I might have expected\u2014and when this is connected with the silence of the person the most in the way of knowing me, and most naturally in the way of saying whether I was proper for the employment I wished in France (without pretending to condemn this as I am fully persuaded no person whatever is a better judge of what is the proper conduct of the head of a department) I cannot complain of any thing but my own fatality. I have given up all hopes now of being employed in any other than subordinate grades since I am sure I shall never again have so well grounded an expectation as I have had hitherto. I shall probably be unknown to your successor, who will of course and with reason remain indifferent as to my advancement\u2014or opposed to it\u2014and if he should be even indifferent I have no right or pretensions to expect it from the President, after the disposition he has already shewn towards me. And as to remaining in the subordinate, unsettled, and precarious state in which I have been from the month of June 1790. so as really never to know whether or where I was to be employed for any three months to come, I am so sick of it, and have felt it so prejudicial to the state of my mind, and my own feelings as to be unable to continue it longer\u2014besides being absolutely destructive of those literary pursuits which I had begun at Paris, and which might be carried on with great facility, with diplomatick business provided one was so established as to be able to take arrangements and have access to one\u2019s books. From the epoch abovementioned I have never ventured to take arrangements for having the books and publications I wanted sent me regularly from America, because I have at no one time known whether before the first were sent, I might not be removed from where I was and perhaps on my return to America\u2014and yet my fatal stars have dragged me on from day to day until now. And now I am as little certain as ever as to my future destiny except so far as it depends on myself. If my fortune is saved from the hands of Mr. Browne, it will enable me to live with my moderate wants independently wherever I may chuse it, and restore to me that calm and tranquility, and that freedom from vain hopes which I have never enjoyed (though I have no body but myself to blame) since I have been in the diplomatick career. After having thus lost the best part of my life I have now nothing else left\u2014after so many years spent therein and at my age I have been only in subordinate and precarious capacities, such as are given by other countries to inferior people, and when I return to America shall carry with me this badge of demerit and incapacity.\nAfter such a publick testimonial of the inferior opinion entertained of my by those whose approbation I sought after with so much zeal, as that of the chiefs of our government, and who are certainly very competent judges, I have no right to expect that a different one will be entertained by any other part of my country. I give up all idea of publick life in future and shall content myself to live retired and forgotten, which is the only line for which I was made, and which I shall regret to the end of my days having not adopted, instead of accepting the Residence of the Hague. How much humiliation I should have saved myself\u2014and although it was not a little to have been supplanted in the manner and by the person I was there, it would have ended there and I should have been now a settled farmer in my own country not dependent for my ease or quiet on the will of any body. But I beg pardon, for thus yielding to my feelings. My letters whenever I recollect that it is to a friend to whom I can unbosom myself I am writing, are a constant Renovare dolorem. It is a long chapter and would never end if I were not to do violence to myself. At present it can answer no purpose to give you so much ennui, and yet I insensibly yield to it in my letters.\nThere are circumstances which delicacy has ever prevented my mentioning and which had I known before my arrival here would have prevented me absolutely from accepting the joint commission here, as I suppose they would have prevented its being formed, had they been known to you. From the time of my arrival here when they became known to me, it was too late for repentance, and I have from that time found myself in a situation by no means agreeable, and which on particular occasions is insupportable. I hoped the joint commission would not have so long a duration and have therefore borne with it. After finding from the circumstance of the uncertainty in which our business was here, that there was little prospect of its being terminated, I proposed and Mr. Carmichael assented to write advising that the joint commission should be put an end to and the business be confided to the permanent agent here. I am so wearied out with living thus uselessly and expensively to government, in Spanish dirty filthy taverns from day to day, and under the circumstances above alluded to, that I had rather submit to any thing than continue it. I have not thought myself at liberty by any means to leave this place without either terminating the business or recieving permission from government to leave it. Otherwise I should have done it long long ago. It would have been less expensive to have kept a Minister Plenipotentiary here than to have had us both and he would certainly have been much more in the way of rendering service. I hope that our joint commission will be put an end to as we desired. It is both expensive, humiliating and useless\u2014expensive because we are two\u2014humiliating because we are not considered as the representatives\nof a sovereign power, and useless because the character we are in, excludes us from all communication that can be relied on with the minister whose will would be unopposed in this business and who would understand it much sooner and better than any other if properly explained to him.\nI am so sensible of the advantage and propriety of having a Minister Plenipotentiary here that I could not avoid touching on it in a late letter to the Sec. of State. This shews that I do it without interest and merely from the consideration abovementioned for my letter would prevent my being appointed even if the President had not already shewn that he did not think me proper for such grades\u2014and that they were to be reserved for those better known or approved by him. Whoever he chuses to name is a matter of indifference to me\u2014but it is with great deference to his better knowlege, much to be desired for the interests of both countries that one should be named and as soon as possible; and it is much to be lamented, perhaps not to be repaired, that this was not done when our joint commission was formed; it would have been still better if it had been done years ago, and this I would pawn my life to shew you to demonstration in one hours conversation. I have discharged my duty in stating it at different times as far as could be done by letter\u2014and as to the rest I have nothing more to do, and will care as little as I can care where the interests of my country are concerned.\nThe present moment is particularly critical on account of the new system adopted in this war. Several of our vessels are unjustly siezed and brought into the ports of Spain, and our sailors ill treated and uselessly so. This is a delicate business and should be managed with activity and dignity. Much must depend on the manner of its being treated. I hope it will not be forgotten by our government that I have nothing to do with it, and as it would be improper do not meddle in any way. I mention this that if the mode of its being managed should be approved by government I may have no pretensions to any share in that approbation, and if not approved that I may have no part of the blame. My being here might perhaps involve me in this business in the eyes of the public unless thus expressed.\nI have written to you at different times on the subject of the payments to France formerly committed to me. I hope those letters got to your hands before you left Philadelphia, and that you will have been so good as to have given any explanations that you may have thought necessary. They were dated April 5th. and June 23d.\nWe are quite ignorant here of every thing that passes in America except what we learn accidentally. I hope the permanent agent will take measures, which would be very possible to a permanent agent, to recieve more full and more regular information\u2014for it is certainly necessary\nif not essential to his forming a proper judgment in many cases on the line he ought to pursue. This letter will be inclosed to the Sec. of State. I will thank you to let me know in what manner I should address and forward your letters. I hope I shall have the real pleasure of hearing from you when you have leisure\u2014for be assured my dear Sir, that in whatever situation of life I may be\u2014and however dissatisfied with myself or others, I shall ever remain your sincere friend,\nW Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0293", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, [7 November 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nMr. Smith supposes the bill he incloses must be laid before Congress. On a former suggestion of the same kind, Th:J. being able to find nothing which rendered it necessary, consulted the Attorney General, who was of opinion it was not necessary, but promised [to] make more diligent enquiry. The result will now be asked of him by Th:J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0295", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 8 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nGermantown Nov. 8. 1793.\nI have now to acknowledge and answer your letter of September 13. wherein you desire that we may define the extent of the line of territorial protection on the coasts of the United States observing that Governments and jurisconsults have different views on this subject.\nIt is certain that heretofore they have been much divided in opinion as to the distance from their sea-coasts to which they might reasonably claim a right of prohibiting the commitment of hostilities. The greatest distance to which any respectable assent among nations has been at any time given has been the extent of the human sight, estimated at upwards of 20 miles, and the smallest distance I believe claimed by any nation whatever is the utmost range of a cannon ball, usually stated at one sea-league. Some intermediate distances have also been insisted on, and that of three sea-leagues has some authority in its favor. The character of our coast remarkable in considerable parts of it for admitting no vessels of size to pass near the shores would entitle us in reason\nto as broad a margin of protected navigation as any nation whatever. Not proposing however at this time, and without a respectful and friendly communication with the powers interested in this navigation, to fix on the distance to which we may ultimately insist on the right of protection, the President gives instructions to the officers acting under his authority to consider those heretofore given them as restrained for the present to the distance of one sea-league or three geographical miles from the sea shores. This distance can admit of no opposition as it is recognised by treaties between some of the Powers with whom we are connected in commerce and navigation, and is as little, or less than is claimed by any of them on their own coasts.\nFuture occasions will be taken to enter into explanations with them as to the ulterior extent to which we may reasonably carry our jurisdiction. For that of the rivers and Bays of the United States the laws of the several states are understood to have made provision, and they are moreover as being land-locked within the body of the United States.\nExamining by this rule the case of the British brig Fanny taken on the 8th. of May last, it appears from the evidence that the capture was made four or five miles from the land; and consequently without the line provisionally adopted by the President as before mentioned. I have the honor to be with sentiments of respect and esteem Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0296", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tobias Lear, 8 November 1793\nFrom: Lear, Tobias\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew York November 8th: 1793\nAccept my grateful acknowledgements and best thanks for your kind letter of the 5th. instant; which, together with the minutes of a Route and the letters enclosed, came to my hands Yesterday.\nAs a sincere friend, and truly wishing your personal happiness, I cannot but be pleased with your determination to retire from your public station; because I know that a mind like your\u2019s can find more solid enjoyment in the private walks of life than any public station, however elevated or flattering, can give it. But as a Citizen of this Country, and as one who has its best interests very much at heart, I shall exceedingly regret that event. And I know when I express this sentiment for myself, that I speak the language of a large proportion of the honest and good Citizens of this Country.\nI hope, my dear Sir, that I shall never wantonly forfeit the good opinion which you have been pleased to entertain of me\u2014and to express to your friends.\nI have taken my passage on board the American Ship Fanny, which is bound to Glascow, and is expected to sail on the 10th.; but I think it likely she may be detained a day or two longer. Should anything occur to you in which I can render you service while I am in Europe, you will please me in letting me know it. Letters directed to me to the Care of our Consul at London will find me. Wishing you every happiness that the reflections of an honest and independent mind can give\u2014I am, Dear Sir, with sincere attachment & respect, Your friend & Servt\nTobias Lear", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0297", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Taylor, Jr., 8 November 1793\nFrom: Taylor, George, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew York Nov. 8. 1793. \u00bd past 11 AM.\nYour favor of the 3rd. instant I have had the honor to receive a few moments ago. Ever willing to fulfil my duty to the utmost of my power, I shall take immediate steps for complying with your desire to take arrangements\nfor resuming the Business of the office. To this end I shall set off with my little family in the first days of the next week.\nFrom the present state of the weather and of the disorder in Philadelphia, communicated thro\u2019 the medium of the public prints, it would seem rather imprudent to risk a residence in that City. I should therefore give a preference to Germantown for the present, tho\u2019 the expense should be greater than my circumstances will afford; being convinced that on this occasion Congress will readily allow any extraordinary expenses necessarily incurred in prosecuting the public Business.\nI shall immediately forward a copy of your letter to Mr. Blackwell, who I am informed is on Long Island. As to the other Gentlemen, I am totally ignorant of their places of Residence. I have not received a line from Mr. Bankson since the 7. of Octr. last tho\u2019 I have written three letters to him since that date.\nApprehensive that I may miss this days post I must close. With every sentiment of Respect and sincere Regard, I have the honor to be Dr. Sir, Your mo. ob. & Mo. humble servt.\nGeo: Taylor Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0300", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Philip Puglia, 9 November 1793\nFrom: Puglia, James Philip\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia Coomb\u2019s Alley no. 8 Novr. 9th. 1793\nWiewing with sorrow the large number of victims in all ranks and professions fallen by the late distressing desease, I suppose that some vacancies have taken place amongst the persons employed in public Offices. In this conception I take the liberty of adressing your Honour with the offer of my best services in that line, wishing (if agreeable and possible) to be admitted as a Clark in your Office.\nI had several times the honour of presenting my self to you Sir, and did some translation by your command: I do not presume it to be any merit in my favour for deserving your generous protection, however should I luckily obtain it, I shall incessantly endeavour to preserve it by discharging my duty with honour and activity.\nI inclose my proposal which you may intirely rely upon\u2014for the Three languages I mean the Spanish, French, and Italian. I was the Book-keeper of the late Partnership of Willing, Morris and Swanwick\nfrom whom information may be had respecting my Caracter &c. Mr. George Meade can give it likewise, and (if required) I am confident that several other respectable Merchants will favour me with their recomendations. May this letter attain your kind remembrance, wishing to know when and where I am to appear on your return to this City; meanwhile I constantly pray the Almighty for your health, exaltation and happiness. With the greatest respect I am Sir Your most obedient humble Servant\nJames Ph. Puglia late Sworn Interpreter of the Spanish Language for the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0302", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edward Rutledge, 9 November 1793\nFrom: Rutledge, Edward\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nCharleston, Novr. 9th. 1793.\nI have been requested by the Gentlemen who have signed the within memorial, to place it under your Protection, and I do so, with the greatest chearfulness, because I know full well, that the sole motive by which they were actuated, was, Humanity. The People of St. Domingo, came to our Shores, in such Numbers, and in so destitute a Condition, and the Funds of our Citizens were so unequal to their comfortable Support, that the Memorialists, who are Respectable Merchants, and among the foremost in relieving the distressed, prevailed on poor Thompson (who\nfelt as they did, for the Wretched) to take the Command of a small Vessel, and sail for the Island of St. Domingo, expressly for the Purpose, which is mentioned in the Dispatch.\nI know you too well to doubt of your Assistance, if it can be effectually applied. The Method I must leave to yourself. With Sentiments of real Affection I am my dear Sir, your Sincere & obliged Friend\nEd: Rutledge", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0303", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Peter Carr, 10 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Carr, Peter\nDear Sir\nGermantown Nov. 10. 1793.\nI received your\u2019s of Oct. 24. a little before bed-time of the same evening, and being to set out early the next morning it was impossible for me to answer it. It was the less material, as I had written some days before, and left in the hands of Mr. Jefferson a letter to my sister on the same subject. I had before imagined that the present state of her family would render it convenient to receive now the money which had remained so long in my hands, and which I imagined was till then a convenient occasional resource for bad crops, unexpected calls &c. I therefore destined to discharge it out of the proceeds of an execution of Mr. Wayles\u2019s representatives against the estate of Colo. Cary, which should have been received in February last. Mr. Eppes has thro\u2019 the summer been giving me constant expectations from Carter Page of receiving a good part of the money. I flatter myself it cannot fail to be recieved in\ntime for the demands you speak of. I have no speedier resource for it, as all others at my command will be requisite to clear me out here.\nWe may soon ask you how you like your new course of life. The account I received of your debut in Albemarle was flattering for you, and very grateful to me. I think you have your fortune in your own power, and that nothing is necessary but the will to make it what you please. Your father\u2019s plan of a laborious and short course, rather than a languid and long one, was certainly the wisest. I wish you may adopt the same, no one on earth being more anxious for your success than Dear Sir Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0304", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to the District Attorneys, 10 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: District Attorneys\nSir\nGermantown Nov: 10. 1793.\nThe war at present prevailing among the European Powers producing sometimes captures of vessels in the neighbourhood of our sea coast, and the law of nations admitting as a common convenience, that every nation inhabiting the sea coast may extend its jurisdiction and protection some distance into the sea, the President has been frequently appealed to by the subjects of the belligerent Powers for the benefit of that protection. To what distance from the coast this may be extended, is not precisely ascertained, either by the practice or consent of nations, or the opinions of the jurists who have written on the subject. The greatest distance to which any respectable assent seems to have been given, is the extent of the human sight, estimated at something more than 20. miles. The least claimed by any nation is the utmost range of cannon shot, usually stated at one sea league, or 3 sea-miles, which is a very small fraction less than 3\u00bd statute or american miles. Several intermediate distances have been insisted on under different circumstances, and that particularly of 3 sea leagues, has the support of some authorities which are recent. However as the nations which practice navigation on our coasts are interested in this question, it is thought prudent not to assume the whole distance which we may reasonably claim until some opportunity shall occur of entering into friendly explanations and arrangements with them on the subject. But as in the mean time it is necessary to exercise the right to some distance, the President has thought it best, so far as shall concern the exercise of the executive Powers, to take the distance of a sea league, which being settled by treaty between some of the belligerent Powers, and as little as any of them claim on their own coasts, can admit of no reasonable opposition on their part.\nThe executive officers are therefore instructed to consider a margin of one sea league on our coast as that within which all hostilities are interdicted for the present, until it shall be otherwise signified to them. The rivers and bays as being landlocked are of course by the law of nations and I presume by the laws of most of the states, within the body of the United States, and under the same protection from hostilities.\nAs the question whether a capture has been made within these limits is a question of fact, to be decided by witnesses, it becomes necessary to take measures for the examination of these witnesses in the different states where captures may happen: and the laws of the Union having as yet made no provision for this purpose, the President considers the Attornies of the several Districts as the persons the most capable of discharging the office with knowledge, with impartiality and with that extreme discretion which is essential in all matters wherein foreign nations are concerned. I have the honor therefore, Sir, to inclose you a paper expressing the desire of the President on this subject. You will see by that, that whenever a capture is suggested to have been made within the limits above mentioned, so far as they are within your state, the Governor, to whom the first application will be made, is desired to give you notice thereof, whereupon it is hoped you will proceed as the paper points out. The representatives here of the different Powers are informed of this arrangement and desired to instruct their Consuls to facilitate the proceedings as far as shall depend on them; and it is unnecessary for me to suggest what your own judgment and disposition would dictate, that the same object will be promoted by a certain degree of respect to which the Consuls are entitled, and a just and friendly attention to their convenience. I have the honor to be with sentiments of respect Sir, Your most obedt. servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0306", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Foreign Ministers in the United States, 10 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Foreign Ministers in the United States\nSir\nGerman-town, Novr. 10th. 1793\nAs in cases where vessels are reclaimed by the Subjects or Citizens of the belligerent powers as having been taken within the jurisdiction of the United States, it becomes necessary to ascertain that fact by testimony taken according to the laws of the United States, The Governors of the several States to whom the applications will be made in the first\ninstance, are desired immediately to notify thereof the Attornies of their respective districts. The Attorney is thereupon instructed to give notice to the principal Agent of both parties who may have come in with the prize, and also to the Consuls of the Nations interested, and to recommend to them to appoint, by mutual consent, arbiters to decide whether the capture were made within the jurisdiction of the United States, as stated to you in my letter of the 8th. inst. according to whose award the Governor may proceed to deliver the Vessel to the one or the other party. But in case the parties or Consul shall not agree to name arbiters, then the Attorney, or some person substituted by him, is to notify them of the time and place when and where he will be, in order to take the depositions of such Witnesses as they may cause to come before him, which depositions he is to transmit for the information and decision of the President.\nIt has been thought best to put this business into such a train as that the examination of the fact may take place immediately and before the witnesses may have again departed from the United States, which would too frequently happen, and especially in the distant States, if it should be deferred till information is sent to the Executive, and a special order awaited to take the depositions.\nI take the liberty of requesting that you will be pleased to give such instructions to the Consuls of your Nation as may facilitate the object of this regulation. I urge it with the more earnestness, because as the Attornies of the districts are for the most part engaged in much business of their own, they will rarely be able to attend more than one appointment, and consequently the party who should fail from negligence or other motives to produce his Witnesses at the time and place appointed, might lose the benefit of their testimony altogether. This prompt procedure is the more to be insisted on as it will enable the President by an immediate delivery of the Vessel and Cargo to the party having title, to prevent the injuries consequent on long delay. I have the honor to be with great respect, Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0307", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet and George Hammond, 10 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nGermantown Nov. 10. 1793.\nI have the Honor to inform you that the District Attorney of Maryland is this day instructed to take measures for finally settling the case of the British brig Coningham captured by the French privateer the Sans Culottes of Marseilles, and reclaimed as taken within the jurisdiction of the United States, in which he will proceed as I had the honor of stating to you in my letter of Nov. 10. I have that of being with respect and esteem, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0309", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 10 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nGermantown Nov. 10. 1793.\nI wrote, my dear Martha, by last week\u2019s post to Mr. Randolph. Yesterday I received his of Oct. 31. The fever in Philadelphia has almost entirely disappeared. The Physicians say they have no new infections since the great rains which have fallen. Some previous ones are still to die or recover, and so close this tragedy. I think however the Executive will remain here till the meeting of Congress, merely to furnish a rallying point to them. The refugee inhabitants are very generally returning into the city. Mr. T. Shippen and his lady are here. He is very slowly getting better. Still confined to the house. She well and very burly. I told her of her sister\u2019s pretensions to the fever and ague at Blenheim. She complained of receiving no letter. Tell this to Mrs. Carter, making it the subject of a visit express, which will be an act of good neighborhood.\u2014The affairs of France are at present gloomy. Toulon has surrendered to England and Spain. So has Grand Anse and the country round about in St. Domingo. The English however have received a check before Dunkirk, probably a smart one, tho the particulars are not yet certainly known. I send Freneau\u2019s papers. He has discontinued them, but promises to resume again. I fear this cannot be till he has collected his arrearages. My best regards to Mr. Randolph. Accept my warmest love for yourself and Maria, compliments to Miss Jane, kisses to the children, friendly affections to all. Adieu Your\u2019s\nTh: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-10-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0310", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 10 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nGentlemen\nGerman-town Nov. 10. 1793.\nSince the date of my letter of the 6th. inst. I have received from the Governor of Kentuckey an answer to my letter of Aug. 29. written in consequence of your\u2019s to me of Aug. 27. of which I informed you by one\nof the same date with that to the Governor. A copy of this answer I have now the honor to inclose you; trusting it will give you satisfaction as to the enterprizes proposed to be excited in that country.\nLetters were recieved yesterday from the Governor of North Carolina, confirming the information you were pleased to convey to me in your\u2019s of Oct. 23. of a Spanish vessel having been captured and carried into that state, with a considerable sum of money. It would appear from the Governor\u2019s letter that the capture was made, not by the Vainqueur de la Bastille, but by the Aim\u00e9e Margueritte (formerly the British sloop Providence) manned by the former crew and captain of the Vainqueur de la Bastille, and it seems conjecturable that this sloop was armed and commissioned in the US. in which case she is of the character of the proscribed vessels, and her prizes will be restored if in our ports and power. The money (about 34,000 Dollars) is secure and will be kept so till we can learn with certainty the true character of the capturing vessel. The Governor had ordered a party down in a boat to take possession of the prize also, but some of their partisans in Wilmington contrived to get down in the night, warn the vessel, and she slipt her cable and got down out of the river, and at the date of the Governor\u2019s letter, was lying in the open sea. Having no means of getting possession of her in that position, he was adopting those which might secure her if she returned into port. These proceedings have all been in consequence of general orders from the President extending to every port in the US. and to every party to the present war. Still however we shall be always ready to superadd particular instructions in all the particular cases which shall be made known, as is done in the present case. I have the honor to be with great esteem, gentlemen your most obedt. & most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0311", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Tench Coxe, 11 November 1793\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nChesnut Street Novr. 11th 1793\nMr. T. Coxe requests that Mr. Jefferson will do him the honor to inform him, whether it appears by the records of the Department of State that a commission, as Inspector of the Revenue for the port of Balte., has been transmitted to Danl. Delozier, lately appointed Surveyor\nof that port. Mr. Coxe can not find that such a commission has ever been received by the officer, or by the Treasury. In the confusion produced by the late Malady in Philada. it is possible it may not have occurr\u2019d that two Commissions were necessary. The late Mr. Ballard held both, and it has been almost our universal course in the appointments to those two offices in the other ports.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0312", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 11 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nGermantown Nov. 11. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson presents his respectful compliments to Mr. Genet and sends him Mr. Cassan\u2019s Exequatur, with the original commission. Mr. Genet\u2019s letter of Oct. 15., covering it, had been sent on by post to Virginia while Th:J. was on his way to this place, and did not get to his hands till the day before yesterday.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0314", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Herman LeRoy, 11 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: LeRoy, Herman\nDear Sir\nGermantown Nov. 11. 1793.\nI take the liberty of inclosing you the extract of a letter from my son in law Mr. Thos. Randolph, son of Colo. Randolph of Tuckahoe, on a subject in which I cannot but feel great interest. Previous to his marriage with my daughter, a proper settlement was agreed between Colo. Randolph and myself to be made by us both on the young couple, and the particular lands fixed on. Mine were accordingly conveyed, as were his also, being his tract of land in Henrico called Varina. He told me at the time that they were under a mortgage not yet entirely cleared off, I think he said there were about \u00a3500. still to pay, and he obliged himself to pay it off and clear the lands. It was not till very lately that I learned not only that it was not done, but that a suit in equity was commenced for the sale of the lands. It falls now on Mr. Randolph to clear off the remainder of the debt, his father being become incapable of business, and it would seem by his letter to be much larger than his father understood it to be. You will percieve by the inclosed letter the propositions he makes for the paiment. In proposing to pay the whole sum at once, if required, and at the time he mentions, which is to be done by the sale of property, I am afraid he has not calculated a sufficient time for the collection of the money in addition to the credit he must give. If instalments\nare preferred by you, he names the first, but not the others; in fact they must depend on your indulgence both as to sum and time. If the fact were to be that an early receipt of the whole money should not be very material to you, on condition that the interest should be regularly paid up, and such an instalment of principal as should be bringing it in with certainty in a given time, the greatest indulgence I would ask for him, or wish him to receive, would be to be permitted to pay a thousand dollars a year towards interest and principal till the whole should be paid off. However this must depend on your convenience and goodness, and I shall feel as a favor done to me personally any indulgence you can shew which may save the property of a person whose interests are become mine, and who is brought into this predicament by no fault of his own. I know that it is his wish to set apart the whole profits of this plantation of Varina to clear off the mortgage, and to live on the profits of his other possessions. I know too that this plantation in favorable years would enable him to pay off the instalments of two years in one; but in an unfavorable year, one instalment of 1000. Dollars would be as much as it could pay, from the profits, probably, and he would be obliged, if a greater instalment were agreed on, to make it up by a sale of capital. However, Sir, the terms must rest altogether with yourself; any favor you can shew him will be gratefully felt by us both, and I will thank you to enable me as early as convenient to inform him what he must prepare for; and at the same time to recommend to him a person to whom he might consign his wheat, and in whose hands you would take the money. I would observe, that his instalments being to be raised by the sale of wheat, the last day of March annually would be the earliest day which would give him an opportunity of getting the best prices, which are generally in March. I am with great esteem Dr. Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0315", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 11 November 1793\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nSn Lorenzo Nov. 11th. 1793\nOn reading over again my last letters of Oct. 7th. and Nov. 7th. I apprehend they may have conveyed an idea I did not intend. With the same absence of all kind of reserve, which has ever prevailed when I have been writing to you, I think it necessary to correct any error which may have been conveyed, and to express more clearly not my wishes but my idea. It might be concieved perhaps from these letters that I would not accept the place of minister resident if appointed here as seemed to be the intention of the president. Under my present circumstances I would accept it but my remaining in it would depend on circumstances. I should rather be appointed to it than nothing even if I were to refuse because I might avoid the mortification of appearing to be turned away after having been so long in the career as in other countries insure advancement in this line. If the salary be the only objection to put the word plenipotentiary instead of resident in the letter of credence I should prefer the former even with the salary of the latter. I would do as well as I could with that salary and it would certainly be better with the former than the latter character. If this country be considered of any importance at present as to the United States or to be so at any time to come rest assured a minister plenipotentiary should be sent here whatever be his salary. One week\u2019s residence here would impress this on you more fully than all I can say. Had one been sent here when our commission was first formed the issue might have been very different. Had it been done so long ago as the year 1790. there can scarce be a doubt of it. The indelible character of this court is such that the easiest things cannot be done here without time and in return much may be done with it if properly employed. The present connections of this court with England are certainly unfavorable in the extreme to the United States but these connections from the nature of things cannot last always and the United States should begin now to take their measures here with a view thereto and if I do not mistake it is well worth their attention to take so trifling a step as to change a single word in a letter of credence which would be highly pleasing to this court for a variety of reasons.\nAlthough I hardly suppose you will mention these things to the president at your present distance from him yet I can\u2019t help mentioning them to you. If it were not for my peculiar situation I should say much more with respect to the business of the United States here. I am my dear Sir, as I shall ever remain, your sincere friend & servant\nW Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0317", "content": "Title: Memorial from Lucas Gibbes and Others, 12 November 1793\nFrom: Gibbes, Lucas,et al.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo the Honorable Thos. Jefferson Secretary of State to the United States of America.\nThe Memorial of Alexander S. Glass a citizen of the State of New York Thomas Mason, John Housman John Herdman William Mashiter Lucas Gibbes, Giles Mardenbro, and Henry Gibbes of the Island of St. Bartholomew, and Subjects of the King of Sweden Sheweth to your Honor\nThat your said Memorialists are the Owners of the Sloop Betsey and her Cargo, unjustly taken on the Coast of North America on the twenty sixth day of June last by Pierre Arcade Johann\u00e9, commander of the armed Schooner called the Citizen Genet, a vessel illegally fitted out at Charleston in the United States of America, and one of those proscribed by the President, for which said Sloop Betsey and her Cargo your memorialists have duly libelled in the District Court of the District of Maryland, where a decision has been had, that the said Court had no jurisdiction nor could hold plea of the same, And upon an appeal therefrom to the Circuit Court for the District of Maryland the same decree was affirmed and the appeal dismissed as by the records of the said\nproceedings under the Seal of the said Court herewith Exhibited to your Honor will appear.\nYour memorialists therefore finding that they cannot obtain restitution of their property by the Judgment or a decree of any of the Courts of Judicature of the United States, they not being competent to take cognizance of the same, are constrained to apply to your Honor for your interposition, and to pray your Honor to take their case into consideration and to order the restoration thereof to them in such manner as to your Honor shall seem proper.\nPhiladelphia 12. Novr. 1793.\nLucas Gibbes for Self and the other Libellants", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0318", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 13 November 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nNewYork le 13. 9bre 1793. l\u2019an 2e de la R\u00e9publique\nConformement \u00e0 votre demande J\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous transmettre ci joints les Commissions de Vice Consul qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9livr\u00e9es aux Citoyens Pennevert et Chervi, le premier residant \u00e0 N. London, le Second \u00e0 Alexandrie. Je Serai tr\u00e8s reconnaissant Si vous voulez les mettre \u00e0 m\u00eame d\u2019entrer en fonction en leur faisant obtenir l\u2019Exequatur de Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident des Etats Unis.\nJ\u2019ai aussi l\u2019honneur de vous rappeler que le Citoyen Cassan que j\u2019avais promu \u00e0 l\u2019int\u00e9rim du Consulat de Philadelphie devenu vacant par la mort du Cn. Dupont ne re\u00e7oit point l\u2019Exequatur que je vous ai demand\u00e9 depuis long tems. Je vous prie Monsieur de vouloir bien le lui faire avoir au plutot, les circonstances exigeant que le Consul de Philadelphie entre en fonction. Si Sa Commission que je vous ai transmise, se trouve \u00e9gar\u00e9e, je pourrai vous en faire passer une nouvelle.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0319", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 13 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSir\nGermantown Nov. 13. 1793.\nIn a letter which I had the honor of addressing you on the 19th. of June last, I asked for information when we might expect an answer to that which I had written you on the 29th. of May was twelvemonth, on the articles still unexecuted of the treaty of peace between the two nations.\nIn your answer of the next day, you were pleased to inform me that you had forwarded the letter of the 29th. of May 1792. in the course of a few days after it\u2019s date, and that you daily expected instructions on the subject; that you presumed these had been delayed in consequence of the very interesting events which had occurred in Europe, and which had been of a nature so pressing and important as probably to have attracted the whole attention of your ministers, and thus to have diverted it from objects more remote, and that might perhaps have been regarded as somewhat less urgent.\nI have it again in charge from the President of the United States to ask whether we can now have an answer to the letter of May 29. before-mentioned? I have the honor to be with great respect Sir, your most obedient & most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0320", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Homassel, 13 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Homassel, Charles\nSir\nGermantown Nov. 13. 1793.\nMr. Derieux, my neighbor in Virginia, having received information that some goods were sent for him from France to this port, authorized Mr. Vaughan to receive and sell them. He afterwards learnt they had been sent to you, and now understands they were sold by you. It is very\nimportant to him to receive the money, but more pressingly so to know the clear amount of the sales, that he may by that clear amount regulate his engagements. Not knowing to what place Mr. Vaughan retired on the late disorder in Philadelphia, I ask the favor of you to enable me if you can to inform Mr. Derieux of the nett amount of the whole sum which will be coming to him from the sale of the said goods. I am Sir Your very humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0321", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Hopkins, 13 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hopkins, John\nSir\nGermantown Nov. 13. 1793.\nYour favor of the 15th. of October with the statements of the different species of stock standing on the books of your office to the credit of William Short esquire, came to hand on the 24th. of the same month, being the eve of my departure for this place. Finding that Mr. Short has stock also at New York, I have thought it best to bring the whole to one place, and that, all circumstances considered, Philadelphia will be the best place of deposit. Having therefore lodged in the Treasury office there the original power of attorney under which I act for Mr. Short, and of which, for your justification I send you a copy authenticated by the Secretary of the treasury, I have now to ask the favor of you to do what is necessary and proper to be done on your part for transferring all Mr. Short\u2019s stock on your books to those of the treasury at Philadelphia. Should the certificates be in the hands of Mr. Brown, will you have the goodness to ask for them and to forward them or any other papers to me which may be necessary to complete the operation here with as little delay as possible? Your attention herein will oblige Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0322", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Kennan, 13 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Kennan, Patrick\nSir\nGermantown Nov. 13. 1793.\nI have duly received your favor of Sep. 19. with the copy of your account shewing the amount of stock which you hold for Mr. Short, as also a balance of 50.17 D. cash and a further sum of 109.83 D. the\nquarter\u2019s interest then due. Finding that Mr. Short possesses stock in Richmond also, and concluding it best to bring the whole to Philadelphia, I have lodged in the Treasury office there the original power of attorney under which I act for Mr. Short, and of which, for your justification, I send you a copy authenticated by the Secretary of the treasury, and have now to ask the favor of you to apply to the office of the Commissioner of loans at New York, and to have the necessary acts done there and forwarded here, for transferring the said stock from the books of that office to those of the general office here, with as little delay as possible, and to remit to me the two sums of cash abovementioned in safe paper, on the receipt of which I will send you a sufficient voucher. I am with esteem Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0323", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Robert Morris, 13 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Morris, Robert\nSir\nGermantown Nov. 13. 1793.\nI am instructed by the President of the US. to forward to you the inclosed petition from Ezra Fitz Freeman, on behalf of his son Clarkson Freeman, and to ask the favor of your information of the circumstances of the case of the said Clarkson Freeman therein referred to, and your opinion on the different considerations weighing for and against the pardon therein prayed for. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0324", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Moultrie, 13 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Moultrie, William\nSir\nGermantown Nov. 13. 1793.\nIn a letter of the 2d. instant which I have recieved from Mr. Genet, Minister Plenipy. of the republic of France here, is the following paragraph.\n\u2018I have received a charge against two persons of the name of Bouteille and Carvin, as equipping at this time in Charleston a strong vessel, on which they are to embark a number of people whose object is to go and possess themselves of Turtle island, distant from the Cape seven leagues, and there to put to death all the French who shall remain faithful to their country. I pray you to be so good as to inform the Governor of Charleston of this accusation.\u2019\nThe same line of Conduct being proper for us between parties of the same nation engaged in civil war, as between different nations at war with each other, I have it in charge from the President of the US. to draw your Excellency\u2019s attention to the information above stated, and to express his confidence that you will exert the powers with which you are invested to prevent every preparation of hostilities which shall be attempted to be made and carried on from any part of your state against countries or people with which we are at peace. And I will ask the favor of any information you may be able to give me of the fact above stated, and it\u2019s issue. I have the honor to be with great respect, your Excellency\u2019s most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0325", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Short, 13 November 1793\nFrom: Short, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nSn. Lorenzo Nov. 13. 1793\nA letter from Mr. Donald informs me you had written to him that you were to leave Philadelphia the 1st. of Jany. As this is much later than you had mentioned to me it gives me some hope the President will be able under the present important circumstances both foreign and domestic to induce you to prolong the epoch of your resignation. There certainly never could be a time when it were more necessary for you to sacrifice your own wishes for retirement and tranquillity to those of the publick.\nMy late private letters to you have been Oct. 7th. Nov. 7th. and Nov. 11th. In them I said nothing of the delay in not having sent my account stated as usual up to the 1st. of July last, because I did not suppose my letters would find you at Philadelphia. I mentioned it in my letter to Mr. Hamilton. As I was in constant hopes of my present situation here coming to an end in a short time I thought it would be better to comprize the expences thereof to the end in the same account. In the mean time the sums paid me on account of my standing salary and those expences are regularly sent by the bankers to the Sec. of the treasury and the particular articles of expence with their vouchers shall be sent at the close of the joint commission here. In the charges I make for these expences I follow of course the rule prescribed by you as to those allowed when sent on a particular commission to Amsterdam.\nYou will have seen by our joint letters and mine separately the awkward situation in which I have been since my arrival in this country finding it impossible to advance under our joint commission and not knowing how to retire from hence. I had hoped that long ere this the president would have terminated our joint commission one way or another. It has been from the beginning infinitely disagreeable from various causes and particularly those with respect to which I have forced myself to be silent though perhaps in this my delicacy pushed me further than was consistent with duty. Government must certainly have been ignorant of them though I cannot concieve how this can have been the case for so long a time.\nI think it proper to mention here that Gardoqui told us outright in a late conference that the king desired to form an alliance with the United States offensive and defensive or if that was not agreeable defensive. His idea was to purchase this alliance by yielding us our rights as to limits and navigation and commercial advantages. He begged us and with much warmth to communicate this desire of the king immediately to the president and farther that it was the desire of the king that ministers plenipotentiary should be named by the two countries to reside with each other. In whatever light the United States chuse to consider this overture or in whatever light they chuse to consider Spain they should lose not a moment in sending a minister plenipotentiary here for various reasons. The disadvantage of not having had one here is [demonstrable] and particularly in the present crisis of Europe and the situation of our navigation and commerce in Spain under the new system it is and will be severely felt.\nIn the beginning of the war a considerable number of Danish vessels were stopped by the armed vessels and detained in the ports of this country under the same pretext with ours. The Danish minister obtained their release a long time ago\u2014and a promise, which has been\nfully kept that the cruisers belonging to private people should not be allowed to stop or bring in any other. He obtained also damages for those which by chicane were not immediately released after the orders recieved in the ports to that effect. It would have taken an charg\u00e9 des affaires three times as long to have obtained the same even if he had succeeded at last.\nThe answer from the duke is in statu quo. Carmichael returned here the day before yesterday but he had such a nervous trembling in the hand with which he is much afflicted like our friend Paradise that he could not notwithstanding every effort he made sign his name to the letter I had written to the duke [to] remind him of the delay. Still he persisted in returning last evening to Madrid and I was obliged therefore as he had desired disagreeable as such a step is and in such a case to imitate his hand and sign it for him. Your friend & servant\nW: Short", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0326", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Frederick Ast, 14 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ast, William Frederick\nSir\nGermantown near Philadelphia Nov. 14. 1793.\nYour favor of the 6th. inst. conveys to me the first information of your establishment in this country, in which I wish you every success. With respect to the application you propose to Congress on the subject of insurances, I am not able to say what may be it\u2019s effect. We are little\nhabituated to these speculations here, and therefore the less likely to estimate their true value. Instead however of asking a provisional decree, which is not consonant with our usage, I would advise you to propose, in your petition, the communication of your plan to such committee of their house as they shall appoint. These will of course be persons of confidence, and on their report the house will act. I would also recommend to you to have your petition drawn by some gentleman of the law, who is acquainted with our forms, since it is of considerable advantage to good ideas to be presented to those for whom they are intended in a dress to which they are accustomed. As I mean shortly to retire to Virginia and shall chiefly be connected with Richmond in such matters of business as a farmer may have, I shall hope an opportunity of renewing my acquaintance with you there, unless your movements should sooner lead you into the neighborhood of Monticello, where I shall be very happy to see you. Accept assurances of my attachment.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0327", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Giuseppe Ceracchi, 14 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ceracchi, Giuseppe\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 14. 1793.\nI have received the favor of your letter of May 27. from M\u00fcnich, and it was not till then that I knew to what place or through what channel to direct a letter to you. The assurances you recieved that the monument of the President would be ordered at the new election, were founded in the expectation that he meant then to retire. The turbid affairs of Europe however, and the intercessions they produced prevailed on him to act again, tho\u2019 with infinite reluctance. You are sensible that the moment of his retirement, kindling the enthusiasm for his character, the affections for his person, the recollection of his services, would be that in which such a tribute would naturally be resolved on. This of course is now put off to the end of the next bissextile: but whenever it arrives, your title to the execution is engraved in the minds of those who saw your works here. Your purpose with respect to my bust is certainly flattering to me. My family has entered so earnestly into it that I must gratify them with the hope, and myself with the permission to make a\njust indemnification to the author. I shall be happy at all times to hear from you, and to learn that your successes in life are as great as they ought to be. Accept assurances of my sincere respect & esteem.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0329", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 14 November 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nNew york le 14. 9bre. 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la R.\nEtant accabl\u00e9 d\u2019affaires au moment ou J\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de vous \u00e9xp\u00e9dier le decret de la Convention nationale du 26. mars dernier, Il m\u2019a\n\u00e9t\u00e9 impossible d\u2019en revoir la copie ainsi que celle de la note qui l\u2019accompagnoit. Je vous suis oblig\u00e9 de m\u2019avoir renvoy\u00e9 ces pi\u00e8ces, J\u2019ai verifi\u00e9 et rectifi\u00e9 les fautes qui vous ont frapp\u00e9 et Je m\u2019empresse de vous les faire repasser sous ce pli. J\u2019ai cru devoir y Joindre la Copie d\u2019une lettre circulaire que Je viens d\u2019\u00e9crire aux Consuls de la Republique pour leur donner Connoissance des nouvelles dispositions de la Convention nationale relativement au Commerce des Etats unis et aux devoirs qu\u2019elles leur imposent.\nCe Decret, Monsieur, presente aux americains des avantages inappr\u00e9ciables: ils peuvent d\u2019apr\u00e8s cette loi porter dans nos colonies une cargaison des produits de leur peche de leurs salaisons ou de leur agriculture, acheter des denr\u00e9es coloniales avec le produit de cette cargaison et completter leur chargement au moyen du fret qui est en ce moment tr\u00e8s abondant et tr\u00e8s cher dans toutes nos \u00eeles, Se rendre avec ce chargement en france et faire leur retour dans les etats-unis avec des marchandises fran\u00e7oises. Je ne crois pas qu\u2019il y ait de Speculation qui puisse \u00eatre plus lucrative pour eux. Cette loi vous accorde en outre une faveur que l\u2019arret de 1784 vous refusait; c\u2019est celle De pouvoir porter Directement dans les etats-unis une quantit\u00e9 de Sucre et de cafe Suffisante pour votre consommation; cette quantit\u00e9 a \u00e9t\u00e9 evalu\u00e9e par le comit\u00e9 de commerce De la convention nationale au cinquantieme du tonnage pour le caf\u00e9 et au dixi\u00e8me pour le Sucre.\nTous ces avantages qu\u2019on paroit m\u00eame dispos\u00e9 \u00e0 accroitre Si on obtient des etats-unis une juste reciprocit\u00e9 en faveur du commerce francais me paroissent bien propres \u00e0 exciter toute la Sollicitude du gouvernement fed\u00e9ral Sur le Sort de nos colonies. Je vous prie de mettre le plutot possible Sous les yeux de Monsieur le president le decret et la note cy jointes et d\u2019obtenir le plus promptement possible Sa decision soit sur la garantie que j\u2019ai deja reclam\u00e9e pour nos colonies Soit Sur le mode de n\u00e9gociation du nouveau pacte que je Suis charg\u00e9 de proposer aux etats-unis et qui ne feroit qu\u2019une seule famille de nos deux nations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0330", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 14 November 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nNew york. le 14. 9bre. 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la Republique fse.\nJ\u2019ai re\u00e7u l\u2019exequatur de la Commission de Consul dont le Citoyen dannery a \u00e9t\u00e9 rev\u00eatu et Je l\u2019ai fait passer sur le champ \u00e0 ce fonctionnaire public. Je presenterai au Conseil \u00e9x\u00e9cutif de la R\u00e9publique, M., les r\u00e9flexions Judicieuses que vous faites sur l\u2019attribution des fonctions Consulaires, qui se trouvent en effet reduites par les Commissions de nos Consuls \u00e0 l\u2019arrondissement seul des villes de leur r\u00e9sidence ce qui n\u2019est certainement point l\u2019intention du Conseil. Je mettrai \u00e9galement sous ses yeux l\u2019observation que vous faites relativement \u00e0 l\u2019adresse de nos Commissions Consulaires et Il adoptera dans Sa sagesse les changements dont cet obj\u00ebt paroitra susceptible d\u2019apr\u00e8s le texte l\u2019esprit et les bases de votre Constitution. Cependant comme elle ne s\u2019explique nullement \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard et que les fonctions attribu\u00e9es au President des Etats unis relativement \u00e0 la reception des Ministres Etrangers ne paroissent \u00eatre que celles que remplissent dans les Cours les premiers Ministres vis \u00e0 vis de leurs pretendus Souverains savoir de v\u00e9rifier purement et simplement les pouvoirs des agens Etrangers accr\u00e9dit\u00e9s aupr\u00e8s de leurs maitres et irrevocables par eux lorsqu\u2019une fois ils sont admis. Je souhaiterois M., pour mieux fixer les id\u00e9es du Conseil fran\u00e7ois sur cette question Int\u00e9ressante que vous eussi\u00e9s la bont\u00e9 de l\u2019\u00e9clairer de vos lumieres et de celles de vos Savants Collegues, que Je transmettrois fidelement \u00e0 mes superieurs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0331", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 14 November 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nNew york le 14. 9bre. 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la Republique fse.\nJ\u2019ai re\u00e7u la lettre que vous m\u2019av\u00e9s fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019\u00e9crire le 8. 9bre. pour me communiquer le principe \u00e9tabli provisoirement par le gouvernement federal pour fixer la Jurisdiction maritime et la ligne de protection des Etats unis. Je transmettrai ce memoire, M., au Conseil \u00e9x\u00e9cutif de la R\u00e9publique et J\u2019en donnerai communication \u00e0 nos Consuls en leur recommandant de se Conformer provisoirement aussi aux dispositions qu\u2019il renferme lorsqu\u2019ils seront requis d\u2019autoriser la vente de quelque propri\u00e9t\u00e9 fran\u00e7oise acquise l\u00e9galement sur mer par le droit de la guerre. Si cette ligne M. avoit \u00e9t\u00e9 arbitr\u00e9e plut\u00f4t nous aurions \u00e9vit\u00e9 beaucoup d\u2019\u00e9critures de debats et de procedures.\nJe vous suis tr\u00e8s oblig\u00e9 d\u2019avoir remis en libert\u00e9 la fanny et Je me borne \u00e0 rappeller \u00e0 votre souvenir ce pauvre Guillaume Tell ainsi que la Catherine d\u2019halifax le william &c. &c.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0333", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 14 November 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nA Newyork le 14 9bre 1793 L\u2019an 2e De la republique fe.\nJe Suis charg\u00e9, Monsieur, de vous communiquer les pieces cy jointes qui ont \u00e9t\u00e9 trouv\u00e9es dans le portefeuille d\u2019un anglais. Vous y verrez que les moyens qu\u2019employe le gouvernement de St. james pour an\u00e9antir la libert\u00e9 de la france sont les m\u00eames que ceux qu\u2019il employait, il y a quinze ans, pour etouffer la votre: vous y verrez calcul\u00e9s avec ce Sang froid qui n\u2019appartient qu\u2019a des hommes endurcis aux forfaits, tous les moyens de\ncorrompre, d\u2019affamer, d\u2019incendier, d\u2019empoisonner, d\u2019assassiner. De tels hommes peuvent-ils encore trouver des partisans Sur une terre o\u00f9 la libert\u00e9 et toutes les vertus domestiques et Sociales Sont honor\u00e9es!\nLa d\u00e9couverte de cette conspiration a provoqu\u00e9 deux grandes mesures dont le succ\u00e8s a \u00e9t\u00e9 au del\u00e0 de toute attente. Par la premi\u00e8re, la convention a annull\u00e9 tous les assignats \u00e0 effigie royale qui avaient \u00e9t\u00e9 accapar\u00e9s avec l\u2019or de l\u2019angleterre, et qui Servaient \u00e0 payer les troubles interieurs; par la Seconde, elle a prohib\u00e9 l\u2019exportation de tous les objets de n\u00e9cessit\u00e9 tant de vetement que de nourriture, et elle a fait vendre \u00e0 petits lots et en meme tems tous les immenses magazins qu\u2019on avait accumul\u00e9s pour exciter, par la raret\u00e9 des objets necessaires, des Soulevemens parmi le peuple. Depuis ce tems, le peuple fran\u00e7ais est bien habill\u00e9, les rebelles de la vendee ne recevant plus de Solde Se Sont Soumis et nos arm\u00e9es ne restent plus dans un \u00e9tat d\u2019inactivit\u00e9.\nJe dois vous informer avant de finir cette dep\u00eache que je viens d\u2019etre instruit mais non officiellement, que la convention nationale, apr\u00e8s avoir acceuilli avec la bienveillance la plus marqu\u00e9e une Deputation des capitaines americains qui lui avaient fait des reclamations relatives au decret qui prohibait l\u2019exportation des marchandises fran\u00e7aises, les a exempt\u00e9s des dispositions de ce decret. Vous voyez, Monsieur, que toutes les demarches de la france envers les etats-unis Sont autant de preuves de l\u2019amitie qu\u2019elle porte aux americains, et du desir qu\u2019elle a de resserrer de plus en plus les liaisons qui unissent les deux peuples: j\u2019aime \u00e0 me promettre que le gouvernement americain S\u2019empressera de Seconder l\u2019execution de ce voeu en terminant le plus promptement possible le nouveau pacte commercial que je Suis charge de negocier avec lui.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0334", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 14 November 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nNew york. le 14. 9bre. 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la Repe. fse.\nJe crois devoir vous communiquer la copie d\u2019une lettre que Je viens d\u2019\u00e9crire au procureur gal. des Etats unis pour lui demander que M. Jay et Mr. King l\u2019un premier Juge et l\u2019autre senateur des Etats unis qui ont publi\u00e9 dans les gazettes un libelle contre moi soient traduits \u00e0 la Cour federale. Je n\u2019ai rien n\u00e9glig\u00e9 Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent pour d\u00e9mentir les impostures perfides auxquelles ces Messieurs n\u2019ont point rougi de mettre leur nom. C\u2019est dans cette vue que J\u2019ai os\u00e9 \u00e9crire au President des Etats unis, c\u2019est dans cette vue que mes amis ont somm\u00e9 dans plusieurs papiers M. Jay et M. King de pr\u00e9senter les preuves de leur assertion; mais la r\u00e9ponse que vous av\u00e9s \u00e9t\u00e9 charg\u00e9 de me faire, M., ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 aussi ind\u00e9cise que le Silence de ces Messieurs a \u00e9t\u00e9 profond, Il ne me reste plus que les voies Juridiques pour confondre ceux qui m\u2019ont outrag\u00e9 comme d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 du peuple francois et comme individu. Cette satisfaction sera la plus agr\u00e9able que Je puisse obtenir car Je n\u2019ai Jamais aspir\u00e9 qu\u2019\u00e0 l\u2019estime des hommes libres et vertueux de quelque nation qu\u2019ils puissent \u00eatre. Il m\u2019est bien p\u00e9nible sans doute de voir aujourdhui la Calomnie s\u2019attacher \u00e0 me poursuivre et la religion d\u2019un peuple que Je revere surprise ainsi que celle de son premier magistrat; mais aussi quelle Jouissance n\u2019aurai-je point lorsque la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 seule forcera ceux qui m\u00e9connoissent dans cet instant et mes intentions et mes principes \u00e0 rendre hommage \u00e0 mon courage \u00e0 mon inebranlable patriotisme et \u00e0 la puret\u00e9 de ma conduite.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0335", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 14 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSir\nGermantown Nov. 14. 1793.\nI have to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 7th. instant, on the subject of the British ship Roehampton, taken and sent into Baltimore by the French privateer the Industry, an armed Schooner of St. Domingo, which is suggested to have augmented her force at Baltimore before the capture. On this circumstance a demand is grounded that the prize she has made shall be restored.\nBefore I proceed to the matters of fact in this case, I will take the liberty of calling your attention to the rules which are to govern it. These are\u2014\nIst. That restitution of prizes has been made by the Executive of the United States only in the two cases 1. of capture, within their Jurisdiction, by armed vessels originally constituted such without the limits of the united States; or 2d. of capture, either within or without their jurisdiction, by armed vessels, originally constituted such within the limits of the United States, which last have been called proscribed vessels.\nIInd. That all military equipments within the ports of the United States are forbidden to the vessels of the Belligerent powers, even where they have been constituted vessels of war before their arrival in our ports; and where such equipments have been made before detection, they are ordered to be suppressed when detected, and the vessel reduced\nto her original condition. But if they escape detection altogether, depart and make prizes, the Executive has not undertaken to restore the prizes.\nWith due care, it can scarcely happen that military equipments of any magnitude shall escape discovery. Those which are small may sometimes, perhaps, escape, but to pursue these so far as to decide that the smallest circumstance of military equipment to a vessel in our ports shall invalidate her prizes through all time, would be a measure of incalculable consequences. And since our interference must be governed by some general rule, and between great and small equipments no practicable line of distinction can be drawn, it will be attended with less evil on the whole to rely on the efficacy of the means of prevention, that they will reach with certainty equipments of any magnitude and the great mass of those of smaller importance also: and if some should in the event, escape all our vigilance, to consider these as of the number of cases which will at times baffle the restraints of the wisest and best guarded rules which human foresight can devise. And I think we may safely rely that since the regulations which got into a course of execution about the middle of August last, it is scarcely possible that equipments of any importance should escape discovery.\nThese principles shewing that no demand of restitution lies on the ground of a mere military alteration or an augmentation of force, I will consider your letter only as a complaint that the orders of the President prohibiting these, have not had their effect in the case of the Industry, and enquire whether, if this be so, it has happened either from neglect or connivance in those charged with the execution of these orders. For this we must resort to facts which shall be taken from the evidence furnished by yourself, and the British vice Consul at Baltimore, and from that which shall accompany this letter.\nAbout the beginning of August the Industry is said to have arrived at Baltimore with the French fleet from St. Domingo. The particular state of her armament on her arrival is lately questioned, but it is not questioned, that she was an armed vessel of some degree. The Executive having received an intimation that two vessels were equipping themselves at Baltimore for a cruise, a letter was on the 6th. of Augt. addressed by the Secretary of war to the Governor of Maryland, desiring an inquiry into the fact. In his absence, the Executive Council of Maryland charged one of their own Body, the honorable Mr. Kilty, with the inquiry. He proceeded to Baltimore, and after two days examination found no vessel answering the description of those which were the object of his inquiry. He then engaged the British Vice Consul in the search, who was not able, any more than himself to discover any such vessels. Captain Kilty, however, observing a Schooner, which appeared\nto have been making some equipments for a cruise, to have added to her guns, and made some alteration to her waist, thought these circumstances merited examination, though the rules of August had not yet appeared. Finding that his inquiries excited suspicion, and fearing the vessel might be withdrawn, he had her seized, and proceeded in the investigation. He found that she was the Schooner Industry, Captain Carven, from St. Domingo, that she had been an armed vessel for three years before her coming here, and as late as April last had mounted 16 Guns; that she now mounted only 12. and he could not learn that she had procured any of these or done any thing else, essential to her as a privateer, at Baltimore. He therefore discharged her, and on the 23d. of August, the Executive Council made the report to the Secretary at war, of which I enclose you a copy.\nAbout a fortnight after this (Sep. 6.) you added to a letter on other business a short paragraph saying that you had \u2018lately received information that a vessel named the Industry had within the last 5 or 6 weeks been armed, manned, and equipped in the port of Baltimore.\u2019 The proceedings before mentioned having been in another department, were not then known to me. I therefore could only communicate this paragraph to the proper Department. The separation of the Executive within a week after prevented any explanations on the subject: and without them it was not in my power either to controvert or admit the information you had received. Under these circumstances I think you must be sensible, Sir, that your conclusion from my silence, that I regarded the fact as proved, was not a very necessary one.\nNew inquiries, at that time, could not have prevented the departure of the privateer, or the capture of the Roehampton: for the privateer had then been out some time. The Roehampton was already taken and was arriving at Baltimore; which she did about the day of the date of your letter. After her arrival, new witnesses have come forward to prove that the Industry had made some military equipments at Baltimore before her cruise. The affidavits taken by the British Vice Consul are dated about 9 or 10 days after the date of your letter and arrival of the Roehampton: and we have only to lament that those witnesses had not given their information to the Vice Consul when Mr. Kilty engaged his aid in the inquiries he was making, and when it would have had the effect of our detaining the privateer till she should have reduced herself to the condition in which she was when she arrived in our ports, if she had really added any thing to her then force. But supposing the testimony just and full (tho\u2019 taken ex parte, and not under the legal sanction of an oath) yet the Governor\u2019s refusal to restore the prize, was perfectly proper; for, as has been before observed, restitution has never been made by the Executive, nor can be made on a mere clandestine alteration\nor augmentation of military equipment, which was all that the new testimony tended to prove.\nNotwithstanding, however that the President thought the information obtained on the former occasion had cleared this privateer from any well grounded cause of arrest, yet that which you have now offered opens a possibility that the former was defective. He has therefore desired new inquiry to be made before a magistrate legally authorized to administer an oath, and indifferent to both parties, and should the result be that the vessel did really make any military equipments in our ports, instructions will be given to reduce her to her original condition, whenever she shall again come into our ports.\nOn the whole, Sir, I hope you will percieve that on the first intimation, thro\u2019 their own channels, and without waiting for information on your part, that a vessel was making military equipments at Baltimore, the Executive took the best measures for inquiring into the fact in order to prevent or suppress such equipments\u2014that an Officer of high respectability was charged with the inquiry, that he made it with great diligence himself, and engaged similar inquiries on the part of your Vice Consul, that neither of them could find that this privateer had made such equipments, or of course that there was any ground for reducing or detaining her; that at the date of your letter of Sep. 6. (the first intimation received from you) the Privateer was departed, had taken her prize, and that prize was arriving in port; that the new evidence taken 10 days after that arrival can produce no other effect than the institution of a new inquiry, and a reduction of the force of the privateer, should she appear to have made any military alterations or augmentation, on her return into our ports, and that in no part of this procedure is there the smallest ground for imputing either negligence or connivance to any of the officers who have acted in it. I have the honor to be, with much respect Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0336", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Patrick Hart, 14 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hart, Patrick\nSir\nGermantown near Philadelphia, Nov. 14. 1793.\nUnderstanding that there was a box containing an Orrery for me at the Custom-house at the Hundred, I had asked the favor of Mr. David\nRandolph to take it out and pay the duty, which I suppose small, as the machine cost but about 2\u00bd guineas. He writes me word that before he received my letter, you had been so kind as to liberate it from the custom house, with a view of sending it on to me. The object of this letter is to return you many thanks for this kind attention, and instead of forwarding it to me here, to ask you to be so good as to deliver it to Mr. Randolph my son in law, to be forwarded to my own house in Albemarle where I shall be within a few weeks. Be pleased at the same time to let either him or me know what you have been so good as to pay on it, and it will be immediately replaced. With repeated thanks for the civility, I am with esteem, Sir Your most obedt. servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0337", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Zebulon Hollingsworth, 14 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hollingsworth, Zebulon\nSir\nGermantown, Nov. 14th. 1793.\nThe British brig Coningham having been taken by the French privateer the Sans Culottes of Marseilles within the limits of our jurisdiction as is alledged, I am to desire you to take measures for bringing the case to final settlement according to the general rules laid down in the Letter I had the honor of addressing you on the 10th. inst. By a Letter of the present date I notify the two Ministers of the reference now made to you, relying that they will instruct their Consuls to pay requisite attention to it. I have the honor to be with Esteem & Respect, Sir, Your most Obedt. servt.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0339", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to David Howell, 14 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Howell, David\nDear Sir\nGermantown Nov. 14. 1793.\nI have duly received your two favors of Octob. 3. and 4. with that signed by Messrs. Brown and others. I have communicated the contents to the President, and added my own testimony, derived from former acquaintance, to the recommendations of those gentlemen. No appointment is as yet made, and the President is absent on a short tour. In this as in every other pursuit, I sincerely wish you success, and shall be greeted with the tidings of it in the retirement into which I mean to withdraw at the close of the present year. It will be the second time my bark will have put into port with a design not to venture out again; and I trust it will be the last. My farm, my family and my books call me to them irresistably. I do not know whether you are a farmer, but I know you love your family and your books, and will therefore bear witness to the strength of their attractions. Accept assurances of my constant esteem & respect.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0340", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Mewburn, 14 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mewburn, William\nSir\nGermantown near Philadelphia Nov. 14. 1793.\nMr. Donald of London, in a letter of Aug. 30. informs me you had been so kind as to take charge of a telescope for me. Not knowing whether you are yet arrived, and apprehending, if you were, that you might forward the glass on to this place, I take the liberty of lodging the present letter at Richmond, to desire you, instead of sending it on here to deliver it to Mr. Randolph my son in law whenever he may happen to be in Richmond, or to his order. Any duty or other charge which may have been paid on it shall be thankfully repaid as soon as made known. Returning you many thanks for the obliging office you have done, I remain with esteem Sir Your most obedt. servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0341", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Oliver & Thompson, 14 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Oliver & Thompson\nGentlemen\nGermantown Nov. 14. 1793.\nThe present is to acknolege the receipt of your favor of the inst. on the injuries you have received in the case of your ship Cincinnatus. It shall be duly attended to. I have reason to expect immediately some other matter, which by increasing the mass will give it more weight. I have the honor to be Gentlemen Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0342", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 14 November 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello Nov: 14: 1793.\nThe anxiety we allways feel in your absence has become quite painfull from our having failed every post since your departure, to recieve tidings of you. We impute it to obstructions in the communication, and trust that we shall enjoy the pleasure of knowing that you are well, next tuesday.\nI have just received a melancholy summons to attend my Father, who, I am much afraid, from what I learn, cannot hold out much longer. As this painfull office may detain me some days in Richmond, where he still is, it is possible there may be some service which I can render you there. Had I forseen this I should have waited a little that your furniture might be moved under my own eye: I did indeed wait some days with a view to save the second moving of the most delicate packages by puting them at once in the boats, as there was a sufficient number to bring all such at one trip and I expected daily to see them leave Milton. They missed a tolerable good tide which happened soon after your departure. On this I took measures to have the whole moved to Belvedere without loss of time. Henderson has been some days busy in fiting out his boats and will certainly I think dispatch four the first flood.\nI have not yet received accounts of the removal but have no doubt that every thing is safely lodged in Mr. Hyltons Store before this.\nWe have had no indisposition, except a pimple on the lip of Maria, since you left us.\nThe colored part of the family is doing well: the man who was ill with the flux has allmost recovered. I am Dr. Sir your most sincere friend & hble Servt.\nTh: M. Randolph\nP.S. Your horse Tarquin has mended so much that I must beg to have the preference at 120 Drs. if you are determined to part with him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0343", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 15 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nNov. 15. 1793. Germantown.\nTh: Jefferson with his respectful compliments to Mr. Genet has the honor to inform him that his letter of the 3d. inst. on the subject of an advance of money, came to hand on the day the President had set out on a journey to Reading. That of yesterday on the same subject, is received this day. Both shall be laid before him on his return.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0344", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, [15\u201322 November 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nYour publication in the newspapers in the form of a letter to me of the date of Oct. 27. reached me thro\u2019 that channel soon after it\u2019s date. It had before been known to the Pr. in the same way. It was not necessary therefore to communicate to him the MS. copy I had the honor of receiving from you afterwards. Nor did I suppose an answer expected.\nYou had found my name and office convenient as a formality to prefix to your letter, and had had the politeness usual with authors in such cases to send me a letter. Since however I am now informed by your letter ofthat you desire an answer I shall observe that agents who are to exercise their functions in a foreign country need the authority first of their own nation, and next of that within whose territory they are to act. If either of these refuse their authority the agent can not commence his functions, if either withdraw his authority after having given it, he can no longer proceed in them, for nothing renders the authority once granted irrevocable either on the part of the nation sending or of that\nreceiving him, nor more on the part of the one than the other. You are right therefore when you say that this \u2018authority of suspension cannot be exerted but by the sovereign of the agent or by the one to which he is sent.\u2019 The sovereignty in your country and ours is in the people. Unable to collect themselves on every occasion of correspondence with foreign nations, they have appointed certain organs to exercise their authorities in this case. In this country the President is delegated to exercise that power, and not the legislature of a particular state as you have imagined. That a power to prevent the action of a foreign agent resides in the nation to which he is sent might be proved from the practice of your own nation in the case of some of our consuls, but we should be answered with phrases about tyrants and despots. It might be proved by writers of the most received authority, but we should be told they are worm-eaten, or hired. It will be acknoleged that you have never troubled us with quotations from Grot. Puff. Vattel or any other authority antient or recent. Had you endeavored to learn from these respected authors what the rest of the world have thought of the different positions you have thought proper to advance, you would have found them entirely against you. Nor could indeed any other authority be quoted for them but the exalted source from whence they have flowed. Those who have not right on their side sometimes think they save appearances by resorting to ridicule. But men of sense reason while others are contented to laugh.Had the constitution of our country thought proper to leave their correspondence with foreign nations to the legislatures of the several states, none would have exercised it with more intelligence or integrity than the respectable body to whom you propose an appeal on the present occasion. But that duty being consigned to the Executive of the general government, those who have ever read the constitution will wonder at the proposition, and will certainly not augur very well of the capacity of it\u2019s author to teach us lessons on that instrument.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0345", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 15 November 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nNew york le 15. 9bre. 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la Republique\nJ\u2019ai recu la lettre que vous m\u2019av\u00e9s fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019\u00e9crire le 5. 9bre.\nLe Citoyen Moissonnier a donn\u00e9 \u00e0 mes instructions un sens plus d\u00e9termin\u00e9 que celui que J\u2019y avois attach\u00e9. Je ne lui ai point \u00e9crit que l\u2019angleterre alloit immediatement fondre sur vous; mais connoissant par votre histoire par la notre et par d\u2019autres notions plus particulieres encore toute la haine dont ce gouvernement honore vos principes et les notres, Connoissant les trait\u00e9s secr\u00e9ts qui unissent les cours ligu\u00e9es contre les peuples libres; sachant que nos succ\u00e8s pouvoient seuls reprimer les projets de vengeance que nourrit perpetuellement dans son sein votre ancien tyran; voyant que quelques revers effac\u00e9s depuis pouvoient l\u2019\u00e9xciter \u00e0 accelerer l\u2019\u00e9x\u00e9cution de ses desseins J\u2019avois pr\u00e9scrit \u00e0 ce Vice Consul:\n1\u00b0. de se concerter avec le Commandant de nos forces navales dans la Chesapeak pour faire remonter \u00e0 Baltimore tous les batiments du Commerce qui se trouvoient dans la rade ouverte et peu sure de Norfolk.\n2\u00b0. de faire mouiller suivant l\u2019usage \u00e0 l\u2019avant Garde du Convoi les batiments arm\u00e9s.\n3\u00b0 d\u2019\u00e9tablir une police severe dans la rade pour prevenir le desordre et mettre nos propri\u00e9t\u00e9s \u00e0 l\u2019abri des entreprises incendiaires ass\u00e9s familieres \u00e0 nos ennemis communs.\n4\u00b0. de Sonder le gouvernement local du Maryland pour savoir si l\u2019on ne pourroit point mettre en \u00e9tat les forts qui font partie de la d\u00e9fense de Baltimore.\nLe Cit. Moissonnier anim\u00e9 d\u2019un patriotisme tr\u00e8s pur a mis sans doute un peu de chaleur dans cette derniere demarche mais Je ne vois point, M., qu\u2019il ait m\u00e9rit\u00e9 l\u2019admonition dont vous parl\u00e9s et que les mesures prises pour la suret\u00e9 de la rade puissent compromettre en aucune maniere la paix des Etats unis. Dieu veuille que vous en Jouissi\u00e9s longtems avec honneur de cette paix si douce et si heureuse; c\u2019est le voeu bien sinc\u00e8re de vos amis c\u2019est le mien. Mais Je ne vous dissimulerai pas plus aujourdhui qu\u2019autrefois que ce n\u2019est point l\u2019objet le plus certain de mes \u00e9sperances. Avant d\u2019avoir le bonheur de servir un peuple libre J\u2019ai eu\nle malheur d\u2019\u00eatre employ\u00e9 par une cour et de r\u00e9sider dans plusieurs autres; J\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 sept ann\u00e9es chef de Bureau \u00e0 vlles. [Versailles] sous les ordres de Vergennes, J\u2019ai pass\u00e9 une ann\u00e9e \u00e0 Londres deux \u00e0 Vienne une \u00e0 Berlin 5 en Russie et Je suis trop initi\u00e9 dans les mysteres de ces cabinets pour ne point trembler du sort qui menace l\u2019am\u00e9rique si la Cause de la libert\u00e9 ne triomphe point partout car partout o\u00f9 il y a un trone Je vous garantis que vous av\u00e9s un \u00e9nnemi. Tous les Princes vous regardent comme nos maitres d\u2019\u00e9cole; Presque tous ne voyant encore en vous que des rebelles qui doivent t\u00f4t ou tard \u00eatre chati\u00e9s. Presque tous ont Jur\u00e9 votre perte aussi bien que la notre et croy\u00e9s que George III n\u2019est entr\u00e9 dans leur ligue qu\u2019\u00e0 ce prix. Vos temperaments, vos menagements, ne feront point changer ce syst\u00eame et si les Ministres qui resident aupr\u00e8s de vous vous tiennent un autre langage, ce n\u2019est que pour mieux vous tromper; Ils triomphent de La securit\u00e9 dans la quelle ils vous plongent au moment o\u00f9 leurs cours vous insultent par tout \u00e9xc\u00e9pt\u00e9 sur vos c\u00f4tes ou ils savent que nous avons des forces; mais leur ton changera tandis que le notre restera toujours le m\u00eame vrai et sinc\u00e8re.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0346", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 15 November 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nNew york le 15. 9bre. 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la Repe.\nJe viens d\u2019\u00eatre instruit que des traites que J\u2019avois delivr\u00e9es aux fournisseurs de la Republique sur la tresorerie des Etats unis n\u2019y ont point \u00e9t\u00e9 admises les fonds qui \u00e9toient \u00e0 notre disposition pour le mois de 9bre. \u00e9tant dit on \u00e9puis\u00e9s et les fonds pour l\u2019ann\u00e9e 1794. n\u2019\u00e9tant point encore faits. Je ne m\u2019attacherai point \u00e0 vous peindre le tort prodigieux que ce refus de payement fait \u00e0 notre credit et \u00e0 notre service, un instant de reflexion vous en convaincra; mais Je vous observerai seulement que l\u2019assertion de la tr\u00e9sorerie n\u2019est point fond\u00e9e. Il est possible que mes traites sur 9bre. \u00e9xcedent le montant du Capital sec qui devoit nous \u00eatre rembours\u00e9 dans ce mois; mais il est d\u00e9montr\u00e9 \u00e0 mes yeux qu\u2019elles sont de beaucoup inferieures au montant du Capital y Compris les Inter\u00eats \u00e9chus et non pay\u00e9s Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 ce Jour. D\u2019ailleurs, M., quand ce fait n\u2019\u00e9xisteroit point la situation p\u00e9cuniaire des Etats unis est elle ass\u00e9s g\u00ean\u00e9e et notre situation politique est elle ass\u00e9s pr\u00e9caire pour que la tresorerie se soit refus\u00e9e m\u00eame \u00e0 admettre un excedent de quelques milliers de dollars sur le mois de 9bre.?\nJ\u2019attends avec impatience M., votre r\u00e9ponse sur cet objet veritablement important et Je charge le Cit. Bournonville auquel Je vous prie de vouloir bien la confier de me la faire parvenir par un \u00e9xpr\u00e8s.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0347", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet and George Hammond, 15 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles,Hammond, George\nSir\nGermantown Nov. 15. 1793.\nI have the honor to inform you that the district Attorney of Pennsylvania is this day instructed to take measures for finally settling the cases of the British ship William, captured by the French privateer the Citoyen Genet, and reclaimed as taken within the Jurisdiction of the United States, in which he will proceed as I had the honor of stating to you in my letter of November 10. I have that of being with respect & esteem Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0348", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Knox, with Jefferson\u2019s Note, 15 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Knox, Henry\nTh: Jefferson, with his respects to Genl. Knox, has the honor to inclose for his examination and amendment a letter to Mr. Hammond on the subject of the Roehampton, which has already been examined and approved by the Secy. of the Treasury and Atty. genl. Should Genl. Knox propose no amendment, Th:J. will be obliged to him to stick a wafer in the cover, and send it on to the post office. Should he think it of any consequence to send a copy to Govr. T. Lee, in order to explain to him and the council the reason of the new enquiries to be made into the condition of the Industry, Genl. Knox\u2019s clerk shall have the press copy retained here, to take a copy from.\n[Note by TJ:]\nAfter writing the above and inclosing the letter to Mr. H. it was recollected that Genl. Knox was to set out this day Friday for Trenton. This note was therefore opened and the letter sent to Mr. Hammond, to avoid the delay which would be occasioned.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0349", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Henry Knox, 15 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Knox, Henry\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inclose to Genl. Knox press copies of his letters to the Attornies of Pensylva. and Delaware. Also the original of Mr. Kilty\u2019s report.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0350", "content": "Title: Notes on Alexander Hamilton and the French Revolution, 15 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nNov. 15. 93. E.R. tells me that Ham. in conversation with him yesterday said \u2018Sir, if all the people in America were now assembled and to call on me to say whether I am a friend to the French revolution, I would declare that I have it in abhorrence.\u2019", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0351", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Rawle, 15 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rawle, William\nSir\nGermantown Nov. 15. 1793.\nYou will doubtless recollect the case of the British ship William, taken by the Privateer Citoyen Genet, before the 5th. of June and within the limits of our Jurisdiction, as was alleged. On this allegation she was libelled in the district Court of Pennsylvania, and discharged by the Judge on the ground of incompetence of Jurisdiction. It then became the duty of the Executive to interpose. The British minister exhibited affidavits taken exparte which gave reason to believe that the capture was made within our jurisdiction, and the french minister was desired to shew cause against it, the vessel being in the mean time put into the Hands of the French Consul, on an assurance that she should be forth-coming to answer the determination of the President. The French Minister has now given in contrary evidence, but taken ex parte also. The limits of Jurisdiction having been provisionally settled for Executive\ncases, and the mode of taking regular testimony as stated in the letter I had the honor of writing you on the 10th. instant, I have now to ask the favor of you to proceed with respect to the ship William according to what was provided in that letter for such cases generally. By a letter of the present date I notify the two ministers of the reference now made to you, relying that they will instruct their Consuls to pay requisite attention to it. I have the Honor to be with great esteem Sir, your most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0352", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 16 November 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nNew york le 16. 9bre. 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la Repe. fse.\nQuand l\u2019Inter\u00eat et l\u2019amiti\u00e9 unissent \u00e9troitement deux peuples Il est du devoir de leurs agents de n\u2019avoir rien de cach\u00e9 entre eux. P\u00e9n\u00e9tr\u00e9 des obligations que m\u2019impose cette maxime Je vous ai Confi\u00e9 depuis que Je suis ici M., mes instructions mes v\u0153ux et mes projets et vous dev\u00e9s vous rappeller que lorsqu\u2019une des erruptions du Volcan de St. domingue a fait refluer dans vos ports les forces d\u00e9stin\u00e9es \u00e0 la d\u00e9fense de cette Isle et le Convoi qui devoit passer en france Je vous ai communiqu\u00e9 pour votre information et celle du President des Etats unis les mesures que Je me proposois de prendre pour mettre le convoi en suret\u00e9 reparer nos vaisseaux reorganiser nos forces et les employer de la maniere la plus utile en attendant qu\u2019elles fussent en \u00e9tat d\u2019inspirer plus de Confiance au Commerce ou qu\u2019une nouvelle Escorte lui eut \u00e9t\u00e9 envoy\u00e9e. Apr\u00e8s avoir surmont\u00e9 des obstacles sans nombre apr\u00e8s avoir totalement d\u00e9jou\u00e9 la Conspiration de Galbaud et chang\u00e9 l\u2019esprit de nos marins Je suis parvenu, M., au but que Je m\u2019\u00e9tois propos\u00e9, nos Vaisseaux au moyen des payments que la tresorerie m\u2019a faits ont \u00e9t\u00e9 mis dans le meilleur \u00e9tat possible et le Contre Amiral Sercey dans lequel aux pr\u00e9jug\u00e9s de la Couleur pr\u00e8s J\u2019avois reconnu de la fidelit\u00e9 et du talent est sorti avec deux Vaisseaux de ligne deux belles fregattes et deux Corvettes pour aller entreprendre des operations dont vous trouver\u00e9s le plan dans les Instructions No. 1. mais malheureusement un homme que J\u2019ai connu trop tard a fait avorter par ambition ou par l\u2019\u00e9troitesse et la m\u00e9chancet\u00e9 de\nson esprit ainsi que vous le verr\u00e9s par le rapport No. 2. un projet que le patriotisme le plus pur avoit con\u00e7u. Cet homme est Bompart, Il s\u2019\u00e9toit distingu\u00e9 sur l\u2019Embuscade dans un combat contre le Boston, et J\u2019avois cru devoir lui faire donner le Commandement du Jupiter vacant par la demission du Contre Amiral Cambis; mais, ennivr\u00e9 de son premier Succ\u00e8s, persuad\u00e9 qu\u2019en france il seroit couvert de Lauriers, m\u00e9content de l\u2019am\u00e9rique ou cependant il avoit \u00e9t\u00e9 combl\u00e9 de bont\u00e9s et entrain\u00e9 par d\u2019autres sentiments peu d\u00e9licats Il a abandonn\u00e9 le premier une entreprise \u00e0 la quelle il avoit acquiesc\u00e9 dans un Conseil de Guerre; s\u2019est separ\u00e9 de l\u2019Escadre a fait route pour france et a donn\u00e9 le signal de l\u2019insurrection aux autres Vaisseaux dont les Equipages ont forc\u00e9 les Commandants \u00e0 le suivre. Cette d\u00e9fection M., est tr\u00e8s facheuse, mais elle ne laisse cependant point les c\u00f4tes des Etats unis sans d\u00e9fense et notre Commerce sans protection. Quatre fregattes plusieurs corvettes et d\u2019autres batiments arm\u00e9s mouillent encore dans vos ports. J\u2019en destine une partie \u00e0 escorter en france quelques batiments fins voiliers charg\u00e9s de farine de munitions navales et de denr\u00e9es coloniales. J\u2019employerai les autres \u00e0 faciliter nos Communications avec les Antilles \u00e0 chatier les corsaires des Bermudes et de la Providence et \u00e0 faire respecter ainsi que nous y sommes tenus par les trait\u00e9s le pavillon du peuple Americain qui re\u00e7oit tous les Jours de nouveaux outrages. Agr\u00e9\u00e9s mon respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0354", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Kean, 16 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Kean, John\nGermantown Nov. 16. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to Mr. Kean and congratulates him sincerely on his and Mrs. Kean\u2019s having escaped the dangers of the season.\nThinking it possible that the members of Congress (retaining the horrors of the yellow fever which prevail at a distance) may remove to Lancaster, and on so short notice as to prevent Th:J. from settling his affairs in Philadelphia, he thinks it best to do that while he has time, and for that purpose it would be convenient for him to command his salary of the present quarter. He therefore begs the favor of Mr. Kean to put the note which accompanies this into the proper channel for discount; and if he will be so kind, when it is decided on, as to send a line of information for Th:J. to his office on Market street, he will be much obliged to him.\nWill the form of this note render an order from Mr. Taylor requisite to authorize Th:J. to recieve the money?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0355", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, 16 November 1793\nFrom: S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nover. 16: 1793.\nThe enclosed Copy of a Letter to me dated the 26. May from Sir Fried: Sparre Grand Chancellor of Sweden I recieved in the end August, and Should have had the honor of transmitting you the same long before now, if Sickness and a great deal of business had not prevented me, for which reasons, and as no business to this Country has since occured respecting the Danish Government, you will I hope excuse the delay. I am informed that the president of the United States has established some Rules for European Consuls to govern them in Cases of Captured Vessels being brought in to this Country by the Nations at War. If so I shall esteem it a particular favor if you will be so obliging as to furnish me therewith, to enable me to make such arrangements respecting the same agreeable to the instructions I have recieved.\nOn the 12: Instant I presented to General Knox a Memorial of Lucas Gibbes and others relative to the Captured Sloop Betzy. Said Memorial I know ought first to have been presented to you, but being unwilling to oppose the wish of the Memorialists and their Council, and in order to gain time if possible I delivered it to Said Gentleman from whom I obtained an answer. This proceeding I request you to pardon, though it was not done through ignorance of the proper mode, but as mentioned before to oblige those people. I at the time offered to General Knox to have the Memorial altered, and to deliver it to you with a letter, which he told me in the present circumstances was unnecessary; Nevertheless I now take the liberty of forwarding you a Copy thereof regularly directed. I am very unhappy in finding that a decision of this business is unavoidably so long delayed, however I hope in the end to get such Satisfaction that will pay for the delay. With respect I have the Honor to remain Sir Your most Obd: hble. Sert\nRichd: S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0356", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Taylor, Jr., 16 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Taylor, George, Jr.\nGermantown Nov. 16. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to Mr. Taylor. Thinking it possible that the members of Congress, retaining the horrors of the yellow fever which prevail at a distance, may remove to Lancaster, and on so short notice as to prevent Th:J. from settling his affairs in Philadelphia, to which place he should not return again, Lancaster being so far on his way home, he thinks it best to do that while he has time, and for that purpose it would be convenient for him to command his salary of the present quarter. As the rules of the bank require an endorser he begs the favor of Mr. Taylor to endorse the inclosed note for him, and to put it under cover to Mr. Kean, with the note directed to him, and to send it to him immediately.\nTh:J. has received Mr. Wythe\u2019s money, on which fund he will furnish office expences here.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0357", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Volney, 16 November 1793\nFrom: Volney, Constantin Fran\u00e7ois Chasseboeuf, Comte de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nparis 16 9bre 1793\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de rappeller \u00e0 Monsieur jefferson le souvenir d\u2019une personne pour qui le Sien est li\u00e9 \u00e0 des tems et \u00e0 des \u00e9v\u00e9n\u00e9mens qui en ont consacr\u00e9 l\u2019int\u00e9r\u00eat. Je le prie d\u2019agr\u00e9er un petit ouvrage qui du moins aura le merite de ne pas le distraire longtems de Ses occupations Multipli\u00e9es. Si cette bagatelle obtenait son suffrage, Si des \u00e9l\u00e9mens de ce genre, developp\u00e9s Sur plusieurs Sujets avaient des Succ\u00e8s en am\u00e9rique, j\u2019aurais doublement \u00e0 regretter d\u2019avoir v\u00fb M\u2019echapper le Voyage philosophique que le conseil M\u2019avait charg\u00e9 d\u2019y executer.\nC. Volney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0358", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, [16 November 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President has the honor to inclose for his information the following letters written in consequence of the two last consultations preceding his departure. There being quadruplicates of most of them, the trouble of looking over them will be proportionably diminished to the President.\nNov. 8.four letters to the foreign ministers on the extent of our jurisdiction\n10.Circular to the district-attornies on the same subject and on the mode of settling the cases which arise.\ndo.four letters to the foreign ministers on the mode of settling the cases which arise of captures within our jurisdiction\ndo.to Messrs. Viar and Jaudenes, covering answer of Govr. of Kentuckey as to military enterprizes projected there, and the information of the Govr. of N. Carolina as to the Spanish prize carried in there.\n13.to Mr. Hammond on the inexecution of the treaty.\n\u2007\u2007to Govr. Moultrie. on Mr. Genet\u2019s suggestion of military enterprises projected.\n\u2007\u2007to Judge Morris, inclosing Fitz Freeman\u2019s petition.\n14.to Mr. Hammond on the Roehampton and Industry.\nto the District Atty. of Maryland on the brig Coningham.\nto do. on the condemnation of the Roehampton and Pilgrim by the Fr. Consul\n15.to do. of Pensylva. on the Ship William.\nto Mr. Genet. on same subject\nto Mr. Hammond on same subject.\n   these are on subjects not referred to our consultation.\n   these were in consequence of determinations at our consultations, but the letters, being in plain cases, were not communicated for inspection to the other gentlemen, after they were written.\nthere are some other letters agreed on, but not yet copied.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0360", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 17 November 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM\nNew york. le 17. 9bre. 1793. l\u2019an 2. de la Repe.\nJ\u2019ai re\u00e7u la lettre que vous m\u2019av\u00e9s fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019\u00e9crire le 10 de ce mois sur les formalit\u00e9s a observer de la part de nos Consuls lorsqu\u2019ils auront a prononcer sur la validit\u00e9 de prises reclam\u00e9es comme ayant \u00e9t\u00e9 faites dans la Jurisdiction des Etats unis. Je leur transmettrai cette pi\u00e8ce, M., et Je vous la renvoye afin que; vous ay\u00e9s la bont\u00e9 d\u2019y apposer votre signature.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0362", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Herman LeRoy, 17 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: LeRoy, Herman\nDear Sir\nGermantown Nov. 17. 1793.\nI have duly received your favor of the 13th. and learn from it a very different state of things from what either my son in law or my self were apprised of. However, tho\u2019 the debt be much greater than I had understood, \n the coupling of Dover in the mortgage is a more than proportionate increase of the security. All I have therefore to wish at present is that the proceeds of the protested bill may be first applied in diminution of the debt, and Dover be applied before Varina be called on, in which case the latter will be safe, as Dover will sell for the double of the residue of the debt, after the proceeds of the protested bill shall have been applied to it\u2019s diminution. In the mean time I advise my son in law to consign his wheat to you, and to proceed in providing all the monies he can in your hands, to remain there as his separate property, subject to be hereafter declared by him to have been a paiment at the time in exoneration of Varina specially, or to any other order of his. This appears to me his safest course, relying at the same time on your indulgence by directing your agent to draw his paiments from the protested bill and Dover as far as they will go, and before he proceeds to levy them on Varina. I am with great regard and with my most friendly respects to Mr. Bayard, Dear Sir Your most obedt servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0363", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Madison, 17 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Madison, James\nGermantown. Nov. 17. 1793.\nI have got good lodgings for Monroe and yourself, that is to say, a good room with a fire place and two beds, in a pleasant and convenient position, with a quiet family. They will breakfast you, but you must mess in a tavern; there is a good one across the street. This is the way in which all must do, and all I think will not be able to get even half beds.\u2014The President will remain here I believe till the meeting of Congress, merely to form a point of union for them before they can have acquired information and courage. For at present there does not exist a single subject in the disorder, no new infection having taken place since the great rains the 1st. of the month, and those before infected being dead or recovered. There is no doubt you will set in Philadelphia and therefore I have not given Monroe\u2019s letter to Seckel. I do not write to him, because I know not whether he is at present moving by sea or by land, and if by the latter, I presume you can communicate to him.\u2014Wayne has had a convoy of 22. waggons of provision and 70. men cut off 15 miles in his rear by the Indians. 6. of the men were found on the spot scalped, the rest supposed taken. He had nearly reached Fort Hamilton. R. has given notice that he means to resign. Genet by more and\nmore denials of powers to the President and ascribing them to Congress, is evidently endeavoring to sow tares between them, and at any event to curry favor with the latter to whom he means to turn his appeal, finding it was not likely to be well received with the people. Accept, both of you, my sincere affections.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0364", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 17 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nGermantown Nov. 17. 1793.\nImmediately on the receipt of your letter of Oct. 31. I extracted what was necessary from it and wrote to Mr. LeRoy. His answer has produced a state of things with which you are probably unacquainted; which however, tho it presents a much broader scene, may present also more security for you, than that which we had understood to exist. The debt from Colo. Randolph to Mr. LeRoy and others is in fact about \u00a35000. A protested bill of D. Ross\u2019s for \u00a32000. has been delivered to LeRoy, to be applied towards paiment, when recovered. Besides this, Dover as well as Varina are mortgaged for the whole. The protested bill is in suit, but it\u2019s proceeds will not be waited for if the mortgaged subjects can sooner be pushed to judgment and sale. This presents a critical, tho, if well-managed, a safe process of things, the object of which should be to retard the proceedings on the mortgage, so that those on the protested bill may get a-head, and be first applied. The interest which the marriage settlement of Varina has vested in the parties to it, authorizes them to become parties to the suit as plaintiffs, or to be made so as defendants. But which of the two will produce the greatest delay, I am unable to say. If the protested bill was once fairly ahead, I should have no hesitation to advise their entering the field at once as plaintiffs stating their interest, that it is on the double consideration of marriage, and of a counter-settlement, and praying the Chancellor to decree the application, first of the protested bill (if it is recovered in time) and next of Dover, in discharge of the debt and in exoneration of the marriage settlement, at least as far as they would go; and we know\nthey would be sufficient. There is no doubt the Chancellor would give us such a decree: but if the Protested bill is not sufficiently ahead, perhaps we might give it more time by putting off the cross-bill as long as we may without losing the effect of it towards stopping the sale. To decide on this it appears necessary that you should procure\na copy of the mortgage or mortgages (for if the lands are separately mortgaged for separate portions of the debt, it changes the case.)\na copy of the bill of foreclosure.\na certificate of the steps which have already been taken in the suit, and it\u2019s present state.\na certificate of the present state of the action against Ross on the Protested bill, and an estimate from some judicious lawyer of the utmost length of time to which Ross can stave off actual paiment.\nThese you will probably be able to obtain by the time I come home, when, if there be no danger in waiting so long, we will consult what is to be done.\nI inclose you Mr. LeRoy\u2019s letter. Should you consign your wheat to him, I would advise you to do it on the express condition, that he shall hold the money in his hands as your separate property, subject to be declared hereafter by yourself to have been a paiment, at the time, in set-off against the effects of the mortgage on Varina, or to be otherwise subject to your order at your pleasure. In this way you may go on making your payments for Edgehill so as to protect Varina, as far as they will go, even if the other mortgaged estate should not be a sufficient shield. I received yesterday your favor of the 7th. Present my love to my dear Martha and accept assurances yourself of my sincere affection.\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I inclose you a letter from Mr. Hawkins and ask your attention to the subjects of it till I come home.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0365", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Currie, 18 November 1793\nFrom: Currie, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nHble Sir\nRichmond Novr. 18th. 1793\nI very lately did myself the honor of addressing you wherein I sollicited your own very particular and pointed attention to my affair vs. Griffin. I have only further on this head to inform you that he G. last Henrico\nCourt, has rendred in a schedule of his Estate, and taken The Oath of Insolvency. I have never seen him being sick at that time I could not be out as usual. I thought proper to give you (as my particular friend) this information, that you may Order and have done whatever (if you please) my now situation requires. I wish Mr. Bartons or his Successor\u2019s agency may not (I hope it will not) make a very essential difference to me in this business. I hope youll excuse my so frequently intruding upon you in this affair and believe me always, with the most respectfull deference\u2014Dr Sir yr most Ob H Serv\nJas. Currie", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0367", "content": "Title: Notes of Cabinet Meetings on Edmond Charles Genet and the President\u2019s Address to Congress, [18 November 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nNov. 8. 93. At a Conference at the President\u2019s where I read several letters of Mr. Genet, on finishing one of them, I asked what should be the answer? The Presidt. thereupon took occasion to observe that Mr. Genet\u2019s conduct continued to be of so extraordinary a nature that he meant to propose to our serious consideration Whether he should not have his functions discontinued and be ordered away? He went lengthily into observations on his conduct, to raise against the Executive 1. the people, 2. the state governments 3. the Congress. He shewed he felt the venom of Genet\u2019s pen, but declared he would not chuse his insolence should be regarded any further than as it might be thought to affect the honor of the country. Hamilton and Knox readily and zealously argued for dismissing Mr. Genet. Randolph opposed it with firmness, and pretty lengthily. The Presidt. replied to him lengthily, and concluded by saying he did not wish to have the thing hastily decided but that we should consider of it, and give our opinions on his return from Reading and Lancaster. Accordingly\nNov. 18. We met at his house. Read new volumes of Genet\u2019s letters received since the President\u2019s departure, then took up the discussion of the subjects of communication to Congress. 1. The Proclmn. E.R. read the statement he had prepared. Hamilton did not like it, said much about his own views, that the Presidt. had a right to declare his opinion\nto our citizens and foreign nations that it was not the interest of this country to join in the war and that we were under no obligation to join in it, that tho\u2019 the declaration would not legally bind Congress, yet the Presidt. had a right to give his opinion of it, and he was against any expln. in the speech which should yeild that he did not intend that foreign nations should consider it as a declaration of neutrality future as well as present, that he understood it as meant to give them that sort of assurance and satisfaction, and to say otherwise now would be a deception on them. He was for the Pres\u2019s using such expressions as should neither affirm his right to make such a declaration to foreign nations, nor yeild it. R. and myself opposed the right of the Presidt. to declare any thing future on the qu. shall there or shall there not be war? and that no such thing was intended, that H\u2019s construction of the effect of the proclmn. would have been a determination of the question of the guarantee which we both denied to have intended, and I had at the time declared the Executive incompetent to. R. said he meant that foreign nations should understand it as an intimation of the Pr\u2019s opinion that neutrality would be our interest. I declared my meaning to have been that foreign nations should understand no such thing, that on the contrary I would have chosen them to be doubtful and to come and bid for our neutrality. I admitted the Presidt. having received the nation at the close of Congr. in a state of peace, was bound to preserve them in that state till Congr. should meet again, and might proclaim any thing which went no farther.The Pres. declared he never had an idea that he could bind Congress against declaring war, or that any thing contained in his proclmn. could look beyond the first day of their meeting, his main view was to keep our people in peace, he apologized for the use of the term neutrality in his answers, and justified it by having submitted the first of them (that to the merchants wherein it was used) to our consideration, and we had not objected to the term. He concluded in the end that Colo. H. should prepare a paragraph on this subject for the speech, and it should then be considered.\u2014We were here called to dinner.\nAfter dinner the renvoi of Genet was proposed by himself. I opposed it on these topics. France the only nation on earth sincerely our friend.\u2014The measure so harsh a one that no precedent is produced where it has not been followed by war\u2014our messenger has now been gone 84. days, consequently we may hourly expect the return and to be relieved by their revocation of him. Were it now resolved on, it would be 8. or 10. days before the matter on which the order should be founded could be selected, arranged, discussed, and forwarded. This would bring us within 4 or 5 days of the meeting of Congress, would it not be better to wait and see how the pulse of that body, new as it is, would beat\u2014they\nare with us now, probably, but such a step as this may carry many over to Genet\u2019s side.\u2014Genet will not obey the order. &c &c. The Presidt. asked me what I would do if Genet sent the accusation to us to be communicated to Congr. as he threatened in the letter to Moultrie? I said I would not send it to Congr. but either put it in the newsp. or send it back to him to be published if he pleased. Other questions and answers were put and answered in a quicker altercation than I ever before saw the President use.\u2014Hamilton was for the renvoi, spoke much of the dignity of the nation, that they were now to form their character, that our conduct now would tempt or deter other foreign ministers from treating us in the same manner, touched on the Pr\u2019s personal feelings\u2014did not believe Fr. would make it a cause of war, if she did we ought to do what was right and meet the consequences &c. Knox on the same side, and said he thought it very possible Mr. Genet would either declare us a department of France, or levy troops here and endeavor to reduce us to obedience.\u2014R. of my opinion, and argued chiefly on the resurrection of popularity to Genet which might be produced by this measure, that at present he was dead in the public opinion if we would but leave him so.The Presidt. lamented there was not an unanimity among us, that as it was we had left him exactly where we found him. And so it ended.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0368", "content": "Title: Memorandums to George Taylor, Jr., 18 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Taylor, George, Jr.\nNotes for Mr. Taylor. Nov. 18. 1793.\nMr. Chapman to be engaged, by the day, letting him know that the job will probably be only of from 2. to 4. weeks.\nSome one to come here immediately. It may be any one of the gentlemen who would rather be here than in Philadelphia; or if none of them would prefer it, it may be Mr. Chapman or any other hired person.\nMr. Taylor will be pleased to undertake the translating all the French letters of Mr. Genet which made part of the Appendix to the letter to G. Morris, sending me every afternoon his rough translations of the preceding 24. hours, which I will examine and return to him to be fair copied, unless we should have time to copy them here. I have the originals here to examine them by.\nIt is extremely desireable that the recording my letters would go on constantly, because they must be brought up to the last day of December next by that day, and we cannot work doublehanded on that. The gentleman hitherto employed in that (I believe it was Mr. Bankson) should resume it, and not be called off for any thing else.\nThree others must be immediately set to work on the letters and Appendix to Mr. Hammond. Consequently there is a necessity to engage another besides Mr. Chapman, and even two if it can be done. If one of them should understand French well, it would be a favorable circumstance.\nThis done, the instructions to Carmichael and Short will be to be copied twice, and all before Congress meets.\nThe person who comes here must bring a provision of copying paper and letter paper. The quality of the last sent me is excellent, but it must be cut down to the regular office-size. I send a sample of the paper. The size-board is in the office.\n800. sea letters to be printed and sent here.\nThe office to be whitewashed in the course of this week.\nSend me by the return of the rider the date of Fulwar Skipwith\u2019s appointment to the Consulship of Martinique &c.\nTh: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0369", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Taylor, Jr., 18 November 1793\nFrom: Taylor, George, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhila. 18. Nov. 1793\nG. Taylor Jr. presents his respectful compliments to the Secy. of State. Has the honor to inform him that agreeably to his note of to day he has engaged Mr. Chapman, who cannot conveniently leave the City, That he has examined the letters and reports yet to be recorded, and finds that they will each require one person to be employed at least to the last of December next. That Mr. Bankson has resumed the former and Mr. Blackwell who arrived here on Saturday is engaged at the latter and is now upon the long letter to Mr. Hammond. The documents to which G. T. proposes giving to Mr. Chapman to morrow. The Dr. is now employed copying the letter to Messrs. Short and Carmichael. That a Mr. Jonathan Smith, who can be recommended by Mr. Kean Cashier of the Bank of the US. but at any rate will engage temporarily only having applied for a berth in the Treasury, will in case the Secretary of State should think proper to employ him, go out to morrow. That should the Secy. think it expedient to take Mr. Blackwell off the reports for the present he has not the least objection to go to Germantown. That the office is nearly all cleansed. That the only Credences or powers of Mr. Genet (3 in number) in his possession are herewith sent. None of them seem to give to him those of Consul General. That the date of Fulwar Skipwith\u2019s Commission as Consul at Martinique is the 7. June 1790. That G. T. has not been able to translate any of the documents to day, but will begin on them to night.\nMr. Bankson wishes to have the Secy. of States letters for July last. Please excuse haste as the rider is waiting.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0370", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 19 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nGermantown Nov. 19. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to present his respects to Mr. Genet and to acknolege the receipt by the hands of a Courier, of his letter of Nov. 12. and two others of Nov. 16. which shall be immediately communicated to the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0371", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 1[9] November 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nLe sort des Colonies francoises dans les Antilles est tellement li\u00e9 avec les int\u00e9r\u00eats politiques et Commerciaux de la france et des Etats unis que J\u2019ai regard\u00e9 comme un de mes devoirs depuis que Je suis ici d\u2019instruire et mon gouvernement et le votre de la situation de ces possessions importantes. Je vous ai communiqu\u00e9 pr\u00e9cedemment toutes les notions qui \u00e9toient parvenues \u00e0 ma Connoissance, Je vous transmets aujourdhui un tableau que Je crois \u00e9xact de l\u2019\u00e9tat actuel des Isles Sous le vent et du vent. J\u2019y Joins la copie d\u2019une lettre circulaire que J\u2019\u00e9cris aux Consuls relativement aux \u00e9migr\u00e9s de St. domingue et celle d\u2019une autre lettre que J\u2019ai adress\u00e9e \u00e0 une pr\u00e9tendue assembl\u00e9e de Colons qui s\u2019est form\u00e9e \u00e0 Philadelphie \u00e0 l\u2019instar de celles de Charles Town et de Baltimore. Je souhaite vivement, M., que ces differentes pieces fixent les id\u00e9es du gouvernement federal sur l\u2019\u00e9v\u00e9nement de St. domingue qui n\u2019est point un des ph\u00e9nomenes les moins remarquables de notre revolution. Le peuple nouveau qui se forme dans cette Isle pourra devenir un ami utile ou un voisin dangereux et mon amiti\u00e9 pour les Etats unis me pr\u00e9scrit de vous avertir qu\u2019il est tr\u00e8s important qu\u2019ils prennent \u00e0 son \u00e9gard un syst\u00eame dict\u00e9 comme celui que nous suivrons vraisemblablement envers lui par la philosophie et par l\u2019Empire des circonstances. Ce peuple quoique tr\u00e8s Jeune encore, M., connoit ses droits. Il a Jur\u00e9 de les d\u00e9fendre; Il sera sensible aux bons proc\u00e9d\u00e9s et punira ceux qui l\u2019outrageront; aussi, Je ne saurois vous dire combien J\u2019ai \u00e9t\u00e9 alarm\u00e9 sous ce dernier rapport en apprenant qu\u2019une d\u00e9putation tricolore envoy\u00e9e par les hommes libres de la partie du Nord de St. domingue avoit \u00e9t\u00e9 scandaleusement insult\u00e9e et maltrait\u00e9e en d\u00e9barquant \u00e0 Philadelphie par des r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s qui se sont permis m\u00eame d\u2019enlever \u00e0 bord du Vaisseau de la R\u00e9publique ou elle \u00e9toit embarqu\u00e9e des papiers officiels \u00e0 l\u2019adresse de la Convention nationale\net du Conseil \u00e9x\u00e9cutif. Ils ignoroient sans doute les malheureux qu\u2019une rage aveugle a port\u00e9s \u00e0 cet attentat que quatre cent mille noirs avoient fait le serment de faire \u00e9xpier \u00e0 toute l\u2019\u00e9spece blanche qui restoit encore dans leur Isle la plus legere offense que recevroient leurs repr\u00e9sentants de la part des hommes de Cette couleur. Mais heureusement M., que ces d\u00e9put\u00e9s qui m\u2019\u00e9toient adress\u00e9s sont venus chercher aupr\u00e8s de moi un azyle; Je les ai re\u00e7us consol\u00e9s, Je les ai assur\u00e9s que le gouvernement seviroit contre les coupables, Je me suis assur\u00e9 qu\u2019ils n\u2019instruiroient point leurs commettants de ce qui leur \u00e9toit arriv\u00e9 et par cette conduite Je crois avoir servi ma patrie et la v\u00f4tre. Agr\u00e9\u00e9s mon respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0372", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Ross, 19 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Ross, John\nDear Sir\nGermantown Nov. 19. 1793\nI sincerely congratulate you on your resurrection. On the faith of the newspapers I really lamented you dead for several days. I hope Mrs. Ross and all your family have enjoyed good health during the afflictions of the city.\nNot knowing what date was inserted in my note for the 100.D. you were so kind as to give me for it, nor where to seek the note, as nobody has come to seek me about it, I inclose you a check for the sum on the bank of the US. with many thanks for the friendly accomodation. With my best respects to yourself and Mrs. Ross I am Dear Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0373", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Taylor, Jr., 19 November 1793\nFrom: Taylor, George, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphia Nov. 19th. 1793.\nG. Taylor Junr. has the honor to inform the Secretary of State that he has inquired respecting the House occupied by the late Mrs. House, now by a Mrs. Dunn, and is told by persons who remained in the City, but cannot give it as authentic, that two Gentlemen have died in it, supposed of the fever. That on this occasion, and being informed that some Nurses of the sick are in possession of several beds, imprudently given them by the friends of deceased persons, which may cause a general terror as to those used in boarding Houses\u2014he is led, from pure motives of sincere gratitude and affection to offer for the acceptance of\nMr. Jefferson a Room and bed in his House, should Mr. Jefferson come into the City.\nG. Taylor would beg the favor of Mr. Jefferson to take charge of the letter addressed to the Attorney General of the U.S. sent by the rider yesterday, not being able to prevail on him to deliver it himself, as it contains a paper of consequence which Mr. R. delivered G. T. in Sept. last. G. T. hopes the nature of the case will plead his excuse for this trouble.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0374", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Davies, 20 November 1793\nFrom: Davies, William\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBroadway near Petersburg Nov 20, 93\nThe compensation, which I am to receive from the Commonwealth of Virginia for my service as Commissioner for settling her account with the United States, is by contract dependent to a certain degree upon the result of that business; the Executive having engaged to add to my stipulated wages in case of a favorable termination of it. I have flattered myself that, considering the large proportion of the aggregate balance, which by act of Congress is allotted to Virginia, being more than a fifth of the whole, I have been successful in my endeavors, and the State benefitted by the result. I have hitherto been prevented from making my application to the Executive, as I had not any official authority to determine, what is the precise balance struck by the General Board. With a view to obtain this information, I have taken the liberty to apply to you, to whose office the report was made. I know not how far I am justifiable in hoping I shall receive from you an answer, which may prove favorable to my wishes. You have had some knowledge of the difficulties of the business in itself, exclusive of those, which were occasioned by the mismanagement of those, who were charged with the preparation of it, before I was engaged in it, and I have my hopes that you have formed a favorable opinion of my own conduct and attention with respect to it, so far as your opportunities of observation have enabled you to judge. I have the honor to be, sir, with most respectful esteem, Your very obedient servant\nWm. Davies", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0375", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Patrick Kennan, 20 November 1793\nFrom: Kennan, Patrick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nNew York November 20 1793\nYours of the 13th. inst. from Germantown I received in course of Post. By the A/Ct. rendered the balance in my hands was $50.17 the further Sum received for the Quarters Interest is 59.66. D. which altogether makes $109.83 for which I here inclose you a draft @ 3 d/s on Messrs. Elliston & John Perot. You also have here inclosed, Certificates vizt. 1 for 2800. D. 6 per Cents, 1 for 2356. D. 3 \u214c Cents, and 1 for 2150 D. Deferred Debt, all of which please own receipt of, and with respect I remain Sir Your most obdt. hue Servt\nPatr. Kennan\nInt. on\n6 \u214cCents.\n1 Qr. is\nDo. on\n3 \u214cCent.\n1 Qr. is\nDolrs.\n\u2007\u2007Balance due \u214c A/Ct. rendered\nis", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0376", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Mason, 20 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mason, John\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 20. 1793.\nBeing now returned to the neighborhood of Philadelphia, and business resumed in that place, I will pay on sight Mr. Fenwick\u2019s draught: be pleased to accompany it with your own for the little disbursements made for me about the box of books &c. or if you prefer it, write me the amount of the whole, and I will remit you a bank post-note on the collector of George town by the return of the post which brings your letter. I am with great esteem Dr. Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0377", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, 20 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, Richard\nSir\nGermantown Nov. 20. 1793.\nI received last night your favor of the 16th. No particular rules have been established by the President for the conduct of Consuls with respect to prizes. In one particular case, where a prize is brought into our ports by any of the belligerent parties, and is reclaimed of the Executive, the President has hitherto permitted the Consul of the Captor to hold the prize until his determination is known. But in all cases respecting a neutral nation, their vessels are placed exactly on the same footing with our own, entitled to the same remedy from our courts of justice and the same protection from the Executive, as our own vessels in the same situation. The remedy in the courts of justice, the only one which they or our own have access to, is slower than where it lies with the Executive; but it is more complete, as damages can be given by the courts but not by the Executive.The President will gladly avail himself of any information you can at any time give him where his interference may be useful to the vessels or subjects of his Danish Majesty, the desire of the US. being to extend to the vessels and subjects of that crown, as well as to those of his Swedish majesty the same protection as is given to those of our own citizens. I have the honor to be with much respect Sir your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0378", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Gamble, 21 November 1793\nFrom: Gamble, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond, Novemr. 21. 1793\nI have your favor of the 14th. Covering a letter to Mr. Mewburn, Which is delivered him to Night (he is returned some Weeks past).\nIt is with great pleasure I hear from you that the dreadful disease Which raged in Philadelphia has subsided. I wish the President may not have risked too much, by going in to the City so soon. Melancholly would public affairs appear to our Citizens, at this important Crisis; Should he be taken from the Helm of Government. Shall we have no\nhopes of your Continuing in office? Many of your friends yet flatter themselves you will at [last?] postpone your resignation.\nSince the day after I came to Richmond I have been confined to my Room and Bed by Sickness\u2014And now I not able to sit up. This to a poor Country-born Merchant is a great difficulty at this particular season of the year. However, I trust that I feel gratitude to God, that I am in a fair prospect of recovery.\nI have the pleasure to inform you that the Honble. John Brown is recovered from his sickness in Staunton and will be able to attend Congress early in the session.\nThe fellow Who brought your Wine (in cases) from Baltimore having been paid the freight there\u2014did not call on my young man here\u2014And therefore Stored them at Rockets. I believe all is safe. I understand you have more goods with the same people (Hague & Liester)\u2014And now as I hope to be able in a few days to attend to business\u2014I will select some Careful Waggoner by whom I can forward the Wine &c. either to Monticello or Colo. Bells at Charlotsville Safe. I am with sentiments of Esteem and respect Your Mo. Ob Hu st.\nRo: Gamble", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0380", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jacob Hollingsworth, 21 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hollingsworth, Jacob\nSir\nGermantown near Philadelphia Nov. 21. 1793.\nWhen I passed your house last, you told me you thought there would be to be bought there red clover seed, fresh and cheap. I take the liberty to inclose you a twenty dollar bill and to beg the favor of you to lay it out for me in as much fresh clover seed as it will buy, and to give the seed in charge to the overseer whom you shall be so good as to employ for me, to be carried on with him.Not having yet heard from you on that subject I am apprehensive you have found more difficulty than you expected. Lest the terms should have escaped your memory, I was to give Saml. Biddle 120. dollars a year, and 5. or 600. lb of fresh pork. When he arrived there, as it had been too far to carry heavy things and to save him the expence of buying, I had made for him a half a dozen chairs, table, bedstead and such other things as my own workmen could make. He carried his own bedding and small conveniencies.This is sufficient to serve as a guide with the person now to be employed. I am with esteem Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0381", "content": "Title: Notes of Cabinet Meeting on the President\u2019s Address to Congress, 21 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nNov. 21. We met at the President\u2019s. The manner of explaining to Congress the intentions of the Proclmn. was the matter of debate. E.R. produced his way of stating it. This expressed it\u2019s views to have been 1. to keep our citizens quiet. 2. to intimate to foreign nations that it was the Pr\u2019s opinion that the interests and dispositions of this country were for peace. Hamilton produced his statement, in which he declared his intention\nto be to say nothing which could be laid hold of for any purpose, to leave the proclamation to explain itself. He entered pretty fully into all the argumentation of Pacificus, he justified the right of the Presidt. to declare his opinion for a future neutrality, and that there existed no circumstances to oblige the US. to enter into the war on account of the guarantee, and that in agreeing to the proclmn. he meant it to be understood as conveying both those declarations, viz. neutrality, and that the casus federis on the guarantee did not exist. He admitted the Congress might notwithstanding declare war notwithstanding these declarations of the Presidt. In like manner they might declare war in the face of a treaty, and in direct infraction of it. Among other positions laid down by him, this was with great positiveness, that the constn. having given power to the Presidt. and Senate to make treaties, they might make a treaty of neutrality, which should take from Congress the right to declare war in that particular case, and that under the form of a treaty they might exercise any powers whatever, even those exclusively given by the constn. to the H. of representatives. R. opposed this position, and seemed to think that where they undertook to do acts by treaty (as to settle a tariff of duties) which were exclusively given to the legislature, that an act of the legislature would be necessary to confirm them, as happens in England when a treaty interferes with duties established by law.\u2014I insisted that in giving to the Pres. and Senate a power to make treaties, the constn. meant only to authorize them to carry into effect by way of treaty any powers they might constitutionally exercise. I was sensible of the weak points in this position, but there were still weaker in the other hypotheses, and if it be impossible to discover a rational measure of authority to have been given by this clause, I would rather suppose that the cases which my hypothesis would leave unprovided, were not thought of by the Convention, or if thought of, could not be agreed on, or were thought on and deemed unnecessary to be invested in the government. Of this last description were treaties of neutrality, treaties offensive and defensive &c. In every event I would rather construe so narrowly as to oblige the nation to amend and thus declare what powers they could agree to yeild, than too broadly and indeed so broadly as to enable the Executive and Senate to do things which the constn. forbid.\u2014On the question Which form of explaining the principles of the Proclmn. should be adopted? I declared for R\u2019s. tho\u2019 it gave to that instrument more objects than I had contemplated. K declared for H\u2019s.The Presidt. said he had had but one object, the keeping our people quiet till Congress should meet, that nevertheless to declare he did not mean a declaration of neutrality in the technical sense of the phrase, might perhaps be crying peccavi before he was charged. However he did not decide between the two draughts.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0382", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 22 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nGermantown Nov. 22. 1793.\nIn a letter which I had the honor of writing to you on the 12th. of July I informed you that the President expected that the Jane of Dublin, the Lovely lass and Prince William Henry, British vessels taken by the armed vessel Citoyen Genet, should not depart from our ports until his ultimate determination thereon should be made known. And in a letter of the 7th. of August I gave you the further information that the President considered the US. as bound pursuant to positive assurances, given in conformity to the laws of neutrality to effectuate the restoration of, or to make compensation for prizes made subsequent to the 5th. day of June by privateers fitted out of our ports: that consequently he expected you to cause restitution to be made of all prizes taken and\nbrought into our ports subsequent to the said 5th. of June by such privateers, in defect of which he considered it as incumbent on the US. to indemnify the owners of such prizes, the indemnification to be reimbursed by the French nation.\nThis determination involved the brig Jane of Dublin taken by the armed vessel citoyen Genet on the 24th. of July, the brig Lovely Lass taken by the same vessel on the 4th. of July, and the brig Prince William Henry taken by the same vessel on the 28th. of June: and I have it in charge to enquire of you, Sir, whether these three brigs have been given up, according to the determination of the President, and if they have not, to repeat the requisition that they be given up to their former owners. I have the honor to be with great respect, Sir, your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0383", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 22 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nGermantown Nov. 22. 1793.\nIn my letter of Oct. 2. I took the liberty of noticing to you that the commission of Consul to M. Dannery ought to have been addressed to the President of the US. He being the only channel of communication between this country and foreign nations, it is from him alone that foreign nations or their agents are to learn what is or has been the will of the nation, and whatever he communicates as such they have a right and are bound to consider as the expression of the nation, and no foreign agent can be allowed to question it, to interpose between him and any other branch of government under the pretext of either\u2019s transgressing their functions, nor to make himself the umpire and final judge between them. I am therefore, Sir, not authorized to enter into any discussions with you on the meaning of our constitution in any part of it, or to prove to you that it has ascribed to him alone the admission or interdiction of foreign agents. I inform you of the fact by authority from the President. I had observed to you that we were persuaded that in the case of the Consul Dannery, the error in the address had proceeded from no intention\nin the Executive Council of France to question the functions of the President, and therefore no difficulty was made in issuing the commmission. We are still under the same persuasion. But in your letter of the 14th. inst. you personally question the authority of the President, and in consequence of that have not addressed to him the commissions of Messrs. Pennevert and Chervi. Making a point of this formality on your part, it becomes necessary to make a point of it on ours also; and I am therefore charged to return you those commissions, and to inform you that, bound to enforce respect to the order of things established by our constitution, the President will issue no Exequatur to any Consul or Vice consul not directed to him in the usual form after the party from whom it comes has been apprised that such should be the address. I have the honor to be with respect Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0384", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 22 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nGermantown Nov. 22. 1793.\nImmediately on the receipt of your favor of the 2d. inst. informing me of a conspiracy among the refugees from the French colonies now at Charleston, to undertake an expedition from thence against the said colonies, I communicated the information to the Governor of S. Carolina, with a desire that he would prevent every enterprize of that nature.\nThe other matters contained in the same letter belong of course to the ordinary cognisance of the Judiciary, which is open to the parties interested without any interposition of the Executive. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0385", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Christopher Gore, 22 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gore, Christopher\nSir\nGermantown Nov. 22. 1793.\nIn the inclosed gazette is a paper purporting to be a Protest of the Consul Dannery against the revocation of the Exequatur of Mr. Duplaine issued by the President. Before the President proceeds to consider what notice such a protest would call for from him, he thinks it requisite to be assured that the paper is genuine. I have therefore to ask the favor of you to endeavor to procure authentic proof of the paper, and to transmit it to me. Whether the original has been deposited with the Lieutenant governor, or in any court, from whence either that or any copy of it can be obtained certified, or whether there be no other means of procuring evidence of it but the calling on Mr. Dannery to avow or disavow it, you will be best able to decide. I have the honor to be with respect Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0386", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 22 November 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLansdown 22nd November 1793\nI have the honor of acknowledging the receipt of your letter of the 8th. curt:, relative to the distance from the sea shore, in which the territorial protection of the United States shall be exercised.\nI shall be at all times ready to enter into any friendly conferences and explanations upon this subject; and in the mean time it becomes my duty to acquiesce in any regulations, which the government of the United States may judge proper to establish, with regard to the extent\nof its own jurisdiction. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of great respect, Sir, Your most obedient humble servant\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0387", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 22 November 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLansdown 22nd November 1793\nI have the honor of acquainting you that, in consequence of the requisition contained in your letter of the 10th: curt:, I have communicated the subject of it to his Majesty\u2019s different Consuls in the United States; and have directed them to pursue such measures as may be the best calculated for facilitating the object of the regulation, to which your letter refers. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of great respect, Sir, Your most obedient humble Servant\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0388", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 22 November 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLansdown near Philadelphia 22. Nov: 1793\nI have the honor of acknowledging the receipt of your two letters of the 10th. of November, informing me that the district Attorney of the State of Maryland has been instructed to take measures, for finally settling the cases of the British brigs, Conyngham, and Pilgrim, captured by the French privateer the Sans Culottes of Marseille, and reclaimed, as taken within the jurisdiction of the United States; and that he is therein to proceed in the manner stated in your letter of the same date. I have also received a similar communication of the 15th. of November, relative to the instructions given to the district Attorney of Pennsylvania, to take measures for finally settling the case of the British ship William, captured by the French privateer le Citoyen Genet, and reclaimed also as taken within the jurisdiction of the United States.\nI have consequently communicated the subjects, of the two former letters to his Majesty\u2019s Vice-Consul for the State of Maryland, and of the latter to his Majesty\u2019s Consul-general for the middle and Southern\nStates: And I have farther instructed those Gentlemen to pursue the measures that may be the best calculated for facilitating the objects of these several enquiries. I have the honor to be with sentiments of great respect, Sir, Your most obedient humble Servant\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0389", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 22 November 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLansdown 22nd November 1793\nIn answer to your letter of the 13th. curt:, I have the honor of informing you that I have not yet received such definitive instructions, relative to your communication of the 29th. of May 1792, as will enable me immediately to renew the discussions upon the subject of it, which have been for some time suspended. I can however repeat with confidence my conviction, that the continuance of the cause, to which I alluded in my letter of the 20th. of June last, and no other, has protracted this delay to the present period. I have the honor to be, with sentiments of great respect, Sir, Your most obedient, humble Servant,\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0390", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 22 November 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nLansdown November 22nd: 1793\nI have had the honor of receiving your letter of the 14th. curt:, upon which, as it announces the fixed determination of this government not to restore the British ship Roehampton, it is unnecessary for me, to offer many observations, or to enter into a minute examination of the reasoning or the facts by which that determination is justified.\nI cannot however avoid remarking that although your position may be well founded\u2014\u201cthat it would be a measure of incalculable consequences, to decide, that the smallest circumstances of military equipment to a vessel in\u201d your \u201cports should invalidate her prizes through all time\u201d\u2014it may also be a measure of incalculable mischief to the general commerce of friendly powers (excepting that of France) trading with the United States, if the largest circumstances of military equipment,\nsuperadded to French privateers, in your ports, provided they elude the vigilance of the officers appointed to watch over proceedings of this nature, shall not be considered by this government as sufficient to invalidate prizes brought into its ports by vessels under this predicament. In the present case the facts are, that the Schooner Industry, according to the deposition of Benjamin Baker of Baltimore (at whose wharf and ship-yard she lay during her additional equipment) had no more than four or six cannon mounted when she was brought to his wharf\u2014that, when she left it, \u201cshe had four six pounders, eight four pounders and two howitzers completely mounted\u201d\u2014and that from Mr. Kelty\u2019s report it appears that he himself was convinced that she had added to the number of her guns, and had made alterations of a warlike nature, but as he could not learn whence these additional cannon had been procured, he did not deem himself justifiable in refusing his assent to the authenticity of the documents produced by the Captain of the vessel, or in detaining her any longer.\nThe privateer Industry was therefore allowed to depart from Baltimore under an augmentation of force, more than double to that of her original appearance in that port: And to which augmentation I have reason to believe that her subsequent capture of the ship Roehampton is, in a great measure, if not entirely, to be imputed. I have the honor to be with sentiments of great respect, Sir, Your most obedient humble Servant\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0391", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Apollos Kinsley, 22 November 1793\nFrom: Kinsley, Apollos\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew York Nov 22nd 1793\nI have the honour to Inform you that the Machine for Makeing bricks, for which I receivd a patent, has been made, on a large scale and has been tryd and found to answer well; so far and we can jude by the tryal it has had\u2014I have reference to that with the horizontal wheel\u2014the other has not yet been tryd\u2014I found it nesessary to alter the construction of the charger which forces the mortar in to the moulds. Instead of a piston fixed at the end of the plank which moves up and down I have applyd an Iron plate which moves into the box as the plank decends, and drives the mortar before it into the moulds, when the plank rises to take a second charge, the Iron plate flys out of the box horrizontally through a mortis in the plank and the plank rises without raising the mortar above the Iron plate\u2014when the plank is raised the Iron plate moves in\nto the box again by means of a wait. I have mad this further alteration\u2014that instead of moveing the charger down by a Skrew\u2014I have loaded it with a wait which will conform to the different quantitys of mortar taken into the box\u2014that wait is raised by a rope which winds round the perpendicular shaft\u2014which rope is held by a hitch to the shaft, and is let loos when the wait decends. The principles on which the machine is now constructed are the same as the model in your posession though some of the move ments are efected in a different way\u2014the reason of my troubleing your Honour with this, is, to beg the favour of you to Inform me whither those alterations can be secured to me by haveing them recorded in your Office, as improvements on my former patent, or whither it will be necssary for me to apply for a nother paten. I will if necssary send a model and specification of the present construction. I expect this Letter will be deliverd to your Honour by J. Greenleaf Esqr. who is concernd with me in the property of the Patent. If you will be so kind as to inform him what will be necssary for me to do to secure the above improvements he will Inform me. I have the honour to be Sir your most Obedient & most Humb Servt\nApollos Kinsley\nPS I have never Seen the Machine constructed by Mr. Brower but have been Informed that some parts of it were much like mine\u2014especially like some of the improvements, which were all made before he constructed his machine. My workmen informed me that he lost no oppertunity of examining my Machine when I was not present. I hope the Law will not permit him to reap the advantage of experriments which I have made at the expence of all my Property and much time.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0392", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Knox, 22 November 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMy dear Sir\nPhiladelphia 22 Nov 1793.\nGeneral Stewart declines accepting the Appointment of Inspector for the port of Philadelphia and would have done the same with the naval office had it been offered to him. He says that he made the application at the instance of his father in Law, who is now convinced that the accepstance of the office would injure his commercial pursuits.\nI enclose you a letter from the Governor of Maryland, enclosing the copy of A deposition relatively to the capture of the brigs Cunningham and Pilgrim. I am my dear Sir respectfully your humble Servant\nH Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0393", "content": "Title: Materials for the President\u2019s Address to Congress, [ca. 22 November 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nNotes\nText.\nCases where individuals (as Henfield  &c) organize themselves into  military bodies within the US. or  participate in acts of hostility by sea,  where jurisdiction attaches to the  person.\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007The Constitution having authorised  the legislature exclusively to declare  whether the nation, from a state  of peace, shall go into that of war, it  rests with their wisdom to consider\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007What is the present legal mode  of restraint? Binding to the good  behavior? Military restraint? Or what? Or can the act only be punished  after it is committed?\nWhether the restraints already provided  by the laws are sufficient to prevent  individuals from usurping, in effect,  that power, by taking part, or  arraying themselves to take part, by  sea or by land, while under the jurisdiction  of the US. in the hostilities of  any one nation against any other with  which the US. are at peace?\nVessels originally constituting  themselves cruizers here, or those  so constituted elsewhere and augmenting  their force here, may they  be seized and detained?\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Whether the laws have provided  with sufficient efficacy and explicitness,  for arresting and restraining  their preparations and enterprizes,  and for indemnifying their effects?\nBy what branch of the government?  e.g. the Polly or Republican at N. Y.  the Jane at Philada. the Industry at  Baltimore.\nTheir Prizes. May they be restored?  e.g. the Lovely lass, Pr. Wm. Henry,  Jane of Dublin, the Spanish  prize &c\nCaptures within our waters, by  whom to be restored? e.g. the Grange, the William, the  Providence, the William Tell &c.\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Whether within the territory of the  US. or those limits on it\u2019s shores to  which reason and usage authorize  them to extend their jurisdiction and  protection, and to interdict every hostile  act, even between hostile nations,  the partition of the National authority  between the civil and military organs  is delineated with sufficient precision  to leave no doubt which of the two is  justified, and is bound, to interpose?\nCases of the Betsey, an American\u2007\u2007vessel and Swedish cargo. The Maxwell, vessel and cargo\u2007\u2007Swedish.\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Whether either and Which of them  is authorized to liberate our own property,  or that of other peaceable nations,  taken on the high-seas and brought  into our ports?\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Merely an intimation to establish  all these cases with the Judiciary.\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Whether all such of these interferences  as may be exercised by the judiciary  bodies with equal efficacy, with  more regularity, and with greater  safety to the rights of individuals, citizen  or alien, are already placed under  their cognisance, so as to leave no\nroom for diversity of judgment  among them, no necessity or ground  for any other branch to exercise them,  merely that there may not be a defect  of justice or protection, or a breach of  public order?\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007For a specification of  some of these duties see Jay\u2019s & Wilson\u2019s  charges. Are they all sufficiently  provided with specific punishments?\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Offences against the Law of Nations.  Genet\u2019s conduct is one. By  that law the President may order  him away.  Has the law provided for the efficacy  of this order?\n\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007And Whether the duties of a nation  at peace towards those at war, imposed  by the laws and usages of nature,  and nations, and such other offences  against the law of nations as  present circumstances may produce  are provided for by the municipal law  with those details of internal sanction  and coercion, the mode and measure  of which that alone can establish?\n[Upside down at foot of text:]\nOther subjects\nProclamation.\nReport of balances between the states.\nWestern Indians\nCreeks.\nProvision of arms made, and to be made.\nSubsequent. Genet\u2019s conduct\nEngland. Inexecution of treaty.\nInterception of our provisions.\nSpain. Boundary and navigation of Missisipi.\nProtection of Southern Indians.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0394", "content": "Title: Memorandum to George Taylor, Jr., 22 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Taylor, George, Jr.\nThe following commissions wanting\n\u2212 + Arthur Livermore Attorney for the District of New Hampshire.\n\u2212 + Robert Scott (Phila.) to be Engraver to the Mint.\n\u2212 + Robert Denny to be Collector for the district of Annapolis x\n\u2212 + Wm. Mc. Pherson Naval officer for the District of Philada. x\n\u2007 + Walter Stewart Surveyor of the district of Philada. and Inspector of the revenue for the port of Philada.\n\u2212 + William Barker\u2007\u20072d. Mate\nCollector Charleston and capt. of Cutter.\nThis memorandum for Barker and Cozens is exactly copied from one from the Secy. of the Treasury. If it is not understood, explanations must be asked at his office.\n\u2212 + Matthew Cozens 3d. Mate \u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Note dates of Com.\nTh: J. returns the blanks, as we are now near enough to obtain commissions from the office.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0395", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 22 November 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nI think Colo. Humphrey\u2019s in one of his letters to you, refers to his to me, for some article of News. I see nothing therein that we have not had before; but send it nevertheless, for your perusal.\nCan any thing be said, or done, respecting the Marquis de la Fayette? I send the letter that you may give it another perusal. I send a letter also from a French Gentleman in New York offering his Services as Engineer &ca. We may want such characters! A civil answer therefore may not be amiss to give him, although he cannot be employed now, nor never indeed he is well qualified.\nAre resignations deposited in the Office of State? If they are I send one just received. Yours always\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0397", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Christopher Gore, 23 November 1793\nFrom: Gore, Christopher\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBoston Novr. 23. 1793\nI, yesterday, receiv\u2019d your favor of the 10th. inst. with the inclosed order, of the President. Shoud any case happen, where an interference shall be necessary, on my part, to effect the purpose of the order, I will endeavor to comply with its direction, in the manner pointed out in your letter. I am, Sir, with great respect, your obed servt\nC. Gore", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0398", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Hopkins, 23 November 1793\nFrom: Hopkins, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond Novr. 23d. 1793\nI am favored with your Letter of the 13th. desiring a transfer of all the Stock standing on the Books of my Office, to the credit of William Short esquire, might be made to the Treasury of the United States. In Compliance with that request therefore, you will find the Certificates of\nTransfer in this enclosure. Mr. Brown requested me to ask the favor of your transmitting to him an acknowledgment of your receipt of them, of which I also shall be glad to be informed. I have the honor to be with perfect respect Sir Your most Ob Servant\nJno: Hopkins", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0399", "content": "Title: Notes of Cabinet Meeting on the President\u2019s Address to Congress, 23 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nNov. 23. At the President\u2019s. Present K. R. and Th:J. Subject, the heads of the speech. One was, a proposition to Congress to fortify the principal harbors. I opposed the expediency of the general government\u2019s undertaking it, and the expediency of the President\u2019s proposing it. It was amended by substituting a proposition to adopt means for enforcing respect to the jurisdiction of the US. within it\u2019s waters.\u2014It was proposed to recommend the establishment of a military academy. I objected that none of the specified powers given by the constn. to Congress would authorize this. It was therefore referred for further consideration and enquiry. K. was for both propositions. R. against the former, but said nothing as to the latter. The Presidt. acknowledged he had doubted of the expediency of undertaking the former, and as to the latter, tho\u2019 it would be a good thing, he did not wish to bring on any thing which might generate heat and ill humor. It was agreed that Rand. should draw the speech and I the messages.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0401", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 24 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nGermantown Nov. 24. 1793\nI am to acknoledge the receipt of your letter of the 19th. instant, and to thank you for the information it conveys of the present state of the French islands in the West Indies. Their condition must always be interesting to the US. with whom nature has connected them by the strong link of mutual necessities.  The riot which had been raised in Philadelphia some days ago, by emigrants from St. Domingo, had before excited the indignation and attention of the government, both local and general. It is with extreme concern they now learn that the respectable strangers whom you mention, were brought into danger by it, and certainly no endeavors will be wanting to bring the offenders to condign punishment. I have the honor to inclose you a proclamation which had been issued immediately by the Mayor of Philadelphia, and to assure you that the efforts he is using, will receive from the general government every aid they can give, to make a signal example of those\nwho have thus violated that protection which the laws of the US. extend to all persons within their pale. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0402", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Madison, 24 November 1793\nFrom: Madison, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nFredg. Novr. 24. 93\nI have your 3 letters. The last of the 17th. fell into my hands here when I arrived on friday night. Col. Monroe was a day before me. Accept our thanks for your provision in our behalf at Germanton. We set off in 5 Minutes in a machine we have procured here, and which we shall keep on with till it fails us, or we can do better. I hope we shall be with you by sunday evening, or monday morning. Giles and Venable being before us, they will give you the intelligence from Richmond. The inclosed paper contains a scrap which may be of later date. If the Senate rejected as we understand, the vote relating to the procln., the answer of the Govr. jointly to the Committee of the two houses is a curious one. Yrs. affy.\nJ. M. Jr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0403", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to \u2014\u2014 Myers, 24 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Myers, \u2014\u2014\nSir\nGermantown Nov. 24. 1793.\nAccording to my engagement I now inclose you 186. Doll. thirty six cents = \u00a355\u201318\u20133 Virginia currency to be passed to the credit of Mrs. Carr. You will readily perceive that your endorsement on the inclosed bank note will make it cash to any person wishing to remit to Philadelphia. The Custom house officers particularly take up these notes by a general arrangement. I am Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0404", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 24 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nGermantown Nov. 24. 1793.\nI received yesterday your favor of the 14th. Mine of the 2d. ought to have been then at hand, and since that those of the 10th. and 17th. All will have informed you of my health, and being here. I am happy that you think Tarquin will suit you, and insist on your acceptance of him. This is no sacrifice to me, because my sole motive for having thought of parting with him was that he is unnecessary for me, as I must keep carriage horses, which will do to ride. I insist also as a condition, that you feel yourself perfectly free to part with him whenever he ceases to answer your end or you can by parting with him have your ends better answered. From this moment then he is yours, and I am much happier in it than to have turned him over to any other person.\u2014I am sorry you have so much trouble with my furniture. However I shall soon be able\nto relieve you from my drudgery. I inclose you a letter to Mr. Stewart, open, that you may see it\u2019s contents, and give the necessary directions to Mr. Biddle to go or send for the sheep when notified that they are ready. I think it important they should be fetched before the snows.\u2014I am sincerely sorry to hear of the situation of Colo. Randolph. It has been to be apprehended for some time. Should he leave you an executor, it may merit mature consideration whether you will consult your ease or interest in undertaking to act. My love to my dear Martha and Maria, and am Dear Sir affectionately your\u2019s\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0405", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Archibald Stuart, 24 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Stuart, Archibald\nDear Sir\nGermantown Nov. 24. 1793.\nWhen I had the pleasure of seeing you at Monticello you mentioned to me that sheep could be procured at or about Staunton, good and cheap, and were kind enough to offer your aid in procuring them. Reflecting on this subject, I find it will be much better to buy and drive them now, before they have young ones, and before the snows set in, than to wait till the spring. I therefore take the liberty of inclosing you a 40. Doll. bank post note, which I will beg the favor of you to lay out for me in sheep, taking time between the purchase and delivery, to give notice to Mr. Randolph at Monticello to have them sent for, the letter to be directed to him, or in his absence to Samuel Biddle overseer at Monticello. Your endorsement on the post note will transfer and make it payable to bearer, and consequently will be cash to any body at Staunton or Richmond who wishes to remit to Philadelphia; or the custom house officer at Richmond will always be glad to give cash for it.\u2014What apology must I make for so free a call on you? And what thanks and apology for the use I made of your friendly offer as to the potatoes? But I am again a new beginner in the world, and it is usual for old settlers to help young ones. France is triumphant in the North. Her rebellion also subsides. The affair of Toulon is against her as yet; but I suspect it is not over.\u2014The yellow fever is entirely vanished in Philadelphia, and all the inhabitants returned to it. The President remains here merely to form a point of union for the members of Congress, who may arrive uninformed of the safety of Philadelphia: but nobody doubts that they will immediately go from hence to sit in Philadelphia. I shall be within striking distance of you by the 15th. of January. Accept assurances of my respect & affection\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0408", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Carter, 25 November 1793\nFrom: Carter, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sr\nFredbg 25 Novr 93\nBy the Death of Doctr. Hutchison my Son Charles, is thrown out of the line of his Medical pursuit, having paid 100 Guineas as a Fee, which being lost he is unable to get in to any other Family. He proposes to go into some line, that at the same time, will not only support him, but enable him to attend the Lectures and receive private instruction. He is I hope qualified to fill any Clerks place, with propriety. Mr. Bernard Webb can inform you of his abilities. I shall esteem it great favor, if you can recommend him, to some person who may be in want, of such a young Man. As he depends intirely on his own industry for support your patronage will be a means, of advancing him, and will be greatfully acknoleged as favor conferd on Dr. Sr Yr Affe Friend & very Hb St\nChs Carter", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0409", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 25 November 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nNew york Le 25. 9bre 1793 L\u2019an 2e &c\nJ\u2019ai eu l\u2019honneur de vous pr\u00e9venir que Je mettrois successivement Sous vos yeux, Les differentes p\u00e9titions qui me seroient adress\u00e9es par les Captaines des navires du commerce francais En relache dans les Ports des Etats unis; Je vous ai deja communiqu\u00e9 celle des Capitaines qui se trouvent a New york. Je vous En adresse trois autres aujourd hui qui me viennent des Capitaines de Baltimore Et qui paroissent m\u00e9riter la sollicitude du Gouvernement federal.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0410", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 25 November 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr.\nNewYork le 25 9bre 1793 l\u2019an 2e de la R\u00e9publique\nJe vous demande pardon si mes d\u00e9p\u00eaches Se pr\u00e9cipitent avec tant de rapidit\u00e9 entre vos mains: Mais les \u00e9v\u00e9nemens Se prononcent tellement tous les jours que je puis \u00e0 peine les Suivre et vous les d\u00e9noncer.\nMes d\u00e9p\u00eaches pr\u00e9c\u00e9dentes vous ont pr\u00e9sent\u00e9 des plaintes sur les men\u00e9es des \u00e9migr\u00e9s nouveaux qui inondent votre continent; j\u2019ai essay\u00e9 de d\u00e9masquer \u00e0 vos yeux leurs profondes et doubles intrigues; je vous ai d\u00e9nonc\u00e9 leurs insultes aux agens fran\u00e7ais et les dangers personels que ces agens courent tous les jours entour\u00e9s de ces furieux.\nAujourdhui j\u2019ai \u00e0 vous avertir de faits bien caract\u00e9ris\u00e9s et si je n\u2019obtiens pas une justice, j\u2019aurai du moins fait mon devoir, et mon c\u0153ur et ma patrie n\u2019auront rien \u00e0 me reprocher.\n  On m\u2019annonce de Baltimore que deux cents Colons S\u2019embarquent de la Chesapeak pour j\u00e9r\u00e9mie; Les presses contre r\u00e9volutionnaires fran\u00e7aises de Philadelphie avertissent que deux batimens vont prendre des passagers pour le M\u00f4le; ainsi, Monsieur ce ne sont plus les bons offices d\u2019un alli\u00e9 que la France est dans le cas de r\u00e9clamer du Gouvernement f\u00e9d\u00e9ral; c\u2019est de ne pas aider \u00e0 nous d\u00e9truire que j\u2019ai \u00e0 vous conjurer; c\u2019est \u00e0 vous prier de ne pas conspirer \u00e0 la perte d\u2019une Colonie que vous devriez d\u00e9fendre, que se bornent mes tristes devoirs.\nAvec quelqu\u2019acharnement que l\u2019on se soit obstin\u00e9 \u00e0 me peindre dans des libelles, que je m\u00e9prise, comme l\u2019ennemi du Peuple Americain et de Son Gouvernement et comme aspirant \u00e0 vous entra\u00eener dans la guerre, vous savez, Monsieur avec quelle moderation je vous ai rappel\u00e9 les obligations qui vous \u00e9taient impos\u00e9es. En cela m\u00eame, j\u2019ai la conscience intime de n\u2019avoir \u00e9t\u00e9 influenc\u00e9 ni par nos succ\u00e8s ni par nos revers; Mais je n\u2019ai que c\u00e9d\u00e9 \u00e0 des actes provisoires qui cachant une contradiction manifeste sous une modestie apparente avouent l\u2019impuissance de nous d\u00e9fendre, et usurpent cependant Le droit de nous laisser attaquer.\n  J\u2019ai entre les mains les preuves d\u2019une Conspiration qui a \u00e9clat\u00e9 en Septembre dernier par la reddition du Mole; et les pi\u00e8ces originales ci Jointes prouvent qu\u2019elle \u00e9tait concert\u00e9e depuis les premiers jours de 1793. et Sign\u00e9e des lors de noms qui ne Se sont d\u00e9masqu\u00e9s qu\u2019en Septembre dernier. Les Conspirateurs adroitement cach\u00e9s, se reclamaient de la R\u00e9publique \u00e0 l\u2019instant o\u00f9 ils traitaient avec le Minist\u00e8re anglais, afin que par cette double intrigue ils puissent renverser les vrais amis du peuple fran\u00e7ais et mener \u00e0 sa fin Leur trame honteuse. Ces fils partiels qui se d\u00e9couvrent aujourd hui n\u2019\u00e9taient que des projections accessoires\nde la Conspiration d\u2019un grand tra\u00eetre c\u00e9lebre l\u2019ann\u00e9e derni\u00e8re, aujourd hui affaiss\u00e9 Sous les remords et les mepris du monde. Le Peuple Fran\u00e7ais, Monsieur, a d\u00e9jou\u00e9 toutes ces intrigues, et s\u2019il fallait des preuves ult\u00e9rieures de sa sagesse, de sa ferme volont\u00e9 d\u2019\u00eatre libre, et de la stabilit\u00e9 de son Gouvernement, vous les trouveriez dans cette lutte glorieuse qu\u2019offre la campagne actuelle o\u00f9 au milieu de grands revers d\u2019eclatantes victoires et de conspirations atroces le Colosse du Peuple Francais S\u2019\u00e9l\u00e8ve majestueusement et fait trembler tous ses \u00e9nnemis.\nVoil\u00e0 l\u2019ami Sous l\u2019aile duquel l\u2019Am\u00e9rique bravera les Despotes qui partagent leur haine entre elle et nous. C\u2019est cet ami qui au milieu des mesures g\u00e9n\u00e9rales de rigueur que lui arrachent les circonstances, ne cesse pas un moment de Se souvenir de vous pour vous en excepter; les demandes que je vous fais en son nom, Monsieur, se bornent \u00e0 ce que vous veuillez ne pas Souffrir qu\u2019on forge sur votre territoire des poignards pour l\u2019assassiner.\nJe vous prie en Cons\u00e9quence, Monsieur, de repr\u00e9senter \u00e0 Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident des Etats Unis.\n1\u00b0 que la Suret\u00e9 individuelle de nos Consuls est menac\u00e9e \u00e0 Charleston et \u00e0 Baltimore, et qu\u2019on met peu d\u2019activit\u00e9 \u00e0 les prot\u00e9ger.\n2\u00b0 que deux cens Emigrans Coloniaux S\u2019embarquent \u00e0 Baltimore et Sont peut \u00eatre partis pour se joindre aux tra\u00eetres de j\u00e9r\u00e9mie; que deux autres b\u00e2timens arm\u00e9s sans doute par nos ennemis S\u2019annoncent \u00e0 Philadelphie dans les Gazettes Contrer\u00e9volutionnaires pour porter des passagers du meme genre au M\u00f4le St. Nicolas. Que je sais en outre de Science certaine que des batimens americains portent depuis long tems des provisions et des munitions de guerre dans ces deux places r\u00e9belles et enfin que des Emissaires d\u2019hommes que quelques uns de vos ministres accueillent se sont rendus dans cette ile depuis longtems la proye de mille artificieux conspirateurs, pour y n\u00e9gocier des insurrections, et la ruine des interets commerciaux de ma patrie; et que c\u2019est sur votre territoire que tout cela se fait, que c\u2019est chez vous enfin que se trouve le centre des intrigans desolateurs de nos possessions d\u2019outremer.\nJe vous prie, Monsieur, d\u2019obtenir une r\u00e9ponse d\u00e9finitive du chef Supr\u00eame du Gouvernement F\u00e9deral sur ces deux chefs, afin que par la premi\u00e8re occasion, j\u2019instruise le Gouvernement Fran\u00e7ais de mes d\u00e9marches \u00e0 cet \u00e9gard et de leur effet.\nJe prendrai d\u2019ailleurs la libert\u00e9 de vous proposer une mesure que je ne puis adopter qu\u2019avec votre autorisation, et qui obvierait et aux Subterfuges des traitres et aux moyens co\u00ebrcitifs qui peuvent vous manquer. Ce serait de donner l\u2019ordre aux Vaisseaux arm\u00e9s de la R\u00e9publique d\u2019arr\u00eater tout batiment am\u00e9ricain destin\u00e9 pour l\u2019isle St. domingue qui n\u2019aurait pas un Passeport sign\u00e9 de moi, ainsi je pr\u00e9viendrais l\u2019introduction d\u2019ennemis qui peuvent \u00e9chapper \u00e0 votre vigilance, et nous \u00e9pargnerions \u00e0 vos citoyens des S\u00e9ductions et des dangers. Je vous prie de me\nfaire connaitre l\u2019intention de Monsieur le Pr\u00e9sident sur cette derni\u00e8re proposition.\n   Sur un Vaisseau appartenant \u00e0 M.M. Zachari et Coopman.\n   L\u2019un est le navire la delaware, cape. james Art, armateur james Shoemaker. L\u2019autre est la goelete Betsy hannah cape. Clanachan, M.M. Reed et Soder armateurs.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0411", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Morris, 25 November 1793\nFrom: Morris, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew Brunswick Novr 25th: 1793.\nOn the evening of the 16th. instant I was honoured with yours of the 13th. enclosing the petition of Benjamin Freeman in behalf of his son Clarkson Freeman, and signifying the Presidents instructions thereon.\nIn complyance therewith I beg leave to inform\nThat Doctor Clarkson Freeman was apprehended (with difficulty and danger to the officer, as I understood,) in the beginning of March 1791 on a charge of being concerned with several others in counterfeiting a public security of the United States, and of uttering the same, knowing it to be so forged and a counterfeit, and was committed to the gaol of Essex county wherein he was apprehended.\nHe was removed by Habeas Corpus to the Circuit court of the United States held at Trenton for New Jersey District in April 1791, where he was indicted for forging, and uttering, knowing to be forged a public security of the United States purporting to be a final settlement. The District Attorney not bringing him to trial, and he appearing to be charged in Essex county on a process in a civil suit out of the Supreme court of the State, towards the close of the court on motion of the District Attorney he was remanded on his indictment to the gaol of Essex County there to be safely kept untill discharged by due course of Law. From thence he made his escape about the middle of the following August and is reported to have gone to Canada. I think I have heard that the Gaoler had unsuccessfully pursued him thither; The Gaoler, by his escape in the civil suit, being liable for a very considerable sum.\nFrom the several depositions that I saw Clarkson Freeman appeared to be one of the most active and mischevous, in this State, of a gang of villains who, by forging and uttering counterfeit certificates, in a short time defrauded eight or nine of the inhabitants of certificates to the amount of upwards of seven thousand dollars.\nHe appeared to be about twenty four years of age and his demeanor in court indicated him impudent, hardened and incorrigible, which was corroborated by almost every account I heard of his behaviour at and after the time he was apprehended. He was reported not to want abillities nor knowledge in his profession equal to his standing; to have acquired by marriage something considerable for a low bred man, and to\nhave been before guilty of many little thefts, for some of which he was early expelled the Medical society of this State.\nI do not know of any person apprehended on his testimony, nor was there any such confined in this District after the rising of the court at which he was indicted. Amasa Parker was the only person then in custody, or since apprehended, besides Clarkson Freeman and Henry Smith, against whom an indictment was found. Smith had been previously pardoned, and Parker was in custody on a civil suit a long time before C: Freeman was taken, and was committed as a criminal on the testimony of the said Henry Smith, one of the gang, who was taken up in Philadelphia and there made a confession before, or about the time C. Freeman was taken.\nThe only considerations that I have knowledge of under which C: Freeman can set up any pretence for a pardon, are\n1st. An engagement of Abraham Ogden Esquire Attorney for the United States in this District, the copy of which transmitted to me is as follows.\n\u201cMemorandum\n\u201cClarkson Freeman being confined in goal at Newark Essex county State of New Jersey upon a warrant issued by John Chetwood Esquire one of the Justices of the Supreme court of the State of New Jersey against him the said Clarkson for counterfeiting the public securities of the United States or uttering counterfeit public securities of the United States knowing them to be counterfeit; He the said Clarkson sent for me as the Attorney of the United States for the district of New Jersey in order to make a voluntary confession of his guilt in the premisses Whereupon in the presence of his Counsel Elisha Boudinot Esqr. I informed him, that I had it not in my power to give him any assurance of pardon in consequence of his proposed confession\u2014nor would I give him any such assurance if it was in my power. But if he thought it prudent to make an unconditional voluntary confession that I would transmit that confession to the Chief Justice of the United States with the most favourable representation of the circumstances attending such confession. At the same time I informed him that the charge against him affected his life. It was understood nevertheless by his attorney aforesaid and me that the confession aforesaid would not be made use of to work the conviction of the said Clarkson if the Government of the United States refused or neglected to make use of the said Clarkson as a witness against his accomplices or others whom he accused.\nNewark 7th. March 1791.\n Signed Abrm: Ogden Atty. &c.\u201d\nCopy\n2d. He made a confession, which by a letter from Mr. Ogden to me of the 21st: March 1791, he had not then signed.\n3d. He was introduced by the District Atty. as a Witness to the\n Grand Jury while they were investigating the forgeries and frauds of himself and his accomplices, and also to the Court on the trial of Amasa Parker on an indictment, as one of the accomplices in that villany.\nAmasa Parker was acquitted on that indictment through defect of proof.\nIn the room of the old doctrine of approvement, which was attended with difficulty, and perhaps unnecessary danger to the approver and is now out of use; A practice has prevaild in cases of extensive combinations of villany, that where an accomplice makes a true and full disclosure as well as of his own guilt as of the guilt of all concerned with him, which is accepted by the court, and he is thereupon admitted a witness, and, if required, testifies accordingly both to the grand jury and in court on the trial of his accomplices, and appears on the whole to act a fair and candid part\u2014The Court will generally recommend him to Government for a pardon, will defer his trial, and even bail him, although indicted, to give him an opportunity of obtaining it.\nAgainst C: Freemans pretensions on these grounds are\n1st. That there was no need of his confession: Henry Smith, one of the gang, having by his confession made a pretty full disclosure, thereupon received a pardon from the President, and been detained as a witness if necessary. But Henry Smiths confession does not appear to have reached the District Attorney untill the 20th: of August 1791.\n2d. The District Attorney had no authority to engage a pardon to C: Freeman, or make any contract with him that would equitably entitle him thereto without the consent of the Court, which does not appear to have been given. Although this may be considered a legal objection, yet it would lose much of its weight in an equitable view, if it appeared that C: Freeman, through the confidence he reposed in the district Attorneys power to engage a pardon, had been deceived into a full disclosure that would have worked his own conviction\u2014As it would be unworthy the dignity of Government to take advantage of the mistake of its own officer, and a confession so obtained, if it did not opperate his pardon, would not be suffered by the court to be used against him on his trial: But this from the face of the contract appears not to be the case; Nor is the part of his confession which I have seen a full disclosure of his guilt, but rather an artful evasion thereof and an extenuation of his conduct.\n3d. His want of candour in procrastinating the signing his confession from the seventh untill on, or after the twenty first of August, a delay sufficient to have given notice to his unapprehended accomplices to make their escape, and none of them, that I have heard of, were afterwards taken.\n4th: The want of truth and candour in his confession and subsequent testimony; which appeared by comparing them with parts of Henry Smiths confession and evidence corroborated by testimony from Witnesses\n of undoubted credit, And I understood that the grand jury on examining him considered his answers so false and evasive that they entirely rejected his testimony.\n5th. His fresh crime in breaking gaol and escaping; whereby he violated the spirit of the contract with the District Attorney on his part, and excluded himself from any benefit under the above mentioned Usage; as he thereby deprived Government of the power of using his testimony against his accomplices, in case it was deemed expedient to do so. The pretence of unnecessary confinement set forth in the petition is no palliation of this; as, if he had an equitable claim to a pardon on the foregoing considerations, or any other, the court on application would have bailed him, that he might with more ease and effect have solicited it. Previous to his examination on the trial of Amasa Parker he was questioned by the prisoners counsel touching his interestedness, and thereon declared, under oath, that he was not an evidence on condition of a pardon, and that he had no promise of a pardon from any body.\nAdd to this a circumstance, which, although it ought not to weigh if he was equitably entitled to a pardon, yet is worthy of consideration where that equity does not exist, or is forfieted by the act of the party; to wit, That some of the grand jury and other respectable inhabitants attending the court expressed dissatisfaction that C: Freeman was not tried, the public opinion appeared to be much against him, and he was viewed by the people in general with abhorrence.\nMoreover, some of the persons defrauded are men who stand fair in the public estimation; One of them, in addition to the loss of three thousand dollars, I understood was criminally proceeded against for selling one of the counterfiet certificates before he discovered the fraud. C: Freeman was the immediate perpetrator of the fraud on most of them. It would unnecessarily outrage the feelings of these men and their friends to learn that Government had pardoned an offender so base and detestable in their eyes.\nHowever strongly the feelings of humanity may plead for saving the forfiet life of a fellow creature, whose death is not necessary for an example, or for the public safety: Or where the circumstances are such that the public forget the criminal in commiseration of the man\u2014In my opinion, nothing short of strict justice, political necessity, or a litteral performance of contract should opperate to pardon and restore from a state of voluntary banishment to the community with the rights and privileges of a citizen a person so young and so depraved, so hardened and senseless of shame, so prone to and capacitated for mischief, and so odious in the public estimation as Clarkson Freeman appeared to be.\nThe foregoing contains every information that my memory, or a careful examination of my papers enables me to give relative to the object of the Presidents inquiry, with such observations as have occurred to me\n to have opperation respecting the pardon petitioned for. I have been the more minute as I supposed Mr. Ogden must have had more powerful motives for defering C: Freemans trial than I am fully informed of. I have understood there were some communications between Judge Duane and Mr. Ogden respecting him, the object of which I do not recollect to have fully heard. Having no oppertunity of personally acquiring information from Mr. Ogden, I forwarded to him a copy of the Petition, Signifyed the Presidents desire thereon, and requested his information of such facts as I had not an opportunity to be informed of. I have waited several days for an answer but yet have none. If I receive any I will forward it. With great respect I am Sir Your very humble Servant\nRobt Morris", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0412", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Graham, 26 November 179[3]\nFrom: Graham, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nDumfries November \u201926 179[3]\nI wished much to have waited on you on your Way to Philadelphia but was then in Fredericksbg. and being engaged with Genl. Weedon on the Sunday you spent there, did not hear of your being in Town until next Morning, After Your departure in the Stage. That disapointment induces me to take the liberty to write to you on a Subject in which the Western parts of America are much interested, And eventually perhaps the whole United States, I therefore trust that you will excuse this freedom.\nBeing pretty deeply interested in Landed property in the State of Virginia on the Ohio River, in the State of Kentucky, and in the N.W. Territory, I have been in that Country for upwards of two Years last past, making Settlements on some of my Lands\u2014and Arrangements for Settling two of my Sons there. On my first going down the Ohio River, I made it my business to get every information respecting their Trade down the Missisipi, And found that it is cloged by the Spanish Government\n at New Orleans with a duty of 15 \u214cCt. on all produce taken down, and 6 \u214cCt. on all the Money brought from thence\u2014which is equal to 21 \u214cCt. This of itself is too much for any trade to bear, but what is still worse, their Officers having no fixed mode of Valuing the produce they are entirely Arbitrary, and have valued Tobacco So high at times, as ten dollars \u214cCt. because that has been a price allowed by the King for their own Tobacco when Ours would not bring above four dollars by this means, our people were Actually paying a duty of 37\u00bd \u214cCt. in place of the Nominal duty of 15 \u214cCt, grievances of such Magnitude, the people who have settled on the Western Waters under a full expectation of having a free Navigation on the Missisipi, cannot, nor will not, long submit to. The Democratic Society in Kentucky, (who in fact include the whole State,) have already begun to enter into resolves on that subject.\nWishing for a temporary relief in this business until something permanent is settled between the United States and Spain, I have been corresponding with a capital House in Trade in London who assure me, that leave can be obtained through the present interest of the British Court with the Court of Spain for a few Ships Annually to go to New Orleans free from Duty to take in Only the produce of Kentucky and the Country on the Ohio. This with some other business, induces me to go to Europe this Winter where I have high expectations of geting Some thing done in this business provided it meets with the Approbation of the President and yourself, otherwise I would not wish to take any step in it. I had the honor to See the President before he last left Mount Vernon, and had it in idea to have mentioned this Subject, but declined, apprehending that it might go to him more properly through you. I have no doubt of geting introduced to Mr. Pitt by the interest of the Marquis of Graham who is now Master of Horse, a great favorite at Court, and particularly intimate with Mr. Pitt. Some of my conections in England have influence with the Marquis, and with Mr. Wilberforce who is also intimate with the Minister. This, together with a line from you, to our Resident at the Court of London, to lend me his Aide would I think bring about the business.\nAs I have some expectation of Sailing from hence about the Middle of next Month, I hope before that time, to have the honor of hearing from you. I am with due respect Sir Your Most Obedt. Servt.\nRichd. Graham", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0413", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, 26 November 1793\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMui Se\u00f1or nuestro\nNueva York 26. de Noviembre de 1793.\nHemos Recivido las dos estimadas de vmd. de 10. del Corriente Junto con la Copia de Carta del Governador de Kentucky, y nos prometemos que las providencias, que quedaba en tomar dicho Se\u00f1or tendran el deseado effecto.\nQuedamos informados igualmente de las que havia dado, y estaba en dar el Governador de la Carolina del Norte con Respecto \u00e0 la Presa Espa\u00f1ola, y el Corsario Frances, pero sentimos el decir, que tal vez por alguna dilacion en la practica de ellas se havia huido dicho Corsario.\nTenemos escrito al se\u00f1or Dn. Eduardo Jones para que en caso que se halle con algunas ocupaciones precisas que le impidan la practica de las mas vivas diligencias sobre el Asunto, confiera desde luego todos nuestros Poderes \u00e0 persona de su mayor Satisfaccion. Por todo damos \u00e0 vm\u0303d. las mas atentas gracias, y quedamos pidiendo \u00e0 Dios guarde \u00e0 vm\u0303d. muchos a\u00f1os. B 1 Mo. de vm\u0303d Sus mas attos. y Segros. Servidores.\nJosef Ignacio de Viar Josef de Jaudenes\neditors\u2019 translation\nOur very dear Sir\nNew York 26 November 1793.\nWe have received your two esteemed letters of the 10th. of this month along with a copy of the letter from the Governor of Kentucky, and we are confident that the measures the said gentleman has agreed to take will have the desired effect.\nWe likewise take note of the measures taken and in the process of being taken by the Governor of North Carolina with respect to the Spanish prize and the French privateer, but we regret to say that perhaps because of some delay in taking action the aforesaid privateer had escaped.\nWe have sent a letter to Mr. Edward Jones to the effect that in case he finds himself so busy that he is prevented from making the most vigorous efforts in this matter, he should of course convey our authority to a person entirely satisfactory to him. We give you most hearty thanks for everything, and we pray God to protect you for many years. Respectfully yours, your most attentive and assured servants,\nJosef Ignacio de Viar\nJosef de Jaudenes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0414", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef Ignacio de Viar and Josef de Jaudenes, [26 November 1793]\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMui Se\u00f1or nuestro\nDespues de las varias favorecidas de V.S. (\u00e1 que no hemos tenido la honrra de contextar todavia, atendiendo \u00e1 que no requerian una inmediata atencion, mientras pedian \u00e9sta diferentes asuntos urgentes que nos rodean) hemos recivido informes desde Wilmington relativos \u00e1 la presa espa\u00f1ola ilegalmente hecha por los Franceses.\nAdjuntas tenemos la honrra de remitir \u00e1 V.S. Copias.\nPor su contenido vendr\u00e1 V.S. en conocimiento de la mala fee con que se han conducido los franceses comprehendidos en el hecho; y la imperdonable negligencia del Governador, \u00f3 Milicia de aquel Estado.\nLuego que recivamos los Documentos correspondientes para provar la ultima, nos ser\u00e1 indispensable recurrir al Presidente de los Estados Unidos por medio de V.S. protestando contra quien huviese sido la causa en la Carolina Septentrional por una parcial morosidad de que se escapase la consabida presa; \u00e1no ser que las eficases medidas, y ordenes posteriores del poder executivo del Governador de la Carolina meridional \u00f3 del Juez que correspondiese, produzcan el tan justo como deseado fin de que se entregue la presa \u00e1 nuestros apoderados.\nA este intento pedimos \u00e1 V.S. informe al Presidente de los Estados Unidos de todo, para que con sus sabias disposiciones allane las dificultades que ofrece este hecho, y que pudieran ocasionar algun disgusto involuntario. Nos reiteramos \u00e1 la obediencia de V.S. subscriviendonos los mas obedtes. y recondos. Servs. Q. B. L. M. de V.S.\nJosef de Jaudenes Josef Ignacio de Viar\neditors\u2019 translation\nOur very dear Sir\nSince your kind favors (to which we have not had the honor to reply, in view of the fact that they did not require immediate attention, whereas this was indeed\n required by various urgent matters besetting us), we have received reports from Wilmington concerning the Spanish prize illegally taken by the French.\nWe have the honor to transmit copies to you, enclosed herewith.\nFrom their contents you will become aware of the bad faith with which the French involved in the deed have conducted themselves; and the unpardonable negligence of the Governor, or the militia, of that state.\nAs soon as we receive the relevant documents to prove the latter charge, it will be indispensable for us to resort to the President of the United States through you by way of protesting against whoever was responsible in North Carolina, through calculated dilatoriness, for the escape of the said prize; unless the efficient measures and subsequent orders from the executive authority of the Governor of South Carolina or the appropriate judge should produce the result, as just as it is desired, of having the prize returned to our representatives.\nWith this object in view, we beg you to inform the President of the United States of everything, so that with his wise measures he may iron out the difficulties that this deed presents and that might produce some kind of unintentional unpleasantness. We repeat ourselves at your service as we subscribe ourselves your most obedient and grateful servants. Most respectfully yours,\nJosef de Jaudenes Josef Ignacio de Viar", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0415", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Williamson, 26 November 1793\nFrom: Williamson, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBath Ontario County 26. Novr. 1793\nI have the Honor to enclose You an Affadavit made before me as a Magistrate of this County. The Outrage complained of being attended with the most distressing consequences to some of the complainants who are Citizens of the United States\u2014and not only highly alarming to the Settlers on this Frontier, but a Gross insult to this Goverment\u2014I think it my Duty as a Magistrate to request You will do me the Honor of laying it before His Excellency the President of the United States.\nThe Individuals who have suffered by this unwarrantable exertion of Local Power on the Part of the British Look up with confidence to the Executive Officers of the Goverment of the United States for that redress which every good citizen feels himself entitled to.\nI beg leave to say that in whatever light this transaction may be viewed by those who reside in situations inaccessible to the under strappers of an Arbitrary Power\u2014it is here viewed as a Precedent of the most dangerous Nature (as the British may with the same propriety seize Stores on any part of the County of Ontario, where they are accessible to their depredations) and as a most shameful and Gross insult to the Goverment under which we Live, and I make no doubt will make the same impression on the breast of every American.\nAs a Magistrate I have done my Duty in making this Statement, which I have done with the more confidence as before this transaction Came before me I was personally acquainted with Mr. Rankin whom I regard as a Man of Honor and Truth. But as a Man that feels for the Dignity of this Goverment, and as an Extensive Proprietor in this County If such insults are submitted to, and the British Governors are permitted to Exercise a Jurisdiction within the County of Ontario, by no means even connected with the districts round the Forts they with-Hold from the United States\u2014I beg leave to ask Whether on approaching Lake Ontario, within the bounds of the County of Ontario, and within the limits of the United States, are my settlers to consider themselves under the Protection of a Goverment that will secure them from Authorised Robberys and insults\u2014And to secure that Protection must they cringe and Fawn on some underlin revenue Officer of Upper Canada. I have the Honor to be with the Greatest respect Sir Your most obt. and very humble Sert.\nChas. Williamson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0417", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 27 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nGermantown Nov. 27. 1793.\nMy last letters to you were of the 11th. and 14th. of Sep. since which I have received yours of July 5. 8. Aug. 1. 15. 27. 28. The fever which at that time had given alarm in Philadelphia, became afterwards far more destructive than had been apprehended, and continued much longer, from the uncommon drought and warmth of the autumn. On the 1st. day of this month the President and heads of the departments assembled here. On that day also began the first rains which had fallen for some months. They were copious, and from that moment the infection ceased, no new subject took it, and those before infected either died or got well, so that the disease terminated most suddenly. The inhabitants who had left the city, are now all returned, and business going on again as briskly as ever. The President will be established there in about a week: at which time Congress is to meet.\nOur negociations with the NorthWestern Indians have completely failed, so that war must settle our difference. We expected nothing else, and had gone into the negociations only to prove to all our citizens that peace was unattainable on terms which any one of them would admit.\nYou have probably heard of a great misunderstanding between Mr. Genet and us. On the meeting of Congress it will be made public. But as the details of it are lengthy, I must refer for them to my next letter when possibly I may be able to send you the whole correspondence in print. We have kept it merely personal, convinced his nation will disapprove him. To them we have with the utmost assiduity given every proof of inviolate attachment. We wish to hear from you on the subject of M. de la Fayette, tho we know that circumstances do not admit sanguine hopes.\nThe copper by the Pigou, and the Mohawk is received. Our coinage of silver has been delayed by Mr. Coxe\u2019s inability to give the security required by law.\nI shall write to you again immediately after the meeting of Congress. I have the honor to be with sentiments of great esteem & respect Dear Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0418", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Pinckney, 27 November 17[93]\nFrom: Pinckney, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[Dear] Sir\nLondon 27. Nov. 17[93]\nI thought we might secure the enjoy[ment of our neut]ral rights by our commercial arrange[ments; the lat]e treaties of Great Britain render that calculation [very uncerta]in but the disclosure of their intention not to cede [the posts] seems to render our taking a part in the war inevitable a[s] it will now be inst politic and popular: when I retire from hence I wish to spend 6 or 8 months in france for the benefit of my children, as it is not probable that the war will be carried on within our country; I request your friendly information whether circumstances to which I may be a stranger will render that step improper. I remain Dear Sir Your faithful & obedient servant\nThomas Pinckney", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0419", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, [27 November 1793]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nEnclosed is another Specimen of Mr. Genets Indecent conduct towards the Executive Government of the U. States.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0420", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Mussi, 28 November 1793\nFrom: Mussi, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhilada. 28. Novr. 1793\nMr. Crosby having Communicated to me your desire to be accomodated in my house, give me leave to assure you sir that your Coming will afford me great deal of pleasure. My appartements are furnished in the Italian Stile, as you have seen; I have an excellent Cook from Milan, and you Shall have accomodations to your own wishes, both for appartements, and table. I am preparing a good bed for you, and Shall be glad to know when you intend to be here. I remain with sentiments of true esteem Sir your most obedt. Servant\nJos. Mussi", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0421", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Nancarrow, 28 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Nancarrow, John\nDear Sir\nGerm[antown] Nov. 28. 1793.\nHaving been sensible that Mrs. Nancarrow and yourself were proposing to incommode yourselves out of merely friendly dispositions to me, and that I could not avoid embarrassing you more than I could be easy under, I received yesterday with great satisfaction the offer of commodious apartments which I have not hesitated to engage, because it relieves me inasmuch as it relieves you from the inconveniences which your friendship disposed you to encounter. Accept for Mrs. Nancarrow and yourself my sincere thanks for this proof of your goodness, and assurances of the esteem of Dear Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0423", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Certain District Attorneys, 29 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: District Attorneys\nSir\nGermantown, November 29, 1793.\nThe Minister Plenipotentiary of France, complains that the Consuls of his Nation are exposed to insults, and their persons to danger from the numerous French Refugees, chiefly of the Islands, who are in and about the places of their residence, and are understood to be ill-disposed to the government of France, and those in authority under it. The Consuls are liable to the ordinary laws of the country and entitled to their protection, as other strangers are; yet, from respect to the Sovereign whose commission they bear, a more attentive enforcement of the laws of protection is due to them, than to other strangers. I presume that the laws of all the states have provided proper punishment for breaches of the peace committed; I presume that in all the states some [measur]e of prevention against threatened danger, equivalent to that of bind[ing] to the peace or good behaviour in the English law, has been provided. I am therefore to ask the favor of you to inform the Consul of France, residing in your state, that the federal government, respecting his nation, and attentive to the safety of those employed by it here, will put into activity all the means of protection for his person which the laws have provided; that you will be so good as to explain to him what these provisions are, and how he is to proceed to avail himself of them in case of need, and that you will in the same, and all other cases, take any measures which they authorize to prevent or to punish breaches of the peace, or good behaviour towards him, which are characterized and forbidden as such by the laws. I have the honor to be, with great esteem and respect, Sir, Your most obedient servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0426", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 30 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nov. 30. 1793.\nI have laid before the President of the US. your letter of Nov. 25. and have now the honor to inform you that most of it\u2019s objects being beyond the powers of the Executive, they can only manifest their dispositions by acting on those which are within their powers. Instructions are accordingly sent to the district attornies of the US. residing within States wherein French Consuls are established, requiring them to inform the Consuls of the nature of the provisions made by the laws for preventing as well as punishing injuries to their persons, and to advise and assist them in calling these provisions into activity whenever the occasions for them shall arise.\nIt is not permitted by the law to prohibit the departure of the Emigrants to St. Domingo, according to the wish you now express any more than it was to force them away according to that expressed by you in a former letter. Our Country is open to all men to come and go peaceably when they chuse; and your letter does not mention that these emigrants meant to depart, armed and equipped for war. Lest, however, this should be attempted, the Governors of the States of Pennsylvania and Maryland, are requested to have particular attention paid to the vessels named in your letter and to see that no military expedition be covered or permitted under colour of the right which the passengers have to depart from these States.\nProvisions not being classed among the Articles of Contraband in time of war, it is possible that American vessels may have carried them to the ports of Jeremie and la Mole, as they do to other Dominions of the\n belligerent powers: but if they have carried arms also, these, as being contraband, might certainly have been stopped and confiscated. In the letter of may 15. to Mr. Ternant, I mentioned, that in answer to the complaints of the British Minister, against the exportation of arms from the U.S. it had been observed that the manufacture of arms was the occupation and livelihood of some of our Citizens; that it ought not to be expected that a war among other nations should produce such an internal derangement of the occupations of a nation at peace, as the suppression of a manufacture which is the support of some of its citizens: but that if they should export these arms to nations at war, they would be abandoned to the seizure and confiscation which the Law of nations authorized to be made of them on the high Seas. This letter was handed to you, and you were pleased in your\u2019s of may 27. expressly to approve of the answer which had been given. On this occasion therefore we have only to declare that the same conduct will be observed which was announced on that.\nThe proposition to permit all our vessels destined for any port in the french West India islands to be stopped unless furnished with passports from yourself, is so far beyond the powers of the Executive, that it will be unnecessary to enumerate the objections to which it would be liable. I have the honor to be, with great respect Sir, Your mo. obedient and Most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0427", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 30 November 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nNew york. le 30. 9bre. 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la Repe. fse.\nJ\u2019ai re\u00e7u la lettre que vous m\u2019av\u00e9s fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019\u00e9crire le 24 de ce mois. Je suis on ne peut pas plus sensible aux mesures prises par le gouvernement federal pour faire punir les miserables qui ont viol\u00e9 envers les d\u00e9put\u00e9s que St. domingue envoye dans le sein de la Convention nationale de france la protection que les lois des Etats unis accordent a tous Ceux qui se trouvent dans leur enceinte et Je ne saurois trop reclamer le secours des bons offices du gouvernement federal et du gouvernement local pour que cette affaire soit suivie avec la plus grande attention par les tribunaux charg\u00e9s d\u2019en connoitre. Elle tient, M., \u00e0 une trame bien noire que l\u2019honneur de votre patrie est interesse \u00e0 devoiler. L\u2019attroupement d\u2019emigr\u00e9s fran\u00e7ois qui s\u2019est port\u00e9 \u00e0 l\u2019attentat qui est l\u2019objet de mes plaintes \u00e9toit dirig\u00e9 par un nomm\u00e9 Talon agent de nos traitres re\u00e7u parmi vous. Ce vil suppot du despotisme est li\u00e9 avec le Senateur Morris, Il avoit envoy\u00e9 de concert avec lui des \u00e9missaires contrerevolutionnaires. L\u2019un d\u2019eux l\u2019abb\u00e9 Colin a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9couvert et arret\u00e9; Les Commissaires m\u2019envoyoient par les d\u00e9put\u00e9s les preuves de cette Conspiration, Talon l\u2019a scu et n\u2019a rien n\u00e9glig\u00e9 pour s\u2019emparer de leurs papiers; apr\u00e8s avoir rempli ce but il a eu ass\u00e9s d\u2019influence pour faire sortir de prison le nomm\u00e9 Lubedeur qui avoit \u00e9t\u00e9 un de ses instruments et dont la police s\u2019\u00e9toit empar\u00e9.\nJe Joins ici, Mr., la d\u00e9position du fait relatif \u00e0 la Mission de l\u2019abb\u00e9 Colin et une Gazette contrerevolutionnaire fran\u00e7oise imprim\u00e9e \u00e0 Philadelphie qui celebre la generosit\u00e9 pr\u00e9tendue avec laquelle Talon a fait sortir de prison le scelerat qui venoit de violer vos lois et celles des nations.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0428", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 30 November 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTreasury Department November 30th 1793\nI have taken the opinion of the Attorney General on the case of the St. Domingo vessels, mentioned in your letter of the 2d. of September last, which confirms that which I had before entertained, and on further reflection continue to entertain \u2026 namely that those vessels do not fall within the meaning of the 38th. Section of the collection Law respecting vessels that put into our Ports from distress or Necessity; and of course are liable by law to the payment of the duty of Tonnage; from which it is not within the compass of Executive Discretion to relieve them, whatever circumstances of hardship may exist. A copy of the opinion of the Attorney General is herewith transmitted.\nThe law appears manifestly to contemplate cases of distress or necessity from causes which compel a vessel, being on a voyage for another port to change her destination for a port of the united States; not the case of a vessel which, induced by a civil insurrection to quit a foreign port, finds it most convenient to make a voyage to the united States.\nI return enclosed the letter from the Vice Consul of Virginia; and have the honor to be with respect Sir Your obedient Servant\nAlexander Hamilton", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0429", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef de Jaudenes and Josef Ignacio de Viar, 30 November 1793\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMui Se\u00f1or nuestro\nNueva York 30. de Novre. de 1793.\nCorrovorando la buena disposicion de nuestros Governadores de Luisiana y Sn. Agustin hacia conservar la paz con los Estados Unidos, y los Indios fronterizos, segun lo hemos manifestado \u00e1 V.S. repetidas vezes anteriormente; tenemos la honrra de pasar \u00e1 manos de V.S. ahora Copia de Carta que nos escrive el ultimo Governador, y del Expediente que en ella nos incluye; y asimismo otra Copia de un Capitulo de la que hemos recivido del primero.\nDe todo su contenido pedimos \u00e1 V.S. informe al Presidente de los Estados Unidos, \u00e1 fin de que pueda convencerse mas de raiz de los hechos que en muchas ocaciones hemos insinuado, y pueda reiterar sus sabias disposiciones al tan deseado intento de preservar la buena harmonia, y amistad que felizmente reina entre ambas Naciones.\nAsi esperamos suceda, y en el interin nos repetimos \u00e1 la obediencia de V.S. y tenemos la honrra de subscrivirnos con el maior respeto, y estimacion los mas obedtes. y reconocidos Servidores de V.S. Q. B. S. M.\nJosef de Jaudenes Josef Ignacio de Viar", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0430", "content": "Title: Contemporary Translation: From Josef de Jaudenes and Josef Ignacio de Viar, 30 November 1793\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew York November 30th. 1793\nCorroborating the good disposition of our Governors in Louissiana and Saint Augustine towards preserving peace with the United States and the indians of the Frontiers, As we have repeatedly Manifested to you on former Occasions\u2014we have now the honor of transmitting to you a Copy of a letter written to us by the latter Governor, and of the document which it enclosed As also a Copy of an extract of a letter which we have received from the former. We request you to Acquaint the president of the United States with their Contents, that he may be thoroughly Convinced of the Facts that in many occasions we have Suggested, And that he may renew his wise dispositions for the Object so desireable of preserving the good harmony And Friendship which happily exists between the two Nations. We hope it may be so, mean while we have the honor to Subscribe ourselves with the greatest respect Sir Your most Obedient And Affectionate Servants\nJosef de Jaudenes Josef Ignacio de Viar", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0431", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John F. Mercer, 30 November 1793\nFrom: Mercer, John F.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nWest River near Annapolis Nov. 30th. 1793.\nI have taken the liberty to request you to inform me the state of Philadelphia as to health at present and whether Congress are to set there. If I can attend with any tolerable safety I shall do it but, the probability of being exposed in Taverns or lodging Houses to infected furniture added to a number of melancholy domestic circumstances, urge me to decline a trust which some delicate circumstances coud otherwise induce me to discharge for a time. With every sentiment of respect & friendship I am Dr Sir Yr. O H Ser.\nJohn F Mercer", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0432", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 30 November 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nRichmond Nov: 30. 1793.\nThe news of my fathers death must have reached you before this thro\u2019 the ordinary channels. Having been detained a day or two longer at\n Monticello than I expected when I wrote to you I did not arrive time enough to have any hand in the drawing of his will which was done by Colo. Harvie alone. As might have been expected from him, (the beggary of the younger children being likely to be more irksome to his family than the clamors of the Creditors,) a very good provision is made for them, while moneys advanced during his illness for necessary expences will probably never be recovered. My Brother and myself are appointed Executors of the will and not guardians of the children; an unaccountable and mortifying omission since we being by Nature pointed out for this trust and by custom regarded as the most proper persons for it, it wears the appearance of a suspicion of inability. We know well that my father himself would not have left them in other hands and suspect strongly from this and many other circumstances that he was when the will was signed allmost insensible. The office being an invidious, dangerous and difficult one I cannot yet prevail on myself to accept it. I should esteem your advice as a singular favor. I shall not determine untill your arrival in Virginia. If the interests of the children do not absolutely require it I shall certainly decline.\nI expected on my coming to Richmond to find your furniture at Mr. Hyltons. To my astonishment no part of it had been moved from Rockets alltho I had given orders very soon after your departure for it. The person to whom I gave this charge (Mr. Leister himself) meeting with Mr. James Brown the day he received my letter communicated it to him and was advised to leave every thing in its actual situation, which he accordingly did.\nHendersons boats will be down today or tomorrow I expect and will take off a considerable part. They were stoped on their way by a sudden fall of the water: a heavy rain fell the day before yesterday which must have enabled them to proceed.\nI have just heard from Monticello: Martha Maria and the two little ones are perfectly well.\nI begin to be anxious to hear something from Mr. Le Roy being now directly answerable for the amount of one of my fathers bonds to him. I am Dear Sir Your most faithfull & affectionate friend\nTh: M. Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0433", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, 30 November 1793\nFrom: S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia Nover. 30. 1793.\nConsistently with what I esteem my duty, I have the honor of enclosing you a translated Copy of a letter dated Algiers 7: Augst: 1793. from the Consul General of Sweden in that Country to me, (which I recieved a few days ago). Permitt me to request the favour of you, in acknowledging the receipt of it, to furnish me with Such an answer as you may think can with propriety be given to it. I have the honor to be with the greatest respect Sir Your most Obd: and most Hle. Servt:\nRichd: S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "11-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0434", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 30 November 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson presents his respects to the President and incloses him some letters just received.\nMr. Pinkney\u2019s and Mr. Morris\u2019s information relative to the doing and undoing the decrees of the National assembly, in the case of the ship Lawrence and some other expressions in Mr. Morris\u2019s letter seem to render it proper to lower the expression in the message purporting the just and ready redress of wrongs on the high sea afforded by that government, which Th:J. will accordingly attend to.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0435", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Patrick Hart, 1 December 1793\nFrom: Hart, Patrick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond 1st Decr. 1793\nI had the honor to receive in course Your favor of the 14th. Ulto. I shall forward the Orrery by the Boat [from?] Milton which is now down to Mr. John Watson with directions to deliver it to Mr. Randolph. It will at all times afford me pleasure to have it in my Power to render You any service this way & am with due respect Sir Yr obt. Servt.\nPat Hart", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0436", "content": "Title: Notes of a Conversation with John Beckley, 1 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nDec. 1. 93. Beckley tells me he had the following fact from Lear. Langdon, Cabot and some others of the Senate, standing in a knot before the fire after the Senate had adjourned, and growling together about some measure which they had just lost, \u2018ah! said Cabot, things will never go right till you have a President for life and an hereditary Senate.\u2019 Langdon told this to Lear, who mentioned it to the President. The Presidt. seemed struck with it and declared he had not supposed there was a man in the US. who could have entertained such an idea.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0437", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Martha Jefferson Randolph, 1 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Martha (Martha Jefferson Randolph),Randolph, Martha Jefferson\nMy dear Martha\nPhiladelphia Dec. 1. 1793.\nThis place being entirely clear of all infection, the members of Congress are coming into it without fear. The President moved in yesterday, as did I also. I have got comfortably lodged at the corner of 7th. and Market street.\u2014Dr. Waters is returned; not well, but better. Still always Hectic. He and Mrs. Waters are just gone to housekeeping for the first time. Mrs. Trist is also returned to town and means to take a small house and 3. or 4. boarders. Mr. Randolph, the Atty. Genl. having removed to German town during the fever, proposes not to return again to live in the city. Mrs. Washington is not yet returned.\u2014So much for small news. As to great, we can only perceive in general that the French\n are triumphing in every quarter. They suffered a check as is said by the D. of Brunswick, losing about 2000. men, but this is nothing to their numerous victories. The account of the recapture of Toulon comes so many ways that we think it may now be believed.\u2014St. Domingo has expelled all it\u2019s whites, has given freedom to all it\u2019s blacks, has established a regular government of the blacks and coloured people, and seems now to have taken it\u2019s ultimate form, and that to which all of the West India islands must come. The English have possession of two ports in the island, but acting professedly as the patrons of the whites, there is no danger of their gaining ground.\u2014Freneau\u2019s and Fenno\u2019s papers are both put down for ever. My best affection to Mr. Randolph, Maria and friends. Kisses to the little ones. Adieu affectionately\nTh: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0438", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 1 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhilada 1st. Dec 1793.\nIs there no clue to Mr. Morris\u2019 meaning respecting Monsr. Merlino? The next paragraph of his letter is enigmatical to me, from the want of my recollecting perfectly the subjects alluded to. What are the orders given him which he will implicitly obey, and which were, according to his account, received so very opportunely? Has not a letter of his of subsequent date to that laid before me yesterday, acknowledged the receipt of the Plans of the Federal City.\nThere can be no doubt since the information which has come to hand from our Ministers at Paris and London of the propriety of changing the expression of the Message as it respects the Acts of France. And if any bad consequences (which I declare I see no cause to apprehend) are likely to flow from a public communication of matters relative to G. Britain it might be well to revise the thing again in your own mind, before it is sent in;\u2014especially as the Secretary of the Treasury has, more than once declared, and has offered to discuss and prove, that we receive more substantial benefits (favors are beside the question with any of them, because they are not intended as such) from British regulations with respect to the Commerce of this Country than we do from those of France; antecedant I mean, to those of very recent date. We should be very cautious if this be the case not to advance any thing that may recoil; or take ground we cannot maintain well. Yours always\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0439", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joel Barlow, 2 December 1793\nFrom: Barlow, Joel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nParis 2 Dec 1793.\nWe have but just learnt the news of the peace between the Portuguese and the Algerines, and of the sortie of the latter from the mediterranean to cruse against the Americans. You doubtless must have had the information much sooner, as it seems to have been known to Col. Humphreys on the 7th. October. We have already heard of the capture of five American ships off cape St. Vincent\u2019s. One of the crews escaped to the Portuguese shore, the others are gone into slavery.\nI suppose you will have no doubt but the whole of this business is a manoeuvre of the English, to prevent our provisions coming to France, and at the same time to injure America. I dont know how long we are to bear the complicated insults of that government without manifesting any look of resentment. At the same time it appears to me that no power on earth has the means of opposing the hostilities of Great Britain at so cheap a rate as we have. We have no treaty of commerce with that goverment. It can therefore be no breach of faith to impose such duties on their manufactures as shall prevent their importation. Such a measure would overturn their whole system in a much shorter time than any other circumstance could do. Their war with France, as it cut off a considerable portion of their trade, was severely felt in their manufacturing towns, and gave a great shock to the government for a few months at first. But this, like most other evils, has become more supportable by\n habit. If the American Government were to impose an additional Impost of 50 percent, or any other sum that should amount to a total prohibition, on all English and Irish manufactures (perhaps declaring in the law that this duty should be continued till the algerines should make peace with us) it would open the eyes of the people of England, it would force the government to respect the American flag, it would soon establish a peace with Algires, and it would probably be among the most powerful means of forcing a peace with France.\nAnother measure has been mentioned by some of the American merchants and captains here, who have desired me to suggest it to you. The French are at this moment extremely interested in supporting the freedom of our commerce with them. They have probably some ships of war now lying in the American ports. It is supposed that this government would lend us a 50 gun ship and three or four frigates, if it could be done in a manner not to involve this nation in a war with the Algerines, and perhaps even this is an event not to be feared by the French. It would not be difficult for America to man these ships and send them to protect her trade on the coast of Portugal, Spain and France.\nWithout these measures, or some others as effectual, our commerce with Europe and even to the west Indies will be almost totally cut off the next year. It is probable that the Algerine force will be greatly augmented. There is no doubt but some English vessels will be employed as algerine corsaires, that English Officers and seamen will be and are now on board of the Algerine ships, that some of them will be early in the spring crusing in the English Channel and even on the coast of America, and that the English, dutch and spanish ports, both in Europe and America will be open to their prizes.\nShould any of your Anglified gentry in the American government be disposed to doubt of these probabilities, or to say that the English cabinet will not descend to the last degree of meanness and wickedness to enable these Pirates to injure us and france, let them reflect on the measures that cabinet pursued to drag the nation into the present war against France; let them call to mind the manner in which Tuscany was brought into the coalision, the insults on the port of Genoa, the protection given to the counterfeiters of French paper money which is now fabricated in great quantities in London, the mode of getting possession of Toulon, the declarations made to the courts of Denmark and Sweden, and the perpetual hostilities excited against us among the savage tribes in America.\nI cannot but think that a prohibition of British and Irish manufactures in the united States would immediately bring that cabinet to reason with respect to us. It would probably also produce a national bankruptsy and a revolution in favour of liberty. At the same time a naval force to oppose the Algerines ought not to be neglected.\nYou will excuse, my dear sir, the crudity of my ideas and the liberty I take in exposing them to you on a subject you understand so much better than myself. If I should suggest any thing which had not occured to you before, it may render a service to my country, as it would furnish weapons to one who has the best inclination as well as abilities to use them.\nI have still no doubt of the eventual triumph of the French republic. I hope my Last letter to you, as likewise several written about the same time (octobre) by Mr. Paine have arrived. The means we there suggested for overtures of peace I still believe might be effectual. Yours respectfully\nJoel Barlow", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0440", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 2 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President has the honor to send him the letters and orders referred to in Mr. Morris\u2019s letter, except that of the 8th. of April, which must be a mistake for some other date, as the records of the office perfectly establish that no letters were written to him in the months of March and April but those of Mar. 12. and 15. and Apr. 20. and 26. now inclosed. The enigma of Mr. Merlino is inexplicable by any thing in his possession.\nHe incloses the message respecting France and Great Britain. He first wrote it fair as it was agreed the other evening at the President\u2019s. He then drew a line with a pen through the passages he proposes to alter, in consequence of subsequent information (but so lightly as to leave the passages still legible for the President) and interlined the alterations he proposes. The overtures mentioned in the first alteration, are in consequence of it\u2019s having been agreed that they should be mentioned in general terms only to the two houses. The numerous alterations made the other evening in the clause respecting our corn trade, with the hasty amendments proposed in the moment had so much broken the tissue of the paragraph as to render it necessary to new mould it. In doing this, care has been taken to use the same words as nearly as possible, and also to insert a slight reference to Mr. Pinckney\u2019s proceedings.\nOn a severe review of the question Whether the British communications should carry any such mark of being confidential as to prevent the legislature from publishing them, he is clearly of opinion they ought\n not. Will they be kept secret if secrecy be enjoined? Certainly not, and all the offence will be given (if it be possible any should be given) which would follow their complete publication. If they could be kept secret, from whom would it be? From our own constituents only, for Gr. Britain is possessed of every tittle. Why then keep it secret from them? No ground of support for the Executive will ever be so sure as a complete knowlege of their proceedings by the people; and it is only in cases where the public good would be injured, and because it would be injured, that proceedings should be secret. In such cases it is the duty of the Executive to sacrifice their personal interests (which would be promoted by publicity) to the public interest. The negociations with England are at an end. If not given to the public now, when are they to be given? And what moment can be so interesting? If any thing amiss should happen from the concealment, where will the blame originate at least? It may be said indeed that the President puts it in the power of the legislature to communicate these proceedings to their constituents; but is it more their duty to communicate them to their constituents, than it is the President\u2019s to communicate them to his constituents? And if they were desirous of communicating them, ought the President to restrain them by making the communication confidential? I think no harm can be done by the publication, because it is impossible England, after doing us an injury, should declare war against us merely because we tell our constituents of it: and I think good may be done, because while it puts it in the power of the legislature to adopt peaceable measures of doing ourselves justice, it prepares the minds of our constituents to go chearfully into an acquiescence under these measures, by impressing them with a thorough and enlightened conviction that they are founded in right. The motive too of proving to the people the impartiality of the Executive between the two nations of France and England urges strongly that while they are to see the disagreeable things which have been going on as to France, we should not conceal from them what has been passing with England, and induce a belief that nothing has been doing.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0441", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, with Jefferson\u2019s Note, 2 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nPhila 2d. Decr 1793.\nI am very well satisfied with the train things are in. You will recollect that the Proclamation, Rules and other things are referred to in the Speech. I shall depend upon there being got ready at your Office. Yours &ca\nGo:Washington\n[Note by TJ:]\nAnswer to note of this day respecting publication of proceedings with Gr. Britn.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0442", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 2 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President has the honor to inclose him three copies of the Proclamation and of the Rules.\nHaving only heard the speech read, he cannot recollect it perfectly enough to decide by memory what documents it requires from his office, and therefore is obliged to ask of the President if any more be requisite?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-02-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0443", "content": "Title: George Washington to the Senate and the House of Representatives, [2 December 1793]\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Congress\nGentlemen of the Senate\nAs the present situation of the several nations of Europe, and especially of those with which the US. have important relations, cannot but render the state of things between them and us matter of interesting enquiry to the legislature, and may indeed give rise to deliberations to which they alone are competent, I have thought it my duty to communicate to them certain correspondences which have taken place.\nThe Representative and Executive bodies of France have manifested generally a friendly attachment to this country, have given advantages to our commerce and navigation, and have made overtures for placing these advantages on permanent ground. A decree however of the National assembly, subjecting vessels laden with provisions to be carried into their ports, and making enemy goods lawful prize in the vessel of a friend, contrary to our treaty, tho revoked at one time as to the US. has been since extended to their vessels also, as has been recently stated to us. Representations on this subject will be immediately given in charge to our minister there, and the result shall be communicated to the legislature.\nIt is with extreme concern I have to inform you that the proceedings of the person whom they have unfortunately appointed their Minister Plenipy. here have breathed nothing of the friendly spirit of the nation which sent him. Their tendency on the contrary has been to involve us in war abroad, and discord and anarchy at home. So far as his acts, or those of his agents, have threatened our immediate commitment in the war, or flagrant insult to the authority of the laws, their effect has been counteracted by the ordinary cognisance of the laws, and by an exertion of the powers confided to me. Where their danger was not imminent, they have been borne with, from sentiments of regard to his nation, from a sense of their friendship towards us,  from a conviction that they would not suffer us to remain long exposed to the action of a person who has so little respected our mutual dispositions, and, I will add, from a reliance on the firmness of my fellow-citizens in their principles of peace and order.\u2014In the mean time I have respected and pursued the stipulations of our treaties, according to what I judged their true sense; and have witheld no act of friendship which their affairs have called for from us, and which justice to others left us free to perform.\u2014I have gone further. Rather than employ force for the restitution of certain vessels which I deemed the US. bound to restore, I thought it more adviseable to satisfy the parties by avowing it to be my opinion, that if restitution\n were not made, it would be incumbent on the US. to make compensation. The papers now communicated will more particularly apprize you of these transactions.\nThe vexations and spoliation understood to have been committed, on our vessels and commerce, by the cruizers and officers of some of the belligerent powers, appeared to require attention. The proofs of these however not having been brought forward, the description of citizens supposed to have suffered were notified, that on furnishing them to the Executive, due measures would be taken to obtain redress of the past, and more effectual provisions against the future. Should such documents be furnished, proper representations will be made thereon, with a just reliance on a redress proportioned to the exigency of the case.\nThe British government having undertaken, by orders to the Commanders of their armed vessels, to restrain generally our commerce in corn and other provisions to their own ports and those of their friends, the instructions now communicated were immediately forwarded to our minister at that court. In the mean time some discussions on the subject, took place between him and them. These are also laid before you; and I may expect to learn the result of his special instructions in time to make it known to the legislature during their present session.\nVery early after the arrival of a British minister here, mutual explanations on the inexecution of the treaty of peace were entered into with that minister. These are now laid before you for your information.\nOn the subjects of mutual interest between this country and Spain, negociations and conferences are now depending. The public good requiring that the present state of these should be made known to the legislature in confidence only, they shall be the subject of a separate and subsequent communication.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-03-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0444", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 3 December 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nNew york. le 3. Xbre. 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la Repe. fse.\nJe sais tr\u00e8s bien que l\u2019\u00e9x\u00e9cutif des Etats unis est le Canal Constitutionnel des Communications qui ont lieu entre les Etats unis et les autres nations aussi est ce sous les yeux du Pr\u00e9sident que Je vous ai pri\u00e9 par une note officielle de mettre les Commissions de Vice Consul que J\u2019ai d\u00e9livr\u00e9es en vertu de nos conventions en vertu de mes pouvoirs aux Citoyens Chervi et Pennevert \u00e0 l\u2019effet d\u2019obtenir son exequatur.\nJe ne Con\u00e7ois point ce que l\u2019on peut \u00e9xiger de plus. Cependant pour vous prouver que bien loin de tenir \u00e0 la pointille des formalit\u00e9s Je desire les applanir autant qu\u2019il est en mon pouvoir Je vous serai veritablement oblig\u00e9 de vouloir bien me d\u00e9finir Grammaticalement puisque toute discussion constitutionnelle vous est interdite Ce que le gouvernement federal entend par le mot adresse qui pr\u00e9sente plusieurs sens, et dont aucun ne me paroit applicable au point en discussion.\nUne Commission Consulaire est un pouvoir d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 par le Souverain d\u2019un pays \u00e0 un agent particulier qu\u2019il envoye dans un autre Etat pour y remplir avec l\u2019agr\u00e9ment du gouvernement de cet Etat ou d\u2019apr\u00e8s des Conventions qui en font un droit certaines fonctions Judiciaires notariales, administratives et autres vis \u00e0 vis de ceux de ses concitoyens qui peuvent s\u2019y trouver.\nDans les Pays ou le souverain qui envoye un Consul entretient des Ministres ou d\u2019autres representants leur devoir est de notifier au gouvernement du Souverain aupr\u00e8s du quel ils resident la nomination de ce Consul, de lui donner Communication de sa Commission et de le requerir de lui delivrer un exequatur qui n\u2019est autre chose qu\u2019un certificat qui atteste que verification faite des titres dudit Consul ils se sont trouves [en] regle.\nDans les pays ou le souverain qui envoye un Consul n\u2019entretient point de Ministre cet agent est ordinairement muni d\u2019une lettre particuliere par laquelle le gouvernement le Ministre ou l\u2019\u00e9x\u00e9cutif de son Souverain Informe le gouvernement le Ministre ou l\u2019\u00e9x\u00e9cutif de celui dans les Etats duquel il doit resider de sa nomination et des fonctions qui lui sont confi\u00e9es.\nJe ne vois point, M., qu\u2019il y ait en \u00e9ffet d\u2019autre formalit\u00e9 \u00e0 remplir et Je ne sais v\u00e9ritablement ce que l\u2019on entend par l\u2019adresse en question. Si  c\u2019est une Suscription elle est d\u00e9plac\u00e9e sur une Commission qui ne peut \u00eatre adress\u00e9e qu\u2019\u00e0 celui qui en est rev\u00eatu. Si c\u2019est une requisition la notification officielle en tient lieu.\nSi c\u2019est une accreditation particuliere elle denature la mission des Consuls et les convertit en agents politiques ainsi que cela se pratique dans quelques petits Etats. Au surplus, M., s\u2019il y a quelqu\u2019erreur dans les Commissions consulaires d\u00e9livr\u00e9es par le Conseil \u00e8x\u00e9cutif de france elles sont fond\u00e9es sur l\u2019usage. Je me suis fait repr\u00e9senter des copies des Commissions donn\u00e9es par le ci devant Roi \u00e0 ses consuls en Amerique et J\u2019ai reconnu qu\u2019elles \u00e9toient Conformes \u00e0 celles de la Republique ainsi qu\u2019\u00e0 celles des Consuls de toutes les puissances. Il n\u2019est soy\u00e9s en bien persuad\u00e9 Jamais entr\u00e9 dans les vues de la france libre de se m\u00ealer en aucune mani\u00e8re de votre gouvernement ni de Contester \u00e0 M. le President la plus petite partie de sa prerogative. Mais il est de mon devoir de veiller \u00e0 tout ce qui peut avoir rapport aux Inter\u00eats et \u00e0 la dignit\u00e9 du peuple fran\u00e7ois et de demander l\u2019\u00e9xplication des innovations auxquelles on \u00e9xige qu\u2019il se soumette et aux quelles il n\u2019est point en mon pouvoir d\u2019adherer quand elles n\u2019ont point \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9finies par la Constitution quand aucun \u00e9xemple ne les Justifie. Les \u00e9xceptions seules offensent les loix g\u00e9n\u00e9rales ne blessent personne.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0445", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander J. Dallas, 4 December 1793\nFrom: Dallas, Alexander J.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhila. 4 Decr. 1793\nIn a Supplement to the Daily Advertiser (a Gazette published in New York) dated the 2d. of December 1793, I find the following assertion, under the signatures of Mr. Hamilton and Mr. Knox: \u201cThat such of [the] particulars mentioned (in a statement made by Mr. [Jay] and Mr. King) as respect Mr. Jefferson, including the information to him from Mr. Dallas of Mr. Genet\u2019s having [said], that he would appeal from the President to the [Peop]le, were communicated to Mr. Hamilton and [\u2026].\nAs this statement [does not] [\u2026] with my recollection of the fact, I pray you to inform [me] as soon as you conveniently can, how far it is authorised by you. I am, with great esteem, Sir, Your most obed Sert\nA. J. Dallas", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0446", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., 4 December 1793\nFrom: Dandridge, Bartholomew, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n4. Decr 93\nBw. Dandridge has the honor to inform the Secy. of state that Congress adjourn at 1 o\u2019Clock to day, so that no message can now go. By the President\u2019s order B.D. also informs the Secy. that the Presidt. wishes, if practicable, a meeting may be had with the Gentlemen\u2014in order that the papers intended to have been sent to day, may go to Congress as early tomorrow as possible.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0447", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 4 December 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nNew york. le 4. xbre. 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la Repe. fse.\nJ\u2019ai re\u00e7u la lettre que vous m\u2019av\u00e9s fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019\u00e9crire le 30. du mois dernier. Les mesures que le gouvernement federal a prises pour mettre autant que les lois du pays le permettent les Consuls de la R\u00e9publique  \u00e0 l\u2019abri des insultes des \u00e9migr\u00e9s et r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s fran\u00e7ois me paroissent satisfaisantes et Je vous prie d\u2019en recevoir mes remerciements. Je vois avec peine que vous n\u2019av\u00e9s point \u00e9xactement compris le sens de mes lettres du 25. 9bre. et du 30. 8bre. Je sais que votre pays est ouvert \u00e0 tous les hommes pourvu qu\u2019ils y arrivent et qu\u2019ils en sortent paisiblement aussi ne vous aije point propos\u00e9 comme vous paroiss\u00e9s l\u2019avoir compris d\u2019expulser les aristocrates nombreux qui s\u2019y sont introduits. Je vous ai seulement insinu\u00e9 Mr. plutot comme ami de la libert\u00e9 que comme Ministre public qu\u2019il seroit peut \u00eatre utile pour le maintient de vos droits de restreindre la prodigieuse importation de Royalistes d\u2019aristocrates qui a lieu depuis quelque tems et qui n\u2019apportent ici que leur nullit\u00e9 leur orgueil et leur haine pour les gouvernemens Populaires. Je ne vous ai point demand\u00e9 non plus de vous opposer au d\u00e9part des r\u00e9fugi\u00e9s de St. domingue qui croiroient pouvoir retourner dans la partie fidele de ce d\u00e9partement sans s\u2019\u00e9xposer \u00e0 un inconvenient tr\u00e8s grave; Mais Je vous ai requis, M., d\u2019emp\u00eacher l\u2019\u00e9xp\u00e9dition des batiments qui devoient partir publiquement de vos ports pour se rendre dans deux places rebelles qui ont eu la bassesse de se livrer aux Anglois d\u2019apr\u00e8s une convention criminelle faite avec eux dans le mois de fevrier dernier.\nJe vous laisse \u00e0 Juger Mr. Si la trahison a aussi des droits aux faveurs de votre neutralit\u00e9 et si la pudeur et la politique doivent permettre \u00e0 vos citoyens d\u2019aller alimenter les rebelles de Jeremie et du Mole.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0449", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Livermore, 4 December 1793\nFrom: Livermore, Samuel\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nPhiladelphia, 4 Dec. 1793. The President has informed him that a commission has been sent to New Hampshire appointing his son United States district attorney for that state. While the appointment was intended for his eldest son, Edward St. Loe Livermore, the commission was mistakenly made out to his youngest son Arthur. By the President\u2019s direction he has informed both sons of the mistake and now relates his order that a corrected commission be issued.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0450", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from John Mason, 4 December 1793\nFrom: Mason, John\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nGeorge Town 4th. Decr. 1793\nIn due course I was honoured with your Letter of 20th. Ulto.\nIt is from our Connection with that City quite as convenient, to receive in Philadelphia at present as here, and not to trouble you with remitting, we send now to our Friends Messrs. Joseph Anthony & Son who will present it\u2014F. M. & Cos. Draft on you for 205 Ds. 42 Cts.\nWe have written to our Friend in Baltimore for the amount of the little Charges in this Country when we ascertain will forward them in same way.\nBy next Post Sir the house who are now preparing the papers relative, will take the Liberty of addressing you in your Official Character on the Subject of a Ship and Cargoe we have lately had seized and condemned in a most extraordinary Manner at St. Christophers. With great Respect I have the honour to be Sir Your most Ob Hble St\nJ Mason", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0451", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Monroe, 4 December 1793\nFrom: Monroe, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nI find the establishment of the charge against Mr. G: will depend principally upon what you heard Mr. Dallas say. This latter will deny that he ever said any thing like what the certificate states. Jay and King heard it from Hamilton and Knox, these latter from Mifflin and I am told that there is a difference between those Gentlemen and Mifflin, and likewise between him and Dallas as to what they respectively stated. So that the fact will be disproved against them, unless the circumstances they are able to adduce are supported by you. If they procure\n from the President your report to him will not this transfer the business from them to him. I have just heard the above and transmit it for your information.\nJas. Monroe", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-04-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0452", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Remsen, 4 December 1793\nFrom: Remsen, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr. Sir\nNew York Decemr. 4. 1793\nI have had the Honor to receive your favor of the 9th. Ult:, and this day I have sent the model by the Ellice Capt. Weymouth bound to Richmond, having addressed it to the care of Coll. Robt. Gamble agreeable to your direction. The Captain has promised to attend to it\u2019s safety on the passage, and deliver it immediately after his arrival.\nI am happy to learn that the Congress and Executive of the U.S. may meet in Philadelphia free from apprehension. Did any trace of the late disorder remain, it would intimidate many of them, and give occasion perhaps to much discussion respecting a proper place for their sessions. I learn that the City of Washington is encreasing fast, and will be, when once it assumes the appearance it is intended it should have, the handsomest in America, or even in Europe. Mr. Greenleaf a wealthy man of this place, has purchased a great number of lots there, and appropriated a large sum for building on and otherwise improving them. He purposes also to erect the Brick-machine invented by a Dr. Kingsland or Kingsley, from whom he has purchased the one half of the patent. A few such enterprizing men will make any new town grow. I shall always be happy to be honored with your commands and subscribe myself with grateful respect & esteem Dr. Sir Your most obedt. & h\u2019ble servt.\nHenry Remsen", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0453", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Zebulon Hollingsworth, 5 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hollingsworth, Zebulon\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 5. 1793.\nNotwithstanding the sale of the Pilgrim it may be of importance to possess evidence of the place of her capture. I am therefore to ask the favor of you to have the evidence taken according to the general rules heretofore communicated to you, and to send the same to me. I have the honor to acknolege the receipt of your letters of Nov. 26. and 30. & to be with great respect Sir your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0454", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 6 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia. Dec. 6. 1793.\nIn consequence of the notice given to the Governor of Pensylvania of the apprehensions that a number of the emigrants of St. Domingo might be returning hence to the island in a hostile form, enquiries were set on foot, the result of which I have the honor to inclose for your information; and am with respect Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-06-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0455", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 6 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 6. 1793.\nYour letter of the 15th. of Nov. on the subject of your bills refused paiment at the Treasury, was duly laid before the President and referred to the department of the treasury, a copy of the report from which I have now the honor to inclose you, and am with great respect Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0457", "content": "Title: Cabinet Opinions on Edmond Charles Genet and James King, 7 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas,Knox, Henry,Randolph, Edmund,Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Washington, George\nAt a meeting of the heads of departments and Atty. Genl. at the President\u2019s on the 7th. of Dec. 1793.\nMr. Genet\u2019s letter of Dec. 3. questioning the right of requiring the address of Consular commissions to the President was read. It is the opinion that the address may be either to the US. or to the President of the US. but that one of these shoud be insisted on.\nA letter from James King was read, dated Philadelphia Nov. 25. 1793. complaining of the capture of his schooner Nancy by a British privateer and carried into N. Providence, and that the court there has thrown the onus probandi on the owners, to shew that the vessel and cargo are American property. It is the opinion that Mr. King be informed that it is a general rule that the government should not interpose individually, till a final denial of justice has taken place in the courts of the country where the wrong is done; but that, a considerable degree of information being shortly expected relative to these cases, his will be further considered and attended to at that time.\nThe Secretary of state informed the President that he had received a number of applications from Mr. Genet on behalf of the refugees of St. Domingo who have been subjected to tonnage on their vessels and duties on their property on taking asylum in the ports of this country, into which they were forced by the misfortunes of that colony. It is the opinion that the Secretary of state may put the petitions into the hands of a member of the legislature in his private capacity to be presented to the legislature.\nTh: Jefferson Edm: Randolph Alexander Hamilton H Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0458", "content": "Title: Estimate of State Department Expenses, 7 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nEstimate of the Expenses of the Department of State, at Home; for one year, commencing 1st. January 1793.\nDollrs.\nThe Secretary of State\u2019s salary\nOne Chief Clerk\u2019s\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007do.\n3 Clerk\u2019s-(an additional one will probably be requisite)\nsay\nClerk for foreign Languages\u2019 salary\nOffice keeper and messenger\u2019s do.\nStationary of all kinds\nFirewood\nCts\nOffice rent\nnewspapers from the different States abt. 20 @ 4 dollrs.\nGazettes from, and Gazettes sent to Am. Ministers abroad\nLaws of the 1 Session of the 3d. Congress, to be published in 5 newspapers. at about 100 dollrs. each\nPrinting an edition of the Same, to be distributed according to law\nFor Binding\n\u2007\u2007Deficiencies in the appropriation of the present year\nfor Extra Clerks employed preparing documents laid & to be laid before Congress\nsay\nFor an index to the Laws of the 2d. Congress\nDepartment of State\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007Decr. 7. 1793.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0459", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James King, 7 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: King, James\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 7. 1793.\nYour letter tho\u2019 dated the 25th. of November was delivered to me only the day before yesterday. I have this day laid it before the President, and I have to observe to you that the rule by which all governments conduct themselves in cases where injury has been done by individuals of one to individuals of the other government, is to leave the injured party to seek redress in the courts of the other. If that redress be finally denied after due application to the courts, it then becomes a subject of national complaint. I do not undertake to say that it is the general practice, and much less shall I say it is just to throw the onus probandi on the owners: but it is said to be the practice of some nations. However I only mention these general matters that you may not fail to take all the measures depending on yourself for the saving your property. I expect shortly to be possessed of a considerable mass of cases which are supposed entitled to public interference; these will be submitted to the President and some general principles and plan adopted for general remedy: and I will take care that your case shall then have due attention paid. I am Sir your most obedt servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-07-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0460", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John F. Mercer, 7 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mercer, John F.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 7. 1793.\nI received yesterday your favor of Nov. 30. and can assure you that the city is understood universally to be entirely clear of infection, not a single person having the yellow fever at this time, and that this has been believed to be the case near three weeks. The members of Congress here are entirely without apprehension. Still I have not learnt how a stranger is to know into what houses he may venture, as not having had the\n disease at all. In fact the members have ventured into both taverns and lodging houses, where they have had it. Francis\u2019s hotel near the Indian Queen has never had it, therefore you may safely land there. Mrs. Trist intends to take a small house and a few of her acquaintances: but I believe she has not got a house yet. In the one she formerly occupied, a person died of the fever: but Mr. Giles and Mr. Venable are there, and Stockdon has lived in the very room where the person died for a considerable time. You will have seen the speech and message and therefore I need say nothing of the interesting matters before Congress. My respects to Mrs. Mercer. Accept yourself my affectionate regard.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0461", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to James Brown, 8 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Brown, James\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 8. 1793.\nI have duly recieved your favor of Nov. 25. as also a letter from Mr. Hopkins covering certificates of stock of the property of Mr. Short, of the following descriptions and amount, to wit,\nNo.\n535. \u0110 \u20071 093.89 six per cents\nfrom the loan office of Virginia\n900. \u011011,256.63 three per cents\nMr. Hopkins also transmitted me an account of interest received by you from Mr. Short amounting to \u0110 2,221.09. Being uninformed of the transactions between yourself and Mr. Short, I am unable to judge whether that sum or any part of it stands as a balance with you in his favor, or has been absorbed by corresponding sums to his debet. Mr. Short\u2019s desire being to convert all his sums of interest as fast as they arise into principal stock, I have only to observe that any balance which may remain in your hands if paid at your convenience, shall be converted according to the desires of Mr. Short.\nI thank you for your interesting yourself for me with Mr. Hague & Lister. I had left it in charge with Mr. TM Randolph to have my furniture removed. I expect to be settled at Monticello by the middle of January, and shall take the earliest opportunity of going to Richmond to see about several matters which my business here has obliged me too much to neglect. I am with great esteem Dear Sir your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0463", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to J. P. P. Derieux, 8 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Derieux, Justin Pierre Plumard\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 8. 1793.\nI have not been inattentive to your matter since my return. I sent your letter to Mr. Vaughan, and I wrote one to Mr. Homassel. The merchants were at that time much dispersed. I inclose you Mr. Homassel\u2019s answer. All are now returned to the city, and I hope these two gentlemen will settle and liquidate your affair. They shall not want my sollicitations to do it. My respects to Mrs. Derieux and am with esteem Dear Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0464", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Robert Gamble, 8 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gamble, Robert\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 8. 1793.\nI think I mentioned to you either verbally or by letter that I had the model of a threshing machine arrived at New York which I set great store by, and had taken the liberty of directing to be forwarded to Richmond to your address. My friend at New-York now writes me that he has sent it by the Ellice Capt. Weymouth bound for Richmond. Will you be so good as to receive it and hold it till the order of Mr. Randolph, as I expect it is too delicate to be moved in a waggon. I shall be myself at Monticello by the 14th. of January, when, should no safe opportunity have occurred of forwarding it thither, I shall be able to make one. I am with great esteem Dr. Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0465", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Graham, 8 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Graham, Richard\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 8. 1793.\nI have received and laid before the President your letter of Nov. 26. and after due acknolegements for the offers of service you have made, I have to observe that the measures already taken by the Executive of the US. for the establishment of their right to the navigation of the Missisipi, would not at all comport with those you are pleased to propose in your letter.\nI should have been happy if my longer stay in Fredericksburg would have given me the pleasure of seeing you, being with great regard Sir Your most obedt servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0467", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Mann Page, 8 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Page, Mann\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 8. 1793.\nI owe you a letter which should have been written by your servant from Fredericksbg., whom you were so kind as to send for me when I was there. But I had passed the day at Chatham, was returning about dusk, shivering, and snowing, when I met your servant in the streets. I desired him to apologize to you for my not writing, by telling you the place and state in which he found me, and I left Fredericksbg. the next morning an hour before day. I shall endeavor to repair all this in person about the 2d. week in January, when I shall be at Fredericksburg on my way home. I have directed horses to meet me there on the 12th. and whatever time can intervene between my reaching Fredericksbg. and the 12th. I will certainly have the pleasure of passing with you if you should be at home. I inclose you a newspaper which contains some interesting things. Our information from France is very chaotic. We can only distinguish that they have gained three important victories on the side of Flanders, and those said to be gained over them are very problematical. Their enemies however still hold Toulon.\u2014I am one of those who believe in the impossibility of the resurrection of monarchy in France and of another campaign by the combined powers. Congress have not yet fully assembled, nor by any vote shewn their complexion. We hope it will be patriotic and republican, but not in the stile of republicanism of the 1st. and 2d. Congress. Your brother is not yet arrived. My best respects to Mrs. Page, and am dear Sir with great affection & respect Your friend & servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0468", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 8 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 8. 1793.\nThis was my day of course for writing to Maria, but business obliges me to postpone her till the next Sunday, which I have the better right to do as I have not yet received a letter from her.\u2014I inclose you a second letter received from Mr. Leroy in reply to a second which I wrote to him. I thought it not amiss to cultivate his good dispositions as these might facilitate the sheltering your property under the wings of the protested bill and of Dover.\u2014The resignation of my office will take place on the last day of the year. I suppose it will then take me a week to settle my affairs here; and consequently that I may be at Fredericksburg by the 12th. of January. On that day therefore I would wish horses to arrive\n for me at Fredericksburg. If the roads should be still tolerably good, and Mr. Carr\u2019s chair at Monticello, I will thank him for the use of it. But if the roads are deep, I shall do better on horseback. We shall need two horses besides that on which the person who brings them is to return.\u2014A person of the name of Eli Alexander is engaged for me at Elk, as overseer on the East side of the river. He will set out this day week. I am to furnish him the same conveniences which I did to Mr. Biddle. Be pleased therefore to desire the latter to have made immediately a bedstead and table, and to bespeak half a dozen chairs of Fitch, also to have the house in which Rogers lived, put into habitable condition. I mean as soon as I can to remove the Overseer\u2019s residence up to Hickman\u2019s. The other small utensils which were furnished to Mr. Biddle, may be got from the stores after Alexander\u2019s arrival, which will probably be but a few days before mine. He had better employ his force at Shadwell as much as he can till I come, because I mean to reform the feilds at the upper place this winter.\nCongress have met, but have not begun business. Freneau\u2019s and Fenno\u2019s paper\u2019s are both discontinued. The former however will be resumed, I am told, by Swaine, one of the former printers of it. If it is, I think it will be well executed. Our information from France is so chaotic that we cannot well distinguish facts: but on the whole we know certainly of three important victories obtained by them on the side of Flanders, and those said to have been obtained over them are problematical. Toulon is still in the hands of their enemies.\nI sincerely condole with you on the death of Colo. Randolph. We have had together the intimacy of brothers from 5. or 6. years of age, and the affection of brothers. No body deplored more the tormenting state of mind into which he had been latterly reduced and tho\u2019 from the accounts of his health I had for some time viewed his end as approaching, I still learn the actual event with great sensibility.\u2014My love to my dear children, esteem to our common friends at Monticello, kisses to the little ones, and accept my best affections for yourself.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0469", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., [8\u20139 December 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTh: J. to mr Randolph\nI forgot in the inclosed to mention that my Model of the threshing machine is at length sent by the Ellice Capt. Weymouth bound from New York to Richmond, addressed to Colo. Gamble. I have written to him to hold it subject to your order. Knowing nothing of the size or construction of the model, I am not able to say whether it may not be too small or too delicate to trust by a waggon, or how else it should come. I have therefore thought it best to give you the trouble of deciding that, as in some of your trips to Richmond you may perhaps have a view of the bulk, and of the structure also if it can be done easily. Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: J.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0470", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Yznardi, Jr., 8 December 1793\nFrom: Iznardi, Joseph, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNewYork 8 Decr. 1793\nI was duly honoured with your Letter of the 7th. Septr. and the following post, with one for Messrs. Carmichael and Short; of which, as I adviced you in my respects of 25 Augt.; I intended to have been the Bearer: a severe indisposition, which confined me to my room for three weeks, prevented me. I forward it on immediately by a safe conveyance.\nI came on here to embark for Cadiz, and had taken my passage in the Ship Montgomery, to sail in two days, and now receive the very disagreeable intelligence, comunicated by Mr. Church, from Lisbon. In this situation; I dare not venture in the said vessell, and thinking that you will have some dispatches, to send to Lisbon, or Madrid, if so, with your advice, I will charter the vessell that came as express, and take charge of any thing, to be delivered at any of the abovementioned places.\nThe Spanish Charg\u00e9 des affaires Mr. Jaudenes, has comunicated to me, that if the united States, would apply to him, he would engage that the Spanish Court; would immediately interfere, in behalf of this Country, for a peace with these Savages, indeed more, he informed me \u201che would engage to establish Peace\u201d: how far this Gentleman may be able to effect it, I realy cannot say; but I think it my duty, to comunicate it to you, and at the same time to offer myself, to go to Madrid, and thence to algiers, in any Capacity the President may please to point out.\nIf any thing should be determined upon, with your advice I will immediately proceed to Pha. to take the necessary instructions; and at any rate I shall be much obliged to you, for an answer as soon as convenient, as I wish to go as soon as possible, to my post; and for which purpose I shall immediately take up the above mentioned Vessell. I have the honor to be with due respect Sir Your most obedient and most Humble Servant\nJoseph Yznardi Junr.\nP.S. Mr. Jaudenes goes on, this day to Pha.\nAs soon as I receive from Cadiz, a true statement of the affairs relative to the two Ships from Bourdeax, I will communicate it to you; You may relye my Father, will have done the utmost in his power in their favor.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-09-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0471", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from James Arthur, 9 December 1793\nFrom: Arthur, James\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia December 9th 93\nI wish to inform you that i have Secured Some of the Best mechanicks on the Continent in the mashiene making line for water or weft Spining of Cotton or worsted. Like wise i think we Can make a cotton Gin that will feed it Self to go by water or horse which i conceive will Be of greate utility to the Sotherin States. I could wish to Spend this winter in this town to Prove the Buisness. I am so well Convinced of the abilityes of my Self and three others which is in this place that i will Engage to make a mashiene of evry Sort for the weft and a mule one water frame and the Preporation for the whole for three thousand five hundred Dollars or Receive nothing if the are not the Bes Plans that are now Entroduced in Europe. I conceive this is an oportunity that merits the publick atention as there is a sertainty of Establishing the Buisness at a small expence if the mechanicks meet with Encouragement Speedyly. The have had good Encouragement to go to the westindia ilands But i have Detained them until i have made trial what Can Be Done in america. I have laid a plan to prevent imposition as the have been Entrodused heretofore that is to have Evry mashiene made for a Certain Sum of money. I have made the prises which the are agreeable to Do them for. A line Directed to No. 198 South front street will be atended to By Sir Yours\nJames Arthur", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0473", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to John Barker Church, 11 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Church, John Barker\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 11. 1793.\nThe President has received your letter of Aug. 16. with it\u2019s inclosures. It was with deep concern that he learnt the unhappy fortunes of M. de la Fayette, and that he still learns his continuance under them. His friendship for him could not fail to inspire him with the desire of relieving him, and he was sure that in endeavoring to do this he should gratify the sincere attachments of his fellow-citizens. He has accordingly employed such means as appeared the most likely to effect this purpose; tho\u2019, under the existing circumstances, he could not be sanguine in their obtaining very immediately the desired effect. Conscious however that his anxieties for the sufferer flow from no motives unfriendly to those who feel an interest in his confinement, he indulges their continuance, and will not relinquish the hope that the reasons for this severity will at length yeild to those of a more benign character. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0474", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., 11 December 1793\nFrom: Dandridge, Bartholomew, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDecember the 11. 1793.\nBy the Presidents order Bw. Dandridge has the honor to transmit the enclosed papers relating to the truce between Portugal and Algiers, to the Secretary of State and to inform the Secretary that the President wishes him to prepare such information respecting the same as may be necessary to be made public\u2014and as considerable expence has been incurred in the conveyance of said intelligence to the Goverment of the US. to consider what communication shall be made thereupon to Congress.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0475", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Davies, 11 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Davies, William\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia. Dec. 11. 1793.\nI duly received your favor of Nov. 20. The paper of which you desire a copy not being in my office, I have inclosed you an authentic printed copy: authentic, I say, because by the public printer and by order of the House of Representatives.\nOf the difficulties of the business in which you were engaged here I have been fully sensible; and I have no doubt that your most zealous and assiduous exertions were employed to surmount them. Yet not having (as you are sensible) been in any manner in the way of being acquainted with what was going on, I am altogether incompetent to give any evidence or information on the subject, other than my general presumption founded on a knowlege of your attention and industry with which the government of our state is perfectly acquainted. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir Your most obedt. humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0476", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 11 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMr. Hamilton presents his Compliments to Mr. Jefferson. He has a confused recollection that there was something agreed upon with regard to prizes about which he was to write to the Collectors but which his state of his health at the time put out of his recollection. If Mr. Jefferson recollects it Mr. H. will thank him for information.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0477", "content": "Title: Report on Edmond Charles Genet and Gouverneur Morris, 11 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nThe President doubtless recollects the communications of Mr. Ternant expressing the dissatisfaction of the Executive council of France with Mr. Morris our minister there, which however Mr. Ternant\n desired might be considered as informal: that Colo. Smith also mentioned that dissatisfaction, and that Mr. LeBrun told him he would charge Mr. Genet expressly with their representations on this subject; and that all further consideration thereon lay over therefore for Mr. Genet\u2019s representations.\n  Mr. Genet, some time after his arrival (I cannot now recollect how long, but I think it was a month or more) coming to my house in the country one evening, joined me in a walk near the river. Our conversation was on various topics, and not at all of an official complexion. As we were returning to the house, being then I suppose on some subject relative to his country (tho\u2019 I really do not recall to mind what it was) he turned about to me, just in the passage of the gate, and said \u2018but I must tell you we all depend on you to send us a good minister there, with whom we may do business confidentially, in the place of Mr. Morris.\u2019 These are perhaps not the identical words, yet I believe they are nearly so; I am sure they are the substance, and he scarcely employed more in the expression. It was unexpected; and, to avoid the necessity of an extempore answer, I instantly said something resuming the preceding thread of conversation, which went on, and no more was said about Mr. Morris. From this I took it for granted he meant now to come forward formally with complaints against Mr. Morris, as we had been given to expect, and therefore I mentioned nothing of this little expression to the President. Time slipped along, I expecting his complaints and he not making them. It was undoubtedly his office to bring forward his own business himself, and not at all mine to hasten or call for it; and if it was not my duty, I could not be without reasons for not taking it on myself officiously. He at length went to New York, to wit, about the ofwithout having done any thing formally on this subject. I now became uneasy lest he should consider the little sentence he had uttered to me as effectively, tho\u2019 not regularly, a complaint. But the more I reflected on the subject the more impossible it seemed that he could have viewed it as such; and the rather because, if he had, he would naturally have asked from time to time \u2018Well, what are you doing with my complaint against Mr. Morris?\u2019 or some question equivalent. But he never did. It is possible I may at other times have heard him speak unfavorably of Mr. Morris, tho\u2019 I do not recollect any particular occasion: but I am sure he never made to me any proposition to have him recalled. I believe I mentioned this matter to Mr. Randolph before I left Philadelphia: I know I did after my return: but I did not to the President, till the reciept of Mr. Genet\u2019s letter of Sep. 30. which from some unaccountable delay of the post never came to me in Virginia, tho I remained there till Oct. 25. (and received there three subsequent mails) and it never reached me in Philadelphia till Dec. 2.\nThe preceding is the state of this matter, as nearly as I can recollect it at this time, and I am sure it is not materially inaccurate in any point.\nTh: Jefferson Dec. 11. 1793.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-11-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0478", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from St. George Tucker, 11 December 1793\nFrom: Tucker, St. George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nWilliamsburg, Decr: 11th: 1793.\nThis Letter will be delivered to you by my son in law John Randolph, who has resided in philadelphia for some time, with intent to avail himself of the instruction and friendship of the Attorney General of the United States, in the pursuit of his professional studies, and in his entry into life: I have some reason to apprehend that some degree of misunderstanding has subsisted between them lately, which, together with Mr. Randolph\u2019s removal from phila. renders the benefits which I flattered myself my son would derive from his patronage at least doubtful. The season of the year is such that I am unwilling to press his immediate return to Virginia: might I presume so far on your Attachment to those of your native country, who wish to improve themselves, as to sollicit your friendship and advice to him? I know, Sir, that I am not authorised to make this request upon any other footing. Permit me then to place it upon that ground, and to assure you that it is equally dictated by my Anxiety for the advancement of my son, & by that esteem with which I have the honor to be, Sir, Your very obedt: hble Servt.\nS: G: Tucker", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0479", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Alexander Hamilton, 12 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hamilton, Alexander\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 12. 1793.\nColo. Humphries having charged Mr. Church our Consul at Lisbon to send us information of the truce between Algiers and Portugal by an Express vessel, he engaged one under Swedish colours to come here with his letters. She is now lying at New York at our expence. Thinking it material to save as much of the expence as we can, by permitting her to be freighted back to Lisbon to which place she is to return, I mentioned to the President that the officer at the head of the customs at New York would be the most proper person to take charge of her. It is with his approbation that I inclose you the Charter-party, stating the terms on which she has been engaged; with a desire that you will give the necessary orders to that officer to do with the vessel what is best for the public interest. I have the honor to be with great respect Sir your most obedt servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-12-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0481", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Pinckney, 12 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Pinckney, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 12. 1793.\nThe George Barclay has fallen down the river before I had notice she was about to sail: I have therefore only had time to send out and get the inclosed bill of Mr. John Vaughan on Messrs. Bird, Savage & Bird of London for \u00a313\u201313 the amount of the model of the threshing machine you were so kind as to send me. It is gone on from New York to Virginia without my having seen it. Accept many thanks for having procured it.\nThe communications between G. and us, which I mentioned in my last public letter, are now printing. You shall receive them by the first conveyance after they are done.\u2014We heard yesterday of the truce effected\n between Algiers, Portugal and Holland. I am with great & sincere esteem Dr. Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. I trouble you with letters to Messrs. Van Staphorsts, to Mr. Church, and Mr. Leslie.\u2014I leave this the 1st. day of January.\nP.S. Dec. 17. The original of the preceding went by the George Barclay. This duplicate goes by the Pigou. It is to inclose a second of the bill for 13. guineas lest the first should miscarry: as also another letter to Mr. Leslie. Many assurances of esteem. Your\u2019s\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0482", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jacob Hollingsworth, 13 December 1793\nFrom: Hollingsworth, Jacob\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nElkton 13 Decbr 1793\nYours of 21 Novbr. I Received with twenty Dollars for to Buy Clover Seed, and yours of 4 Decbr. with Directions for Mr. Alaxander who will go agreable to appointment, and Respecting the Cloverseed I Can supply you with and Send it by Mr. Alaxander at Nine Dollars a Bushil and no Less. Its of the Last years Seed which I think Eaqual to New, perhaps the New will be Cheaper but as it will not be thrashed untill Jany. or Febry. it will be too Late for your purpose; If you Chose I will forward two Bushils by Mr. Alaxander, your answer Respecting it, Oblige Very Huml. Servt\nJacob Hollingsworth\nNB Mr. Alaxander has taken Directions from your Last Letter and his Traviling Expensis is to be Made as Reasonable as Posable.\nJH", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-13-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0483", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Leacock, [13?] December 1793\nFrom: Leacock, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nPhilada. Decmr. [13?] 1793\nHaving some time last Summer heard you Express an intention of burning the wood off your Lands in Virginia and making it into Potash, immediately, on returning to my home I gave you the best instructions in my power by Letter, respecting the process, and found an answer to my Letter left at the house of Mr. Cross, Letitia-Court Market Street soon after, with an invitation to call on you when convenient. With pleasure I should have done so had I but gained further knowledge to communicate. That was my wish, and every enquiery was made of foreigners, Russians, Polanders, germans &c., respecting the mode persued in their Countrys, but was not fortunate enough to meet with any one who knew much about it, which was the reason of my not intruding on your precious time. I Expect you have made a beginning, and I am certain if you have attempted to make pot-ash, that \u2018tis good. You made Critical Enquiery touching every particular of the process, therefore, Mr. Jeffersons penetration and retentive memory cannot fail Exelling in the work. Indeed, the making good pot-ash is but a simple affair. Strong clear Lyes Evaporated in kettles to the consistence of brown sugar, and then, (after all the Lyes are thus thick\u2019ned) these salts are to be melted with an intense heat in a covered Kettle and the fire continued till the vegitable oil and all the blackness is banished, after which \u2018tis to be laded out into iron coolers made warm, and this is the whole mistery.\nI am acquainted with a very good German artist in this City, who probably would Engage to conduct the buissiness for you Sir, on favourable conditions, this man has a wife and 4 Children, and should it be your wish to see the man I will inform him.\nI beg leave at this time, to impart my distressed condition in this world to a gentleman of Philanthropy and feeling, with humble hope his commisserating heart will administer some relief to an almost despairing mortal, struggling with an afflicted body in the sixtieth year of Life, friendless and in want. The raging Calamity in this City proved a grievous thing to me. The little income of my office in the best of times barely supported me, and, not having had any pot ash to Inspect many months because of the malady in the City, really, I am in a manner starving. The winter has come on me unprepared to withstand its rigour. I am indebted for the rent of my little appartment, not in my power to discharge, and what will be my fate God only knows! Should my Landlord seize the bed that I sleep on and all my little matters, and force me out into an unfeeling-world in the dead of winter, I must certainly perish! \u2018Tis not in my power to provide decent cloathing or Even daily comforts  for my body. This grievous necessity has forced me to Entreat you Sir, to compassionate and help me, and your benevolence will not be lost in a happier Life hereafter. Would but your kindness enable me to live till the Spring, business will then support me. I am dear Sir, your distressed petitioner & huml. Servt.\nJoseph Leacock\nPS. Should what I have wrote happily Exite the benevolence of Mr. Jefferson, I entreat a line may be left at Mr. Cross\u2019s, sealed up. The sensibility of Mr. Jeffersons disposition is such, as to persuade me this Letter will be destroyed after perusal, least it might be read by others.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0485", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jean Pierre Blanchard, 14 December 1793\nFrom: Blanchard, Jean Pierre\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\na l\u2019hotel D\u2019oeller\u2019s ce 14 Xbre. 1793\nIl m\u2019interesse beaucoup, pour l\u2019ordre de mes affaires, de Savoir Si vous avez re\u00e7u une lettre que j\u2019eus l\u2019honneur de vous adresser il y a environ Six semaines.\nComme les plus grands personnages de l\u2019Europe ne m\u2019ont jamais n\u00e9glig\u00e9 leur reponse, votre silence, Monsieur, me fait augurer que ma lettre (a la verit\u00e9 d\u2019un stile tout a fait neuf pour moi) aura \u00e9t\u00e9 intercept\u00e9e. Je suis avec respect Monsieur Votre tr\u00e8s humble Serviteur\nBlanchard de plusieurs academies &c &c", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0486", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Rawle, 14 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Rawle, William\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 14. 1793.\nI have to acknolege the receipt of your favor of the 9th. inst. and in answer thereto to observe that where the witnesses who deposed on the former occasion can be procured, it would be proper they should be reexamined: where they cannot be procured, the depositions formerly taken may be sent to the Executive to give such weight to them as shall be thought proper. The arbitration being declined by the agent for the owners of the vessel, you will be so kind as to proceed to have the depositions taken either by yourself, or, as you have a delicacy about that, by such other person as you shall appoint. I am with esteem Sir your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0488", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 14 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to inform the President that the Spanish papers are now all ready. He sends him a set for his examination and will send two others Monday morning. He also sends the draught of the message he would propose, with the blank filled up which had been left in it. Whenever the President is satisfied about it, either with or without amendments, Th:J. will have copies made out.\nThe Algerine papers will not be ready till tomorrow when they shall be submitted to the examination of the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-14-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0489", "content": "Title: George Washington to the Senate and the House of Representatives, [14] December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Congress\nGentlemen of the Senate & of the House of Representatives\nUnited States December. [14] 1793.\nThe situation of affairs in Europe, in the course of the year 1790. having rendered it possible that a moment might arrive favorable for the arrangement of our unsettled matters with Spain, it was thought proper to prepare our representative at that court to avail us of it. A confidential person was therefore dispatched to be the bearer of instructions to him, and to supply by verbal communications any additional information of which he might find himself in need. The government of France was at the same time applied to for it\u2019s aid and influence in this negociation. Events however took a turn which did not present the occasion hoped for.\nAbout the close of the ensuing year, I was informed through the representatives of Spain here, that their government would be willing to renew at Madrid the former conferences on these subjects. Tho\u2019 the transfer of scene was not what would have been desired, yet I did not think it important enough to reject the proposition; and therefore, with the advice and consent of the Senate, I appointed Commissioners plenipotentiary for negociating and concluding a treaty with that country on the several subjects of boundary, navigation and commerce, and gave them the instructions now communicated. Before these negociations however could be got into train, the new troubles which had arisen in Europe had produced new combinations among the powers there, the effects of which are but too visible in the proceedings now laid before you.\nIn the mean time some other points of discussion had arisen with that country, to wit, the restitution of property escaping into the territories of each other, the mutual exchange of fugitives from justice, and above all the mutual interferences with the Indians lying between us. I had the best reason to believe that the hostilities threatened and exercised by the Southern Indians on our border were excited by the Agents of that government. Representations were thereon directed to be made, by our Commissioners, to the Spanish government, and a proposal to cultivate with good faith the peace of each other with those people. In the mean time, corresponding suspicions were entertained, or pretended to be entertained on their part, of like hostile excitements by our agents to disturb their peace with the same nations. These were brought forward by the representatives of Spain here, in a stile which could not fail to produce attention. A claim of patronage and protection\n of those Indians was asserted, a mediation between them and us, by that sovereign, assumed, their boundaries with us made a subject of his interference, and at length, at the very moment when these savages were committing daily inroads on our frontier, we were informed by them that \u2018the continuation of the peace, good harmony, and perfect friendship of the two nations was very problematical for the future unless the US. should take more convenient measures and of greater energy than those adopted for a long time past.\u2019\nIf their previous correspondence had worn the appearance of a desire to urge on a disagreement, this last declaration left no room to evade it, since it could not be conceived we would submit to the scalping knife and tomahawk of the savage, without any resistance. I thought it time therefore to know if these were the views of their sovereign, and dispatched a special messenger with instructions to our commissioners which are among the papers now communicated. Their last letter gives us reason to expect very shortly to know the result.\u2014I must add that the Spanish representatives here, perceiving that their last communication had made considerable impression, endeavored to abate this by some subsequent professions which being also among the communications to the legislature, they will be able to form their own conclusions.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0494", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Christopher Gore, 15 December 1793\nFrom: Gore, Christopher\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nBoston December 15. 1793\nI receiv\u2019d your favor of the 29th. ult. on the 14. instant, and immediately communicated to Consul Dannery, the intentions of Government toward him, and my own desire to comply with such their intentions\u2014to which he replied this day.\nI take the liberty to enclose you copy of my letter, and his answer\u2014and am, sir, with the greatest respect your most obed. servt\nC. Gore", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0495", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Mary Jefferson, 15 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Jefferson, Mary\nMy dear Maria\nPhiladelphia Dec. 15. 1793\nI should have written to you the last Sunday in turn, but business required my allotting your turn to Mr. Randolph, and putting off writing to you till this day. I have now received yours and your sister\u2019s letters of Nov. 27. and 28. I agree that Watson shall make the writing desk for you.\u2014I called the other day on Mrs. Fullerton, and there saw your friend Sally Cropper. She went up to Trenton the morning after\n she left us, and staid there till lately. The maid servant who waited on her and you at our house, caught the fever on her return to town and died.\u2014In my letter of last week I desired Mr. Randolph to send horses for me to be at Fredericksburg on the 12th. of January. Lest that letter should miscarry I repeat it here and wish you to mention it to him. I also informed him that a person of the name of Eli Alexander would set out this day from Elkton to take charge of the plantations under Byrd Rogers, and praying him to have his accomodations at the place got ready as far as should be necessary before my arrival. I hope to be with you all about the 15th. of January no more to leave you. My blessings to your dear Sister and little ones; affections to Mr. Randolph and your friends with you. Adieu, my dear. Your\u2019s tenderly\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-15-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0496", "content": "Title: Certificate for Raphaelle Peale, 15 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nDepartment of State\nThe purpose of Mr. Peale\u2019s voyage being merely to collect subjects of Natural history for the valuable Museum of his father at Philadelphia, unconnected with every other object, I hereby certify that fact, in addition to the preceding passport, and recommend the said Rafaelle Peale to the aid and patronage of all the lovers and protectors of science wheresoever he may have need of them. Given under my hand at Philadelphia aforesaid this 15th. day of December 1793.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0498", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Brown, Benson & Ives, 16 December 1793\nFrom: Brown, Benson & Ives\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nProvidence, Decemr. 16. 1793.\nWe had the honour to address you the 18th. of April last in reply to your esteem\u2019d favour of the 5th. of the same Month on the subject of our Complaint relative to the Detention of our Brig Commerce at Port au Prince. It was then our intention to Prosecute our Claim for Damages but the Amount \u2018tho very great We could never estimate\u2014on that particular suffice it to say that Capt. Munro depress\u2019d by his sufferings and the Injury We sustain\u2019d sicken\u2019d and Died\u2014his Death was an irreparable loss. We now Sir, beg leave to solicit your attention to the Papers Which Accompany this Letter\u2014they Contain a detail of the Capture of our Ship Hamilton Capt. Rodman by a French Privateer on the 4th. of April last on her passage from Lisbon to Petersburg loaded principally on frieght also an Authenticated Statement of the loss we sustain\u2019d in Consequence of such Capture, and as the same ship and Commander sail\u2019d yesterday for Bourdeaux, We Conceiv\u2019d it advisable to address a Letter to Mr. Fenwick the American Consul at that Port Coppy of which We have the honour to Inclose. We have also transmitted him our Letter of Attorney to Prosecute our Claim, but as We observe with ineffable satisfaction the Disposition of Goverment to Protect the Commerce of our Country and to resent the many unprovok\u2019d insults to our suffering Trade and being Confident that their interference will be the most efficacious Means to enforce our Claim, you will Permit us to request\n an early applycation of the Inclosures which may Cooperate with our Proceedings in the business, or that available Measures may be adopted by Goverment independent of any attempts of our own, either of which we submit to its Wisdom, and only beg leave to suggest that perhaps the latter would be most eligible as our Ship on her present Passage is subject to interruption which may Procrastinate if not prevent the arrival of our Dispatches to Mr. Fenwick. We think Proper to add that before Capt. Rodman left England where he was sent after his recapture by the British Frigate Juno, he exhibited a Claim for the frieght Money by which Considerable expence was incur\u2019d and at the date of our last advices from London the Cause was Pending in Doctors Commons and the Issue Uncertain as appears by the inclos\u2019d Letter from Mr. Auldjo and a Coppy of one address\u2019d to him from the Proctor Mr. Farquhar. Should more explicit information or any other Proofs we can obtain be Necessary you will do us the favour to Acquaint us. We Cannot Conclude this address without recurring to the grateful Sentiments with which your Prompt and Obliging attention impress\u2019d us in the Case of the Brig Commerce. We ardently hope that the Dignity and the interests of our Country may ever be asserted by such enlighten\u2019d Charecters as guide and Direct its important Councils in this truly Critical and interesting Period. We are Sir with great Consideration & Esteem, Your very Obedt. Friends\nBrown Benson & Ives", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0499", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 16 December 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nPhil. le 16. xbre 1793 l\u2019an 2e de la Rep fse\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de vous accuser la reception de votre lettre en date du 9 de ce mois. Je me conformerai aux dispositions qu\u2019elle contient et \u00e0 ses derniers r\u00e9sultats qui me pr\u00e9sentent une alternative que je saisis avec empressement puis qu\u2019elle me met en mesure de satisfaire le Gouvernement Federal sans d\u00e9roger \u00e0 mes devoirs, position infiniment agreable pour moi et \u00e0 laquelle je ne serais point parvenu si j\u2019eusse adh\u00e9r\u00e9 \u00e0 vos premieres d\u00e9cisions qui m\u2019assuj\u00e9tissaient \u00e0 des formes auxquelles je ne pouvois consentir sans me compromettre.\nJe n\u2019ai jamais cru Monsieur en disputant sur une forme nouvelle m\u2019\u00e9riger en arbitre supr\u00eame, et entreprendre de donner plus ou moins de libert\u00e9 aux agens Consulaires de la nation fran\u00e7aise dans les E.U. Je\n n\u2019ai jamais imagin\u00e9 que les E.U., que le Congr\u00e8s eussent plus de prise sur eux que le Pr\u00e9sident; l\u2019independance de leurs fonctions sur laquelle j\u2019ai insist\u00e9 ne tient point \u00e0 la nature des Corps politiques ou des individus et je ne me suis attach\u00e9 \u00e0 ce point la que parce qu\u2019il ne m\u2019\u00e9tait pas possible de reconnaitre une liaison id\u00e9ale que vous paraissi\u00e9z avoir eu l\u2019intention d\u2019\u00e9tablir entre une pr\u00e9rogative reconnue et une innovation qui ne l\u2019est pas, non plus que ce double principe de dependance pour les agens politiques des nations dans la g\u00e9n\u00e9ralit\u00e9 que vous lui donnez menace d\u2019arracher aux puissances le plus beau de leurs droits \u00e0 l\u2019une des plus anciennes et des plus sacr\u00e9e des fonctions publiques toute sa dignit\u00e9 et \u00e0 des usages consacr\u00e9s par des si\u00e8cles le cachet l\u00e9gislatif que tous les peuples leur ont accord\u00e9. Agr\u00e9ez mon respect.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0500", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 16 December 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nPhiladelphie le 16. xbre. 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la Repe. fse.\nJe vous prie de mettre sous les yeux du President la requisition ci Jointe que Je viens d\u2019adresser au procureur general des Etats unis et de vouloir bien l\u2019engager \u00e0 pr\u00e9scrire \u00e0 ce Magistrat d\u2019entamer le plus promptement possible une procedure qui Interesse \u00e9ssentiellement l\u2019honneur de la france et le mien.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0501", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Edmond Charles Genet to Edmund Randolph, 16 December 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nMonsieur\nPhiladelphie. le 16. xbre 1793 l\u2019an 2e de la R\u00e9publique fse.\nUne nouvelle publication de Messieurs Jay et King dont vous trouverez un exemplaire ci joint m\u2019oblige de recourir encore \u00e0 votre Minist\u00e8re. Vous verrez par cet \u00e9crit que ces M.M. ont aggrav\u00e9 Singuli\u00e8rement leurs offenses envers la France, envers Son d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9 1\u00b0 en associant \u00e0 leur calomnie Messieurs Knox et Hamilton l\u2019un Secretaire de la guerre, l\u2019autre Secretaire des Finances; 2\u00b0 en\n faisant entendre que nous cherchions \u00e0 nous immiscer dans les affaires int\u00e9rieuses des Etats Unis, ce qui est absolument faux.\nDe la part de Simples Citoyens de pareilles assertions ne fixeraient point mon attention; mais \u00e9tant \u00e9man\u00e9es du premier juge et d\u2019un Senateur des E. U. elles m\u00e9ritent une censure publique, et j\u2019esp\u00e8re qu\u2019elles feront partie de l\u2019accusation que je vous prie it\u00e9rativement de porter \u00e0 la Cour Supr\u00e8me des Etats Unis contre M.M. Jay et King, ainsi que contre tous ceux qui ont eu part aux Calomnies que l\u2019on a r\u00e9pandues avec perfidie dans la vue Seule de nuire aux inter\u00eats de la France en attaquant celui qui est charg\u00e9 de la d\u00e9fendre et qui met sa gloire \u00e0 remplir ce devoir en d\u00e9pit de tous les d\u00e9gouts dont on l\u2019abreuve chaque Jour.\nJe vous Serai oblig\u00e9, Monsieur, de vouloir bien me communiquer par \u00e9crit vos intentions relativement \u00e0 mes differentes r\u00e9quisitions et m\u2019\u00e9clairer de vos lumi\u00e8res dans la proc\u00e9dure importante que je Sollicite. Je vais demander au Chef du Pouvoir Ex\u00e9cutif des E. U. par l\u2019entremise du Secr\u00e9taire d\u2019Etat de vous recommander de poursuivre cette affaire avec toute l\u2019activit\u00e9 possible, l\u2019honneur de nos deux R\u00e9publiques exigeant qu\u2019elle Soit promptement termin\u00e9e.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0502", "content": "Title: Proposed Public Statement on Edmond Charles Genet, [ca. 16 December 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nA Question whether Mr. G. has threatened to appeal from the Pr. to the people of the US. has excited considerable attention, has been thought worthy of calling forth the evidence of the highest officers of the government and to justify the disclosure of the private consultations of the Exve. The performance of an official duty having connected me with the matter in question, I have been vouched in affirmation of the charge. It is with much regret that I find my self made use of for any thing in so disagreeable an altercation, but considering it\u2019s present ground, silence on my part might beget surmises which would not be just. I had conversations on Sunday the 7th. of July with Mr. Genet and Mr. Dallas as has been stated in the public papers. I had a private consultation with the Secrs. of the Treasury and war on the Monday to decide what should to be done in the event of the L.D\u2019s attempting to depart and it was than I made my communication to them. The Pr. returned on the Wednesday, and on that day I committed the same communications to writing in a Report to him. I did this when the transactions were fully in my mind, and particular considerations led me to detail with more minuteness than usual every circumstance which I thought worthy notice. I could not then foresee the altercation which has now arisen, nor consequently give to the statement any aspect respecting it. My only object was to give to the Pr. a circumstantial and faithful relation of what he had a right to know. And I did it with a sacred regard to truth. I have since heard the same matter spoken of on different occasions and by different persons insomuch that I should fear to attempt from memory alone to distinguish at this time what I have heard from one what from another, what on one occasion or what on another. I think it therefore safest to give the whole report, without the suppression of a tittle. It contains many things which relate not at all to the present question, and some which it will be obvious were never expected to be made public. Were these however now omitted it might be imagined that the aspect of what would remain\n might be sensibly affected by it. I chuse then to throw myself on the indulgencies of those who may read it, rather than to incur their suspicions, and therefore give a verbal copy of the whole report as follows.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "08-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0503-0002", "content": "Title: I. First State of the Report on Commerce, [before 23 August 1793\u2013after 13 April 1794]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Congress\n[before 23 Aug. 1791\u2013after 13 Apr. 1792]\nThe Secretary of state, to whom was referred by the house of Representatives the Report of a committee on the written message of the President of the U.S. of the 14th. of Feb. 1791. with instruction to report to Congress the nature and extent of the privileges and restrictions of the commercial intercourse of the U.S. with foreign nations, and the measures which he should think proper to be adopted for the improvement\n of the commerce and navigation of the same, has had the same under consideration, and thereupon makes the following\nReport.\nThe nations with which the U.S. have their chief commercial intercourse are Spain, Portugal, France, Great Britain, the United Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden, and their American possessions: and the articles of Export which constitute the basis of that commerce with their respective amounts are\n\u2007\u2007Dollars\nBread-grains, & meals to the amount of\nTobacco\nRice\nWood\nsalted fish\npot & pearl-ash\nsalted meats\nIndigo\nhorses & mules\nwhale oil\nflax seed\ntar, pitch & turpentine\nlive provisions\nships\nforeign goods\nTo descend to articles of smaller value than these would lead into a minuteness of detail neither necessary nor useful to the present object.\nOur Navigation depending on the same commerce will appear by the following statement of the tonnage of our own vessels, entering in our ports, in one year, from those several nations, and their possessions. This was from Oct. 1789. to Sep. 1790 inclusive, as follows.\nSpain\nPortugal\nFrance\nGr. Britain\nUnited Netherlds.\nDenmark\nSweden\nOf our Commercial objects, Spain recieves favorably our Salted fish, Wood, Ships, Tar, pitch and turpentine.\nThey do not discourage our Rice, Pot and Pearl ash, Salted provisions or Whale oil. But these articles being in small demand at their markets, are carried thither but in a small degree.\nTobacco, Indigo, and Bread grains are not recieved there. Nor are Meals, for their own consumption: but, for the use of their Colonies, Meals were heretofore admitted favourably. Lately, however, we are told that duties of from half a dollar to 2. dollars the barrel are imposed on all foreign flour re-exported to their colonies; the duties being so proportioned to the current price of their own flour, as that both together are to make the constant sum of 9. dollars per barrel.\nThemselves and their colonies are the actual consumers of what they recieve from us.\nOur Navigation is free with the kingdom of Spain; foreign goods being recieved there in our ships on the same conditions as if carried in their own, or in the vessels of the country of which such goods are the manufacture or produce.\nPortugal recieves favourably our Grain and Bread, Salted fish, and other Salted provisions, Wood, Tar, pitch, and turpentine.\nFor Flax-seed, Pot and Pearl-ash, tho not discouraged, there is little demand.\nOur Ships pay 20. per cent on being sold to their subjects, and are then free bottoms.\nForeign goods (except those of the E. Indies) are recieved on the same footing in our vessels as in any others, that is to say, on general duties of from 20. to 28. per cent: and consequently our Navigation is unobstructed by them.\nThemselves and their Colonies consume what they recieve from us.\nThese observations extend to the Azores, Madeira and the Cape de Verd islands.\nFrance recieves favorably our Bread grains, and meals, Rice, Wood, Pot and Pearlashes.\nA duty of 5. sous the kental is paid on our Tar, pitch and turpentine. Our Whale oils pay 6. livres the Kental, and are the only foreign whale oils admitted. Our Indigo pays 5. livres the Kental, their own two and a half. But a difference of quality, still more than a difference of duty prevents it\u2019s seeking that market.\nSalted beef is recieved freely for exportation; but if for homeconsumption, it pays 5 livres the kental. Other Salted provisions pay that duty in all cases, and Salted fish the prohibitory one of 20. livres the kental.\nOur ships are free to carry thither all foreign goods, except those of the E. Indies, except tobaccos not of our own growth: and they participate with theirs the exclusive carriage of our whale oils and tobacco.\nUnder their former government our tobacco was under a monopoly, but paid no duties; and our ships were freely sold in their ports and converted into national bottoms. The present government, since the last\n session of Congress, has taken from our ships this privilege. They emancipated tobacco from it\u2019s monopoly, but subjected it to duties of 18. livres 15 sous the kental, carried in their own vessels, and 25. livres carried in ours; a difference more than equal to the freight of the article.\nThey and their colonies consume what they recieve from us.\nGreat Britain recieves favorably our Pot and Pearl ash, Indigo, Flax seed, Wood, Tar, pitch and turpentine.\nOur Tobacco, for their own consumption, pays \u2153 sterl. the pound, custom and excise, besides heavy incidental expences. And Rice, in the same case, pays 7/4 sterl. the hundred weight; which rendering it too dear as an article of food, it is consequently used in very small quantity.\nOur whale oils and Bacon are under prohibitory duties, and Salted fish and all other Salted provisions are prohibited. Our Grains, Meals and Bread are prohibited also, unless in times of such scarcity as may raise the price of Wheat to 50/ sterl. the quarter and other grains and meals in proportion.\nOur Ships, even when purchased by their own subjects, are not permitted to be made free bottoms.\nThe vessels of no nation can carry thither any thing which is not of the production or manufacture of the country to which they belong; nor can ours, according to a late decision, carry even our own productions, unless they have been actually built within the U.S.\nThe greater part of what they recieve from us is re-exported to other countries, and consequently their profits thereon are intercepted between us and the consumers.\nThe United Netherlands prohibit our pickled beef and pork, meals and bread of all sorts, and lay a prohibitory duty on spirits distilled from grain.\nAll other of our productions are recieved on varied duties, which may be reckoned, on a medium, at about 3. per cent.\nThey consume but a small part of what they recieve, and consequently, as to the great mass, they intercept, between us and the consumer, a portion of the value equal to the charges attending an intermediate deposit.\nForeign goods, except some West India articles are recieved in the vessels of any nation.\nOur Ships may be sold and naturalized there with exceptions of one or two privileges which scarcely lessen their value.\nDenmark\nSweden recieves favorably our Grains and Meals, Salted provisions, Indigo and Whale oil.\nThey subject our Rice to duties of 1.6 Dollars the hundred weight carried in their own vessels, and of 2.25 Dollars the hundred weight carried in ours or any others. Being thus rendered too dear as an article of common food, little of it is consumed with them. Of our tobaccos they are considerable consumers but levy heavy duties on them also; their duties of entry town duties and excise being 4.38 Doll. the hundred weight, if carried in their own vessels, and of 40. per cent on that additional if carried in our own or any other vessels.\nThey prohibit altogether our Bread, Fish, Pot and Pearl ashe, Flax seed, Tar, pitch and turpentine, Wood (except oak-timber and masts) and all foreign manufactures.\nUnder so many restrictions and prohibitions, our Navigation with them is reduced almost to nothing.\nWith our Neighbors, an order of things much harder presents itself. The extraordinary circumstances of the moment in which the inhabitants of this hemisphere became acquainted with those of the other, placed them in a predicament which still continues, and which is as new in the moral as in the physical world. The reciprocal rights and duties established by the laws of nature between neighbor nations, to supply by mutual exchange the wants of the one with the redundancies of another, rights and duties well recognised and practised in other parts of the earth, are suspended for the inhabitants of this; and their existence is directed, not to their own happiness, but to that of their Antipodes. To these laws are submitted the native descendants, as well of the conquerers, as of the conquered people.\nSpain and Portugal refuse, to those parts of America which they govern, all direct intercourse with any people but themselves. The commodities in mutual demand, between them and their neighbors, must be carried to be exchanged in some port of the governing country, and the transportation between that and the subject state must be in a domestic bottom.\nFrance and Great Britain admit their West India possessions to recieve directly our maize, rice, vegetables, fresh provisions, horses, wood, tar, pitch and turpentine. France prohibits our other bread-stuff to her possessions: Great Britain admits it. France admits our fish on a duty of 5.? the kental, and our salted provisions (except pork). Great Britain prohibits both. Our vessels are free to carry our own commodities to the French West Indies, and to bring away rum and melasses But we are not permitted to carry our own produce to the British West Indies. Their vessels alone may take from us, and bring in exchange rum, melasses, sugar, coffee, cocoa-nuts, ginger and pimento. There are\n indeed some freedoms in the island of Dominica, but under such circumstances as to be little used by us. To the British continental colonies, and to Newfoundland every thing is prohibited. Their governors however, in times of distress, have power to permit a temporary importation of certain articles, in their own bottoms, but not in ours.\nIn the West India islands of the United Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden vessels and commodities are freely recieved, subject to duties, not so heavy as to have been complained of.\nTo sum up these restrictions, so far as they are important\n1. in Europe.\nOur breadstuff is prohibited in England and Spain, except, as to Spain, Meals for re-exportation.\nOur Tobaccoes are heavily dutied in England, Sweden, and France, and prohibited in Spain and Portugal.\nOur Rice is heavily dutied in England and Sweden, and prohibited in Portugal.\nOur Fish and salted Provisions are prohibited in England, and under prohibitory duties in France.\nOur Whale oils are prohibited in England and Portugal.\nAnd our Vessels denied naturalization in Engld. and France.\n2. in the West Indies.\nAll intercourse is prohibited with the possessions of Spain and Portugal.\nOur salted Provisions and Fish are prohibited by England.\nOur salted Pork and Bread-stuff (except Maize) are prohibited by France, and our salted Fish heavily dutied.\n3. in the article of Navigation\nOur own carriage of our own tobacco is heavily dutied in France and Sweden.\nWe can carry no article, not of our own production, to the British ports in Europe:\nNor even our own produce to her American possessions.\nSuch being the restrictions on the Commerce and Navigation of the U.S. the question is in what way they may best be removed, modified, or counteracted?\nAs to Commerce, two methods occur, 1. by friendly arrangements with the several nations with whom these restrictions exist; or 2. by the separate act of our own legislatures for countervailing their effects.\nThere can be no doubt but that friendly arrangement is the most eligible. Instead of embarrassing Commerce under piles of regulating laws, duties and prohibitions, could it be relieved from all it\u2019s shackles\n in all parts of the world, could every country be employed in producing that which nature has best fitted it to produce, and each be free to exchange with others mutual surplusses for mutual wants, the greatest mass possible would then be produced of those things which contribute to human life and human happiness; the numbers of mankind would be increased, and their condition bettered. In such a state of things Agriculture would be doubly eligible to us, as to the profits of our labour, it would add the profits of a greater portion of our lands, which must lie idle and unprofitable in proportion as we betake ourselves to arts and manufactures.\nWould even a single nation begin with the U.S. this system of free commerce, it would be adviseable to begin it with that nation; since it is only one by one that it can be extended to all. If the circumstances of either party should render it expedient to levy a revenue by way of impost on commerce, it\u2019s freedom might be modified in that particular by mutual and equivalent measures, preserving it entire in all others.\nSome nations not yet ripe for free commerce in all it\u2019s extent, might still be willing to mollify it\u2019s restrictions and regulations for us, in proportion to the advantages which an intercourse with us might offer. Particularly they may concur with us in reciprocating the duties to be levied on each side, or in compensating any excess of duty by equivalent advantages of another nature. Our commerce is certainly of a character to entitle it to favor in most countries. The commodities we offer are either Necessaries of life; or Materials for manufacture; or convenient subjects of Revenue: and we take in exchange either Manufactures when they have recieved the last finish of art and industry; or mere Luxuries, which we might do without, or furnish to ourselves. Such a Customer may reasonably expect welcome, and friendly treatment every where: a Customer too whose demands, increasing with their wealth and population, must very shortly give full employment to the whole industry of any nation whatever, in any line of supply it may get into the habit of calling for from them.\nBut should any nation, contrary to our wishes, suppose it may better find it\u2019s advantage by continuing it\u2019s system of prohibitions, duties and regulations, it behoves us to protect our citizens and their commerce by counter-prohibitions, duties and regulations also. A free commerce is not to be given in exchange for restrictions and vexations: nor is it likely to produce a relaxation of them.\nOur Navigation involves still higher considerations. As a branch of Industry it is valuable; but, as a means of Defence, indispensable.\nIt\u2019s value as a branch of Industry is enhanced by the dependance of so many other branches on it. For tho\u2019, in times of peace, other nations may\n carry our produce to market for us (if it be desireable that other nations should carry for us) yet when those nations are at war with each other, if we have not within ourselves the means of transportation, our produce must be exported in belligerent vessels at the increased expence of war freight and insurance, and the articles which will not bear that must perish on our hands.\nBut it is as a Means of Defence that our Navigation will admit neither neglect nor forbearance. The position and circumstances of the U.S. leave them nothing to fear on their land-board, and nothing to desire beyond their present rights. But on their Sea-board they are open to injury, and they have there too a Commerce which must be protected. This can only be done by possessing a respectable body of citizen-seamen. \nWere the Ocean, which is the common property of all, open to the industry of all, so that every person and vessel should be free to take employment wherever it could be found, the U.S. would certainly not set the example of appropriating to themselves exclusively any portion of the common stock of occupation. They would rely on the enterprize and activity of their citizens for a due participation of the benefits of the seafaring business, and for keeping the marine class of citizens equal to their object. But where a particular nation shall grasp at undue shares, and more especially where they sieze on the means of the U.S. to convert them into aliment for their own strength, and withdraw them entirely from the support of those to whom they belong, defensive and protecting measures become necessary on the part of the state whose marine resources are thus invaded; or it will be disarmed of it\u2019s defence, it\u2019s productions will lie at the mercy of the nation which has possessed itself exclusively of the means of carrying them, it\u2019s commercial independance is gone, and political must follow commercial influence. The carriage of our own commodities, if once established in another channel, cannot be resumed in the moment we may desire. If we lose the seamen whom it now occupies, we lose the present means of marine defence, and time will be requisite to raise up others when any disgrace or losses shall bring home to our feelings the error of having abandoned them. The materials for maintaining our due share of navigation are ours in abundance. And as to the mode of using them, we have only to adopt the principles of those who thus put us on the defensive, or others equivalent and better adapted to our circumstances.\nThe following principles appear perfectly just; and being founded in reciprocity, can give no cause of complaint.\n1. Where a nation imposes high duties on our productions, or prohibits them altogether, it will be proper for us to do the same by theirs; selecting at first those articles of manufacture which we take from them\n in greatest quantity, and which at the same time we could the soonest furnish to ourselves, or obtain from other countries; imposing on them duties, lighter at first, but heavier and heavier afterwards as other channels of supply should open; the proceeds of the duties on such manufactures to be applied to the importation of the manufacturer himself, and in aid of those employed in the same line at home. The oppressions on our agriculture in foreign ports would thus be made the occasion of promoting arts and manufactures at home and of relieving ourselves from a dependance on the councils and conduct of others.\n2. Where a nation refuses to recieve in our vessels any productions but our own, we should refuse to recieve in theirs any but their productions. The bill reported by the committee is well framed to effect this.\n3. Where a nation refuses to consider any vessel as ours which has not been built within the U.S. we should refuse to consider as theirs any vessel not built within their territory.\n4. Where a nation refuses us the carriage of our own productions to certain countries under their subjection, we should refuse to them the carriage of the same productions to the same countries; and perhaps even to any others. And that this restriction might bring no inconvenience on the agriculture of our country, it might be proper to begin by leaving the present moderate tonnage duty on the vessels of that nation for the first year, doubling it the second, trebling it the third quadrupling it the fourth and prohibiting them afterwards from the carriage of such productions altogether.\nIt is true we must expect some inconvenience in practice from the establishment of discriminating duties. But in this, as in so many other cases, we are left to chuse between two evils. These inconveniencies are nothing, when weighed against the loss of wealth and loss of force which will follow our perseverance in the plan of indiscrimination. When once it shall be percieved that we are either in the system or the habit of giving equal advantages to those who extinguish our commerce by duties and prohibitions, and commit encroachments on our navigation, as to those who treat both with liberality and justice, liberality and justice will be converted into duties and prohibitions. It is not to the moderation and justice of others we are to trust for fair and equal access to market with our productions, or for our due share in the transportation of them; but to our own means of independance, and the firm will to use them. Nor do the inconveniencies of discrimination merit consideration. Not one of the nations before mentioned, perhaps not a commercial nation on earth, is without them. In our case, one distinction alone will suffice, that is to say, between nations who favor our\n productions and navigation, and those who do not favor them. One set of moderate duties, say the present duties for the first, and a fixed advance on these as to some articles, and prohibitions as to others, for the last.\nStill it must be repeated that friendly arrangements are preferable with all who will come into them; and that we should carry into such arrangements all the liberality and spirit of accomodation which the nature of the case will admit.\nProposals of friendly arrangement have been made by the present government to that of Great Britain, as the message states: but being already on as good a footing in right, and a better in fact, than the most favoured nation, they do not discover any disposition to have it meddled with.\nLike proposals of friendly arrangement should be made to those other nations with whom we have such commercial intercourse as may render arrangements important. In the mean while it will rest with the wisdom of Congress to determine whether, as to those nations, they will not surcease ex parte regulations, on the reasonable presumption that they will concur in doing whatever justice and moderation dictate should be done.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0503-0003", "content": "Title: II. Second State of the Report on Commerce, [before 5\u2013after 23 February 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Congress\n[before 5 Feb.\u2013after 23 Feb. 1793]\nThe Secretary of State, to whom was referred by the House of Representatives the Report of a committee on the written message of the President of the United States of the 14th. of February 1791, with instruction to report to Congress the nature and extent of the privileges and restrictions of the commercial intercourse of the United States with foreign Nations, and the measures which he should think proper to be adopted for the improvement of the commerce and navigation of the same, has had the same under consideration, and thereupon makes the following\nReport.\nThe nations with which the United States have their chief commercial intercourse, are Spain, Portugal, France, Great Britain, the United Netherlands, Denmark and Sweden, and their American possessions: and the Articles of Export which constitute the Basis of that Commerce, with their respective Amounts, are, Bread stuff, that is to say,\nBreadstuff, Grains, meals, and Bread,\nDollars.\nto the annual amount of\nTobacco\nRice\nWood\nSalted fish\nPot & pearl Ash\nSalted Meats\nIndigo\nHorses and Mules\nWhale Oil\nFlax seed\nTar, Pitch and Turpentine\nLive provisions\nShips\nForeign goods\nTo descend to Articles of smaller value than these would lead into a minuteness of detail neither necessary nor useful to the present object.\nThe proportions of our exports, which go to the Nations beforementioned, and to their Dominions respectively are as follows.\nDollars.\nTo\nSpain & it\u2019s Dominions\nPortugal & it\u2019s Dominions\nFrance & it\u2019s Dominions\nGreat Britain & it\u2019s Dominions\nThe United Netherlands & their Dominions\nDenmark & it\u2019s Dominions\nSweden & it\u2019s Dominions\nOur Imports from the same countries are\nSpain\nPortugal\nFrance\nGreat Britain\nUnited Netherlands\nDenmark\nSweden\nThese imports consist mostly of articles on which industry has been exhausted.\nOur Navigation depending on the same Commerce, will appear by the following statement of the Tonnage of our own Vessels, entering in our ports, from those several nations, and their possessions, in one Year, that is to say, from October 1789 to September 1790, inclusive, as follows.\nSpain\nPortugal\nFrance\nGreat Britain\nUnited Netherlands\nDenmark\nSweden\nOf Our Commercial objects, Spain receives favorably our Breadstuff, Salted Fish, Wood, Ships, Tar, Pitch, and Turpentine. On our Meals, however, when re-exported to their Colonies, they have lately imposed Duties of from half a Dollar to two dollars the Barrel, the Duties being so proportioned to the current price of their own Flour, as that both together are to make the constant sum of nine Dollars per Barrel.\nThey do not discourage our Rice, Pot and Pearl Ash, Salted provisions, or whale oil: but these Articles, being in small demand at their Markets, are carried thither but in a small degree. Their demand for\n Rice, however, is increasing. Neither Tobacco, nor Indigo are received there.\nThemselves and their Colonies are the actual consumers of what they receive from us.\nOur Navigation is free with the Kingdom of Spain; foreign Goods being received there in our Ships on the same Conditions as if carried in their own, or in the Vessels of the Country of which such Goods are the manufacture or produce.\nPortugal receives favorably our Grain and Bread, Salted fish, and other Salted provisions, Wood, Tar, Pitch, and Turpentine.\nFor Flax-seed, Pot and Pearl-ash, though not discouraged, there is little demand.\nOur Ships pay 20 per cent, on being sold to their Subjects, and are then free bottoms.\nForeign goods (except those of the East Indies) are received on the same footing in our vessels, as in their own, or any others; that is to say, on general Duties of from 20 to 28 per cent and, consequently our Navigation is unobstructed by them.\nTobacco, Rice, and Meals are prohibited.\nThemselves and their Colonies consume what they receive from us.\nThese Regulations extend to the Azores, Madeira, and the Cape de Verd Islands, except that in these, Meals and Rice are received freely.\nFrance receives favorably our Bread-stuff, Rice, Wood, Pot and Pearl ashes.\nA duty of 5 Sous the Kental is paid on our Tar, Pitch, and Turpentine. Our Whale Oils pay Six Livres the Kental, and are the only foreign Whale Oils admitted. Our Indigo pays 5 Livres the Kental; their own two and a half: but a difference of quality, still more than a difference of duty prevents it\u2019s seeking that market.\nSalted Beef is received freely for re-exportation; but if for home-consumption, it pays 5 Livres the Kental. Other salted provisions pay that Duty in all cases, and Salted Fish is made lately to pay the prohibitary one of 20 Livres the Kental.\nOur Ships are free to carry thither all foreign goods, which may be carried in their own or any other Vessels, except Tobaccos not of our own growth: and they participate with theirs the exclusive carriage of our whale oils.\nDuring their former government our Tobacco was under a monopoly, but paid no duties; and our ships were freely sold in their ports and converted into national bottoms. The first national assembly took from our Ships this privilege. They emancipated Tobacco from it\u2019s monopoly, but subjected it to duties of 18 Livres 15 sous the Kental, carried in\n their own Vessels, and 25 Livres, carried in ours; a difference more than equal to the freight of the Article.\nThey and their Colonies consume what they receive from us.\nGreat Britain receives our Pot and Pearl ashes free, while those of other nations pay a duty of 2s./3d. the Kental. There is an equal distinction in favor of our bar-iron; of which Article, however, we do not produce enough for our own use. Woods are free, from us, whilst they pay some small duty from other Countries. Indigo and Flaxseed are free, from all Countries. Our Tar and Pitch pay 11d. sterling the Barrel. From other alien countries they pay about a penny and a third more.\nOur Tobacco, for their own Consumption, pays \u2153 Sterling the pound, custom and excise, besides heavy incidental expenses, and Rice, in the same case, pays 7/4 sterling the hundred weight; which, rendering it too dear as an Article of common food, it is consequently used in very small quantity.\nOur salted fish and salted provisions, in general, are prohibited. Our Bacon and whale oils are under prohibitory duties: so are our Grains, Meals, and Bread, as to internal consumption, unless in times of such scarcity as may raise the Price of wheat to 50/\u2014 sterling the quarter, and other grains and meals in proportion.\nOur Ships, even when purchased by their own Subjects, are not permitted to be made free bottoms.\nWhile the vessels of other nations are secured by standing Laws, which cannot be altered but by the concurrent will of the three Branches of the British Legislature, in carrying thither any thing which is produced or manufactured in the Country to which they belong; our vessels, with the same prohibition of what is foreign, are further prohibited by a standing law (12. Car. 2. 18. \u00a7. 3) from carrying thither domestic productions and manufactures. A subsequent Act, indeed, has authorized their Executive to permit the carriage of our own productions in our own bottoms, at it\u2019s sole discretion: and the permission has been given from year to year by Proclamation; but subject every moment to be withdrawn on that single will, in which event, our Vessels having any thing on board, stand interdicted from the Entry of all british ports. The disadvantage of a tenure which may be so suddenly discontinued, was experienced by our Merchants on a late occasion, when an official notification that this law would be strictly enforced, gave them just apprehensions for the fate of their Vessels and cargoes dispatched or destined to the ports of Great Britain. It was privately believed, indeed, that the order of that Court went further than their intention, and so we were, afterwards, officially informed: but the embarrassments of the moment were real and great, and the possibility of their renewal lays our commerce to that Country under the same species\n of discouragement as to other Countries, where it is regulated by a single Legislator: and the distinction is too remarkable not to be noticed, that our navigation is excluded from the security of fixed Laws, while that security is given to the navigation of others.\nOur Vessels pay in their ports 1/9 sterling per ton, light and Trinity dues, more than is paid by British Ships, except in the port of London, where they pay the same as British.\nThe greater part of what they receive from us, is re-exported to other Countries, under the useless charges of an intermediate deposit and double voyage. From Tables published in England, and composed, as is said, from the Books of their Custom-houses, it appears that, of the Indigo imported there in the years 1773,-4,-5, one third was reexported, and from a document of Authority, we learn that of the Rice and Tobacco imported there before the War, four fifths were reexported. We are assured, indeed, that the Quantities sent thither for re-exportation since the war, are considerably diminished: yet less so than reason and national interest would dictate. The whole of our Grain is re-exported when wheat is below 50/. the Quarter, and other Grains in proportion.\nThe United Netherlands prohibit our pickled Beef and Pork, Meals and Bread of all sorts, and lay a prohibitory duty on Spirits distilled from Grain.\nAll other of our productions are received on varied duties, which may be reckoned, on a medium, of about 3 per cent.\nThey consume but a small part of what they receive, and, consequently, as to the great mass, they intercept, between us and the Consumer, a portion of the value absorbed by the charges attending an intermediate deposit.\nForeign goods, except some East India articles, are received in the vessels of any Nation.\nOur Ships may be sold and naturalized there, with exceptions of one or two privileges which scarcely lessen their value.\nDenmark takes a Duty of about a half penny sterling the pound on Tobacco and about 3/6 sterling the Kental on Rice carried in their own Vessels, and half as much more if carried in ours, and they lay prohibitory duties on Indigo and Corn.\nSweden receives favorably our Grains and Meals, Salted provisions, Indigo and Whale oil.\nThey subject our Rice to duties of 1.6 Dollars the hundred weight carried in their own vessels, and of 2.25 Dollars the hundred weight carried in ours, or any others. Being thus rendered too dear as an Article of Common food, little of it is consumed with them. They consume some of our Tobaccos, which they take circuitously through Great Britain;\n levying heavy duties on them also; their duties of entry, town duties, and Excise, being 4.34 Dollars the hundred weight, if carried in their own vessels, and of 40 per cent on that additional, if carried in our own or any other Vessels.\nThey prohibit altogether our Bread, Fish, Pot and Pearl ashes, Flax seed, Tar, Pitch, and Turpentine, Wood (except oak timber and masts) and all foreign manufactures.\nUnder so many restrictions and prohibitions, our navigation with them is reduced almost to nothing.\nWith our neighbors, an order of Things much harder presents itself. The extraordinary circumstances of the moment in which the Inhabitants of this Hemisphere became acquainted with those of the other, placed them in a predicament which still continues, and which is as new in the moral as in the physical World. The reciprocal rights and duties established by the laws of nature between neighbor nations, to supply by mutual exchange the wants of the one with the superfluities of another, rights and duties well recognised and practised in other parts of the Earth, are suspended for the inhabitants of this; and the existence of Americans is made to have for it\u2019s object not their own happiness, but that of their Antipodes. To these laws are submitted the native descendants, as well of the Conquerers, as of the people conquered.\nSpain and Portugal refuse, to those parts of America which they govern, all direct intercourse with any people but themselves. The Commodities in mutual demand, between them and their Neighbors, must be carried to be exchanged in some port of the dominant country, and the transportation between that and the subject State must be in a domestic bottom.\nFrance by a standing law, permits her West India possessions to receive directly our Vegetables, fresh Provisions, Horses, Wood, Tar, Pitch, and Turpentine, Rice and Maize, and prohibits our other Bread stuff: but a suspension of this prohibition having been left to the Colonial Legislature, in times of scarcity, the prohibition has been suspended from time to time.\nOur Fish and salted Provisions (except Pork) are received in their Islands under a Duty of 3 Livres the Kental, and our Vessels are free to carry our own commodities thither, and to bring away Rum and Molasses.\nGreat Britain admits in her Islands our Vegetables, Fresh Provisions, Horses, Wood, Tar, Pitch and Turpentine, Rice, and Breadstuff, by a Proclamation of her Executive limited always to the term of a Year, but hitherto renewed, from Year to Year. She prohibits our salted Fish and other salted Provisions. She does not permit our Vessels to carry thither our own produce. Her Vessels alone, may take it from us, and bring in exchange, Rum, Melasses, Sugar, Coffee, Cocoa-nuts, Ginger,\n and Pimento. There are, indeed some freedoms in the Island of Dominica, but under such circumstances as to be little used by us. To the British continental Colonies, and to Newfoundland, every thing is prohibited. Their Governors, however, in times of distress, have power to permit a temporary importation of certain Articles, in their own Bottoms, but not in ours.\nOur Citizens cannot reside as merchants or Factors within any of the British Plantations.\nIn the Danish-American possessions a duty of 5 per cent is levied on our corn, corn-meal, Rice, Tobacco, Wood, salted Fish, Indigo, Horses, mules, and Live stock, and of 10 per Cent on our Flour, salted Pork and Beef, Tar, Pitch and Turpentine.\nIn the American Possessions of the United Netherlands and Sweden, all vessels and commodities are freely received, subject to duties, not so heavy as to have been complained of.\nTo sum up these restrictions, so far as they are important.\n1. In Europe.\nOur Breadstuff is at most times under prohibitory duties in England, and considerably dutied on re-exportation from Spain to her Colonies.\nOur Tobaccoes are heavily dutied in England, Sweden and France, and prohibited in Spain and Portugal.\nOur Rice is heavily dutied in England and Sweden, and prohibited in Portugal.\nOur Fish and salted Provisions are prohibited in England, and under prohibitory duties in France.\nOur Whale Oils are prohibited in England and Portugal, and our Vessels denied naturalization in England, and of late in France.\n2. In the West Indies.\nAll intercourse is prohibited with the Possessions of Spain and Portugal.\nOur salted Provisions and Fish are prohibited by England.\nOur salted pork and Bread-stuff (except maize) are received under temporary Laws only, by France, and our salted fish pays a weighty duty.\n3. In the Article of Navigation.\nOur own carriage of our own Tobacco is heavily dutied in France and Sweden.\nWe can carry no article, not of our own production, to the British ports in Europe.\nNor even our own produce to her American possessions.\nSuch being the restrictions on the Commerce and Navigation of the United States, the question is, in what way they may best be removed, modified, or counteracted?\nAs to Commerce, two methods occur. 1. By friendly arrangements\n with the several Nations with whom these restrictions exist: or 2. By the separate act of our own Legislatures for countervailing their effects.\nThere can be no doubt but that of these two, friendly arrangement is the most eligible. Instead of embarrassing Commerce under piles of regulating Laws, Duties, and Prohibitions, could it be relieved from all it\u2019s shackles in all parts of the World, could every country be employed in producing that which nature has best fitted it to produce, and each be free to exchange with others mutual surplusses, for mutual wants, the greatest mass possible would then be produced of those things which contribute to human life and human happiness; the numbers of mankind would be increased, and their condition bettered.\nWould even a single nation begin with the United States this System of free Commerce, it would be advisable to begin it with that nation; since it is one by one only that it can be extended to all. Where the circumstances of either party render it expedient to levy a revenue by way of impost on Commerce, it\u2019s freedom might be modified in that particular by mutual and equivalent measures, preserving it entire in all others.\nSome nations not yet ripe for free commerce in all it\u2019s extent, might still be willing to mollify it\u2019s restrictions and regulations for us, in proportion to the advantages which an intercourse with us might offer. Particularly they may concur with us in reciprocating the Duties to be levied on each side, or in compensating any excess of duty by equivalent advantages of another nature. Our Commerce is certainly of a character to entitle it to favor in most countries. The Commodities we offer are either Necessaries of life; or Materials for manufacture; or convenient Subjects of Revenue: and we take in exchange, either manufactures when they have received the last finish of Art and Industry; or mere Luxuries. Such Customers may reasonably expect welcome, and friendly treatment at every market: Customers too, whose demands, increasing with their wealth and population, must very shortly give full employment to the whole Industry of any nation whatever, in any line of supply they may get into the habit of calling for from it.\nBut should any nation, contrary to our wishes, suppose it may better find it\u2019s advantage by continuing it\u2019s System of prohibitions, duties, and regulations, it behoves us to protect our Citizens their Commerce and navigation, by counter-prohibitions, duties, and regulations also. Free Commerce and navigation are not to be given in exchange for restrictions and vexations: nor are they likely to produce a relaxation of them.\nOur Navigation involves still higher considerations. As a Branch of Industry, it is valuable; but, as a resource of Defence, essential.\nIt\u2019s value, as a Branch of Industry is enhanced by the dependence of so many other Branches on it. In times of Peace it multiplies competitors\n for employment in transportation, and so keeps that at it\u2019s proper level; and in times of war, that is to say, when those nations who may be our principal carriers shall be at war with each other, if we have not within ourselves the means of transportation, our produce must be exported in belligerent vessels at the increased expense of war freight and insurance, and the articles which will not bear that must perish on our hands.\nBut it is as a resource for Defence that our Navigation will admit neither neglect nor forbearance. The position and circumstances of the United States leave them nothing to fear on their land-board, and nothing to desire beyond their present rights. But on their Sea-board, they are open to injury, and they have there too, a Commerce which must be protected. This can only be done by possessing a respectable body of Citizen-seamen, and of artists and establishments in readiness for shipbuilding.\nWere the Ocean, which is the common property of all, open to the Industry of all, so that every person and vessel should be free to take employment wherever it could be found, the United States would certainly not set the example of appropriating to themselves, exclusively, any portion of the common stock of occupation. They would rely on the enterprise and activity of their Citizens for a due participation of the Benefits of the seafaring Business, and for keeping the marine class of Citizens equal to their object. But if particular Nations grasp at undue shares, and more especially if they seize on the means of the United States to convert them into aliment for their own strength, and withdraw them entirely from the support of those to whom they belong, defensive and protecting measures become necessary on the part of the Nation whose marine resources are thus invaded; or it will be disarmed of it\u2019s defence; it\u2019s productions will lie at the mercy of the nation which has possessed itself exclusively of the means of carrying them, and it\u2019s politicks must be influenced by those who command it\u2019s commerce. The carriage of our own commodities, if once established in another Channel, cannot be resumed in the moment we may desire. If we lose the Seamen and Artists whom it now occupies, we lose the present means of marine defence, and time will be requisite to raise up others when disgrace or losses shall bring home to our feelings the Error of having abandoned them. The materials for maintaining our due share of navigation are ours in abundance. And as to the mode of using them, we have only to adopt the principles of those who thus put us on the defensive, or others equivalent and better fitted to our circumstances.\nThe following principles, being founded in reciprocity appear perfectly just, and to offer no cause of complaint to any nation.\n1. Where a nation imposes high Duties on our productions, or prohibits\n them altogether, it may be proper for us to do the same by theirs, selecting at first those articles of manufactures which we take from them in greatest quantity, and which, at the same time we could the soonest furnish to ourselves, or obtain from other Countries; imposing on them duties, lighter at first, but heavier and heavier afterwards as other channels of supply open. Such duties having the effect of indirect encouragement to domestic manufactures of the same kind, may induce the manufacturer to come himself into these States, where cheaper Subsistence, equal Laws, and a vent of his wares free of duty may ensure him the highest profits from his Skill and Industry. And here it would be in the power of the State Governments to co-operate essentially by opening the resources of encouragement which are under their controul, extending them liberally to Artists in those particular Branches of manufacture, for which their Soil, Climate, Population and other Circumstances have matured them, and fostering the precious efforts and progress of household manufacture by some patronage suited to the nature of it\u2019s objects, guided by the local informations they possess and guarded against abuse by their presence and attentions. The oppressions on our agriculture in foreign ports would thus be made the occasion of relieving it from a dependence on the councils and conduct of others, and of promoting arts, manufactures, and population at home.\n2. Where a nation refuses permission to our Merchants and Factors to reside within certain parts of their Dominions, we may, if it should prove expedient, refuse residence to theirs in any and every part of ours.\n3. Where a nation refuses to receive in our Vessels any productions but our own, we may refuse to receive in theirs any but their productions. The Bill reported by the Committee is well framed to effect this object.\n4. Where a nation refuses to our Vessels the carriage even of our own productions to certain Countries under their subjection, we may refuse to theirs the carriage of the same or any other of our productions to the same or any other Countries. And here Justice and Friendship would dictate that those who have no part in imposing the restriction on us should not be the victims of measures adopted to defeat it\u2019s effect: but that these should be pointed to the dominant Country itself by prohibiting their Vessels from the carriage of our productions to the dominant country, and to all others where our own or those of any other nation may freely carry them. And that this restriction might bring no inconvenience on the agriculture of our Country, it might be proper to begin by leaving the present moderate Tonnage Duty on their Vessels for the first Year, advancing it from Year to Year, in a given ratio, till time should have been afforded for a sufficient increase of the means of transporation\n by ourselves and other Nations, when absolute prohibition might take place. \nThe establishment of some of these principles by Great Britain alone has already lost us in our commerce with that country and it\u2019s possessions, between eight and nine hundred Vessels of near 40,000 Tons burthen, according to statements from official materials, in which they have confidence. This involves a proportional loss of Seamen, Shipwrights, and Shipbuilding, and is too serious a loss to admit forbearance of some effectual remedy.\nIt is true we must expect some inconvenience in practice from the establishment of discriminating duties. But in this, as in so many other cases, we are left to chuse between two evils. These inconveniencies are nothing, when weighed against the loss of wealth, and loss of force, which will follow our perseverance in the Plan of indiscrimination. When once it shall be perceived that we are either in the System, or the Habit, of giving equal advantages to those who extinguish our commerce and navigation by Duties and Prohibitions, as to those who treat both with liberality and justice, liberality and Justice will be converted by all into Duties and Prohibitions. It is not to the moderation and Justice of others we are to trust for fair and equal access to market with our productions, or for our due share in the transportation of them; but to our own means of independence, and the firm will to use them. Nor do the inconveniencies of discrimination merit consideration. Not one of the nations beforementioned; perhaps, not a commercial Nation on Earth, is without them. In our Case, one distinction alone will suffice, that is to say, between Nations who favor our productions and navigation, and those who do not favor them. One set of moderate Duties, say the present Duties, for the first, and a fixed advance on these as to some Articles, and prohibitions, as to others, for the last.\nStill it must be repeated that friendly arrangements are preferable with all who will come into them; and that we should carry into such arrangements all the Liberality and Spirit of accommodation which the nature of the Case will admit.\nFrance has, of her own accord, proposed Negotiations for improving, by a new Treaty on fair and equal principles, the commerical relations of the two Countries. But her internal disturbances have hitherto prevented the prosecution of them to effect, though we have had repeated assurances of a continuance of the disposition.\nProposals of friendly arrangement have been made on our part by the present government to that of Great Britain, as the Message states: but being already on as good a footing in Law, and a better in Fact, than the most favored nation, they have not as yet, discovered any disposition to have it meddled with.\nWe have no reason to conclude that friendly arrangements would be declined by the other nations with whom we have such commercial intercourse as may render them important. In the meanwhile, it would rest with the wisdom of Congress to determine whether, as to those nations, they will not surcease ex parte regulations, on the reasonable presumption that they will concur in doing whatever Justice and moderation dictate should be done.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0503-0004", "content": "Title: III. Final State of the Report on Commerce, [16 December 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Congress\nThe Secretary of State, to whom was referred by the House of Representatives the Report of a Committee on the written Message of the President of the United States, of the 14th. of Feb: 1791, with instruction to report to Congress the nature and extent of the Privileges and Restrictions of the commercial Intercourse of the United States, with foreign Nations, and the Measures which he should think proper to be adopted for the improvement of the Commerce and Navigation of the same, has had the same under consideration, and thereupon makes the following\nReport,\nThe countries with which the United States have their chief commercial intercourse, are Spain, Portugal, France, Great Britain, the United Netherlands, Denmark, and Sweden, and their American possessions: and the Articles of Export which constitute the Basis of that Commerce, with their respective Amounts, are\nBread-stuff, that is to say, Bread Grains, Meals,\nDollars.\nand Bread, to the annual Amount of\nTobacco\nRice\nWood\nSalted fish\nPot & Pearl Ash\nSalted meats\nIndigo\nHorses and Mules\nWhale Oil\nFlax seed\nTar, Pitch, and Turpentine\nLive Provisions\nShips\nForeign Goods\nTo descend to Articles of smaller value than these would lead into a minuteness of detail neither necessary nor useful to the present object.\nThe proportions of our Exports, which go to the Nations before-mentioned, and to their Dominions, respectively, are as follows.\nTo\nSpain and it\u2019s Dominions\nPortugal and it\u2019s Dominions\nFrance and it\u2019s Dominions\nGreat Britain and it\u2019s Dominions\nThe United Netherlands and their Dominions\nDenmark and it\u2019s Dominions\nSweden and it\u2019s Dominions\nOur Imports from the same Countries are\nSpain and it\u2019s Dominions\nPortugal and it\u2019s Dominions\nFrance and it\u2019s Dominions\nGreat Britain and it\u2019s Dominions\nUnited Netherlands and their Dominions\nDenmark and it\u2019s Dominions\nSweden and it\u2019s Dominions\nThese imports consist mostly of Articles on which industry has been exhausted.\nOur Navigation depending, on the same Commerce, will appear by the following statement of the Tonnage of our own Vessels, entering in our Ports, from those several Nations, and their possessions, in one Year, that is to say, from October 1789, to September 1790, inclusive, as follows.\nSpain\nPortugal\nFrance\nGreat Britain\nUnited Netherlands\nDenmark\nSweden\nOf our commercial objects, Spain receives favorably, our Bread stuff, Salted Fish, Wood, Ships, Tar, Pitch, and Turpentine. On our Meals, however, as well as on those of other foreign Countries when re-exported to their Colonies, they have lately imposed Duties, of from half a Dollar, to two Dollars the Barrel, the Duties being so proportioned to the current price of their own Flour, as that both together are to make the constant sum of nine Dollars per Barrel.\nThey do not discourage our Rice, Pot and Pearl Ash, salted provisions,\n or whale oil: but these Articles, being in small demand at their markets, are carried thither but in a small degree. Their demand for Rice, however, is increasing. Neither Tobacco nor Indigo are received there. Our commerce is permitted with their Canary islands under the same conditions.\nThemselves, and their Colonies are the actual consumers of what they receive from us.\nOur Navigation is free with the Kingdom of Spain; foreign Goods being received there in our Ships on the same Conditions as if carried in their own, or in the vessels of the Country of which such Goods are the manufacture or produce.\nPortugal receives favorably our Grain, and Bread, Salted fish, and other salted provisions, Wood, Tar, Pitch, and Turpentine.\nFor Flaxseed, Pot and Pearl Ash, though not discouraged, there is little demand.\nOur Ships pay 20 per Cent, on being sold to their subjects, and are then free bottoms.\nForeign goods (except those of the East Indies) are received on the same footing in our Vessels, as in their own, or any others; that is to say, on general Duties of from 20 to 28 per cent, and, consequently, our Navigation is unobstructed by them. Tobacco, Rice, and Meals, are prohibited.\nThemselves, and their Colonies consume what they receive from us.\nThese Regulations extend to the Azores, Madeira, and the Cape de Verd Islands, except that in these, Meals and Rice are received freely.\nFrance receives favorably our Bread stuff, Rice, Wood, Pot and Pearl-ashes.\nA duty of 5 Sous the Kental, or nearly 4\u00bd Cents, is paid on our Tar, Pitch, and Turpentine. Our whale-oils pay six Livres the Kental, and are the only foreign whale oils admitted. Our Indigo pays 5 Livres the Kental; their own two and a half: but a difference of quality, still more than a difference of duty, prevents it\u2019s seeking that market.\nSalted Beef is received freely for re-exportation; but if for home-consumption, it pays 5 Livres the Kental. Other salted provisions pay that Duty in all cases, and salted fish is made lately to pay the prohibitory one of 20 Livres the Kental.\nOur Ships are free to carry thither all foreign Goods, which may be carried in their own or any other Vessels, except Tobaccos not of our own growth: and they participate with theirs the exclusive carriage of our whale oils, and Tobaccoes.\nDuring their former Government our Tobacco was under a monopoly, but paid no Duties; and our Ships were freely sold in their ports and converted into national bottoms. The first national assembly took from our Ships this privilege. They emancipated Tobacco from it\u2019s monopoly,\n but subjected it to duties of 18 Livres 15 Sous the Kental, carried in their own Vessels, and 25 Livres, carried in ours; a difference more than equal to the freight of the Article.\nThey and their Colonies consume what they receive from us.\nGreat Britain receives our Pot and Pearl Ashes, free, while those of other nations pay a Duty of 2s./3d. the Kental. There is an equal distinction in favor of our Bar-iron; of which Article, however, we do not produce enough for our own use. Woods are free, from us, whilst they pay some small duty from other Countries. Indigo and Flax-seed, are free, from all countries. Our Tar and Pitch pay 11d. sterling the Barrel. From other alien Countries, they pay about a penny and a third more.\nOur Tobacco, for their own Consumption, pays \u2153 sterling the pound, custom and excise, besides heavy expenses of collection: and Rice, in the same case, pays 7/4 sterling the hundred weight; which, rendering it too dear, as an Article of common food, it is consequently, used in very small quantity.\nOur salted fish and other salted provisions, except Bacon, are prohibited. Bacon and whale-oils are under prohibitory duties: so are our Grains, Meals, and Bread, as to internal consumption, unless in times of such scarcity as may raise the price of wheat to 50/.\u2014 sterling the Quarter, and other Grains and meals in proportion.\nOur Ships, though purchased and navigated by their own subjects, are not permitted to be used, even in their trade with us.\nWhile the vessels of other nations are secured by standing Laws, which cannot be altered, but by the concurrent Will of the three Branches of the British Legislature, in carrying thither any produce or manufacture of the Country to which they belong, which may be lawfully carried in any Vessels, ours, with the same prohibition of what is foreign, are further prohibited by a standing law (12. Car. 2. 18. \u00a7.3.) from carrying thither all and any of our own domestic productions and manufactures. A subsequent Act, indeed, has authorized their Executive to permit the carriage of our own productions, in our own bottoms, at it\u2019s sole discretion: and the permission has been given from year to year by Proclamation; but subject every moment to be withdrawn on that single will, in which event, our Vessels having any thing on board, stand interdicted from the Entry of all british Ports. The disadvantage of a Tenure which may be so suddenly discontinued, was experienced by our Merchants on a late occasion, when an official notification that this law would be strictly enforced, gave them just apprehensions for the fate of their Vessels and Cargoes dispatched or destined to the Ports of Great Britain. The Minister of that Court indeed frankly expressed\n his personal conviction that the words of the order went farther than was intended, and so he afterwards, officially informed us: but the embarrassments of the moment were real and great, and the possibility of their renewal, lays our Commerce to that Country, under the same species of discouragement as to other Countries, where it is regulated by a single Legislator: and the distinction is too remarkable not to be noticed, that our Navigation is excluded from the Security of fixed Laws, while that Security is given to the navigation of others.\nOur Vessels pay in their ports 1/9 sterling per ton, light and Trinity dues, more than is paid by British Ships, except in the port of London, where they pay the same as British.\nThe greater part of what they receive from us, is re-exported to other Countries, under the useless charges of an intermediate deposite, and double voyage. From Tables published in England, and composed, as is said, from the Books of their Custom-houses, it appears that of the Indigo imported there in the Years 1773,-4,-5, one third was re-exported; and, from a document of Authority, we learn, that, of the Rice and Tobacco imported there, before the War, four fifths were re-exported. We are assured indeed, that the quantities sent thither for re-exportation since the war, are considerably diminished, yet less so than reason and national interest would dictate. The whole of our Grain is re-exported when wheat is below 50/. the Quarter, and other Grains in proportion.\nThe United Netherlands prohibit our pickled Beef, and Pork, Meals and Bread of all Sorts, and lay a prohibitary duty on Spirits distilled from Grain.\nAll other of our productions are received on varied duties, which may be reckoned, on a medium at about 3 per cent.\nThey consume but a small proportion of what they receive. The residue is partly forwarded for consumption in the inland parts of Europe and partly re-shipped to other maritime Countries. On the latter portion They intercept, between us and the consumer so much of the value as is absorbed by the charges attending an intermediate deposite.\nForeign goods, except some East India Articles, are received in Vessels of any Nation.\nOur Ships may be sold and naturalized there, with exceptions of one or two privileges, which somewhat lessen their value.\nDenmark lays considerable duties on our Tobacco and Rice, carried in their own Vessels, and half as much more, if carried in ours; but the exact amount of these duties is not perfectly known here. They lay such as amount to prohibitions on our Indigo and corn.\nSweden receives favorably our Grains and meals, Salted Provisions, Indigo, and whale oil.\nThey subject our Rice to duties of 16 mills the pound weight, carried\n in their own Vessels, and of 40 per cent additional on that, or 22 4/10 mills, carried in ours, or any others. Being thus rendered too dear as an Article of common food, little of it is consumed with them. They consume some of our Tobaccos, which they take circuitously through Great Britain; levying heavy duties on them also; their duties of Entry, Town duties, and Excise, being 4.34 Dollars, the hundred weight, if carried in their own Vessels, and of 40 per cent on that additional, if carried in our own or any other vessels.\nThey prohibit altogether our Bread, Fish, Pot and Pearl ashes, Flaxseed, Tar, Pitch, and Turpentine, Wood (except oak timber and Masts) and all foreign manufactures.\nUnder so many restrictions and prohibitions, our Navigation with them is reduced almost to nothing.\nWith our neighbors, an order of Things much harder presents itself.\nSpain and Portugal refuse, to those parts of america which they govern, all direct intercourse with any people but themselves. The Commodities in mutual demand, between them and their neighbors, must be carried to be exchanged in some port of the dominant Country, and the transportation between that and the subject-State must be in a domestic bottom.\nFrance by a standing Law, permits her West India possessions to receive directly our Vegetables, Live Provisions, Horses, Wood, Tar, Pitch, and Turpentine, Rice, and Maize, and prohibits our other Bread stuff: but a suspension of this prohibition having been left to the Colonial Legislatures, in times of scarcity, it was formerly suspended occasionally, but latterly without interruption.\nOur Fish and salted Provisions (except Pork) are received in their Islands under a Duty of 3 colonial Livres the Kental, and our vessels are as free as their own to carry our commodities thither, and to bring away Rum and Molasses.\nGreat Britain admits in her Islands, our Vegetables, live Provisions, Horses, Wood, Tar, Pitch, and Turpentine, Rice, and Bread stuff, by a Proclamation of her Executive limited always to the term of a Year, but hitherto renewed from year to year. She prohibits our salted Fish and other salted Provisions. She does not permit our Vessels to carry thither our own produce. Her Vessels alone, may take it from us, and bring in exchange, Rum, Molasses, Sugar, Coffee, Cocoa-nuts, Ginger, and Pimento. There are, indeed, some freedoms in the Island of Dominica, but, under such circumstances, as to be little used by us. In the British continental Colonies, and in Newfoundland, all our productions are prohibited, and our Vessels forbidden to enter their ports. Their Governors, however, in times of distress, have power to permit a temporary importation of certain articles, in their own bottoms, but not in ours.\nOur Citizens cannot reside as merchants or Factors within any of the British Plantations, this being expressly prohibited by the same Statute of 12 Car. 2. c. 18, commonly called the navigation act.\nIn the Danish-American possessions, a duty of 5 per cent is levied on our corn, corn-meal, Rice, Tobacco, Wood, salted fish, Indigo, Horses, Mules, and Live stock, and of 10 per cent on our Flour, salted-Pork, and Beef, Tar, Pitch and Turpentine.\nIn the American Islands of the United Netherlands and Sweden, our Vessels and produce are received, subject to duties, not so heavy as to have been complained of: but they are heavier in the Dutch possessions on the contintent.\nTo Sum up these Restrictions, so far as they are important.\n1st. In Europe.\nOur Breadstuff is at most times under prohibitory duties in England, and considerably dutied on re-exportation from Spain to her Colonies.\nOur Tobaccoes are heavily dutied in England, Sweden, and France, and prohibited in Spain, and Portugal.\nOur Rice is heavily dutied in England and Sweden, and prohibited in Portugal.\nOur Fish and salted Provisions are prohibited in England, and under prohibitory duties in France.\nOur Whale Oils are prohibited in England and Portugal.\nAnd our vessels are denied naturalization in England, and of late in France.\n2d. In the West Indies.\nAll intercourse is prohibited with the possessions of Spain and Portugal.\nOur salted provisions and Fish are prohibited by England.\nOur salted pork, and Bread stuff (except maize) are received under temporary Laws only, in the dominions of France, and our Salted-fish pays there a weighty duty.\n3rd. In the Article of Navigation.\nOur own carriage of our own Tobacco, is heavily dutied in Sweden, and lately in France.\nWe can carry no Article, not of our own production to the British ports in Europe.\nNor even our own produce to her American possessions.\nSuch being the Restrictions on the Commerce and Navigation of the United States, the Question is, in what way they may best be removed, modified, or counteracted?\nAs to Commerce, two methods occur. 1. By friendly arrangements with the several Nations with whom these Restrictions exist: Or, 2. By the separate Act of our own Legislatures for countervailing their effects.\nThere can be no doubt, but that of these two, friendly arrangement is\n the most eligible. Instead of embarrassing Commerce under piles of regulating Laws, Duties, and Prohibitions, could it be relieved from all it\u2019s shackles in all parts of the world, could every Country be employed in producing that which Nature has best fitted it to produce, and each be free to exchange with others mutual surplusses, for mutual Wants, the greatest mass possible would then be produced of those Things which contribute to human life and human happiness; the numbers of mankind would be increased, and their condition bettered.\nWould even a single Nation begin with the United States this System of free Commerce, it would be advisable to begin it with that nation; since it is one by one only, that it can be extended to all. Where the Circumstances of either party render it expedient to levy a Revenue, by way of impost, on Commerce, it\u2019s freedom might be modified, in that particular, by mutual and equivalent measures, preserving it entire in all others.\nSome Nations, not yet ripe for free Commerce, in all it\u2019s extent, might still be willing to mollify it\u2019s restrictions and regulations for us, in proportion to the advantages, which an intercourse with us might offer. Particularly they may concur with us in reciprocating the Duties to be levied on each side, or in compensating any excess of duty, by equivalent advantages of another nature. Our Commerce is certainly of a Character to entitle it to favor in most Countries. The Commodities we offer, are either necessaries of life; or materials for manufacture; or convenient Subjects of Revenue: and we take in exchange, either manufactures, when they have received the last finish of Art and Industry; or mere Luxuries. Such Customers may reasonably expect welcome, and friendly treatment at every market: Customers too, whose demands, increasing with their wealth, and population, must very shortly give full employment to the whole Industry of any Nation whatever, in any line of supply they may get into the habit of calling for from it.\nBut should any Nation, contrary to our wishes, suppose it may better find it\u2019s advantage by continuing it\u2019s System of Prohibitions, Duties, and Regulations, it behoves us to protect our Citizens, their Commerce and Navigation, by Counter-prohibitions, Duties, and Regulations also. Free commerce and navigation are not to be given in exchange for Restrictions, and Vexations: nor are they likely to produce a relaxation of them.\nOur Navigation involves still higher considerations. As a Branch of Industry, it is valuable; but, as a resource of Defence, essential.\nIt\u2019s Value, as a Branch of Industry, is enhanced by the dependence of so many other Branches on it. In times of general Peace it multiplies Competitors for employment in transportation, and so keeps that at it\u2019s proper level; and in times of war, that is to say, when those nations who\n may be our principal Carriers shall be at war with each other, if we have not within ourselves the means of transportation, our produce must be exported in belligerant vessels at the increased expense of war-freight and Insurance, and the Articles, which will not bear that, must perish on our hands.\nBut it is as a resource for Defence that our Navigation will admit neither neglect nor forbearance. The position and Circumstances of the United States leave them nothing to fear on their land-board, and nothing to desire beyond their present rights. But, on their sea-board, they are open to injury, and they have there too, a Commerce which must be protected. This can only be done by possessing a respectable Body of Citizen-seamen, and of Artists and Establishments in readiness for shipbuilding.\nWere the Ocean, which is the common property of all, open to the Industry of all, so that every person and vessel should be free to take employment wherever it could be found, the United States would certainly not set the example of appropriating to themselves, exclusively, any portion of the common stock of occupation. They would rely on the enterprise and activity of their Citizens for a due participation of the Benefits of the seafaring Business, and for keeping the marine class of Citizens equal to their object. But if particular nations grasp at undue shares, and more especially, if they seize on the means of the United States to convert them into aliment for their own strength, and withdraw them entirely from the support of those to whom they belong, defensive and protecting measures become necessary on the part of the nation whose marine resources are thus invaded; or it will be disarmed of it\u2019s defence; it\u2019s productions will lie at the mercy of the nation which has possessed itself exclusively of the means of carrying them, and it\u2019s politics may be influenced by those who command it\u2019s Commerce. The carriage of our own Commodities, if once established in another Channel, cannot be resumed in the moment we may desire. If we lose the Seamen and Artists, whom it now occupies, we lose the present means of marine Defence, and time will be requisite to raise up others, when disgrace or losses shall bring home to our feelings the Error of having abandoned them. The materials for maintaining our due share of navigation, are ours in abundance. And, as to the mode of using them, we have only to adopt the principles of those who thus put us on the defensive, or others equivalent and better fitted to our Circumstances.\nThe following principles, being founded in reciprocity, appear perfectly just, and to offer no cause of complaint to any Nation.\n1. Where a Nation imposes high Duties on our productions, or prohibits them altogether, it may be proper for us to do the same by theirs, first burthening or excluding those productions which they bring here, in\n competition with our own of the same kind; selecting next such manufactures, as we take from them in greatest quantity, and which at the same time we could the soonest furnish to ourselves, or obtain from other Countries; imposing on them duties, lighter at first, but heavier and heavier afterwards, as other channels of supply open. Such duties having the effect of indirect encouragement to domestic Manufactures of the same kind, may induce the Manufacturer to come himself into these States, where cheaper subsistence, equal laws, and a vent of his wares, free of duty, may ensure him the highest profits from his skill and Industry. And here, it would be in the power of the State-Governments to co-operate, essentially, by opening the resources of encouragement which are under their controul, extending them liberally to Artists in those particular Branches of manufacture, for which their Soil, Climate, Population, and other Circumstances, have matured them and fostering the precious efforts and progress of household manufacture by some patronage suited to the nature of it\u2019s objects, guided by the local informations they possess and guarded against abuse by their presence and attentions. The oppressions on our agriculture in foreign ports would thus be made the occasion of relieving it from a dependence on the Councils and conduct of others, and of promoting Arts, Manufactures, and Population, at home.\n2.Where a nation refuses permission to our Merchants and Factors to reside within certain parts of their Dominions, we may, if it should be thought expedient, refuse residence to theirs in any and every part of ours, or modify their transactions.\n3. Where a Nation refuses to receive in our vessels any productions but our own, we may refuse to receive, in theirs, any but their own productions. The first and second clauses of the Bill reported by the Committee, are well formed to effect this object.\n4. Where a Nation refuses to consider any Vessel as ours, which has not been built within our territories, we should refuse to consider as theirs, any vessel not built within their territories.\n5. Where a Nation refuses to our Vessels the carriage even of our own productions, to certain Countries under their domination, we might refuse to theirs, of every description, the carriage of the same productions to the same Countries. But as Justice and Good neighborhood would dictate that those who have no part in imposing the restriction on us should not be the victims of measures adopted to defeat it\u2019s effect, it may be proper to confine the restriction to Vessels owned or navigated by any subjects of the same dominant power, other than the Inhabitants of the Country to which the said productions are to be carried. And to prevent all inconvenience to the said Inhabitants, and to our own, by too\n sudden a check on the means of transportation, we may continue to admit the Vessels marked for future exclusion, on an advanced tonnage, and for such length of time only, as may be supposed necessary to provide against that inconvenience.\nThe establishment of some of these principles by Great Britain, alone, has already lost us in our Commerce with that Country and it\u2019s possessions, between eight and nine hundred Vessels of near 40,000 Tons burthen, according to statements from official materials, in which they have confidence. This involves a proportional loss of Seamen, Shipwrights, and Shipbuilding, and is too serious a Loss to admit forbearance of some effectual Remedy.\nIt is true we must expect some inconvenience in practice, from the establishment of discriminating duties. But in this, as in so many other cases, we are left to chuse between two Evils. These inconveniencies are nothing, when weighed against the loss of wealth, and loss of Force, which will follow our perseverance in the Plan of indiscrimination. When once it shall be perceived that we are either in the System, or the Habit, of giving equal advantages to those who extinguish our Commerce and Navigation by Duties and Prohibitions, as to those who treat both with Liberality and Justice, Liberality and Justice will be converted by all into Duties and Prohibitions. It is not to the Moderation and Justice of others, we are to trust for fair and equal access to market with our productions, or for our due share in the transportation of them; but to our own means of independence, and the firm will to use them. Nor do the inconveniencies of discrimination merit consideration. Not one of the nations beforementioned; perhaps, not a commercial Nation on Earth, is without them. In our case, one distinction alone will suffice; that is to say, between Nations who favor our productions and Navigation, and those who do not favor them. One set of moderate Duties, say the present Duties, for the first, and a fixed advance on these, as to some Articles, and Prohibitions as to others, for the last.\nStill it must be repeated that friendly Arrangements are preferable with all who will come into them; and that we should carry into such Arrangements all the Liberality and Spirit of accomodation which the nature of the Case will admit.\nFrance has, of her own accord, proposed Negotiations for improving, by a new Treaty on fair and equal principles, the commerical relations of the two Countries. But her internal disturbances have hitherto prevented the prosecution of them to effect, though we have had repeated assurances of a continuance of the disposition.\nProposals of friendly arrangement have been made on our part, by the present Government, to that of Great Britain, as the Message states:\n but, being already on as good a footing in Law, and a better in Fact, than the most favored nation, they have not, as yet, discovered any disposition to have it meddled with.\nWe have no reason to conclude that friendly arrangements would be declined by the other Nations, with whom we have such commercial intercourse as may render them important. In the meanwhile, it would rest with the Wisdom of Congress to determine whether, as to those Nations, they will not surcease exparte Regulations, on the reasonable presumption that they will concur in doing whatever Justice and Moderation dictate should be done.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0503-0005", "content": "Title: IV. Thomas Jefferson to the Speaker of the House of Representatives, 16 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: House of Representatives\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 16. 1793\nAccording to the pleasure of the House of Representatives expressed in their Resolution of Feb. 23. 1791. I now lay before them a Report on the privileges and restrictions on the Commerce of the United States in foreign Countries. In order to keep the Subject within those bounds which I supposed to be under the contemplation of the House, I have restrained my Statements to those Countries only with which we carry on a commerce of Some importance, and to those Articles also of our produce which are of sensible weight in the Scale of our Exports; and even these Articles are sometimes grouped together according to the degree of Favor or restriction with which they are received in each Country, and that degree expressed in general terms without detailing the exact duty levied on each Article. To have gone fully into these Minutiae, would have been to copy the Tariffs and Books of Rates of the different Countries and to have hidden under a mass of detail those general and important Truths, the extraction of which in a Simple form I conceived would best answer the inquiries of the House, by condensing material information within those limits of time and attention which this portion of their duties may justly claim. The plan, indeed, of minute details, would have been impracticable with some Countries, for want of information.\nSince preparing this Report, which was put into its present form in time to have been given in to the last Session of Congress, alterations of the Conditions of our Commerce with some foreign Nations have taken place, some of them independant of the War, some arising out of it.\nFrance has proposed to enter into a new treaty of Commerce with us on liberal principles, and has in the Mean time relaxed some of the restraints mentioned in the Report.\u2014Spain has by an ordinance of June last, established New Orleans, Pensacola and St. Augustine into free ports for the Vessels of friendly Nations, having treaties of Commerce with her, provided they touch for a permit at Corcubion in Gallicia, or\n at Alicante; and our Rice is by the same ordinance excluded from that Country.\u2014The Circumstances of the War, have necessarily given us freer access to the West-Indian Islands, whilst they have also drawn on our Navigation Vexations and depredations of the most serious Nature.\nTo have endeavored to describe all these, would have been as impracticable as useless, since the Scenes would have been shifting while under description. I, therefore, think it best to leave the Report as it was formed, being adapted to a particular point of time; when things were in their Settled order, that is to say, to the Summer of 1792. I have the honor to be with the most profound respect, Sir, Your most obedt. & most hum: Servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0503-0006", "content": "Title: V. Thomas Jefferson to the President of the Senate, 16 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Senate\nSir\nPhiladelphia December 16th. 1793.\nHaving, according to a resolution of the House of Representatives of February 23. 1791. given in to that House a Report on the privileges and restrictions on the commerce of the United States in foreign Countries, I think it my duty to lay a Copy of it before the Senate, and have the honor of being with the most perfect respect Sir Your most obedient and Most humble Servt.\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0504", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, 16 December 1793\nFrom: S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia Decr: 16: 1793.\nHaving Certified that P: S: Oxholm and Bd: Wallington are Subjects of the King of Danmark I request the favor of you to accompany my Certificate with one from you that I am what I have styled myself Vizt.\u2014Consul of Sweden and Agent for the Court of Danmark. I have the Honor to be with the greatest respect Sir Your most Obd: and very Humble Sert:\nRichd: S\u00f6derstr\u00f6m", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0505", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Samuel Ward & Brothers, 16 December 1793\nFrom: Samuel Ward & Brothers\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew York 16 Decemr. 1793\nWe are now fitting for sea at Newport a ship of fine size and which might very readily be equipd as a thirty two gun frigate. The dimensions are as follows\u2014viz\u2014\n100 feet keel 32 feet 8 Inches beam 14 feet lower hold 6 feet 10\nInches between decks\u2014and built with composition bolts ready to take a sheathing of copper.\nIf the United States should have any occasion for such a vessel we will dispose of this one with the utmost chearfulness. We have the honour to be Sir Your most obedt. Servts\nSam Ward & Brothers\nThe ship will be ready to sail about the 10th. of January.\nBrown & Francis of Providence have a fine ship now fitting for the Indies which is to sail in all this month. She is as large as our ship or larger. Those gentlemen possess smaller ships in which they could send their cargo to India and from their well known public spirit there is no doubt they would readily dispose of this ship to the States if the public service should require it.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-16-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0506", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Willing, 16 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Willing, Thomas\nTh: Jefferson presents his respectful compliments to the President of the bank of the US. Being now to make up his annual account of the expenditure of the fund of 40,000 \u0110 for the legislature, he begs the favor of the President to have him furnished with a copy of the account of the Secretary of state on the bank books, down to the present day, to serve so far as a Voucher.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0507", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 17 December 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nPhiladelphie le 17. xbre. 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la Repe. fse.\nJ\u2019ai re\u00e7u la lettre que vous m\u2019av\u00e9s fait l\u2019honneur de m\u2019\u00e9crire le 6. de ce mois et Je m\u2019empresse de vous \u00e9xprimer toute la reconnoissance que m\u2019inspire les informations qu\u2019elle renferme.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-17-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0508", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Jacob Hollingsworth, 17 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hollingsworth, Jacob\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 17. 1793.\nI received yesterday your favor of the 13th. and accept willingly the offer of the clover seed at the price you mention. I hope Mr. Alexander will be setting out by the time you recieve this, as the place he is to overlook must be suffering much for want of him. I am with esteem Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0509", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 18 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 18. 1793.\nI have laid before the President your letter of the 16th. instant, and in consequence thereof have written to the Attorney General of the US. a letter of which I have the honor to inclose you a copy, and to add assurances of the respect with which I am Sir Your most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0510", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 18 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTreasury Department Decemr. 18th. 1793\nI am to acknowledge the receipt of an extract of a letter from you to Mr. Hammond of the 5th. of September 1793.\nAs a preliminary however to the Instructions to be given to the Collectors, it will be necessary that you inform me, whether Mr. Hammond has assented to the proposed arrangement as well as the number and names of the prizes that come within the description. I have the Honor to be with great respect Sir Your Most Obedient Servant\nA Hamilton Secy of the Treasy", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0511", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef de Jaudenes and Josef Ignacio de Viar, 18 December 1793\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhilada. Dec. 18. 1793.\nIn addition to the various papers which on different occasions we have had the honor to put into your hands relative to the affairs of the Indians our neighbors and allies, we have now the pleasure to transmit you a copy of extracts concerning this object, which we have lately recieved from the Governor of Louisiana.\nIt\u2019s contents will confirm to you the reason with which we ought to complain of the conduct observed by the several agents of the US. on those frontiers.\nAt the same time you will observe the salutary measure which the said governor proposes to put an end to such atrocities and disorders as have been committed, and, as is probable, will continue until an efficacious remedy be applied.\nWhat is mentioned in the inclosed copy appears to have all the requisites of humanity, good faith, and sincere correspondence.\nIn this expectation we request you to be so good as to give information of the whole to the President of the US. to the end that these may determine what they shall judge convenient, seeing how much good may be produced by the friendly convention proposed, and how much evil by the omission of it.\nWe repeat assurances of the most sincere good will and greatest respect and have the honor to subscribe ourselves Sir Your most obedt. & humble servts.\nJoseph de Jaudenes in the absence of Joseph de Viar Joseph de Jaudenes, for him", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0513", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmund Randolph, 18 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Edmund\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 18. 1793.\nThe Minister Plenipotentiary of France has inclosed to me the copy of a letter of the 16th. inst. which he addressed to you, stating that some libellous publications had been made against him by Mr. Jay, chief Justice of the US. and Mr. King one of the Senators for the state of New York, and desiring that they might be prosecuted. This letter has been laid before the President, according to the request of the Minister, and the President, never doubting your readiness on all occasions to perform the functions of your office, yet thinks it incumbent on him to recommend it specially on the present occasion, as it concerns a public character peculiarly entitled to the protection of the laws. On the other hand, as our citizens ought not to be vexed with groundless prosecutions, duty to them requires it to be added, that if you judge the prosecution in question to be of that nature, you consider this recommendation as not extending to it; it\u2019s only object being to engage you to proceed in this case according to the duties of your office, the laws of the land and the privileges of the parties concerned. I have the honor to be with great respect & esteem Sir your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0514", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Samuel Ward & Brothers, 18 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Samuel Ward & Brothers\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia Dec. 18. 1793.\nI have duly received your letter of the 16th. inst. and have communicated it to the President of the US. in order that such use may be made of your proposals as the future provisions of the legislature shall render expedient, these not having as yet furnished any grounds to act on it. I have the honor to be gentlemen Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-18-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0515", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 18 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to submit to the President\u2019s approbation the draught of letters to Mr. Genet and the Atty. Genl. on the subject of the prosecution desired by the former to be instituted against Messrs. Jay and King.\nHe also incloses the form of a warrant for \u0110 2544.37 for the Director of the Mint for the purchase of copper.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0516", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Charles Carter, 19 December 1793\nFrom: Carter, Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sr\nFredbg Decr 19th 93\nMy son Charles will deliver this letter, who goes on in the stage, in consequence of a letter, by yesterdays post, from his Brother Walker, informing him you had a vacancy, in your Office, which he shoud fill, provided he coud go up, in a few Weeks. It gave me so much satisfaction, to find my Friend would Take my son into his own imploy, that I determined he shoud proceed this day. To you my Friend I commit my Son, and flatter myself, youl find him a usefull young man, and worthy\n of your Patronage. I was exceedingly concerned, to hear Chatham, say by a letter to Mansfield, you were to be in Virginia, early the next month, and it was thought you wou\u2019d resign. But I now flatter myself, he was mistaken. With great regard and sincere thanks, for your kindness to my Son, I am Dr Sr Yr Affe & Obligd Hble St\nChs. Carter", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-19-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0517", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 19 December 1793\nFrom: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nMonticello Dec: 19: 1793\nI received yesterday yours of the 8. inst: containing Mr. Le Roys letter of the 26. Nov. for the procurement and communication of which I return you many thanks. It relieved me from an apprehension I had begun to entertain that the protested bill of Rosses might be in considerable part swallowed up by an open Accompt, in which case I might have suffered and an important credit, the price of Edgehill, would have been lost to my Fathers Estate. I am happy to feel that I stand on as good ground as the sufficiency of Mr. Ross alltho I do not believe it is perfectly sure.\nI am still unlucky with respect to your letter containing instructions to me in this affair of the mortgage: at my request a memorandum concerning that packet was transmited to Mr. Davis by the Postmaster of Charlottesville: nevertheless it has failed to come: the new mail was delivered I suppose and brought away before the other was opened.\nYour letter to Mr. Stewart was forwarded without delay. Mr. Biddle has prepared all things for the journey and will set out as soon as Mr. Stewart gives notice that the sheep are ready.\nThe threshing machine I shall take into particular care when I am in Richmond again, to which it cannot be long. A prospect-glass which came from Alexander Donald to you by Wm. Mewburn is lodged safe at Monticello.\nWe are all well. Martha and Maria both write. I am Dear Sir with the most sincere affection your friend & Servt.\nTh: M. Randolph", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0519", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from William Frederick Ast, 20 December 17[93]\nFrom: Ast, William Frederick\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nRichmond 20. Decr. 17[93]\nPray accept my warmest Thanks for Your kind wishes and good Counsels which Your very polite and esteemed favor of 14. Ulto. conveys to me. I shall esteem myself ever happy to cultivate so valuable an Acquaintance as Yours and use my utmost Endeavours to merit Your friendship. Should it ever lay in my power to be of Service to You I shall consider that as one of my happiest Moments.\nI have finished three plans and hope to be at Philadelphia in about a fortnight hence\u2014when I shall do myself the honor to wait upon You and shew You the same.\nThe first is Insurances on Houses, Goods, furniture &a. as mentioned to You before, and will, besides the Utility to the Inhabitants of the United States, keep about five hundred Thousand Dollars \u214c Annum in this Country.\nThe Second is Insurances on Vessels, which, besides the great Advantage it will give the Shipping of the United States over other Nations, it will keep upwards of Two Millions of Dollars \u214c Annum in this Country which [are?] now paid abroad and chiefly to the British.\nThe Third is Insurances on Goods and freights, which we shall do here for less Premiums a great deal more secure and keep upwards of Three Millions of Dollars \u214c Annum in this Country which now annually are paid abroad. And this last plan will besides that give a Revenue to Government of upwards of Two Millions of Dollars \u214c Annum\u2014without laying a Tax on the Inhabitants of the United States. They are the profits which the Underwriters abroad have hitherto enjoyed.\nThese plans are such that they may be very readily and easily put into\n Execution. I take upon my self to put them, under the Auspices of Government, into Execution and stake my Life for their Solidity.\nWhat I mean by the Auspices of Government is Protection and Support of Laws\u2014we don\u2019t want any Money of Government for the Execution of them.\nNo doubt the Members of Congress are patriots and as such they will not hesitate to adopt these plans and grant me patents which secure to me the Annuity which I ask\u2014it is trifling to the Nation considering the Utility of my plans and the Money saved to this Country \u214c Annum. The Annuity which I ask will be paid me by those who benefit by my pl[ans.]\nA few days ago I had the pleasure to see Madam Barclay and her sweet family. I mention\u2019d that I should have the honor to write to You. She desires her best respects. I have the honor to be very respectfully Sir Your most obedient & very humble Servant\nWilliam Ast", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0520", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 20 December 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nPhiladelphie le 20. xbre. 1793 l\u2019an 2e de la R\u00e9publique Fse.\nJe re\u00e7ois votre lettre du 16 de ce mois et j\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de remercier par votre canal le Pr\u00e9sident des Etats Unis de l\u2019intention qu\u2019il temoigne de mettre au grand jour une intrigue atroce dont le but a \u00e9t\u00e9 de l\u2019induire en erreur et de l\u2019engager dans des d\u00e9marches pr\u00e9cipit\u00e9es contre l\u2019Ex\u00e9cuteur des ordres de la Nation fran\u00e7aise et de d\u00e9truire par l\u00e0 la bonne intelligence qui r\u00e8gne Si heureusement entre nos deux R\u00e9publiques.\nJe ne saurais vous exprimer la profonde douleur avec laquelle je vois Se d\u00e9velopper de jour en jour le fil d\u2019une trame aussi noire, et je vous avoue qu\u2019en qualifiant mes justes poursuites des mots \u201cgroundless prosecutions\u201d vous me paraissez avoir oubli\u00e9 que je dois venger mon Souverain du tort que l\u2019on a fait \u00e0 Ses int\u00e9rets, par cette Serie monstrueuse de mensonges, de certificats imposteurs, et de bruits absurdes au moyen desquels on a fascin\u00e9 pendant quelque tems l\u2019esprit public et peut \u00eatre ebranl\u00e9 l\u2019alliance de deux Peuples que tout invite \u00e0 S\u2019aimer et \u00e0 S\u2019unir.\nS\u2019il existe un crime de L\u00e8ze Nation Monsieur, c\u2019est bien celui dont je me plains et dont les auteurs doivent \u00eatre livr\u00e9s \u00e0 la Loi devant laquelle j\u2019imagine que chez vous comme chez nous tous les hommes Sont \u00e9gaux.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0521", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 20 December 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nM.\nPhiladelphie le 20. xbre. 1793. l\u2019an 2e. de la Repe. fse.\nJ\u2019ai l\u2019honneur de porter \u00e0 la Connoissance du gouvernement federal le fait suivant.\nTout \u00e9toit dispos\u00e9 \u00e0 Baltimore pour le d\u00e9part de quelques batiments Marchands que J\u2019\u00e9tois parvenu \u00e0 faire charger de marchandises n\u00e9cessaires \u00e0 la france; Ils n\u2019attendoient que quelques pieces d\u2019artillerie destin\u00e9es \u00e0 leur d\u00e9fense. La fr\u00e9gatte qui devoit les \u00e9scorter \u00e9toit complettement arm\u00e9e et organis\u00e9e, et Je concevois l\u2019\u00e9sperance de voir bient\u00f4t s\u2019effectuer cette \u00e9xpedition importante lorsqu\u2019un incident auquel Je ne me serois point attendu a tout suspendu. Mr. hollingsworth procureur gal. de l\u2019Etat en vertu d\u2019Instructions directes qu\u2019il pr\u00e9tend avoir recues du President des Etats unis a fait suspendre sous peine de prison les travaux des ouvriers employ\u00e9s \u00e0 la construction des affuts destin\u00e9s aux navires marchands et a d\u00e9clar\u00e9 au Vice Consul qu\u2019il avoit ordre de s\u2019opposer \u00e0 toute \u00e9spece d\u2019armement.\nQuand cessera-t-on donc, Mr., de nous accabler d\u2019injustices de contrarier tout ce qui peut \u00eatre utile \u00e0 notre patrie et d\u2019\u00e9lever sans cesse devant nous des difficult\u00e9s qu\u2019aucune loi des Etats unis qu\u2019aucune d\u00e9cision m\u00eame du gouvernement federal ne Justifie?", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0523", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Charles Andr\u00e9 Kierrulf, 20 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Kierrulf, Charles Andr\u00e9\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 20. 1793.\nThe President has referred to me the letter you wrote him inclosing a paper addressed to Congress, which I have now the honor to return to you. Your late arrival in this country is a sufficient cause of your mistaking the mode of conveying this paper to Congress, which cannot be through the President. I take the liberty of advising you to apply to some member of that body who will be able to judge of it\u2019s contents, and to do in it whatever these shall render proper. I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedt servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0525", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Joseph Leacock\u2019s Thoughts on the Algerines, 20 December 1793\nFrom: Leacock, Joseph\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nEnclosureJoseph Leacock\u2019s Thoughts on the Algerines\nReflection\u2014\u2019tis but little more than a Century ere a human-creature inhabited the Country now possessed by the war like Algerines\u2014[a?] perfect sandy desert, where, a few out Law\u2019d banditti-Turks sat down to exist on what they might procure from the sea, by plunder. It was not long, ere they saw the advantage of an intercourse with the British Garrison of Gibralter on the opposite coast, and, having discover\u2019d the interiour part of the Country fertile, created a hope of their becoming useful in supplying the English on their barren-rock with vegitables and fresh provisions, of which they were Entirely destitute, and, thro great industry, in a little time raised a supply, with which, they ventured to approach that Garrison in their boats, and, calling out to the sentinel in broken English \u201cyou wantee de fowl, de sheep, de green a.\u201d Ay Ay, roared out the sentinel, \u2018tis the very thing we require, for we poor soldiers are all dying with the scurvy, pass on, pass on, and welcome.\nA hearty reception being given them by the Commander in Chief, a generous price paid for the supplys, and a cordial invitation to return as often as they pleased, soon Created a mutual intercourse, and this was the origin of that accursed connection between Britain and the Algerines! and, \u2019twas not long, ere Britain discover\u2019d the benefit they might derive by Encouraging those Robbers and Employing them as their bull-dogs. For this purpose Engineers were sent to Examine the Coast for a place to fortify, and having reported the bay of\n Algiers might be made impregnable, immediate orders were given to set about the work, and, this being Effected by the generous Britains, a mutual compact was Entered into, to aid and assist each other, and, in so Jesuitical a manner, as not to be developed. A wheel within a wheel, misterious and incomprehensible. \u2019Tis in the power of Britain when Ever they please, to set their Towzers on, to worry whom they please! and not satisfyd with setting the Algerines on us by water, but the savages by Land to murderd our back inhabitants!\nRouze from your Lethargy ye brave Americans, and put a stop to the Cursed combination of Despots. The bull-dogs of Algiers are let loose upon you. Let it not be said you are to be Cowed by such villians or their mean spirited abettors. Your prowess was once successfully display\u2019d against a powerful-Nation, therefore, fear not to face a few Pyratical-slaves. Ah, but \u2019tis said, every enemy carried into Algiers is made a slave of! Well, be it so, you know your fate, therefore, never submit, but stick to the Rascals as long as your ship can swim, a man left alive, or a shot in the Locker. I know your spirit and address in the art of war is far superiour to theirs, and that victory and glory will be your reward. Let but a douzen stout ships well mannd, sail in concert to meet those marauders and they\u2019l quickly take refuge in Algiers, where you may penn them up as long as you please to lay before that hornets-nest. Exert yourselves instantly, and let the world see what Americans are capable of doing when oppressed! NB. An Englishman (who is fearful his only son is now a slave in Algiers) was heard to say \u201cby the God that made me, could I get at Mr. Pit, I wou\u2019d, without hesitation, blow the murderers brains out, be the consequence what it might!\u201d", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0530", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Josef de Jaudenes and Josef Ignacio de Viar, 21 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de,Jaudenes, Joseph de\nGentlemen\nPhiladelphia December 21. 1793.\nI have to acknowledge the receipt of your favors of November 30. and December 13. which have been laid before the President, to whom every evidence of a disposition in your agents to keep the Indians in peace gives real satisfaction. It is a conduct, which if pursued with good faith both by Spain and us, will add to the prosperity of both, and to the preservation and happiness of the Indians. The event which is said to have taken place at the Hanging Maw\u2019s, wears a complexion to meet the most entire disapprobation of the United States. It is not yet however so developed in all its circumstances as to authorize me to express their\n definitive judgment on it. This will be the office of the Court before whom prosecutions were immediately instituted against the persons charged with the fact. I may say with safety in the mean while, that they will approve at no time of any act, which shall be either aggressive or unjust towards our Indian neighbors. I flatter myself that your residence among us, must have convinced you, that atrocities of the nature of those charged on that occasion, are not in the spirit of our Government, and must have satisfied you how groundless is the base calumny repeated by the Governor of Louisiana, of a reward of 500 dollars offered for the head of an individual by the Americans, if by that term he means those in authority; and if he means unauthorized individuals, it would hardly seem to justify his very general invective.\nThis officer undertakes too in a case of hostilities between us and the Indians to decide, that we are the aggressors, and that Spain, a neutral nation, may furnish them with arms and ammunition.\nHis remonstrating against the passage of our citizens along the Missisippi, even above the 31st: degree, and his appropriating to Spain, Nations of Indians inhabiting above the same limit, will not be noticed at a moment when a higher solution of those questions is expected. Till then we rely on the justice of Your Government, and your own dispositions to inculcate it, that your agents will be inhibited from taking any part between us and the Indians, inconsistent with the friendship which we hope will ever prevail between us; and which we shall endeavour sincerely to cultivate by every act of justice and good neighborhood. I have the honor to be with great esteem & respect Gentlemen Your most obedient, and Most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0531", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mifflin, 21 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Mifflin, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 21. 1793.\nI am honored with your\u2019s of yesterday\u2019s date relative to the French sailors in the jail of Philadelphia. The object of the original enquiry I took the liberty of making on that subject, was to know whether they were in the custody of the Executive or the Judiciary authority of the country: and being informed that it is in that of the Judiciary, the Federal Executive does not think itself authorized to interfere either as to their enlargement or detention. They take for granted the judge will do in the case what the law enjoins. I have the honor to be with great respect Your Excellency\u2019s most obedt & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0532", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Murray & Mumford, 21 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Murray & Mumford\nSir\nNew York Decr. 21st. 1793\nWe are authorised by Messrs. Marshal Jenkins & Son of Hudson, to acquaint you, that if our government intend building vessels of War to defend the commerce of the United States, that they will contract to build a frigate; and will transmit the terms, on our receiving information officially at any time hereafter, that such a measure is necessary. We are very respectfully sir Yr. most obedt: servts\nMurray & Mumford", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0533", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Benjamin Carter Waller, 21 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Waller, Benjamin Carter\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 21. 1793.\nI have received your letter of Dec. 10. as I had done in due time that of Mr. Welsh, tho\u2019 I did not know that it had come from you. At that time it was my intention to have retired from office at the end of September, and meant to have taken the first opportunity of seeing Mr. Eppes the acting executor of Mr. Wayles, and to have acquired from him the information necessary to enable me to answer Mr. Welsh\u2019s letter; for a ten year\u2019s absence from Virginia has left me without knolege of the affairs of the estate. I was induced however to put off my retirement to the end of this month, and therefore have not seen Mr. Eppes. I leave this place within ten days, and shall take the earliest occasion which the season will admit of meeting with Mr. Eppes, and of settling with him arrangements relative to Mr. Wayles\u2019s debt to Mr. Welsh. In the mean while it will save time if you will be so good as to inform us whether your powers from Mr. Welsh would authorize you fully to settle this transaction, and to take measures to obtain full powers if you have them not. If you will settle it on the same terms on which the much greater claim of Farrel & Jones was settled, that is to say, dividing the principal and interest before and since the war into practicable instalments, I think I can venture to assure you there will be no difficulty in the case. The executors have uniformly denied interest during the war in all cases where the estate was concerned.\u2014I shall use my best endeavors to have this matter brought to a speedy settlement on my return to Virginia, and should be enabled to propose a meeting if you will be so good as to send me an answer by post to Monticello.\nMy separate debt to Mr. Welsh is small. I paid him the interest up to 1785. when I saw him in London. This included interest during the war. I cannot, till I return home and look into my affairs, say any thing specific as to the balance, but the earliest attention shall be paid to it, and Mr. Welsh may be assured that I will with zeal do what I can for the speedy and just settlement and discharge of the general debt from Mr. Wayles. In expectation of hearing from you on the point beforementioned I am Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-21-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0534", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 21 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson with his respects to the President incloses a letter from the Governor of Pensylvania in answer to one from Mr. Genet praying him to deliver the French sailors (whom he calls deserters) on board a vessel to be transported to New York, there to be put on board a man of war. The Convention having directed the proceeding to be observed in this case, and the laws having directed the District judge to attend to it, Th:J. has prepared an answer to the Governor informing him that the Federal Executive has nothing to do in it, but to leave the law to take it\u2019s course.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0535", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Robert Gamble, 22 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Gamble, Robert\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 22. 1793.\nTomorrow I shall have embarked on board one or more sloops bound for Richmond, my books and furniture remaining here, which will be in 50. or 60. packages and parcels. I take the liberty of addressing them to you, and shall endeavor if possible to oblige the captain to deliver them at Shockoe landing. But whether there or at Rocket\u2019s, the trouble I am obliged to ask of you is to employ drays to carry them from the water side directly up to Mr. William Hylton\u2019s at Belvedere, who has been so kind as to offer me store-room, convenient to be taken off at once by the batteau-men. Not knowing the price of drayage with you I can only guess that the inclosed bills of 10. dollars will suffice. But should it be more I will thankfully repay it on my arrival at home which will be about the middle of January.\nYou will have heard that a truce between Portugal and Algiers has let loose those rovers on us. As they constantly go into port about the 1st. of December, and do not come out again till late in March our vessels\n will be in no danger during the winter months. It will depend on Congress to decide what shall be done, and whether in time to prevent their coming out in the spring.\u2014Our foreign affairs in general have a turbid aspect. I hope the inability of the allied powers to carry on another campaign may produce a cessation of war, and thus rid us of the dangers to which that exposes us. This session of Congress is the most interesting one I have ever seen, and I have great confidence that their measures will be wise.\u2014Should you pass through Albemarle after my return at any time I shall always be happy to see you, and with more leisure than when you were so kind as to call last. I am with great esteem Dr. Sir Your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson\n[On separate sheet:]\nMonday morng. Dec. [23?]. The above I received from Lisbon last night.The cold here this morning is at 13.\u00b0 below [and I very] much fear the river will be blocked up and prevent the sending [\u2026].", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0537", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to St. George Tucker, 22 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Tucker, St. George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 22. 1793.\nI this instant recieve by Mr. Randolph your son in law your favor of the 11th. inst. Had I known the situation you mention I should have taken the liberty, without waiting for authority, to have given him any counsel which his pursuits would have required. I should continue to do it now, with greater confidence, were I to remain here, but I retire from my office the last day of this month, and to my farm within a few days after. In the mean while on finding that Mr. Randolph has only read Blackstone in the line of the law, I have advised him to devote the winter to Coke Littleton, preparing him as well as I could against the labours of the undertaking, and encouraging him by the assurance that this task accomplished, what remains of law reading will be mere amusement. Should you think any thing better can be advised him, I hope you will do it without regard to what I have proposed, having been too long out of that line to feel my self qualified to prescribe in it.I shall hope that some of the revolutions in your orbit will produce a transit over Monticello, and give me again the happiness of seeing you there. I am with great & sincere esteem Dear Sir Your friend & servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-22-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0538", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 22 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nTh: Jefferson has the honor to return to the President Govr. Clinton\u2019s letter. Also to send him a statement of Mr. Genet\u2019s conversation with him in which he mentioned Gouvernr. Morris. This paper Th:J. prepared several days ago, but it got mislaid which prevented it\u2019s being sent to the President.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0539", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., 23 December 1793\nFrom: Dandridge, Bartholomew, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBy the President\u2019s direction Bw. Dandridge has the honor to return to the Secretary of State the papers herewith enclosed\u2014and to inform the Secretary that the President agrees in opinion with him that they ought to be communicated to Congress, and wishes copies may be prepared for that purpose.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0540", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Alexander Hamilton, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Hamilton, Alexander\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nThe Secretary of the Treasury presents his Respects to The Secretary of State requests he will favour him with copies of all his communications to Mr. Genet in answer to applications concerning the Debt. They will be necessary to complete a Report on his last\u2014Mr. Hamilton having acted from his knowlege of them in some instances without having them before him.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0541", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 23d December 1793\nIn consequence of our conversation of this morning, I have made the necessary enquiries relative to the Sloop Hope of Antigua Captain William John Richardson, and I learn that that vessel was captured, on her passage from St. Bartholomews to Norfolk, near the capes of Virginia, on the 10th. day of August last by the privateer le Citoyen Genet\u2014was sent into this port, where she arrived on the 14th. of the same month\u2014and on the 20th. of August was restored to her master in consequence of the orders of this government.\nAs this vessel appears to be strictly within the description of those, whose losses, by waste, spoliation or detention, are to be ascertained in the mode prescribed by your letter to me of the 5th. of September, I flatter myself, Sir, that you will be pleased to give the proper directions for this purpose, with as little delay as may be convenient, since it is probable that the navigation of the Delaware may shortly be closed, and the detention of this vessel, which has so long subsisted, be protracted by this circumstance to a still more distant period. I have the honor to be, with great respect, Sir, Your most obedient humble Servant\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0542", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Richard Harrison, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Harrison, Richard\nDr Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 23. 1793.\nYou were so good as to inform me some time before our late dispersion, that on considering the account rendered for my department you thought you could proceed to settle it and give a quietus. I have now prepared it down to the present day, and wish to give it in to the legislature on Thursday or Friday. I shall be happy therefore if you can assign me half an hour tomorrow or next day, and I will call at your office. I am with great esteem Dr. Sir Your most obedt. servt.\nTh: Jefferson\nThese are my ideas of the course of accountability for the foreign fund in my department.\nI. The Treasurer gives his order for the money on the bank of the US. in favor of the Secrety. of state, who is thereupon debited by the auditor with it. The Secretary of state gives orders on the bank, first in favor of the drawers of bills of Exchange to be remitted generally to our bankers in Amsterdam; 2dly. in favor of special messengers going from hence. Consequently due proofs of the remittance of these bills of exchange to the bankers, and of the paiment of these special monies to messengers &c. exonerate the Secy. of state, and debit the bankers and special messengers.\nII. This gives rise to a second order of accounts for the whole money, to wit, with the bankers who are required to render their accounts annually on the 1st. day of July, to be deposited in the Auditor\u2019s office: and with the said special messengers for the sums they receive. The bankers account debits themselves with the portion of the monies remitted them (which is nearly the whole of the fund) and they exonerate themselves by payments to our foreign ministers, who are debited with those paiments.\nIII. This begets a third order of accounts for that proportion of the money which has passed thro\u2019 the bankers hands (nearly the whole fund as before observed) to wit, with our foreign ministers, who are required to render their accounts on the 1st. of July annually to be deposited for settlement in the Auditor\u2019s office. These ministers debit themselves the sums they receive from the bankers, and balance them by credits for their salaries and other authorised disbursements. These being for the\n most part final expenditures, the course of accountability ceases at this stage.\nNote. Amsterdam having been considered here at the earlier part of this year as a depository of some risk, the remittances of the year have been made to Mr. Pinckney our minister at London, (on which place alone good bills were to be had) to be deposited by him at Amsterdam when safe. It is probable that the accounts of our bankers, acknoleging all these remittances specifically, will save the necessity of erecting any intermediate account for them against Mr. Pinckney.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0543", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Richard Harrison, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Harrison, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nI shall with pleasure attend to the subject of your Accounts to morrow at any hour between 10 and 3 oClock, that may be most convenient to yourself, and am with perfect respect & esteem Dr Sir Yr. Obed hble Servt\nR. Harrison\nI took the liberty of mentioning to you on a former occasion that some items in your Accounts seemed to require special Certificates, in order to their being admitted as final expenditures.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0544", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Moultrie, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Moultrie, William\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 23. 1793.\nIt is my duty to communicate to you a piece of information, altho\u2019 I cannot say that I have confidence in it myself. A French gentleman, one of the refugees from St. Domingo, informs me that two Frenchmen, from St. Domingo also, of the names of Castaing, and La Chaise, are about setting out from this place for Charleston with a design to excite an insurrection among the negroes. He says that this is in execution of a general plan formed by the Brissotine party at Paris, the first branch of which has been carried into execution at St. Domingo. My informant is a person with whom I am well acquainted, of good sense, discretion and truth, and certainly believes this himself. I enquired of him the channel of his information. He told me it was one which had given them many pre-admonitions in St. Domingo, and which had never been found to be mistaken. He explained it to me; but I could by no means consider it as a channel meriting reliance: and when I questioned him what could be the impulse of these men, what their authority, what their means of execution, and what they could expect in result; he answered with conjectures which were far from sufficient to strengthen the fact. However, were any thing to happen, I should deem myself inexcusable not to have made the communication. Your judgment will decide whether injury might not be done by making the suggestion public, or whether it ought to have any other effect than to excite attention to these two persons should they come into S. Carolina. Castaing is described as a small dark mulatto, and La Chaise as a Quarteron, of a tall fine figure. I have the honor to be with great respect your Excellency\u2019s most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0545", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to William Short, 23 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 23. 1793.\nI have to acknolege the receipt of your private letters of Apr. 2. 5. June 23. and Oct. 7. of all of which due use has been and will be made. The last was put into my hands this day: and as on the last day of the month I resign my office and set out immediately, I went immediately to a Notary to have enquiries made whether ground rents could be purchased here, as this is unquestionably the best place. If they can, one fourth of your effective paper shall be invested in them, as soon as it rises\n to 20/. for at present it is lower than I would sell at, tho\u2019 higher than I would buy at, to wit @ about 19/. When I get home I shall be better able to judge of the expediency of vesting another fourth in the James river or Patowmac canals. I wish another fourth could be laid out in lands so clearly advantageous as not to endanger any regret on your part. But this is problematical. Could it be so, there would remain a fourth in paper: and such is the disfavor with which the public view every person holding that sort of property, that I think if I can get ground-rents, with good buildings, clear of taxes, which will yeild equal profit, I shall venture as the friend of your favor as well as fortune to convert into them that fourth also. I have received from Patrick Kennon the stock stated hereafter and 109. \u0110 83 cents cash for interest. I have received from Mr. Brown the stock also stated hereafter. The Loan officer certified the interest which had been received by Mr. Brown, amounting as well as I remember to about 2000.\u0110. (for I cannot at this moment turn to the paper). I have written to Mr. Brown to know if that is a balance of so much in your favor, and if it is, expressing a wish to have it vested in stock immediately: but have not yet received his answer.\u2014This being unquestionably the best market to have stock at, I have had the certificates transferred from the books at Richmond and New-York to those at this place, where they now stand in your own name, and I shall place it under the care of an honest broker, without giving him power to alienate any capital but by express authority.\u2014You were never more mistaken then in supposing the red lands of Albemarle not favorable for grain and grass. On the contrary there are no highlands in the US. equal to them for these two objects. They cannot indeed be watered; but their richness renders that unnecessary. Witness la belle gazon of J. Cole\u2019s. But of this more when I have more leisure, for now all is hurry and preparation for winding up here. E. Randolph is to be my successor. Having found that my former private letter went safely to you through the hands of Messrs. Viar and Jaudenes, I shall confide this to the same. Accept assurances of my pure and zealous friendship.\nTh: Jefferson\nP.S. Do not fail if possible to get me Cortez\u2019s letters.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0546", "content": "Title: Enclosure: Certificates Received for William Short, 31 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Short, William\n  Certificates received by Th:J. for William Short\nNo.\nkind\nprincipal\ndate of intert.\ndate of transfer\nsigner\noffice.\nJno Co[llins]\nNew York\nrecd from Patrick Kennon\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndeferred\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\nJno Hopkins\nVirginia.\nfrom J. Hopkins for Mr Brown.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndeferred\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\nThe above certificates were delivered in to the Treasury office at Philadelphia, and the following were taken in exchange, having merely the effect of transferring them from N. York and Richmd. to Philadelphia.\nNo.\nkind\nprincipal\ndate of interest\nsigner\noffice.\ndeferred\nNourse\nTreasy. of US.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndeferred\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\ndo.\nP.S. The whole sum of interest received by Mr. Brown has been \u0110 2221.09 but I suspect that the 1,093.89 above stated, and also 333.33 part of the 15,342.18 have been purchased with it, and perhaps his commissions and disbursements take a part of the rest.\nDec. 31. 93. I have this day resigned. E. Randolph succeeds me.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0548", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jacob Hollingsworth, 24 December 1793\nFrom: Hollingsworth, Jacob\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nElkton 24 Decber. 1793\nYours I Received and agreable to Request have Bought Clover seede two Bushels at Eighteen Dollars and this afternoon Mr. Alaxander is to set sail from Frenchtown with the seede for Richmond. He would have started sooner but was Disappointed by the post. [\u2026] your very Huml Servt\nJacob Hollingsworth", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-24-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0549", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Henry Knox, 24 December 1793\nFrom: Knox, Henry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nDecember 24. 1793.\nI have the honor to transmit you, the enclosed letter, dated the 20th. inst: received this day, from the Governor of Maryland, with sundry depositions, relative to the augmentation of force alledged to have been received in the port of Baltimore by the French Privateer Schooner Industry, and the capture of the Brig Cunningham by the Sans Cullotes of Marseilles.\nI have the honor also to inclose a statement respecting the pay &c. supposed to be due the Marquis de la Fayette had he not relinquished the same. I am, Sir, Most respectfully\u2014Your obedt: Servt:\nH Knox", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0550", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 25 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 25. 1793.\nI have the honor to inclose you the Exequaturs for Messieurs Pennevert and Chervy and to return therewith the original commissions: and am with great respect Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-25-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0551", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Edmond Charles Genet, 25 December 1793\nFrom: Genet, Edmond Charles\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMonsieur\nPhiladelphie le 25. Xbre. 1793, l\u2019an 2e. de la Republique Fran\u00e7aise une et indivisible.\nJ\u2019apprends par les rapports du Consul de la R\u00e9publique \u00e0 Charlestown, et par les papiers publics, que la Legislature de la Caroline du Sud avoit fait arr\u00eater diff\u00e9rentes personnes accus\u00e9es d\u2019avoir re\u00e7\u00fb de moi des Commissions \u00e0 l\u2019effet de lever une force arm\u00e9e dans cet Etat pour le service de la R\u00e9publique. Sentant qu\u2019une pareille demarche si elle \u00e9tait v\u00e9ritable offenserait la Souverainet\u00e9 du peuple Am\u00e9ricain, Je m\u2019empresse de vous affirmer, Monsieur, que je n\u2019ai autoris\u00e9 en aucune mani\u00e8re le recrutement, la formation, ou le rassemblement d\u2019une force arm\u00e9e, ni d\u2019aucun Corps sur le territoire des Etats unis; mais en m\u00eame temps je suis trop franc pour vous d\u00e9guiser, qu\u2019autoris\u00e9 par la nation fran\u00e7aise \u00e0 d\u00e9livrer des brevets \u00e0 ceux de vos Concitoyens qui se sentiroient anim\u00e9s du desir de servir la plus belle des Causes, j\u2019en ai accord\u00e9 \u00e0 plusieurs braves r\u00e9publicains de la Caroline du Sud dont l\u2019intention m\u2019a par\u00fb \u00eatre en s\u2019expatriant, de se rendre ch\u00e9z des Tributs indiennes independantes, anciennes amies et alli\u00e9es de la france pour rendre, s\u2019ils le pouvaient, de concert avec nous, aux Espagnols et aux Anglais, le Mal que les gouvernemens de ces deux nations avoient la Lachet\u00e9 de faire depuis longtems \u00e0 vos Concitoyens sous le nom de ces sauvages de m\u00eame que depuis peu sous celui des Algeriens.\nJe vous pr\u00e9viens, Monsieur, que je publierai cette d\u00e9claration afin de calmer les inqui\u00e9tudes et de dissiper les doutes auxquels la d\u00e9nonciation faite \u00e0 la L\u00e9gislature de la Caroline a p\u00fb donner lieu. Agr\u00e9ez mon respect.\nGenet", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0552", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., 26 December 1793\nFrom: Dandridge, Bartholomew, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBy the President\u2019s direction Bw. Dandridge has the honor to transmit to the Secretary of State a Resolution of the House of Representatives, just received\u2014and to request the Secretary to furnish the several papers therein required.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0553", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Hammond, 26 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Hammond, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia, Decr. 26th. 1793.\nYour letter of the 23rd. instant, desiring an ascertainment, in the mode pointed out in my letter of Septr. 5. of the losses occasioned by\n waste, spoliation, and detention, of the Sloop Hope, taken on the 10th. of August by the privateer le Citoyen Genet, brought into this port the 14th. and restored on the 20th. in consequence of the orders of this Government, has been laid before the President.\nI observed to you in the letter of Sept. 5th. that we were bound by Treaties with three of the belligerent powers, to protect their vessels on our coasts and waters, by all the means in our power: that if these means were sincerely used in any case,  and should fail in their effect, we should not be bound to make compensation to those nations. Though these means should be effectual, and restitution of the vessel be made; yet if any unnecessary delay or other default in using them should have been the cause of a considerable degree of waste or spoliation, we should probably, think we ought to make it good; but whether the claim be for compensation of a vessel not restored, or for spoliation before her restitution, it must be founded on some default in the Government.\nThough we have no treaty with Great Britain, we are in fact in the course of extending the same treatment to her, as to nations with which we are in treaty: and we extend the effect of our stipulations beyond our coasts and waters, as to vessels taken and brought into our ports, by those which have been illicitly armed in them. But still the foundation of claim from her, as from them, must be some palpable default on the part of our Government. Now none such is alleged in the case of the Sloop Hope. She appears to have been delivered within 6 days after her arrival in port, a shorter term than we can possibly count upon in general. Perhaps too the term may have been still shorter, between notice to the proper Officer and restitution; for the time of notice is not mentioned. This then, not being a case where compensation seems justly demandable from us, the President thinks it unnecessary to give any order for ascertaining the degree of injury sustained.\nI have stated to the President, the desire you expressed to me in conversation, that the orders proposed to be given for ascertaining damages, in the special cases described in my letter of Sep. 5., should be rendered general, so that a valuation might be obtained by the Officers of the Customs, whenever applied to by a Consul, without the delay of sending for the orders of the Executive in every special case. The President is desirous not only that Justice shall be done, but that it shall be done in all cases without delay. He, therefore, will have such general Orders given to the Collector of the Customs in every state. But you must be pleased to understand that the valuation in such case, is to be a mere provisory measure, not producing any presumption whatever that the case, is one of those whereon compensation is due, but that the question whether it is due or not shall remain as free and uninfluenced\n as if the valuation had never been made. I have the honor to be, with great respect, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant,", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0554", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef de Jaudenes and Josef Ignacio de Viar, 26 December 1793\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMui Senor nuestro\nPhiladelphia 26. Decre. de 1793\nParte del Contenido de la Carta conque V.S. nos honrr\u00f3 del 21 del corrte. (aunque Contextacion a nuestras dos Ultimas) no nos permite pasar en Silencio algunas reflecciones que Se nos ofrece hacer Sobre el objecto de ella.\nV.S. construie de baxa calumnia las expressiones del Governador de la Louisiana quando habla del Galardon de Quinientos pesos ofrecido por la Cabeza de un individuo por los Americanos.\nComo por el modo de explicarse en todas las Cartas dicho Governador no deve dudarse (y nosotros lo afirmamos) que est\u00e0 persuadido de que el poder executivo de los Estados Unidos no autoriza las depradaciones que Se Cometen en aquellas fronteras; no nos detenemos en vindicarle Sobre este punto. Resta pues hacerlo por la voz general de Americanos.\nEn quanto a esta, nada es mas trivial en nuestro Idioma que hacer uso de ella para distinguirlos de los de otra nacion, Sin que Se extienda a la maioria de ella; y asi Sucede en el caso presente en que Se trata de diferenciar los Americanos Georgianos (aquienes se Ci\u00f1e la voz) de los Indios.\nEl otro resentimiento de V.S. por llamar a los dichos Americanos los  agresores en las hostilidades presentes requiere en nuestro Concepto mui poco Comento, pues que haviendo probado tan repetidas veces nuestra buen disposicion a evitarlas, y producido Documentos incontestables de haverlas fomentado los Georgianos, y algunos de los empleados de los Estados Unidos, parece no merece el Governador citado se le calumnie por repetir con evidencia los Actos hostiles que Siguen Cometiendose en las fronteras, por los predichos empleados \u0113 individuos.\nLa oposicion que hasta ahora ha hecho y premedita hacer el mismo Governador relativa al paso por el Misisipi de los Cuidadnos de los Estados Unidos, mas arriba de los treinta, y un grados de latitud, nada tiene de injusta ni extraordinaria, pues bien Save V.S. que hemos estado, estamos, y estaremos en posecion de ella mientras que por combenio \u00f5 por la fuerza no nos desprendamos del derecho que nos asiste.\nQue Subministre el Governador Armas y demas peltrechos de Guerra, \u00e0 las naciones de Indiones Que habitan el territorio en Question tampoco tiene cosa alguna de extravagante, y Si tendria de injusto Si no lo efectuase, pues faltaria a la buena f\u00e9 de los tratados Celebrados entre Espa\u00f1a y las diferentes naciones de Indios el a\u00f1o de Mil Siete Cientos Ochenta y Quatro (de los Quales hemos tenido la honra de pasar a V.S. Copias anteriormente).\nResulta pues que haviendo el Governador negado a los Indios armas en unos lanzes, y en otros escaceadolas, ha manifestado Su condecendencia, y buena disposicion \u00e0 favor de los estados Unidos; Accion que en vez de Ser desaprobada por el Govierno de V.S., la deviamos contemplar acrehedora al elogio y las mayores gracias.\nCombenimos con V.S. que es del mayor momento el que Se conserve la buena f\u00e9 y amistad de nuestra parte y de la de los Estados Unidos.\nPor lo que \u00e1 nosotros toca y a la nacion que tenemos la honra de representar, nada se ha omitido ni Se omitir\u00e0 de quanto pueda Contribuir \u00e0 tan plausible fin, como hemos prometido anteriormente y confirmamos ahora, esperanzados de que los estados Unidos executar\u00e0n lo mismo de Su parte.\nEn prueva de ello insinuamos el plan que al Governador de la Luisiana y \u00e0 nosotros nos parecio mui Oportuno para conciliar los Animos de los Vasallos del Rey, nuestro amo, en aquellas fronteras, los Ciudadanos de los Estados Unidos, y las naciones de Indios intermedios, al que no hemos merecido Contextacion.\nSuplicamos a V.S. informe al Presidente de los Estados Unidos del Contenido de esta Carta, y nos lisonjeamos que con su notoria justicia, y Superior talento adoptar\u00e1 los medios que estimase mas poderosos y que produxesen el remedio temporal mas oportuno, mientras no Se consigue la Cura radical que promete la negociacion en planta en nuestra\n Corte, Siempre que Se Condusca, baxo los principios de justicia reciprocidad buena f\u00e9 y generosidad. Tenemos la honra de Subscrivirnos con lamas pura voluntad y profoundo respecto Se\u00f1or Los mas Obtes. y recondos. Servidores Q. S. M. B.\nJosef de Jaudenes Josef Ignacio de Viar", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0556", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Josef de Jaudenes and Josef Ignacio de Viar, 26 December 1793\nFrom: Jaudenes, Joseph de,Viar, Jos\u00e9 (Joseph) Ignacio de\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nMuy Se\u00f1or nuestro\nPhiladelphia 26 Dicre. 1793\nAcavamos de recevir, y ahora tenemos la Satisfacion de embiar a V.S. las pruevas requisitas al assunto del Bergantin Espa\u00f1ol nombrado San Josef y Carga, que fueron llevados a Wilmington (Carolina Septentrional) como presa de un Corsario frances, y reclamada por nuestra Carta escrito a V.S. con fecha 23 de Octubre de 1793.\nDichos Documentos declaran, y pruevan incontestablemente, que el expresado Bergantin Espa\u00f1ol fue apresado y llevado al Puerto de Wilmington (Carolina Septentrional) el dia Cinco de Agosto Ultimo, por la Balandra nombrada la Amable Margarita, la misma que fue apresada algun tiempo antes por el Conquistador de la Bastilla (Siendo uno de los Corsarios proscritos por el poder Executivo del Govo. Gl.) Su Capitan Francis Henry Hervieux, y llevado por el dicho, al referido puerto de Wilmington, en donde fue armado y abilitado por el dicho, como Corsario\n frances; de manera que la Captura del San Josef se puede justamente considerar como dos veces ilegal.\nEl Testimonio no parece haver sido tomado en la forma que V.S. nos recomendo en su Carta del 10 de Noviembre Ultimo, porque el procurador del districto de la Carolina Septentrional a tomado una parte activa contra nosotros, y a favor del apresador, por cuya razon, no juzgamos oportuno el recurir a el en esta ocasion; se hallara haver sido tomado de la manera acostumbrada; que es a decir, jurado delante de un Magistrado Autorizado para este efecto, y Certificado por un Notario publico.\nDespues que V.S. havra leido este testimonio, confiamos que Se dara una Orden en nuestro favor al poder Executivo de la Carolina Septentrional para que Se nos entriegue immediatamente el dinero y qualesquiera otra propriedad tomado en el San Josef por. F. H. Hervieux y al presente en possecion del juez del almirantazgo de aquel districto.\nNos han informado con certitud que el Buque con el resto de la Carga abordo, han permitido que fuese extraido fuera de la jurisdicion de la Carolina Septentrional, no obstante las instructiones del Presidente y nuestras repetidas aplicaciones al Governador de dicho Estado, por Consiguiente no esperamos direcciones por ahora del poder Executivo de los Estados Unidos para la imediata restitucion de estos, aunque nos lisonjeamos con grande confianza, que tales direcciones no se dilataran mas tiempo que el necesario para que el Presidente obtenga la informacion que se requiere para una ocurrencia tan inprevista. Tenemos la honra de Subscrivirnos con la mas pura voluntad y profundo respecto Los mas obtes. y reconocidos Servs. Q. S. M. B.\nJosef de Jaudenes Josef Ignacio de Viar\neditor\u2019s translation\nOur very dear Sir\nPhiladelphia 26 Dec. 1793\nWe have just received, and we now have the pleasure of sending to you, the requisite proofs in the matter of the Spanish brig named San Josef and its cargoes, which were brought to Wilmington (North Carolina) as a prize by a French privateer, and reclaimed in our letter to you under date of 23 October 1793.\nThese documents make clear, and prove irrefutably, that the said brig was captured and brought to the port of Wilmington (North Carolina) on the 5th day of August last, by the sloop called Amiable Margaretta, the same one that was captured sometime ago by the Vainqueur de la Bastille (being one of the privateers proscribed by the executive authority of the general government) her captain Francis Henry Hervieux, and brought by him to the said port of Wilmington, where it was armed and outfitted by the same as a French privateer. So the capture of the San Josef may be considered to be twice illegal.\nThe testimony seems not to have been taken in the form which you recommended to us in your letter of the 10th of November last because the attorney\n general of North Carolina has taken an active role against us in favor of the captor, for which reason we did not deem it opportune to have recourse to him on this occasion; it has been taken in the customary manner, that is, sworn before a magistrate authorized for such purposes, and certified by a notary public.\nAfter you have read this testimony, we trust that an order will be issued in our favor to the executive authority of North Carolina for the immediate delivery to us of the money and any other property taken from the San Josef by F. H. Hervieux and at present in the possession of the admiralty judge of that district.\nWe have been informed with some certainty that the ship with the rest of the cargo on board has been permitted to slip out of the jurisdiction of North Carolina, in spite of the President\u2019s instructions and our repeated requests of the governor of that state. Consequently, we do not for the present expect directions from the Executive authority of the United States for immediate restitution, although we do flatter ourselves with great confidence, that such directions will not be longer in coming than is necessary for the President to obtain the information necessary for such an unforeseen occurrence. We have the honor to subscribe ourselves with the most sincere good will and profound respect, your most obedient and grateful servants, Respectfully yours,\nJosef de Jaudenes Josef Ignacio de Viar", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-26-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0557", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Timothy Pickering, 26 December 1793\nFrom: Pickering, Timothy\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nGeneral Post Office Decr. 26. 1793.\nIf there be any spare copies of the Census of the Inhabitants of the UStates in the office of the Secretary of State, the postmaster General requests Mr. Jefferson to favour him with one: it being proper to attend to the population of the country in forming an opinion upon applications for new post-roads.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0558", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., 27 December 1793\nFrom: Dandridge, Bartholomew, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nBy the Presidents direction Bw. Dandridge sends the enclosed Letter and the papers therein mentioned, to The Secy. of State\u2014and has the honor to inform the Secretary that the President wishes if any thing is necessary to be done in consequence thereof, the Secretary will take such steps as he may conceive to be proper.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-27-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0559", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Bartholomew Dandridge, Jr., 27 December 1793\nFrom: Dandridge, Bartholomew, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n27. Decembr. 1793\nBy the President\u2019s direction B. Dandridge has the honor to return to the Secretary of State the translation of a Letter from the Commissioners of Spain\u2014and to inform the Secretary that the President thinks it should be communicated to Congress\u2014and wishes copies to be prepared for that purpose.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0561", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Harry Innes, 28 December 1793\nFrom: Innes, Harry\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDr Sir\nKentucky Woodford County Decr. 28th 1793\nYour polite and freindly Letter of the 23d. of May did not reach me till sometime in August. Be pleased to accept of my thanks for the freindly part you manifested respecting my Slaves who were captured by the Indians; there was a probability of recovering them; I had no hopes thro\u2019 that channel, neither am I disappointed by the Indians refusing to Treat with our Commissioners.\nThe campaign is ended with the expenditure of about 1.000000 of Dollars and no point gained. There must be some great defect in the War department, and, from every information I incline to think the Commander in Chief is certainly in fault. He appears to be a man of very moderate abilities, vain, capricious, jealous in the extreme and a Dupe to a few who flatter him, particularly the Quarter Master General, who I am informed said over a Glass of Wine (as he passed thro\u2019 Kentucky) that he had no idea of \u0152conomising with the public monies; thus sir between the Comr. in Chief and the Q. M. G. the war will be prolonged, our innocent Citizens butchered and the public monies squandered.\nThe War at present is a source by which the extra provisions raised in this state are consumed, but the inhabitants view that market as of momentary duration and begin to be restless at the delay of the Treaty with Spain relative to the Navigation of the Mississippi; to give you an idea of this subject I now inclose you an address to the Inhabitants of the Western waters, by the Democratic society in this state, which is composed of very respectable characters, this together with a spirited Remonstrance will soon be circulated in this state the western parts of Pensylvania and Virginia; I will inclose you a Copy of the Remonstrance by the next Post, it being now in the Press. To attain this most desirable object I can with certainty assure you that Foreign aid is now offered.\nWe are extremely anxious relative to the deliberations of the present Congress. Most of the Inhabitants of this state are true Republicans and we begin to fear the truth of the observation of a great Patriot in Virginia \u201cthat th[is?] Government has an awful squinting at Monarchy.\u201d I respect the President but cannot approve of his mode in removing Consul Duplaine. A power by Implication is a dreadful instrument in the hands of the Executive. I fear I trespass on your patience therefore conclude with every sentiment of respect Dr sir your mo. ob. servt.\nHarry Innes", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0562", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Jeremiah Wadsworth, 28 December 1793\nFrom: Wadsworth, Jeremiah\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nThe prices are all in NewYork Currency\u2014the labor is very moderate and those who are workmen\u2014do much more and are allowed accordingly\u2014a little profit to the laborers\u2014is found to be advantageous to the proprietor. Your H Svt\nJ Wadsworth", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0564", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, [28 December 1793]\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nSaturday Afternoon [28 Dec. 1793]\nI have received with vexation the enclosure you have just sent me from the French Minister: and pray you to take the opinion of the Gentlemen upon the measure proper to be taken in this business. Every day, more and more discovers the intention of this Agent to perplex this Government, and to scatter thick and wide the Seeds of dissention. Yours always\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0565", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Hammond, 29 December 1793\nFrom: Hammond, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nPhiladelphia 29th. December, 1793\nI have had the honor of receiving your letter of the 26th curt., communicating to me the President\u2019s refusal to give any order for ascertaining the degree of Injury, sustained by the Sloop Hope of Antigua, in consequence of her capture by the privateer le Citoyen Genet.\nHaving never entertained a doubt that this particular vessel, from the circumstances under which she was taken, would have been included in the number of those, entitled to compensation for damages resulting from waste, spoliation or detention, the present determination of the President has naturally excited in me considerable concern.\nMy confidence on this subject was founded on the following reasons. I have always imagined that the resolution of the federal government to restore vessels, captured by the privateers, fitted out in the United States, or (in some instances) to grant compensation for them, was dictated not more by a sense, of the necessity of avenging the insult offered to its sovereignty, and of repressing such practices in its citizens, than by the desire of affording retribution to the individuals, who might suffer\n injury, from the unauthorized depredations of American citizens, and from means of annoyance originally created in, and issuing from, American ports. Considering the latter part of this position to be as just as the former, I also concluded that, as this government preferred the prohibition of future asylum and the restitution of, or compensation for, any prizes they might make, to the suppression of these privateers, whilst, on their first return to its ports, they were in its power, it intended likewise to comprehend in the restitution of or compensation for the vessel, an indemnification for other damages arising from the capture. I deemed myself farther justified in forming this conclusion by the single passage upon this point in your letter of the 5th. of September, wherein you specify the mode to be pursued for ascertaining the amount of \u201closses by detention, waste or spoliation, sustained by vessels, taken between the dates of June 9th. and August 7th.\u201d Though you advert to vessels in this predicament only, yet as you assign no reason for this distinction, I did not infer from your silence, as to all future cases, that no compensation would be granted for waste or spoliation suffered by any vessels, that might be taken after that date, and restored to their owners. Had you stated at that time (the 5th. of September) as you have asserted in your letter of the 26th. of December, that no retribution would be allowed for waste or spoliation, except it should be proved that they resulted, from any unnecessary delay or other default on the part of the Government in restoring the vessel, and upon no other ground whatsoever, I should certainly not have applied to you for redress in the present instance, but however I might have lamented the decision should have waited until I could have received instructions from my court upon the subject.\nTo the principle now established in your letter of the 26th. curt. the case of the sloop Hope is certainly not applicable; for I most readily admit that no unnecessary delay in effecting her restitution occurred on the part of the government. At the same time, you will permit me, Sir, to observe, that waste and spoliation of every material of a vessel (the hull indeed alone excepted) can be committed to as great an extent in the space of a few hours as of any longer period: And that the Sloop Hope actually suffered very considerable waste and spoliation, previously to her restitution, is fully evinced by the authentic documents, which I have the honor of inclosing.\nIt is not my intention to urge farther this particular case for the present: But whatever may be the ultimate decision upon it, I cannot but indulge the hope that, in all future cases of a similar nature, this government may be induced to adopt the more comprehensive principle I had attributed to it\u2014viz., to grant a compensation for all damages, from waste, spoliation or detention, that may occur to prizes made by proscribed\n privateers. The danger to be apprehended from these last mentioned vessels still continues to exist to a very alarming degree: Since notwithstanding the repeated assurances I have received from the federal government, of its determination to exclude those privateers from any future asylum in its ports, and the sincerity of its desire to enforce this determination, I have reason to infer that in other quarters, means have been successfully devised, either to elude its vigilance, or to render nugatory its injunctions. My inference arises from the information I have received\u2014that the privateer le Citoyen Gen\u00eat, fitted out at Charleston, was on the 21st. of August, permitted to return to the port of Philadelphia for the second time, to remain there some days, and then to proceed to sea, for the purpose of commencing new depredations, which, as it appears from the public prints, she is now prosecuting in the adjacent seas\u2014that le petit Democrat and la Carmagnole, both fitted out in the Delaware, were permitted to enter the port of New-York and to continue therein unmolested, during a great part of the months of August, September and October last\u2014that the latter vessel is still in that port\u2014and that the former, having sailed from thence, in company with the French fleet under the command of Admiral Sercey, and having separated from it at Sea, proceeded first to Boston, and afterwards returned for a second time to New-York, wherein she at present remains.\nI have thought it my duty to state these last mentioned particulars, in the manner, in which they have been communicated to me, but if my information has been erroneous, it will afford me the sincerest satisfaction to have my error corrected. I have the honor to be with sentiments of great respect, Sir, Your most obedient humble Servant\nGeo. Hammond", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0566", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Taylor, Jr., 29 December 1793\nFrom: Taylor, George, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear sir\nPhiladelphia Decr. 29. 1793.\nLearning with much regret that you are soon to leave us, and impressed with the most lively sentiments of gratitude for the manner in which you have treated me during the whole time I have had the honor to serve under your immediate direction\u2014Sentiments which those who are acquainted with your generous mind, cannot but be penetrated with\u2014Sentiments which if I know myself will never be effaced from my breast\u2014my feelings will not suffer you to take your final departure without troubling you with these few lines bearing but an imperfect testimony of them\u2014Of the effusions of I trust a faithful heart.\nIt is possible, Sir, that in the course of human events, in my passage through this tempestuous life, a particular Certificate, coming from you, of my conduct while under your direction, might prove of infinite service to me, and such an one as you may think I have merited, I would beg leave to solicit, independent of any general one or recommendation you may be pleased to give to your successor.\nMay you find in your proposed retirement, that happiness and ease, which the great and good, only, know how to value, and may those who are dear to you, long enjoy the pleasure of your Society, is the sincere prayer of he who will ever deem himself happy in executing any commands you may be pleased to honor him with, and who subscribes himself with the most profound veneration for your virtues and sincerest personal respect and attachment, Dear sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant\nGeo. Taylor Jr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-29-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0567", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Joseph Yznardi, Jr., 29 December 1793\nFrom: Yznardi, Joseph, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nNew York 29 Decr. 1793\nI was the 17th. int. duly honoured, with your favor of the 14th. and return you my thanks for the information you give me, respecting the Swedish Vessell that came as express. I have taken my passage in her, for Lisbon (the nearest safe conveyance I can find for Cadiz,) and shall be very happy to take charge of any dispatches for that quarter. I observe what you say respecting Algiers, I sincerely wish Colo. Humphreys, may be successful, but in case, unfortunately it happens, on the contrary, I have only to add, that if the President, or Congress, should determine on any other plan, I shall always be ready to go there, or any where else, where my services can be of any utility to the United States. I have the honor to be, with due respect, Sir Your most Obedient & most Humble Servant\nJoseph Yznardi Junr.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0568", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Clinton, 30 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Clinton, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 30. 1793.\nThe President has received your letter on the seisure of goods in the county of Ontario by certain officers of the British government, and measures having been taken to procure a full and certain statement of the case, whenever that shall be received, he will proceed to have done in it whatever the facts shall render proper. I have the honor to be with great respect & esteem Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0569", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Enoch Edwards, 30 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Edwards, Enoch\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia. Dec. 30. 1793.\nI have to acknolege the receipt of your two favors of July 30. and Aug. 16. and to thank you for the information they contained. We have now assembled a new Congress, being a fuller and more equal representation of the people, and likely I think to approach nearer to the sentiments of the people in the demonstration of their own. They have the advantage of a very full communication from the Executive of the ground on which we stand with foreign nations. Some very unpleasant transactions have taken place here with Mr. Genet, of which the world will judge, as the correspondence is now in the press; as is also that with Mr. Hammond on our points of difference with his nation. Of these you will doubtless recieve copies. Had they been out yet, I should have had the pleasure of sending them to you, but tomorrow I resign my office, and two days after set out for Virginia where I hope to spend the remainder of my days, in occupations infinitely more pleasing than those to which I have sacrificed 18. years of the prime of my life; I might rather say 24. of them.\u2014Our campaign against the Indians has been lost by an unsuccessful effort to effect peace by treaty which they protracted till the season for action was over. The attack brought on us from the Algerines is a ray from the same center. I believe we shall endeavor to do ourselves justice in a peaceable and rightful way. We wish to have nothing to do in the present war; but if it is to be forced upon us, I am happy to see in the countenances of all but our paper men a mind ready made up to meet it unwillingly indeed, but perfectly without fear. No nation ever strove more than we have done to merit the peace of all by the most rigorous impartiality to all.\u2014Sr. John Sinclair\u2019s queries shall be answered from my retirement. I am with great esteem Dear Sir your most obedt. servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0570", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Thomas Mann Randolph, Jr., 30 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Randolph, Thomas Mann, Jr.\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia. Dec. 30. 93.\nMy letters to you have been of Nov. 2. 17. 24. Dec. 8. all of which I hope you have received. Yours come to hand have been of the 31st. of Oct. 7th. 14th. and 30th. of Nov. and 11th. of December.\u2014When I wrote the last Sunday, I hoped my furniture, books &c would have been embarked and sent off the next day. But the vessel loitered till the river has frozen up, and will now prevent their going till the spring.\u2014I mentioned\n in my letter an extraordinary degree of cold then indicated by the thermometer. I afterwards discovered that the thermometer was entirely false.\u2014I must repeat and insist that you take Tarquin, and on the express condition of making the most of him whenever you have a good opportunity. I should not use him myself, because of his awkwardness in going down hill, that is to say half the time one is on him, as all is either up hill or down hill with us. I resign tomorrow. E. Randolph is to succeed me. I do not know whether I shall be able to set out on Friday. If not there will be no stage till Monday. In either case I shall pass with Mann Page the spare days between my arrival and that of my horses at Fredericksbg., for I hope some of my letters have got safe desiring them to be at Fredericksbg. on Sunday the 12th. with a petition for P. Carr\u2019s chair if it be at Monticello and the roads good. My love to all I love, and friendship to all my friends. Your\u2019s affectionately\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0573", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 30 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia, Decr. 30. 1793.\nCertain proceedings of the Ministers of the United States abroad, on behalf of M. de la Fayette rendering it necessary that I should do myself the honor of addressing you on that subject in order that the proper sanction may be obtained for what is done, I shall be justified by the interest which yourself and our fellow citizens generally feel in the fortunes and sufferings of that Gentleman in suggesting something more for his future aid.\nSoon after his captivity and imprisonment, and before the Ministers had received our instructions to endeavor to obtain his liberation, they were apprised that his personal restraint, and the peculiar situation of his fortune disabled him from drawing resources from that, and would leave him liable to suffer for subsistence, and the common necessaries of life. After a consultation by letter, therefore, between our ministers at Paris, London, and the Hague, they concurred in opinion that they ought not in such a case to wait for instructions from hence, but that his necessities should be provided for until they could receive such instructions. Different sums have been therefore either placed at his disposal, or answered on his draughts, amounting, as far as we hitherto know to about twelve or thirteen hundred Guineas. This has been taken from a fund not applicable by law to this purpose nor able to spare it: and the question is whether, and how it is to be made good? To do this, nothing more is requisite than that the United States should not avail themselves of the Liberalities of M. de la Fayette, yielded at a moment when neither he nor we could foresee the time when they would become his only resource for subsistence. It appears by a statement from the War Office, hereto annexed, that his pay and commutation as a major General in the service of the United States, to the 3rd. of Nov. 1783. amounted to 24,100 dolls. thirteen Cents exclusive of ten years interest elapsed since that time, to the payment of which the following obstacle has occurred. At the foot of the original engagement by Mr. Deane, a copy of which is hereto annexed,  that a certain roll of officers there\n named, and of which M. de la Fayette was one, should be taken into the american service in the grades there specified, M. de la Fayette alone has subjoined for himself a declaration that he would serve without any particular allowance or pension. It may be doubted whether the words in the original French do strictly include the general allowance of pay and commutation.  And if they do, there is no evidence of any act of acceptance by Congress. Yet, under all the circumstances of the case, it is thought that the legislature alone is competent to decide it. If they decline availing the United States of the declaration of M. de la Fayette, it leaves a fund which not only covers the advances which have been made, but will enable you to take measures for his future relief. It does it too, in a way which can give offence to nobody, since none have a right to complain of the payment of a debt, that being a moral duty, from which we cannot be discharged by any relation in which the creditor may be placed as to them. I therefore take the liberty of proposing that this matter may be submitted to the consideration of the Legislature, who will determine in their wisdom whether the supplies already furnished, or any others in future, shall be sanctioned by them, and made good in the way here suggested, or in any other which they shall deem more proper. I have the honor to be, with the most perfect respect & attachment, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0574", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 30 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 30. 1793.\nI am informed, by the Director of the Mint, that an impediment has arisen to the coinage of the precious Metals, which it is my Duty to lay before you.\nIt will be recollected, that, in pursuance of the Authority, vested in the President, by Congress, to procure Artists from abroad, if necessary, Mr. Drotz, at Paris, so well known by the superior style of his coinage, was engaged for our Mint; but that, after occasioning to us a considerable delay, he declined coming: That thereupon, our Minister at London, according to the instructions he had received, endeavored to procure, there, a chief Coiner and Assayer; That, as to the latter, he succeeded, sending over a Mr. Albion Coxe, for that Office, but that he could procure no person, there, more qualified to discharge the duties of chief Coiner,  than might be had here; and therefore did not engage one. The Duties of this last Office, have consequently been hitherto performed,  and well performed by Henry Voight, an Artist of the United States; but the law requiring these Officers to give a security in the sum of 10,000 dollars each, neither is able to do it. The coinage of the precious metals, has, therefore, been prevented, for some time past, though, in order that the Mint might not be entirely idle, the coinage of copper has been going on; the trust in that, at any one point of time, being of but small amount.\nIt now remains to determine how this difficulty is to be got over. If, by discharging these Officers, and seeking others, it may well be doubted if any can be found in the United States, equally capable of fulfilling their duties; and to seek them from abroad, would still add to the delay; and if found either at home or abroad, they must still be of the description of Artists, whose circumstances and connections rarely enable them to give security in so large a sum: The other alternative would be to lessen the Securityship in money,  and to confide that it will be supplied by the vigilance of the Director, who, leaving as small masses of metal in the hands of the Officers, at any one time, as the course of\n their process will admit, may reduce the risk to what would not be considerable.\nTo give an idea of the extent of the trust to the several Officers, both as to sum, and time, it may be proper to state the course of the Business, according to what the Director is of Opinion it should be. The Treasurer, he observes, should receive the Bullion; the Assayer, by an operation on a few Grains of it, is to ascertain it\u2019s fineness. The Treasurer is then to deliver it to the Refiner to be melted and mixed to the standard fineness\u2014the Assayer, here again, examining a few grains of the melted mass, and certifying when it is of due fineness: the Refiner then delivers it to the Chief Coiner to be rolled and coined, and he returns it when coined, to the Treasurer. By this it appears, that a few grains only, at a time, are in the hands of the Assayer, the mass being confided, for operation, to the Refiner and Chief Coiner. It is to be observed that the law has not taken notice of the Office of Refiner, though so important an officer ought, it should seem, to be of the President\u2019s nomination, and ought to give a Security nearly equal to that required from the Chief Coiner.\nI have thought it my duty to give this information, under an impression that it is proper to be communicated to the Legislature, who will decide in their Wisdom, whether it will be expedient to make it the Duty of the Treasurer to receive and keep the Bullion before coinage.\nTo lessen the pecuniary Security required from the Chief Coiner and Assayer; And\nTo place the office of the Refiner under the same nomination with that of the other Chief Officers, to fix his Salary, and require due Security. I have the honor to be with the most perfect respect & attachment Sir, Your most obedient & most humble servant,\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-30-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0575", "content": "Title: George Washington to the Senate and the House of Representatives, 30 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Congress\nGentlemen of the Senate and of the House of Representatives\nUnited States Decr. 30. 1793.\nI lay before you for your consideration a letter from the Secretary of State, informing me of certain impediments, which have arisen to the coinage of the precious Metals at the Mint.\nAs also a letter from the same Officer relative to certain advances of money, which have been made on public account. Should you think proper to sanction what has been done, or be of opinion that any thing more shall be done in the same way, you will judge whether there are not circumstances which would render secrecy expedient.\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0577", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Edmond Charles Genet, 31 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Genet, Edmond Charles\nSir\nPhiladelphia Decr. 31. 1793.\nI have laid before the President of the United States your letter of the 20th. instant, accompanying translations of the instructions given you by the Executive Council of France, to be distributed among the members of Congress, desiring that the President will lay them officially before both Houses, and proposing to transmit successively, other papers, to be laid before them in like manner: and I have it in charge to observe, that your functions as the missionary of a foreign nation here, are confined to the transaction of the affairs of your nation with the Executive of the United States, that the communications, which are to pass between the Executive and Legislative branches, cannot be a subject for your interference, and that the President must be left to judge for himself what matters his duty or the public good may require him to propose to the deliberations of Congress. I have therefore the honor of returning you the Copies sent for distribution, and of being with great respect, Sir, Your most obedient and most humble servant", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0578", "content": "Title: Memorandum on State Department Business, [31 December 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \nNotes.\nAccounts of the Department of State.\nThe Domestic account to the 31st. inst. will be settled and signed.\nThe foreign accounts.\nmy own for the foreign monies down to this moment are delivered to the Auditor, as also to the President for himself and the two houses of Congress.\nThe Bankers account for July 1. 1792 to July 1. 1793, is also given in to the President for himself and Congress.\nOriginals\nThe Bankers accounts (originals) from July 1.\u201490 to July 1st. 93\nDumas. The contingencies of his account in part only\nHumphreys.\nHis\naccounts\nfrom his appointment to July 1\u201393\nMorris.\nHis\ndo.\nfrom his appointment to July 1\u201393\nPinckney.\nHis\ndo.\nfrom his appointment to July 1\u201393\nShort.\nHis\ndo.\nfrom his appointment to July 1\u201393\n\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003are all delivered into the Auditor.\nCarmichael. No account from him has ever come to hand.\nCopies of the Bankers accounts from July 1\u201390 to July 1\u201393. are retained in the office.\nConsuls letters to be answered at the close of this Session. See a note on this in the Bundle of their letters.The Consuls have not yet all given Bonds. This should be examined into, and those who have not, called on.\nLetters to our Ministers abroad to be acknowledged. The dispersion of the Executive from Sep. to Nov. The throng of business on my return and till I quit my Office, as well as want of conveyances to some of them, place the Dept. a little in retard with them.\nThere is a chasm in the Bundle of Colo. Humphrey\u2019s letters from No. 34 to 44\u2014that is from Sep. 10\u201391 to Feb. 11. 92. It may be seen by recurring to my letters whether any between those Nos. were acknowledged, or whether it was an error in Colo. Humphreys\u2019 numbering. Perhaps when the letters of the existing Ministers were taken from the office to be in my own keeping, these may have remained overlooked.\n\u2018Bundle of Papers to be acted on.\u2019\nLetter to be written from the President to the Queen of Portugal.\nMoissonier\u2019s\ncases to be considered.\nDu Plaine\u2019s\nTreaty of Commerce with France.\nPhilip Wilson\u2019s case, sent by Mr. Pinckney to be laid before Congress que:?\nWright\u2019s representatives to be paid for engraving the Medal of Govr. Lee and (that being broke in hardening) another to be engraved.\nSeagrove\u2019s letters\u2014concerning the St. Mary\u2019s river. Not worth attending to in the present and probable state of things between us and Spain.\nAnother relative to a trespass by some Georgians on the territory of West Florida. See my letter to the Govr. of Georgia, to which no answer is received.\nJohnson\u2019s Account (Consul at London) some articles in it not allowed by the law. He wished it to be referred to Congress. Qu:?\nThe Hotel of the US. at the Hague. There was an ancient Order of Congress to sell it. Dumas has repeatedly pressed it on account of its ruinous condition. Nothing done in it since the present Governmt.\nSmith\u2019s letters relative to laying western laws before Congress.\nWilliamson\u2019s complaint of a trespass by the British in Ontario County. Genl. Chapin has a copy and promised to inquire into and report the reality of the case.\nRemittances to the foreign Ministers.\nThere remain something between 4. and 5,000 dollars in the Bank of the US. of the fund due to July 1. 1793. Six months more having elapsed, the Treasury should be applied to for at least 20,000 Dollars on account of the present year; and the money now in the Bank and one half of the 20,000 D. to be called for, should be immediately remitted to our Bankers in Amsterdam, and generally about 10,000 D. every quarter, keeping beforehand in order to profit by exchange when low.\nThe Bundle of Spoliations might now be taken up, as most of the cases produced by the circular letter, are probably received.\nIn the message of the Presidt. to Congress the 2d. day, it was said that representations would be sent to the Govt. of France on their Decree of July 27. Should this wait more authentic information of the fact, or be done now de bene esse?\nMedals voted by Congress\u2014of which Govr. Lee\u2019s is one.\nI will prepare and send a special statement of this business, which will require time. I have among my Paris papers some relative to this Subject, which shall be sent with the Statement.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0581", "content": "Title: George Washington to the Senate and the House of Representatives, 31 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George,Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Congress\nGentlemen of the Senate, and of the House of Representatives\nUnited States Decr. 31. 1793.\nI now lay before you a letter from the Secretary of State, with his account of the expenditure of the monies appropriated for our intercourse with foreign nations, from the 1st. of July 1792 to the 1st. of July 1793. and other papers relating thereto.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0582", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 31 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nIt is my wish that the result of the determination on Mr. G\u2014\u2014ts request may go to him with your Signature, and of this date. It was for this reason I aimed at a decision on it Sunday or yesterday. Yours always\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0583", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from George Washington, 31 December 1793\nFrom: Washington, George\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nDear Sir\nTuesday 31st. Decr. 1793.\nI perceive by the Gazettes, that the Philosophical Society of this City, is required to meet on friday next. I am reminded by it, to ask if the names of Buchan and Anderson have ever yet been proposed as Members? Yours always\nGo: Washington", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0584", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to George Washington, 31 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Washington, George\nDear Sir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 31. 1793.\nHaving had the honor of communicating to you in my letter of the last of July, my purpose of retiring from the office of Secretary of state at the end of the month of September, you were pleased, for particular reasons, to wish it\u2019s postponement to the close of the year. That term being now arrived, and my propensities to retirement daily more and more irresistible, I now take the liberty of resigning the office into your hands. Be pleased to accept with it my sincere thanks for all the indulgencies which you have been so good as to exercise towards me in the discharge of it\u2019s duties. Conscious that my need of them has been great, I have still ever found them greater, without any other claim on my part than a firm pursuit of what has appeared to me to be right, and a thorough disdain of all means which were not as open and honorable, as their object was pure. I carry into my retirement a lively sense of your goodness, and shall continue gratefully to remember it. With very sincere prayers for your life, health and tranquility, I pray you to accept the homage of the great & constant respect & attachment with which I have the honor to be Dear Sir Your most obedient & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0585", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Oliver Wolcott, Jr., 31 December 1793\nFrom: Wolcott, Oliver, Jr.\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nSir\nTreasury Department Comptroller\u2019s office Decemr. 31: 1793.\nI have the honour to enclose three copies of the Statement and Report on your account, with the account of the Bank of the United States with your department, and to be with perfect respect, Sir, Your obedt. Servt.\nOliv. Wolcott Jr.\nOne of the copies not being at present compleated, will be sent in the course of the morning.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-28-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0586", "content": "Title: Enclosure I: Statement of Jefferson\u2019s Account as Secretary of State, 28\u201330 December 1793\nFrom: Sweeney, Doyle\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nEnclosuresIStatement of Jefferson\u2019s Account as Secretary of State\nThomas Jefferson Esquire Secretary of State in Account Current with The United States Cr.\nDolls.\nCts\nDolls.\nCts.\nTo Treasury Warrants, for the following warrants drawn in his favour as \u214c certificate from the Register vizt.\nBy David Humphreys advanced him on his mission to Madrid \u214c Rect. No. 1 dated august 10th. 1790 & for which he is to be held accountable\nWarrant No.\u2007780dateddecr:21st:1790for1,233.33\nBy  for this amount paid Gouvr. Morris decr. 17th: 1790 in a bill of exchange drawn by the Treasurer of the U: States, on W. & J. Willink & Nicholas & J van Staphorst & Hubbard of amsterdam being in part for said Morris\u2019s services as \u214c certificate of the President of the U: States \u01922475 equal to \u214c Voucher No. 2\n1062may\n2612march30th:\nBy John B. Cutting remitted him on account in\u2007\u2007\u2007\u2007a bill drawn by the Treasurer on the persons above mentioned for \u0192577.10 equal to \u214c Vo. 3\nBy W. & J. Willink & Nicholas & J van Staphorst & Hubbard of Amsterdam, Agents for the department of State, for the following remittances made to them in bills drawn by the Treasurer of the United States and which they credit in their accounts Vos. No. 4 vizt\n\u2007\u019299,000remittedmarch19th.1791equal to40,000\n\u2007\u200732,175may\u20072 (subject\nto the orders of Humphreys & Bar-\nclay) eql.13,000\njany\nequal to\njune30th\n# Of these bills Messrs. Willinks & van Staphorst & Hubbard in their letter of the 15th. august 1793 advise the acceptance to amount of \u00a34000 Sterlg. The remainder appearing to have been purchased at a later date, no advice of their fate is yet received.\n# For sundry bills of exchange on London as \u214c particular account herewith to amount of \u00a37377.11.9 Sterlg. purchased and remitted from the 11th. april to 30th. September 1793 to T. Pinckney Esqr. to be by him placed in the hands of the aforesaid Agents & for which was paid \u214c Bank book & vouchers herewith No. 4 the sum of\nBy Nathaniel Cutting advanced him April 12th. 1793 on account of his mission to Algiers \u214c his rect. No. 5 & for which he is to be held accountable\nBy James Blake advanced him July 12th. 1793 on account of his mis sion to Madrid \u214c Bank book & for which he is to be held accountable\nBy balance due from T. Jefferson Esqr.\nDollars\nDollars\nComptroller\u2019s OfficeTreasury Department\n30th. December 1793Auditor\u2019s office Decr. 28th. 1793\nA. BrodieStated & Examined by\nDoyle Sweeny", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0587", "content": "Title: Enclosure II: Treasury Report on Jefferson\u2019s Account as Secretary of State, 31 December 1793\nFrom: Harrison, Richard\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nIITreasury Report on Jefferson\u2019s Account as Secretary of State\nTreasury Department Auditors Office Decr. 28th. 1793\nI have Examined and adjusted an Account between the United States and Thomas Jefferson Secretary of State for monies placed in his hands, by direction of the President of the United States, in pursuance of the Several Acts of Congress \u201cproviding the means of intercourse between the United States and foreign Nations\u201d and find that he is chargeable on Said Account\nTo Amount of Sundry Warrants drawn in his favor for the purposes abovementioned from the 14 August 1790 to the 1st. August 1793 as \u214c Statement herewith \u2007\u2007\nI also find that he is Entitled to the following credits vizt.\nBy David Humphreys for this Amount Advanc\u2019d him on his Mission to Madrid as \u214c Statement\nBy  for this Amount paid Gouvr. Morris in part for his Services \u214c Do. Statement\nBy John B. Cutting for this amount remitted him for which he is accountable \u214c Do.\nBy Wilhem & J. Willink & N. & J. Van Staphorst & Hubbard Agents for the Department of State at Amsterdam for this amount remitted to them as particulariz\u2019d in the Statement\nBy Nathaniel Cutting advanced him on Acct. of his Mission to Algiers \u214c Statement\nBy James Blake advanced him on Acct. of his Mission to Madrid \u214c Statement\nLeaving a ballance due from the said Thos. Jefferson Esqr. & for which he is Accountable being to the Credite of the Department of State in the Bank of the United States the Sum of\nAs will appear from the Statement & vouchers herewith transmitted for the Decision of the Comptroller of the Treasury thereon.\nR. Harrison Auditor\nTo Oliver Wolcott Jr. Esqr\nComptr of the Treasury\nTreasury Department\nComptrollers Office\nDecemr 30th. 1793\nTo Joseph Nourse Esqr\nRegister of the Treasury\nAdmitted & Certified\n Olivr Wolcott Jr. Comptr", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "12-31-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0588", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Joseph Yznardi, Jr., 31 December 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Yznardi, Joseph, Jr.\nSir\nPhiladelphia Dec. 31. 1793.\nI have just received your favors of the 29th. inst. public and private, and being in the moment of giving in my resignation I shall only answer the last by thanking you for the order for the wine, and informing you that Richmond is my nearest port and that to which both letters and things had best be addressed for me in future. Repeating assurances of my esteem, I have the honor to be Sir Your most obedt. & most humble servt\nTh: Jefferson", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-05-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0797", "content": "Title: Memorandum from Tench Coxe, [before 5 February 1793?]\nFrom: Coxe, Tench\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\n[before 5 Feb. 1793?]\nTo abolish the drawbacks of the foreign or impost duty upon all manufactures from grain, upon butter, cheese, wet provisions, oil, whalebone, fish. (Quere, also the manufactures from wood).\nTo abolish the draw backs of the foreign or impost Duty upon all manufactures necessary in the building, equipping, or repairing of merchant\nVessels and Ships of war (or at least certain of them) such as Sail cloth Cordage, anchors, sheathing paper, gun powder, cartridge paper.\nTo prohibit foreign Ships from carrying from hence to foreign ports, other than their own, any foreign goods wares or merchandize.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "02-08-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0798", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Tench Coxe, [on or before 8 February 1793]\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Coxe, Tench\n[on or before 8 Feb. 1793]\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to Mr. Coxe. He cannot find under what authority a Swedish built ship, for instance, bought by British subjects and navigated legally, can be employed between England and Sweden.\u2014Is it that where the law uses the terms British, or British built ships, the former means any ships owned by British subjects? If so, a Swedish ship bought by a British subject may be employed not only between Engld. and Sweden, but Engld. and France or any other country.\u2014The ascertainment of the fact that the vessels of other countries bought by British subjects, may be used in the trade with such other country, is necessary before Th:J. can make one of the statements proposed.\nWhat indulgencies have we, our vessels, or commodities in Ireland which are not allowed in Engld.? A very material information.\nP.S. On further examination I find that the stat. 14. Car. 2. c. 11. and 27. G. 3. c. 19. both declare that no ships shall be deemed British but such as are British built.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "03-20-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0800", "content": "Title: From Thomas Jefferson to Nathaniel Cutting, 20 March 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: Cutting, Nathaniel\nTh: Jefferson presents his compliments to Capt. Cutting, and informs him that the President counts on him in the matter spoken of. The article of money shall be arranged.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "07-23-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/01-27-02-0801", "content": "Title: To Thomas Jefferson from Robert Montgomery, 23 July 1793\nFrom: Montgomery, Robert\nTo: Jefferson, Thomas\nLiverpool, 23 July 1793. Since leaving Alicante on 26 May for a tour of England and Ireland required by his business, he has received a letter from his brother, John Montgomery of Boston, announcing the reception of his commission and instructions for the Alicante consulship, which his brother will either send by the first safe conveyance or deliver when he comes to Alicante, where he is expected shortly. He thanks Congress for this mark of confidence and will return to Alicante and assume office after the completion of his business here in a few weeks. On his way here he spent a few days with our plenipotentiaries in Aranjuez, where he learned that Charles IV had decided to make New Orleans a free port on condition that all ships going there first obtain passports in Spain.  He immediately gave notice of this to Short, who had had no idea that anything like it was under consideration, and believes Short mentioned this news in a 10 June letter to TJ. In Lisbon he delivered copies of Short\u2019s letter to Humphreys and Captain Dekay of New York, taking the latter\u2019s receipt, and in Falmouth to James Barry of Baltimore, who was just about to leave. As soon as he arrives in Alicante, he will write to TJ in accordance with his instructions.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793},
{"created_timestamp": "01-01-1793", "downloaded_timestamp": "10-19-2021", "url": "https://founders.archives.gov/API/docdata/Jefferson/02-02-02-0003", "content": "Title: Memorandum Books, 1793\nFrom: Jefferson, Thomas\nTo: \n              Lodged in bank of U. S. a quarter year\u2019s salary 875.D.\n              Recd. from bank by Petit 125.D.\n                Pd. servts. wages. towit John 7.D.\u2003Robert 7.D.\u2003Joseph 7.D.\u2003James 7.D.\u2003Brown 5.D\u2002}\u2002=\u200333D.  \n              Pd. Fenno for 6. months gazette endg. Sep. 4.\u20031.5 D.\n              Gave Mr. Rittenhouse order on bank for 102.67. for Equatorial.\n              Gave Maria .5\u2014do. to pay for shoes 1.D.\n              Pd. Robertson for shoeing horses 4.\n              Gave the following orders on the bank of the U. S. to wit\n                 \u00a3\u2002  \u2002D.   \u2003Thos. Lieper half year\u2019s rent due this day 125\u20130\u20130 = 333.33   Thos. Carstairs for carpenter\u2019s work 4\u20138\u20136 = 11.80   James Starr & son, shoemaker\u2019s bill  = 36.40   Henry Ingle, Cabinet work 9\u201315\u20132 = 26.02   Wm. Whiteside. china \u00a310\u201310\u2003tea 22/6 \u200311\u201312\u20136 = 31.   \n              Pd. J. Barclay for 1. doz. bott. claret 7.D.\n              Gave printer\u2019s boy .25.\n              Recd. from bank by Petit 20.D.\n              Pd. Freneau one year\u2019s gazette, 2 copies 6. Dol.\n              Pd. J. Barclay freight of a pipe of Lisbon ante July 25. 1791. from Lisbon 4.D.\n              Pd. for a ticket to see Blanchard\u2019s baloon 5.D.\n              Gave the following orders on the bank of the U. S. viz.\n              Gave Stoneburner ord. on bank for 21.16 D. for 2675 \u2114 hay.\n              Recd. from bank by Petit 75.D.\n              Maria for a comb 1.25\u2014for her washing woman 5.D.\n              Pd. Anthony for setting lens 8.\n              Pd. last year\u2019s subscription to Phil. society 2.D.\n              Pd. to correct error for hay (ante 15) 2.D.\n              Pd. Young for Asylum 2.67.\n              Pd. for 2 cords ash & oak 48/\u2003portage 8/\u2003cordage 8d.\u2003cutting 5/6 = 8.29.\n              Recd. from bank by Petit 40.D.\n              Pd. Matthew Carey for Museum 1.2.\n              Pd. John Carey for lottery in books 15.D.\n              \u00a3  \u2005sd\u2002\u2002D.Petit\u2019s\u00a0accts.\u00a0Jan.\u00a013\u201426.\u2002table expences25\u201310\u20139\u00bd=68.1contingencies12\u20137\u00bd=1.6826\u20133\u20135=69.78\u2003(64 @ 1.09)\u2003by\u00a0cash\u00a0ante\u00a0Jan.\u200524\u2003\u2003\u20031.71\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003\u2003by do. ante285.6.71\u2003balance63.07\u2003pd. this day15.\u2003leaves balance due48.07 \n              Pd. portage of a book .26.\n              Sold my horse Brimmer to Saml. Clarkson for 120.D.\n              Recd. from Saml. Clarkson 120.D. for the horse.\n                Pd. Petit\u2005 the balance ante 48.07    his wages of last month\u2003 18.5     66.57   \n                    Pd. servts. wages to wit John 7.D.\u2003Robert 7.D.\u2003Joseph 7.D.\u2003James 7.D.\u2003Brown 5.D.\n              Gave Maria for shoes & ribbon 1.4\u2003for herself .5.\n              Borrowed of Mr. Taylor 200.D.\n              Maria for clothes 10.D.\n              Pd. Petit on acct. 10.D.\u2003also pd. him by Maria .87.\n              Pd. for needles & thread .125.\n              Pd. her his acct. in full 22.1.\n              Pd. Mrs. Fullarton 6. months board of Maria 80.D.\n              Gave Maria .5\u2003do. for shoes 1.\n              Maria for clothes 9/4.\n              Pd. servts. wages viz. John 7.\u2003Robert 7.\u2003Joseph 7.\u2003James 7.\u2003Brown 5. = 33.D.\n              Paid Petit on account 10. Doll.\n              Borrowed of Mr. Taylor 100.D.\n              Pd. Elder taylor\u2019s acct. 12.2.\n              Accepted my sister Carr\u2019s Excha. on me for \u00a310\u20135 Virga. paiable Apr. 4. drawn in favr. Wm. Austin, assd. to Lott & Higba.\n              Parker a year\u2019s subscription to Columbian Magazine endg. Jan 1. 94. 1.22.\n              Pd. Sharpless the sadler 19/2.\n              Borrowed of Mr. Taylor 50.D.\n              Petit 10.D.\u2003pasteboard 7d.\n              Richardson for a lens 2.D.\n              Mr. Elouis for 20. lessons drawing for Maria 9.89.\n              Portage of 12. loads of furniture to warehouse 8.\n              Pd. Erringer 3. pr. stockings 3.\n              Lodged in bank US. a quarter\u2019s salary 875.D.\n              Pd. Lott & Higba by ord. on bk. US. the 34.16 ante Mar. 9.\n              Received from bank by Petit 100.D.\n                Pd. portage\u2005 7. loads of books into the country 7.D.    8. loads of furniture to waterside 16/10.   \n                Pd. servts. wages towit Joseph 7.D.\u2003Robert 7.D.\u2003James 7.D.\u2003Brown 5.D.\u2003John 7.D.\u2003}\u200333.D.  \n              Pd. John for Robertson shoeing horses 12/.\n              Pd. her for Cenas in full 8.66.\n              Pd. setting up iron back & sides 1.5.\n              Pd. portage of looking glasses to water side 2.D.\n              Pd. Joseph on his discharge 3.D.\n                Pd. portage\u2005 2 loads of books to country 2.   Pd. do. furniture to water side 2.   \n              Pd. subscription to Blanchard for baloon 20.D.\n              Moved into country. \n              Recd. from bank by Petit 60.D.\n                Pd. farmer\u2005 for ploughg. & sowing 7.D.    for 13. loads of furniture brought out 12.   \n              Portage of wine 1.D.\n              Gave Maria to pay for coat 4.D\u2014for Moller 1.5\u2014herself .25.\n              Recd. from bank a post-note for Richd. Curson 12.D.\n              Inclosd. do. to Curson to pay freight of 3. pipes Termo wine. \n              Recd. from bank by Petit 30.D.\n              Pd. portage of necessary .5.\n                Pd.\u2005 R. Leslie for great clock\u2003  113.80 cleaning small do.1.50by order on bank115.30  \n              Pd. \u00bc of my subscription for Michaud\u2019s journey to Pacific sea 12.5.\n              Recd. from bank by Petit 25.D.\n              Pd. Fisher mending thermometer 3.D.\n              Maria for clothes 2.D.\n              Recd. from bank by Petit 70.D.\n              Pd. Erringer for 3. pr. stockings 3.D.\n              John Golden comes into my service as coachmn. @ 9.D.\n              Pd. John Riddle 8.D.\u2003He leaves my service.\n              Pd. servts. wages. towit Robert 8.D.\n              James 8.\u2003John the scullion 5.D.\n              Petit 18.5 for wages & 11.5 on account.\n              Gave note to bank of U. S. for \u00a367\u201319\u20137 + the disct. say 183.1 D. payable @ 60 Days. which pd. to Lieper in full of rent.\n              Gave Maria to pay her Mantua maker 43/3\u2014herself .5.\n              Recd. from bank by Crosby 50.D.\n                  \u00a3\u2002s   Pd.\u2005 Joseph\u00a0Perkins\u00a0for\u00a0a\u00a0rifle 4\u201310\u2005}\u2005which I had given to Baptist DeCoin a Kaskaskia Indian for his son.    Wm.\u00a0Wood\u00a0for\u00a0cloth\u00a0&c. 2\u20135\u20138    Benj.\u00a0Scull\u00a0for\u00a0a\u00a0hat 1\u20132\u20136    Michl.\u00a0Roberts\u00a0for\u00a0powder\u00a0flask\u2003 5\u20137\u00bd     8\u20133\u20139\u00bd=21.84   \n              Pd. Dunlap vol. his gazette for 1792 11.D.\n              Recd. from G. Wythe Hoops\u2019s note on J. Barclay for 64.D. to pay for the Chancery seal I had made for him.\u2003Lodged it in bank for collection.\n              Pd. John Golden his wages 4.D. & discharged him.\n              Pd. him also for a pr. leather breeches 5.D.\n              Pd. Petit half a cord of wood 2.D.\n              Pd. Robinson shoeing horses 22/\u2014horseler at Eagle .25.\n              Thomas Lapseley comes into my service @ 8.D. the month.\n              Recd. from bank by Petit 35.D.\n              Borrowed of Petit .25\u2014pd. pontage at Gray\u2019s .25.\n              Pd. Maria for Godfrey Welzell 6.67\u2014for herself .4.\n              Recd. from bank by Crosby 25.D.\n              Pd. Maria for Gist 10.95\u2014for cloaths 2.5\u2014for Manteau makr. 1.24\u2003pd. do. for herself .31 = 15.\n              Pd. Petit 1.D.\u2003borrd. of do. .1\u2003pd. pontage at Gray\u2019s .1.\n              Recd. from bank by Crosby 20.D.\n              Pd. Petit 10.D.\u2014gave boatmen of L\u2019Embuscade 2.D.\n              Gave note to bank of N. A. for 300.D. paiable @ 60. days, endorsed by J. Bringhurst.\n              Endorsed a note for 1000.D. payable at bank of U. S. in 60. days for E. Randolph as his security.\n              Pd. Maria for muslin .19\u2003for herself .81 = 1.D.\n              Recd. from J. Bringhurst 100.D. of the above 300.\n                Pd.\u2005Petit on acct. 1.5\u2014his wages 18.5 D. = 20. James 8.D.\u2003Cuffy for \u00bd month 3.D. \n              Pd. Weaver on acct. of milk, vegetables, portage, work 9.25.\n              Pd. Robert his wages 8.D.\u2003Thomas do. 4.D.\n              Gave Maria to pay Folwell drawg. master 4.D.\n              Pd. for a tin butter cooler .2\u2003pd. Petit 2.D.\n              Pd. Billy part of washing account 10.D.\u2003charity .66.\n              Recd. from Bringhurst in part of the note of May 30 120.D.\n              Recd. also from do. in part of do. a bank post note for 53.28.\n              Inclosed the sd. bank post note to Adam Lindsay Norfolk for candles.\n              \u2003\u2003\u2002\u00a3\u2002s\u2005\u2002\u2005d\u2002\u2002Do. for\u2005Stock for glazing0\u201310\u20137\u00bd=1.42Johnson. plaistering1\u201310=4.Whitesides. china2\u20137\u2013=6.27Barclay. claret2\u201314=7.20himself on acct.6.1125. \n              Pd. seeing Blanchard\u2019s parachute 1.D.\n              Pd. Crosby small exp. 2.D.\n              Pd. Samuel Biddle his expences from & to Elkton 5.D.\n              Petit on acct. 10.D.\u2003charity 1.D.\n              Feedg. horses &c. at falls of Schuylkill .75.\n              Horseler at Eagle .25.\n              Pontage to W. Hamilton\u2019s .12.\n              Pd. Parish for a hat 4.D.\n              Inclosed Greenleaf for vol. of newspapers 6.16\u2003gloves .5.\n              Recd. of J. Bringhurst 23.47 being balance of the 296.75 for 300.D. ante May 30.\n              Recd. a quarter\u2019s salary 875.D. & depositd. in bank US.\n              Recd. from bank by Mr. Taylor 100.D.\n              Pd. servts. wages. to wit Petit 18.5\u2003Thomas 8.\u2003Robert 8.\u2003James 8.\u2003Cuffy 6. = 48.5.\n                Pd. Petit\u2005 for Gardener balance washg. to June 1. 10.D.    for Chiles & Swaine 7.9.    for Deschamps for 300 \u2114 hay 2.4.   \n               Gave orders on bank of the U. S. to following person. \u2003Billington. taylor\u2003\u2003 23.3   Carstairs. carpenter. 65.49   West John for plank 43.14   Ingles Henry. cabinetmaker 22.5   Patton Robert book binder 26.37   Reynolds James. framg. lookg. glasses 99.53    280.33  \n              Gave orders on do. to following persons.\n              \u2003\u2005\u00a3\u2002Herbst & Lex grocer\u2019s acct. to June 29.26\u20131\u20133\u00bd\u2002=69.50Adam May. baker\u2019s acct. in full10\u20135\u20133=27.37Henry Pepper. brewer\u2019s do. Jan. 5. to June 26.\u200310\u20137\u20136=27.67Henry Sheaff wine \u00a312. vinegar 9/4\u00bd12\u20139\u20134\u00bd=33.25157.79\n              Pd. to bank in discharge of my note to Lieper for 183.10 ante May 10. by an order on itself.\n              Pd. Weaver his acct. portage, vegetables milk &c. 4.65.\n              Pd. pontage at Grey\u2019s .09.\n              Pd. Mclaughlin & Taggert for coffee by order on the bank 25.97.\n              Recd. from bank by Petit 30.D.\n              Pd. Fenno a half year\u2019s gazette 1.5.\n              Gave Maria to pay Guenin 12.D.\n              Pd. portage of 2. boxes of china from Mr. Dowse .45.\n              Recd. from the bank by Crosby 20.D.\n              Pd. Petit on acct. 10.D.\u2003pd. for gloves .5.\n              Gave Maria to pay Elouise 10/\u2014herself 3/1\u00bd.\n              Pd. Petit on account 5.D.\n              Thomas for oil .5\u2003Maria .25.\n              Recd. from the bank U. S. by Crosby 25.D.\u2003horseler .125.\n              Pd. Thomas 3. bushels of rye 17/.\n              Signed a note for 600.D. paiable at bank of N. A. in 60. days. Indorsed by J. Bringhurst. Note he is to take up my note of 300.D. ante May 30. and to draw the balance & pay to me.\n              Recd. from bank US. by Crosby 40.D.\n              Servts. wages. to wit Thomas 8.D.\u2003Robert 8.\u2003James 8.\u2003Cuffy 6. = 30.\n              Gave in the note of 600.D. this day, changg. it\u2019s date accordingly.\n              Recd. of J. Bringhurst 35.D. in part of the 600. ante.\n              Pd. Weaver his acct. portage 9/6\u2003mowing 12/3 milk & vegetab. 47/11 = \u00a33\u201319\u20138. \n              Recd. from J. Bringhurst 65.D. on acct. of the 600. ante.\n              Pd. Whitesides & Collier for linen for Maria 21.67.\n              Pd. Barnes for \u00bd \u2114 Imperial tea 1.5.\n              Pd. Trumble chairs 5.D.\n              Gave Petit to pay for 4. doz. towels 12.\n              Gave Maria for stockgs. 4.4.\n              Pd. Voight for mending & cleaning watch 4.67.\n              Maria for handkerchiefs 24/.\n              Recd. of John Bringhurst 40.D. on acct. of the 600.\n              Pd. Peter Gordon shoemaker for J. W. Eppes \u00a33\u201313\u20136 = 9.8.\n              Pd. Petit for 3. iron stoves 2.11.\n              Pd. Billy Gardner 6. months washing (endg. Aug. 6.) for Maria 12.D.\n              Recd. of Bringhurst 40.D.\n              Pd. Spurck in part for clock 15.D.\n              Pd. Billy Gardner for J. Madison 34.70.\n              Maria for makg. linen 3.73.\n              Recd. of Bringhurst 30.D.\n              Pd. Thomas his wages of the month 8.D.\n              Recd. of Bringhurst 10.D.\n              Pd. Petit 3.D. pd. Thos. for expences to Georgetown 13.D.\n              Pd. a messenger to town .25\u2003gave Maria .5.\n              Pd. to Petit by Bringhurst 10.D.\n              Recd. of J. Bringhurst 40.D.\n              Pd. Robertson the smith 42/.\n              Pd. servants wages. Robert 8.D.\u2003James 8.\u2003Cuffy 6.\n              Recd. back from Thos. surplus of expences .47.\n               Recd. a horse from TMRandolph junr. \n              Pd. for 3. bushels rye & pontage 16/9.\n              Endorsed a note of 200.D. to bk. US. for George Taylor @ 60. days.\n              Gave my note for 100.D. paiable in 60. days to John Ross.\n              Gave him order for 215.D. on Mr. Bankson in 21. days.\n              Recd. from him in return an order for 315.D. on bank Pensva.\n              Recd. by Crosby from bank of Pensva. 315.D.\n              Pd. Mrs. Gardner a quarter\u2019s washing 20.D.\n              Pd. Fenno for gazette & advertising 3.15.\n                 D.   Gave Mr. Bankson order on the treasury for\u2003 875.   Gave do. order on J. Bringhurst 48.   \n              Note this balances the note of 600.D. and my gun sold for 24 D.\n              See memm. to Mr. Bankson how to dispose of the money.\n              Pd. G. Gray for butter & oats 6.40.\n              Pd. Jones the smith 3.D.\n              Pd. Weaver in full for cream, herbs, portage 15.18.\n              Pd. James 8.D.\u2003Robert 10.D.\u2003Cuffy 6.D.\u2003Thomas 12 D.\n              Petit 40.D.\u2003pd. do. for porter 1.1\u2003do. for Grey for beer 1.\n              Set out for Monticello.\n              Gray\u2019s pontage .16\u2014Spuryear\u2019s dinner &c. 1.97.\n              Newport. lodging &c. 3.\n              Elkton. messenger & barber .8\u2003breakft. &c. 1.97.\n                Susquehanna.\u2002 ferrge. &c. \u20031.7.    lodgg. &c. 4.325. Bushtown breakft. &c.1.2.Webster\u2019s oats\u2002.45. \n               Baltimore.\u2002barber, powder, pomatum .75.Starck\u2019s lodging &c. 6.13. \n              Elkridge ferrge. .31.\n               Georgetown.\u2002expences of Thomas & Jupiter 4.47.dinner, lodgg. &c. 4.5\u2003ferrge. 1.06. \n               Alexandria.\u2002toll .18\u2014toothbrushes, powder, barber 2.12.gloves for Maria .31\u2003smith 1.recd. from Col. Fitzgerald for horse 18.33.messenger to Georgetown 2.breakft. dinner &c. 4.5\u2003a guide .1. \n              Mount Vernon. servts. 1.5.\n               Colchester.\u2002mending wheel 1.\u2003dinner &c. 2.33.ferrge. .69. \n               Dumfries.\u2002barber .2 lodgg. &c. 4.29.servts. .125. \n              Gave J. Garld. Jefferson 40.D.\n              Mrs. Randolph for small exp. 8.D.\n              Gave in Charity 4.D.\u2003paid for lime .2.\n              Pd. Wm. Reynolds for butter 1.\n              Accepted my sister Carr\u2019s order in favr. of Myers for \u00a355\u201318\u20132 payable in Richmd. Nov. 30 = 186.36.\n              Pd. Wm. Reynolds for butter, eggs &c. 3/9 + 2/3 on acct.\n              Recd. of Joseph Price for smith\u2019s work 3.\n              Sent by T. Shackleford to Fitch for 6. chairs 3.D.\n              I have agreed with Watson to come & work for me at 120.D. a year, 500 \u2114 pork & corn.\n              Gave J. Garld. Jefferson the balance of his year\u2019s allowance 51.66.\n              Put into hands of TMRandolph junr. 20.D. to pay expences of removing my furniture from Rocket\u2019s to Belvedere.\n              Left Monticello.\n              Pd. oats at Gordons .4.\n              Dinner lodging &c. at Gatewood\u2019s 2.1.\n              Fredsbg. barber .25\u2003ferrge. &c. Chatham .25\u2003servt. .1.\n              Gave Bob for his expences 3.\n              Pd. Benson breakft. lodgg. &c. 7.57.\n              Pd. for 2 passages in the stage to Alexandria 6.\u2003servt. .1.\n              Ferrge. at Falmouth .1.\n              Stafford C. H. breakfast .5.\n              Colchester. dinner &c. 1.1.\n                Alexandria.\u2005 barber .25\u2014lodgg. at Wise\u2019s .7.    2 seats in stage to Baltimore 7.66.    servt. .2.   \n              Georgetown ferrge. .2.\n              Bladensbg. breakfast .62.\n              Spuryear\u2019s dinner 1.43\u2003servt. .2.\n                Baltimore\u2005 barber .2\u2003servt. .2.    lodging at Storck\u2019s 3.66.  \n                Susqueha.\u2005 ferrge. and ferrymen .5.    Rogers\u2019s supper & lodging 1.43\u2003servt. .125.  \n              Elkton breakfast .73.\n              Brandywine. dinner & lodging at Stewart\u2019s 1.5.\n              Chester. breakfast .69\u2003servt. .25\u2003barber .25.\n              Germantown. pd. Hartman Elliot for bringing me from Baltimore 6 days coming & going 30.D.\u2003ferriages 3.18 = 33.18.\n              (All the preceding travelling expences amount to 77.65.\n              Pd. James wages 8.D.\u2003washing .5\u2003servt. .125.\n              Gave the cook at Bockius\u2019s .5.\n              Pd. Bockius\u2019s bill 11. days entt. 29.61.\n              Pd. Gilliams drawing a tooth 4.66.\n              Pd. Franks the barber 1.125\u2003washing 1.\n              Pd. Bockius\u2019s second bill 12.03. Note 3.33 was for board of Lapseley the office keeper.\n              Pd. barber .25\u2003James hhd. exp. 3.\u2003table 1.33\u2003slippers 1.25.\n              Pd. for shoebrushes .31\u2003cutting wood .2.\n              Pd. for mending lock .2.\n              Gave my note to bank of US. for 875.D. @ 60. days.\n              Have credit at bank for do. 865.82.\n              Inclosed to John Ross ord. on bank for 100.D. for note Sep. 13.\n              Pd. Dr. Shippen his acct. in full by ord. on bank for 63.67.\n              Inclosed to Mr. Taylor ord. on bank for 20.D. in a bank bill to be sent to Jacob Hollingsworth to buy clover seed. \n              Pd. James for hhd. exp. 1.D.\n              Pd. Gilliams dentist 2.33.\n              Inclosed to Jacob Hollingsworth the bank bill for 20.D.\n              Gave Philip Freneau order on bank for 18.75 to wit.\n                \u2003for\u2005 myself to Oct. 26. 93. 6.    James Madison 4.5    Ambrose Madison 6.   for\u2005 cash I recd. for Jos. Jones\u2003\u2003 2.25     18.75   \n              Gave order on bank for 186.36 to be remitted to Myers in a post bill to pay the order of Mrs. Carr ante Oct. 14.\n              Gave order on bank US. for 40.D. in a post bill to be remitted to A. Stewart to buy sheep. \n              Patrick Kennon remitted to me an order of Charles Smith & co. on Elliston & Perot for 109.83 due to Wm. Short for which I am to credit W. S.\n              He inclosed me W. Short\u2019s certificates of stock in his hands, to be transferred from the office in N. Y. to that in Philada. in W. S.\u2019s own name, so these certificates will not enter into acct. between W. S. & myself.\n              Indorsed Smith & co.\u2019s bill for 109.83 to bank of US. to be collected & entered to my credit.\n              Pd. Meng for horsehire 1.33.\n              Pd. do. for \u00bd cord hiccory 2.83 of which charge half for the office.\n              Pd. Ingles in full by ord. on bank 67.03\u2003pd. washg. 1.5.\n              Pd. for cord of wood 5.33\u2003cutting .6 (half to office.\n              Pd. Peter Didier for 7. pr. stockgs. 59/\u2003overpd. do. on acct. 11/.\n              Inclosed to Myers the bank post note for 186.36 D. on acct. of my assumpsit to him for Mrs. Carr.\n              Inclosed to A. Stewart a bank post note for 40.D. to buy sheep.\n              Gave Mrs. Fullarton ord. on bank for 66.67 in full.\n              Recd. from bank by Crosby 50.D.\n              Pd. Campbell for books 4.D.\u2003pd. for lenses 1.5\u2003barber .375.\n              Pd. Wirtz groceries in full 4.48.\n              Pd. for horse to Phila. .67\u2003washing .75.\n              Recd. for wood remaining 4.D.\n              Pd. Weiss for 15 days board of Thomas Lapsely office keeper 5.D.\n              Pd. Dr. Logan for a plough 8.D.\n                Pd.\u2005 Crosby for pomatum &c. 2.22.    do. waggonage Germ. T. .5.  \n              Pd. coachee from Germ. Town 2.33.\n              Recd. from J. Bringhurst part of note of Aug. 3. 23.D. (or of 48.D.)\n              Delivered do. 2 peices of New York gold to be changed.\n              Pd. T. Lapseley wages as office keeper 6.13.\n              Pd. Richardson for spectacles 7.8.\n              Pd. Blame acct. for porter 2.17.\n              Pd. for shaving brush .125\u2014salve .125.\n              Accepted Fenwick & Mason\u2019s bill for wine 205.42 D. @ 30. days sight to Joseph Anthony & son.\n              Gave order on bank US. for 62.8 to John Vaughan for his bill for \u00a313\u201313 sterl. on Byrd, Savage & Byrd paiable to T. Pinckney, and inclosed it to T. Pinckney to pay for threshing model. \n              Recd. from bank by Crosby 50.D.\n              Pd. Stine\u2019s acct. for oats by order on bank for 22.69.\n              Pd. Freneau for advertising J. Nicholas\u2019s land 2.D.\n              Pd. for 1. cord wood 5.D.\u2003cartg. & wharfage .8\u2003cutting .8 = 6.6.\n              Pd. Carstairs by ord. on bank his acct. 27.D.\n              Pd. Price the watchmaker .36.\n              Pd. Delany duties on Maccaroni .7.\n              Pd. Aitken for books 6.D.\n              Pd. Weaver carting 13 loads of furniture to the city 13.D.\n              Pd. Peter Dedier for stockings 4.26.\n              Pd. for violin strings 2.06.\n              Pd. for books 2.\u2003for pencils .26.\n              Pd.\u2005Crosby for wood 2.56\u2003for package & drayage of goods 4.75\u2002}\u200220.81for Vanuxem for freight & storage of Maccaroni 3.5for Odier for 1. doz. bottles of oil 10.\n              Recd. by Crosby from Bringhurst balance of note of Aug. 3. 25.D.\n              Recd. from do. in part for gold of Nov. 30. 8.D.\n              Pd. Crosby package & drayage 3/1\u00bd.\n              Pd. Sellers for wire netting for doors 38/10.\n              Pd. for mendg. locket 1.5.\n              Gave Betty Whitesides ord. on bank for china & tea 43.67.\n              Recd. from the bank by Crosby 50.D.\n              Pd. Voight mendg. watches 1.D.\n              My balance remaining in the bank of US. is 112.37.", "culture": "English", "source_dataset": "Pile_of_Law", "source_dataset_detailed": "Pile_of_Law_founding_docs", "source_dataset_detailed_explanation": "Letters from U.S. founders.", "creation_year": 1793}
]